Homework Chapter 6

Chapter 6: Thermochemistry
Problems by Topic
Energy Units
1. Perform each of the following conversions between energy units:
a. 1.58 x 103 kJ to kcal b. 865 cal to kJ
c. 1.93 x 104 J to Cal d. 1.8 x 104 kJ to kWh
2. A frost-free refrigerator uses about 655 kWh of electrical energy per year. Express this
amount of energy in each of the following units:
a. J b. kJ c. Cal
Internal Energy, Heat, and Work
3. During an energy exchange, a chemical system absorbs energy
from its surroundings. What is the sign ∆Esys for this process? Explain.
4. Identify each of the following energy exchanges as heat or work
and determine whether the sign ∆E is positive or negative for the
system.
a. A rolling billiard ball collides with another billiard ball. The first billiard ball
(defined as the system) stops rolling after the collision.
b. A book is dropped to the floor (the book is the system).
c. A father pushes his daughter on a swing (the daughter and the swing are the
system).
5. A system absorbs 214 kJ of heat and the surroundings do 110 kJ of work on the system.
What is the change in internal energy of the system?
6. A kilogram of aluminum metal and a kilogram of water are each warmed to 75 °C and
placed in two identical insulated containers. One hour later, the two containers are opened
and the temperature of each substance is measured. The aluminum has cooled to 35 °C
while the water has cooled only to 66 °C. Explain this difference.
7. How much heat is required to warm 1.50 kg of sand from 25.0 °C to 100.0 °C?
8. During a breath, the average human lung expands by about 0.50 L. If this expansion
occurs against an external pressure of 1.0 atm, how much work (in J) is done during the
expansion?
9. A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 5.55 L to a final volume of 1.22 L by an
external pressure of 1.00 atm. During the compression the gas releases 124 J of heat. What
is the change in internal energy of the gas?
Enthalpy and Thermochemical Stoichiometry
10. The change in internal energy for the combustion of 1.0 mol of octane at a pressure of
1.0 atm is 5084.3 kJ. If the change in enthalpy is 5074.1 kJ, how much work is done during
the combustion?
11. Determine whether each of the following is exothermic or
endothermic and indicate the sign of ∆H.

a. dry ice evaporating
b. a sparkler burning
c. the reaction that occurs in a chemical cold pack often used to ice athletic injuries
12. What mass of natural gas (CH4) must you burn to emit 267 kJ of heat?
CH4(g) + 2O2 (g)= CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ∆Hrxn = - 802.3 kJ
13. Charcoal is primarily carbon. Determine the mass of CO 2produced by burning
enoughCarbon (in the form of charcoal) to produce 5.00 x 102 KJ of heat.
Calorimetry
14. In order to obtain the largest possible amount of heat from a chemical reaction in which
there is a large increase in the number of moles of gas, should you carry out the reaction
under conditions of constant volume or constant pressure? Explain.
15. Mothballs are composed primarily of the hydrocarbon naphthalene (C 10H8). When 1.025
g of naphthalene is burned in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 24.25 °C to
32.33 °C. Find ∆Hrxnfor the combustion of naphthalene. The heat capacity of the
calorimeter, determined in a separate experiment, is 5.11 kJ/ °C
Quantitative Relationships Involving and ∆H Hess’s Law
16. Consider the following generic reaction:

A + 2 B= C + 3 D ∆H = 155 kJ
Determine the value of ∆H for each of the following related reactions:
a. 3 A + 6 B = 3 C + 9 D
b. C + 3 D = A + 2 B
c.1/2 C + 3/2 D = 1/2A + B
17. Calculate ∆Hrxn for the following reaction:
CH4(g) + Cl2 (g)= CCl4 (g) + HCl(g)
Use the following reactions and given ∆H’s
C(s) + 2 H2 (g) = CH4 (g) ∆H = - 74.6 kJ
C(s) + 2 Cl2 (g) = CCl4 (g) ∆H = - 85.7 kJ
H2 (g) + 2 Cl2 (g) = 2HCl(g) ∆H = - 184.6 kJ
Enthalpies of Formation and ∆H

18. Write an equation for the formation of each of the following
compounds from their elements in their standard states, and find
∆Hfo for each from Appendix IIB.
a. NO2(g) b. MgCO3(s) c. C2H4(g) d. CH3OH(l)
19. Pentane (C5H12) is a component of gasoline that burns according to the following
balanced equation:
C5H12(l) + 8 O2(g) = 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Calculate ∆Hrxnofor this reaction using standard enthalpies of formation. (The
standard enthalpy of formation of liquid pentane is - 146.8 kJ/mol.)
20. The explosive nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) decomposes rapidly upon ignition or sudden
impact according to the following balanced equation:
4 C3H5N3O9 (l) = 12 CO2 (g) + 10 H2O(g) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) ∆Hrxno = - 5678 kJ
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation (∆Hfo ) for nitroglycerin.
Cumulative Problems
21. LP gas burns according to the following exothermic reaction:
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2(g) = 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O(g) ∆Hrxno = - 2044 kJ

