NBT 47013.2-2015 Eng

ICS 77.040.
20
H 26
ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD

OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
中华人民共和国能源行业标准
NB/T 47013.2--2015
Replacing JB/T 4730.2-2005
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments-

Part 2: Radiographic testing
承压设备无损检测第 2 部分：射线检测
English Translation
Issued on April 02, 2015 Implemented on September 01, 2015
Issued by National Energy Administration
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Contents
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. 6
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................. 6
4 General requirements ................................................................................................................................ 8
5 The inspection process and its selection....................................................................................................13
6 Evaluation of RT results and quality grading for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
......................................................................................................................................................................31
7 The RT result evaluation and quality grading for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment’s pipes and pressure pipelines made of steel, nickel and copper ..............................................39
8 Inspection records and reports .................................................................................................................45
Annex A (Informative) Radiography requirements for tube-fillet welds ................................................47
Annex B (Normative) Industrial Radiographic Film System’s Characteristic Index ................................55
Annex C (Informative) Regular Inspection Methods of the Nigrometer (Optical Densimeter) .................56
Annex D (Informative) Determination of Darkroom’s Safety Irradiation Time .......................................57
Annex E (Informative) The diagram of typical penetrating methods ........................................................61
Annex F (Informative) Determination methods of penetrating times for circular butt welds ...................68
Annex G (Normative) Calculation methods of the focal size.......................................................................76
Annex H (Normative) Calculation methods of Geometric Unsharpness (Ug) ............................................77
Annex I (Informative) Light filter ...............................................................................................................78
Annex J (Normative) Placement Principle of the Positioning Marks .........................................................79
Annex K (Informative) The measuring methods for ionic concentration of thiosulfate on the film ..........84
Annex L (Normative) Reference block’s type and specification ................................................................85
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Foreword
NB/T 47013 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments is divided into 13 parts.
——Part 1: General requirements;
——Part 2: Radiographic testing;
——Part 3 Ultrasonic testing
——Part 4 Magnetic particle testing
——Part 5 Penetrant testing
——Part 6 Eddy current testing
——Part 7 Visual testing
——Part 8 Leak testing
——Part 9 Acoustic emission testing
——Part 10 Ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique testing
——Part 11 X-ray digital radioscopic examination
——Part 12 Magnetic flux leakage testing
Part 13 Pulsed eddy current testing
This is Part 2: Radiographic testing of NB/T 47013.
This Part is drafted according to the rules provided in GB/T 1.1-2009 Directives for standardization—Part
1:Structure and drafting of standards.
This part replaces JB/T 4730.2-2005 “Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments-Part 2: Radiographic
testing”, compared with JB/T 4730.2-2005, main changes are as follows:
--Enlarged application scope of the standard, increased plug-in fillet joint butt welds, put-type fillet joint
butt welds, as well as the detection technology and quality grading requirements for X-ray and γ-ray on tube-
plate board welds, the classification of steel is canceled;
--The modification increased some informative references.
--Increased special terms for ray detection and definitions;
--Increased the application provision ofTm170 and YM69;
- -Modified the systematic classification of industrial radiographic film, and the film is divided into six classes:
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6. Selection for film types are re-modified according to the new classification
standards, at the same time relevant requirements for measurement of film’s fog density;
- -Modified the contents of examination opportunity of nigrometer;
- -Increased relevant provisions for blackness scope and number of measuring points for the film with standard
density;
- -Increased the calculation formula of transmission times at inner eccentric transmission (F＜A/2)；
- -Increased intensifying screen’s quality and using requirements, medium-screen materials and thickness scope,
as well as intensifying screen’s materials and thickness scope for two rays of TM170 and Yb169, and
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defined manufacturing standards for the intensifying screen;
- -Increased the contents for application of hole pattern IQI, modified the member materials and scope used, as
well as placement principles for IQI made of different material;
- -Increased the determining contents for safety irradiation time in darkroom;
-- Increased the basic requirements for process documents for RT, and relevant provisions for verification;
-Modified allowable broadening principle RT technology under special conditions;
-Modified the requirements for inspection opportunity, defined the requirements that the inspection
opportunity shall meet relevant laws and regulations, specifications, standards and design technical documents,
at the same time, the inspection opportunity shall also meet other technical requirements negotiated by the both
parties;
-Increased the contents for determining the width scope of welding joints in inspection zone;
-Increased the application contents for transmission technology of dual-film and observational technique of
negative film;
-Increased the determination principle for on-time transmission length of tube-seat fillet weld, the welds of
ellipsoidal head and butterfly head in small γ zone, as well as the welds with continuously changed curvature;
-Increased the technical requirements for overlapping in effective evaluation zone;
-Modified the transmission principle of small-diameter pipe in the case that the structure is limited;
-Increased the broadening principle of f when the put-type and plug-in pipe-seat fillet weld source is in inner
transmission method;
-Increased the placement principle of the distance between the film and the workpiece inspected;
-Increased the limit of exposure time for γ-ray source, and the provisions of limiting application of multi-source
exposure, as well as the placement requirements of IQI for exposure of the whole sphere;
-Increased the recommended technical requirements for application of filter plates;
-Modified the placement principle of positioning marks and identification marks;
-Increased the selection principle for darkroom handling reagent of films, and the contents about delayed time
for film handling, as well as quality inspection for film handling;
-Modified the contents for film’s quality requirements, and increased the contents for storage of films;
-Modified the IQI’s sensitivity that different transmission thickness shall meet, the corresponding scope of
material thickness was enlarged, and the sensitivity requirements of hole IQI were also increased;
- Applicable welding structures were increased in the parts of RT results at welding joints and quality grading;
-Increased and modified the contents for RT records and reports.
-Cancelled the contents of “Types and specifications of special IQI”;
-Modified special reference block for small-diameter tube.
This part is proposed by National Boiler Pressure Vessel Standardization Technical Committee and under the
jurisdiction of it (SAC/TC 262).
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Drafting units of this part: China Special Equipment Detection Research Institute, Jiangsu Institute for
Safety Supervision and Inspection of Special Equipment, China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd, Gansu
Lanpec Technologies Limited, Dongfang (Guangzhou) Heavy Machinery Co., Ltd. Guangdong Special
Equipment Detection Research Institute, Heilongjiang Special Equipment Detection Research Institute, Tianjin
Chengxinda Metal Detection Technology Co., Ltd, Liaoning Instrument Institute Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Zhongte
Business Equipment Detection Co., Ltd.
Main drafters of this part:Zhang Tianpeng, Liang Lihong, Sheng Gongtian, Zhu Congbin, Li Jun, Cheng
Nutao Chen Yubao, Zi Zhuanghui, Sun Zhongbo, Li Hongguo.
The historical version replaced by this Part is as follows:
JB 4730—1994, JB/T 4730.2—2005 。
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Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Pressure-bearing Equipment
Part 2: Radiographic Testing (RT)
1Scope
1. 1.This part in NB/T47013 specifies detection technology and quality grading requirements of X-ray and γ-
ray used for welding joints on metal melting of pressure-bearing equipment.
1.2 In this part, the metals used for welding joints of metal melting include: Steel, copper and copper alloy,
aluminum and aluminum alloy, titanium and titanium alloy，nickel and nickel alloy. The types of welding
joints include the butt welds of plate and tube ’ butt joints (Hereinafter referred to as “Butt welds”), the butt
welds of plug-in and put-type connecting pipe’s fillet joint (Hereinafter referred to as “Fillet welds” ) and the
welds of pipe- pipe sheet welds (refer to Annex A).
1.3. The RT for other metal materials of pressure-bearing equipment, the welding joints of supporting parts and
structural members can also refer to this part.
2 Normative references
Following documents are indispensible for application of this document. For the dated documents so quoted,
only dated versions apply to this document. For the undated documents so quoted, the latest versions (including
all modification sheets) apply to this document.
GB 11533 STANDARD logarithmic visual acuity charts
GB/T 12604.2 Non-destructive testing-Terminology-Terms used in radiographic testing
GB 18871 Basic STANDARDs for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources
GB/T 19348.1 Non-destructive testing—Industrial radiographic films—Part 1:Classification of film systems
for industrial radiography
GB/T 19348.2 Non-destructive testing—Industrial radiographic films—Part 2:Control of film processingby
means of reference values
GB/T 19802 Non-destructive testing--Industrial radiographic illuminators--Minimum requirements
GB/T 23901.2 Non-destructive testing—Image quality of radiographs—Part 2: Image quality indicators
(step/hole type)—Determination of image quality value
GBZ 117 Radiological protection standards for industrial X-ray detection
GBZ 132 Radiological protection standards for industrial ganna-radiography
NB/T 47013.1 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments- Part 1: General requirements
JB/T 5075 Non-destructive testing—Metal intensifying screens for radiographic testing
JB/T 7902 Image quality indicators (wire type) for radiographic testing
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions defined by GB/T 12604.2 and NB/T 47013.1.
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3.1 Penetrated thickness W
Nominal thickness in radial irradiation direction. In multi-layer penetrating, the penetrated thickness shall be
equal to the sum of nominal thicknesses of various layers of material passed.
3.2
Object-to-film distance b
The distance between side surface of radiation source at object’s detected position detected along center of the
ray bundle and the film
3.3
Source-to-object distance f
The distance between sides surfaces of radiation source at object’s detected position detected along center of
the ray bundle
3.4
Focal distance F
The distance between radiation source detected along center of the ray bundle and the film
3.5
Source size d
Effective focal size of the source
3.6
Round flaw
The pore, slag inclusion and tungsten inclusion etc that the long-wide ratio is not larger than 3
3.7
Stripy flaw
The pore, slag inclusion and tungsten inclusion etc that the long-wide ratio is not larger than 3
3.8
Ratio of max. and min. penetrated thickness K
The ratio of maximum thickness and minimum thickness that the ray-bundle penetrates base metal within one-
time penetrating scope
3.9
Effective area of a single exposure
Meet the effective detection length of single exposure indicated by the standard.
3.10
Film evaluation scope
The scope that must be observed and evaluated on film indicated in this part.
3.11
Defect evaluation zone
Certain size area set for evaluating flaw quantity and density in the period of quality grading evaluation, it may
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be square or rectangle.
3.12
Bi-film technique
The penetrating technology means that a cassette is filled with two films and three intensifying screens (front,
medium and rear screens) for exposure, to observe the films on film viewer with biplate stacked system.
3.13
Small diameter tube
The tube that the outer diameter D0 is not larger than 100mm
4 General requirements
4. 1 Inspection personnel . 、.
4. 1. 1 The personnel engaging in RT shall meet relevant provisions of NB/T 47013.1. 、
4.1.2. Before posting, the personnel engaging RT shall accept trained in radiation safety knowledge, and get
:
corresponding certificates according to relevant laws and regulations.
4.1.3 RT personnel’s uncorrected or corrected near (distance) vision and distant (distance) vision shall be not
less than 5.0 (the recorded decimal is 1.0), and the test method shall meet GB 11533. The personnel engaging
evaluation of film whose vision shall be inspected every year.
4.2 Inspection equipment and apparatus
4.1. 1 Ray apparatus
4.2. 1. 1 Two radiation sources can be used:
a) X-ray being accelerated with X-ray machine and the accelerator;
b) γ-ray generated from the radiation sources of Co60, Irl92, Se75, Ybl69 and Tml70
4.2. 1.2 Through negotiation between the both parties, other new radiation source can be used. In this case,
relevant detection technical requirements shall still be subject to provisions of this part.
4.2.2 Radiographic film
4.2.2.1 According to GB/T19348.1, the film system can be divided into 6 classes, that is, Cl, C2, C3, C4, C5
and C6. C1 is the highest class, and C6 is the lowest class, for feature indications of the film system, see Annex
B.
4. 2.2.2 The film manufacturer shall conduct system performance test to the films produced, provide types and
parameters. The handling methods, equipment and chemical agentia shall meet GB/T 19348.2, using the pre-
exposure films provided by the film manufacturer to test and control. The film exceeding using period specified
by the film manufacturer can’t be used. And the film shall be stored according to the temperature and humidity
conditions recommended by the manufacturer, avoid any ionizing radiation.
4.2.3Film viewer
Main performance of the film viewer shall meet relevant provisions of GB/T 19802, and the maximum
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brightness shall meet the requirements of film evaluation.
4.2.4 Nigrometer ( Optical densimeter)
4.2.4. 1 The maximum blackness that can be tested by the nigrometer shall be not less than 4.5, and the
measuring error shall not exceed±0.05.
4. 2. 4. 2 Before being used for the first time, the nigrometer shall be checked, and then it shall be checked
every 6 months at least. The inspection method shall meet the provisions of Annex C, and the records shall be
made for inspection each time. When the work begins or after continuous work for 8h, two points shall be
selected at least for inspection within the blackness scope to be measured.
4. 2. 5 Film with standard density
The standard density film shall include 8 blackness criteria with certain intervals, which can cover the
scope of 0.3~ 4.5 and the films shall be calibrated every two years at least. The storage and using conditions of
standard density films must be specially paid attention to.
4.2.6 Intensifying screen
4. 2.6.1 In general, for RT, the metal intensifying screen can be used or no intensifying screen can be used, the
metal intensifying screen shall meet the requirements of GJ/T5075, and the intensifying screen shall be
completely cleaned, polished, without track.
4. 2 6. 2 When the intensifying screen is used, the film shall well touch intensifying screen. And selection of
intensifying screen shall meet the provisions of Table 1.
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Table 1 Materials and thickness of the intensifying screen
Front screen Rear screen Medium screen
Radiation source Material
Thickness/mm Thickness/mm Thickness/mm
X-ray(≤100kV) Lead Not use or the ≤0.03 —

value is ≤ 0.03
d
X-ray (> 100 kv ~ Lead 0.02-0.10 0,02 〜0.15 2×0.02-2×0.10
150kV)
X-rayd (>100kV 〜250kV) Lead 0.02-0.15 0,02-0.15 2×0.02-2×0.10
X-rayd (> 250 kV ~ Lead 0.02 ~ 0.20 0.02 ~ 0.20 2×0.02-2×0.10

