EDC PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
TUSHAR 2K19/EE/259
Prof. Garima Solanki UTKARSH AGGARWAL 2K19/EE/265
Simulation of
Controlled and
Uncontrolled
Rectifier using
MATLAB

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

CONTENT:
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 WHAT IS RECTIFIERS
 RECTIFIER DEVICES
 TYPES OF RECTIFIERS
 UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
 FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS
 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 FULL WAVE CENTER TAP RECTIFIER
 CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
 HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
 FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

 CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

 CONTROLLED CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER
 SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PASE RECTIFIERS
 COMPARISION OF RECTIFIERS
 APPLICATION OF RECTIFIERS
 MATLAB SIMULATION AND RESULTS
1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
1.1 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
 RESULT
1.2 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 RESULT
1.3 FULL WAVE CENTER TAP RECTIFIER
 RESULT
2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
2.1 CONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
 RESULT
2.2 CONTROLLED FULL WAVE BRIDGE
RECTIFIER
 RESULT
2.3 CONTROLLED FULL WAVE CENTER
TAP RECTIFIER
 RESULT
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
In electronics, Rectifier circuit is the most used circuit because
almost every electronic appliance operates on DC (Direct
Current) but the availability of the DC Sources are limited such as
electrical outlets in our homes provide AC (Alternating current).
The rectifier is the perfect candidate for this job in industries &
Home to convert AC into DC. Even our cell phone chargers use
rectifiers to convert the AC from our home outlets to DC. Different
types of Rectifiers are used for specific applications.
We mainly have two types of voltage types present that are widely
used these days. They are alternating and direct voltage types.
These voltage types can be converted from one type to another
using special circuits designed for that particular conversion. These
conversions happen everywhere.
Our main supply which we get from power grids are alternating in
nature and the appliances we use in our homes generally require
a small DC voltage. This process of converting alternating current
into direct current is given the name rectification. Converting AC to
DC is preceded by further process which can involve filtering, DC-
DC conversion and so on. One of the most common part of an
electronic power supply is a bridge rectifier.
Many electronic circuits require rectified DC power supply for
powering various electronic basic components from available AC
mains supply.
Another way to look at the rectifier circuit is that, it can be said to
convert currents instead of voltages. This makes more intuitive
sense, because we are more accustomed to using current to define
a component’s nature. Concisely, a rectifier take a current which
has both negative and positive components and rectifies it such
that only the positive component of the current remains.
THEORY
RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating
current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The reverse
operation is performed by the inverter.

The process is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the

direction of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms,
including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc
valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor
diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based
semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous
electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early
radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine
wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a
point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as
components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct
current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in
roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of
power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In
gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence
of a flame.
Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the
arrangement of the rectifier circuit, the output voltage may require
additional smoothing to produce a uniform steady voltage. Many
applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio,
television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC
voltage (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications
the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which
may be a capacitor, choke, or set of capacitors, chokes
and resistors, possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce
a steady voltage.
More complex circuitry that performs the opposite function, that is
converting DC to AC, is called an inverter.

RECTIFIER DEVICES
Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum
tube thermionic diodes and copper oxide- or selenium-based metal
rectifier stacks were used. With the introduction of semiconductor
electronics, vacuum tube rectifiers became obsolete, except for
some enthusiasts of vacuum tube audio equipment. For power
rectification from very low to very high current, semiconductor
diodes of various types (junction diodes, Schottky diodes, etc.) are
widely used.
Other devices that have control electrodes as well as acting as
unidirectional current valves are used where more than simple
rectification is required—e.g., where variable output voltage is
needed. High-power rectifiers, such as those used in high-voltage
direct current power transmission, employ silicon semiconductor
devices of various types. These are thyristors or other controlled
switching solid-state switches, which effectively function as diodes
to pass current in only one direction.
TYPES OF RECTIFIERS
There are mainly two types of rectifiers:
1. Uncontrolled Rectifier
2. Controlled Rectifier

The further classification is based on the switching devices the

rectifier uses and the types are uncontrolled, half controlled and full
controlled rectifiers

Based on the type of rectification circuit does, the rectifiers are

classified into two categories.
 Half wave rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
Half wave rectifier only converts half of the AC wave into DC signal
whereas Full wave rectifier converts complete AC signal into DC.
Bridge rectifier is the most commonly used rectifier in electronics
and this report will deal with the working and making of one. Simple
bridge rectifier circuit is the most popular method for full wave
rectification.

