SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

COIMBATORE- 641 107.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IVTH YEAR & 7th SEMESTER

B.E. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REGULATION 2013

USER MANUAL

ME6712 MECHATRONICS LABORATORY

Prepared by

Mr.N.SANTHANA KRISHNAN, AP/MECH

 UPDATED ON 25-06-2018
CONTENTS

Ex.
Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Marks Sign
No.

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21
23

24

25

26

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

COMPUTERIZED DATA LOGGING SYSTEM WITH

1. CONTROL FOR PROCESS VARIABLES LIKE PRESSURE
FLOW AND TEMPERATURE
 INDEX
Pg
S. No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT No.

STUDY OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

STUDY OF MICROPROCESSOR 8085

ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 – BIT NUMBERS

DIVISION OF TWO 8 – BIT NUMBERS

BINARY TO BCD CONVERSION

MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMME FORWARD AND REVERSE USING
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
STUDY OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS

STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

STUDY OF PLC & ITS APPLICATIONS

STUDY OF HYDRAULIC ,PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO PNEUMATIC
CIRCUITS
DESIGN A CIRCUIT TO CONTROL SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER BY
USING TWO WAY VALVE OR GATE, TIME DELAY VALVE
DESIGN OF CIRCUIT WITH LOGIC SEQUENCE WITH
ELECTROPNEUMATIC TRAINER KITS BY ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON
SIMULATION OF DUAL DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER-PARALLEL
CIRCUIT AND SERIES CIRCUIT USING FLUIDSIM
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING A FLOW
CONTROL VALVE
SERVOCONTROLLER INTERFACING FOR OPEN LOOP

SERVOCONTROLLER INTERFACING FOR CLOSED LOOP

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

COMPUTERIZED DATA LOGGING SYSTEM WITH CONTROL FOR
PROCESS VARIABLES LIKE PRESSURE FLOW AND TEMPERATURE
 Ex. No:1
STUDY OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM
Date:

OBJECTIVE:

 To study the definition and elements of mechatronics system.

 To learn how to apply the principles of mechatronics and automation for the development of
productive and efficient manufacturing systems.
 To study the hydraulic and pneumatic systems employed in manufacturing industry.
 To learn the CNC technology and industrial robotics as applications of Mechatronics in
Manufacturing automation.

AIM
To Study the Mechatronics system design

INTRODUCTION:
Mechatronics is a concept of Japanese origin (1970’s) and can be defined as the application of
electronics and computer technology to control the motions of mechanical systems (figure 1.1.1).

It is a multidisciplinary approach to product and manufacturing system design (Figure 1.1.2). It

involves application of electrical, mechanical, control and computer engineering to develop products,
processes and systems with greater flexibility, ease in redesign and ability of reprogramming.

Mechatronics can also be termed as replacement of mechanics with electronics or enhance mechanics with
electronics. For example, in modern automobiles, mechanical fuel injection systems are now replaced with electronic
fuel injection systems. This replacement made the automobiles more efficient and less pollutant. With the help of
microelectronics and sensor technology, mechatronics systems are providing high levels of precision and reliability. It is
now possible to move (in x – y plane) the work table of a modern production machine tool in a step of 0.0001 mm.

By employment of reprogrammable microcontrollers/microcomputers, it is now easy to add new

functions and capabilities to a product or a system. Today’s domestic washing machines are “intelligent” and
four-wheel passenger automobiles are equipped with safety installations such as air-bags, parking
(proximity) sensors, anti-theft electronic keys etc.
Measurement systems
Measurement is an important subsystem of a mechatronics system. Its main function is to collect the
information on system status and to feed it to the micro-processor(s) for controlling the whole system.

Measurement system comprises of sensors, transducers and signal processing devices. Today a wide variety of
these elements and devices are available in the market. For a mechatronics system designer it is quite difficult to choose
suitable sensors/transducers for the desired application(s). It is therefore essential to learn the principle of working of
commonly used sensors/transducers.

Sensors in manufacturing are basically employed to automatically carry out the production operations as well
as process monitoring activities. Sensor technology has the following important advantages in transforming a
conventional manufacturing unit into a modern one.

1. Sensors alarm the system operators about the failure of any of the sub units of manufacturing system. It helps
operators to reduce the downtime of complete manufacturing system by carrying out the preventative measures.
2. Reduces requirement of skilled and experienced labours.
3. Ultra-precision in product quality can be achieved.

Control systems

A control system can be thought of as a system which can be used to :

Control some variable to some particular value, e.g. a central heating system where the temperature is controlled to a
particular value.

Control the sequence of events e.g. a washing machine where when the dials are set to say “white” and the machine is then
controlled to a particular washing cycle, i.e. sequence of events, appropriate to that type of clothing.

Control whether an event occur or not e.g. a safety lock on a machine where it cannot be operated until a guard is in
position.

FEEDBACK:

A feedback loop is a common and powerful tool when designing a control system. Feedback loops take the
system output into consideration, which enables the system to adjust its performance to meet a desired output response.

When talking about control systems it is important to keep in mind that engineers typically are given existing
systems such as actuators, sensors, motors, and other devices with set parameters, and are asked to adjust the
performance of those systems. In many cases, it may not be possible to open the system (the "plant") and adjust it from
the inside: modifications need to be made external to the system to force the system response to act as desired. This is
performed by adding controllers, compensators, and feedback structures to the system. The figure shows a simple
feedback system.

Open loop control system:

 An open-loop control system utilizes a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response, as shown in Figure.
An open-loop system is a system without feedback.
An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using feedback.

Closed loop:

In contrast to an open-loop control system, a closed-loop control system utilizes an additional measure of the actual output
to compare the actual output with the desired output response. The measure of the output is called the feedback signal. A simple
closed-loop feedback control system is shown in Figure 1.3. A feedback control system is a control system that tends to maintain a
prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a
means of control.

RESULT:

Thus Mechatronics system design is studied.

Ex. No:2
 STUDY OF MICROPROCESSOR 8085
Date:

Aim
To study the microprocessor 8085

The salient features of 8085 µp are:

• It is a 8 bit microprocessor.
• It is manufactured with N-MOS technology.
• It has 16-bit address bus and hence can address up to 216 = 65536 bytes (64KB) memory locations through A0-A15.
• The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are multiplexed AD0 – AD7.
• Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
• It supports external interrupt request.
• A 16 bit program counters (PC)
• A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
• Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL.
• It requires a signal +5V power supply and operates at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock.
• It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP (Dual in line package).
RESULT:
Thus 8085 microprocessor was studied successfully.
 Ex. No:3
ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS
Date:

Aim:
To write an assembly language for adding two 8 bit numbers by using micro
processor kit.

