Lab and Home Assignment

Sheet

CIVL 2252: Surveying Lab

Civil Engineering Department

Heritage Institute of Technology

B.Tech Yr, Section

Faculty in charge: Prof. Prithwish Saha

Technical Staff in charge: Mr. Bablu Panja
Session:

Name of the student:................................................................

College roll No. : .....................................................................
University roll number: ……………………………………....
 Vision and Mission of Civil Engineering department:

Vision

Developing motivated, skilled and highly competent Civil Engineers to excel in Education,
Research, Entrepreneurship and Technological services, so that the department as well as
the Institute will be recognized high in a global scenario.

Mission

1. To empower the students with broad and in-depth knowledge in Civil Engineering
fundamentals and their applications in practical as well as professional fields to meet
socio-economic challenges.
2. To educate the students in the latest technologies in Civil Engineering, imbibe in them
human values, self-confidence, team work and independent thinking in solving
diverse problems in the related field so that they can serve the society.
3. To achieve international recognition by developing professional Civil Engineers,
offering continuing education and interacting with industries by emphasizing research
and development.

Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to

1. Develop the concept of taking linear and angular field measurements using different
instruments.
2. Provide the idea about the procedure to draw the traverse survey and topographic plan
using field data.
3. Develop an idea about the drawing of leveling data and interpret them to calculate the
volume of cutting and filling of soil for a particular road profile.
4. Build an idea about the field procedure of setting out of curve and layout drawing on
the ground.

Course Outcome:
After going through this course, the students will be able to:

1. Prepare maps by chain and compass traverse.

2. Perform temporary adjustment of Dumpy level, Differential leveling, Profile leveling
and plot long and cross sections.
3. Construct traverse plot using theodolite with the help of Gale’s traverse table.
4. Set out circular curve and transition curve and estimate the error in setting out
method.
5. Instruct the procedure of setting out of building layout.
6. Demonstrate different parts of a Total station and can perform simple operations of
the instrument.

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 Content

Sl No. Topic Page number

1 Instructions 3

2 Introduction to the lab and lab equipment 6

3 Chain surveying 8

4 Compass surveying 11

5 Plane Table Surveying 14

6 Levelling survey 17

7 Theodolite Traversing 21

8 Setting out of Combined Curve 27

9 Traversing by Total Station 32

10 Setting out of building layout 34

11 References 37

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 1. Instructions

1.1Before you step into the lab

 Go through the instruction part sincerely and remember every point of

them throughout the session.
 Make sure that you have the assignment sheet with you.
 Make sure you have the homework copy, with all assignments attempted,
ready for submission.
 Make sure you are not more than 5 minutes late.
 Make sure to attend at least 75% of the CIVL 2252 lab classes throughout
the session.
If one or more of the above conditions are violated, by you then please
stay outside of the lab.

1.2 Prerequisites

 Extensive coverage of CIVL 2203 (Surveying) syllabus.

 Best practice with MECH1052 lab (Engineering Graphics & Design).
 Basic knowledge of Mathematics.
 Basic knowledge of Physics.
 Capability and adoptability of working as a team.
 Basic attitude towards learning new things and to solve practical
problems.

N.B.
a) You are advised to carry your own drawing kit, calculator, field-
book, level book, A1 drawing sheet, cap, water bottle every day.
b) You are advised not to come to the field work if you are sick or
you are not in a proper state of mind to attend the lab.
c) You are also advised to catch up with your team, if you are
lagging in some areas.

1.3 Rules of the lab

 Be present at the lab 5 minutes before the scheduled time.

 Know your guide in the field (technical staff), first day after entering into

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 the lab.
 Respond to your roll calls every time (Attendance will be taken thrice,
every day. First at the starting of the lab, during the field work and at the
time of submission of the instruments).
 Every day after entering into the lab, collect the instrument from your
respective guide.
 Check the entire instrument set properly with the requisition slip. Check
the entire instrument set whether they are fit for your job or faulty. If any
discrepancy is found, inform it to your guide immediately.
 Submit your I-card (if you are group leader) and sign the issue slip to
collect the instrument from your guide. Do not forget to mention your
instrument number in your team’s issue slip.
 Follow your guide from the lab to the field. Listen to the faculty instructor
and your guide throughout the lab session with ultimate attention.
 Collect all the required data properly and accurately at the respective
positions of your datasheet. Do not forget to get it signed by your guide
every day, before you leave.
 If any assignment is given for your day’s work, prepare it before you
come to the lab. No time will be given to solve home assignments during
the lab time. If you or your group is not prepared with your day’s data,
your field work will be cancelled and it will not be repeated ever.
 If mass bunk occurs during the scheduled lab time, the day’s work will be
suspended and it will not be repeated ever.
 If any data is lost due to any reason for any group, the very field work
will not be repeated ever. And respective marks for that field work will be
deducted.