Uncontrolled Rectifier:
The type of rectifier whose output voltage cannot be controlled is
called an uncontrolled rectifier.
A rectifier uses switches to work. The switches can be of various
types, broadly, controllable switches and uncontrollable switches.
A diode is unidirectional device that allows the current flow in only
one direction. The working of a diode is not controlled as it will
conduct as long as it is forward biased.
With a configuration of diodes in any given rectifier, the rectifier is
not fully in the operator’s control, so these types of rectifiers are
called uncontrolled rectifiers. It does not allow the power to vary
depending on the load requirement. So this type of rectifier is
commonly used in constant or fixed power supplies.
Uncontrolled rectifier uses only diodes and they give a fixed output
voltage depending only on the AC input.

Types of Uncontrolled Rectifier:

Uncontrolled Rectifiers are further divided into two types:
1. Half Wave Rectifier
2. Full Wave Rectifier

Half Wave Rectifier:

A Type of rectifier that converts only the half cycle of the
alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) is known as half
wave rectifier.

 Positive Half Wave Rectifier:

A half wave rectifier that converts only the positive half cycle and
blocks the negative half cycle.
 Negative Half Wave Rectifier:
A negative half wave rectifier converts only the negative half
cycle of the AC into DC.

In all types of rectifiers, a half-wave rectifier is the simplest of them

all as it is composed of only a single diode.

A diode allows the current flow in only one direction known

as forward bias. A load resistor RL is connected in series with the
diode.
Positive Half Cycle:
During the positive half cycle, the diode terminal anode will
become positive and the cathode will become negative known
as forward bias. And it will allow the positive cycle to flow through.

Negative Half Cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the anode will become negative and
the cathode will become positive, which is known as reverse bias.
So the diode will block the negative cycle.
So when an AC source is connected to the half-wave rectifier,
only half cycle will flow through it as shown in the figure below.

The output of this rectifier is taken across the load resistor RL. If
we look at the input-to-output graph, it shows a pulsating positive
half cycle of the input.

The output of the half wave rectifier has too many ripples & it is
not very practical to use this output as DC source. To smooth this
pulsating output, a capacitor is introduced across the resistor. The
capacitor will charge during the positive cycle and discharge during
the negative cycle to give out a smooth output signal.

Such types of rectifier waste the power of AC input’s half cycle.

Full Wave Rectifier:
A full wave rectifier converts both positive and negative half
cycles of the AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current). It
provides double output voltage compared to the halfwave rectifier
A full wave rectifier is made up of more than one diode.

There are two types of full wave rectifier.

1. Bridge Rectifier
2. Center-Tap Rectifier

Bridge Rectifier
A bridge rectifier uses four diodes to convert both half cycle of the
input AC into DC output.
In this type of rectifier, the diodes are connected in a specific form
as given below.
Positive Half Cycle:
During input positive half cycle, the diode D1 & D2 becomes
forward bias while D3 & D4 becomes reverse bias. The diode D1
& D2 form a closed loop that provides a positive output voltage
across the load resistor RL.

Negative Half Cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the diode D3 & D4 becomes forward
bias while D1 & D2 becomes reverse bias. But the polarity across
the load resistor RL remains the same and provides a positive
output across the load.
The output of full wave rectifier has low ripples compared to half-
wave rectifier but still, it’s not smooth and steady.

In order to make the output voltage smooth & steady,

a capacitor is placed at the output as shown in the figure below.

