CRIMINAL SOSIOLOGY, ETHICS AND HUMAN RELATIONS

1. A member of the PNP while on duty, whether in uniform or not should avoid unpleasant
habits which affect not only himself as an individual member, but also the whole
organization where he belongs.
a. Sleeping on duty
b. Intoxication and use of prohibited drugs
c. Partisan police activities
d. All of the foregoing
Ans. D

2. The general rule is that a member of the PNP cannot draw his firearms, except for-
a. Necessary apprehension of criminals
b. Necessary target practice
c. Necessary inspection or lawful use
d. All of the foregoing
Ans. A

3. It is the process by which we use or manipulate representation or symbols.

a. Thinking
b. Intuition
c. Perceiving
d. Memory
Ans. B

4. It is everyone’s duty and obligation regardless of his intelligence, degree of education,

social standing, religion, sect, or color etc.
a. Code of ethics
b. Public office is a public thrust
c. Faithful allegiance to the government and constitution
d. Loyalty and love of country
Ans. C

5. Deficiencies in the CJS can be manifested by the following circumstances, except-

a. Poor linkage or relationship among the 5 pillars
b. Poor image or credibility of and controversies in law enforcement
c. Widespread indifference and apathy of the community
d. Proper disposition of cases by the prosecution and court

Ans. D

6. This involves functions of the police to ensure compliance by regulatory means with
public safety and security.
a. Implement law
b. Enforce traffic and crowd laws
c. Arrest and investigate criminals
d. Regulate non-criminal conduct
Ans. A

7. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

a. Assassination
b. Bombing
c. Sabotage
d. Prostitution
Ans. D

8. It is known as an Act Prohibiting the Employment of Children Below 15 years of age in

public and private undertakings.
a. Republic Act 7610
b. Republic Act 7658
c. Republic Act 8551
d. Presidential Decree 603
Ans. A

9. Assume that you are a police officer and you found out that you have unjustly
reprimanded police officer Juan de la Cruz. The best procedure to follow is-
a. Justify the reprimand
b. Talk to him and admit your mistakes
c. Make no apology but tolerate his behavior
d. Ignore the matter
Ans. B

10. This is a term applied for a specialist in the study of disorders, sometimes
interchangeably used with psychiatrist.
a. Anthropologist
b. Alienist
c. Autophobia
d. Biometry
Ans. A

11. Inconsistent and wise use of discretion, base on professional policing competence, will
do much to preserve good relationship and retain the confidence of the public. This
statement is __________.
a. Absolutely correct
b. Absolutely wrong
c. Maybe correct
d. Neither correct or wrong
Ans. A

12. What disciplinary measure, do you think, will most likely produce discontentment and
grievance?
a. Unusual strictness
b. Inconsistent administration
c. Severity of punishment
d. Impersonal attitude
Ans. B

13. This theory believes that punishment should fit the criminal and not the crime
committed.
a. Positivist theory
b. Neo-classical theory
c. Classical theory
d. Differential Association Theory
Ans. C
14. A police officer in uniform is prohibited from carrying any package or bundle unless it is
needed in the performance of his duty. The likelihood, the said officer will be
misinterpreted to ______.
a. Have accepted favors
b. Be a comprador for his wife
c. A trim appearance while in uniform is important
d. All of the forgoing
Ans. A

15.Before the development of scientist theorist, this theory involved believing that criminal
behavior is caused by the possession of evil spirits.
a. Demonological
b. Classical
c. Italian
d. Neo-classical
Ans. A

16. A statue enacted by Congress, penal in character, which is not amendment to the Revise
Penal Code such as Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees and Memorandum Circulars.
a. Special Law
b. Constitution
c. Revised Penal Code
d. Common Law
Ans. A

17. It is a kind of early form of punishment where prisoners are shipped or moved from
one place to another for the purpose of cheap labor.
a. Slavery
b. Banishment
c. Transportation
d. Penal colony
Ans. C

18. Justice according to the Supreme Court is symbolically represented by a blindfolded

woman holding a sword and with a balance, meaning it is?
a. Administered with respect to persons
b. Administered without respect to persons, equality to poor and the rich
c. Administered without respect to persons. Equality to poor people
d. Administered with respect to persons, Equality and Treatment
Ans. D

19. Which agency is responsible for the custody and rehabilitation of youthful offenders?
a. Boards of Pardons and Parole
b. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
c. Department of Social Welfare and Development
d. Bureau of Corrections
Ans. C

20. Are those who commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological disorders. They
should be exempted from criminal liability.
a. Born criminals
b. Insane criminals
c. Criminaloids
d. Criminal by passion
 Ans. B

21. It is defined as the wise use of one’s judgment, common sense and personal experience
in deciding.
a. Discretion
b. Decision making
c. Problem solving
d. None of the above
Ans. A

22. A police officer on witness stand is not called upon to express his view about the case,
nor to tell what he heard others say about it, nor to make a speech. Of the following, the
most accurate statement of this situation is that –
a. Be courteous
b. To tell the truth and nothing but the truth
c. Do not volunteer
d. None of the above
Ans. B

23. The basic weapon of a police officer is?

a. Gun
b. Uniform
c. Whistle
d. Knowledge of the law
Ans. D

24. It is defined as the sum total of dealings between the police and the people it serves and
whose goodwill and cooperation it craves for the greatest possible efficiency in the service.
a. Public Relations
b. Human Relations
c. Police Community Relations
d. Police information and education
Ans. C

25. Which of the following is the most important function of good public relation officers
of a police station?
a. Training of police members
b. Generating community awareness and support
c. Recruiting qualified applicant
d. Planning and special projects
Ans. B

26. The term “police” can be defined in two ways. This definition refers to the creation of
the police under the Constitution forming a part of the executive department in charge in
the apprehension of offenders and to execute the law.
a. As to agency
b. As to behavior
c. As to individual
d. As to organization
Ans. D

27. The form of child abuse that can range from habitual humiliation of the child to
withholding life-sustaining nurturing refers to –
a. Mental abuse
b. Emotional abuse
c. Physical abuse
d. Economic abuse
Ans. B

28. He advocated a system of classifying criminals according to bodily measurements.

Because human skeleton is unchangeable after the twentieth year and because no two
individuals are alike in all dimensions; this method of identification received prominence in
1880’s.
a. Alphonse Bertillon
b. Charles Darwin
c. Cesar Lombroso
d. Charles Goring
Ans. A