If one or more of the above rules are violated, by you then disciplinary
actions will be taken against you.

1.4 Evaluation procedure

 Final lab marks will be on 100 marks. In which 60 marks is allocated for
final viva-voce and 40 marks is allocated on your performance
throughout the session.
 Three times attendance will carry a major mark for your final evaluation
and it will create a high impact on daily assessment for your lab work.
 Everyday field assessment will be done during your field work.

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  Field test will be performed periodically on different instruments. These
marks will contribute to your final lab marks.
 Lab assignment in terms of taking readings in field book or level book or
any other data book will carry major marks in your final assessment.
 Home assignments in terms of drawing sheets on different topics will be
given to you at different times with specific submission date. Proper, in
time, neat and clean drawing sheet will carry major marks.
 Any misbehave in the lab with any one will lead to deduction of marks
or permanent suspension from lab.
 Any loss of instrument due to careless handling will lead to deduction of
marks.

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 1. Introduction to the lab and lab equipment
1.1.1 Lab Assignment:
a) Introduction to of lab equipment to the students

1.1.2 Instruments used:

Chain, Tape, Peg, Arrow, Prismatic compass, Plane Table with
accessories, Dumpy Level, Levelling staff, Theodolite, Ranging Rod, Total
station and accessories.

1.1.3 Field procedures:

Concerned faculty will briefly explain the duties of each student in the lab.
He will divide the students among 3 groups and will select the group
leaders of each group.
Each of the experiment will be demonstrated in brief by the faculty
member in the first class.
All the instruments will be demonstrated at the field to each students.
Students are encouraged to learn as much as possible, because from the
next class they will be given marks on the basis of field performance and
knowledge on each instrument.

Metric chain Tape Arrow

Prismatic compass Plane Table Dumpy Level

Levelling staff Theodolite Ranging rod

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 Total station Reflector prism Prism pole

Wooden peg

1.1.4 Home Assignment:

Revision of the theoretical knowledge of all the surveying instruments as

well as the procedures related to the day’s discussion. Revisions should be
made from the theoretical knowledge of surveying theory paper (CIVL
2203).

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 2. Chain surveying

1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Measurement of distance by Ranging and Chaining and

preparation of traverse from the field data.
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. Level-Book, 2. Pen, 3. Pencil, 4. Eraser, 5. Scale.
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Metric chain (30mt.) – 1 No.
B. Tape (Metallic or PVC)–3 Nos.
C. Wooden Peg – sufficient numbers
D. Arrow – sufficient numbers
1.1.4 THEORY:
By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and
common method is the method of measuring distance with a chain or tape
is called Chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain is used. But
where great accuracy is required a steel tape is invariably used. The term
chaining was originally applied to measure Distance with a chain. The
term chaining is used to denote measuring distance with either chain or
tape.

Fig. ref. IS-1492-1970

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 1.1.5 Field procedures:
In the process of chaining, the survey party consists of a leader (the
surveyor at the forward end of the chain) and followers (the surveyor at the
rear end of the chain and an assistant to establish intermediate points).
The procedure of chaining is done in the following steps:
1. Prepare the index sketch and do the reconnaissances survey to study the
feasibility of the survey from the selected station points.
2. Individual length of chains is measured at the beginning of the survey. Apply
corrective measures if any discrepancy is found.
3. Fix the four station points at the four corners of the building.
4. Lay the chain at the desired direction. Straighten the chain along the station
points by the method of ranging.
5. Mark and measure the tie station and tie point.
6. Take the observations on the both sides of the chain line by the method of
taking perpendicular and oblique offsets.
7. The measurements should be made at a fixed interval of 5 mts.
8. Repeat the previous steps up to the fourth station.
9. Fill up the level book (the level book must be maintained by the group
leader) with all the relevant data and get it signed by the faculty in-charge.

1.1.6 Home Assignment:

a. Prepare the individual level book from the data collected and maintained by
the group leader.
b. Prepare the traverse plot from the chain survey data.
c. Apply the graphical method to correct the closing error, if any.
d. Make the drawing sheet submit ready before you enter at next day’s class.

