Stella Maris Academy of Himamaylan, Inc.

Aguisan, Himamaylan City, Negros Occidental

Modules in

NAME: ________________________________________________ GRADE&SEC.: __________________

 MUSIC
Unit 1. Music of Southeast Asia
At the end of this module you are expected to:
o listens perceptively to music of Southeast Asia;
o analyzes musical elements of selected songs and instrumental pieces heard and
performed; and
o evaluates music and music performances using guided rubrics applying knowledge of
musical elements and style.

Pre-Assessment.
Direction: You have learned the classification of instruments such as percussive, wind, string,
or brass. The instruments below are Southeast Asian in origin, identify what classification of
instrument they belong by writing P for percussive, W for wind, S for string, or B for brass. Write
your answers on another sheet of paper.

5.
1.
.
2. 3.

6.

4.
INTRODUCTION
Southeast Asia refers to the group of countries in Asia that is located
geographically south in China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. It
is composed of Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, East
Timor, Philippines, Brunei, Myanmar, and Christmas Island.
The name Southeast Asia was coined after World War II and replaced terms
referring to Asia like "Further India”, "East Indies," "the Malay Peninsula," and "Indo China.
“This region has a rugged topography and a tropical climate. The countries in this region
are largely influenced by Chinese and Indian culture. Great civilizations like the Khmer
and the Mon flourished in this region until the coming of the Europeans.
In this unit, you shall discover the beau ty of the musical cultures in the Southeast
Asian region. You will have the chance to be familiar with the songs, instruments, and
customs of each nation and gain appreciation of the music of each country.

Music of Southeast Asia

Music has been an integral part of the people’s lives. It plays a prominent role in
a life-cycle events such as birth, marriage, initiation, and death; events in agricultural
cycle such as planting and harvesting; about work.
Traditional music in Southeast Asia has a varied face with its many ethnic and
cultural divisions. Main styles of traditional music include: court music, folk music,
music style of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the
geographic regions.

1. Cambodia
Cambodia is one of the most beautiful countries in
Southeast Asia. It is also known as Kâmpŭchéa. It was the
center of the Khmer (Cambodian) kingdom of Angkor, a great
empire that dominated Southeast Asia for 600 years. Their
music gained a world-wide reputation in the 1960s until the
dramatic political problems in Cambodia. Angkor Wat

Art music is highly influenced by ancient forms as well as Hindu forms.

Cambodian court music is roughly similar to that of Java, Indonesia. They feature
choruses with large orchestras based on struck keys and gongs.
Cambodian people also absorbed and adopted Indian, Chinese, European, and other
cultures to suit their own traditions and tastes that
resulted in a distinct Cambodian culture.

The Pinpeat is a Cambodian musical ensemble or

an orchestra that usually accompanies ceremonial
music of the royal courts and temples. Music is
always part of their court dances, masked plays,
shadow plays, and religious ceremonies. This group
is similar to the Piphat ensemble of Thailand and
usually consists of nine or ten instruments.
 2. Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia comprising
approximately 17,500 islands. With over 238 million people,
Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country and is the
fourth biggest nation of the world. Through interaction with
other cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European,
a wide range of musical styles has been developed. Today, the
contemporary music of Indonesia is popular not only in the region but Borobudur
also in the neighboring countries.

There are two basic kinds of Indonesian music scale:

Slendro – five (5) equidistant tones in octave
Peloq – heptatonic (7) tone scale with semi tone
Both vocal and instrumental music in Indonesia use slendro and peloq scales.
Polyphonic stratification kind of melody is a result of hocket / Interlock.
Interlocking is a common technique used in gong ensembles.
Irama – is an Indonesian term for tempo.

The Gamelan or Gamelan orchestra is the most

popular form of music in Indonesia. There are many
types of Gamelan but the famous Javanese and Balinese
Gamelan are the most famous. It contains a variety of
instruments such as metallophones, xylophones,
kendang and gongs, bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked
strings.

Javanese Gamelan- gentle and refined in nature.

