Physica"l Prop.e.rtigs: of It
Physica"l Prop.e.rtigs: of It
Physica"l Prop.e.rtigs: of It
/'
SailVtczlaaaca 87 : ?{,/aaeao,,4 - gatldadt
The physical properties of the soil depend on the (1) relative percentages of
these constituents, (2) their affarrgement and (3) variety of other factors.
Air
Air
Water
Solid Particles
For the arranged soil element shown above, having (V1:total volume) and
(Wt=otal weight) the weight and volume can plotted as in Fig. (2)
Volume lVeieht
F"=o
F
l**
t
T
i
f*.
iI
Vr=Vr*Vv
Vy:V**Vo
Were: V7: Total volume
Yv:I/olume ofvoids .
Wr:W*W-+wa
Were: L/'7: Total weight
\:Weight of soil solids
ll,:Weight olfwater in the voids
ThenWT =W* W*
3-1-1 The Volume Relationships
(a) The porosity (n)
V,
D=
VT
" o4 n < I
The relationship between porosity (n) and void ratio (e) can be derived as below:
vu vI) # n
---:-:-:-=
Vt Vr-Vu vr-vu L-n
v7 v7
.t ru
Also,n =
*
Qsles(uow: Pyove the above reLatwwshr4 Lw b,vo wa1s
,-o7o ='px
vv.
100%
(r) The total (moist) (bulk) (field) Unit Weight (y) 14 - 5t\9
W7
,Vr
V=-
v o
: {;(?Yoveit) .......?
(3) The saturated Unit Weight (when the water fill all the voids)
Wr,
:
Y sat ;(ProVe ti).......?
J -
rl€a
(a) The Submerged unlt w"iet t (r-;\ u,hr', *W level i lio"e' "ftte
Vsub: Y - Vw
Saal7kteilaztet
47 ?,laazz,ro,,4t - B4rid*dr
- k-:
1t
7"=1
G-
Yw yw -%
yw W, = GrTw
*=tr
w,.,
tww-ww -t Ww - w Gry,
V*-b-YG*v'' %
vw #=*t* but S =9=
vve- then
=W=%+P-G,r**.w-G,v*
Y
fl,r,,rDj
g=W.Gs -ti
b96L=
' "''\^-^
So, the ,,saturated unit weight
(y,d can be expressed as: 4(
-t\ - t/a
S'e- , '\-!' rq c
-i,.n- -- .lv *v; Tsat :3:wr ws
vvs +ww
vv* Gty*
!VT G
-
* wGry. _ Gry- * ey* Gr*e
'lai VT
1*e 'l/
fw
* L*e
;\t ,t*
(%";ortfi W7
g+'/;t +\}>
'o=i=t*"(G,r*)
ysun = y - Tw:ysat yo/-
- s-r*(prove Lt) ........2
Ta
Type Of Soil $u wYo (at S=1)
Ib/ft' kN/m"
Loose uniform sand 0.8 30 92 14.5
Dense uniform. sand 0.45 t6 115 18
Loose angular-grained
siltv sand
0.65 25 t02 16
Dense angular-grained
siltv sand
0.4 l5 12I r9
Stiff clay 0.6 21 108 I7
Soft clay 0.9-1.4 30-50 73-93 I 1.5-14.5
Loess 0.9 25 56 13.5
Soft organic clay 2.5 90-r20 38-51 6-8
Glacial till 0.3 10 t34 2l
Table (1): Typical Values'for e, w at S:1, Ta for Some Types of Soil in a natural State
Dr=
€rnax - enatural _Ta(naturaD - Yd(mtn) r Id(max) -,
o
vmax -p "mln Talmaxl - Yowa 'Y*r";
Qv€s{uo w: ?r ov e the secowd eqva6"o w?
Where:
ema*: ya(mi.)r Void ratio and density in the loosest state, respectively
€min: yd(maxl Void ratio and density in the densest state, respectively
enatural : yd(naturat;t Void ratio and density in the natural soil (in-situ soil)(in the field),
respectively
Table (2) gives the best description of soil density according to the value of D,
Soal?//u/a,aka
fu : T,laaaao 4t - garlduir
J'-^;1,
3-3 gusistenc
when clay are presented in fine-grained
soil, and when it have some moisture,
that soil can be remolded without crumbling,
this cohesive nature is due to the
adsorbed water that surrounding the
clay particLs.