Draw the rough Index Sketch

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 1.1.7 Self-evaluation of students:

1) A 20-m Indian standard chain has

i. Tallies at every meter length
ii. Rings at every meter length
iii. Rings at every meter length and tallies at every 5 meters
iv. Tallies at every meter length and rings at 5 meters
Ans:

2) A cross stuff is used for

i. Alignment of a survey line
ii. Setting perpendicular lines to survey lines
iii. Marking of survey stations
iv. Setting a line at an angle to a survey line at a point.
Ans:

3) Correction due to sag of a tape is

i. Always positive
ii. Always negative
iii. Sometimes negative and sometimes positive
iv. Dependent on the temperature conditions.
Ans:

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 3. Compass surveying

1.1.1 Lab Assignment: To measure bearings of a closed traverse by prismatic

compass and to adjust the traverse by graphical method.
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. Level-Book, 2. Pen, 3. Pencil, 4. Eraser, 5. Scale, 6. Calculator.
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Metric chain (30mt.) – 1 No.
B. Prismatic compass – 1No.
C. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 3 Nos.
D. Wooden Peg – sufficient numbers
E. Arrow – sufficient numbers
1.1.4 THEORY
Surveying which involves series of connected lines is known as traversing.
The sides of traverse are known as Traverse legs. In traversing with a
compass free or loose needle method is employed to determine direction of
survey line. The compass is setup at each of the successive station and fore
& back bearing of each line is determined All the readings are noted in
field book. Each of the line is observed independently & errors are
calculated, compensated. The field work consists of primary survey,
marking of stations, running of traverse lines.
Traverse stations should be selected that
a) They are visible from each other
b) They are as long as possible.
c) The line joining them are as near the boundaries & objects to be located
as possible
1.1.5 Field procedures:
In the process of compass surveying, the compass is setup at each of the
successive station and fore & back bearing of each line is determined. All
the readings are noted in field book.
The procedure of compass survey is done in the following steps:
1. Prepare the index sketch and do the reconnaissances survey to study the
feasibility of the survey from the selected station points.
2. Individual length of chains is measured at the beginning of the survey. Apply
corrective measures if any discrepancy is found.
3. Fix the four station points at the four corners of the building.
4. Lay the chain at the desired direction. Straighten the chain along the station
points by the method of ranging.
5. The compass is setup at each of the successive station and fore & back
bearing of each line is determined. All the readings are noted in field book
and the observations on the both sides of the chain line are noted by the
method of taking perpendicular and oblique offsets.

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 6. The measurements should be made at a fixed interval of 5 mts.
7. Repeat the previous steps up to the fourth station.
8. Fill up the level book (the level book must be maintained by the group
leader) with all the relevant data and get it signed by the faculty in-charge.
1.1.6 Home Assignment:
1. Prepare the level book at individual level.
2. Calculate all the bearings and internal angels, apply corrections to
remove effect of local attractions, if any.
3. Plot the traverse and close it by the graphical method.
4. Make the drawing sheet submit ready before you enter at next day’s
class.

Rough sketch of the traverse along with the fore bearing and back bearing value and
the value of internal angle at each of the stations.

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 1.1.7 Self-evaluation of students:
1) Prismatic compass is an instrument used to measure
a. Distances between points
b. Angles between two points
c. Vertical angles
d. Magnetic bearings of lines
Ans:

2) Magnetic bearing of a line is

a. The horizontal angle between any two lines
b. The vertical angle of a line from the horizontal
plane
c. The horizontal angle between the magnetic
meridian and the line
d. The vertical angle between the magnetic meridian
and the line
Ans:

3) The zero graduation in a prismatic compass is marked in the

a. North end of the circle
b. In the south end of the circle
c. In the east end of the circle
d. In the west end of the circle
Ans:

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 4. Plane Table Surveying
1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Locating given traverse area by plane table surveying
(One full size drawing sheet)
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. A1 drawing sheet- 1 No, 2. Pen, 3. Pencil, 4. Eraser, 5. Scale (1 ft.
scale), 6. Calculator.
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Metric chain (30mt.) – 1 No.
B. Plane table with tripod stand
C. Plane table accessories – 1Set.
D. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 2 Nos.
E. Arrow – sufficient numbers
F. Ranging rod- 3 Nos.
1.1.4 THEORY
The system of surveying in which field observation and plotting work i.e.
both are done simultaneously is called plane table surveying.
The plane Table: - The drawing board made of well-seasoned wood such as
teak or pine which is used for the purpose of plotting is called plane table. It
is available in sizes 500×400×15mm, 600×5000×15mm and
750×600×20mm.The top surface of board is perfectly plane and to the
underneath it is fitted with a leveling head or ball and socket arrangement.
The table is mounted on a tripod by means of a central screw with a wing nut
or in such a manner so that the board can be revolved, leveled and clamped in
any position.
Alidade: The tool or instrument which consists of metal (usually of brass) or
wooden (well-seasoned) rule 40cm to 60cm long, 3cmto5cm wide and fitted
with two vanes at the ends is called an alidade. The beveled graduated edge is
known as the fiducial edge.
Trough Compass: The compass which is used to mark the direction of the
magnetic meridian on the plane table is called trough compass. It consist of a
long narrow rectangular nonmagnetic metallic box 8cm to 15cm long, 3cm to
5cm wide and 2cm to 3cm high on the covered with a glass cover.
Sprit Level: - A small sprit level circular or rectangular is required for seeing
if the table is properly level. The level must have flat base so that it can be
placed on the table.
Plumbing fork or U-frame: - The plumbing fork to which is attached a plumb
bob, used for centering the plane table over the station occupied by the plane
table. It is also meant for transforming the ground point on to sheet so that
both the points should be in the same vertical line.
1.1.5 Field procedures:
a. Select the position of the table where it is be set so that all the points
to be located are visible from it.
b. Set the plane table over this point and level it. Draw the North line in

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 the top corner of sheet by means of trough compass at the table
c. Now transfer the position of the point on the ground to the sheet by
means of the plumbing fork.
d. With the alidade touching the point, sight the first point in the field.
Draw the ray along the fiducial edge. Measure the distance of this
point from the instrument station by means of tape and plot the point
corresponding to the ground point to scale in the sheet.
e. Similarly sight other ground points and measure their distance. Draw
a ray along those lines and from the measured distance; create that
ground point on the drawing sheet (if following the method of
radiation).
f. If following the method of intersection, then after taking the rays
along the specified directions, shift the plane table and set the plane
table at the second station. Then orient the plane table either by
method of back sighting or from the north direction. After orientation,
view the same ground points from the second station and draw the
rays from the second station, with the help of the fiducial edge of the
alidade, pivoting the second station as the center point. The rays will
intersect at some points with the previous rays of the same ground
points. Those intersecting points will be the position of ground points
on the drawing sheets.
g. Finally join all the points on the ground to prepare the traverse of the
given area. Mark all the details on the drawing sheet as per the
standards.
h. Get it checked by the concerned faculty and submit the drawing sheet
at the department.

1.1.6 Home Assignment:

a. If the details of the ground are not marked after the day’s work,
students are advised to complete the same as early as possible and
submit it at the department.

1.1.7 Observations:
Comments on the day’s work:

1.1.8 Self-evaluation of students:

1. An alidade used with the plane table is used for
i. Centering the plane table
ii. Levelling the plane table
iii. Sighting objects
iv. Determining distances of objects
Ans:

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 2. Orienting the plane table is the operation of
i. Centering the table
ii. Plotting points on the paper placed on the plane table
iii. Keeping the plane table in parallel position at all stations
iv. Keeping the plane parallel to the ground at a station
Ans:

3. The radiation method of plane tabling involves

i. Keeping the plane table at one station
ii. Keeping the plane table on at least two stations
iii. Keeping the plane table at many stations
iv. Obtaining points on the ground by intersection of two lines
Ans:

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 5. Levelling in surveying
1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Profile levelling of a Path.
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. Level Book- 1 No, 2. Pen, 3. Pencil, 4. Eraser, 5. Scale 6. Calculator
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Metric chain (30mt.) – 1 No.
B. Dumpy Level – 1No.
C. Level staff – 1 No..
D. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 2 Nos.
E. Arrow – sufficient numbers
F. Ranging rods – 3 Nos.

1.1.4 THEORY
Profile levelling or longitudinal sectional levelling is the process of
determining the elevations of points along the center line of roads, canals,
sewer, highway etc. It enables the engineers to study the relationship between
the existing ground surface and the levels of the proposed construction in the
direction of center line.
Adjustment of the level
The level needs two type of adjustment
1) Temporary adjustment and
2) Permanent adjustment
Temporary adjustments of dumpy level
These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any
observation.
A) Setting up the level:-
1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod: - the tripod legs are well spread on the
ground with tripod head nearly level and at convenient height. Fix up the
level on the tripod.
2) Leg adjustment: Fix any two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them
with hand and move the third leg to right or left until the main bubble is
roughly in the center. Finally the legs are fixed after centering approximately
both bubbles. This operation will save the time required for leveling.
B) Levelling: - Levelling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles.
The purpose of levelling is to make the vertical axis truly vertical.
1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.
2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand
and turn them uniformly so that the thumbs move either toward each other
until the bubble is in center.
3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centered.
5) Bring the telescope back to its original position without reversing the eye
piece and object glass.