500kV)
Tml70 Lead Not use or the Not use or the value is ≤ —
value is ≤ 0.03 0.03
Ybl69d Lead 0.02-0.15 0.02 〜(0.15) 2×0.02-2×0.10
Se75 Lead Level A: 0.02-0.20 Level A: 0.02-0.20 2×0.10

Lead
Level-AB, level-B Level-AB, level-B 2×0,10
a
0.10~ 0.20 0.10~ 0.20
Irl92 Lead Level A: 0.02 - Level A: 0.02 - 0.20 2×0.10
Lead 0.20
Level-AB, level-B Level-AB, level-B 2×0.10
0.10~ 0.20 a 0.10~ 0.20
Co60b Steel or copper 0,25 - 0.70 0.25 - 0.70 0.25
Lead 0.50-2.0 0.50-2.0 2×0.10

(Level A, level-
AB )
X-ray (1MeV ~ 4MeV ) Steel or copper 0.25 ~ 0.70 0.25~0.70 0.25
Lead 0.50 ~ 2.0 0.50 ~ 2.0 2× 0.10mm or not use

(Level A, level-
AB )
X-ray (4MeV ~ 12MeV) Copper, steel or ≤1.0 Copper, steel≤ 1.0 0.25
tantalum
Tantalum≤0.50 0.25
Lead 0.50 ~ 1.0 0.50- 1:0 2×0.10mm or not use

(Level A, level-
AB )
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Front screen Rear screen Medium screen
Radiation source Material
Thickness/mm Thickness/mm Thickness/mm
a
If level AB and level B adopt vacuum package film that the front screen is ≤0.03mm, a lead screen with the thickness of
0.07mm~0.15mm shall be added between the object and film.
b
When Co60 radiation source is used for penetrating the material with the trend of delayed track or the lower limiting value of
standard tensile strength of Rm≥540MPa, level AB and level B shall adopt steel or copper intensifying screen.
c
For bi-film penetrating technology , medium screen shall be increased.
d
When X-ray and Yb169 radiation source are used, the thickness of each layer of medium screen shall not exceed that of the
front screen.
4. 2. 7 IQI
4. 2. 7. 1 Image quality of the film shall adopt line-type IQI or hole-type IQI for measuring, the types and
specifications of universal line-type IQI and equal-diameter line-type IQI shall meet JB/T 7902, while the type
and specification of hole-type IQI shall meet the requirements of GB/T 23901.2.
4. 2. 7. 2.The IQI’s material code, material, as well as the scope of object materials used for IQI made of
different materials shall meet Table 2, the absorption coefficient of IQI material shall be close to or equal to that
of the materials to be inspected as far as possible, and which shall not be higher than absorption coefficient of
the materials to be inspected in any case.
Table 2: The material scope used for IQI made of different materials
Material code of the IQI A1 Ti Fe Ni Cu
IQI materials Industrial pure Industrial pure Carbon steel Nickel 3# pure copper
aluminum tantalum - chromium alloy
Scope of applicable Aluminum ,alu Tantalum, Steel Nickel- nickel Copper-copper
materials minum alloy tantalum alloy alloy alloy
4.2.8. Determination for safety radiation time of the darkroom
The film shall be conducted darkroom processing in safety lamplight recommended by the film
manufacturer; determination for safety radiation time of the darkroom can refer to Annex D.
4.3 Levels of the measurement technique
4.3.1 RT technique can be divided into three levels: Level A—Low sensitivity technique; Level AB- Medium
sensitivity technique; and Level B-High sensitivity technique.
4.3.2. Selection of the RT technique’s levels shall meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations, standards
and design documents, at the same time; it shall meet other technical requirements agreed by the both parties.
For RT of the pressure-bearing equipment’s welding joints, in general, level AB RT technique is used. For the
welding joints on important equipment, structures, and special materials, as well as the welding joints made
with special process, level-B technique shall be used for inspection.
4. 3. 3 When some conditions in the test can’t meet the requirements of level-AB (or level B) RT technique,
through the negotiation of the both parties, under the premise of adopting effective compensation measures
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(For example: Select the films of higher class), if the IQI’s sensitivity can meet the requirements of RT
technique for level-AB (or level B), the test can be considered as being detected with level-AB (level B) RT
technique.
4.3.4 When the pressure-bearing equipment is used in the inspection, if some inspection conditions can’t meet
the requirements of level AB RT technique, through negotiations between the both parties, effective
compensation measures shall be taken (For example: Select the films of higher class), and then level-A
technique can be used for RT, while, at the same time, other NDT methods shall also be used for compensation.
4.4 Process documents for inspection
4.4. 1 The process documents for inspection include process rules and operation instructions
4. 4.2 The process rules shall meet the requirements of NB/T 47013.1, in addition, specific scope or
requirements of the following relevant factors shall also be specified; if changes of relevant factors exceed the
requirements, the process rules shall be re-prepared or revised:
a) Structure, material types and thickness in the applicable scope;
b) Types, energy and focal size of the radiation sources;
c) Levels of the inspection technique;
d) Penetrating technique;
e) Penetrating methods;
f) Type and levels of the films;
g) Type of the IQI;
h) Types of the intensifying screen and filter plate (If any);
i) The methods or conditions for darkroom processing;
j) Observation technique of films.
4.4.3 The operation instructions shall be prepared for specific inspection object, according to the standards and
technological procedure, and the contents shall meet the requirements of NB/T 47013.1, in addition, they shall
also include at least:
a) Preparation basis;
b) Applicable scope: The inspected object’s type (form, structure etc), size scope (thickness and other geometric
size), types of the material used;
c) Inspection equipment and apparatus: Radiation source (kind, type, and focal size), films (brand and levels),
intensifying screen (type, quantity and thickness), IQI (kind and type), filter plate, back scattering shielding
lead plate, marks and processing and observation equipment for film darkroom etc;
d) Inspection technique and process: The inspection technique level used, penetrating technique (single or bi-
films), penetrating method (source-object- relative position of films), radiation source, film, exposure
parameters, type of the IQI, locating position and quantity, type and placement of the mark symbols, and film-
arrangement principle etc;
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e) The processing methods and conditions for film darkroom;
f) Observation techniques for films (evaluations for biplate overlapping or monolithic observation);
g) Quality requirements for films: Geometric unsharpness, blackness, sensitivity of IQI, and marks etc;
h) Acceptance standards;
i) Verification requirements for the operation instructions.
4.4.4 The operation instructions being used for the first time shall be conducted process verification, to verify
whether the film’s quality can meet the standards. And the verification can be conducted by special penetrating
test, or the first batch of films is treated as the verification basis. In such two cases, the films treated as
verification basis shall be equipped with identifications.
4.5. Protection of radiation safety
4.5.1 The radiation protection shall meet relevant requirements of GB 18871, GBZ 117and GBZ 132.
4.5.2 When X-ray inspection is conducted on site, the control zone and management zone shall be designated,
and warning signs shall also be set according to the requirements of GBZ 117, the inspector shall carry personal
dosimeter and dosage alarm apparatus.
4.5.3 When γ-ray inspection is conducted on site, the control zone and supervision zone shall be designated
according to requirements of GBZ 132, and waning signs shall also be set, in the period of inspection operation,
the radiation level shall be measured at boundary of the control zone. The inspector shall carry personal
dosimeter and dosage alarm apparatus.
5 The inspection process and its selection

5.1 Inspection opportunity
5.1.1 The inspection opportunity shall relevant provisions, specifications, standards and design documents, at
the same time; it shall meet other technical requirements agreed by the both parties.
5.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, RT shall be conducted after production of the welding joints being completed,
for the materials with delayed cracks; the welding joints shall be made 24h after the welding being completed.
5.2 Inspection zone
5.2.1 The inspection zone’s width shall meet relevant laws and regulations, specifications, standards and design
technical documents, at the same time, it shall meet other technical requirements agreed by the both parties, for
the welding joints of non-electroslag welding, in general, the width shall meet the following requirements:
a) For the butt welds, the inspected zone shall include the welds metal, as well as adjacent base metal zone with
the relative distance of 5mm at least to edge of the welds.
b) For the fillet welds, the inspection zone shall include welds metal and adjacent base metal zone, or adjacent
base metal zone of plug-in main pipe (or cylinder, end socket and panel etc) with the relative distance of 5mm
at least to the welds’ edge.
5.2.2 For the electroslag welding joints, the width of inspection zone can be determined with the measured
HAZ, or through the negotiations between the both parties.
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5.3. Surface requirements
Before RT, surface of the welding joints shall be qualified by visual inspection. The image of irregularity of
surface on films shall not cover image of the flaw, or the surface shall be properly trimmed.
5.4 Selection of films
5.4.1 Level-A and level-AB RT technique shall adopt C5 or higher class of films, while, level-B RT technology
shall adopt C4 or higher class of films.
5.4.2 When γ-ray and X-ray with high energy are used for RT, as well as when the high-strength materials with
lower limiting value of the standard tensile strength of Rm≥540MPa are inspected, C4 or higher class of films
shall be used.
5.5. Arrangement of penetration
5.5.1. Penetrating technique of the films
In this part, the following two penetrating techniques are allowed:
a) Single-film penetrating technique.
The technique adopts a film. In this case, X-ray (≤100kv) and Tm170 radiation source only allow adopting
single-film penetrating technology.
b) Bi-film penetrating technology
Two films with same or close classification grades.
5.5.2. Penetrating methods
5.5.2.1. Proper penetrating methods shall be selected according to work features and the requirements of
technical conditions. In fact, single-wall penetrating methods shall be selected in priority, only the single-wall
penetrating can’t be implemented, bi-wall penetrating method is allowed to use. For typical penetrating
methods, see Annex E.
5.5.2.2. For put-type and plug-in fillet welds, the outer-source penetrating methods shall be used. When the
internal-source penetrating methods for plug-in fillet welds are used, the penetrating arrangement that the
radiation source is placed on branch-tube’s axis shall be selected in priority.
5.5.3 Penetrating direction
In penetrating, in general, center of the ray-bundle center shall be vertical to center of the penetrated zone,
and coincide with normal on surface of the object, if necessary, the penetrating direction in favor of finding
flaws can also be selected.
5.5.4 On-time penetrating length:
a) One-time penetrating length shall be controlled with the penetrating thickness ratio of K. The RT techniques
at different levels and the K values of different welding joints shall meet the requirements of Table 3.The
penetrating times needed by the whole circular welding joints determined by K value can refer to the curve
chart in Annex F;
b) When the radiation source is used for inner-eccentricity penetrating (F＜D0/2)， the penetrating times shall
be calculated according to the formula in Annex F.
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c) The fillet welds, ellipsoidal head, the welds in small r zone of dished head, as well as other welds that the
curvature is continuously changed can not adopt K value to determine the one-time penetrating length, and
such length can be determined with the blackness scope, the length scope that the film’s blackness meets
the requirements of 5.16.1 shall be considered as the one-time penetrating length to be adopted.
Table 3: Allowable penetrating thickness ratio K

Levels of RT technique Level -A；level-AB Level -B
Longitudinal welding joints K≤1.03 K≤1.01
a
Circular welding joints K≤1.1 K≤1.06
For the circular welding joints of 100mm ≤D0≤400mm (including the curve-face welding joints), level -A
and level-AB can adopt the value of k: K≤1.2.
5.5.5 Overlapping of effective evaluation zone

5.5.5.1 When the welds are inspected with all rays, the exposure times used and effective overlapping in
evaluation zone can ensure to inspect the whole volume scope to be inspected.
5.5.5.2. If the direct darkroom overlapping penetrating is used, such methods shall also be able to ensure that
film blackness in the whole effective evaluation zone can meet the requirements of 5.16.1.
5.5.6. Penetrating of small-diameter tube.
5.5.6.1. Penetrating arrangement of circular welding joints for small-diameter tubes.
The circular welding joints for small-diameter tubes adopt bi-wall and bi-image penetrating arrangement, when
the following conditions can be met at the same time, elliptic imaging can be achieved with tilt penetrating
method:
T(wall thickness)≤8mm; g(width of the welds)≤D0/4
In elliptic imaging, the image’s open width (maximum interval of the upper-lower welds’ projections)shall be
controlled to be one time of about the weld’s width
If the conditions above can’t be met, or elliptic imaging is difficult to achieve, the overlapping imaging
with vertical penetrating can be used.
5. 5. 6. 2 Penetrating times of small-diameter tube’s circular welding joints
The penetrating times for 100% inspection of small-diameter tube’s circular welding joints: When the elliptic
imaging adopts tilt penetrating, if T/D0 is ≤0.12, the interval is 90°，and the penetrating times are twice. If
T/D0 is ＞0.12, the interval is 120°or 60°， the penetrating times are three times. If vertical penetrating
overlapping imaging is used, in general, the interval is 120°or 60°，and the penetrating times shall be 3;
When multi-penetrating is conducted according to the provisions above, the zone where the blackness in
inspected zone on the film meet 5.16.1 is effective evaluation zone, the overlapping of effective evaluation
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zones of adjacent films shall be able to ensure to cover whole volume scope of the inspected zone, If the
minimum exposure times can’t meet the requirements of 100% coverage, the exposure times shall be increased.
5. 5. 6.3 Special situations