29. Dominated by Pleasure principle, through which the individual is pressed for
immediate gratification of his or her desires.
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. None of the above
Ans. A
30. The theory which states that police officers who know the wrongdoing of another
police officer will not take action against them or provide information against them to
investigators.
a. Code of ethical standards
b. Code of Secrecy
c. Blue wall of silence
d. None of the above
Ans. C

31. He founded the Positive School of Criminology in the Nineteenth Century.

a. Cessare Beccaria
b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Charles Goring
d. Calvin Goddard
Ans. B

32. Under this ethical standard, the PNP member shall take legitimate means to achieve
goals despite of internal and external difficulties.
a. Perseverance
b. Humility
c. Orderliness
d. Integrity
Ans. A

33. It means more than reporting to work on time. It involves as well as every detail of the
policeman’s daily activity.
a. Protection of the underdog
b. Maltreatment of offenders
c. Punctuality to calls, requirements of duty, etc.
d. Due process of law
Ans. C

34. It is a morbid fear of one’s self or of being alone.

a. Monophobia
b. Megalomania
c. Autophobia
d. Kleptomania
 Ans. A

35. A police officer is forbidden to engage in idle conversation while on duty. Specifically
this prohibition refers to-
a. Gossip and idle talk
b. Communication outside organization
c. Vexing of humiliating other
d. All of the foregoing
Ans. D

36. It is a strategic position to prevent crime and delinquency. It receives him when he is
young, observes, supervises, and teaches him for many hours each week during some of his
most impressionable years.
a. Home
b. Religion
c. School
d. Police agency
Ans. C

37. One of the following is not a cause of juvenile delinquency:

a. Neglected homes
b. Police inefficiency
c. Lack of proper guidance
d. Delinquent parents
Ans. B

38. Police officer shall treat official business as such, and shall no impart the same to
anyone except those for whom it is intended, or as by his superior officer, or as required by
law. This Phrase describes-
a. Confession
b. Confidential information
c. criminal investigation
d. Secrecy discipline
Ans. D

39. Which of the following should not released to the press by the police officer?
a. Length of investigation
b. Juveniles age
c. Juveniles name
d. Type of crime committed
Ans. C

40. What is meant by victimless crime?

a. There is no victim
b. There is no complaining Victim
c. The victim is dead
d. The victim knows the suspect
Ans. B

41. A person who commits crime due to less physical stamina or self control.
a. Criminaloids
b. Criminal by passion
c. Insane criminal
d. Born criminal
Ans. A

42. The center stage of Police Officers actions wherein his spectators are the citizens he has
sworn to serve with utmost dedication is the –
a. Court
b. Community
c. Police station
d. None of the foregoing
Ans. B

43. It is considered as the weakest pillar in the Philippine Criminal Justice System because
they fail to reform offenders and prevent them from returning to criminal life.
a. Police
b. Prosecution
c. Correctional institutions
d. Community
Ans. C

44. Who constitutes the Holy Three in Criminology?

1. Cesare Lomborso 2. Emile Durkheim
3. Enrico Ferri 4. Rafael Garofalo
a. 2, 3, and 4
b. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2, 3, and 4
d. 1, 3 and 4
Ans. D

45. All PNP members must have the moral courage to sacrifice self interest in keeping with
the time honored principle of _____________.
a. Delicadeza
b. Pakikisama
c. Balikatan
d. None of the above
Ans. A

46. Growth, learning, maturation, are part of natural development of –

a. A child
b. An adolescent
c. Senile
d. Old age
Ans. B

47. May be defined as a study and investigation of crime and criminals and is concerned
with the application of knowledge regarding crime to social programs of crime prevention
and control.
a. Etiology of crime
b. Criminalist
c. Criminology
d. Criminal process
Ans. C
48. Republic Act No. 8551 provides for the reorganization of the Philippine National Police.
Which of the following is NOT a guiding policy in the preparation of reorganization plan?
a. Enhancement of community and service orientation to the police
b. Maintenance of a civilian and national police force
c. Attainment of efficiency and effectiveness
d. Adaptation of military command structures
Ans. D

49. They are atavists according to Lombroso because they have inherited their criminal
tendencies.
a. Born criminals
b. Criminal by Passion
c. Insane criminals
d. Criminaloids
Ans. A

50. Typology of crime simply means –

a. Categorization or type of crime
b. Crime situation
c. Extent of crime
d. Crime trend
Ans. A

51. The key to professionalism is the implementation of a _______________ program which

includes the equitable distribution of recruitment, fair promotion, rationalized approach in
assignment, skills development, grant of reward and award, and decent living upon
retirement.
a. Compensation
b. Press relation officer
c. Human resource development
d. Organizational development
Ans. C

52. The Neo-classical theory believes that children and lunatics should not be regarded as
criminal and punished because –
a. They are special people
b. They cannot calculate pleasure and pain
c. They cannot complain
d. They are under age
Ans. B

53. Ms Judith was under underweight when she was issued a temporary appointment.
What will happen to her if she does not gain the required weight after six (6) months from
her appointment?
a. She will be charge for violation of recruitment policy
b. She will be put under probation
c. She will be dismissed from one service
d. She will be reassigned
Ans. C

54. The goal of any juvenile justice system is to –

a. Punish children
b. Remove children from streets
c. Save children from becoming criminals
d. Ensure that children are in school
Ans. C

55. A police officer must wear his uniform securely buttoned at all times because –
a. A complete uniform attracts “chicks”
b. A neat appearance commands respect
c. Loose clothing is likely to catch obstruction
d. None of the above
Ans. B

56. This political violence is used to promote political goals and employs kidnapping,
assassination and bombing to draw repressive response from government trying to
defense themselves.
a. Insurgency
b. Sabotage
c. Espionage
d. Terrorism
Ans. D

57. Strict code of conduct that governs the behavior of mafia members
a. Code and cipher
b. Omerta
c. Code of ethics
d. None of the above
Ans. B

58. There are _____ justices that composed the Supreme Court including the chief justice.
a. 15
b. 12
c. 20
d. 24
Ans. A

59. Who has the peace-keeping responsibility and to act as auxiliaries of the law?
a. Congressman
b. Mayor
c. Barangay Captain
d. Councilors
Ans. C

60. According to Adolphe Quetelet, crimes against property increases during __________.
a. Summer
b. Winter
c. Night time
d. All of the above
Ans. B

61. It is term as the relationship between the victim and the offender.
a. Penal couple
b. Brotherhood
c. Married couple
d. None of the above
Ans. A