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 6) Again bring the bubble to the center of its run and repeat these operation
until the bubble remains in the center of its run in both position which are at
right angle to each other.
7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in
center provided the instrument is in adjustment.
C) Focusing the eye piece: - To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in
front of the object glass and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hairs
are distinctly seen. Care should be taken that the eye piece is not wholly
taken out.

1.1.5 Field procedures:

a. Set out the center line. Along the center line at fixed interval (5 mt.),
select some points and draw the perpendicular through each point of
center line and place some pegs on each of these perpendiculars.
b. Select a point for instrument station and set the level.
c. Put the staff at Bench Mark. Note the staff reading and determine the
height of instrument.
d. Put the staff at a point which is on perpendicular drawn earlier and
take the staff reading.
e. Similarly take staff reading for all those points which can be seen
easily and clearly from this instrument station.
f. Now shift the level to some other point and determine the height of
instrument.
g. Take the staff reading for all clearly visible points and determine their
elevations.
h. Repeat last two steps until the whole site is surveyed.
i. Find the RL of all the points and complete the level book and get it
signed by your field instructor.
1.1.6 Sample observation Table

Station BS IS FS HI Rise Fall RL Remarks

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 1.1.7 Arithmetic check: The difference between the sum of the back sights and
the sum of therefore sights should be equal to the difference between the
last and first reduced levels and the difference between sum of rise and
sum of fall.
i.e. ƩB.S - ƩF.S. = ƩRISE –ƩFALL= LAST R.L –FIRST R.L

Arithmetic check for the present survey work=

1.1.8 Home Assignment:

Sample Calculations:
Assumed slope of the top of the finished rod top level =
Total volume of earthwork in excavation=

Total volume of earthwork in filling =

Cost of per cubic meter of earthwork in excavation =

Cost of per cubic meter of earthwork in filling =
Total cost of cutting and filling =

1.1.9 Comments:

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 1.1.10 Self-evaluation of students:
1) An example of level surface is
a. The top surface of a table
b. The floor surface of a building
c. The still water surface of a lake
d. The surface of a piece of plywood
Ans:

2) A plumb line is a line

a. Lying on a level surface
b. Lying on a horizontal plane
c. Perpendicular to a level surface
d. That joints two points on ground
Ans:

3) A negative reading in the levelling data means the staff is

a. Read upside down
b. Kept upside down
c. Read through the objective lens
d. Read with the lower cross hair
Ans:

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 6. Theodolite Traversing
1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Chain and theodolite traversing (close traversing).
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. Pen, 2. Pencil, 3. Eraser, 4. Scale5. Calculator
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Metric chain (30mt.) – 1 No.
B. Vernier Theodolite – 1No.
C. Tripod stand – 1 No.
D. Prismatic compass – 1 No.
E. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 2 Nos.
F. Arrow – sufficient numbers
G. Ranging rods – 3 Nos.
H. Pegs – sufficient numbers.
1.1.4 THEORY
Theodolite: The theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used
for measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of telescope by
means of which distant objects can be sighted. The telescope has two distinct
motions on in the horizontal plane and the other in the vertical plane. The
former being measured on a graduated Horizontal vertical circle of two
vernier.
Theodolite are primarily classified as
1) Transit theodolite
2) Non-transit theodolite
A theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be resolved
through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane.
The transit type is largely used.
Various parts of transit theodolite
1) Telescope: it is an integral part and is mounted on the spindle known as
horizontal axis or turn on axis.
2) The leveling head: It may consist of circular plates called as upper and
lower Parallel plates. The lower parallel plate has a central aperture through
which a plumb bob may be suspended. The upper parallel plate or tribranch
is supported by means of four or three leveling screws by which the
instrument may be leveled.
3) Lower plate or screw plate: It carries horizontal circle at its leveled screw.
It carries a lower clamp screw and tangent screw with the help of which it
can be fixed accurately in any desired position.
4) The upper plate or vernier plate: - it is attached to inner axis and carries
two vernier and at two extremities diametrically opposite.
5) Index bar or T-frame: the index bar is T shaped and centered on horizontal
axis of the telescope in front of the vertical axis. It carries two verniers of the
extremities of its horizontal arms or limbs called the index arm.