If multi-penetrating can’t be conducted at the interval angle specified in 5.5.6.2 because of the structure,
through negotiation between the both parties, the interval angle specified in 5.5.6.2 can be not mandatorily
limited anymore，but effective measures shall be taken to enlarge inspectable scope of flaws as far as possible,
at the same time, to ensure that the blackness and sensitivity in the evaluation scope of films can meet the
requirements, and relevant situations can be explained in the inspection reports.
5.6 Ray energy
5.6.1 Under the premise of ensuring penetrating power, X-ray imaging shall adopt low tube voltage. If the high
tube voltage is used, the proper exposure shall be ensured. Figure 1 indicates the maximum X-ray tube voltage
allowed for different materials and penetrating thicknesses.
5.6.2 For the pressure-bearing equipment that the section thickness is not changed greatly, under the premise of
ensuring sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage exceeding to the specified value in Figure 1 can be used. But for
steel, copper and copper alloy, as nickel and nickel alloy materials, the tube voltage increment shall not exceed
50KV; For tantalum and tantalum alloy materials, the tube voltage increment shall not exceed 40KV; For
aluminum and aluminum alloy materials, the tube voltage increment shall not exceed 30KV;
5.6.3 The penetrating thickness scope suitable for γ-ray source and high-energy X-ray shall meet the provisions
of Table 4.
5.6.4 If the source included penetrating method is used, under the premise of ensure that sensitivity of IQI is up
to specified value of 5.16.2, the minimum thickness of γ-ray can be taken as 1/2 of lower limiting value in
Table 4.
16
NB/T 47013.2-2015
Maximum allowable tube voltage
Penetrating thickness w/mm
Notes:
1- Copper and copper alloy, nickel and nickel alloy;
2- Steel;
3- Tantalum and tantalum alloy;
4- Aluminum and aluminum alloy.
Figure 1 Maximum Penetrating Tube Voltage for X-ray Suitable for Different Penetrating Thicknesses
5.6.5 Usage of other penetrating methods, under the premise adopting effective compensating measures to
ensure IQI sensitivity to meet requirements of 5.16.2, through negotiations between the both parties, the
minimum penetrating thickness of Ir 192 source with level-A and level-AB techniques can be reduced to10mm,
and the minimum penetrating thickness of Se75 can be reduced to 5mm.
17
Table 4: The scope of penetrating thickness for γ-ray source and X-ray equipment with the energy of
above 1MeV (steel, copper, nickel alloy etc)
Radiation source Penetrating thickness w/mm

Level –A ，level-AB Level-B
Tml70 ≤5 ≤5
a
Ybl69 ≥1 〜15 ≥2〜12
Se75b ≥ 10 ~ 40 ≥14~40
Irl92 ≥20〜100 ≥ 20 ~ 90
Co60 ≥40~ 200 ≥60~ 150
X -ray(lMeV~4MeV) ≥30~200 ≥50〜180
X –ray (＞4 MeV ~ 12MeV ) ≥50 ≥80
a
For aluminum and tantalum, the penetrating thickness of level A and level AB:10＜W＜70， the penetrating thickness of level
B: 25＜W＜55
b
For aluminum and tantalum, the penetrating thickness of level A and level AB:35＜W＜120.
NB/T 47013.2-2015
5.7 The maximum distance from the radiation source to surface of the object
5.7.1 The distance between the radiation source selected to surface of the object f shall meet requirements of
the following formula:
Level A RT technique: f≥7.5d·b2/3
Level AB RT technique: f≥10d·b2/3
Level B RT technique: f≥15d·b2/3
Figure 2 is the nomograph of f determined with level A and level B RT techniques, while Figure 3 is the
nomograph of f determined with level AB RT technique. And the effective focal size d can be calculated
according to the provisions of Annex G.
18
Effective focal size
The distance from level-B radiation source to surface of the object
The distance from level-A radiation source to surface of the object

The distance from surface of the object to the film
Figure 2 the nomograph from the focus determined with level A and level B RT techniques to surface of
the object
19
NB/T 47013.2-2015
The distance from surface of the object to the

The distance from level-AB radiation source to
Effective focal size
surface of the object
film
Figure 3 the nomograph from the focus determined with level AB RT technique to surface of the object
5.7.2. When the source included center penetrating method for circular exposure is used, if quality of the film
meets requirements of 5.16.1 and 5.16.2, the value of f can be reduced, but the reduced value can’t exceed 50%
20
of specified value.
5.7.3. When the source included single-wall penetrating method is used, if quality of the film meets
requirements of 5.16.1 and 5.16.2, the value of f can be reduced, but the reduced value can’t exceed 20% of
specified value.
5.7.4. When the put-type and plug-in fillet welds adopt source included single-wall center penetrating method
is used(Figure E.9 and E.13 in Annex E), if quality of the film meets requirements of 5.16.1 and 5.16.2, the
value of f can be reduced, but the reduced value can’t exceed 50% of specified value.
5.7.5. When the put-type and plug-in fillet welds adopt source included single-wall center penetrating method
is used(Figure E.9 and E.13 in Annex E), if quality of the film meets requirements of 5.16.1 and 5.16.2, the
value of f can be reduced, but the reduced value can’t exceed 50% of specified value.
5.7.5. When the put-type and plug-in fillet welds adopt source included single-wall eccentricity penetrating
method is used(Figure E.10 and E.14 in Annex E), if quality of the film meets requirements of 5.16.1 and
5.16.2, the value of f can be reduced, but the reduced value can’t exceed 20% of specified value.
5.7.6. If the allowable maximum geometric unsharpness (Ug) has been specified by relevant laws and
regulations, specifications, standards, design technical documents or through negotiations between the both
parties, in actual penetrating, the geometric unsharpness (Ug) shall be calculated according to Annex H.
5.8. The distance between the film and object inspected
In the period of exposure, the film shall be close to the object, unless special provisions or the penetrating
arrangement can ensure to get better penetrating images of the inspected zone. When the source included
penetrating of fillet welds is used, the film shall be close to welds on the inspected object as far as possible.
5.9. Exposure quantity
5.9.1. X-ray radiography, when the focus is 700mm, recommended value of the exposure quantity is : For level
A and level AB RT techniques, the value shall be not less than 15mA·min; for level B RT, the value shall be not
less than 20mA·min. When the focus is changed, recommended value of the exposure quantity can be
calculated according to inverse square law.
5.9.2. When γ-ray is used for penetrating, the total exposure time shall be not less than 10 times that the time
needed for back and forth of transmission source.
5.9.3. When Co60γ-ray is used for penetrating, the exposure time shall not exceed 12h; When Ir192γ-ray is
used for penetrating, the exposure time shall not exceed 8h, multiply radiation sources can’t be bundled for
penetrating.
5.10. Exposure curve
5.10.1. For each set of ray equipment being used, the exposure curve of frequent inspection material shall be
made, to determine exposure parameters according to the exposure curve.
5.10.2. The conditions used for making exposure curve , such as films, intensifying screen, focus, ray energy
etc, as well as the sensitivity , blackness and other parameters that the film shall reach shall meet requirements
of this part.
21
5.10.3. The exposure curve being used shall be inspected every year at least. When significant parts of the ray
equipment are replaced, or the equipment is greatly repaired, the exposure curve shall be checked or re-made.
5.10.4. When γ-ray source is used, the exposure guide rule etc can be used to calculate exposure time.
5.11. Shielding of useless rays and scattered rays
5.11.1 Metal intensifying screen, lead plate, filter plate, collimator and other proper measures shall be used to
shield the scattered rays and useless rays and limit scope of the scattering field. The recommended technical
requirements for steel pressure-bearing equipment’s filter plate are listed in Annex I.
5.11.2. For the inspection process initially prepared, when the used inspection conditions and environment are
changed, back scattering protection inspection shall be conducted.
The methods for inspecting back scattering protection: Paste “B” letter on back of the cassette, in general,
height of B letter is 13mm, the thickness of 1.6mm, the penetrating and darkroom processing shall be
conducted according to the inspection process. If “B” letter image appears on the film, and the blackness of this
letter is lower that background blackness around, which indicates that the back scattering protection is
insufficient, the thickness of back scattering protection lead plate shall be increased. If no “B” letter image
appears on the film, or “B” letter image appears, and the blackness is higher than background blackness around,
which indicates that the back scattering protection meets the requirements.
If the back scattering is slight, or the rear intensifying screen is enough to shield the back scattered rays, the
back scattering protection lead plate can be not used.
5.12.Use of the IQI
5.12.1 Placing principle of the IQI
In general, the line-type IQI shall be placed one end of the welding joints (at the position of about 1/4 of the
length in inspected zone), the metal line shall cross the welds, and the fine metal line shall be placed outside; in
general, the stepped-bore IQI shall be placed outside of the HAZ of welding joints at center of inspected zone,
if such placement can’t be achieved, it shall be placed outside of deposited metal zone at least. When multiply
welding joints are penetrated on one film at the same time, the IQI shall be placed at welds of the most edge in
the penetrating zone.
Placement of the IQI shall also meet the following requirements:
a) For single-wall penetrating, the IQI shall be placed on side of the radiation source. According to the
requirements, for bi-wall single-image penetrating, the IQI shall be placed on side of the film. For bi-wall
and bi-image penetrating, the IQI can be placed on side of the radiation source, and it can also be placed on
side of the film;
b) For single-wall penetrating, if the IQI can’t be placed on side of the radiation source, it can be placed on side
of the film(except for exposure of sphere’s full view);
c) For single-wall penetrating, when the IQI is placed on side of the film, the contrast test can be conducted.
Method of the contrast test is to respectively place an IQI on side of the radiation source and the side of
film, and the penetrating can be conducted under the conditions same with those of the object, to measure
22
difference of sensitivity that the IQI is placed on side of the radiation source and side of the film, to correct
sensitivity provisions of the IQI, so that the sensitivity of film actually penetrated meets the requirements;
d) When the IQI is placed on side of the film, the letter “F” shall be placed at proper position on the IQI as the
mark, image of F mark shall appear on the film with mark of the IQI at the same time, and which shall be
indicated in the inspection report.
5.12.2 Quantity of the IQI
In principle, there shall be image of the IQI on each film. When multiply film photos are completed with
one exposure , the IQI’s quantity used can be reduced, but which shall meet the following requirements:
a) When the source of circular welding joints is placed at the center for circular exposure, 3 IQIs at least shall
be placed on the circular at equal interval ;
b) When the source of sphere welding joints is placed at the center for full-view exposure, the IQI shall be
placed on each film of upper-pole and lower-pole welds, and 3 IQI at least shall be placed at equal interval
on longitudinal welds and circular welds of each zone;
c) For multiply films continuously arrayed in one-time exposure, the IQI shall be respectively placed on the
first, medium and the last film.
5.12.3. Small-diameter tube butt welds
When the small-diameter adopts universal line-type and special isometric line-type IQIs, the metal line shall be
vertical to the welds, and placed cross the welds.
5.12.4. The butt welds among the materials with different thicknesses and materials
According to geometric forms of the welding joints, the positions with different thicknesses or different
materials shall respectively adopt the IQI matching with thickness or types of the inspected materials, and the
IQI shall be placed at corresponding locations of the welding joints.
5,12.5 Fillet welds
The line-type IQI is recommended to use, which shall be placed according to the position that the IQI can be
able to project to the inspected zone. If possible, the IQI shall be placed in the zone with minimum blackness as
far as possible.
5.12.6 'Image identification of the IQI:
When the line-type IQI is used, number of the finest metal line that can be identified on the film is sensitivity of
the IQI. If the continuous metal image with the length of not less than 10mm can be clearly found at uniform
part of the film(in general, this part is base metal zone close to the welds), the metal line shall be identifiable.
The special isometric line-type IQI can be used for identifying two metal lines at least.
When the step-pore IQI is used, number of the smallest pore that can be identified on the film is sensitivity of
the IQI, if there is two pores on the same step, both of the two pores on the film shall be identifiable.
5.13 Marks
5.13.1 The marks at penetrating parts are consisted of identification mark and positioning park. In general, the
marks are consisted of lead figures (or other proper heavy metals), phonetic alphabet and symbols with proper
23
size. The marks on the film shall be able to display , and which shall not affect evaluation of the film, materials
and thickness of the marks shall be selected according to thickness of the inspected object, so that the mark’s
image is not dim, no glare.
5.13.2 In general, the identification marks include: Product No., No. of the welding joints, position No. and
penetrating date. The penetrating that has been re-worked also shall have re-working mark, the penetrating that
the inspection proportion has been enlarged shall have the mark of enlarging inspection.
5.13.3 In general, the positioning marks include: Central mark, overlapping mark and the marks of inspection
zone etc. The central mark means the center of penetrating zone and segment number’s direction, in general, it
is expressed as “+”. The overlapping mark is the penetrating segment’s mark in continuous inspection, it can be
expressed with “ ”or other methods that can display the overlapping situations (such as figures etc). The
marks in inspection zone shall be only used for clearly identify scope of the inspection zone.
5.13.4 When residual height inside and outside of the welds is removed, the inspection zone’s position and
width can’t be determined from the film, proper positioning marks shall be used (such as lead strip) for
identifying.
5.13.5 The pre-exposure method can be used to get relevant identification marks, but effective measures must
be taken to ensure that corresponding inspected zone on the object can be traced according to pre-exposure
marks on the film, and some measures shall be taken to ensure that the zone without identification marks can’t
be exposed.
5.13.6 The positioning marks shall be placed on the object, and its placement shall meet the requirements of
Annex J. Images of all marks can’t overlap. And the image within effective evaluation can’t be interfered.
When the positioning marks on side of the radiation source needs to place on side of the film because of the
structure, the inspection records and report shall be remarked with actual evaluation scope.
5.13.7 The identification marks can be placed on side of the radiation source or the side of the film, all images
of the marks shall not overlap, and which can interfere the images within effective evaluation scope.
5.13.8 In order to identify position of the film accurately, permanent identifications or position features on the
object shall be treated as the reference points; if permanent identifications can’t be made because of the
material’s nature and using conditions, other methods shall be used(film arrangement chart) to determine
position of the film.
5.14 Film processing and quality inspection
5.14.1 Film processing
In general, film processing is conducted according to instructions of the film. Which can be processed with
automatic washing or manual washing, the automatic method is recommended. In general, the washing formula
or drugs produced or recommended by the film manufacturer, and the requirements of GB/T19348.2 shall be
met, the formula or drugs produced by other manufacturers can also be used through comparison and tests.
Manual processing and automatic processing of films shall be completed within 8h after exposure; it shall not
24
exceed 24h.
5.14.2 Quality inspection of the films
In general, after darkroom processing, the concentration of thiosulfate ions shall be less than 0.050g/m2. The
concentration measurement can be conducted according to requirements of Annex K, and the measurement
results shall be recorded.
The inspection frequency shall be determined by the inspection party, but, in this period, the darkroom
processing conditions shall be not changed.
Through the inspection, if the concentration of thiosulfate ions is larger than 0.050g/m2, the following actions
shall be taken:
a) Stop darkroom processing and take correct measures;
b) Recheck the conformity of photographic fixing and processing procedure verification;
c) Re-process all films with flaws.
5.14.3 Measurement of fog density
The film’s fog density shall not exceed 0.3. Sampling shall be conducted in batch from the films purchased.
The processing shall adopt the darkroom processing conditions same as those of actual inspection, and then
to conduct measure of fog density. If the measured films haven’t been used up within 6 months, they shall
be re-measured, to check whether the films meet the storage requirements specified in 4.2.2.
5.15 Evaluation requirements of the film
In general, the film-evaluation shall be conducted in special evaluation room. Such room shall be clean, quiet,
with proper temperature, the light ray shall dark and gentle.
5.15.2 The evaluation shall undergo certain dark adaption time before evaluating. In general, the dark adaption
time from sunlight to evaluation of films is 5min~10min; and the dark adaption time from general room to
evaluation of films shall be not less than 30s.
5.15.3. In the period of film evaluation, the brightness within evaluation scope shall meet the following
requirements:
a) When the blackness within scope of the evaluation is D≤2.5, the brightness penetrating the elevation scope
shall be not less than 30cd/m2;
b) When the blackness within scope of the evaluation is D＞2.5, the brightness penetrating the elevation scope
shall be not less than 10cd/m2;
5.16 Quality of the films
5.16.1 Blackness
Blackness of the films shall be measured with a nigrometer(optical densitometer), the blackness scope
corresponded by different penetrating technique and film observation technique is as follows:
5.16.1.1 For penetrating technique of single-film, observation evaluation of single film, the blackness D
within the evaluation scope shall meet the following requirements:
Level A:1.5≤D≤4.5；
25
Level AB:2.0≤D≤4.5;
Level B: 2.3≤D≤4.5.
5.16.1.2 For penetrating technique of bi-film, observation evaluation of bi-film overlapping, the blackness D
within the evaluation scope shall meet requirements of 2.7≤D≤4.5.
Note 1: In overlapping evaluation of bi-film, for the local zone where the blackness exceeds 4.5, if single-film
blackness scope meets the requirements of 5.16.1.1, this zone can be conducted with single-film evaluation.
Note 2: When similar films are used, the blackness difference measured at same points on each film in effective
evaluation zone shall not exceed 0.5.
Note 3: Any blackness of single-film used for overlapping evaluation of bi-films shall be not less than 1.3.
Note 4: Each film shall be observed, analyzed and stored at the same time.
5.16.1.3 Using X-ray to penetrate small-diameter tube or other objects with large changes in thickness of
section thickness, when the single-film is observed and evaluated, the minimum blackness of level AB can be
reduced to 1.5; for level B, the minimum blackness can be reduced to 2.0.
5.16.1.4 When the inspection zone is evaluated, the blackness scopes corresponding to the zones of different
film penetrating technique or different film observation technique shall be respectively identified in the report.
5.16.1.5 The maximum blackness limit in evaluation zone can be improved, but the film viewer shall be
verified, brightness of the film viewer shall be able to ensure that the brightness within the scope of film’s
highest evaluation can meet the requirements of 5.15.3.
5.16.2 IQI sensitivity of the film
For single-wall penetrating, when the IQI is placed on side of the radiation source, the sensitivity shall meet
requirements of Table 5 and Table 6; for bi-wall bi-image penetrating, when the IQI is placed on side of the
radiation source, the sensitivity shall meet requirements of Table 7 and Table 8; for bi-wall single-image or bi-
wall bi-image penetrating, when the IQI is placed on side of the film, the sensitivity shall meet the requirements
of Table 9 and Table 10.
5.16.3 Other requirements
On the film, images of the positioning and identifying marks shall be completely displayed, and the position
shall be correct.
There shall be no fog affecting the observation, water stains, scratch, developing stripe, static stripe and
impression and other pseudo-flaws, as well as various fake images brought by flaws of intensifying screen.
When the bi-film is used for overlapping observation and evaluation, if there is slight fake flaw or scratch on
one film, this film can be accepted in the case without affecting identification and film evaluation.
26
Table 5 Sensitivity of line-type IQI----Single-wall penetrating, the IQI is placed on side of the radiation
source
Screw number and Scope of nominal thickness (T)/mm
diameter that shall be Level A Level AB Level B
identified/mm
19(0.050) — — ≤1.5
18(0.063) — ≤1.2 〉1.5-2.5
17(0.080) ≤1.2 〉1.2-2.0 〉2.5-4.0
16(0.100) ≤1.2-2.0 〉2.0-3.5 〉4.0-6.0
15(0.125) 〉2.0-3.5 〉3.5-5.0 〉6.0-8.0
14(0.160) 〉3.5-5.0 〉5.0-7.0 〉8.0-12
13(0.20) 〉5.0-7.0 〉7.0-10 〉12-20
12(0.25) 〉7.0-10 〉10-15 〉20-30
11(0.32) 〉10-15 〉15-25 〉30-35
10(0.40) 〉15-25 〉25-32 〉35-45
9(0.50) 〉25-32 〉32-40 〉45-65
8(0.63) 〉32-40 〉40-55 〉65-120
7(0.80) 〉40-55 〉55-85 〉120-200
6(1.00) 〉55-85 〉85-150 〉200-350
5(1.25) 〉85-150 〉150-250 〉350
4(1.60) 〉150-250 〉250-350 —
3(2.00) 〉250-350 〉350 —
2(2.50) 〉350 — —
Note: When outer diameter of the tube or branch is≤120mm, the sensitivity of fillet welds’ IQI can be reduced for
one level
27
Table 6 Sensitivity of pore-type IQI----Single-wall penetrating, the IQI is placed on side of the radiation
source
Screw number and Scope of nominal thickness (T)/mm
diameter that shall be Level A Level AB Level B
identified/mm
H2(0.160) — — ≤2.5
H3(0.200) — ≤2.0 〉2.5-4.0
H4(0.250) ≤2.0 〉2.0-3.5 〉4.0-8.0
H5(0.320) 〉2.0-3.5 〉3.5-6.0 〉8.0-12
H6(0.400) 〉3.5-6.0 〉6.0-10 〉12-20
H7(0.500) 〉6.0-10 〉10-15 〉20-30
H8(0.630) 〉10-15 〉15-24 〉30-40
H9(0.800) 〉15-24 〉24-30 〉40-60
H10(1.000) 〉24-30 〉30-40 〉60-80
H11(1.250) 〉30-40 〉40-60 〉80-100
H12(1.500) 〉40-60 〉60-100 〉100-150
H13(2.000) 〉60-100 〉100-150 〉150-200
H14(2.500) 〉100-150 〉150-200 〉200-250
H15(3.200) 〉150-200 〉200-250 —
H16(4.000) 〉200-250 〉250-320 —
H17(5.000) 〉250-320 〉320-400 —