62. Also known as the “Family Courts Act”.

a. Republic Act No. 9165
b. Republic Act No. 6713
c. Republic Act No. 7160
d. Republic Act No. 8369
Ans. D
63. The prosecutor in court hearing represents the;
a. Plaintiff
b. Defendant
c. Police investigator
d. The State and the people
Ans. D

64. This process see to it that no person will be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
notice of charges, legal counsel, a hearing, and an opportunity to confront accusers.
a. Plea bargaining
b. Booking
c. Bail
d. Due process
Ans. D
65. Republic Act No. 6975 did not amend its provision on the ____________ power of city
executives in spite of lobbying to have them in congress, the power still remains with the
National Police Commission.
a. Hire and fire
b. Appointing
c. Promoting
d. Dismissing
Ans. A
66. Compulsory retirement from police service entitles one to be promoted one rank higher
from the rank he last held, for purpose of?
a. Monthly retirement
b. Retirement pay
c. Salary adjustment
d. Longevity pay
Ans. B

67. When a person was subjected to some shocking experiences leaving him with painful
memories, repressed and can no longer be recalled, he is suffering from this disorder,
a. Delusion
b. Amnesia
c. Phobia
d. Dementia praecox
Ans. B

68. The rank of Police Senior Superintendent is required to become a,

a. Police Director
b. Police Superintendent
c. PNP Regional Director
d. Police Chief Superintendent
Ans. D

69. All statements are correct except one.

a. Attitudes are inherited, not learned
b. Defective character is related to deviant behavior
c. Mass media has an influence on delinquent behavior
d. Loyalty to gang compels the members to conform
Ans. A

70. If Metro Manila accounts for 26% of the national total crime volume of 84, 875, How
many crimes were reported to the police?
a. 22, 868
b. 22, 068
c. 20, 250
d. 32, 644
Ans. B

71. Sexual deviation is attained in this deviant behavior by watching nude man or woman.
a. Exhibitionism
b. Transvertism
c. Voyeurism
d. Fetishism
Ans. C

72. This is an ethical standard that requires all PNP members to follow logical procedures
in accomplishing their duties in order to minimize waste of time, money and efforts.
a. Morality
b. Justice
c. Humility
d. Orderliness
Ans. D

73. The mental attitude of every policemen is of vital importance in police works because,
a. police works calls for executive abilities
b. police job requires the ability to make vital calculation
c. a police officer must keep calm in order to think clearly in an emergency and critical
situations
d. a policeman usually has to act before he has the chance to think
Ans. C

74. Who said that crime is normal and part of nature society?
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Charles Goring
c. Cesare Beccaria
d. Cesare Lombroso
Ans. B

75. There is ___________ if the killing was considered beforehand and that it was motivated by
more than simple desire to engage in an act of violence.
a. Implied malice
b. Deliberation
c. Premeditation
d. Express malice
Ans. C

76. An offender who committed an act of violence, more than nine years of age but less than
18 at the time of the commission of the crime, is classified as,
a. Juvenile Offender
b. Adult Offender
c. Habitual Offender
d. Professional criminal
Ans. A

77. Under the PNP Reform Bill known as the RA 8551, thee police ranks are maintained.
What is the equivalent military rank of a Police Chief Superintendent?
a. Colonel
b. Lt. Colonel
c. Major General
d. Brigadier General
Ans. D

78. The body of an _________ person is short, fat, and small-boned. He is easy-going and a
very comfortable person.
a. Mesomorph
b. Endomorph
c. Ectomorph
d. Chronomorph
Ans. B
79. A behavior pattern where an individual return to a state of form adjustment and
attempt to experience them again in memory.
a. Anger
b. Phobia
c. Regression
d. Frustration
Ans. C

80. Police officers trained on how to deal with people in a warm and friendly manner are
more skilled in handling ____________works.
a. Media relation
b. International relation
c. Press relation
d. Public relation
Ans. D

81. The promulgation of the Code of Kalantiaw was in what year?

a. 1433
b. 1444
c. 1434
d. 1435
Ans. A

82. With a population of 195,000 and a volume crime of 2,540, in Municipality A, What is its
crime rate?
a. 1465.2
b. 1203.5
c. 1230.6
d. 1302.6
Ans. D

83. How do you classify a family or home condition where death, or separation, or
desertion occurred?
a. Broken home
b. Family disintegration
c. Family migration
d. None of the above
Ans. A

84. They are considered as juvenile offenders when they committed a crime at their given
ages;
1. Jimmy who is 9 years old
2. Rosa, 22 years old
3. Peter, 19 years old
4. Rodrigo, 15 years old
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 4
d. 1 and 3
Ans. C

85. Where war or internal conflict is present, children found in those areas are referred to
as,
a. Children of war
b. Affected children
c. Victims of situation
d. Zones of peace
Ans. D

86. The security preservation of the state is assumed by the PNP in the national level, and
the AFP in the external level. However, the AFP can take over primary responsibilities over
internal or national security when the situation calls for them, as
Given below, EXCEPT,
a. There is a need for the employment of bigger tactical forces and use of higher caliber
armaments
b. Insurgents have penetrated much of the community
c. Index crimes are mostly committed
d. These are serious threats to national security and great disturbance of peace and order
Ans. C

87. The most important supervisory principle in any office in order to improve the morale
of the staff is;
a. To be fair and just
b. To be strict on attendance
c. To be kind and respectful
d. To be more forgiving
Ans. A

88. It is a contemporary approach that relates behavior to events taking place inside the
body, specifically the brain and the nervous system.
a. Psychoanalytic approach
b. Neurobiological approach
c. Cognitive approach
d. Phenomenological approach
Ans. B

89. Eviction or demolition of squatters calls for the policemen to,

a. Exercise maximum tolerance while giving security assistance
b. Exercise limited force
c. Exercise maximum force in dealing with squatters
d. Participate in actual demolition
Ans. A

90. What will happen to the sentence rendered by the court to a boy of 10 who raped a girl
of his age?
a. Mitigated
b. Suspended
c. Serve
d. Commuted
Ans. B
91. A child deserted by his parents or guardians for six continuous months is classified as,
a. Neglected
b. Dependent
c. Abandoned
d. Abused
Ans. C

92. Criminal physical anthropology refers to the study of the relationship of crime to the
______.
a. Environment
b. Physical constitution of man
c. Given population
d. Spatial distribution of crime in a given area
Ans. B