Parts of Javanese Gamelan
1. Bonang- knobbed gongs placed in ropes that are attached to a wooden frame.
These horizontal gongs are played with two padded sticks.
2. Saron- a bronze metallophones placed over a box resonator. It is played with a
mallet called tabuh. There are three kinds of saron; saron panerus, saron barung,
and saron demung.
3. Slenthem- an instrument made thin bronze keys of fine alloy that plays the
melody of another line. It is played using only one stick.
4. Gender- thin metal bar that are suspended over tube resonators. They play an
elaboration of the main melody. Played by striking the bronze keys with padded
sticks. There are two kinds; gender panerus and gender barung
5. Gong Ageng, Gong Suwuk, & Kempul- hanging gongs that play divisions of line
and sections.
6. Kenong- a horizontal gong that is a punctuating instrument which is played by
striking the gongs with padded sticks.
7. Kendhang- double-headed drums used to signal the ensemble through rhythm.
8. Ketuk and Kempyang- horizontal gongs that plays a “thuk” and “pang” sound in
alternation.
9. Rebab- two-stringed lute usually used to perform the melody.
10. Suling- vertical flute which is used to perform the melody.
 11. Gambang- This is a xylophone made out of wood and was played by striking the
wooden keys with padded sticks.
12. Celempung- a zither used to embellish the melody of gamelan.

Balinese Gamelan-dynamic and loud

Parts of Balinese Gamelan:
1. Ugal- a bronze metallophone that are suspended over tuned bamboo resonators.
It is featured in the gamelan kong kebyar where it plays the melody of the piece.
2. Jegogan- the keys of this instruments are larger than the other gangsa. It plays
the lowest notes in the ensemble
3. Jublag- also known as calung, this is a gangsa that also plays the melody
4. Kantil- this metallophone is the smallest in the gangsa that can play the melody
or an interlocking pattern called kotekan.
5. Pemade- a metallophone that plays an octave above the ugal. This instrument
plays the main melody of the piece.
6. Reyong- these are gongs or kettles mounted on a frame. They share the same
notes as the pemades but plays the interlocking pattern instead.
7. Gongs- this consist of two large hanging gongs.
8. Kendhang- two drum pairs.
9. Kempli- a small horizontal gong that keeps time.
10. Ceng-ceng- consist of four to five horizontally mounted cymbals.
11. Trompong- ten small gongs that play an ornamentation of the melody.

Vocal music is used as ornamentation of the Gamelan. It is as important as Gamelan.

1. Pesindhen is a female soloist singer who sings with a Gamelan.
2. Gerong refers to the unison male chorus that sings with the Gamelan.
3. Myanmar
Myanmar was known as Burma until 1989. The country’s name was officially changed
by the military government that took over in 1988. Early civilization in Myanmar dates
back to the 1st century with archaeological evidences of the Pyu
Kingdoms of Thayekhittaya (Sri Ksetra), Beithano (Visnu), and
Hanlin.
The music of Myanmar (or Burma) has similarities with
many other musical traditions in the region, including Chinese
music and Thai music, probably because its longest land border
is shared with China.
Schwedago

The Hsaing Waing is Myanmar’s traditional folk music ensemble. It is made up

mainly of different gongs and drums as well as other instruments depending on the
nature of the performance.
Myanmar’s musical instruments are categorized into two types, the loud sounding and
soft sounding. The loud sounding instruments are performed in open-air ensembles at
ceremonies and festivals. Most of the Hsaing Waing instruments belong to the loud
sounding category.
Other instruments in the Hsaing Waing are the:

For more formal and classical

performances that are performed
indoors, the ensemble may be
accompanied by the saung gauk
(13-string angular harp with soft
sound) the national instrument of
Myanmar, the pattala (Burmese
xylophone), or the piano and violin,
both introduced during colonial
rule.
Myanmar not only has
musical ensembles but also an
extensive collection of classical
songs called the Mahagita.
These songs are divided into
different types like the oldest
repertoires, royal court music, songs of longing, horses’ dance songs, worship
songs for Burmese spirits, and songs of sorrow and music adapted from
Ayutthaya and the Mon people. The saung gauk usually accompanies these songs.

4. Malaysia
Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
It is divided into two regions:
1. West Malaysia – also known as Peninsular Malaysia
2. East Malaysia – consists of thirteen states and three federal
territories. Chinese and Indian cultural influences made their
mark when trade began in the country. Trading also increased
when immigrants flocked to Malaysia.
The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which Pahang State
plays a large role in developing their culture. Mosque
The constitution declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedom of religion.
Multi-racial groups that influenced Malaysia’s music genre include the following:
1. Malay
2. Chinese
3. Indian
4. Iban
5. Dayak
6. Kadazandusun
7. Eurasians

Malaysian music is largely based around percussion instruments. It has multi-cultural

influence and is believed to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with a mixture
of Indian, Chinese, Thai, and Indonesian influences.