H18(6.300) 〉320-400 〉400 —
one level
28
Table 7 Sensitivity of line-type IQI----bi-wall bi-image penetrating, the IQI is placed on side of the
radiation source
Screw number and Scope of the penetrating thickness (W)/mm
Level A Level AB Level B
diameter that shall be
identified/mm
19(0.050) — — ≤1.5
18(0.063) — ≤1.2 〉1.5-2.5
17(0.080) ≤1.2 ≤1.2-2.0 〉2.5-4.0
16(0.100) ≤1.2-2.0 〉2.0-3.5 〉4.0-6.0
15(0.125) 〉2.0-3.5 〉3.5-5.0 〉6.0-8.0
14(0.160) 〉3.5-5.0 〉5.0-7.0 〉8.0-15
13(0.20) 〉5.0-7.0 〉7.0-12 〉15-25
12(0.25) 〉7.0-12 〉12-18 〉25-38
11(0.32) 〉12-18 〉18-30 〉38-45
10(0.40) 〉18-30 〉30-40 〉45-55
9(0.50) 〉30-40 〉40-50 〉55-70
8(0.63) 〉40-50 〉50-60 〉70-100
7(0.80) 〉50-60 〉60-85 〉100-70
6(1.00) 〉60-85 〉85-120 〉170-250
5(1.25) 〉85-120 〉120-220 〉250
4(1.60) 〉120-220 〉220-380 —
3(2.00) 〉220-380 〉380 —
2(2.50) 〉380 — —
one level
29
Table 8 Sensitivity of pore-type IQI----bi-wall bi-image penetrating, the IQI is placed on side of the
radiation source
identified/mm
H2(0.160) — — ≤1.0
H3(0.200) — ≤1.0 〉1.0-2.5
H4(0.250) ≤1.0 〉1.0-2.0 〉2.5-4.0
H5(0.320) 〉1.0-2.0 〉2.0-3.5 〉4.0-6.0
H6(0.400) 〉2.0-3.5 〉3.5-5.5 〉6.0-11
H7(0.500) 〉3.5-5.5 〉5.5-10 〉11-20
H8(0.630) 〉5.5-10 〉10-19 〉20-35
H9(0.800) 〉10-19 〉19-35 —
H10(1.000) 〉19-35 — —
Table 9 Sensitivity of line-type IQI----bi-wall single-image or bi-wall bi-image penetrating, the IQI is
placed on side of the film
identified/mm
19(0.050) ≤1.5
18(0.063) — ≤1.2 〉1.5-2.5
17(0.080) ≤1.2 〉1.2-2.0 〉2.5-4.0
16(0.100) 〉1.2-2.0 〉2.0-3.5 〉4.0-6.0
15(0.125) 〉2.0-3.5 〉3.5-5.0 〉6.0-12
14(0.160) 〉3.5-5.0 〉5.0-10 〉12-18
13(0.20) 〉5.0-10 〉10-15 〉18-30
12(0.25) 〉10-15 〉15-22 〉30-45
11(0.32) 〉15-22 〉22-38 〉45-55
10(0.40) 〉22-38 〉38-48 〉55-70
9(0.50) 〉38-48 〉48-60 〉70-100
8(0.63) 〉48-60 〉60-85 〉100-180
7(0.80) 〉60-85 〉85-125 〉180-300
6(1.00) 〉85-125 〉125-225 〉300
5(1.25) 〉125-225 〉225-375 —
4(1.60) 〉225-375 〉375 —
3(2.00) 〉375 — —
30
Table 10 Sensitivity of pore-type IQI----bi-wall single-image or bi-wall bi-image penetrating, the IQI is
placed on side of the film
identified/mm
H2(0.160) — — ≤2.5
H3(0.200) — ≤2.0 〉2.5-5.5
H4(0.250) ≤2.0 〉2.0-5.0 〉5.5-9.5
H5(0.320) 〉2.0-5.0 〉5.0-9.0 〉9.5-15
H6(0.400) 〉5.0-9.0 〉9.0-14 〉15-24
H7(0.500) 〉9.0-14 〉14-22 〉24-40
H8(0.630) 〉14-22 〉22-36 〉40-60
H9(0.800) 〉22-36 〉36-50 〉60-80
H10(1.000) 〉36-50 〉50-80 —
H11(1.250) 〉50-80 — —
5.17 Storage of films

