EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

SYSTEM BETWEEN SS AND SP
TOPOLOGY

Project Report Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology, West Bengal (formerly known as West Bengal University of
Technology)

By

Name: Arindam Roy (Roll No: 34901617058)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. ATANU MAJHI

Department of Electrical Engineering

Cooch Behar Government Engineering College

Cooch Behar, West Bengal
2021
 Certificate of Recommendation

It is hereby recommended to consider the project report entitled "EFFICIENCY

ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM BETWEEN
SS AND SP TOPOLOGY" submitted by XXXX (Roll no: XXXX) for partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
University of Technology (formerly known as West Bengal University of
Technology).

Prof. ATANU MAJHI Prof. TANUMAY HALDER

Project Guide (Head of Electrical Engineering. Department)
 Certificate of Approval

It is hereby approved that the project report entitled "EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS

OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM BETWEEN SS AND SP
TOPOLOGY " submitted by XXXX (Roll No: XXXXX) for partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical Engineering from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology (formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology).

Board of Examiners
 Acknowledgement

We hereby, completing this project, would like to express our very great
appreciation to Prof. Atanu Majhi for providing required guidance and his
valuable and constructive suggestions during our project work.

We would also like to thank our friends for their timely help comment and
suggestions. Their suggestions and comments had really given me new direction
to think on project.

We also thank Prof. Tanumay Halder for giving us the opportunity to carry
out a thesis of our choice. Lastly, we would like to extend our gratitude to authors
of the papers and information sources without which this project would not have
been possible.

Finally, we would like to express our gratefulness towards our parents and
Almighty for being there with us through thick and thin.

………………………………………….
NAME, ROLL AND SIGNATURE
OF THE STUDENT
 CONTENTS

Sl. NAME PAGE

No.
1. Abstract 2
2. Introduction 3
3. Review of Previous Works 4
4. Objective and Motivation 5
5. Scope of Present Work and Application 5
6. Basic principle of WPT 6
• Inductive Coupling
• Inductive Power Transfer
7. Structure of Coupling Coils 8
8. Compensation of WPT 11
9. Conclusion 19
10. Reference 20
0
 NOMENCLATURE
• MCI-WPT: Magnetic Coupled Inductive Wireless Power Transfer
• MCR-WPT: Magnetic Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer
• SS: Series-Series
• SP: Series-Parallel
• PP: Parallel-Parallel
• PS: Parallel-Series
• IPT: Inductive Power Transfer
• ZVS: Zero Voltage Switching
• Tx: Transmitter Coil
• Rx: Receiver Coil

1
 ABSTRACT

Wireless power transfer using inductive and resonant coupling has been
widely explored in recent years for ease and safety over conventional cable
charging systems. The efficiency of MCI-WPT systems is reducing drastically due
to an increase in air-gaps and misalignment between transmitter (Tx) and
receiver (Rx). Many circuit topologies have been analysed to improve the
efficiency of WPT system based on symmetrical coils. However, the circuit
topologies have not been studied widely for unsymmetrical coils.

This paper presents the efficiency analysis of SS topology and SP topology

for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical coils. The equations of efficiencies for
both the circuit topologies have been derived. The combination of symmetrical
and unsymmetrical coils structures has been designed and the magnetic field at
three different distances for both combinations is calculated using 3D finite
element analysis by applying the current excitation. The SS and SP topology
models are examined for cases. In the first case the coils are symmetrical i.e. the
transmitter and receiver coils remain same size, while in the second case the
coils are unsymmetrical i.e. the transmitter coil is bigger than the receiver coil.
Later, the coils are integrated with circuit simulations to achieve the accurate
analysis results of efficiency at three different distances for both cases using SS
and SP topology. The overall result shows that when transmitter coil (Tx) bigger
than receiver coil (Rx), the SP topology gives better efficiency than SS
counterpart.

2
 INTRODUCTION

WPT is more convenient and secure power transmission technology than

the traditional plug-in charger method. WPT technologies are becoming
widespread nowadays, from cell phone chargers to heavy powered EV, it covers
up a large practical application in power transfer industry. That is why
researchers put their rigorous efforts to build up an efficient WPT technology for
the last few decades.