The music of Malaysia may be categorized into two types:

1. Classical and Folk music emerged during the pre-colonial period and still exists in
the form of vocal, dance, and theatrical music.
2. Syncretic or Acculturated music developed during the post-Portuguese period
(16th century). It contains elements from both local music and foreign elements of
Arabian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, and Western musical and theatrical sources.

Malaysian Musical Instruments

Musical instruments of Malaysia are greatly associated with their culture and
roots. Due to colonization, the stages of development of Malaysian instruments are great.
They share some common features with Indian musical instruments. After the colonization
of Malaysia by the British, the musical development was influenced by Western music.

Musical Ensembles and Types of Performances in Malaysia

1. Agung and Kulintang- This is a gong-based musical
ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East
Malaysia. This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang of
the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia.

2. Kertok- This is a
musical ensemble from the
Malay Peninsula that
consists of xylophones played swiftly and rhythmically
in traditional Malay functions.

3. Dikir Barat- This is a type of musical form that

is important to Malaysia’s national culture. It is
performed by singing in groups and often in a competitive
manner usually with percussion instrumental
accompaniment or sometimes without instruments at all.
 4. Silat Melayu- This is a form of martial art that is similar
to t’ai chi. It originated in the Malay Peninsula since the
Christian Era and is a mixture of martial arts, dance, and
music usually accompanied by gongs, drums, and Indian
oboes.

5. Thailand
Formerly known as Siam, Thailand is known for
being the sole nation in Southeast Asia that has
never been ruled by a Western power. It is for this
reason that the country is also called “Muang Thai,”
which means “Land of the Free.” History and
geography indicates that Thai music is a
conglomeration of Asian influences. Its musical
principles and elements are basically derived from
Chinese music, while its musical instruments are
inspired from the Indian and Indonesian strings and
gong-chimes. The Thais combined and adapted
these to their culture and created their own unique
music. Ayutthaya Ruins
Thai Music is theoretically based on the five-
tone or seven-tone scale system. It is not only confined to the royal courts but is also used
extensively in dance, theatre, and in ceremonies.
Thai folk music consists of simple songs with simple melodic lines. Its main focus in singing
is the articulation of the text rather than the style or technique of execution.
Songs of Thailand have inherently poetic lyrics which allow a singer or performer
to easily define the melodic lines. It provides the singer the opportunity to improvise song
text to suit the given occasion. The interpretation of a singer gives meaning to the sacred
and spiritual essence of songs with free rhythm while melodies may either be interpreted
or written in the high or low register with long or short durations.
Thailand has three primary instrumental ensembles that are similar to the other
ensembles in Southeast Asia.

1. Piphat – It is a mid-sized orchestra that is

performed in either outdoor style with hard mallets or
indoor style with padded mallets. This ensemble has
different types but the highly ornate one is traditionally
associated with funerals and cremation ceremonies.
Other versions of the piphat ensemble are used to
accompany specific forms of traditional Thai drama such
as the large shadow puppet theatre (nang yai) and
the khon dance drama.
2. Khrueang Sai – It is an orchestra that
combines some of the percussion and wind
instruments of the Piphat with an expanded string
section. This group is primarily used for indoor
performances and for the accompaniment of stick-
puppet theater.
 3. Mahori–This ensemble is traditionally played by
women in the courts of Central Thailand and Cambodia.
Because of this, instruments for this ensemble are
historically smaller. However, regular-sized instruments
are used today. A vocalist performing with the Mahori is
usually accompanied by the so sam sai.

6. Laos
This country is an independent state of
Southeast Asia and officially known as Lao People’s
Democratic Republic. It is formerly part of the
Indochinese Union, also known as French
Indochina. Wat Pha That Luang, Vientiane is one of
its famous landmarks.
The classical music and dance of Laos is highly
influences by India, Cambodia, and Thailand.
Themes are drawn from Hindu mythology, the
Buddhist Jataka tales, and local legends. The royal
entourage of Lao kings traditionally included
musicians, and a typical orchestra improvised songs Wat Pha That Luang
with sets of tuned gongs, xylophones, a bamboo flute,
and other wind instruments.