Storage conditions of the film shall meet relevant provisions for management of file documents, and meet the
suggestions and requirements of film manufacturer.
6 Evaluation of RT results and quality grading for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
6.1. Evaluation of RT results and quality grading for melting welding joints of steel, nickel and copper
pressure-bearing equipment
6.1.1 Scope
The provision is suitable for evaluation of RT results and quality grading of the pressure-bearing equipment’s
welding joints made of steel, nickel and nickel alloy with the thickness of not larger than 400mm, as well as the
copper and copper alloy with the thickness of not larger than80mm. Types of the applicable welding joints
include two-sided melting butt welds, full penetration butt welds equivalent to welding by both sides, as well as
one-side welding butt welds closed to base metal sub-plates overall length along root of the welds.
6.1.2 Types of the flaw
According to nature and forms, the flaws in welding joints can be divided into 5 classes: Cracks, incomplete
fusion, lack of penetration, stripy flaw and round flaw.
6.1.3. Division of quality grades
According to nature, size, quantity and density of flaws in welding joints, the quality levels can be divided into
level I, II, III, and IV.
6.1.4. General provisions of quality grading
6.1.4.1. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, lack of penetration and stripy flaw in level I welding joints.
31
6.1.4.2. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, and lack of penetration in level II and level III welding
joints.
6.1.4.3. When there are round flaw and stripy flaw in round evaluation zone of flaw, the flaw shall be
comprehensively ranked, that is, the quality levels of round flaw and stripy flaw in flaw evaluation zone shall
be respectively evaluated, sum of the two levels subtracts one as quality level of the comprehensive grading.
6.1.4.4 In addition to comprehensive grading, when quality levels of various flaw evaluations are different, the
lowest quality level shall be treated as quality level of the welding joints.
6.1.4.5 When quality levels in flaw evaluation of the welding joints exceed level III, they shall be determined
as level IV.
6.1.5. Quality grading of round flaws
6.1.5.1.The round flaws adopt round flaw evaluation zone for quality grading evaluation, the round flaw
evaluation zone is a rectangle parallel to the welds, for the size, see Table . The evaluation zone of round flaw
shall be the zone with the most serious flaws.
6.1.5.2 The flaws in found flaw evaluation zone or those intercrossing with boundary of round flaw evaluation
zone shall be included into the evaluation zone. To convert the flaws in evaluation zone into counts according
to requirements in Table 12, while quality levels of the welding joints shall be evaluated according to
requirements of Table 13.
Table 11 flaw evaluation zone of melting welding joints of the pressure-bearing equipment made of steel,
nickel and copper Unit: mm
Nominal thickness of the base ≤25 >25~100 > 100
metal:T
Size of the evaluation zone 10× 10 10×20 10×30
Table 12: The conversion table of flaw counts for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
made of steel, nickel and copper
Flaw length/mm ≤1 >1~2 >2~3 >3~4 >4~6 >6~8 >8
Flaw counts 1 2 3 6 10 15 25
32
Table 13: The allowable counts of round flaws for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
at all levels made of steel, nickel and copper
Evaluation zone/mm × 10× 10 10×20 10×30

mm
Nominal thickness of ≤10 >10~15 >15-25 >25~50 >50~ 100 > 100
the base metal:T/mm
Level I 1 2 3 4 5 6
Level II 3 6 9 12 15 18
Level III 6 12 18 24 30 36
Level IV The flaw counts are larger than level III or flaw length is larger than T/2
Notes: When nominal thicknesses of the base metals are different, the thickness of thinner plates shall be
taken.
6.1.5.3 For the welding joints that may generate disadvantage subsequence after being re-worked because of
material or structure, the round flaw’s counts at all levels can be up to 1~2.
6. 1.5.4 For the welding joints with high compactness requirements, film evaluation personnel of the
manufacturer can treat blackness of round flaws as basis of grading. In general, the round flaws with large
image blackness and those may affect welds’ compactness are defined as deep-pore flaws, when the welding
joints have deep-pore flaws, the quality level shall be evaluated as level IV.
6. 1.5. 5 When size of the flaw is less than the value specified in Table 14, the counts of such flaws shall be not
included in grading evaluation. For the welding joints with the quality level of level I, and level-II welding
joints that the base metal’s nominal thickness of T≤5mm, the flaws that the counts are not included shall not
exceed 10 in the evaluation zone of round flaws, or, quality level of the welding joints shall be degraded for one
level.
Table 14 The flaw sizes that the counts are not included for welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
made of steel, nickel and copper Unit: mm
Nominal thickness of the base metal T Flaw length
T≤25 ≤0.5
25＜T≤25 ≤0.7
T＞50 ≤1.4%·T
6.1.6 Quality grading of stripy flaws
The stripy flaws shall be evaluated in grading according to the requirements of Table 15.
33
Table 15 Allowable lengths of stripy flaws for melting welding joints at all levels of pressure-bearing
equipment made of steel, nickel and copper Unit: mm
Level Maximum length of single stripy flaw Accumulated maximum length of a group of stripy
flaws
I Unallowable
II ≤T/3 (the minimum can be 4) and ≤20 In any stripy flaw evaluation zone selected that the
flaw length is 12T, the accumulated length of any
group’s stripy flaws that the spacing of adjacent flaws
doesn’t exceed 6L shall not exceed T, but the
minimum can be 4.
III ≤2T/3 (the minimum can be 6) and ≤30 In any stripy flaw evaluation zone selected that the
flaw length is 6T, the accumulated length of any
group’s stripy flaws that the spacing of adjacent flaws
doesn’t exceed 3L shall not exceed T, but the
minimum can be 6.
IV Larger than level III
Note 1: L is the length of longest flaw in the group of stripy flaws; T refers to nominal thickness of the base
metal, when nominal thicknesses of the base metal are different, the thickness of thinner plate shall be taken.
Note 2:The evaluation zone of stripy flaws refers to a rectangle zone parallel to direction of the welds, with
certain width, when T is ≤25mm, the width is 4mm; 25mm＜T ≤100mm, the width is 6mm; and T ＞
100mm，the width is 8mm.
Note 3: When two or more stripy flaws are on the same straight line, and the spacing of adjacent flaws is
≤length of the short flaw, they can be treated as one flaw, and the spacing shall also be included into length of
the flaws.
6.2. The RT result evaluation and quality grading for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment made of aluminum
6.2.1 Scope
This clause is suitable for the RT result evaluation and quality grading of the welding joints for pressure-
bearing equipment made of aluminum and aluminum alloy with the thickness of 2mm~80mm, types of the
welding joints applied include the butt welds of two-sided melting welding, the butt welds of full penetration
equivalent to two-sided welding, as well as single-side welding butt welds with sub-plate close to the base
metal along whole length of the root welds.
6. 2. 2 Types of flaws
According to nature and forms, flaws in welding joints can be divided into 6 classes: Cracks, incomplete fusion,
34
incomplete penetration, copper inclusion, stripy flaws and round flaws.
6.2.3 Division of quality levels
According to nature, quantity and density of flaws in welding joints, the quality levels can be divided into level
I, II, III and IV.
6.2.4 General provisions for quality grading
6. 2. 4.1There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration, copper inclusion and stripy flaws in
level I welding joints.
6.2.4.2. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration, and copper inclusion flaws in level
II and III welding joints.
6.2.4.3 If there are round flaws and stripy flaws in evaluation zone of round flaws, comprehensive grading shall
be conducted, that is, the quality levels of round flaws and stripy flaws in evaluation zone of round flaws shall
be respectively evaluated, sum of the two levels substracts one as quality level of the overall rating.
6.2.4.4 In addition to overall rating, when quality levels in evaluation of various flaws are different, the lowest
quality level shall be treated as quality level of the welding joints.
6.2.4.5. When the quality levels in flaw evaluation of welding joints exceed level III, all of them shall be
treated as level IV.
6.2.5 Grading evaluation of round flaws
6. 2. 5. 1 The round flaws shall adopt the evaluation zone of round flaws for evaluation of quality grading, the
evaluation zone of round flaws is a rectangle parallel to the welds, for its size, see Table 16.The evaluation zone
of round flaws shall be the zone with the most serious flaws.
6.2. 5. 2 The flaws in found flaw evaluation zone or those intercrossing with boundary of round flaw evaluation
requirements of Table 18.
Table 16 flaw evaluation zone of melting welding joints of the pressure-bearing equipment made of
aluminum Unit: mm
Nominal thickness of the base ≤20 >20~80
metal:T
Size of the evaluation zone 10× 10 10×20
35
Table 17: The conversion table of round flaw counts for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment made of aluminum
Flaw length/mm ≤1 >1~2 >2~3 >3~4 >4~6 >6~8 >8~10
Flaw counts 1 2 3 6 10 15 25
Table 18: The maximum counts of round flaws for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
at all levels made of aluminum
Evaluation zone/mm × 10× 10 10×20
mm
Nominal thickness of ≤3 >3~5 >5~10 >10~20 >20~ 40 > 40~80
the base metal:T/mm
Level I 1 2 3 4 6 7
Level II 3 7 10 14 21 24
Level III 6 14 21 28 42 49
Level IV The flaw counts are larger than level III or flaw length is larger than 2 T/3 or the
flaw length if larger than 10mm.
taken.
6.2.5.4. When the flaws allowed for level III welding joints exist continuously, and exceed 3 times of the
evaluation zone’s size, quality of the welding joints shall be evaluated as level IV.
6.2.5.5 For the welding joints with high compactness requirements, film evaluation personnel of the
6.2.5.6 When size of the flaw is less than the value specified in Table 19, the counts of such flaws shall be not
included in grading evaluation. For the welding joints with the quality level of level I, and level-II welding
exceed 10 in the evaluation zone of round flaws, or, quality level of the welding joints shall be degraded for one
level.
36
made of alumium Unit: mm
T≤20 ≤0.4
20＜T≤40 ≤0.6
T＞40 ≤1.5%·T
6.2.6 Grading evaluation of stripy flaws
The stripy flaws shall be evaluated in grading according to the requirements of 6.1.6.
6.3. The RT result evaluation and quality grading for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
made of tantalum and tantalum alloy
6.2.1 Scope
This clause is suitable for the RT result evaluation and quality grading of the welding joints for pressure-
bearing equipment made of tantalum and tantalum alloy with the thickness of 2mm~50mm, types of the
welding joints applied include the butt welds of two-sided melting welding, the butt welds of full penetration
equivalent to two-sided welding, as well as single-side welding butt welds with sub-plate close to the base
metal along whole length of the root welds.
6. 3. 2 Types of flaws
incomplete penetration, stripy flaws and round flaws.
6.3.3 Basis of quality levels
I, II, III and IV.
6. 3. 4.1There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration, stripy flaws in level I welding
joints.
6.3.4.2. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration, and copper inclusion flaw in level
II and III welding joints.
6.3.4.3 If there are round flaws and stripy flaws in evaluation zone of round flaws at the same time,
comprehensive grading shall be conducted, that is, the quality levels of round flaws and stripy flaws in
evaluation zone of round flaws shall be respectively evaluated, sum of the two levels substracts one as quality
level of the overall rating.
37
6. 3. 5. 1 The round flaws shall adopt the evaluation zone of round flaws for evaluation of quality grading, the
evaluation zone of round flaws is a rectangle parallel to the welds, for its size, see Table 20.The evaluation zone
of round flaws shall be the zone with the most serious flaws.
Table 20 flaw evaluation zone of melting welding joints of the pressure-bearing equipment made of
tantalum and tantalum alloy Unit: mm
Nominal thickness of the base ≤20 >20~50

metal:T
Size of the evaluation zone 10× 10 10×20
6.3. 5. 2 The flaws in found flaw evaluation zone or those intercrossing with boundary of round flaw evaluation
requirements of Table 22
Table 21: The conversion table of round flaw counts for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment made of tantalum and tantalum alloy
Flaw length/mm ≤1 >1~2 >2~4 >4~8 >8
Flaw counts 1 2 4 8 16
6.3.5.4 For the welding joints with high compactness requirements, film evaluation personnel of the
38
Table 22: The maximum counts of round flaws for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing equipment
at all levels made of tantalum and tantalum alloy
Evaluation zone 10mm× 10mm 10mm×20mm
Nominal thickness of ≤3 >3~5 >5~10 >10~20 >20~ 30 > 30~50

the base metal:T/mm
Level I 1 2 3 4 5 6
Level II 2 4 6 8 10 12
Level III 4 8 12 16 20 24
Level IV The flaw counts are larger than level III or flaw length is larger than T/2
taken.
6.3.5.5 When size of the flaw is less than the value specified in Table 23, the counts of such flaws shall be not
included in grading evaluation. But for the welding joints with the quality level of level I, and level-II welding
exceed 10 in the evaluation zone of round flaws, for the welding joints of level II with the base metal’s
nominal thickness of T＞5mm, the flaws that the counts are not included shall not exceed 20 in the evaluation
zone of round flaws, for the welding joints of level III with the base metal’s nominal thickness of T＞5mm, the
flaws that the counts are not included shall not exceed 30 in the evaluation zone of round flaws, or, quality level
of the welding joints shall be degraded for one level.
made of tantalum and tantalum alloy Unit: mm
T≤10 ≤0.3
10＜T≤20 ≤0.4
20＜T≤50 ≤0.7
The stripy flaws shall be evaluated in quality grading according to the requirements of 6.1.6.
7 The RT result evaluation and quality grading for melting welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment’s pipes and pressure pipelines made of steel, nickel and copper
7.1.1 Scope
This clause is suitable for the RT result evaluation and quality grading of the butt circular welding joints for
pressure-bearing equipment’s pipes and pressure pipelines made of steel, nickel and nickel alloy; copper and
copper alloy with the thickness of T≥2mm, types of the welding joints applied include the butt welds of single-
39
sided welding added with sub-plate close to the base metal along whole length of the root welds, and the single-
sided butt welds without sub-plate.
7.1.2 Types of flaws
incomplete penetration, stripy flaws, round flaws, indent at roots, and undercut at roots etc.
7.1.3. Division of quality grades
According to nature, size, quantity and density of flaws in welding joints, the quality levels can be divided into
level I, II, III, and IV.
7.1.4. General provisions of quality grading
71.4.1. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, lack of penetration, stripy flaw, indent at roots, and undercut
at roots etc in level I welding joints.
7.1.4.2. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, and incomplete penetration of single-sided welding with
sub-plate in level II and level III welding joints.
7.1.4.3. If there are multiply flaws at the same time in evaluation zone of stripy flaw, the flaw shall be
comprehensively graded, that is, the quality levels of various flaws in stripy flaw evaluation zone shall be
respectively evaluated, the level with lowest quality level shall be treated as the level of overall rating; when
levels of various flaws are the same, the level of overall rating shall be degraded for one level.
7.1.4.4 In addition to overall rating, when quality levels of various flaw evaluations are different, the lowest
quality level shall be treated as quality level of the welding joints.’
7.1.4.5 When quality levels in flaw evaluation of the welding joints exceed level III, they shall be determined
as level IV.
7.1.5. Grading evaluation of round flaws
The quality grading evaluation shall be conducted according to 6.1.5, but value of flaw evaluation zone of
small-diameter tube shall be taken as 10mm×10mm.
7.1.6. Quality grading evaluation of stripy flaws
The quality grading evaluation shall be conducted according to 6.1.6.
7.1.7. When the pipe’s outer diameter D0 is＞100mm,the grading evaluation for incomplete penetration flaws
of single-sided welding without sub-plate is conducted according to Table 24. When the pipe’s outer diameter
D0 is ≤100mm, the quality grading evaluating of single-sided welding incomplete penetration flaws without
sub-plate shall be conducted according to Table 25. The incomplete penetration depth of the pipe with the outer
diameter D0 of＞100mm can be measured with the universal groove-type reference block (II) specified in
Annex L. The incomplete penetration depth of the pipe with the outer diameter D0 of≤100mm can be measured
with the special reference block (I) for small-diameter pipe ’ circular welds specified in Annex L. In
measurement, the reference block shall be placed near the incomplete penetration flaws.
40
Table 24: The grading of single-sided welding incomplete penetration when outer diameter D0 of pipes
and pressure pipes on pressure-bearing equipment made of steel, nickel, and copper is ＞100mm
Level Maximum depth of incomplete Maximum length of single Accumulated length of the
penetration incomplete penetration(T/wall incomplete penetration/mm
Ratio with the Maximum thickness)
wall thickness
I Unallowable
II ≤10% ≤1.0 ≤T/3 (the minimum can be 4) In any length zone of 6T, it
and ≤20 shall be not larger than T (the
minimum can be 4), and in the
length scope of any 300mm,
the total length shall be not
larger than 30.
III ≤15% ≤1.5 ≤2T/3 (the minimum can be 6) In any length zone of 3T, it
and ≤30 shall be not larger than T (the
minimum can be 6), and in the
length scope of any 300mm,
the total length shall be not
larger than 40.
Note 1: For interrupted incomplete penetration, using accumulation of the incomplete penetration’s lengths to
calculate the total length.
41
Table 25: The grading of single-sided welding incomplete penetration when outer diameter D0 of pipes
and pressure pipes on pressure-bearing equipment made of steel, nickel, and copper is ≤100mm
Level Maximum depth of incomplete Ratio of the total incomplete penetration length and the total
penetration welds length
Ratio with the Maximum
wall thickness
I Unallowable
II ≤10% ≤1.0 ≤10%
III ≤15% ≤1.5 ≤ 15%
Note: For interrupted incomplete penetration, using accumulation of the incomplete penetration’s lengths to calculate
the total length.
7.1.8 The grading evaluation of indent and undercut at roots