Apparatus required:
8085 micro processor kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
Step 1 : Start the microprocessor
Step 2 : Intialize the carry as ‘Zero’
Step 3 : Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator
Step 4 : Copy the contents of accumulator into the register ‘B’
Step 5 : Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator.
Step 6 : Add the 2 - 8 bit datas and check for carry.
Step 7 : Jump on if no carry
Step 8 : Increment carry if there is
Step 9 : Store the added request in accumulator
Step 10 : More the carry value to accumulator
Step 11 : Store the carry value in accumulator
Step 12 : Stop the program execution.
 Address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments
4100 MVI C,00 OE, 00 Initialize the carry as zero
4102 LDA 4300 3A, (00, 43) Load the first 8 bit data
4105 MOV, B,A 47 Copy the value of 8 bit data
into register B
4106 LDA 4301 3A, (01, 43) Load the second 8 bit data
into the accumulator
4109 ADD B 80 Add the hoo values
410A JNC D2, 0E, 41 Jump on if no carry
410D INR C OC If carry is there increment it
by one
410E Loop STA 4302 32 (02, 43) Stone the added value in the
accumulator
4111 MOV A,C 79 More the value of carry to
the accumulator from
register C
4112 STA 4303 32 (03, 43) Store the value of carry in
the accumulator
4115 HLT 76 Stop the program execution

Input
Without carry
Input Address Value
4300 04
4301 02
Output
Output Address Value
4302 06
4303 00 (carry)
With carry
Input Address Value
4300 FF
4301 FF

Output Address Value

4302 FE
4303 01 (carry)

Calculation 1111 1111

1111 1111
---------------
(1) 1111 1110
========= F E

Result:
The assembly language program for 8 bit addition of two numbers was executed
Successfully by using 8085 micro processing kit.
 Ex. No:4
SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
Date:

Aim:
To write a assembly language program for subtracting 2 bit (8) numbers by using-
8085 micro processor kit.

Apparatus required:
8085 micro processor kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
Step 1 : Start the microprocessor
Step 2 : Intialize the carry as ‘Zero’
Step 3 : Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator
Step 4 : Copy the contents of contents into the register ‘B’
Step 5 : Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator.
Step 6 : Subtract the 2 8 bit datas and check for borrow.
Step 7 : Jump on if no borrow
Step 8 : Increment borrow if there is
Step 9 : 2’s compliment of accumulator is found out
Step 10 : Store the result in the accumulator
Step 11 : More the borrow value from ‘c’ to accumulator
Step 12 : Store the borrow value in the accumulator
Step 13 : Stop program execution
 START

Intialise the borrow as zero

Load the 1st 8 bit number

Move the 1st 8 bit data to register ‘B’

Load the 2nd 8 bit number

Subtract the two values

No
Check for carry?

Yes
Increment carry by one

1’s compliment of 2nd value

Add 1 to 1’s compliment for 2’s compliment

Store the value of result in accumulator

Move the carry into the accumulator

Store the value of carry in accumulator

END
 Address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments
4100 MVI C,00 OE, 00 Initialize the carry as zero
4102 LDA 4300 3A, (00, 43) Load the first 8 bit data into the
accumulator
4105 MOV, B,A 47 Copy the value into register ‘B’
4106 LDA 4301 3A, (01, 43) nd
Load the 2 8 bit data into the
accumulator
4109 SUB B 90 Subtract both the values
410A Loop INC D2, 0E, 41 Jump on if no borrow
410D INR C OC If borrow is there, increment it by
one
410E Loop CMA 2F nd
Compliment of 2 data
410F ADI, 01 6, 01 nd
Add one to 1’s compliment of 2
data
4111 STA 4302 32,02,43 Store the result in accumulator
4114 MOV A,C 79 Moul the value of borrow into the
accumulator
4115 STA 4303 32,03,43 Store the result in accumulator
4118 HLT 76 Stop Program execution

Input
Without borrow
Input Address Value
4300 05
4301 07
Output
Output Address Value
4302 02
4303 00 (borrow)
With carry borrow
Input Address Value
4300 07
4301 05

Output Address Value

4302 02
4303 01 (borrow)

Calculation 05 – 07
07 – 0111
CMA 1000
ADJ 0.1 0001
------
1001
05 - 0101
------
1110 (-2)
Result:

The assembly language program subtraction of two 8 bit numbers was executed
successfully by using 8085 micro processing kit.
 Ex. No:5
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 – BIT NUMBERS
Date:

Aim:
To write an assembly language for multiplying two 8 bit numbers by using 8085
micro processor kit.

Apparatus required:
8085 microprocessor kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
Step 1 : Start the microprocessor
Step 2 : Get the 1st 8 bit numbers
Step 3 : Move the 1st 8it number to register ‘B’
Step 4 : Get the 2nd 8 bit number
nd
Step 5 : Move the 2 8 bit number to register ‘C’
Step 6 : Intialise the accumulator as zero
Step 7 : Intialise the carry as zero
Step 8 : Add both register ‘B’ value as accumulator
Step 9 : Jump on if no carry
Step 10 : Increment carry by 1 if there is
nd nd
Step 11 : Decrement the 2 value and repeat from step 8, till the 2
value becomes zero.
Step 12 : Store the multiplied value in accumulator
Step 13 : Move the carry value to accumulator
Step 14 : Store the carry value in accumulator
 START

Get the 1st 8 bit number

Get the 2nd 8 bit number

Intialize the accumulator as zero & carry as zero

Add the accumulator with 1st number

No

Check for carry?

Yes

Increment carry

Decrement 2nd number

No 2nd Number

Yes

Store the value f carry in accumulator

END
 Address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments
4100 LDA 4500 3A, 00, 45 Load the first 8 bit number
4103 MOV B,A 47 st
Move the 1 8 bit data to
register ‘B’
4104 LDA 4501 3A, 01, 45 nd
Load the 2 16 it number
4107 MOV C,A 4F nd
Move the 2 8 bit data to
register ‘C’
4108 MVI A, 00 3E, 00 Intialise the accumulator as
zero
410A MVI D, 00 16, 00 Intialise the carry as zero
410C ADD B 80 Add the contents of ‘B’ and
accumulator
410D INC D2 11, 41 Jump if no carry
4110 INR D 14 Increment carry if there is
4111 DCR C OD Decrement the value ‘C’
4112 JNZ C2 0C, 41 Jump if number zero
4115 STA 4502 32 02, 45 Store the result in
accumulator
4118 MOV A,D 7A Move the carry into
accumulator
4119 STA 4503 32,03,45 Store the result in
accumulator
411C HLT 76 Stop the program execution

Input
Input Address Value
4500 04
4501 02

Output
Output Address Value
4502 08
4503 00

Result:
The assembly language program for multiplication of two 8 bit numbers was executed
using 8085 micro processing kit.
 Ex. No:6
DIVISION OF TWO 8 – BIT NUMBERS
Date:

Aim:
To write an assembly language program for dividing two 8 bit numbers using
microprocessor kit.