Af a very low moisfure content soil behave like
content is very high, the soil and the
a solid, when the moisture
water will flow like a liquid. so
of water content, the soil state will transfer with the increase
into four basic states, these stages
(1 )Solid,(2) Semisolid (Semi-prastic), are:
(3)plasric, and (4)Liquid state.
ASwedish soil scientist Atterberg defines
three limits in which the soil
transfer from a state to another, as
shown in the Fig.(3)
lU,bF.2*
Zlv
$CILtn sHilIl-$srm PLAgTIC Lt*uts
4."rv
FL?\.' L.4aic) ti;'\-
Pl= t-l_ - pL 'ftasl-t c +
:hvin\e /1
lry
Plastic Limit (pL or wp): is the water content
(w) atwhich a sampre of soil
when it rolled by hand, into a thread of linch
diameterwill crumble
(P"Qg
The soil of high value of PI tend to be clay, while the soil of low pI tend to be
silt, table (3), shows several ranges of LI with its meanings
LI Meanings
<0 Solid State
0-1 Plastic State
>1 Liquid State
Table (3): Plasticity Values with its Meanings
3. Shrinkage Limit (SL or Ws): is the water content (w) at which the soil dose
not continue to shrink on further loss of moisture.
Ep
Liquid
ffiet*f
Table (4) shows some typical ranges of LL, PL and PI for some types of soil minerals
Mineral LL PL PI
Monotmoril lonite 100-900 50-100 8.5-15
Nontronite 3t-tL 19-27
Illite 60- 120 35-60 | 5-17
F.aoltnlle 30-TTO - 25-29
Hvdrated Haliovsite 50-70 --zr+r
47-60
Dehvdrated Hallovsite 33-55 30-45
Attapulgite I 60-230 100-120
Chlorite 44-47 36-44
+iioohane 200-250 t30-t4c
p / r ./ / f\
'nY >* 5-vtafe a(@ d- abnv-bE,t(,,uq/t"t D( P,T-
' t7.;":-L 'YDt2r<'"1'w'
Cly oL P,r + C(y =fix?r -+ f) _ ?r o"r6u3rr*,,,
=- \ ' t- / l'
/ '*,rlPf:*J I
SaalTtq/aaaca.
'' ctt^Y "''8?'Aaaemib&fu
A,4,Yr"-.-s->
Li ' 3-4 Activifv:
The liquid limit and plastic limit will be
affected by the type of clay minerals
and its proportional amounts is a soil,
this is because the prastic properly PITLL,PL)
is due to the adsorbed water that surrounds
the particre, ano as we know, the surface
area per mass will increase by decreasing
the ize of particle. The most famoussoil
soientist "Sir Alec
g[h the nres,gs
than zp Uyir"igr,t in it. The slope
rmear retationship"J!gfsizg&"ct!911(%finer
called Activitv.
of this
A_ PI
rloy
!^ "! F,stz
Where: A: Acriviry gga'*te'l: ' trf
Activity is used as an index for identifying the
swelling potential of clay soils. Table
(5) gives a description for some ranges
of activities
Activity Description
<0.75 lnactive
0.75-1.25 Normal
>1.25 Active
I
Ple_rin"_0.73(LL_20)
Organic silt lies below A_line with LL ranging
from 30 to 50 is inorganic silts
of medium compressibility, while the soil lies
below the A-line with LL greater than
50 is inorganic silts of high compressibility
or organic clays, and for soils with LL less
t!?y?9Y-y_urg_g_eqeraUy-sarid
PIu_trn" _ 0,g(tr _ B)
Saa(,?/leila'atu 8V : ?lao<zaa 4( - &arld4lt
.J
70 *t'L\ *'
'! {, ,Z- f '*j
,-r'{) 1-/ €,
1 " I'L
'
-5(l
Inorrrrtic cllys
of high plasticity
{r,.,;7s21
"e
i*
-7,\ ){ *)l
*{i'>''?''
..t
E+o lrrorganic clays of"
'-a' rlcdiurn plustir:ity
3,u lnorganic silts of
high conrpressihiliry
lrrtlrtlanit:
r,:lirys ol'low irrrd rirg;rnic cllyr
2()
plast iciry'
lnrtrgitnic ril(s il1'
t0 \{ rncriirrrn conrprcssihi Iity
Cohesionlcli itrtr-l orgunic silts
sr,il '/ ,/ J
;
,,.,: .l.;-
Y
0 ,/ ,a--{-.l-
- ?--') lt) '1t:
:t
t{( }
f
fgy;t
I
!.>
J
Irtrtrgunic sills ol'
Iow conr;lressihiIity
t,*
t1