Among the various WPT technologies the most common are by inductive
and capacitive coupling methods. In this paper we will restrict our discussions
only on IPT which is based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. The
advantages of magnetic inductive coupling include its ease in implementations,
convenient operations and high efficiency at low distance power transmission.
To increase power density and efficiency, compensation networks are used in
transmitter and receiver sides of WPTs. Other features such as zero voltage
switching (ZVS), constant output voltage or current and input current limitation
in misalignment situations can be achieved through appropriate design and
selection of compensation network topologies. For maximum efficiency,
maximum load power, load-independent output, k-independent compensation
and k=0 allowance characteristics of four main compensation networks, i.e. SS,
SP, PP and PS, are evaluated.

This paper presents the investigation of two fundamental topologies i.e.

Series-Series (SS) and Series-Parallel (SP) of inductive WPT system for both
Symmetrical and unsymmetrical coils. Theoretical analysis of both the
compensation topologies have been accomplished, then modelling of both the
topologies have been done using two different combination of coils. In first case,
two same size coils have been taken and in second case transmitter coil of higher
dimensions than receiver coil is designed. The efficiency of the system has been
analysed at multiple distances in both cases. Second case coil combination can
be suitable for biomedical applications, where receiver coil mostly remains
smaller as compared to transmitter coil. This paper is organized in such a manner

3
that the section 1 includes the Introduction. Section 2 comprises of the analysis
and derivation of efficiency equation for WPT system. The design of circular coil
and finite element analysis is provided in section 3. The simulation results of
WPT model are given in section 4 and the conclusion is presented.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORKS

` At first, in the year of 2007 a research team from MIT come forward and
published their paper. They use four resonant coupling coils to light up a bulb of
60W from a 2-meter distance with 40% efficiency. Since then, the WPT
technology finds its way to progress. As it has some certain power transfer
degradation, the causes behind these became a headache for the researchers.
So many methods and processes are studied for increasing power transfer
efficiency. Studies have been done to develop compensating networks for
optimizing the output power to desired goal. A DWAP compensation network
has been proposed by ZHAO which can maintain stable operation under a wide
range of malfunctions. BOZORGI presented two compensation networks which
offers constant output voltage and zero switching frequency. An automatic
frequency tracking device has been proposed by WEI ZHANG to compensate the
resonant frequency shift. Compensating networks has been proposed for
maintaining load independent voltage or current operations. Study for retuning
the primary side resonant circuit has been done by JIN XU for optimizing the
efficiency.

4
 OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION

This paper focuses on efficiency analysis of static magnetic resonating

inductive power transfer. In this paper, we have done a brief comparative
discussion on SS and SP compensation topologies for both symmetrical and
unsymmetrical coils. Our main focus is to study and compare the efficiency of
these two networks in different resonance frequencies and different mutual
distance between transmitting and receiving coils (caused different mutual
coupling) and decide which compensation method is more efficient for
symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical coils. All the simulation models are
designed using Ansys MAXWELL Simulation and MATLAB software.

SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK AND APPLICATIONS

WPT without compensation topology seems to be impractical for its

reduced efficiency. With the help of compensation topology, we have increased
the efficiency of the system about 90%. SS compensation can be used in case of
high-power applications like charging EVs by static or dynamic chargers. It shows
a better efficiency in case of high frequency applications. On the other hand, SP
topology can be used in case of low and medium power applications and in case
of high-power applications on economic point of view (not efficiently). SP
topology can also be used in case of biomedical applications and low powered
transport electric vehicle.

5
 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WPT
Inductive Coupling: Inductive or Magnetic coupling works on the principle of
electromagnetism. When a wire is proximity to a magnetic field, it generates a
magnetic field in that wire. Transferring energy between wires through
magnetic fields is inductive coupling. If a portion of the magnetic flux established
by one circuit interlinks with the second circuit, then two circuits are coupled
magnetically and the energy may be transferred from one circuit to the other
circuit. This energy transfer is performed by the transfer of the magnetic field
which is common to the both circuits. In electrical engineering, two conductors
are referred to as mutual-inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when
they are configured such that change in current flow through one wire induces
a voltage across the end of the other wire through electromagnetic induction.
The amount of inductive coupling between two conductors is measured by their
mutual inductance.