When the pipe’s outer diameter D0 is＞100mm,the grading evaluation for root indent and undercut flaws of
single-sided welding without sub-plate is conducted according to Table 26. When the pipe’s outer diameter D0
is ≤100mm, the quality grading evaluating for root indent and undercut flaws without sub-plate shall be
conducted according to Table 27. The root indent and undercut depth of the pipe with the outer diameter D0 of
＞100mm can be measured with the universal groove-type reference block (II) specified in Annex L. The root
indent and undercut depth of the pipe with the outer diameter D0 of≤100mm can be measured with the special
reference block (I) for small-diameter pipe ’ circular welds specified in Annex L. In measurement, the reference
block shall be placed near the root indent and undercut flaws.
42
Table 26: The grading of root indent and undercut when outer diameter D0 of pipes and pressure pipes
on pressure-bearing equipment made of steel, nickel, and copper is ＞100mm
Level Maximum depth of root indent and Accumulated length of root indent and undercut /mm
undercut
wall thickness
I Unallowable
II ≤15% ≤1.5 In any length zone of 3T, it shall be not larger than T and the
III ≤20% ≤2.0 total length shall be not larger than 100.
Note 1: For interrupted root indent and undercut, using accumulation of the root indent and undercut’s lengths to
Table 27: The grading of root indent and undercut when outer diameter D0 of pipes and pressure pipes
on pressure-bearing equipment made of steel, nickel, and copper is ≤100mm
Level Maximum depth of root indent and The ratio of accumulated maximum total length of root indent
undercut/mm and undercut and the total welds length
wall thickness
I Unallowable
II ≤15% ≤1.5 ≤30%
III ≤20% ≤2.0 ≤30%
Note 1: For interrupted root indent and undercut, using accumulation of the root indent and undercut’s lengths to
7.2. The RT result evaluation and quality grading for melting welding circular joints of pressure-bearing
equipment’s pipes and pressure pipes made of aluminum and aluminum alloy
7.2.1 Scope
This clause is suitable for the RT result evaluation and quality grading of melting welding circular joints for
pressure-bearing equipment’s pipes and pressure pipe made of aluminum and aluminum alloy with the wall
thickness T of ≥2mm, types of the welding joints applied include the butt welds of single-sided melting welding
the sub-plate closed to basic metal along whole length of the welds root, and the single-sided butt welds
without sub-plate.
7. 2. 2. Types of flaws
43
incomplete penetration, copper inclusion, stripy flaws, round flaws, root indent and root undercut etc.
I, II, III and IV.
7. 2. 4.1There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration, copper inclusion, stripy flaws, root
indent and root undercut.
7.2.4.2. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, as well as incomplete penetration, and copper inclusion
flaw in single-sided welding with sub-plate.
7.2.4.3 If there are multiply flaws in evaluation zone of stripy flaws at the same time, overall rating shall be
conducted, that is, the quality levels in stripy flaws evaluation zone shall be respectively evaluated, take the
lowest level as level of the overall rating; when levels of various flaws are the same, they shall be reduced for
one level as level of the overall rating.
7.2.7. The grading evaluation for incomplete penetration flaws of single-sided without sub-plate
7.2.8 Grading evaluation of root indent and undercut
7.3. The RT result evaluation and quality grading for melting welding circular joints of pressure-bearing
equipment’s pipes and pressure pipes made of tantalum and tantalum alloy
7.3.1 Scope
This clause is suitable for the RT result evaluation and quality grading of melting welding circular joints for
pressure-bearing equipment’s pipes and pressure pipe made of tantalum and tantalum alloy with the wall
thickness T of ≥2mm, types of the welding joints applied include the butt welds of single-sided melting welding
the sub-plate closed to basic metal along whole length of the welds root, and the single-sided butt welds
without sub-plate.
7. 3. 2. Types of flaws
The flaws shall be classified according to 7.1.2.
44
I, II, III and IV.
7. 3. 4.1There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration, stripy flaws, root indent and root
undercut.
7.3.4.2. There shall be no crack, incomplete fusion, as well as incomplete penetration in single-sided welding
with sub-plate.
7.3.4.3 If there are multiply flaws in evaluation zone of stripy flaws at the same time, overall rating shall be
conducted, that is, the quality levels in stripy flaws evaluation zone shall be respectively evaluated, take the
lowest level as level of the overall rating; when levels of various flaws are the same, they shall be reduced for
one level as level of the overall rating.
7.3.7. The grading evaluation for incomplete penetration flaws of single-sided without sub-plate
7.3.8 Grading evaluation of root indent and undercut
8 Inspection records and reports
8.1 Information and data related to the inspection process shall be recorded in detail according to actual
operation on site. The RT records shall also include the following contents at least, in addition to meeting the
requirements of NB/T 47013.1:
a) Entrusting party or manufacturer;
b)Inspected object：Name, inspection location, type of weld groove, and welding methods;
c) Inspection equipment and apparatus: Radiation source(kind, type and focal size) ；film(brand and grade) ;
intensifying screen(type, quantity and thickness) , IQI(kind and type) , filter plate, back-scattering shielding
lead plate;
d) Process parameters for inspection：Technical grade for inspection, penetration technique(single film or bi-
film) ，penetrating method, penetrating parameters, F, f, and b, tube voltage, tube current, exposure time
45
(or source strength and exposure time)，methods and conditions for darkroom processing;
e) Film evaluation: Film’s blackness, sensitivity of the film IQI, position and nature of flaws;
f) Film arrangement chart
g ) Process verification of the operation instructions (if necessary);
h) Inspection results and quality grading;
i) Preparation and review personnel as well as their technical qualifications;
j) Other matters need to explain or record.
8.2 The inspection report shall be issued according to the inspection records. The RT report shall also include
the following contents at least, in addition to meeting the provisions of NB/T 47013.1:
a) Entrusting party or manufacturer;
b) Inspected object：Name, inspection location, type of weld groove, and welding methods;
c ) Inspection equipment and apparatus: Radiation source(kind, type and focal size) ；film(brand and grade) ;
intensifying screen(type, quantity and thickness) , IQI(kind and type) , filter plate, back-scattering shielding
lead plate;
d) Process parameters for inspection：Technical grade for inspection, penetration technique(single film or bi-
film) ，penetrating method, penetrating parameters, F, f, and b, tube voltage, tube current, exposure time
(or source strength and exposure time)，methods and conditions for darkroom processing;
e) Film evaluation: Film’s blackness, sensitivity of the film IQI, position and nature of flaws;
f) Inspection results and quality grading;
g) Film arrangement chart
h) Preparation and review personnel as well as their technical qualifications;
i) Inspection party.
46
Annex A
(Informative)
Radiography requirements for tube-fillet welds
A. 1.Scope
The annex specifies X-ray and γ-ray RT technique and quality grading requirements for the tube- fillet welds.
The annex is suitable for RT of tube and fillet welds of the tube-shell tabulation heat exchanger and tube-shell
reactor, the welding type is seal weld. Scope of inner diameter of the tubes inspected: 12.5~80mm; thickness
scope: 1.0mm~5.0mm, the metal materials used for fabricating welding joints include: Steel, tantalum and
tantalum alloy, nickel and nickel alloy, zirconium and zirconium.
The RT technique specified by the annex is divided into 3 levels: Level A—low-sensitivity technique; Level
AB-Medium sensitivity technique; Level B- High sensitivity technique.
The RT for tubes with smaller inner diameter –fillet welds can also refer to the annex, but smaller source rod
size and proper process parameters shall be needed; RT of strength fillet welds can also refer to this annex, but
the sensitivity and flaw evaluation shall be specified otherwise.
A.2Term and definition
A. 2. 1
Film after source
The penetrating method that the film is placed in the rear of radiation source (figure A.1). When such method is
used for inspection, the radiation source can be led to the tube from the side-tube plate with a stiffness pipe, the
radiation source can be easily aligned, and the distance from radiation to films can be accurately controlled,
easy to take photos, but special radiation source and tooling shall be needed, center of the film used must have
a pore.
A. 2.2
Film before source
The penetrating method that the film is placed in the front of radiation source (figure A.2). When such method
is used for inspection, the radiation source can be led to the tube from the side-tube plate with a flexibility or
stiffness pipe, and through whole length of the tube to reach proper position for taking photos, common γ-ray
machine can be used, the film center can have no pore, but the operation is inconvenient, the radiation must be
aligned, the distance between the radiation and film required for control must be paid attention to.
47
Radiation source
Bundle of rays
Tube plate
Tube
Compensator
Welds
Cassette
X-ray machine
Figure A.1: Diagram for film after source
Cassette
Bundle of rays
Radiation source
Welds
Tube
Compensator
Tube plate
X-ray machine
Figure A.2: Diagram for film before source
48
A.2.3
Compensator
The special tools used for reducing scattered rays and thickness difference, so that uniform blackness can be
obtained from the film evaluation zone.
A．3 General requirements
General requirements for RT shall also meet the following requirements in addition to meeting the requirements
of Chapter 4 and 5 in NB/T47013.2
A. 3. 1RT personnel
A.3. 1.1 The personnel engaging in RT for tube-fillet welds shall be specially trained for operation in tube-
fillet welds ray penetration operation and film evaluation , at the same time, they shall be familiar with
requirements of this annex;
A.3.1.2 The personnel engaging in RT of tube-fillet welds shall be familiar with types of tube-fillet welds joints,
as well as relevant knowledge in design and manufacturing.
A.3.2 Radiography equipment
A. 3. 2. 1 For RT (f) of tube-fillet welds, X-ray or γ-ray can be selected. For X-ray radiography equipment,
microfocus rod anode X-ray tube shall be used; For γ-ray radiography equipment, microfocus rod Ir192 source
shall be used.
A.3.2.2 The available focal size of radiation source for different levels of camera technique shall meet the
requirements of Table A.1. If necessary, the following methods can be used to measure the focal size:
The focal size of rod anode can adopt micropore method for measuring; the focus of Ir192 source can adopt X-
ray radiography method for measuring.
A. 3. 2. 3 In order to prevent that a dead zone appears at inner ring of small-diameter tube in the period of
penetrating backward, the radiation field’s interior angle of γ radiography equipment shall be ≤15°. And for
theγradiography equipment after the source being replaced, the radiation field’s interior angle shall be measured.
A.3.3 Radiographic film：
A. 3. 3. 1 .In general, the film’s size used for RT of tube-fillet welds shall be 100mm×100mm.
A，3. 3. 2 Types of radiographic film used for different levels of camera technique shall meet the requirements
of Table A.1.
A. 3. 3. 3 The film used in penetrating backward shall be made with a pore at the center, and the pore’s
diameter shall match the rod source.
49
Table A.1 Available focal sizes and types of radiographic film recommended for different levels of
camera technique
Levels of camera Level A Level AB Level B

