CELL

College of Nursing LEVEL 1

3. Cell Functions
Cell 1. Blood Cells
A. CELL • Transport gases and protects the body from
Two types of Cells foreign substances
1. Prokaryotic Cell ❖ Red blood cells eject its nucleus to store more oxygen
2. Some Cells
• Lacks membrane bound nucleus
• Produce hormones for metabolic processes
• Single strand of nucleic acid
• Produce enzymes for digestion of food
2. Eukaryotic Cell
• Contains true nucleus and multiple
B. CELL PARTS
chromosomes
1. Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
• Facilitates proper cell division and
• Surrounds and separates the cell
replication
• Double layer fluid that consists of:
• Cell of a man
a. Proteins
• Thread like structure b. Cholesterol
c. Phospholipids
1. Characteristics of a Cell • The head is:
1. Trillions of cells connect and interact to build a human a. Hydrophilic
body b. Water soluble
2. 75 trillion cells make up the human body • The tail is:
3. 4 most important elements in a cell: a. Hydrophobic
a. Carbon b. Water insoluble
b. Oxygen
1a. Functions of Plasma Membrane
c. Hydrogen
1. Supports and retains the cytoplasm
d. Nitrogen
2. Acts as a selective barrier:
4. Contains lipids
a. Allows nutrients in and waste products out
• 40% of dry mass of typical cell
b. Some molecules can enter and some cannot
• Involved in long-term energy storage
without assistance
• Serves as a structural component
c. Water, non-polar molecule, and some small
• Acts as a chemical messenger
polar molecules can enter
5. These elements are found in the intracellular and
d. Non-polar molecules enter by dissolving into the
extracellular fluid:
lipid layer
a. Iron
e. Most polar compounds, amino acids, organic
b. Sodium
acids need to bind with a protein to enter
c. Potassium
d. Chloride
1b. Specialization of Plasma Membrane
e. Ions
1. Microvilli
6. Based on dilute saltwater solution (interstitial fluid)
• Tiny fingerlike projections for absorption (water,
7. It is made up of 60% water
enzymes, nutrients)
8. Length of a cell: 2 micrometers to 3 feet
2. Membrane junctions
i. Tight junction
2. Cell Shapes ▪ Prevents leakage of transported solute or
1. Disc-shape: water
• Red blood cells ii. Desmosomes (anchoring junction)
2. Thread like extensions: ▪ Prevents cells subjected to mechanical
• Serve cells stress
3. Toothpick pointed at each end: ▪ It adheres the cells together
• Smooth muscle cells iii. Gap Junction
4. Cube like: ▪ Allows communications between one cell to
• Epithelial cells another and the exchange of ions

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2. Cytoplasm b. Smooth Er
• The cell will deflate without the cytoplasm • It lacks ribosomes
• The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the • Synthesizes and breakdown cholesterol, fat
plasma membrane metabolism, drugs detoxification
• Factory are of the cell 3. Golgi Apparatus/ Golgi Complex
• Fluid matrix in the cell • Stacks of flattened membranous sac
• Gives the cell its shape • Synthesizes and exports or transports proteins to
• Contains enzymes specific locations
4. Lysosomes
2a. 3 Major Elements • Secretory vesicle formed by the golgi apparatus
1. Cytosol • Membrane bags containing powerful digestive
• Semitransparent fluid that suspends other elements enzymes
• Temporary inoperative • Cell demolition sites or garbage disposal of the cell
• Major component is water or suicide bags
2. a. Organelles • Contains different enzymes that breakdown
• Metabolic machinery polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids
• Synthesizes ions to form complex substances by • Lysosomes in the WBC, engulfs bacteria
combining simple substances 5. Peroxisomes
• Package proteins • Membrane bound organelle
b. Non-membrane Organelles • It is abundant in the liver and kidney cells
i. Microtubules • Similar structure to lysosomes but smaller in size
• Forms the framework or cytoskeleton 6. Mitochondria
• Reinforces the shape of the cell • Power house of the cell
• Involved in cell division, movement, and • Have a double membrane (Cristae)
transport • Involved in cellular respiration (ATP)
ii. Microfilaments • Energy production
• Forms the framework or cytoskeleton 7. Cytoskeleton
• Reinforces the shape of the cell • Interconnected system of bundled fibers
• Involved in cell movement • Slender threads and lattices (strands)
3. Inclusion • Extends from the plasma membrane and nucleus
• Chemical substance that may or may not be present • Gives the cell’s internal organization or shape
• Various nutrients that can be found in the cell • Consist of microfilaments and microtubules
8. Centrioles/ Centrosomes
2b. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus
• Maintains the life of the cells • Small cluster of microtubules (tube like structure)
• Little organs in the cell suspended by the cytoplasm • Pair of centrioles lying at a right angle to each other
1. Ribosome • Directs the formation of mitotic spindle
• Composed of RNA (Ribosomal RNA and protein)
• It is tiny, round, dark granules made out of protein 2c. Dissolved in the Cytoplasm
• Synthesize protein from amino acid using RNA 1. Gases
• Attached to the membrane • Oxygen, carbon dioxide
• Dispersed randomly in the cytoplasm 2. Cellular waste
• Urea, lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide,
• Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
ammonia
• Linked together in chains of polyribosomes or 3. Building block molecules
polysomes • Amino acid
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum 4. Food molecules
• Composed of interconnecting membranous tubules • Glucose
and vesicles 5. Ions
• Protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm • Potassium, sodium
• Provides networks of channels carrying substances 6. Proteins and RNA
• Mini circulatory system • Occurs in the ribosomes
a. Rough Er 7. Organelles of the cells
• There are attached ribosomes • Anything within the cytoplasm
8. ATP
• Abundant in the cells which exports and
• Energy carrying molecule
synthesize proteins
9. Hormones, drugs, toxin
• Transmitted by blood