Fig.1 Inductive Coupling

Power transfer efficiency of inductive coupling can be increased by

increasing the number of turns in the coil, the strength of the current, the area
of cross-section of the coil and the strength of the radial magnetic field.
Magnetic fields decay quickly, making inductive coupling effective at a very short
range.
The advantages of the magnetic inductive coupling include also the ease
of implementation, convenient operation, high efficiency on a close distance
(typically less than a coil diameter, but can be increased in a resonance system)
and ensured safety. Therefore, mass commercial and industrial distribution
especially in the high-power applications has been received by an inductive

6
method and an inductive method with resonance as its type. The energy from
the grid through the primary rectifier enters the high-frequency inverter where
it is converted into the alternating current. Through a primary resonant circuit
with magnetically coupled coils the energy is transmitted from the primary side
to the side of the device (secondary side). The resulting current is rectified,
filtered and fed to the load.
DC - AC
AC - DC

AC - DC

Fig.2 WPT by Inductive Coupling

Inductive Power Transfer: In the WPT by electromagnetic induction, a near-field

Electromagnetic Field (EMF) is used. It is known that due to the electrodynamic
induction, the alternating high-frequency electric current flowing through the
primary winding creates an alternating magnetic field (Ampere’s law) that acts
on the secondary winding, inducing it in the electric current (Faraday’s law). To
achieve high efficiency, the interaction must be sufficiently close. When the
secondary winding is removed from the primary, most of the magnetic field does
not reach the secondary winding and the inductive coupling becomes
increasingly ineffective due to the losses. Systems with only inductive coupling
have a much lower efficiency than IPT with the resonance. The large air gap of
the transformer increases the leakage of the flow and, as a result, leads to a
higher leakage inductance compared to the conventional transformers. The
efficiency of IPT without compensation as a rule does not exceed 50%. To
compensate the leakage inductance, the reactive power on the primary and
secondary sides additional compensating capacitors are required. In this case,
the possible distance between the coils increases and thus the efficiency of the
transferred power decreases less slowly. The use of compensation topologies
also increases the transfer power, reduces the Volt-Ampere rating (VA rating) of
the power source and helps to achieve a soft switching of semiconductors

7
 STRUCTURE OF COUPLING COILS
We are using ANSYS Simulation Model for designing the symmetrical and
asymmetrical coils of polygon helix structure.

PARAMETERS OF THE SYMMETRICAL COILS

a. b.
Fig.3 (a) design of symmetrical coil, (b) magnetic flux density distribution
.
In fig.3 (a) we have shown our Symmetrical coil’s design and in fig.3 (b)
we are showing the flux distribution as flux density becomes lesser with increase
in distance between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coil.

Table 1: Parameter of symmetrical coil size

Coil Parameter Parameter Value(mm)

Polygon Radius 2.5

Start Helix Structure 100

Radius Change 7

Pitch 0

Turns 17

Segment per turn 36

8
Table 2: Calculated values of distance Vs coupling co-efficient of
symmetrical coil

Distance Self-inductance Self-inductance Mutual Coupling co-

(mm) of primary coil of secondary inductance efficient (k)
(µH) coils (µH) between two between two
symmetrical coils symmetrical coils
(µH)

50 108.0439 108.0439 59.7713 0.5535

100 108.1172 108.1172 37.5357 0.3289

150 108.0870 108.0870 22.1395 0.2049

PARAMETERS OF THE UNSYMMETRICAL COILS

a. b.
Fig.4 (a) design of unsymmetrical coil, (b) magnetic flux density distribution

In figure A we have shown our Asymmetrical coil’s design and in figure B

we are showing the flux density distribution as distance increased flux density
becomes lesser.

9
Table 3: Parameter of unsymmetrical coil size

Coil Size Parameter value of Tx(mm) Parameter value of Rx(mm)

Polygon Radius 2.5 2.5

Start Helix radius 100 20

Radius change 7 7

Pitch 0 0

Turns 17 10

Segment per Turn 36 176

Table 4: Calculated values of distance Vs coupling co-efficient of

unsymmetrical coil

Distance Self-inductance of Self-inductance of Mutual inductance Coupling co-

(mm) primary coil (µH) secondary coil between two efficient (k)
(µH) unsymmetrical between two
coils (µH) unsymmetrical
coils

50 109.47 10.51 6.417 0.1853

100 109.47 10.51 4.025 0.1154
150 109.47 10.51 2.475 0.0721

Now for our research purpose we need to see efficiency of inductive

coupling power transfer without any compensation techniques.