Apparatus required:
8085 microprocessor kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
Step 1 : Start the microprocessor
Step 2 : Intialise the Quotient as zero
st
Step 3 : Load the 1 8 bit data
Step 4 : Copy the contents of accumulator into register ‘B’
nd
Step 5 : Load the 2 8 bit data
Step 6 : Compare both the values
Step 7 : Jump if divisor is greater than dividend
Step 8 : Subtract the dividend value by divisor value
Step 9 : Increment Quotient
Step 10 : Jump to step 7, till the dividend becomes zero
Step 11 : Store the result (Quotient) value in accumulator
Step 12 : Move the remainder value to accumulator
Step 13 : Store the result in accumulator
Step 14 : Stop the program execution
 START

Get the divided

Intialise the Quotient as zero

Get the divisor

Compare the dividend & divisor

Add the accumulator with 1st number

No
Check for carry?

Increment carry

Decrement 2nd number

Dividend

Yes
\\ Store the Quotient in accumulator

Move the remainder to accumulator

Store the remainder in accumulator

END
 Address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments
4100 MVI C, 00 0E, 00 Intialise Quotient as zero
4102 LDA, 4500 3A 00, 45 st
Get the 1 data
4105 MOV B,A 47 st
Copy the 1 data into
register ‘B’
4106 LDA, 4501 3A 01, 45 nd
Get the 2 data
4109 CMP B B8 Compare the 2 values
410A JC (LDP) DA 12,41 Jump if dividend lesser than
divisor
410D Loop 2 SUB B 90 st nd
Subtract the 1 value by 2
value
410E INR C 0C Increment Quotient (410D)
410F JMP (LDP, 41) C3, 0D, 41 Jump to Loop 1 till the value
of dividend becomes zero
4112 Loop 1 STA 4502 32 02,45 Store the value in
accumulator
4115 MOV A,C 79 Move the value of remainder
to accumulator
4116 STA 4503 32 03,45 Store the remainder value in
accumulator
4119 HLT 76 Stop the program execution

Input
Input Address Value
4500 09
4501 02

Output
Output Address Value
4502 04 (quotient)
4503 01 (reminder)

1001
0010 – I
------
0111
0010 – II
------
0101
0010 – III
------
0011
0010 – IV
------
0001 – carry
Quotient - 04
Carry - 01

Result:

The assembly language program for division of two 8 bit numbers was executed using
8085 micro processing kit.
 Ex. No:7
BINARY TO BCD CONVERSION
Date:

Aim:
To write an assembly language program to convert an 8 bit binary data to BCD using
8085 microprocessor kit.

Apparatus required:

8085 microprocessor kit

(0-5V) power supply

Algorithm:
Step 1 : Start the microprocessor
Step 2 : Clear ‘D’ and ‘E’ register to account for hundred’s and ten’s
load the binary data in accumulator
Step 3 : Compare ‘A’ with 64 if cy = 01, go step C otherwise next step
Step 4 : Subtract 64 from (64+1) ‘A’ register
Step 5 : Increment ‘E’ register
Step 6 : Compare the register ‘A’ with ‘0A’, if cy=1, go to step 11,
otherwise next step
Step 7 : Subtract (0AH) from ‘A’ register
Step 8 : Increment D register
Step 9 : Go to step 7
Step 10 : Combine the units and tens to from 8 bit result
Step 11 : Save the units, tens and hundred’s in memory
Step 12 : Stop the program execution
 START

Intialise ‘D’ as ‘00’ for hundreds and ‘e’ as ‘00’ for tens

Load the binary data in ‘A’

Compare the accumulator with ‘64’

Cy = ?

Subratct 64 from accumulator

Increment ‘E’ register

Compare with 0A

Cy = ?

Subtract ‘0A’ from accumulator

Increment register ‘D’

Combine the units & tens to form 8 bit

Save the units, tens & hundreds in memory

END
 Memory Hex Code Label Mnemonics Comments
Location Op code Operand
4100 0E,00 MVI E,00 Clear ‘E’ register
(Hund)
4102 53 MOV D,E Clear ‘D’ register
(tens)
4103 3A,00,42 LDA 4200 Get the data in ‘A’
4106 C3,06,41 HUND CPI 64 Compare the data with
64
4108 DA,11,41 JC TEN If content is less jump
to ten
410B D6, 64 SUI 64 Subtract data by 64
410D IC INR E Increment carry each
time
410E C3,06,41 JMP HUND Jump to hundred &
repeat
4111 C3, 0A TEN CPI 0A Compare the data with 0A
4113 DA,1C,41 JC UNIT If data is less jump to unit
4116 D6, 0A SUI 0A Subtract the data by 0A
4118 14 INR D Increment ‘D’ each ime
4119 C3,11,41 JMP TEN Jump to ten & repeat
411C 4F UNIT MOV 4A Move the value ‘A’ to ‘C’
411D 7A MOV A,D Move the value ‘D’ to ‘A’
411E 07 RLC Rotate the value of ‘A’
411F 07 RLC Of ‘A’ so that
4120 07 RLC Lower and upper
middle
4121 07 RLC Gets exchanged
4122 81 ADD C Add ‘A’ and ‘C’
4123 32,50,42 STA 42,50 Save ten’ & units in ‘M’
4126 7B MOV A,E Move to E to A
4127 32,51,42 STA 4251 Save hundreds unit in‘A’
412A 76 HLT Stop the program
execution
Input
Input Address Value
4200 54

Output

Output Address Value

4250 84
4251 00

Result:

Thus the binary to BCD conversion was executed successfully

Ex. No:8
 MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAME FOR STEPPER MOTOR
Date: FORWARD AND REVERSE ROTATION USING 8051
MICROCONTROLLER

OBJECTIVE
 A micro controller or stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive
transistors in the right order.
 Stepper motor performance is strongly depends on the drive circuit.
Aim:
To interface stepper motor with 8051 micro controller and write a C program to rotate
motor in CW/CCW direction using Full/Half stepping method.