The Lao orchestra can be divided into two categories:

1. Sep Nyai – This is similar to the Piphat of Thailand with instruments that are
strictly percussive but also integrates
the use of an oboe.
2. Sep Noi – This is also known as the
Mahori of Thailand. However, it
incorporates the use of several khene
which is a large bamboo mouth
organ and is the most popular folk
music instrument of Laos.
Traditional music, called Mor lam, is largely
based around the khene.
1. Vietnam
Vietnam is officially known as the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam. This country is located on the
eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula.
Vietnamese music (nhạc Việt Nam) refers to the ethnic
music that originated from the "Kinh" people of
Vietnam. This term is also used to address the music
of any of the numerous ethnic minorities including
the Montagnard, Degar, Tay, Cham, and others.
Although Vietnam is geographically part of
Southeast Asia, ten centuries of rule by the Chinese Thien Mu
to the north have made the culture much closer to Far
East than to its Southeast Asian neighbors. Thus, early music theory was either based
upon or adapted to the prevailing Chinese theory, and the majority of instruments used in
the royal court were of Chinese origin.
On the other hand, other influences can be seen with the ethnic minorities, such as
the Chàm or Montagnard peoples. This is possibly due to interaction with the other
countries of Southeast Asia. Vietnamese music shows signs of Indian influences, noticeable
in improvisation preludes of chamber music (known as rao in the South and dao in the
north) as well as usage of onomatopoeia in drum playing.

Traditional and Folk Music

Vietnamese traditional music can be separated into a few major categories, divided
predominantly by the way in which were used in the people's cultural lives.

Categories of Vietnamese Music

1. Imperial Court Music – The most popular of this kind
is the Nha nhac that was popularly performed during the
Tran Dynasty to the Nguyen Dynasty. This form of
classical music is also performed in honor of the gods
and scholars in temples. Other classical music falling
into this category includes the Dai Nhac (“great music”)
and the Tieu Nhac (“small music”) which was performed
as chamber music for the king.
2. Folk Music – This category is extremely diverse because
it includes music performed both indoors and
outdoors. Performers of this category are also
diverse. They may be professional musicians
down to the blind artists in the streets who
perform to earn their living. Vietnamese folk
music are performed in different occasions
depending on its sub-category. It may be
performed in musical theaters, streets,
courtship rituals, and ceremonies for invoking
spirits. They are sometimes also influenced by
Western elements. Some Vietnamese music only
makes use of female singers and some have both male and female singers.
3. Religious and Ceremonial Music – This is the music performed in religious rituals or
at funerals.
4. Singapore
The Republic of Singapore is an independent
republic in Southeast Asia, comprised of one main
island and about 50 small adjacent islands off the
southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. About three-
fourths of the people of Singapore, known as
Singaporeans, are Chinese, but there are significant
Malay and Indian minorities.
Singapore’s cultural life reflects its colonization by
the British Empire and its diverse population. Being the
melting pot of different cultures in Asia, folk music of
this country reflects the culture and traditions of Merlion
specific groups.
 The ethnic groups which made a prominent place in the musical world of Singapore
have been Chinese, Indian Malays, and Tamils. Other minority Asian ethnic groups which
have also made a mark in the folk culture of Singapore are the Cantonese, Hokkien, and
Malay Bangwasan.
Through the years, the music industry in Singapore grew having Western-influenced
performances by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra as well as ethnic music performances
mainly by the Singapore Chinese Orchestra. Other performing groups with Malay and
Indian influence are still prevalent until today
Wrapping Up
 The music of Southeast Asia has been present since the 2 nd to 3rd Century BC. Music is an
important part of their lives because they use it for rituals, ceremonies, courting, and
entertainment.
 Instruments in Southeast Asia can be classified according to the Hornbostel-Sachs classification.
Most of the instruments are percussive with an exception of some aerophones and
chordophones. Each country’s musical instruments and even some songs are somewhat similar to
each other due to their history of trading and migration.
 Songs from Southeast Asia commonly use pentatonic (5-tone) scales or heptatonic (7-tone) scales

Essential Question

1. How important is it for a country to preserve musical heritage?

2. Base on the musical character of two kinds of gamelan, where do you think each
one is played?
3. What makes one instrument from one country resembles instruments from
another country?
4. What is the role of music in each country in the concept of national identity?

Activity Sheet
I. Direction: In a short bond paper, draw your very own instruments that resembles
instruments from any country in Southeast Asia. Name your instrument and describe the
history of your instruments, the sound it produces, what southeast Asian musical you
want it to be included and the purpose of that instrument in a musical ensemble. A
scoring rubric will be the bases in grading your activity.