10
 Fig.5 frequency vs efficiency plot for WPT without any compensation

We have seen that without any compensation efficiency is only about

10%. So, this model cannot be used in practical purposes. Efficiency will further
decrease with increasing the air gap distance. For an optimal power transfer, we
will use compensation networks.

Compensation in WPT Technology

Systems with only inductive coupling have a much lower efficiency than
IPT resonance. The large air gap causes leakage flux and as a result, leads to
higher leakage inductance compare to the conventional power transformer and
due to this leakage inductance input power factor decreases which leads to an
inefficient power transfer. To compensate the leakage inductance primary and
secondary side additional compensating capacitors are required.
This capacitor will give lagging reactive power to compensate the reactive
power requirement of leakage flux, thus decrease the burden of the source for
giving the total complex power. Primary circuit operating in resonance cancels
the primary leakage flux thereby increasing the power factor to unity with the
secondary operating at resonance frequency.
There are four basic compensation methods like Series-Series (SS), Series-
Parallel (SP), Parallel-Parallel (PP) and Parallel- Series (PS). Among these 4
methods we will discuss only 2 methods SS and SP compensation as they are
widely use in practical purposes for their better efficiency.
SERIES-SERIES COMPENSATION (SS): SS compensation requires high voltage
and current so that it is used in the high-power applications like charging the

11
electric accumulators in several kilo watts. SS compensation is useful in dynamic
coupling also but in this paper, we will only discuss about Static Resonance
coupling.

Fig.6 Circuit Diagram of SS Model

Fig.7 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of SS Model

For the analysis of efficiency in SS compensation we need to calculate the

following parameters and for this Fig.6 is changed into Fig.7.

Us=Is*Z1 – jwMIL--------------- (1)

0 = – jwMIL + IL*ZL ------------ (2)

Z1 = 1/( jwC1) + R1 + jwL1 ------(3)

Z2 = R2 + jwL2 + 1/(jwC2) -------- (4)

M = k(L1*L2)1/2 ---------------- (5)

k= coupling co-efficient (k<<1)[for loosely coupled coils]

solving (1) and (2) by crammer’s rule,

12
I= 𝑍𝑠𝑈𝑠 (𝑗𝑤𝑀)𝑈𝑠 ---(6)
s IL=
𝑍𝑝𝑍𝑠+(𝑤𝑀)2 𝑍𝑝𝑍𝑠+(𝑤𝑀)2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
ή= ×100% --------- (7)
𝑃𝑖𝑛

Calculation of C1 and C2:

from equation (3) for the resonance Img(Z) = 0
1
+ jwL1 =0
𝑗𝑤𝐶1

C2 = 1
− − −(8)
𝑤2∗𝐿1
1
and similarly, C2 = − − −(9)
𝑤2∗𝐿2

From the above calculation it is seen that the value of the primary
capacitance as well as secondary capacitance does not depend on mutual
coupling co-efficient. So, if we change the mutual distance between tranmitter
and receiver coils,there will be no change in primary and secondary capacitance.

Fig.8 Simulation Model of SS Model

By using equation (8) and (9) we have calculated C 1 F and C2 . Now we

need to investigate the efficiency at the resonance frequency of 300kHz.

13
Table 5: Circuit simulation parameters used for symmetrical SS
topology

Parameter’s name Values of the parameters

symmetrical coil Asymmetrical coil

Vs amplitude 10 V 10

Frequency 300K Hz 300k Hz

CIN 2.6nF 2.5nF

COUT 2.6nF 25.7nF

RLOAD 50 Ω 50Ω

RIN 10 Ω 10 Ω

RSP 0.3 Ω 0.3 Ω

a. b.
Fig.9 Frequency vs efficiency graph of SS topology (a) symmetrical coil (b) unsymmetrical coil

14
 From the above two figures it is seen that in case of SS topology for a
load of 50ohms symmetrical coils shows much more efficiency than
asymmetrical coils. There is a drastic decrease in efficiency from 98% efficiency
to 22.42% efficiency at 50mm distance.