Apparatus Required:

1. 8051 Micro Controller Kit

2. Power supply
3. Download Cable
4. Stepper Motor
5. Keil C-S/W
Procedure:

1. Connect the power supply (25 pin D type connector) from the stepper motor module to
microcontroller kit.
2. Connect the 50 pin (FRC) cable to the microcontroller kit.
3. Switch ON the microcontroller kit.
4. 4 different programs written in the assembly language to check the characteristics of the
stepper motor is given in the manual. Take one program at a time. Enter the program as
given in the 8051 manual.
5. Assemble the program.
6. Execute the program, now the stepper motor will rotate.
7. To stop the motor press ‘RESET’ button.
8. Change the delay count to vary the speed of the stepper motor.
9. Execute the program and check the speed of stepper motor.
10. Similarly assemble other programs and check the motor operation.
11. Full step program rotates the motor at 1.8 degrees per step. Half step program rotates the
motor at 0.9 degrees per step.
 PROGRAM FOR FULL STEP CLOCK-WISE ROTATION

START:
9000 75 90 D4 MOV 90,#D4
9003 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
9006 75 90 E4 MOV 90,#E4
9009 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
900C 75 90 E8 MOV 90,#E8
900F 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
9012 75 90 D8 MOV 90,#D8
9015 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
9018 02 90 00 LJMP 9000
DELAY:
9100 79 FF MOV R1,#FF ; change the count to vary the stepper motor
; speed
; count range (AF to FF)
; 05 high speed
; FF low speed
9102 74 FF MOV A,#FF
9104 00 NOP
9105 00 NOP
9106 00 NOP
9107 00 NOP
9108 14 DEC A
9109 70 F9 JNZ 9104
910B D9 F7 DJNZ R1,9102
910D 22 RET
 PROGRAM FOR FULL STEP ANTI-CLOCKWISE ROTATION

START:
9000 75 90 D8 MOV 90,#D8
9003 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
9006 75 90 E8 MOV 90,#E8
9009 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
900C 75 90 E4 MOV 90,#E4
900F 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
9012 75 90 D4 MOV 90,#D4
9015 12 91 00 LCALL 9100
9018 02 90 00 LJMP 9000

DELAY:
9100 79 FF MOV R1,#FF ; change the count to vary the stepper motor
; speed
; count range(05 to ff)
; 05 high speed
; FF low speed
9102 74 FF MOV A,#FF
9104 00 NOP
9105 00 NOP
9106 00 NOP
9107 00 NOP
9108 14 DEC A
9109 70 F9 JNZ 9104
910B D9 F7 DJNZ R1,9102
910D 22 RET
 RESULT
Thus the program is written and executed for forward and reverse rotation of stepper motor using
8051 microcontroller.

INFERENCE:

VIVA VOICE:
Define stepper motor
What is step angle in stepper motor?
What is input pulse?
What is 8051 microcontroller?
0000 –FFFF
Ex.No:
9
STUDY OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER
Date:

AIM:
To study about traffic light controller.

INTRODUCTION
Result:
Thus the given traffic light controller studied sucessfully
 Ex. No:10
STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
Date:

OBJECTIVE:
 Discuss the definitions/specifications by which sensors are characterised.
 Describe common methods for converting a physical parameter into an electrical quantity and give
examples of transducers, including those for measurement of temperature, strain, motion, position
and light

TRANSDUCERS:
Devices used to transform one kind of energy to another. When a transducer converts a measurable quantity
(sound pressure level, optical intensity, magnetic field, etc) to an electrical voltage or an electrical current we call it a
sensor. We will see a few examples of sensors shortly.
When the transducer converts an electrical signal into another form of energy, such as sound (which,
incidentally, is a pressure field), light, mechanical movement, it is called an actuator. Actuators are important in
instrumentation. They allow the use of feedback at the source of the measurement. However we will pay little
attention to them in this course. The study of using actuators and feedback belongs to a course in Control theory.
A sensor can be considered in its bare form, or bundled with some electronics (amplifiers, decoders, filters,
and even computers). We will use the word instrument to refer to a sensor together with some of its associated
electronics. The distinction between a sensor and an instrument is extremely vague, as it is increasingly common to
manufacture integrated sensors.
What follows is equally applicable to sensors and/or instruments. The discussion is also applicable to
circuits, such as amplifiers, filters, mixers and receivers. Signal processing circuits are, in a sense, instruments. It is
not very important that both input and output signals are, for example, voltages.
A useful way to classify transducers is on the basis of the physical property the device is intended to
measure. The important properties discussed in this section are :

 Position

 Velocity

 Force or Pressure

 Temperature

Position Transducers

Position transducers are widely used in servomotors, linear position tables, and other applications where
prices position is important. In this section we will discuss four analog position transducers (potentiometers, linear
variable differential transformers, floats and resolvers) and two digital position transducers (the optical encoder and
ultrasonic range sensor).

Potentiometers

An often-used position sensor is the potentiometer. The potentiometer is composed of a resistor and a
contact slider that allows position to be made proportional to resistance. There are linear and rotary potentiometers
depending on whether the displacement to be measured is linear or angular. An angular potentiometer is shown in
Figure 10.4. Potentiometers are quite inexpensive, very rugged, and easy to use. However, they are not as accurate as
some other position transducers.
 Figure 10.4: A Rotary Potentiometer

Linear Variable Differential Transformers

The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a high-resolution contact transducers. As Figure 10.5
illustrates, it is constructed with three coils, one primary and two secondary. A magnetic core sits within the coils.

Figure 10.5 : Principle of a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (a) Operation of LVDT, (b) Core
Displacement and Voltage Out

If an alternating current is imposed in the primary coil, a voltage will be induced across the secondary coil.
The magnitude of that voltage is a linear function of the position of the magnetic core. Deviations from the null
position of the core are translated into voltages by the equation.

where ∆Vo is the change in output voltage, K is a proportionality constant and ∆ X is change in position.
LVDTs come in varying size. A typical limit to travel is in the range of 750 mm. The resolution of an
LVDT is excellent, easily able to measure displacement below0.25 mm. Since this is an analog devices, the limits of
resolution are usually governed by the resolution of the A/D converter.
It is readily apparent that the LVDT has an advantage over the potentiometer as a position measurement device.
Since its core does not touch the coil, there is no mechanical wear that would result in deterioration of performance
over time. On the other hand, it is a more expensive transducer, justifiable primarily where very high and repeatable
accuracy is required.