93. Police immorality is exampled by,

a. Living with a woman not his wife
b. Smoking while patrolling
c. Being constantly absent from work
d. Reporting to work not in uniform
Ans. A

94. Which statement can be considered FALSE?

a. People in early centuries believes that man’s behavior is caused by good or evil spirits
b. All human behaviors are motivated, that drives gives direction and sustain action
c. Extended family is a common and accepted fact in any Filipino community
d. Religion is never necessary in the improvement of behavior
Ans. D

95. When may age, height, weight, and educational requirements among police applicants
be waived?
a. Only when the PNP has declared an annual quota
b. Only when the applicant has a recommendation from the mayor
c. Only when the number of qualified applicants falls below the minimum annual quota
d. Only when all applicants have submitted their applications
Ans. C

96. In a given jurisdiction, who exercises control and supervision of anti gambling
operations?
a. Police Provincial Director
b. Local Chief executives
c. Police Regional Directors
d. Chief of Police
Ans. B
97. A process in court pillar of our criminal justice system where the accused is brought
before the court and appraised of the formal charges and informed of his constitutional
rights. What is this process?
a. Plea bargaining
b. Custodial investigation
c. Arraignment
d. Preliminary investigation
Ans. C

98. Policemen reports on a three (3) working shifts. However, they sometimes extend
working hours due to,
a. Overtime pay
b. Individual discretion
c. need for more policemen
d. Inadequate manpower
Ans. D
99. He was referred to as the “Father of Modern Criminology”.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Jeremy Bentham
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Cesare Beccaria
Ans. A

100. The study of crime’s relation to environment is referred to –

a. Criminal Demography
b. Criminal Epidemiology
c. Criminal Ecology
d. Criminal Physical Anthropology
Ans. B
101. It is the smallest unit of society composed of people who share a way of life, a definite
location and has some continuity.
a. Society
b. Population
c. Family
d. Associations
Ans. C
102. The Chief PNP exercises ________ since he has lawful authority over his subordinates by
virtue of his rank, position and assignment.
a. Order
b. Administration
c. Control
d. Command
Ans. D

103. Unusual emergencies that happens and absence of superior officers leaves the
policeman to handle the situation properly, the best procedure to follow is?
a. Take no action
b. Confer with any other superior
c. Act according to one’s judgment
d. Confer immediately with other police officers on the best action to take
Ans. C

104. The command and direction of the Chief PNP may be delegated to ___________ officials
with respect to the units under their respective command.
a. Subordinate
b. Next-in-rank
c. Qualified
d. Efficient
Ans. B
105. Who among the following can be considered an applicant to the PNP?
a. Jose, born on January 25, 1981
b. Protacio, born on February 14, 1989
c. Rizal, born on March 27, 1975
d. Mercado, born on April 1, 1969
Ans. B

106. The __________ is still considered as the most basic institution which has control over
the behavior of young persons.
a. Family
b. School
c. Church
d. Peer group
Ans. A

107. This statement is FALSE.

a. Heredity and environment play a part in the behavior of an individual
b. Fraternal twins have identical hereditary traits
c. Personality is the product of body and soul
d. Heredity is the talent transferred through the genes from parents to siblings
Ans. B

108. All PNP members should try to create a positive image of the police in the eyes of the
public in line with its _________ building program.
a. People’s awareness
b. Human relations
c. Image building
d. Educational
Ans. C

109. Police –to-population ratio in urban areas, ideally should be,

a. 1:1000
b. 1:750
c. 1:900
d. 1:500
Ans. D
110. When the incarcerated convicted offender undergoes rehabilitation inside jails, they
are undergoing?
a. Institutional treatment
b. Probation
c. Parole
d. Community-based treatment
Ans. A
111. The Chief PNP has term of ______ years.
a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d. 2
Ans. B

112. The purpose of a police public relations program is,

a. Train police officers in community relation program
b. Recruit new members for community relation program
c. Develop mutual understanding between the police and the public
d. Plan for a police-community relation program
Ans. C

113. This theory states that the crime and delinquency results when an individual’s bond to
society is weak or broken.
a. Social learning
b. Social structure
c. Social process
d. Social control
Ans. D

114. This theory states that intelligence is largely determined genetically; that ancestry
determines IQ; and that low IQ is linked to behavior, including criminal behavior.
a. Cultural deviance theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Nature theory
d. Strain theory
Ans. B

115. Excessive use of force or police brutality by some members of the PNP is a violation of
human rights and police ethical standards. It is mandated that all PNP members shall
exercise proper and ___________ use of authority in the performance of duty.
a. Proportionate
b. Ethical
c. Effective
d. Legitimate
Ans. D

116. In Differential Association Theory, ______________ stressed that criminal conduct is

learned behavior and that learning occur through communication and association with
others who are with criminal mind.
a. Cesare Beccaria
b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Cesar Montano
d. Edwin Sutherland
Ans. D

117. They play an important role by bringing criminal events to the police.
a. Media
b. Judges
c. Jail guards
d. Janitor
Ans. A

118. The need to assault or injure somebody is referred to as?

a. Need recognition
b. Need aggression
c. Need difference
d. Need order
Ans. B

119. Presidential Decree 603 deals with _________ offender, whose age is less than nine but
under 18 at the time of the commission of an offense.
a. Habitual
b. Professional
c. Minor
d. Adult
Ans. C

120. The best measure for the competence of police officer is ?
a. Command of word
b. High level of education
c. Ability to make good reports
d. High morale
Ans. D

121. Absence of a complaining victim in the typology of crime is classified as public order
crime or?
a. Crimes against person
b. Victimless crime
c. Physical crime
d. Public scandal
Ans. B
122. When PNP members and their families involved themselves in religious, social, and
civic activities in the community, it enhances ___________ which will work well for the image
of the police.
a. Camaraderie
b. Social awareness
c. Responsiveness
d. Effectiveness
Ans. B
123. There is a trend in criminal activities which was studied that as one grows older, there
is also a decline in criminal activities. This is known as,
a. Aging-out phenomenon
b. Age-line curve
c. Parkinson’s law
d. Age-crime relationship
Ans. A
124. There are four inspection and audit authorities that conducts agency check on the
PNP. They are; The NAPOLCOM, Civil Service Commission, Commission on Audit, and
A. NBI
b. IAS,PNP
c. DOJ
d. Presidential Management Staff
Ans. B