The capacitor charge & discharges which make smooth transitions

between the half cycles.
Advantages of a Bridge Rectifier:
1. Low ripples in the output DC signal
2. High rectifier efficiency
3. Low power los

Disadvantages of Bridge Rectifier:

1. Bridge rectifier is more complex than a half-wave rectifier
2. More power loss compared to center tapped full wave rectifier.
Center-Tap Rectifier:
This type of full-wave rectifier uses a center-tap transformer & two
diodes.

A center-tap transformer is a dual-voltage transformer that has

two inputs (I1 & I2) and three output terminals (T1, T2, T3).
The T2 terminal is connected to the center of the output coil which
acts as a reference ground (o volt reference). The T1 terminal
produces positive voltage and the T3 terminal produces negative
voltage with respect to the T2.
The design of the center-tap rectifier is given below:

Center Tap Rectifier

Positive Half Cycle:
During the input positive half cycle, the T1 will produce positive
and T2 will produce a negative voltage. The diode D1 will become
forward bias & diode D2 will become reverse bias. This makes a
close path from T1 to T2 through the load resistor RL as shown
below.

Negative Half Cycle:

Now during the input negative half cycle, T1 will generate negative
cycle & T2 will generate a positive cycle. This will put the
diode D1 into reverse bias & diode D2 in forward bias. But the
polarity across the load resistor RL is still the same as the current
takes the path from T3 to T1 as shown in the figure below.
Thus, the diode D1 allows electric current during the positive half
cycle and diode D2 allows electric current during the negative half
cycle of the input AC signal. As a result, both half cycles (positive
and negative) of the input AC signal are allowed. So the output DC
voltage is almost equal to the input AC voltage.
Controlled Rectifier:
A type of rectifier whose output voltage can be varied or changed is
called controlled rectifier.
The need for a controlled rectifier is apparent when we look into the
shortcomings of an uncontrolled bridge rectifier. To make an
uncontrolled rectifier into a controlled one we use current-controlled
solid-state devices such as SCRs, MOSFETs, and IGBTs. We
have the full control when SCRs are switched ON or OFF based on
the gate pulses we apply to it. These are generally more preferred
than their uncontrolled counterparts.
It is composed of one or more than one SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier).
An SCR, also known as thyristor is a three-terminal diode. These
terminals are Anode, Cathode & a control input known as Gate.
Just like a simple diode an SCR conduct in forward bias and blocks
current in reverse bias but it only starts forward conduction when
there is a pulse at the gate input. So the output voltage can be
controlled using the gate input.

Types of controlled rectifier

There are two types of controlled rectifier.
 Half wave control Rectifier
 Full wave control Rectifier
Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
The half wave controlled rectifier is made up of a
single SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier).
Half wave controlled rectifier has the same design as the half wave
uncontrolled rectifier except we replace the diode with an SCR as
shown in figure down below.

An SCR does not conduct in reverse bias, so it will block the

negative half cycle.
During the positive half cycle, the SCR will conduct current on one
condition when a pulse is applied to the gate input. The gate input
is, of course, a periodic pulse signal which is designed to activate
the SCR at each positive half cycle.
In this way, we can control the output voltage of this rectifier.

The output of the SCR is also a pulsating DC voltage/current.

These pulses are removed by using a capacitor parallel to the load
resistor RL.
Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
A type of rectifier that converts both positive and negative half cycle
of the AC into DC as well as controls the output amplitude is
known as a full wave controlled rectifier.
Just like uncontrolled rectifier, controlled full wave rectifier has two
types.

Controlled Bridge Rectifier

In this rectifier, the diode bridge is replaced by an SCR (Thyristor)
bridge with the same configuration as shown in the figure below.