10 pts 5 pts 3 pts

Musical Instrument It resembles the Southeast It somehow resembles the It does not resembles the
Asian instruments Southeast Asian southeast Asian
instrument but it has a hint instruments at all.
of influence from other
country.
 Instrument description History is very well History is vague but the History is vague and the
presented, the use of use of musical elements in use of musical elements in
musical elements in describing the sound the describing the sound the
describing the sound the instrument produces instrument produces is
instrument produces aligns to its purpose on incorrect and is not
aligns to its purpose on the musical ensemble aligned to its purpose to
the musical ensemble the chosen musical
ensemble
Grammatical structure No grammatical error at all Very minimal grammatical Too much grammatical
error error

POST ASSESSMENT:
I. Direction: Write words that describe Southeast Asian music that starts with the letters
spelling out Southeast Asia.

S ________________________ A _________________________
O ________________________ S _________________________
U ________________________ I _________________________
T_________________________ A _________________________
H_________________________
E_________________________
A_________________________
S_________________________
T_________________________

II. Direction: Write the country which is associated with the following word.

__________1. Khene
__________6. Hsaing Waing
__________2. Nha nhac
__________7. Saung Gauk
__________3. Gamelan
__________8. Kulintang
__________4. Pinpeat
__________9. Mahori
__________5. Piphat
__________10. Orchestra
 ARTS
Unit1: Arts of Southeast Asia
At the end of this module you are expected to:
o Identifies characteristics of arts and crafts in specific countries in Southeast
Asia: Indonesia (batik); Malaysia (modern batik,); Thailand (silk fabrics).
o Identifies characteristics of arts and crafts in specific countries in Southeast
Asia: Indonesia (batik, Wayang puppetry); Malaysia (modern batik, wau, and
objects made from pewter); Thailand (silk fabrics and Loi Kratong Lantern
Festival); Cambodia (AnkorWat and Ancient Temples); Singapore (Merlion), etc.

PRE-ASSESSMENT: The Primer of Art

Direction: Read the questions carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The principles of good design are _______.

A. color, depth, form, line, shape, space, texture, and value
B. balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, proportion, repetition, simplicity,
space, and unity
C. all of the above
D. none of the above
2. The elements of design are _______.
A. color, depth, form, line, shape, space, texture, and value
B. balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, proportion, repetition, simplicity,
space, and unity
C. all of the above
D. none of the above
3. _______ is a three-dimensional geometrical figure showing height, width and depth.
A. Space
B. Form
C. Balance
D. Line
4. Various art elements, like lines, colors, or shapes, that are repeated over and over in a
planned way creates a _______.
A. focal point
B. unity
C. balance
D. pattern
5. The lightness or darkness of a color is referred to as the _______.
A. shape
B. value
C. intensity
D. texture
6. _______ may be geometric or organic.
A. Shape
B. Value
C. Intensity
D. Texture
Introduction
Last school year you were able to explore arts in the Philippines. From the
traditional arts and crafts of Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, the country’s religious and non-
religious festivals, and its unique theatrical form. This school year we will have our
international exploration on arts all over the Asia, we will begin with the neighboring
country of the Philippines in Southeast Asia.

ATTIRE, FABRICS, AND TAPESTRY

Traditional fabric design is an important type of Southeast Asian art because it
reflects the culture of the country from which it came from and can be gleaned through
the distinctive characteristics of the design and motifs. The fabrics in Southeast Asia
features an extensive range of local raw materials on which an array of astonishing
techniques have been applied that depict versatility and originality.

Batik
- the Javanese people of Indonesia considers
batik as a part of their ancient traditions and
culture.
- the pattern in the batik symbolizes the cultural
identities of the locals in the area from which
they came.
- the word batik also come from the Javanese
word tik, which means “to dot”. It also refers to
the technique of decorating cloth called wax-
resist dyeing.

Wax resist dyeing- wax is applied to the designs to

prevent the dye from penetrating parts of the cloth where
the design has been formed. This method can be repeated
over and over to create a colorful rhythmic patterns and
designs using a device called canting.

Two Types of Batik Designs

1. Geometric Designs- these are the batiks who

have:
 Parang- diagonal curved lines
 Banji- squares
 Ceplok- rectangular crosses
 Kawung- weaving
 Limar motifs
 Overlapped circles or elliptical shapes

2. Non- geometric designs

Malaysian Batik
- was greatly influenced by Javanese batik.
- designs include leaves and flowers and also geometric
motifs like spiral and seldom uses human figures as an
Islamic belief.
- batiks were block-printed and uses light and more
vibrant than deep-colored Javanese batik.
- uses a copper block or wooden stamp dipped into wax
and then pressed onto the fabric to transfer design.
- fabric then is dip-dyed to produce a single-color batik.
- using a different blocks and repeated dyeing and
dewaxing creates a multi-colored batik.