125. Appeals from the decision given by the Chief, PNP regarding a case, are filed with the,
a. PNP Summary Disciplinary Board
b. Peoples Law Enforcement Board
c. NAPOLCOM National Appellate Board
d. NAPOLCOM Regional Appellate Board
Ans. C

126. A strange development of mutual feeling between the hostage and the hostage taker
due to the prolong time of negotiation is known as,
a. Camaraderie
b. Stockholm syndrome
c. Successful negotiation
d. Sympathy
Ans. B
127. The law that provides care and treatment of youthful offenders from apprehension to
the termination of the case is,
a. RA 7610
b. PD 603
c. PD 6975
d. RA 6425
Ans.B

128. It is the unwritten authority given to police officers to make decision, using ones own
judgment based on justice and fairness.
a. Negotiation
b. Discretion
c. Arraignment
d. Plea bargaining
Ans. B

129. The PNP belongs to one of the most inspected and audited agencies of the government
where audit and inspection are handled by the following authorities; NAPOLCOM, Civil
Service Commission, Internal Affairs Service, PNP and,
a. Department of Justice
b. National Bureau of Investigation
c. Commission on Audit
d. Presidential Management staff
Ans. C

130. This theory states that obedience to the norms of lower-class culture places people in
conflict with norms of the dominant culture.
a. Theory of anomie
b. Strain theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Culture conflict theory
Ans. D

131. This theory considers delinquent behavior as result of people’s frustration and anger
over their inability to achieved legitimate social and financial success.
a. Classical
b. Sociological
c. Labeling
d. Strain
Ans. D

132. Which of the following factors are considered as psychologically related to delinquent
behavior?
1. learning capacity
2. mental deficiency and retardation
3. mental psychological set-up
4. emotional imbalances
5. personal problems
a.2,3,4, and 5
b.1,2,3, and 4
c. 1,3,4, and 5
d. 1,5,4, and 3
Ans. A
133. Presidential Decree Number 9344, the most recent bill that deals with youthful
offenders whose age is fifteen and below, is also known as,
a. Comprehensive Juvenile Justice System
b. Juvenile Justice Welfare System
c. Juvenile Justice Welfare Code
d. Comprehensive Justice System
Ans. A

134. “Parens Patriae” in legal term means –

a. Parents of the accused
b. Parents of the State
c. Parents of the Victim
d. None of the above
Ans. C

135. Moral aspect of personality that judges our personality and is also known as the
conscience.
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Super ego
d. All of the foregoing
Ans. C

136. He developed the study of body build and criminal behavior or Somatotype School,
which held that manifest distinct physiques that makes them susceptible to particular
types of delinquent behavior.
a. Charles Goring
b. William Sheldon
c. Charles Darwin
d. Edwin Sutherland
Ans. B

137. Girls see her mother as rival for her father’s attention is termed as –
a. Oedipus Complex
b. Electra
c. Mental retardation
d. None of the above
Ans. B

138. Which deals with selective law enforcement for specific problem in the area?
a. Tactical patrol c. Police patrol
b. Horse patrol d. Beat patrol
Ans. A

139. The offenders who actively pursue a life of crime refer to

a. Career criminals c. Informants
b. Terrorist d. Professional Criminals
Ans. A
140. Which is a program that is devised by the National Sheriff’s Association which
incorporates the ancient notion of frankpledge?
a. Bellman System c. Neighborhood Watch
b. Citizen Volunteer Program d. Either A or C
Ans. C
141. What is a civil wrong which the court seeks a remedy in the form of damages to be
paid?
a. Gift c. Crime
b. Tort d. None of the above
Ans. B

142. A crime discovered after the perpetrator has left the scene?
a. Hot crimes c. Crime Scene
b. Cold crimes d. Either A or B
Ans. B

143. What is an accusation based on probable cause by grand jury changing an individual
with a specific crime?
a. Pilferage c. Indictment
b. Accusation d. Inducement
Ans. B
144. Which is sometimes referred to as special heinous crime?
a. Infamous crime c. Crime
b. Famous crime d. Offense
Ans. A

145. Which is referred to as the group of citizen’s patrolling at night and armed with
rattle to call for help?
a. Watchman c. Rattle watch
b. Rattle Snake d. Bellman Patrol
Ans. C
146. What is the geographic territory claimed by a gang?
a. Beat c. Turf
b. Territory d. Either B or C
Ans. C

147. The term referring to the power of making decisions or a choice is

a. Decision – making c. Discretion
b. Vision d. Problem – solving
Ans. C
148. What is the component of justice that is concerned with the allocation of the goods
and burdens of society?
a. Restorative justice c. Social justice
b. Distributive justice d. Any of the above
Ans. D
149. Other term of “EXPIATION” is
a. Egoism c. Atonement
b. Explication d. Explanation
Ans. C

150. Which term is used for police officers who passively accept and take advantage of
opportunities of corruption?
a. Meat eaters c. Opportunists
b. Grass eaters d. None of the above
Ans. D
criminology board exam reviewer
Criminal Jurisprudence Review Questions
1. Berto, with evident premeditation and treachery killed his father.
What was the crime committed?
A. Murder
B. Parricide
C. Homicide
D. Qualified Homicide
Answer: B

2. PO3 Bagsik entered the dwelling of Totoy against the latter’s will
on suspicion that Bitoy keep unlicensed firearms
in his home. What was the crime committed by PO3 Bagsik?
A. Trespass to Dwelling
B. Violation of Domicile
C. Usurpation Of Authority
D. Forcible Trespassing
Answer: B

3. Charlie and Lea had been married for more than 6 months.They
live together with the children of Lea from her first husband.
Charlie had sexual relation with Jane, the 14 year old daughter of

Lea.Jane loves Charlie very much.What was the crime committed

by Charlie?
A. Simple Seduction
B. Qualified Seduction
C. Consented Abduction
D. Rape
Answer: B

4. Prof. Jose gave a failing grade to one of his students, Lito. When
the two met the following day, Lito slapped
Prof. Jose on the face. What was the crime committed by Lito?
A. Corruption of Public Officials
B. Direct Assault
C. Slight Physical Injuries
D. Grave Coercion
Answer: B

5. A warrant of arrest was issued against Fred for the killing of his

parents. When PO2 Tapang tried to arrest him,Fred gave him 1

million pesos to set him free. PO2 Tapang refrained in arresting
Fred. What was the crime committed by PO2 Tapang?
A. Indirect Bribery
B. Direct Bribery
C. Corruption of Public Officials
D. Qualified Bribery
Answer: D

6. Which of the following is the exemption to the hearsy rule made

under the consciousness of an impending death?
A. Parol Evidence
 B. Ante mortem statement
C. Suicide note
D. Dead man statute
Answer: D

7. Factum probans means __.

A. preponderance of evidence
B. ultimate fact
C. evidentiary fact
D. sufficiency of evidence
Answer: C

8. It refers to family history or descent transmitted from one

generation to another.
A. inheritance
B. heritage
C. pedigree
D. culture
Answer: C

9. The authority of the court to take cognizance of the case in the

first instance.
A. Appellate Jurisdiction
B. General Jurisdiction
C. Original Jurisdiction
D. Exclusive Jurisdiction
Answer: C

10.A person designated by the court to assist destitute litigants.