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 6) Plumb bob: To center the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb
bob is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical
axis.
Repetition method of measuring Horizontal angles
When it is required to measure horizontal angles with great accuracy as in the
case of traverse, the method of repetition may be adopted. In this method the
same angle is added several times by keeping the vernier to remain clamped
each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting it back to zero
when sighting at the previous station. The corrected horizontal angle is then
obtained by dividing the final reading by the number of repetitions. Usually
six reading, three with face left and three with face right, are taken The
average horizontal angle is then calculated.
1.1.5 Field procedures:
a. Set the theodolite at station A. Bring vernier A to zero. Now clamp
the upper clamping screw at loosen the lower one and sight towards
station B.

B
A

D C

b. Now fix the lower clamping screw and loosen the upper one and sight
towards station D. Note down the reading for <BAD.
c. Now set angel zero towards station D first and then look towards
station B by loosening the upper clamping screw. Note down the
<DAB.
d. Now shift the instrument at station D and repeat the previous two
steps. Measure the value of <ADC and <CDA.
e. Then shift the instrument at C and B and repeat steps b and c to
measure angels <DCB, <BCD and <CBA and <ABC respectively.
f. Put prismatic compass at every station point and measure the WCB of
each line.
g. Fill up the lab reading sheet and calculate all the required values from
the field data.
h. Get the lab reading sheet as well as assignment sheet signed by the lab
instructor.
1.1.6 Home Assignment
a. Fill up the Gale’s traverse table.
b. Plot the closed traverse in an A1 drawing sheet from the data obtained

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 from the Gale’s Traverse table.
c. Show the observation table as well as the Gale’s Traverse table on the
drawing sheet. Also show the North direction, offsets from station
points and standard symbols on the drawing sheet.
d. Make the drawing sheet submit ready before you enter next day’s
field work.

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 FIELD OBSERVATION TABLE WITH CALCULATION OF ANGELS
Object Angel Face Reading on Angel on Vernier Mean Mean

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Vernier angel on angel
Vernier

Station
A B A B
Remarks

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right
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 1.1.7 Self-evaluation of students:
1) To change the reading on the circle while measuring an angle
a. Upper clamp is tightened and lower clamp is loosened
b. Upper clamp is loosened and lower clamp is tightened
c. Both the upper and lower clamps are loosened
d. Both upper and lower clams are tightened.
Ans:

2) When you transit the telescope, you rotate the telescope about
a. The vertical axis
b. The optical axis of the telescope
c. The trunnion axis
d. The line of collimation.
Ans:

3. A face left or normal position of observation means

a. The vertical circle of the instrument is on the left side of the
observer
b. The vertical circle is on the right side of the observer
c. The station being observed is to the left of the observer
d. The left side vernier is read for the angle value.
Ans:

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 7. Setting out of Combined Curve
1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Set out a combined curve having one circular curve and
two transition curve, one at the beginning and one at the end.
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. Pen, 2. Pencil, 3. Eraser, 4. Scale, 5. Calculator, 6. Solved problem data.
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Metric chain (30mt.) – 1 No.
B. Vernier Theodolite – 1No.
C. Tripod stand – 1 No.
D. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 2 Nos.
E. Arrow – sufficient numbers
F. Ranging rods – 3 Nos.
G. Pegs – sufficient numbers.
1.1.4 Problem Data:
A combined curve has a circular arc of radius 35m with 18 m long transition
curves at both ends. The deflection angle between the tangents is60°. The
circular curve is to be set with5 m peg intervals and the transition curve
with5 m peg interval. Find the necessary angles for obtaining the points on
the transition curves and circular curve. Take chainage of intersection is
1000m.

1.1.5 Field Procedure

1. The procedure for setting out a combined curve (consisting of a simple
circular curve with transition curve at each end) by method of deflection
angles is as follows:
2. Step 1: Locate the tangent point T, by measuring back the total tangent
length (Tt) along the back tangent, from the point of intersection V.
3. Likewise, locate the tangent point T' by measuring along the forward
tangent the distance Tt from V.
4. Setting out of the transition curve :
5. Step 2: Set a theodolite over the point T. Next set the vernier A to zero
and clamp the upper plate.
6. Step 3:Direct the line of sight of theodolite to the intersection point V,
and clamp the lower plate.
7. Step 4:Release the upper plate. Set the vernier A to the first deflection
angle.
8. The line of sight now points towards the first peg on the transition curve.