Resolvers
The resolver, shown in Figure 10.6, is a rotary transformer. The primary winding is on the rotor and the
secondary windings on the stator. The secondary windings are set 90 degrees apart. An alternating current is imposed
on the primary winding. As the shaft is rotated by the device where position is being monitored, the voltages on the
secondary windings will vary as the sine and cosine of the angle of the rotor.
 Figure 10.6: A Resolver

The two output voltages can be converted to a binary count using a resolver-to-digital converter (RDC).
This device combines the circuitry necessary to interpolate the output voltages into angular positions and the A/D
circuitry required to digitize the result.
The resolver is a non-contact transducer. Unlike the rotary potentiometer, it will not lose accuracy due to wear. The
high precision of the resolver is usually limited by the A/D converter, which converts the analog voltage into a digital
count. Typical A/D converter incorporated in RDCs have 12- to 16-bit resolution.
Optical Encoders
An optical encoder is a digital position-measuring device. It is available in both linear and rotor
construction. Figure 10.7 shows the principle of an optical encoder in rotary form. A slotted disc is rotated in
between a photo emitter/detector pair. The emitter is typically a light-emitting diode and the detector is a
photosensitive transistor. When light is incident on the base of the transistor, current flows from collector to emitter.
As the disc rotates, the light will be alternatively blocked and allowed to pass. In the blocked state, the transistor will
stop conducting.
The voltage output from the detector circuit is a saw tooth. This is fed into a Schmitt trigger, which is a digital device
that converts the saw tooth pattern into a square wave. The square wave, with amplitude of five volts, is digital data
in a form that is readable by a digital controller. It is typical for the detector circuit to output a high signal when light
is blocked and low signal when a slot is encountered.

Figure 10.7: Principle of an Optical Encoder

Float Transducers
Float transducers are the simplest method of measuring continuous position (height or level) of a liquid in a
tank. Floats are widely used in process industries in which batches of liquids are feeding production processes. There
are different implementations of a float; one simple device is shown in Figure 10.8. Here a float is attached to a rod

that moves the wiper of a rotary potentiometer.

 Figure 10.8 : Principle of a Float Transducer

Ultrasonic Range Sensors

For continuous measurement of a level in a tank, floats are being replaced by ultrasonic range sensors, an
example of which is shown in Figure 10.9. Ultrasonic sensors use pulses of sound to measure distance. A transmitter
sends out a pulse, which is reflected against the fluid whose level is being measured. When the transmitter sends out
the pulse, it simultaneously initiates a timer circuit that counts clock cycles. A receiver, housed with the transmitter,
receives the reflection of sound. The received signal terminates the timer and initiates the computation of distance. A
microprocessor computes distance based on the speed of sound through the medium, typically air. The
microprocessor may take several samples and compute and average to obtain a more accurate measurement.
The reflected signal will travel 2d during the period that the timer is on, ∆t. If v is the velocity of sound in the
medium, the distance between transducer and liquid level is

Figure 10.9: Principle of an Ultrasonic Range Sensor

Velocity Transducers

Velocity transducers are used for speed control. We shall describe the digital (optical encoder) and
analog (DC tachometer) velocity transducers.
Optical Encoders
Since velocity is the positional change with respect to time, any positional transducer can be used to
measure velocity. If θ1and θ2 are two sequential angular positions of the encoder given in radians, then
where ωi is the instantaneous angular velocity in radians/sec and ∆t is the increment of time between sequential
position changes.
Tachometers

The basic analog velocity measurement device is the tachometer, or generator. This device can be based on
the operating principle of an AC generator or a DC generator. The principle of a DC machine will be covered in
detail later. As shown in Figure 10.10(a) DC tachometer consists of an armature (rotating conductor) mounted on the
shaft of a device whose angular velocity is to be measured. The stator, or stationary component of the tachometer, is
a permanent magnet. As the rotating conductor passes through the magnetic field, a current is induced in the
conductor, resulting in a measurable voltage at Vout. In an ideal tachometer the relationship between speed and
voltage is linear. Simply put

where K is the tachometer constant. Since the tachometer is an analog device, A/D
conversion is required if digital feedback is needed.

Figure 10.10: Principle of a DC Tachometer or Generator

Force or Pressure Transducers

Force sensors are used extensively in automatic weighing operation in the process industries and in robotic
applications when it is necessary to control gripping pressure. In this section we shall examine two analog
transducers: the load cell and the strain gauge.

Load Cells

A load cell is used in processes where precise weighing is required. It can be implemented using a strain
gage or a LVDT. Figure 10.11 illustrates a load cell implemented by using a LVDT and a spring with linear force
displacement relation. The appropriate transfer function is

Where F is force, K is the spring constant and ∆d is th

e displacement from the unloaded rest position.
 Figure 10.11: LVDT used in Weight Measurement

Strain Gauges

The most widely used pressure and force sensitive transducer is the strain gauge. The principle of the strain gauge is
based on the resistance properties of electrical conductors. Electrical conductors possess resistance based on the relationship.

where R is resistance in ohms, ρ is resistivity constant, which is a property of the specific conductor material of the wire. It is
measured in the unit of ohm-cm, L is the length of the wire in cm and A is the cross-sectional area in cm 2. Since the resistivity is
a constant, a change in the length and/or area of the wire will cause a change in the resistance. This phenomenon is called
piezoresistivity.
Temperature Transducers
Temperature transducers are used extensively in process industries such as chemical, food and pharmaceuticals, where
control of temperature during manufacturing is important. Three commonly used temperature transducers are the thermocouple,
the resistance temperature detector (RTD) and the thermistor
.
Thermocouples

When a temperature differential exists across the length of a metal, a small voltage differential will exist due to the
migration of electrons in the metal. By joining two dissimilar metal wires together at one end, a small current will be induced at
the junction due to differences in the molecular structure of the metals. This is shown in Figure 10.12. Point (b), the other ends
of the metal wires, is held at a reference temperature.

Figure 10.12: Principle of Thermocouple

For dissimilar metals at a given temperature, the density of free electrons are different. This results in an electron migration at
junction (a), causing a small current to flow from one metal to other. This small induced electric differential, with proper signal
conditioning is measured. The electric signal has the property of being linear with the temperature differential between points (a)
and (b). In particular, as simplified model is of the form

where Vout is the induced voltage, α is a constant in volts/degrees K and T, T Ref are the measured temperature and the reference
temperature respectively.

Resistance-temperature Detectors (RTD)

The RTD temperature sensor is based on a particular property of metals wherein their electrical resistance changes with
temperature. In particular, as temperature increases, so does electrical resistance. This is due to the fact that a higher temperature
in a metal results in electron vibrations that impede the flow of free electrons in the metal.
When discussing strain gages, we introduced the relationship

where R is resistance in ohms, ρ is resistivity constant, which is a property of the specific conductor material being in
the wire. It is measured in the unit of ohm-cm, L is the length of the wire in cm and A is the cross-sectional area in cm2. In fact,
ρ is a temperature sensitive parameter. With the knowledge of the relationship between ρ and T for a particular metal, it is
possible to construct an RTD with a specific relationship between R and T.

