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    Earth Quake Resistant Design and Disaster Management: Class 1

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    Linas Fathima
    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up strain within the Earth's crust due to the movement of tectonic plates. When the plates become locked and then slip suddenly, seismic waves are generated that cause the shaking we experience during earthquakes. The focus is the point where slip first occurs, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Additional factors like the depth of the focus and distance from the epicenter determine the intensity of shaking and resulting damage from an earthquake.

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    Earth Quake Resistant Design and Disaster Management: Class 1

    Uploaded by

    Linas Fathima
    22 views20 pages
    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up strain within the Earth's crust due to the movement of tectonic plates. When the plates become locked and then slip suddenly, seismic waves are generated that cause the shaking we experience during earthquakes. The focus is the point where slip first occurs, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Additional factors like the depth of the focus and distance from the epicenter determine the intensity of shaking and resulting damage from an earthquake.

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    earthquae resistant architecture notes

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    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up strain within the Earth's crust due to the movement of tectonic plates. When the plates become locked and then slip suddenly, seismic waves are generated that cause the shaking we experience during earthquakes. The focus is the point where slip first occurs, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Additional factors like the depth of the focus and distance from the epicenter determine the intensity of shaking and resulting damage from an earthquake.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views20 pages

    Earth Quake Resistant Design and Disaster Management: Class 1

    Uploaded by

    Linas Fathima
    Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up strain within the Earth's crust due to the movement of tectonic plates. When the plates become locked and then slip suddenly, seismic waves are generated that cause the shaking we experience during earthquakes. The focus is the point where slip first occurs, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Additional factors like the depth of the focus and distance from the epicenter determine the intensity of shaking and resulting damage from an earthquake.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Earth quake resistant design and

    Disaster Management

    Class 1
    What is Earth Quake?
    • It is the sudden shaking of the earth crust. The
    impact of an earthquake is sudden and there is
    hardly any warning,making it impossible to
    predict
    Cause of earthquake
    • The earth’s crust is a rocky layer of varying
    thickness ranging from a depth of about 10
    kilometers under the sea to 65 kilometers
    under the continents.
    • The crust is not one piece but consists of
    portions called ‘plates’ which vary in size from
    a few hundred to thousands of kilometers
    • Seven major plates and several minor ones- They
    move a few inches a year,riding on semi-molten
    layers of rock underneath the crust
    • The ‘theory of plate tectonics’ holds that the
    plates ride up on the more mobile mantle,and
    are driven by some yet unconfirmed
    mechanisms, perhaps thermal convection
    currents.
    • When these plates contact each other, stress
    arises in the crust
    Two plates move away from one
    another (and rifts are created).

    They may collide and mountains


    are formed.

    Two plates move side-by-side, along


    the same direction or in opposite
    directions.

    6
    Faults
    • A fault is defined as a fracture or a crack, in the
    rocks,along which some definite movement has
    taken place.
    • Movement can be of varying nature, it may be
    slow,sudden or repeated
    • Amount of movements may range from a few
    centimeters to several kilometers
    • Earth quake are mainly caused due to sudden slip
    at the faults which results in shaking of the earth
    Terminology of faults
    • Fault plane:-
    • The plane splitting the rock into two blocks
    along which movement occurs is known as
    fault plane. It may be horizontal or vertical
    • Dip and strike of the fault:-
    The inclination of the fault plane with the
    horizontal is called as dip of the fault. The
    direction perpendicular to dip is called
    strike of the fault
    • Slip of the fault:-
    The relative displacement of two points which
    were initially against each other is known as
    slip of a fault. The maximum displacement is
    called as net slip and along strike is called as
    strike slip; displacement along the dip of the
    fault plane is called as dip slip

    The sudden slip of fault


    produces vibrations in the
    earth’s crust causing earth
    quakes
    • Hanging wall and foot wall:-
    In the case of an inclined fault plane ,the block
    which rests over the other is called as hanging
    wall and the underlying block is called as foot
    wall
    Causes of
    earth quakes

    Natural Artificial
    disturbances disturbances

    Volcanic
    causes

    Tectonic
    Causes
    Tectonic causes
    • Tectonic causes are those which occur inside earth
    • Due to tectonic motion in different directions,the
    rocks/plates have strain energy stored in them.
    The sudden slip at the fault results in release of
    strain energy in the form of seismic waves which
    causes the shaking of earth
    • Magnitude of earthquake depends on the amount
    of energy relesed
    • Eg:- Bhuj (2001)
    Volcanic causes
    • Volcanic activities produce sudden outburst or
    explosions
    • this impact is sometimes strong enough to
    produce vibrations in the nearby areas
    • These earth quakes are not very deep and of
    mild intensity . The damage caused due to this
    type of earthquake is confined within a few
    kilometers
    • Eg: Japan and Italy
    Artificial disturbances
    Due to man made disturbances such as
    • Nuclear tests and explosions
    • Mining blasts in the mining area
    • A massive landslide along hill slopes caused
    because of deforestation
    • Large and deep excavations
    • Vibrations due to heavy machinery used in
    industries or movement of heavy vehicles
    Terminology
    • Hypocenter:-
    Hypocenter or Focus is the point inside the
    surface of earth from where the earth quake
    originates. It is the point on the fault where
    the slip or the movement starts
    • Epicenter:-
    The point on the earth’s surface vertically above
    the hypocenter
    • Focal depth:
    The depth of focus from the epicenter is called
    as the focal depth. It is an important
    parameter in determining the extent of
    damage of earth quake.
    • Epicentral distance:-
    Distance from epicenter to point of any interest
    is called as epicentral distance. As the
    epicentral distance is increased, the effect of
    earthquake becomes less. Damage is
    maximum at epicenter and surrounding area
    • Fore shocks and after shocks:-
    A fault rupture is not a simple one time movement
    that produces “earth quake”.
    The fault movement generates a series of
    earthquakes. Out of these the biggest one is
    called as the earthquake(Main shock).
    The smaller size earthquakes that takes place
    before a big earthquake are called foreshocks
    and those after a big earth quake are called after
    shocks

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