technique
Types of sources and X-ray γ-ray X-raya γ-ray

available focus size df <1.5 df <1 df≤1 df≤0.7
df/mm
Types of radiographic C5 C4 C4 C3
films used
Penetrating method Penetrating forward or backward Penetrating Penetrating
backward backward
a
For the tube-fillet welds that interior diameter is larger than 50mm, and the wall thickness of larger than
3mm, if there isn’t applicable X-ray equipment,γ-ray source can be used for replacement; for other
specifications of tube-fillet welds, if necessary, γ-ray shall be used to replace X-ray, but which shall be
agreed by the owner and design party.
A.3.4 intensifying screen and filter plate
A. 3. 4. 1 In general, the RT of tube-fillet welds adopt lead intensifying screen. If γ-ray penetration and vacuum
package of lead intensifying screen with the thickness of 0.03mm are used, a latten shall be placed between the
cassette and object as the filter plate.
A-3.4.2 for different object materials, the intensifying screen and filter plates used for films shall meet the
requirements of Table A.2.
50
Table A.2 the intensifying screen and filter plates used for different object materials, sources and films
Object material Steel, nickel and nickel alloy, Tantalum and tantalum alloy
zirconium and zirconium alloy
Packing types of films Bulk films Films in Bulk films Films in
vacuum vacuum
package package
X-ray Intensifying screen and Lead screen: 0.03
thickness /mm
γ-ray Intensifying screen and 0.10< lead screen Lead screen: N/A
thickness /mm ≤0.20 0.03
Thickness of the filter — Tin≤0.50
plates/mm
A. 3. 5 Film viewer
A. 3. 5. 1 Main performance of the film viewer shall meet relevant requirements of GB/T19802.
A. 3. 5. 2 The film viewer for evaluating and observing shall be equipped with a visor for tube-fillet welds
A.3.6 Welding samples for qualification test of the sensitivity
Prepare a special welding sample for testing the sensitivity of tube- tube plate fillet welding joints, tube
materials, specification of the sample shall be the same with those of actual products. 4 pores at least shall be
processed with the interval of 90°on central line of the welds with punching or drilling method, size of the pore
shall meet the technical levels specified in the contract. The image in the film can be used to verify suitability
of the image quality.
A.3.7Compensator
A. 3. 7. 1 In general, outer diameter of the compensator shall be not less than inner diameter of the tube Di-
1mm.
A. 3. 7. 2 Design of the compensator shall ensure alignment of radiation source.
A.3.7.3 In general, material of the compensator shall be the same with that of the tube and the compensator can
also be made with the materials whose atomic sequence is lower than the tube material.
A.3.8 Qualification test and requirements of the sensitivity
A. 3. 8. 1 Because use of the IQI can increase the distance from the welds to film, when the tube-fillet welds
are formally inspected, the IQI isn’t required to use. The sensitivity of tube-fillet welds radiography can be
ensured by qualification test of sensitivity. And the qualification test of sensitivity shall be conducted before the
tube-fillet welds being formally inspected.
A. 3. 8. 2 The sensitivity of tube-fillet welds RT can be expressed with small pores with deferent depths, form
of the pore can be semi-round, cone, or flat-bottom pore. The depth of pore required for different camera
technique grades of sealing fillet welds, see Table A.3. For strength fillet welds, the required pore depth shall be
agreed by the both parties.
51
Table A.3 The pore depths required to identification for different camera technique grades of sealing
welding joints
Levels of camera technique Level A Level AB Level B
Pore depth required to identify /mm 0.8 0.5 0.3

Note: Tolerance of the pore depth shall be ±10%; the maximum pore diameter shall be not larger than 2
times of nominal size of the pore depth.
A.3.8.3 In formal inspection of the products, the equipment, tooling, material and process parameters used shall
be the same with those (except for exposure time) used in qualification test of sensitivity, if the conditions
above are changed, the sensitivity qualification test for RT shall be re-conducted.
A.3.9 Preparation of surfaces
Before RT, the excessive and irregular weld metal inside (interior wall of the tube and nearby) and outside shall
be removed with proper process, so that the compensator can be put into smoothly during penetrating, at the
same time, image of flaws on the film shall not interfere or confuse.
A. 3. 10 Inspection opportunities
The RT shall be conducted when the welding is completed, and the welds pass the inspection in appearance and
surface crack. For the material with the trend of delay crack, the RT shall be conducted 24h after the welding
being completed at least.
A. 4 Specific requirements
A. 4. 1 Arrangement of the penetrating
For RT of tube-fillet welds, the penetrating-backward method shall be used in priority, when such method can’t
be used, the penetrating-forward method can be used, but only for level A.
A. 4. 2 The distance between the focus and films
A.4.2. 1 The distance from the focus to film shall be selected according to tube’s inner diameter, when the
distance is selected, the projection distortion factor shall be considered to reduce, at the same, photographic
sensitivity factor shall also be considered.
A. 4. 2. 2 When inner diameter of the tube is Di≤20mm, the recommended distance is 30mm; For Di ＞
20mm~38mm, the recommended distance is 40mm; for Di＞38mm, the distance shall be determined through
process tests.
A. 4. 3 Exposure time
The exposure time of γ shall be not less than 20s.
A, 4. 4 Identification of the object
Before RT, the tube-tube plate joint on the object to be inspected shall be marked. And the mark’s contents
shall include tube-plate number, line number and tube number. Identification of the tube can be made with a
marking pen or chalk, while, in general, the tube-plate identification adopt steel seals.
A. 4. 5 Identification of films
52
A.4.5.1 The film identification shall include product number, tube plate number, line number and tube number
at least. After being re-worked, the film shall also be made with “R”, the film for enlarging inspection
penetrating shall be equipped with the enlarging mark of “K”.
A. 4. 5. 2 'In general, the film identification of radiography for tube-fillet welding joints doesn’t adopt lead
letter, which can be identified with the marking pen or printing method. When the printing is used, the film
shall be made with steel seal before exposure.
A. 5 Film’s evaluation scope and quality requirements
A.5. 1 Evaluation scope of films
The evaluation scope of films not only includes the tube-fillet welds inspected, it also includes partial imaging
zone of adjacent tube-fillet welds.
A. 5. 2. Quality of films
A.5.2. 1 The marked image on the film shall be complete, and the position shall be correct.
A.5.2.2 The blackness in evaluation scope of the film shall meet the following requirements:
Level A:≥1.5~4.5(γ-ray) ;≥1.2~4.5 (X-ray)
Level AB:≥1.5~4.5(X-ray) ;
Level B:≥1.8~4.5 (X-ray) .
A.5.2.3 There shall be no obvious edge-erosion scattering on the film.
A. 5. 2. 4 The deformation extent of welds image on the film shall not affect identification of the flaws.
A.6 Evaluation of flaws and quality acceptance of welds
A. 6.1 Types of flaws
According to nature, the flaws in tube-fillet welds can be divided into crack, incomplete fusion, stripy pore,
vermiform pore, partial porosity, sphere pore, slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion and oxide inclusion, as well as
root undercut.
A.6.2 Flaw evaluation and quality acceptance for seal fillet welds
A. 6. 2. 1 In any case, there shall be no the following flaws:
Crack, incomplete fusion, stripy pore, vermiform pore, and partial porosity.
A. 6. 2. 2 The quantity of sphere pore, slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion and oxide inclusion shall not exceed
values specified in A.4.
A.6.2.3 The root undercut shall be indicated in the records and reports, the acceptance standards shall be agreed
by the both parties.
A.6.3.The flaw evaluation and quality acceptance for strength fillet welds shall be agreed by the both parties.
53
Table A.4 The maximum allowable size, quantity and spacing of pore, slag inclusion and oxide inclusion
Tube diameter ≤20mm Tube diameter ＞20mm
Flaw diameter/dp Quantity Spacing Length of the flaw Quantity Spacing
dp
≤0.5ta, the 3 ≥2dpb ≤ 0.5ta， the 3 ≥2dpb
maximum is 1mm maximum is 1mm: :5 ≥5dpb
a
t=Thickness of the tube wall；
b
d0=Length of the flaw.
A. 7 Inspection records and report
The inspection records and reports shall meet the requirements of chapter 8, and they shall also include the
following contents:
a) Identification marks of each weld inspected (line number, column number and film identification);
b) Type, quantity and thickness of the filter plate;
c) Compensator (if necessary).
54
Annex B
(Normative)
Industrial Radiographic Film System’s Characteristic Index
Industrial Radiographic Film System’s Characteristic Index, see Table B.1
Table B.1 Main Characteristic Index of the Film System

Categories Minimum gradient (Gmin) Maximum granularity Minimum (Gradient / granularity)
of the film (σD) max (G/σD ) min
system D=2.0 D= 4.0 D=2.0 D=2.0
C1 4.5 7.5 0.018 300

C2 4.3 7.4 0.020 230
C3 4.1 6.8 0.023 180
C4 4.1 6.8 0.028 150
C5 3.8 6.4 0.032 120
C6 3.5 5.0 0.039 100
Note: The blackness D in this table refers to pure blackness without fog density.
55
Annex C
(Informative)
Regular Inspection Methods of the Nigrometer (Optical Densimeter)
C. 1 General provisions for regular inspection of the nigrometer
The nigrometer can be inspected according to the methods recommended by the manufacturer or provisions of
C.2.
C.2 Verification steps for the nigrometer.
C. 2. 1 Connect the nigrometer’s power supply and measuring switch, to preheat it for about 10min.
C.2.2 Using zero blackness point (zone) of standard density sheet to adjust zero point of the nigrometer, and
then measure the blackness at various points and record the measured values.
C.2. 3 The measurement shall be conducted for three times repeatedly according to the requirements of C 2.2.
C.2.4 Calculate mean of the measured values at various points, the difference between the mean and the
blackness value at this point shall be treated as measuring error of the nigrometer.
C.2.5 For various points whose blackness is not larger than 4.5, their measuring error shall not exceed ±0.05, or
the nigrometer shall be adjusted, repaired and abandoned.
56
Annex D
(Informative)
Determination of Darkroom’s Safety Irradiation Time
D. 1.Scope
The annex is suitable for determination of film darkroom’s safety irradiation time for industrial RT
D.2.Definition
D. 2. 1. Changes of inspectable blackness
The slight difference of the film’s blackness that can be measured with visual inspection or with the nigrometer
D.2.2 Irradiation test before the exposure
For safe light irradiation test before the film being exposed by rays, the longest irradiation time of safety-light
in which no blackness change is inspected on the test strip determined by the test shall be safety irradiation
time t1 before exposure.
D. 2. 3 Irradiation test after exposure
It refers to the irradiation test of safety light before beginning of the developing process after the film being
exposed in keeping dry state, the longest irradiation time of safety-light in which no blackness change is
inspected on the test strip determined by this test shall be safety irradiation time after exposure t2.
D.2.4 The post-exposure irradiation test of damp films after exposure
It refers to the irradiation test of safety light from beginning of the developing process to end of it (or beginning
of fixing) in humidity state; the longest irradiation time of safety-light in which no blackness change is
inspected on the test strip determined by this test shall be safety irradiation time after exposure of the humid
films t3.
D.2.5 Safety irradiation time of the darkroom
It refers to the time t that can be obtained by the test and be able to ensure that irradiation of safety-light doesn’t
affect the film’s blackness, it shall be one half of the minimum in t1, t2 and t3.
D. 3.Test apparatus
D.3.1. Step test block
In order to get the films with series of step blackness, the step test blocks shall be made of proper metal
materials.
Using proper rays to penetrate the step test blocks to expose the films, and then using the darkroom processing
parameters used in the period of product inspection to process and get the scope of step blackness that is
roughly corresponding to applicable standard blackness scope.
D.3.2.Shading card
The shading card shall be made of proper light-proof materials (such as black paper), to control irradiation area
of the inspection films.
D.3.3. Timer
57
Timing scope of the timer shall be not less than 8min, the timing division value shall be not larger than1s, but
the light given by the timer mustn’t irradiate the test film.
D 4 Irradiation test of the safety light
In general, the irradiation test of safety light adopts the highest shift of the light, at the same time, the distance
and angle between the film and safety light, as well as other parameters can be selected according to actual
working situations, relevant data shall be recorded and instructed in the test report.
D 4.1 Irradiation test procedures before exposure
D. 4.1.1 Make the film into strips, and they shall be slightly longer than the step test block, and the width shall
be not less than 40mm.
D. 4.1.2 Using a shading card to cover up a half of the first test strip, the other half shall be irradiated according
to the shortest time determined according to the experience in safety light.
D.4. 1.3The remaining strips shall be irradiated according to the methods of D.4.1.2 in safety light with gradual
doubling time.
D.4.1.4 Using the step test blocks to expose the strips after being irradiated with safety light
D. 4. 1.5 The strips that undergone ray-exposure with step test blocks mustn’t accept any irradiation with safety
light, and all strips shall be processed under darkroom conditions, according to the darkroom processing
parameters used in product inspection within 2h.
D. 4.1.6 If the longest irradiation time of safety light can’t make any level on the strip generate inspectable
change of blackness, the test can be re-conducted, the initial time shall be the longest irradiation time of safety
light last time, to repeat the steps of D.4.1.1~D.4.1.5.
D. 4.2 The irradiation test procedures after exposure
D 4. 2. 1 Make the film into strips, and they shall be slightly longer than the step test block, and the width shall
be not less than 40mm.
D.4.2.2 To expose multiply strips with the step test blocks, the strips before radial exposure can’t accept any
irradiation of safety light.
D.4.2.3. After the radial exposure with step test blocks, using a shading card to cover up a half of the test strip
along the longitudinal, the other half shall be irradiated according to the shortest time determined according to
the experience in safety light.
D. 4. 2. 4 The remaining strips shall also be irradiated according to the methods of D.4.2.3 in safety light with
gradual doubling time.
D. 4. 2. 5. After exposure with safety light, keeping full-dark state in the darkroom, process all strips under
darkroom conditions, according to the darkroom processing parameters used in product inspection within 2h.
D.4.2.6. If the longest irradiation time of safety light can’t make any level on the strip generate inspectable
change, the change can be done again, the initial time shall be the longest irradiation time of safety light last
time, to repeat the steps of D.4.2.1~D.4.2.5.
D.4.3. The irradiation test procedures after humid films being exposed
58
D.4.3.1 The test shall be conducted first according to D.4.2.1 and D.4.2.2.
D.4.3.2 After the step test blocks being exposed, the strips can’t accept any irradiation of safety light before
beginning of the developing process.
D.4.3.3 The first strip shall be conducted with darkroom processing under full-dark conditions; for the second
strip, the safety light shall be used when the developing is continued for 50% of the total developing time; for
the third strip, the safety light shall be used when the developing begins.
D.4.3.4 If any level of blackness on the second strip appears inspectable changes, the safety-light tests shall be
respectively conducted when the developing is continued for 90%, 80%, 70% and 60% of the total developing
time.
D.5 Evaluation of the test data
D.5. 1 Measurement opportunity
The test strips that have undergone darkroom processing shall be conducted blackness measurement after being
dried.
D. 5. 2 Measurement and comparison of the nigrometer
The measurement method of blackness shall be consistent with that of the films in actual production. Using the
nigrometer to measure each level of the test strip one by one, record the blackness with/without undergoing
irradiation of safety light and compare them, to find the level where the blackness change can be found. In
general, if the blackness change exceeds ±0.05, it shall be considered as that the change of blackness can be
inspected.
D.5.3 Visual measurement and comparison
The visual observation conditions shall be consistent with the observation conditions of films in actual
production. Observe the blackness with/without undergoing irradiation of safety light and compare them, to
find the strip which has undergone the longest irradiation of safety light, but no blackness change can be
inspected.
D.6 Determination for darkroom’s safety irradiation time
D. 6. 1 Treat one half of the minimum in t1, t2 and t3 obtained from the test as the irradiation time of safety
light allowable in the process of darkroom processing, that is, safety irradiation time of the darkroom.
D. 6.2 If the safety irradiation time determined by the test is insufficient for completing the whole darkroom
processing, the safety light shall be considered to replace, and the safety irradiation time shall be re-determined
by tests.
D.6.3 In actual production, darkroom processing of the films shall be conducted under the safety irradiation
time, safety distance and other parameters determined by the test.
D. 7 Test report
The report shall include the following contents at least:
a) Type and relevant parameters of the safety light, such as voltage, power of the bulb, as well as name and size
of the filtering piece;
59
b) The relevant position and distance between the safety light and films shall include the distances of pre-
exposure operation, post-exposure operation and developing operation;
c ) Films (brand and classification levels) and darkroom processing parameters
d) t1, t2 and t3 obtained by the test and the time of darkroom’s safety irradiation t;
e) e) Necessary descriptions and instructions for the test process.
60
Annex E
(Informative)
The diagram of typical penetrating methods
E. 1 Typical penetrating methods for the butt welds