Thermistors
A thermistor is made of a semiconductor material that exhibits a predictable and repeatable change in resistance as
temperature is changed. Unlike a metal, the molecular structure of a semiconductor is such that increasing its temperature
reduces its resistance. As the temperature of the material increases, electrons break free of their covalent bonds and conductivity
is improved. The response function is as follows:

where Rt and Ro are the resistances of the thermistor at temperatures T and at a reference temperature, respectively. T
t o
and To are the thermistor temperature and the reference temperature respectively, in degrees Kelvin, β is a property of a material
used to make the thermistor. The non-linearity of the thermistor response function makes its use limited only over the most
linear range of the device. Manufacturers of thermistors specify the useful range and the percent error over that range.

Result:
Thus various types of transducers are studied.
Ex. No:11
IMAGE PROCESSING USING SCILAB
Date:

Aim:
To conduct a experiment on mechanical component using image processing software &
Hardware.

Apparatus required:
Scilab open source software
Web cam
Intel motherboard
Processor

Procedure:
 Open the scilab software
 Create a new file
 Type the program for capturing the image
 Simulate the program
 Capture the image
 Convert the image into graph

Program:
n = camopen(); //to open camera
im = avireadframe(n); //get a frame
imshow(im); //to show image
 avilistopened(); //list all opened files and cameras
aviclose(n); //to close an opened video file or camera
imGrayM=rgb2gray(im);

Result:
Thus the given image is processed and converts into graph.
Ex. No:12
STUDY OF PLC & ITS APPLICATIONS
Date:

OBJECTIVE:
 Discuss the definitions/specifications by which sensors are characterised.
 Describe common methods for converting a physical parameter into an electrical quantity and give examples of
transducers, including those for measurement of temperature, strain, motion, position and light

Introduction
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a special form of microprocessor-based controller that uses a programmable
memory to store instructions and to implement functions such as logic, sequencing, timing counting and arithmetic in order to
control machines and processes(Figure 1.3) and are designed to be operated by engineers with perhaps alimited knowledge of
computers and computing languages. They are not designed so that only computer programmers can set up or change the programs.
Thus, the designers of the PLC have pre-programmed it so that the control program can be entered using a simple, rather
intuitive, form of language, see Chapter 4. The term logic is used because programming is primarily concerned with implementing
logic and switching operations, e.g. if A or B occurs switch on C, if A and B occurs switch on D. Input devices, e.g. sensors such as
switches, and output devices in the system being controlled, e.g. motors, valves, etc., are connected to the PLC. T
The operator then enters a sequence of instructions, i.e. a program, into the memory of the PLC. The controller then
monitors the inputs and outputs according to this program and carries out the control rules for which it has been programmed.

HARDWARE :

Typically a PLC system has the basic functional components of processor unit, memory, power supply unit,
input/output interface section, communications interface and the programming device. Figure 1.4 shows
the basic arrangement.

1 The processor unit or central processing unit (CPU) is the unit containing the microprocessor and this interprets the input
signals and carries out the control actions, according to the program stored in its memory, communicating the decisions as action
signals to the outputs.
2 The power supply unit is needed to convert the mains a.c. voltage to the low d.c. voltage (5 V) necessary for the processor and the circuits in
the input and output interface modules.

3 The programming device is used to enter the required program into the memory of the processor. The program is developed in the device and
then transferred to the memory unit of the PLC.

4 The memory unit is where the program is stored that is to be used forthe control actions to be exercised by the microprocessor and data stored
from the input for processing and for the output for outputting.

5 The input and output sections are where the processor receives information from external devices and communicates information to external
devices. The inputs might thus be from switches, as illustrated in Figure 1.1(a) with the automatic drill, or other sensors such as photo-electric
cells, as in the counter mechanism in Figure 1.1(b), temperature sensors, or flow sensors, etc. The outputs might be to motor starter coils,
solenoid valves, etc. Input and output interfaces are discussed in Chapter 2. Input and output devices can be classified as giving signals which
are discrete, digital or analogue
(Figure 1.5). Devices giving discrete or digital signals are ones where the signals are either off or on. Thus a switch is a device giving a
discrete signal, either no voltage or a voltage. Digital devices can be considered to be essentially discrete devices which give a sequence of
on−off signals. Analogue devices give signals whose size is proportional to the size of the variable being monitored. For example, a
temperature sensor may give a voltage proportional to the temperature.
6 The communications interface is used to receive and transmit data on communication networks from or to other remote PLCs (Figure 1.6). It
is concerned with such actions as device verification, data acquisition, synchronisation between user applications and connection management.

Internal architecture
Result:

Thus Programmable Logic controller is studied successfully .

Ex. No:13
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER USING AND GATE OPERATION
Date:

Aim
To conduct a experiment using Logic function “AND” gate via Programmable Logic controller.

Apparatus Required:

 Allen Bradley kit

 Compressor
 Single acting cylinder
 DCV valve
 Logic gate controller Board

Procedure:
 Connections are made as per the circuit

 Use ladder logic concept to connect a AND gate function.

 Simulate the program

 Go online in ladder logic function

 Operate the logic controller board according to truth table.

 Output is displayed in double acting cylinder

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Result:
Thus the ladder logic function is completed successfully
 Ex. No:14
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER USING CAPACITENCE SENSOR
Date: AND INDUCTANCE SENSOR

Aim
To conduct a experiment using using capacitance sensor and inductance sensor via Programmable
Logic controller.

Apparatus Required:

 Allen Bradley kit

 Compressor
 Single acting cylinder
 DCV valve
 Logic gate controller Board

Procedure:
 Connections are made as per the circuit

 Use ladder logic concept to connect a sensors.

 Simulate the program

 Go online in ladder logic function

 Operate the logic controller board according to truth table.

 Output is displayed in double acting cylinder

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Result:
Thus the ladder logic function is completed successfully
Ex. No:15
STUDY OF HYDRAULIC ,PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO PNEUMATIC
Date: CIRCUITS

FLUID POWER CONTROLS

INTRODUCTION
PUMPS AND MOTORS
CYLINDERS:
DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE:
FLOW CONTROL VALVE:

NON RETURN VALVE

ACTUATION:
ENERGY TRANSMISSION:

RESULT:

Thus the fluid power control symbols were studied

 Ex. No:16
DESIGN A CIRCUIT TO CONTROL SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER BY USING
Date: TWO WAY VALVE OR GATE.