A. Counsel de officio
B. Attorney on record
C. Attorney at law
D. Special counsel Answer: A

11. Which of the following is not covered by the Rules on Summary

Procedure?
A. Violation of rental laws
B. Violation of traffic laws
C. The penalty is more than six months of imprisonment
D. The penalty does not exceed six months imprisonment
Answer: C

12. It refers to a territorial unit where the power of the court is to

be exercised.
A. jurisdiction
B. jurisprudence
C. venue
D. bench
Answer: C

13.The Anti-Bouncing Check Law.

A. RA 6425
B. RA 8353
C. BP.22
D. RA 6975 Answer: C

14. The taking of another person’s personal property, with intent to

gain, by means of force and intimidation.
 A. qualified theft
B. robbery
C. theft
D. malicious mischief
Answer: B

15. Felony committed when a person compels another by means of

force, violence or intimidation to do something against his will,

whether right or wrong.
A. grave threat
B. grave coercion
C. direct assault
D. slander by deed
Answer: B

16. These are persons having no apparent means of subsistence but

have the physical ability to work and neglect to apply himself or

herself to lawful calling.
A. Pimps
B. prostitutes
C. gang members
D. vagrants
Answer: D

17. A medley of discordant voices, a mock serenade of discordant

noises designed to annoy and insult.
A. Tumultuous
B. charivari
C. sedition
D. scandal
Answer: B

18. The unauthorized act of a public officer who compels another

person to change his residence.
A. violation of domicile
B. arbitrary detention
C. expulsion
D. direct assault
Answer: C

19. The deprivation of a private person of the liberty of another

person without legal grounds.
A. illegal detention
B. arbitrary detention
C. forcible abduction
D. forcible detention
Answer: A

20. An offense committed by a married woman through carnal

knowledge with a man not her husband who knows her to be
married, although the marriage can be later declared void.
A. concubinage
B. bigamy
C. adultery
 D. immorality
Answer: C

21. Age of absolute irresponsibility in the commission of a crime.

A. 15-18 years old
B. 18-70 years old
C. 9 years old and below
D. between 9 and 15 years old
Answer: C

22. Those who, not being principals cooperate in the execution of

the offense by previous or simultaneous acts.
A. Accomplices
B. Suspects
C. principal actors
D. accessories
Answer: A

23. The loss or forfeiture of the right of the government to execute

the final sentence after the lapse of a certaintime fixed by law.
A. prescription of crime
B. prescription of prosecution
C. prescription of judgement
D. prescription of penalty
Answer: D

24. A kind of executive clemency whereby the execution of penalty

is suspended.
A. Pardon
B. commutation
C. amnesty
D. reprieve
Answer: D

25. Infractions of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a

more orderly regulation of the affairs of the society.
A. mala prohibita
B. mala in se
C. private crimes
D. public crimes
Answer: A

26. Felony committed by a public officer who agrees to commit an

act in consideration of a gift and this act is connected with the

discharge of his public duties.
A. qualified bribery
B. direct bribery
C. estafa
D. indirect bribery
Answer: B
27. The willful and corrupt assertion of
falsehood under oath of
affirmation, administered by authority of law on a material matter.
A. libel
B. falsification
C. perjury
D. slander
Answer: C
28. Deliberate planning of act before execution.
A. Treachery
B. evident premeditation
C. ignominy
D. cruelty
Answer: B

29. Whenever more than 3 armed malefactors shall have acted

together in the commission of a crime.
A. gang
B. conspiracy
C. band
D. piracy
Answer: C

30. The failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to.
A. Negligence
B. imprudence
C. omission
D. act
Answer: C

31. Ways and means are employed for the purpose of trapping and

capturing the law breaker in the execution of his criminal plan.

A. Misfeasance
B. entrapment
C. inducement
D. instigation
Answer: B

32. Those where the act committed is a crime but for reasons of
public policy and sentiment there is no penalty imposed.
A. impossible crimes
B. aggravating circumstances
C. absolutory causes
D. Complex Crimes
Answer: C

33. One of the following is an alternative circumstance.

A. Insanity
B. intoxication
C. passion or obfuscation
D. evident premeditation
Answer: B

34. If the accused refuse to plead, or make conditional plea of guilty,

what shall be entered for him?
A. a plea of not guilty
B. a plea of guilty
C. a plea of mercy
D. a plea of surrender
Answer: A

35. At what time may the accused move to quash the complaint or
information?
A. at any time before his arrest
B. only after entering his plea
 C. any time before entering his plea
D. Monday morning
Answer: C

36. The process whereby the accused and the prosecutor in a

criminal case work out a mutually satisfactory
disposition on the case subject to court approval.
A. Arraignment
B. plea bargaining
C. preliminary investigation
D. trial
Answer: B

37. The security given for the release of a person in custody,

furnished by him or a bondsman, conditioned upon his
appearance before any court as required under the conditions
specified by law.
A. Subpoena
B. recognizance
C. bail
D. warrant
Answer: C

38. The examination before a competent tribunal, according to the

laws of the land, of the acts in issue in a case, for the purpose
of determining such issue.
A. Trial
B. Arraignment
C. pre-trial
D. judgment
Answer: A
39. The adjudication by the court that the accused is guilty or is not
guilty of the offense charged, and the imposition of the proper
penalty and
A. trial
B. Pre-trial
C. Arraignment
D. Judgment
Answer: D

40. It is an inquiry or proceeding for the purpose of determining

whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well founded
belief that an offense has been committed and the offender is
probably guilty thereof and should be held for trial.
A. pre-trial
B. arraignment
C. preliminary investigation
D. plea bargaining
Answer: C

41. It is evidence of the same kind and to the same state of facts.
A. secondary evidence
B. prima facie evidence
C. corroborative evidence
D. best evidence
Answer: C