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 9. Step 5:With the zero of the tape pinned at T and an arrow kept at the
mark corresponding to the first length of the chord, the assistant will
swing the tape till the arrow is bisected by the line of sight. Fix the first
peg at the arrow point.
10. Step 6: Set the vernier A on the second deflection angle to direct the line
of sight to the second peg.
11. Step 7: With the zero of the tape pinned at T, and keeping an arrow at the
mark corresponding to the total length of the first and second chords, the
assistant will swing an arc till the arrow is bisected by the line of sight.
12. Fix the second peg at the arrow point. It should be remembered that the
distance is measured from the point T and not from the preceding point.
13. Step 8: repeat steps (6) and (7) till the last point C on the transition curve
is reached.
14. Setting out of the circular curve :
15. Step 9:For setting out the circular curve CC', shift the theodolite to
junction point C.
16. Orient the theodolite with reference to the common tangent CC1 by
directing the line of sight towards CT with the vernier A set at a reading

equal to , and swinging the telescope clockwise in azimuth

by 2/3Φs(shift angel).
17. Now the line of sight is directed along the common tangent CC1 and the
vernier reads zero.
18. Step 10:Transit the telescope. The line of sight is now directed along the
tangent C1C produced.
19. The deflection angles have been calculated with reference to the tangent
C1C produced at C.
20. The line of sight is now correctly oriented, and the reading of the vernier
A is zero.
21. Step 11: Set the vernier A to the first deflection angle and locate the first
peg on the circular curve at a distance of c' from C, where c' is length of
the first sub-chord.
22. Step 12: Likewise, locate the second peg on the circular curve at the
distance c equal to the normal chord from the first peg with the
deflection angle at C.
23. Step 13: Continue the above process till the junction point C' is reached.
24. Step 14: Set out the transition curve T'C' from T' using the same
procedure as that for the transition curve TC.

1.1.6 Problem data:

A combined curve has a circular arc of radius 35m with 18 m long
transition curves at both ends. The deflection angle between the tangents
is60°. The circular curve is to be set with5 m peg intervals and the
transition curve with5 m peg interval. Find the necessary angles for
obtaining the points on the transition curves and circular curve. Take
chainage of intersection is 1000m.

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 Angles for setting out first transition curve
Sl. No. Peg Chord Angels
interval length Degree Minute Second

Angle for setting out the circular curve

Sl. No. Peg interval Chord Deflection angels

length Degree Minute Second

Angle for setting out last transition curve

Sl. No. Peg interval Chord Angels

length Degree Minute Second

1.1.7 Observations:
Observed errors in the setting out of combined curve:

Lateral deviation: m
Longitudinal deviation: m

Comments on the day’s work:

1.1.8 Home assignment:

1. Plot the combined curve in an A1 drawing sheet at a suitable scale.
1. Apply all the details required to complete the curve such as tangent
points, intersection points, deflection angel, central angel, north direction

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 etc. and make the drawing sheet submit ready before you enter at next
day’s lab.
1.1.9 Self-evaluation of students:
1) A 2˚ curve of chord length 20m has a radius of
a. 573 m
b. 286.5 m
c. 143 m
d. 72.5 m
Ans:

2) A transition curve is essentially used to

a. Generate more frictional forces for stability
b. Allow vehicles to have increased speed while driving
c. Neglect the effect of centrifugal forces
d. Avoid abrupt change in radius from a straight line to a finite
radius curve.
Ans:

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 8. Traversing by Total Station
1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Carry out a closed traverse using Total Station
1.1.2 Pre-requirements:
1. Pen, 2. Pencil, 3. Eraser, 4. Scale, 5. Calculator.
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Total station (TS) and its supporting accessories.
B. Prism Pole.
C. Arrow- sufficient numbers
D. Ranging rod – 3 Nos.
E. Peg – as required
F. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 1 No.

1.1.4 Theory
The total station survey system method is the most commonly used and
incorporates a total station controlled by one operator and a pole with
prism, measured markings on it held by another surveyor at a distance. A
standard transit is basically a telescope with cross-hairs for sighting a
target. The telescope is attached to scales for measuring the angle of
rotation of the telescope (normally relative to north as 0 degrees) and the
angle of inclination of the telescope (relative to the horizontal as 0
degrees). After rotating the telescope to aim at a target, one may read the
angle of rotation and the angle of inclination from a scale.
i. Total Station: A total station is a combination of electronic transit and
electronic distance measuring device (EDM). With this device, as
with a transit and tape, one may determine angles and distances from
the instrument to points to be surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry,
the angles and distances may be used to calculate the actual positions
(x, y, and z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points in
absolute terms. This can be done for both vertical and horizontal
angles.
Vertical angles are required for the calculation of elevation of points
for example the reduction of slope distance to the horizontal.
Horizontal angles are required to obtain the relative direction to a
survey control station or points of detail.
The instrument can be made to read to the nearest whole 1” which is
considered accurate enough for most engineering purposes.