Thai Silk
- Thailand’s traditional fabric.
- made from cocoons of silk worms which comes from the
region called Khorat Plateau.
- handwoven by Thai rural women with intricate and
traditional geometric and zoomorphic motif.
- depicts the character, thoughts, emotions, feelings,
spirit, and life of a weaver.
- each design is unique and cannot be duplicated since it
is handwoven.
- Thai silk fabrics gives the illusion of changing it colors as
you hold the fabric in different angle against the light.

Cambodian Silk
- A tradition that dates back to as early as the first
century when the textile became a popular trading
product in the Angkorian Era.

Two Types of Weaving Tecniques:

1. Ikat or Ikkat Technique- weavers tie and dye
the weft portion of the yarn in order to create
patterns. This technique is used in producing
the fabric for the sampot hoi--- the traditional
wrap skirt worn by women of Cambodia.
Patterns may vary depending on the region
which the silk originated from. Most common
motifs include lattice, stars and dots.
2. Uneven Twell Technique- three threads are
woven to produce single or two-colored fabrics.
The finished fabric shows the colored of one
 thread on the one side, while the colors of the two over threads are combined
to produce the color of the reverse side.

Laos Woven Sinh

- sinh is the traditional skirt worn by women in
Laos.
- each sinh skirt is unique and tells a tale woven
into it every strand which are passed on from
generation to generation through weaving as a
part of their tradition.
- most tale were too elaborate and the motifs used
too cryptic, only the weavers can accurately
interpret the tale.

LESSON 2. Arts and Crafts

Southeast Asian countries has diverse culture, yet their artistic forms and
expressions illustrates many similarities. In this lesson, you will learn some of the
traditions and simple everyday objects of Southeast Asian countries have become the best
medium for artistic expression and creative representation of their culture.

Wayang Kulit

- a traditional puppetry of Indonesia.

- form of storytelling flourished in the royal courts of Java and Bali as well as in
the rural areas of Indonesia.
- “wayang” in a Javanese term refers to “shadow” and from a Bahasa Indonesia is
“puppet.”
- “kulit” is also a Javanese word meaning leather or skin in reference to the
material used in making their puppets.
- wayang kulit is designed and carefully handcrafted puppets performed with a
musical accompaniment.
- believed that the performances have a spiritual and magical significance for the
Javanese and Balinese people and that the souls of the ancestors were brought
to life as shadows provide advice and support.
- puppets were made form flattened buffalo hide with buffalo horns rod for
support.
- the only moving part are one or both arms hinged at the shoulder or elbow.
- Balinese puppets tend to be more realistic than those of java.
- puppets reflect the religious differences mainly between the Hindu Bali and
Muslim Java.
- since Javanese Islamic belief, their puppets are more stylized than being in
human form
- there are 500 figures in an aristocratic set and as few as 100 in a village set.
- to show the character doing different things clothes are changed and colors are
used to signify the character’s mood:
 - Gold indicate harmony, love, beauty, and opulence
- Black indicates that the character in reflection and
one who is strong and in control
- Red used to show anger and violence or used to ward
off evil or danger
- White signifies purity and innocence
- Shapes and sizes are also used to show symbolism:
- Lean puppets represents royalty and nobility.
- Huge and square-ish forms are depicted as monsters
and giants
- The shape of the eyes and nose also denotes certain
quality of a puppet’s character such as kindness, refinement, strength, and
loyalty.
- Indonesians believe that audiences of Wayang Kulit are protected from evil
during the performance.
- Every part of the performance has a representation:
- Screen represents the universe where the people lived
- The bright side of the screen represents the material world
- The darker side represents the mysterious after-life

Wau

- Malay term for kite.

- a favorite past time of Malays and was
later made part of important ceremonial
functions and festivals.
- kite-making and flying now are mostly
found in the state of Kelantan on the
east coast of Malaysia, which has
preserved the tradition by holding the
yearly festivals and competitions.
- wau is made up of soaked bamboo on the mud for two weeks to make it more
flexible and safe from the attack of weevils and is made into a complex but
lightweight frame and were covered on rice paper layer by layer making
alterations to make the kite structurally sound.
- the kite was designed with meticulous patterns from cut rice paper and are glued
piece by piece to form intricate motifs.
- “dengung” is a sound created by the kite depending on the force of the wind
which is also considered as an important factor in making the wau.
- the higher the kite, the faster the wind, the higher the pitch.