42. It is that which, standing alone, unexplained or uncontradicted is

sufficient to maintain the proposition affirmed.
A. secondary evidence
B. prima facie evidence
 C. corroborative evidence
D. best evidence
Answer: B

43. A form of evidence supplied by written instruments or derived

from conventional symbols, such as letters, by
which ideas are represented on material substances.
A. documentary evidence
B. testimonial evidence
C. material evidence
D. real evidence
Answer: A

44. When the witness states that he did not see or know the
occurrence of a fact.
A. positive evidence
B. corroborative evidence
C. secondary evidence
D. negative evidence
Answer: D

45. Personal property that can be subjects for search and seizure.
A. used or intended to be used as means in committing an
offense
B. stolen or embezzled and other proceeds or fruits of the
offense
C. subject of the offense
D. all of the above
Answer: D

46. All persons who can perceive and perceiving, can make known
their perception to others.
A. Suspects
B. witnesses
C. victims
D. informers
Answer: B

47. The unlawful destruction or the bringing forth prematurely, of

human fetus before the natural time of birth which results in
death.
A. abortion
B. infanticide
C. murder
D. parricide
Answer: A

48. Felony committed when a person is killed or wounded during the

confusion attendant to a quarrel among several persons not
organized into groups and the parties responsible cannot be
ascertained.
A. alarm and scandal
B. mysterious homicide
C. death under exceptional circumstances
D. tumultuous affray
Answer: D

49. A question which arises in a case the resolution of which is the

logical antecedent of the issue involved in said case and the
cognizance of which pertains to another tribunal.
A. legal question
 B. juridical question
C. prejudicial question
D. judicial question
Answer: C

50. The RPC was based on the

A. Spanish penal code
B. English penal code
C. American penal code
D. Japanese penal code
Answer: A

51. An act or omission which is a result of a misapprehension of facts

that is voluntary but not intentional.
A. impossible crime
B. mistake of facts
C. accidental crime
D. complex crime
Answer: B

52. Infanticide is committed by killing a child not more than….

A. 36 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 48 hours
D. 72 hours
Answer: D

53. Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith.

A. ignorantia legis non excusat
B. parens patriae
C. res ipsa loquitur
D. dura lex sed lex
Answer: A
54. An act which would be an offense against persons or property if
it was not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment.
A. compound crime
B. impossible crime
C. complex crime
D. accidental crime
Answer: B

55. The law which reimposed the death penalty.

A. RA 5425
B. RA 8553
C. RA 7659
D. RA 8551
Answer: C
56. One who is deprived completely of reason or discernment and
freedom of the will at the time of the commission of the crime.
A. discernment
B. insanity
C. epilepsy
D. imbecility
Answer: D

57. The quality by which an act may be subscribed to a person as its

owner or author
A. responsibility
B. duty
C. guilt
 D. imputability
Answer: D

58. Something that happen outside the sway of our will, and
although it comes about through some acts of our will,

lies beyond the bound s of humanly foreseeable consequences.

A. fortuitous event
B. fate
C. accident
D. destiny
Answer: C

59. A sworn written statement charging a person with an

offense,subscribed by the offended party, any peace
officer or other public officer charged with the enforcement of
the law violated.
A. subpoena
B. information
C. complaint
D. writ
Answer: C

60. This right of the accused is founded on the principle of justice

and is intended not to protect the guilty but to prevent as far as
human agencies can the conviction of an innocent person.
A. right to due process of law
B. presumption of innocence
C. right to remain silent
D. right against self-incrimination
Answer: B

61. Known in other countries as the body of principles,

practices,usages and rules of action which are not
recognized in our country.
A. penal laws
B. special laws
C. common laws
D. statutory laws
Answer: C

62. Circumstances wherein there is an absence in the agent of the

crime any of all the conditions that would make
an act voluntary and hence, though there is no criminal liability
there is civil liability.
A. Exempting
B. alternative
C. justifying
D. aggravating
Answer: A

63. Circumstances wherein the acts of the person are in accordance

with the law, and hence, he incurs no criminal and civil liability.
A. exempting
B. alternative
C. justifying
D. aggravating
Answer: C
64. When the offender enjoys and delights in making his victim
suffers slowly and gradually, causing him unnecessary physical
pain in the consummation of the criminal act.
A. Ignominy
B. cruelty
C. treachery
D. masochism
Answer: B

65. One, who at the time of his trial for one crime shall have been
previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced
in the same title of the Revised Penal Code.
A. Recidivism
B. habitual delinquency
C. reiteracion
D. quasi-recidivism
Answer: A

66. Alevosia means

A. Craft
B. treachery
C. evident premeditation
D. cruelty
Answer: B

67. The law hears before it condemns, proceeds upon inquiry and
render judgment after a fair trial.
A. ex post facto law
B. equal protection of the law
C. rule of law
D. due process of law
Answer: D

68. A person if within a period of 10 years from the date of his

release or last conviction of the crime of serious or less serious
physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa or falsification, he is
found guilty of any of the said crimes a third time or oftener.
A. Recidivist
B. quasi-recidivist
C. habitual delinquent
D. hardened criminal
Answer: C

69. A kind of evidence which cannot be rebutted or overcome.

A. Primary
B. Best
C. Secondary
D. Conclusive
Answer: D

70. A kind of evidence which cannot be rebutted or overcome.

A. Primary
B. Best
C. Secondary
D. Conclusive
Answer: D

71. These questions suggest to the witness the answers to which an

examining party requires.
A. leading
B. misleading
 C. stupid
D. hearsay
Answer: A

72. A method fixed by law for the apprehension and prosecution of

persons alleged to have committed a crime, and
or their punishment in case of conviction
A. Criminal Law
B. Criminal Evidence
C. Criminal Procedure
D. Criminal Jurisprudence
Answer: C

73. The period of prescription of crimes punishable by death.

A. 20 years
B. 15 years
C. 10 years
D. 40 years
Answer: A

74. Persons who take direct part in the execution of a crime.

A. Accomplices
B. Accessories
C. Instigators
D. Principals
Answer: D

75. A crime against honor which is committed by performing any act

which casts dishonor, discredit, or contempt upon another
person.
A. libel
B. slander by deed
C. incriminating innocent person
D. intriguing against honor
Answer: B