Figure E.1~E.8 gives the common diagrams for typical penetrating methods of butt welds, which can be used
for reference in penetrating arrangement. In the figures, d refers to available focal size of the radiation source, F
refers to the focus, b refers to the distance from the object to film, f refers to the distance from radiation source
to the object, T refers to nominal thickness, and D0 refers to outer diameter of the tube.
Figure E.1 Outer-source single wall penetrating method for longitudinal and circular welding joints
Figure E.2. Inner-source single wall penetrating method for longitudinal and circular welding joints
61
Figure E.3 Central-source circular penetrating method for circular welding joints
Figure E.4 Outer-source bi-wall single-image penetrating method for circular welding joints(1)
62
Figure E.5 Outer-source bi-wall single-image penetrating method for circular welding joints(2)
Figure E.6 Outer-source bi-wall single-image penetrating method for longitudinal welding joints
63
Figure E.7 the tilt penetrating method for small-diameter tube’s circular welding joints
Figure E.8 the vertical penetrating method for small-diameter tube’s circular welding joints
E.2 The typical penetrating methods for fillet welds
Figure E.9~E.14 gives typical diagrams for penetrating methods of common fillet welds. In the figures, 1 refers
to focus of the radiation source, 2 refers to the film, and b refers to the distance between the object to film.
64
Figure E.9 Single-wall center inner penetrating method for plug-in fillet welds
Figure E.10 Single-wall eccentricity inner penetrating method for plug-in fillet welds
65
Note: The radiation source is placed on the axis taking the angle of 20°~30°with bus of the branch.
Figure E.11 Single-wall outer penetrating method for plug-in fillet welds
Film
Source
Note: The radiation shall be placed on the axis of welds groove outside of the tube, the difference is within
0~+10°.
Figure E.12 the single-wall outer penetrating method for put-type fillet welds
66
Figure E.13 the single-wall center penetrating method for put-type fillet welds
Figure E.14 Single-wall eccentricity inner penetrating method for put-type fillet welds
67
Annex F
(Informative)
Determination methods of penetrating times for circular butt welds
F.1 The curve for penetrating times
When the circular welding joints with the outer diameter of D0＞100mm are inspected for 100%, the minimum
penetrating times needed are related to the penetrating method and ratio of penetrating thickness, such value
can be directly found of figure F.1~F.6:
a) Figure F.1 The curve of penetrating times for outer-source single-wall penetrating circular welding joints,
with the ratio of penetrating times of K=1.06;
b) Figure F.2 The curve of penetrating times, using other methods (eccentricity inner penetrating and bi-wall
single-image methods) to penetrate the circular welding joints, ratio of the penetrating thickness K=1.06;
c) Figure F.3 The curve of penetrating times for outer-source single-wall penetrating of circular welding
joints, ratio of the penetrating thickness K=1.1;
d) Figure F.4 The curve of penetrating times, using other methods (eccentricity inner penetrating and bi-wall
e) Figure F.5 The curve of penetrating times for outer-source single-wall penetrating of circular welding joints,
ratio of the penetrating thickness K=1.2;
f) Figure F.6 The curve of penetrating times, using other methods (eccentricity inner penetrating and bi-wall
F.2 The methods of determining the penetrating times with figures
The steps of determining the penetrating times from the figures: Calculate T/D0, D0/f, find a point
corresponding to T/D0 on the horizontal ordinate, draw a straight line that is vertical to the horizontal ordinate
through the point; find a point corresponding to D0/f, on the longitudinal ordinate, draw a straight line that is
vertical to the longitudinal ordinate through the point; the penetrating times needed can be found from the zone
where the intersection point is; when the intersection point is at boundary of two zones, the larger value shall be
treated as minimum penetrating times needed.
F.3 The calculation formula for minimum penetrating times N for inner-source eccentricity penetrating (F＜
D0/2)
68
When D＞T, the simple calculation result is .
Where：
Di---Inner diameter;
α—Semi radius angle corresponding to maximum penetrating length;
--Maximum distortion angle of the image;
--Effective semi-radiation angle.
69
Figure F.1 The curve of penetrating times for outer-source single-wall penetrating circular welding
joints, with the ratio of penetrating times of K=1.06;
70
Figure F.2 The curve of penetrating times, using other methods to penetrate the circular welding
71
Figure F.3 The curve of penetrating times for outer-source single-wall penetrating of circular
welding joints, ratio of the penetrating thickness K=1.1;
72
73
Figure F.5 The curve of penetrating times for outer-source single-wall penetrating of circular welding
74
75
Annex G
(Normative)
Calculation methods of the focal size
Focal forms of the radiation source can be divided into 4 classes according to Figure G.1: Square, rectangle,
round, and oval, and the effective focal sizes d can be respectively calculated according to (G.1)~(G.3).
Focus of the square: d=a………………………………….(G.1)
Focus of the square and oval:
d=(a+b)/2…………………………….(G.2)
Focus of the round: d=d…………………………………….(G.3)
Square
Rectangle
Round
Oval
Figure G.: Classification of the focal forms
76
Annex H
(Normative)
Calculation methods of Geometric Unsharpness (Ug)
Calculation methods of Geometric Unsharpness (Ug) are as follows:
or
77
Annex I
(Informative)
Light filter
I.1 General Requirements

I.1.1 The light filter is recommended to use when γ-ray is used for inspection.
I.1.2 The light filter is consisted of a layer of lead plate; it shall be placed between the object and the cassette
with film and intensifying screen.
I.1.3 Thicknesses of the light filters respectively are: 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm.
I.1.4 Recommend drilling a hole at one corner of the light filter as the identification, so that the problems in the
future can be inspected from the film. The 0.5mm thick light filter can be drilled a hole with the diameter of
2mm; and the 1mm thick light filter can be drilled 2 holes with the diameter of 2mm; 1.5mm thick light filter
can be drilled a hole with the diameter of 3mm; 2mm thick light filter can be drilled 2 holes with the diameter
of 3mm;
I.2 Thickness selection of the light filter
The relationship between the light’s thickness and penetrating thickness, see Table 1.1.
Table I.1 Materials and thickness of the light filter
Penetrating thickness/mm Thickness of the light filter (lead)/mm
T≤40 0.5
40＜T≤60 1
60＜T≤80 1.5 or 2(used for carbon steel or low alloy steel),

2(other steel)
T＞80 2
Note: When the light filter is used for X-ray inspection, the value can refer to the thickness in the table or
determined by the test.
78
Annex J
(Normative)
Placement Principle of the Positioning Marks
J.1 The placement of butt welds’ positioning marks
The placement of butt welds’ positioning marks shall meet the provisions of Figure J.1~J.5.
Shall be on one side of the

radiation source
Should not be on side of
the film
Figure J.1 Plane object or longitudinal welding joints

the film
radiation source
Figure J.2 the distance from radiation source to the film F is less than curvature radius of the hook-face
object
79
radiation source

the film
Figure J.3 the hook-face part whose convex side is toward the radiation source
Should not be on side of the

radiation source
Shall be on side of
the film
Figure J.4 the distance from radiation source to the film F is larger than curvature radius of the hook-
face object
80
The position marks that
can be adopted by the
both
Figure J.5 Curvature center of the radiation source on hook-face object

J.2 Placement of the positioning mark of fillet welds
The placement of the positioning mark of fillet welds shall meet the provisions of figure J.6~J.9.
Edge of the inspection zone (positioning mark)
Welds edge(positioning mark)
Figure J.6 Placement of plug-in fillet welds’ positioning marks (outer radiation source)
81
Welds
edge(positioning
mark)
Edge of the
inspection zone
(positioning mark)
Figure J.7 Placement of plug-in fillet welds’ positioning marks (inner radiation source)
Edge of the
inspection zone
(positioning mark)
Welds
edge(positioning
mark)
Figure J.8 Placement of put-type fillet welds’ positioning marks (inner radiation source)
82
Edge of the inspection
zone (positioning mark)
Welds edge(positioning
mark)
Figure J.9Placement of put-type fillet welds’ positioning marks (outer radiation source)
83
Annex K
(Informative)
The measuring methods for ionic concentration of thiosulfate on the film
K.1 the measuring methods for ionic concentration of thiosulfate on the film
Process the un-exposed film (or unexposed zone of the product films) with the processing conditions same with
the product films, and then take chemical attack with the solution specially used for measuring ionic
concentration of thiosulfate recommended by the film manufacturer, after the erosion, using the image obtained
to visually compare with the typical atlas of different ionic concentrations of thiosulfate provided by the film
manufacturer, to evaluate ionic content of thiosulfate.
The measuring process of ionic concentration of thiosulfate on the film is conducted according to the technical
conditions recommended by the film manufacturer.
84
Annex L
(Normative)
Reference block’s type and specification
L.1 Reference block
The reference blocks of tube welds can be divided into type I (special reference block for small-diameter tube’s
circular welds) and type II (universal groove reference block). The materials used for making the reference
block shall be the same or similar with ray absorption factor of the material of object inspected.
Type, specification and size of type I reference block shall meet the requirements of Figure L.1.
L.3 type, specification and size of type –II reference block
Type, specification and size of type –II reference block shall meet the requirements of Figure L.2 and Table L.1.
Residual height of the

welds
Allowable depth of
incomplete penetration
Outer diameter of the

welds’ residual height Outer diameter of the tube
Processing error of all

dimensions shall be
±0.1mm
Figure L.1 Type-I reference block
85
Figure L.2 Type-II reference block
Table L. Dimensions of type-II reference blocks Unit:mm

h1 h1 h1 h1 Dimension
deviation
0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 ±0.05
_______________________END_______________________
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ICS 77.040.

ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD

Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments-

Issued on April 02, 2015 Implemented on September 01, 2015

Issued by National Energy Administration

X-ray(≤100kV) Lead Not use or the ≤0.03 —

X-rayd (> 250 kV ~ Lead 0.02 ~ 0.20 0.02 ~ 0.20 2×0.02-2×0.10

Se75 Lead Level A: 0.02-0.20 Level A: 0.02-0.20 2×0.10

Lead 0.50-2.0 0.50-2.0 2×0.10

Lead 0.50 ~ 2.0 0.50 ~ 2.0 2× 0.10mm or not use

Lead 0.50 ~ 1.0 0.50- 1:0 2×0.10mm or not use

5 The inspection process and its selection

Table 3: Allowable penetrating thickness ratio K

5.5.5 Overlapping of effective evaluation zone

5. 5. 6.3 Special situations

Penetrating thickness w/mm

Radiation source Penetrating thickness w/mm

The distance from level-B radiation source to surface of the object

The distance from level-A radiation source to surface of the object

The distance from surface of the object to the

surface of the object

H17(5.000) 〉250-320 〉320-400 —

5.17 Storage of films

Evaluation zone/mm × 10× 10 10×20 10×30

Nominal thickness of the base ≤20 >20~50

Nominal thickness of ≤3 >3~5 >5~10 >10~20 >20~ 30 > 30~50

7.1.8 The grading evaluation of indent and undercut at roots

Figure A.1: Diagram for film after source

Figure A.2: Diagram for film before source

Levels of camera Level A Level AB Level B

Types of sources and X-ray γ-ray X-raya γ-ray

Pore depth required to identify /mm 0.8 0.5 0.3

Industrial Radiographic Film System’s Characteristic Index, see Table B.1

Table B.1 Main Characteristic Index of the Film System

C1 4.5 7.5 0.018 300

E. 1 Typical penetrating methods for the butt welds

E.2 The typical penetrating methods for fillet welds

--Maximum distortion angle of the image;

--Effective semi-radiation angle.

Figure G.: Classification of the focal forms

I.1 General Requirements

60＜T≤80 1.5 or 2(used for carbon steel or low alloy steel),

Shall be on one side of the

Figure J.1 Plane object or longitudinal welding joints

Should not be on side of

Should not be on side of the

Figure J.5 Curvature center of the radiation source on hook-face object

Residual height of the

Outer diameter of the

Processing error of all

Figure L.1 Type-I reference block

Table L. Dimensions of type-II reference blocks Unit:mm

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