What mass of LP gas is necessary to heat 1.5 L of water from room temperature (25.0 °C) to
boiling (100.0 °C)? Assume that during heating, of the heat emitted by the LP gas
combustion goes to heat the water. The rest is lost as heat to the surroundings.
22. If 50.0 mL of ethanol (density = 0.789 g/mL) initially at 7.0 °C is mixed with of water
(density 1.0 g/mL) initially at 28.4 °C in an insulated beaker, and assuming that no heat is
lost, what is the final temperature of the mixture?
23. Hydrogen and methanol have both been proposed as alternatives to hydrocarbon fuels.
Write balanced reactions for the complete combustion of hydrogen and methanol and use
standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the amount of heat released per kilogram of the
fuel. Which fuel contains the most energy in the least mass? How does the energy of these
fuels compare to that of octane (C8H18)?
Challenge Problems
24. When backpacking in the wilderness, hikers often boil water to sterilize it for drinking.
Suppose that you are planning a backpacking trip and will need to boil 35L of water for
your group. What volume of fuel should you bring? Assume that : the fuel has an average
formula of C7H16; 15% of the heat generated from combustion goes to heat the water (the
rest is lost to the surroundings); the density of the fuel is 0.78 g mL; the
initial temperature of the water is 25o C and the standard enthalpy of formation of C7H16 is –
224.4 kJ/mol
25. An amount of an ideal gas expands from 12.0 L to 24.0 L at a constant pressure of 1.0
atm. Then the gas is cooled at a constant volume of 24.0 L back to its original temperature.
Then it contracts back to its original volume. Find the total heat flow for the entire process.

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Chapter 6: Thermochemistry

1. Perform each of the following conversions between energy units:

a. 1.58 x 103 kJ to kcal b. 865 cal to kJ

c. 1.93 x 104 J to Cal d. 1.8 x 104 kJ to kWh

amount of energy in each of the following units:

Internal Energy, Heat, and Work

3. During an energy exchange, a chemical system absorbs energy

4. Identify each of the following energy exchanges as heat or work

and determine whether the sign ∆E is positive or negative for the

(defined as the system) stops rolling after the collision.

b. A book is dropped to the floor (the book is the system).

What is the change in internal energy of the system?

9. A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 5.55 L to a final volume of 1.22 L by an

is the change in internal energy of the gas?

Enthalpy and Thermochemical Stoichiometry

11. Determine whether each of the following is exothermic or

endothermic and indicate the sign of ∆H.

CH4(g) + 2O2 (g)= CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ∆Hrxn = - 802.3 kJ

13. Charcoal is primarily carbon. Determine the mass of CO 2produced by burning

enoughCarbon (in the form of charcoal) to produce 5.00 x 102 KJ of heat.

under conditions of constant volume or constant pressure? Explain.

g of naphthalene is burned in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 24.25 °C to

calorimeter, determined in a separate experiment, is 5.11 kJ/ °C

Quantitative Relationships Involving and ∆H Hess’s Law

16. Consider the following generic reaction:

Determine the value of ∆H for each of the following related reactions:

c.1/2 C + 3/2 D = 1/2A + B

17. Calculate ∆Hrxn for the following reaction:

CH4(g) + Cl2 (g)= CCl4 (g) + HCl(g)

Use the following reactions and given ∆H’s

C(s) + 2 H2 (g) = CH4 (g) ∆H = - 74.6 kJ

C(s) + 2 Cl2 (g) = CCl4 (g) ∆H = - 85.7 kJ

H2 (g) + 2 Cl2 (g) = 2HCl(g) ∆H = - 184.6 kJ

Enthalpies of Formation and ∆H

compounds from their elements in their standard states, and find

∆Hfo for each from Appendix IIB.

a. NO2(g) b. MgCO3(s) c. C2H4(g) d. CH3OH(l)

C5H12(l) + 8 O2(g) = 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)

Calculate ∆Hrxnofor this reaction using standard enthalpies of formation. (The

standard enthalpy of formation of liquid pentane is - 146.8 kJ/mol.)

impact according to the following balanced equation:

4 C3H5N3O9 (l) = 12 CO2 (g) + 10 H2O(g) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) ∆Hrxno = - 5678 kJ

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation (∆Hfo ) for nitroglycerin.

21. LP gas burns according to the following exothermic reaction:

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2(g) = 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O(g) ∆Hrxno = - 2044 kJ

lost, what is the final temperature of the mixture?

fuels compare to that of octane (C8H18)?

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