Types of Wau depending on the shapes:

1. Wau Bulan
 Also known as moon kite because of the crescent moon shaped of its
lower sail
 Considered as one of the national symbols of Malaysia
  Bigger than the other types of wau, typically 2.5 meters wide and
3.5-meter long
 The blank space on each sides are said to be the eyes that guide
the kite in flight
2. Wau Jala Budi
 Also known as woman kite because the shape resembles a woman
figure with her arms outstretched to the sides.
 The shape of the tail is similar to the budi leaf found in Kedah, while
Jala refers to the structure of the tail, thus the name.
3. Wau Barat
 Also known as leaf kite
 Different from the others because its design is painted instead of
glued paper.
 It is more lightweight and could stay up in lighter winds than the
other designs
 Aside from leaf kite, it is also known as morning kite since it can fly
even when the wind is at its lightest, usually early in the day.
4. Wau Kuching
 Cat-like kite because of its shaped.
 It looks like a sitting cat when viewed from the back
 Its hummers are also tuned to screech and yowl like a cat does.
5. Wau Merak
 A peacock kite has tail instead of a lower sail.
 Hummer produces seven different sounds.

Krathong

- Thailand celebrates on its most awaited and

most beautiful every 12th full moon of the
lunar year called Loi Krathong.
- Loi means to float, while krathong refer to the
candle-lit decorative arrangement that is
floated on river during the festival.
- Made from slice of a banana tree trunk,
decorated with the folded banana leaves and
flowers in elaborate towering designs with
candle placed in the middle.
- Today, Thais replaced the banana trunk with bread baked for the purpose, but
continue to decorate it as before.
- Thais believe that the krathong carries away one’s trouble and bad fate and
carries one offerings of prayers and wishes to the goddess of water.
- Krathong showcases Thai artistry in leaf and flower arrangement.
LESSON 3. Sculptures of Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian sculptures are heavily influenced by the people's beliefs

and religion. Many important works have withstood the test of time having been
created thousands of years ago. In Cambodia, for example, the art of stone
carving has been practiced for thousands of years, dating as far back to the
foundation of the Khmer Nation. The media used for sculptures vary among and
within countries. While sculptures that date back to 300-600 CE show Buddhist
and Indian influences, later works show a predominant Chinese influence
especially in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Borobudur Temple

One of the world's largest buddhist temples and also one of the most spectacular
monuments ever built is the Borobudur Temple, built in the ninth century
during the Sailendra Dynasty. Located in Central Java, Indonesia, the whole
temple is adorned with more than 2,600 relief panels and over 500 Buddha
statues. The first four galleries have 1,460 stone reliefs on the walls and
opposite balustrades plus 1,212 decorative reliefs augment the paths. The first
gallery of the monument has 120 relief sculptures that narrate the teachings of
Buddha, illustrate the events related to his past life, and show educational
stories taken from important Buddhist scriptures. The reliefs were carved to
illustrate the text of Mahayana Buddhism entitled Lalitavistara or "Life of the
Buddha," which tells the story of Buddha in five parts. These parts are contained
in 15 relief panels starting from his descent from Heaven until he gives his first
sermon. Designed by the architect, Gunadharma, Borobudur consists of open-
air passageway that is meant to be circumambulate from the first level gradually
ascending all the way to the tenth uppermost level in what is both a physical
and spiritual journey.

Malaysian Wood Carvings

Woodcarving is part of the architecture of a traditional Malay house and

mosque. Malaysia is blessed with bountiful handwood species of various
strength, quality, and texture. It is no surprise, therefore, that wood has been
their best medium to showcase their creative artistic philosophical expression in
carvings. One can find the best woodcarving in the Malaysian states of
Terengganu and Kelantan, home to the royal palace and other traditional
buildings with very expensive intricate wood carvings. Atypical Malay home or
mosque that is made of timber would have no less than 25 carved components
that are structural, elemental, decorative in nature. Indeed, woodcarving is an
integral part of Malay architecture and serves both functional and aesthetic
purposes. Motifs used in woodcarvings show the symbiosis of nature and
mankind, creating unique designs on wood products such as furniture, wall
panels, sculptures, bowls, and other decorative items. Woodcarvers consider
four factors in the composition of their carvings. These include principal forms
and layout, types of incision and perforation, types of motif, and design
principles. Malay woodcarving has four principal forms, stupa, makara, lotus,
and gunungan. These are the basic forms of Hinduism motifs. Malay
woodcarvers apply four types of motifs namely flora, fauna, calligraphy, and
cosmos. They derive inspiration from the beauty of their surroundings and
symbolize the intangible value into physical products and compositions.

