Final Year Project
Final Year Project
Final Year Project
Project Report Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology, West Bengal (formerly known as West Bengal University of
Technology)
By
Board of Examiners
Acknowledgement
We hereby, completing this project, would like to express our very great
appreciation to Prof. Atanu Majhi for providing required guidance and his
valuable and constructive suggestions during our project work.
We would also like to thank our friends for their timely help comment and
suggestions. Their suggestions and comments had really given me new direction
to think on project.
We also thank Prof. Tanumay Halder for giving us the opportunity to carry
out a thesis of our choice. Lastly, we would like to extend our gratitude to authors
of the papers and information sources without which this project would not have
been possible.
Finally, we would like to express our gratefulness towards our parents and
Almighty for being there with us through thick and thin.
………………………………………….
NAME, ROLL AND SIGNATURE
OF THE STUDENT
CONTENTS
1
ABSTRACT
Wireless power transfer using inductive and resonant coupling has been
widely explored in recent years for ease and safety over conventional cable
charging systems. The efficiency of MCI-WPT systems is reducing drastically due
to an increase in air-gaps and misalignment between transmitter (Tx) and
receiver (Rx). Many circuit topologies have been analysed to improve the
efficiency of WPT system based on symmetrical coils. However, the circuit
topologies have not been studied widely for unsymmetrical coils.
2
INTRODUCTION
Among the various WPT technologies the most common are by inductive
and capacitive coupling methods. In this paper we will restrict our discussions
only on IPT which is based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. The
advantages of magnetic inductive coupling include its ease in implementations,
convenient operations and high efficiency at low distance power transmission.
To increase power density and efficiency, compensation networks are used in
transmitter and receiver sides of WPTs. Other features such as zero voltage
switching (ZVS), constant output voltage or current and input current limitation
in misalignment situations can be achieved through appropriate design and
selection of compensation network topologies. For maximum efficiency,
maximum load power, load-independent output, k-independent compensation
and k=0 allowance characteristics of four main compensation networks, i.e. SS,
SP, PP and PS, are evaluated.
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that the section 1 includes the Introduction. Section 2 comprises of the analysis
and derivation of efficiency equation for WPT system. The design of circular coil
and finite element analysis is provided in section 3. The simulation results of
WPT model are given in section 4 and the conclusion is presented.
` At first, in the year of 2007 a research team from MIT come forward and
published their paper. They use four resonant coupling coils to light up a bulb of
60W from a 2-meter distance with 40% efficiency. Since then, the WPT
technology finds its way to progress. As it has some certain power transfer
degradation, the causes behind these became a headache for the researchers.
So many methods and processes are studied for increasing power transfer
efficiency. Studies have been done to develop compensating networks for
optimizing the output power to desired goal. A DWAP compensation network
has been proposed by ZHAO which can maintain stable operation under a wide
range of malfunctions. BOZORGI presented two compensation networks which
offers constant output voltage and zero switching frequency. An automatic
frequency tracking device has been proposed by WEI ZHANG to compensate the
resonant frequency shift. Compensating networks has been proposed for
maintaining load independent voltage or current operations. Study for retuning
the primary side resonant circuit has been done by JIN XU for optimizing the
efficiency.
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OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WPT
Inductive Coupling: Inductive or Magnetic coupling works on the principle of
electromagnetism. When a wire is proximity to a magnetic field, it generates a
magnetic field in that wire. Transferring energy between wires through
magnetic fields is inductive coupling. If a portion of the magnetic flux established
by one circuit interlinks with the second circuit, then two circuits are coupled
magnetically and the energy may be transferred from one circuit to the other
circuit. This energy transfer is performed by the transfer of the magnetic field
which is common to the both circuits. In electrical engineering, two conductors
are referred to as mutual-inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when
they are configured such that change in current flow through one wire induces
a voltage across the end of the other wire through electromagnetic induction.
The amount of inductive coupling between two conductors is measured by their
mutual inductance.
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method and an inductive method with resonance as its type. The energy from
the grid through the primary rectifier enters the high-frequency inverter where
it is converted into the alternating current. Through a primary resonant circuit
with magnetically coupled coils the energy is transmitted from the primary side
to the side of the device (secondary side). The resulting current is rectified,
filtered and fed to the load.
DC - AC
AC - DC
AC - DC
7
STRUCTURE OF COUPLING COILS
We are using ANSYS Simulation Model for designing the symmetrical and
asymmetrical coils of polygon helix structure.
a. b.
Fig.3 (a) design of symmetrical coil, (b) magnetic flux density distribution
.
In fig.3 (a) we have shown our Symmetrical coil’s design and in fig.3 (b)
we are showing the flux distribution as flux density becomes lesser with increase
in distance between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coil.
Radius Change 7
Pitch 0
Turns 17
8
Table 2: Calculated values of distance Vs coupling co-efficient of
symmetrical coil
a. b.