Positive Half Cycle:

During the positive cycle, the SCR (thyristor) T1 & T2 will conduct
when the gate pulse is applied. T3 & T4 will be reversed bias, so
they will block the current. The output voltage will be established
across the load resistor RL as shown below.
Negative Half Cycle:
During the negative half cycle, the thyristor T3 & T4 will become
forward bias considering the gate input pulse & the T1 & T2 will
become reverse bias. The output voltage will appear across the
load resistor RL.

At the end of the output, a capacitor is used to remove the ripples

and makes the output steady & smooth.
Controlled Center-Tap Rectifier:
Just like center-tap uncontrolled rectifier, this design uses
two SCR replacing the two diodes.
Both of these SCR switching will be timed differently according to
the input AC frequency.
Its operation is the same as the uncontrolled rectifier & its
schematic design is given below.

Single Phase and Three Phase Rectifiers

This classification is based on the type of input a rectifier works on.
The naming is pretty straightforward. When the input is single
phase, the rectifier is called a single phase rectifier and when the
input is three phase, it is called a three phase rectifier.
The single phase bridge rectifier consists of four diodes, whereas
a three phase rectifier uses six diodes arranged in a particular
fashion to get the desired output. These can be controlled or
uncontrolled rectifiers depending on the switching components
used in each rectifier such as diodes, Thyristors, and so on.
Comparison of Rectifiers
The following table shows the compassion between different types
of rectifiers such as half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier and center
tapped rectifier.

Applications of Rectifiers
Basically, almost all electronic circuits operated on DC voltages.
The main purpose of using rectifier is for rectification which means
converting AC voltages to DC Voltages. Its mean, rectifiers are
used in almost all power rectification and electronics appliances.
Below is the list of common applications and uses of different
Rectifiers.
 Rectification i.e. converting DC Voltages to AC Voltages.
 Rectifiers are used in electric welding to provide the polarized
voltage.
 It is also used in traction, rolling stock and three phase traction
motors used for running trains.
 Half wave rectifiers are used in mosquito repellent and soldering
iron.
 Half wave rectifier also used in AM Radio as a detector and signal
peak detector.
 Rectifiers also used in modulation, demodulation and voltage
multipliers.
MATLAB SIMULATON & RESULTS

1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
1.1 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

 RESULT
1.2 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTFIER

 RESULT
1.3 FULL WAVE CENTER TAP RECTIFIER

 RESULT
2 CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
2.1 HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

 RESULT
2.2 FULL WAVE CONTROLLED BRIDGE
RECTIFIER

 RESULT
2.3 FULL WAVE CONTROLLED BRIDGE
RECTIFIER

 RESULT
CONCLUSION
we can conclude that half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits can
be built. It can measure and record their output voltages and curves
systematically. Next, the influence of the load resistor and capacitor
on the DC output voltage is investigated. Half- and full-wave
rectifiers are used to convert AC into DC voltage. This is the
primary function of the rectifier in industrial applications. For
example, AC is used across the power grid, but to use electricity
for welding, electroplating and as a DC source for motors with
special speed controls, the AC must be changed to DC. Therefore,
it is important to carry out this project to increase the understanding
of rectifier in industries
REFERENCE
1. Morris, Peter Robin (1990). A History of the World
Semiconductor Industry. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-86341-227-1.
2. Lander, Cyril W. (1993). "2. Rectifying Circuits". Power
electronics (3rd ed.). London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-
707714-3.
3. Williams, B. W. (1992). "Chapter 11". Power electronics :
devices, drivers and applications(2nd ed.). Basingstoke:
Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-57351-8.
4. Hendrik Rissik (1941). Mercury-arc current convertors [sic] :
an introduction to the theory and practice of vapour-arc
discharge devices and to the study of rectification
phenomena. Sir I. Pitman & sons, ltd.
5. Kimbark, Edward Wilson (1971). Direct current
transmission (4. printing. ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
pp. 508. ISBN 978-0-471-47580-4.
6. Wendy Middleton, Mac E. Van Valkenburg (eds), Reference
Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer, and
Communications, p. 14. 13, Newnes, 2002 ISBN 0-7506-
7291-9.