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 ii. The Prism: The reflecting prism is a cylindrical device about the
diameter about 10 cm in height; at one end is a glass covering plate
and at the other is a truncated cone with a threaded extension. It is
normally screwed into a target/bracket on the top of a pole; the
pointed tip of the pole is placed on the points to be surveyed.

1.1.5 Field procedure:

It will be as described in the field by the field instructor. Some of the basic
features to perform are as follows:
3) Create a file with your group name.
4) Insert initial values accurately.
5) Choose proper reflector medium.
6) Hold the prism pole perfectly vertical.

1.1.6 Observation:
Observe the closed traverse created by the Total Station at its display unit.
Transfer the traverse file from the TS to a computer in the proper format.
Take a print out of the traverse and attach it with your lab report.

1.1.7 Comments:

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 9. Setting out of building layout
1.1.1 Lab Assignment: Setting out of building layout
1.1.2 Prerequisites:
1. Pen, 2. Pencil, 3. Eraser, 4. Scale, 5. Calculator, 6. Plan of the building
with proper dimensions.
1.1.3 Instruments used:
A. Bricks with nails to prepare the grid on the field
B. Vernier Theodolite – 1 No.
C. Arrow- sufficient numbers
D. Ranging rod – 3 Nos.
E. Peg – as required
F. Tape (Metallic or PVC) – 2 No.
G. Thread
H. Chalk powder
1.1.4 Theory:
When plans are ready for the works, the works are to be executed .To start with
any structure first of all; trenches for the foundation are to be excavated. To
excavate these trenches, the outline of excavation are defined on the ground, the
process of defining the outlines of the excavation on the ground is known as
setting out of works or lining out of works. Surveying to set out any outline of the
building, the plan showing the width of the foundation trench, for various walls,
distance of the corners from some definite line etc. is required. This plan called
layout plan (Fig) .The distances and they are with reference to the grid lines.

1.1.5 Procedure:
1. Place the bricks with nails at the given intervals, following the
drawing.
2. Check their alignment with the help of the theodolite. They must be
perfectly orthogonal to each other. Individual grids must be perfectly
straight lines.
3. Check the accuracy of the orthogonality with the help of tie line.
4. With the help of the given plan, first of all mark the positions of the
columns from C1 to C7 accurately.
5. After obtaining the detailed position of each column, start to fix the
position of outer boundary of the isolated and combined footing from
the given plan.
6. After the complete position of column and footings, mark their position
on field with the help of chalk power and show them to the faculty in
charge for approval.

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 Fig. showing the layout of the column and foundation plan.

1.1.6 Comments:

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 SAMPLE ISSUE SLIP FOR SURVEY LAB
The Heritage Institute of Technology
Department of Civil Engineering

ISSUE SLIP
Subject Code: CIVL 2252
Name of the survey practical: CHAIN SURVEY
Sem: Group: Batch: Date:

Instrument
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Issued Remarks
number
1 Metallic Chain, 30 m. 01 No.
2 PVC tape, 30 m. 01 No.
3 Ranging Rod, 3 m. (Steel made) 03 Nos.
4 Optical square 01 No.
5 Cross staff with stand 01 No.
6 Plum bob brass made 01 No.

Receiving all the instruments in good & working condition.

(Receiving signature of the student.) (Returning signature of the student.)

_________________________________________________________________________________

List of the Instruments issued:

Instrument
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Issued Remarks
number
1 Metallic Chain, 30 m. 01 No.
2 PVC tape, 30 m. 01 No.
3 Ranging Rod, 3 m. (Steel made) 03 Nos.
4 Optical square 01 No.
5 Cross staff with stand 01 No.
6 Plum bob brass made 01 No.

Signature of issuing staff Signature of the receiving staff

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 10. References
1.1.1 Basak N.N., Surveying and leveling, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Pvt. Ltd.
1.1.2 Duggal S. K. Surveying (Vol-1 and 2). 4th edition, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Pvt. Ltd.
1.1.3 IS-1492-1970 : Code for Metric Chain
1.1.4 IS-1842-1961 : Code for Arrow
1.1.5 IS-2288-1963 : Code for Ranging rod
1.1.6 IS-2988-1995 : Code for Vernier Theodolite

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