Fig.4 (a) design of unsymmetrical coil, (b) magnetic flux density distribution
9
Table 3: Parameter of unsymmetrical coil size
Radius change 7 7
Pitch 0 0
Turns 17 10
10
Fig.5 frequency vs efficiency plot for WPT without any compensation
Systems with only inductive coupling have a much lower efficiency than
IPT resonance. The large air gap causes leakage flux and as a result, leads to
higher leakage inductance compare to the conventional power transformer and
due to this leakage inductance input power factor decreases which leads to an
inefficient power transfer. To compensate the leakage inductance primary and
secondary side additional compensating capacitors are required.
This capacitor will give lagging reactive power to compensate the reactive
power requirement of leakage flux, thus decrease the burden of the source for
giving the total complex power. Primary circuit operating in resonance cancels
the primary leakage flux thereby increasing the power factor to unity with the
secondary operating at resonance frequency.
There are four basic compensation methods like Series-Series (SS), Series-
Parallel (SP), Parallel-Parallel (PP) and Parallel- Series (PS). Among these 4
methods we will discuss only 2 methods SS and SP compensation as they are
widely use in practical purposes for their better efficiency.
SERIES-SERIES COMPENSATION (SS): SS compensation requires high voltage
and current so that it is used in the high-power applications like charging the
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electric accumulators in several kilo watts. SS compensation is useful in dynamic
coupling also but in this paper, we will only discuss about Static Resonance
coupling.
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I= 𝑍𝑠𝑈𝑠 (𝑗𝑤𝑀)𝑈𝑠 ---(6)
s IL=
𝑍𝑝𝑍𝑠+(𝑤𝑀)2 𝑍𝑝𝑍𝑠+(𝑤𝑀)2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
ή= ×100% --------- (7)
𝑃𝑖𝑛
C2 = 1
− − −(8)
𝑤2∗𝐿1
1
and similarly, C2 = − − −(9)
𝑤2∗𝐿2
From the above calculation it is seen that the value of the primary
capacitance as well as secondary capacitance does not depend on mutual
coupling co-efficient. So, if we change the mutual distance between tranmitter
and receiver coils,there will be no change in primary and secondary capacitance.
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Table 5: Circuit simulation parameters used for symmetrical SS
topology
Vs amplitude 10 V 10
RLOAD 50 Ω 50Ω
RIN 10 Ω 10 Ω
a. b.
Fig.9 Frequency vs efficiency graph of SS topology (a) symmetrical coil (b) unsymmetrical coil
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From the above two figures it is seen that in case of SS topology for a
load of 50ohms symmetrical coils shows much more efficiency than
asymmetrical coils. There is a drastic decrease in efficiency from 98% efficiency
to 22.42% efficiency at 50mm distance.
jwMI1 + jwL2I2 + VL = 0
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𝑉𝐿+𝑗𝑤𝑀𝐼1
I2 = - --(8)
𝑗𝑤𝐿𝑠
𝐼1
V= RsI1 + +jwL 1I1 + jwMI2 ----(9)
𝑗𝑤𝐶𝑝
After substituting I2 from equation (8) to equation (9) and for resonance,
𝑉
imaginary ( 𝐼 ) = 0, we get
1
1 𝑤𝑀2
𝑤𝐶1
= wL1 - 𝐿2
1
c1 = 𝑀2 2
(𝐿1− 𝐿 )𝑤
2
1
C2L2 = C1L1 = (w = resonance frequency)
𝑤2
C1L1
C2 = -----(10)
L2
So, from the above equations it is seen that both primary and secondary
capacitance depend on the mutual distance between transmitter and receiver
circuits. For a large value of mutual inductance ‘M’ (smaller mutual distance) we
need smaller capacitance but for a small value of mutual inductance ‘M’ (larger
mutual distance) we need more capacitance.
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From equation (10) and (11) we have calculated C1 and C2. Now we need to
investigate the efficiency at the resonanse frequency of 300kHz.
a. b.
Fig.13 Frequency vs efficiency graph of SP topology (a) symmetrical coil (b) unsymmetrical
coil
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Now we need to compare the efficiency between SS and SP topologies
a. b.
Fig.14 Efficiency Comparison between symmetrical and unsymmetrical (a) SS topology (b) SP
topology
So, from the above two figures we have seen that for symmetrical coil
structures SS topology shows much larger efficiency than SP topology at 300 kHz
resonant frequency. Whereas in unsymmetrical structure SP topology shows
much more efficiency than SS topology.
SP 59.82 60 34 37 17.31 20
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CONCLUSION
The IPT systems are becoming increasingly popular in the research area in
particular wireless power transfer. This paper has presented comprehensive
study between SS and SP topology. In these two cases the equations are derived
from the circuit parameters and simulations are done. Efficiency is simulated in
different frequencies and in different coupling distances between two coils. It is
seen that coupling coefficient decreases rapidly with the increasing distance.
And it is also seen that the SS topology is applicable for high power applications
and SP topology is applicable for short and medium power transfer applications.
The main direction for compensation topology is to increase the frequency of
the resonant link. Considerable attention will be paid to the research of the new
high frequency magnetics and semiconductor materials with improved
characteristics. A promising direction is also the use of combined and classical
compensation topologies in multi-level and multi-pulse converters with multi-
coil structures.
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