Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) : by Muhammad Musawar Ali Mphil, Icap
Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) : by Muhammad Musawar Ali Mphil, Icap
Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) : by Muhammad Musawar Ali Mphil, Icap
Test(BGT)
By
Muhammad Musawar Ali
MPHIL, ICAP
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Background
2
Purpose
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Reliability
• interscorer reliability for the 12 organic signs has
been found to range between .87 and .90 (Lacks,
2000).
• Test retest reliabilities over a 3- to 12-month
interval were .79
• test-retest reliabilities over a four-month interval
were somewhat low (.58 to .66; Koppitz, 1975;
Neale & McKay, 1985).
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Validity
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Versions
• Bender-Gestalt test
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Requirements
• Pencil
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Administration
• The following verbal directions are recommended
as a standard procedure:
• I am going to show you these cards, one at a time.
Each card has a simple drawing on it. I would like
you to copy the drawing on the paper, as well as
you can. Work in any way that is best for you. This
is not a test of artistic ability, but try to copy the
drawings as accurately as you possibly can. Work
as fast or as slowly as you wish.
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Continued
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Scoring system
• Lacks (1984) adapted this system and provided a
detailed scoring manual along with substantial
empirical support.
• A system for children was developed by Koppitz
(1963, 1975).
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Types of errors
1. Rotation
2. Overlapping difficulty
3. Simplification
4. Fragmentation
5. Retrogression
6. Perseveration
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Continued..
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• Scoring checklist for the Lacks indicators of organicity
• 1. Rotation
• ____________
• 2. Overlapping difficulty
• ____________
• 3. Simplification
• ____________
• 4. Fragmentation
• ____________
• 5. Retrogression
• ____________
• 6. Perseveration
• ____________
• ____________
• 8. Impotence
• ____________
• 9. Closure difficulty
• ____________
• ____________
• ____________
• 12. Cohesion
• ____________
• ____________
• Total score
• _____________
• Test diagnosis
• _____________
• Source: Adapted from Bender Gestalt Screening for Brain Dysfunction, 2nd ed., 1999, by Lacks, New York: Wiley.
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Cutoff score
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Importance
• It is brief
• Economical
• Flexible
• Nonthreatening
• Nonverbal
• Extensively researched
• Ranked as the 25th most frequently used test
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Criticism
• It does not provide in-depth information about the
specific details and varieties of such damage. In fact,
the Bender Gestalt is limited to relatively severe forms
of brain damage, especially in the right parietal region
of the right hemisphere (Black & Bernard, 1984).
• One difficulty in interpreting Bender Gestalt
performance is that a certain degree of overlap often
exists between emotional and organic indicators on the
Bender Gestalt.
• absence of a commonly accepted and verified scoring
and interpretation system
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