AIM
To construct a pneumatic circuit to control the single acting cylinder control by using two-way pressure valve, or
gate, operation of time delay valve.

OBJECTIVE

To be able to design and assemble a circuit that extends and retracts a single acting ,spring return
cylinders
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Compressor air
FRL
3/2 push button valve
5/2 single pilot valve
Air tube
Time delay valve
Shuttle valve
Single acting cylinder
PROCEDURE FOR TWO WAY PRESSURE VALVE

 Draw the circuit diagram

 Connect the compressor air supply to FRL unit
 Any two of the output of FRL unit directly connect to 3/2 Push button valve inlet first and second
 Both 3/2 push button valves output to give AND gate input
 Check the all circuits
 Open the handle slide valve the air passes in both 3/2 push button valves input port
 When the push button is press the cylinder should be activated.

PROCEDURE FOR OR GATE

o Draw the circuit diagram

o Connect the compressor air supply to FRL unit
o Any two of the output of FRL unit directly connect to 3/2 Push button valve inlet.
o Both 3/2 push button valves output to give shut the valve inlet ports.
o Check the all circuits
o Open the handle slide valve the air passes in both 3/2 push button valves input port
o Press any one push button valve the cylinder will be activated.
PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING OF TIME DELAY VALVE

 Draw the circuit diagram of basic function.

 Connect the compressor air supply to FRL unit
 Two of the output of FRL unit directly connect to 3/2 Push button valve inlet and time delay valve port.
 3/2 push button valves output connect through the single acting cylinder
 The time delay valve output port2 connected through the single acting cylinder.
 When press on 3/2 push button valve, some delay after the cylinder will be activated.

APPLICATION

It is used in pressure die casting

RESULT
Thus the single acting cylinder controlled by two way pressure valve, or gate, operation of time delay valve are
working is executed.
INFERENCE:

VIVA VOCE:
What is 3/2 push button?
Define OR GATE ?
Define time delay valve
Define compressor ?
 Ex. No:17
DESIGN OF CIRCUIT WITH LOGIC SEQUENCE WITH
Date: ELECTROPNEUMATIC TRAINER KITS BY ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON

OBJECTIVE
 Concepts and principles of electricity and pneumatic system
 Identification and uses of symbology
 Analysis and design of sequential circuits based on relays

AIM
To construct a pneumatic circuit to control the single acting cylinder electrically using push button switch and
also construct double acting cylinder electrical using push buttons.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Compressor
FRL unit
Solenoid coil
Electrical Trainer Kit
Single acting cylinder
Batch rod
PROCEDURE

 Draw the circuit diagram

 Electro controller gives voltage to pneumatics panel
 The input of the push button is getting from solenoid valve output
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit
 Check all the connection carefully and test the circuit
 Observe the working of the cylinder using the 3/2 single solenoid valve.

PROCEDURE FOR DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

 Draw the circuit diagram and connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Connect the electrical circuit from the 24v DC source to ON/OFF switch
 Solenoids are connected to push button switch
 When the Solenoid is given signal by a push button switch direct control valves is actuated to double acting
cylinder.
 Directional control valve is actuated to double acting cylinder comes to original position.

 When the signal is OFF the single solenoid are cut the solenoids are de-energized .
APPLICATION
It is used in casting machine especially PDC for gate opening .

RESULT

Thus the single acting cylinder and double acting cylinder is connect and controlled by electrically
operated using push button.
INFERENCE:

VIVA VOCE:

Define pump
Define motor
What is a single acting cylinder
What is FRL
 Ex. No:18
SIMULATION OF DUAL DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER-PARALLEL
Date: CIRCUIT AND SERIES CIRCUIT USING FLUIDSIM

OBJECTIVE

To understand simulation of dual cylinder in parallel circuit using festo fluidsim.

AIM

To design and actuate dual double acting cylinder parallel circuit using a 5/2 manually operated
DCV.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Double acting cylinder

Lever operated 5/2 Direction control valve
Reservoir
FRL unit

PROCEDURE

 The circuit is designed as per given as the requirement.

 The connection is made.
 The pressure is set in the regulator.
 The inlet valve is opened and the air is allowed to do work on the actuator.
 The actuation is checked by using the direction control valve.

APPLICATION:

It is used in pressure die casting machine especially for ejectors

It is used in robots assembly station
Parallel Circuit

Series Circuit
RESULT
Thus simulation of dual double acting cylinder-parallel and series circuit using fluidsim

INFERENCE

VIVA VOCE
Define pump
Define motor
What is a single acting cylinder?
What is FRL?
 Ex. No:19
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING A
Date: FLOW CONTROL VALVE

OBJECTIVE
To understand simulation of double acting cylinder in flow control valve circuit using festo fluidsim.
AIM
To design and actuate dual double acting cylinder using a 5/2 manually operated flow control
valve.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Double acting cylinder
5/2 Lever operated Direction control valve
Flow control valve.
Reservoir
FRL unit
PROCEDURE

 The circuit is designed as per given as the requirement.

 The connection is made.
 The pressure is set in the regulator.
 The inlet valve is opened and the air is allowed to do work on the actuator.
 The actuation is checked by using the direction control valve.
APPLICATION

It also can be used In shaping machine becoz , forward stroke is slow hence return is quick
RESULT
Thus simulation of double acting cylinder using a flow control valve was done

INFERENCE

VIVA VOCE

Define pump

Define motor

What is a single acting cylinder

 Ex. No:20
SERVOCONTROLLER INTERFACING FOR OPEN LOOP
Date:

OBJECTIVE
 To know about control the motion of their various parts

 It is used to extensively in robotics and radio-controlled cars, airplanes and boats

AIM
To study the open loop control of PMDC motor using VSPM-LCD-01 trainer.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
VSPM-LCD-01 unit.

AC-DC motor coupling setup.

Patch chords
CONNECTION PROCEDURE
 Connect single phase AC supply to the point P & N on VSPM-LCD-01 unit.
 Connect PMDC motor terminals to the point R and front panel of VSPM-LCD-01.
 Speed sensor output from motor is connected to spin plug connector on front panel.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
Verify the connections as per the connection diagram.
Switch ON the power supply to the VSPM-LCD-01 unit.
LCD displays the following one by one.

VI MICRO SYSTEM
CHENNAI-96
INDIA

AC-DC MOTOR

1. DC MOTOR
2. AC MOTOR

CONNECT DC MOTOR
PROPERLY

1. FORWARD
2. REVERSE

Select DC motor option using up key provided below the link.