Singapore's Merlion

A mythical creature that is half-lion and half-fish known as the Merlion, is

the national symbol of Singapore. It is designed for the Tourist Promotion Board
and functions as its logo. The use of the fish in the design comes from the idea of
Singapore's beginnings as a fishing village and symbolizes the cultural values of
the Singaporean people: hardworking, thrifty, and down-to-earth, while the lion's
head refers to the lion sighting in Temasek by the prince from Palembang, which
signifies courage and bravery in leaping into the future.
The symbol itself was designed by Alec Fraser-Brunner in 1964 as an
emblem for the Singapore Tourism Board. The statue, which has become a tourist
landmark and main attraction in Singapore, was created by the late Lim Nang
Seng out of cement fondue. It measures 8.6 meters tall and weighs 70 tons. It was
first unveiled in 1972 by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew at the mouth of the
Singapore River. However, when the Esplanade bridge was completed in 1994, it
obscured the view of the statue from the Marina Bay Waterfront. Thus, the statue
was relocated to its permanent location at the Merlion Park some 120 meters away.
A smaller version about two meters tall, also by Lim Nang Seng, stands a few
meters away.
SHAPES AND SYMBOLS YOU CAN MOSTLY FIND IN THE SOUTHEAST
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE:
WRAPPING WRAP

LESSON 1.

 Fabric or textile design is an important art form in Southeast Asia.

 Traditional fabric designs reflect not only each country's culture but also
their everyday way of life.
 Most fabric are made of natural raw materials available in the area from
where they originated.
LESSON 2.

 Wayang Kulit is the traditional puppetry in Indonesia, which showcases

the culture and belief of its people. It is both educational and
entertaining.
 Kite-making and flying are a major part of Malaysian culture and
tradition. Wau or kite is regarded as an art form.
 Yearly festivals and competitions are held to preserve the tradition of
wau-making and flying.
 Loi Krathong is a beautiful Thai festival celebrated every 12th full moon
of the lunar year.
LESSON 3.

 Borobudur Temple in Indonesia is one of the largest Buddhist temples in

the world and also one of the most spectacular monuments ever built.
 Thousands of relief panels, statues, and decorative reliefs that tell of
Buddhist teachings and scriptures can be found in Borobudur.
 Woodcarving is part of the architecture of traditional Malaysian houses
and mosques.
 Woodcarvings serve both a functional and aesthetic purpose in
Malaysian architecture.
 The Merlion, a mythical creature that is half-lion and half-fish, is the
national symbol of Singapore.
 It signifies courage, strength, hard work, and simplicity-qualities the
Singaporean people are known for.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. What makes southeast Asian fabric unique?

2. What is the significance of Wayang Kulit to the people of Indonesia?
3. What stories do sculptures and wood carving tell?
POST ASSESSMENT

A. Direction: Analyze the picture carefully and identify what specific fabric
or tapestry it is and from what southeast Asian country it came from. 2
points each

1. 4.
SPECIFIC

2. 5.

3. 6. SPECIFIC
B. Direction: Identify what arts and crafts are presented below and what country they
are from. 2 points each

1 4. SPECIFIC

2. 5.
SPECIFIC

3. SPECIFIC 6.
SPECIFIC
C. Direction: Identify from what country the following sculpture belongs. 5 points each

1 2 3
. . .

ACTIVITY:

DIRECTION: In a short size velom paper, select at least one

Selected SEA Art Forms:
SEA art forms and draw your own design. Below is the list 1. Batik
of Southeast Asian Art forms that will be the only serve as 2. Wau
the basis of your artwork. A holistic rubric will be the 3. Wayang Kulit
guideline to make sure that your artworks meets the 4. Krathong
standard of a perfect score. This is equivalent to 50 points. 5. Traditional Malay House

RUBRIC

SCORE: DESCRIPTION:
The design resembles Southeast Asian art, it was intricate and was
organized respectively from the standards of the selected art form. There is
50 harmony in using the color with precision on the light source of their
artwork. It was creatively done and made an outstanding over-all impact
on the onlookers.
The design somehow resembles Southeast Asian Art, it is simple, and
30 some of the standards of the selected art form was met. There is no precise
light source in the shading of colors. It is done in a satisfactory manner.
The design does not resemble any Southeast Asian Art, the details are
15 chaotic, and the standards set on the selected art form were not met.
There is little to no colors on the design and no precise light source. The
design needs more improvement.