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3. Nucleus Phases
• Storage of genetic materials (RNA and DNA) a. Prophase
• Headquarters or control center of the cell • Sister chromatids condense to become thicker
• It consists of the instructions needed to build and visible
proteins b. Metaphase
• Chromosomes line up midway between
3a. Structure of nucleus centrioles
1. Nuclear Membrane c. Anaphase
• Double membrane that bounds the nucleus • Centromeres of each chromosome are pulled by
• Separate the chromosomes from the rest the spindle fibers towards the end of the cell
• Contains larger nuclear pores (permeable d. Telophase
membrane) • New nuclei begin to form around the
• Nucleoplasm is a jelly like fluid chromosome at each end of the cell
2. Nucleoli 2. Cytokinesis
• One or more dark staining body ▪ Completes the process of cell division
• Made up of DNA, RNA, protein ▪ Cytoplasm of cell divides into 2 new cell s
• Sites where ribosomes are assembled ▪ Cytoplasm divides when the cleavage furrow forms
3. Chromatin in the middle of the parent cells
• DNA proteins in a non-dividing cell ▪ Cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cells
• Loose network of bumpy threads pinches into two new cells
• A cell divides into 2 daughter cells, chromatin
thread coils, condense to form a chromosomes 2a. Difference of Mitosis and Meiosis
1. Mitosis
4. Other Cell Structures/ Cell Extensions ▪ Process of normal cell division
1. Cilia ▪ Results in two identical daughter cells
• Small hair like projections formed by centrioles 2. Meiosis
• It moves substances ▪ Produces gametes
2. Flagella ▪ Type of cell that requires sexual reproduction
• Single long whip like projections ▪ End results is four daughter cells
• Formed by the centrioles that moves cells ▪ Process with diploid (46) number of chromosomes
(haploid-23)
• Tail of the sperm cell is called flagellum
Types of Meiosis
a. Spermatogenesis
C. CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS ▪ Process that takes place in the testes
• Series of events as a cell grows and divide ▪ Contains spermatogonia
• Human body consists of trillion of cell that came from one b. Oogenesis
cell ▪ Process of meiosis for egg cell formation
• New cells contain all the essential cytoplasm, organelle, ▪ Contains an oogonium
and nucleic acid.
D. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL
1. Interphase ▪ Cells must exchange materials to stay alive
• Longest phase in the cell cycle between division ▪ Water can go in and out freely from the cell (small
• Resting phase but an active period molecules)
• Carries all usual function in between cell division ▪ Proteins, carbohydrates, and some ion cannot (large
• Prepares for cell division molecules)
• Living phase ▪ Cell membrane is a semipermeable membrane
▪ Must have constant supply of vital substances (sugar,
2. Cell Division minerals, oxygen, water, and amino acids)
1. Mitosis
• Normal series of phases in cell division 1. Diffusion
• Nucleus divides into two identical cell materials 1. Simple Diffusion
• Each cell has 23X and Y chromosomes ▪ Movement of molecules from a high concentration
• Chromosomes carry the hereditary factors, it also are to a low concertation area
determines the sex ▪ Evenly spread in a state of equilibrium or balance
• It is used for growth, cell repair and cell ▪ Movement of the particle takes place in the
replacement concentration gradient
• 25 million mitotic division happens every second ▪ Concentration gradient difference of molecules in
one area adjacent to another

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 a. Facilitated Diffusion
• Larger molecules require assistance to pass the
protein channels
• Selectively permeable (semipermeable)
• Movement of molecules can take place in both
ways, along or opposite of the direction of the
concentration gradient
2. Osmosis (water)
• Movement of water
• From a high concentration of water to a low
concentration of water through a semipermeable
membrane

2. Types of Solution
1. Hypertonic Solution
• Water diffuses out the cell
• Concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher
2. Hypotonic Solution
• Lower concentration to high concentration
• Flow of water into the cell causes the water to swell
• Concentration of solutes inside the cell is higher
3. Isotonic Solution
• Concentration of solute equals the concentration of
solute inside the cell
• Helps replenish the fluids in a cell without causing
osmosis
• The osmotic pressure is equal in and out of the cell