Check once again and sure that connections of PMDC motor are proper or not. After that press ENTER
key then the LCD displays the below
 Select forward/reverse option, the display shows the below

OPEN LOOP OPERATION

1. OPEN LOOP
2. CLOSED LOOP

Select open loop option using up key provided below the LCD, then it displays the following.

STAUS :
ACTUAL SPEED :
DUTY CYCLE :
INPUT CURRENT :

Vary the frequency parameter using up/down keys provided below the LCD; because of varying frequency, speed will
vary which in tons vary the current.
Long press the RUN switch to run the motor. After pressing the RUN switch PWN pulses will apply to IGBI module
and at the same time single phase supply is applied to relay. Now the display shows the below.

STAUS :
RUNNING
ACTUAL SPEED :
DUTY CYCLE :
INPUT CURRENT :

If you increase the load will leads to increase the current rate, in our unit max current rate should be 2A.

If Amps rating exceeds 2A the relay turned to OFF state which automatically stops the supply to the IGBT module
and also controller stops the PWM pulses. Display shows the below.

STAUS :
STOPPED
ACTUAL SPEED :
DUTY CYCLE :
INPUT CURRENT :
RESULT
The actuation of pneumatic cylinder was carried out.

APPLICATION

Used in CNC machines.

INFERENCE

VIVA VOCE
What is open loop ?
What is duty cycle ?
What is PWM ?
What is cycloconverter ?
 Ex. No:21
SERVOCONTROLLER INTERFACING FOR CLOSED LOOP
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To enlighten the knowledge on servocontroller
AIM
To study the closed loop control of PMDC motor using VSPM – LCD – 01 TRAINER.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
VSPM – LCD – 01 unit.
AC –DC motor coupling setup.

Path chords.

CONNECTION PROCEDURE

 Connect the single phase AC supply to the points P&N on VSPM – LCD – 01 unit.
 Connect the PMDC motor terminals to the points R & Y on front panel of VSPM – LCD – 01
unit.
 Speed sensor output from motor is connected to 5 pin M1 plug connector (SPEED FB) on front
panel.
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Verify the connections are as per the connection diagram .switch ON the power
supply to the VSPM – LCD – 01 unit.LCD displays the following one by one

VI micro systems
Chennai 96
India .
AC – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2. Select the DC motor option using UP key provided below the LCD, then display blanks below
Connect the motor properly…….

DC MOTOR
AC MOTOR
3. Check once again and make sure that connections of PMDC motor are proper or not. After that press ENTER key then the
LCD displays the below

FORWARD
REVERSE
4. Select forward / reverse option, the display shows below
Open loop
Closed loop
CLOSED LOOP OPERATION
1. Select the closed loop using UP/DOWN keys, then display shows the below if motor feedback
is not connected properly
Connect the motor…
Feedback…
2. After this intimation we have to connect the motor feedback properly, after that press ENTER the
display shows below
Default setting
New setting
3. Select the default setting option using UP key then LCD displays the following

Status;
Set speed;
Actual speed;
Input current;

(In default setting kp and ki value was already fixed

Kp: 0.041
Ki: 0.007
4. Using UP/DOWN key, speed can be set to particular value and then long press the RUN key.
5. After that PWM pulses are applied to IGBD module leads to run the motor the display shows the below

Status: running
Set speed;
Actual speed;
Input current;

6. If you increase the load will leads to increase the current rate in out unit max current rate should be 2A (for 3Kg load)
7. If amps rating exceeds 2A (grater then 3kg) the relay automatically stops the supply to the IGBT module and also
controller stops the PWM pulses displays shows the below

Status: stopped
Set speed;
Actual speed;
Input current;

8. Select the new setting option using DOWN key, then LCD displays the following the Kp value using UP/DOWN
keys
Enter the Kp value…
0.041
 9. Press ENTER key the LCD displays the following

Enter the Ki value…

0.007

10. Vary the Ki value using UP/DOWN keys, after set the value presses ENTER key.

Status:
Set speed;
Actual speed;
Input current;
11. Using UP/DOWN key, speed can be set particular value then long press the RUN key.
12. After that PWM pulses are applied to IGBT module leads to run the motor, the display shows below

Status: running
Set speed;
Actual speed;
Input current

Input current;
13. If you increase the load will lead to increase the current rate, in our unit max current rate should be 2A (for 3Kg load)
14. SIf Amps rating exceeds 2A (grater then 3Kg) the relay turned to OFF state which automatically stops the supply to the
PWM pulses. The display shows below

Status: stopped
Set speed;
Actual speed;
Input current;
APPLICATION

Used in CNC machines.

RESULT

Thus the study of speed control of PMDC motor and chopper operation was done using VSPM -
LCD – 01 trainer.

INFERENCE

VIVA VOCE
What is closed loop
What is Ki ?
What is IGBT?
What is KP
What is VSPM
 Ex. No:1 COMPUTERIZED DATA LOGGINGSYSTEM WITH
CONTROL FOR PROCESS VARIABLES LIKE PRESSURE
Date: FLOW AND TEMPERATURE

OBJECTIVE
 To maintain laboratory isolation during heating and cooling the fluctuations

 To respond to changes in fame hood sash position

 To respond to opening of doors to the laboratory

 To respond to pressure changes in adjacent space.

AIM
To study the characteristics of the pressure transmitter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
VMPA-62A
VDPIO-03
PC with process control and lab view software
Patch chords
Multimeter
Rs 232 cable and loop cable

HAND VALVE SETTINGS

HV1-fully open
HV2- fully open
HV3- fully closed
HV4-fully closed
PRESSURE RANGE

Input-(0-250) mm WC
Output-(4-20) Ma DC

PROCEDURE
 Ensure the an availability of water
 Interface the digital controller with process and pc make the connection as per ram-2
 Ensure the hard valve settings are correct
 Switch on VMPA-G2A unit and digital controller with PC
 Meter/pump on switch be in the pump mode
 Invoke the process control software or LABVIEW software
 Once the tank pressure reached 250mm we enter control out of 0%
 Gradually open the HV4valve every 50 we note down the correct reading
 Select pressure control manual mode and enter a controller output of 100%
 Note down the current reading for various pressure readings switch OFF the pump
 Draw the graph between pressure and output current and control the behavior transmitter.
RESULT
Thus the characteristic of the pressure transmitter was studied.
INFERENCE:

VIVA VOICE:

What is Lab VIEW?

Give a full form of VMPA?
What is pressure sensor?
What is data logging?