SERIES-PARALLEL COMPENSATION (SP): The Series-Parallel topology can be

defined as the series compensation from transmitter side and parallel
compensation from receiver side as illustrated in fig 6. In this circuit C1 is
connected in series with primary and C2 is connected parallel with the resistance
RL..

Fig.10 Circuit Model of SP compensation

Fig.11 Equivalent Circuit of SP compensation

The following equations can be derived from fig.10 & fig.11

jwMI1 + jwL2I2 + VL = 0

15
 𝑉𝐿+𝑗𝑤𝑀𝐼1
I2 = - --(8)
𝑗𝑤𝐿𝑠
𝐼1
V= RsI1 + +jwL 1I1 + jwMI2 ----(9)
𝑗𝑤𝐶𝑝

After substituting I2 from equation (8) to equation (9) and for resonance,
𝑉
imaginary ( 𝐼 ) = 0, we get
1

1 𝑤𝑀2
𝑤𝐶1
= wL1 - 𝐿2

1
c1 = 𝑀2 2
(𝐿1− 𝐿 )𝑤
2
1
C2L2 = C1L1 = (w = resonance frequency)
𝑤2
C1L1
C2 = -----(10)
L2

From equation (10) we can calculate C2 easily.

So, from the above equations it is seen that both primary and secondary
capacitance depend on the mutual distance between transmitter and receiver
circuits. For a large value of mutual inductance ‘M’ (smaller mutual distance) we
need smaller capacitance but for a small value of mutual inductance ‘M’ (larger
mutual distance) we need more capacitance.

Fig.12 Simulation Model of SP compensation

16
From equation (10) and (11) we have calculated C1 and C2. Now we need to
investigate the efficiency at the resonanse frequency of 300kHz.

Table 6: Value of components used in circuit

distance 50mm 100mm 150mm

coil Symmetrical Asymmetrical Symmetrical Asymmetrical Symmetrical Asymmetrical

C1 3.75nF 2.66nF 2.92nF 2.61nF 2.7nF 2.58nF

C2 3.76nF 26.64nF 2.92nF 27.16nF 2.72nF 26.92nF

R1 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω

R2 0.3Ω .3Ω .3Ω .3Ω .3Ω .3Ω

R_Load 50Ω 50Ω 50Ω 50Ω 50Ω 50Ω

a. b.
Fig.13 Frequency vs efficiency graph of SP topology (a) symmetrical coil (b) unsymmetrical
coil

So, it is seen that in case of SP topology, unsymmetrical coils show larger

efficiency than symmetrical coil structure for a load of 50ohms and there is
also a slight increase of efficiency for asymmetrical coils in SP topology
which is not the case in SS topology.

17
Now we need to compare the efficiency between SS and SP topologies

a. b.
Fig.14 Efficiency Comparison between symmetrical and unsymmetrical (a) SS topology (b) SP
topology

So, from the above two figures we have seen that for symmetrical coil
structures SS topology shows much larger efficiency than SP topology at 300 kHz
resonant frequency. Whereas in unsymmetrical structure SP topology shows
much more efficiency than SS topology.

Distan 50 mm 100mm 150mm

ce

Topol Symmet Unsymmet Symmet Unsymmet Symmet Unsymmet

ogy rical rical rical rical rical rical

SS 95.62 22.42 89.38 10.22 77.12 4.13

SP 59.82 60 34 37 17.31 20

18
 CONCLUSION

The IPT systems are becoming increasingly popular in the research area in
particular wireless power transfer. This paper has presented comprehensive
study between SS and SP topology. In these two cases the equations are derived
from the circuit parameters and simulations are done. Efficiency is simulated in
different frequencies and in different coupling distances between two coils. It is
seen that coupling coefficient decreases rapidly with the increasing distance.
And it is also seen that the SS topology is applicable for high power applications
and SP topology is applicable for short and medium power transfer applications.
The main direction for compensation topology is to increase the frequency of
the resonant link. Considerable attention will be paid to the research of the new
high frequency magnetics and semiconductor materials with improved
characteristics. A promising direction is also the use of combined and classical
compensation topologies in multi-level and multi-pulse converters with multi-
coil structures.

19
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