76. The improper performance of some act which might lawfully be

done.
A. misfeasance
B. malfeasance
C. nonfeasance
D. dereliction
Answer: B

77. A sworn statement in writing, made upon oath before an

authorized magistrate or officer.
A. subpoena
B. writ
C. warrant
D. affidavit
Answer: D

78. Any other name which a person publicly applies to himself

without authority of law.
A. alias
B. common name
C. fictitious name
D. screen name
Answer: C

79. A special aggravating circumstance where a person, after having

 been convicted by final judgment, shall commit a new felony
before beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving
the same.
A. quasi-recidivism
B. recidivism
C. reiteracion
D. charivari
Answer: A

80. Which of the following is not a person in authority?

A. Municipal mayor
B. Private School Teacher
C. Police Officer
D. Municipal Councilor
Answer: C

81. In its general sense, it is the raising of commotions or

disturbances in the State.
A. Sedition
B. Rebellion
C. Treason
D. Coup d’ etat
Answer: A

82. The length of validity of a search warrant from its date.

A. 30 days
B. 15 days
C. 10 days
D. 60 days
Answer: C

83. The detention of a person without legal grounds by a public

officer or employee.
A. illegal detention
B. arbitrary detention
C. compulsory detention
D. unauthorized detention
Answer: B

84. A breach of allegiance to a government, committed by a person

who owes allegiance to it.
A. treason
B. espionage
C. rebellion
D. coup d’ etat
Answer: A

85. A building or structure, exclusively used for rest and comfort.

A. sanctuary
B. prison
C. jail
D. dwelling
Answer: D

86. The mental capacity to understand the difference between right

and wrong.
A. treachery
B. premeditation
C. recidivism
D. discernment
Answer: D
87. Conspiracy to commit this felony is punishable under the law.
A. Estafa
B. Murder
C. Rebellion
D. Rape
Answer: C

88. It means that the resulting injury is greater than that which is
intended.
A. Aberratio ictus
B. Error in personae
C. Dura Lex Sed lex
D. Praeter Intentionem
Answer: D

89. It means mistake in the blow.

A. Aberratio Ictus
B. Error in Personae
C. Dura lex sed lex
D. Praeter Intentionem
Answer: A

90. A stage of execution when all the elements necessary for its
execution and accomplishment are present.
A. Attempted
B. Frustrated
C. Consummated
D. Accomplished
answer: C
91. An act or omission which is the result of a misapprehension of
facts that is voluntary but not intentional.
A. Absolutory Cause
B. Mistake of facts
C. Conspiracy
D. Felony
Answer: B

92. Crimes that have three stages of execution.

A. Material
B. Formal
C. Seasonal
D. Continuing
Answer: A

93. Felonies where the acts or omissions of the offender are

malicious.
A. Culpable
B. Intentional
C. Deliberate
D. Inculpable
Answer: B

94. It indicates deficiency of perception.

A. Negligence
B. Diligence
C. Imprudence
D. Inference
Answer: A

95. Acts and omissions punishable by special penal laws.

 A. Offenses
B. Misdemeanors
C. Felonies
D. Ordinances
Answer: A
96. A character of Criminal Law, making it binding upon all persons
who live or sojourn in the Philippines.
A. General
B. Territorial
C. Prospective
D. Retroactive
Answer: A

97. A legislative act which inflicts punishment without judicial trial.

A. Bill of Attainder
B. Bill of Rights
C. Ex Post Facto Law
D. Penal Law
Answer: A

98. The taking of a person into custody in order that he may be

bound to answer for the commission of an offense.
A. Search
B. Seizure
C. Arrest
D. Detention
Answer: C

99. Pedro stole the cow of Juan. What was the crime committed?
A. Robbery
B. Farm Theft
C. Qualified Theft
D. Simple Theft
Answer: C

100.Pedro, a 19 year old man had sexual intercourse with her 11 year
old girlfriend without threat, force or intimidation. What was
the crime committed?
A. Child rape
B. Qualified Rape
C. Statutory Rape
D. None of these
Answer: C

criminology board exam reviewer

Sociology of Crimes Review Questions
1. An old woman approached PO3 Gomez asking the police officer to
run after an unidentified young man who allegedly snatched her mobile phone. PO3
Gomez declined claiming that the man was
already a block away from them and besides the police officer
alleged that he is rushing home for an urgent matter. The
officer’s refusal to help the old woman is an example of
A. nonfeasance
B. malfeasance
C. misfeasance
D. misconduct
Answer: A

2. When the accused is found not guilty of the charges presented

before the court, he is
 A. convicted
B. suspended
C. acquitted
D. absuelto
Answer: C

3. Guilty by act means

A. Actus Reus
B. Actus Numbus
C. Giltus reus
D. Rea mensa
Answer: A

4. If physiological or psychological dependence on some agent are

obviously detected from a person, he is in the state of
A. dependency or addiction
B. comatose
C. insanity
D. metamorphosis
Answer: A

5. Which of the following is described as the threatening behaviors,

either verbal or physical, directed at others
A. Abnormality
B. Dependency
C. Aggression
D. Violence
Answer: C

6. What aggressive behavior includes repeated noncompliance to a

direct command, verbal abuse-name calling, verbal abuse-threat,
and physical abuse?
A. Interactive
B. Isolated
C. Covert
D. Overt
Answer: A

7. What aggressive behavior includes cursing/swearing, intentional

destruction of property, and self destructive behaviors?
A. Isolated
B. Covert
C. Interactive
D . Overt
Answer: A

8. What aggressive behavior includes the emotional and cognitive

components of aggression such as anger and hostility?
A. Covert
B. Dynamic
C. Interactive
D. Directive
Answer: A

9. When there is an apparent, intentional, and physically aggressive

act irrespective of severity against another person, there is
A. Battering
B. Assault
C. Chaos
D. Crisis
Answer: B
10.What kind of assault committed when it includes kicking,
punching,deliberately throwing an object and drawing a lethal
weapon against someone?
A. Mental
B. Physical
C. Sexual
D. Verbal
Answer: B

11.Allege means
A. Assert or make an accusation
B. remove from its position
C. direct an act from doing
D. intentional mutilation Answer: A

12.What do you call measures other than judicial proceedings used

to deal with a young person alleged to have committed an
offense?
A. Rehabilitation
B. Alternative measures
C. Individual response against bad behavior
D. Extra judicial proceedings Answer: B

13.What do we call the psychological, emotional and behavioral

reactions and deficits of women victims and their inability to

respond effectively to repeated physical and psychological
violence?
A. Woman Menopausal Syndrome
B. Battered Woman Syndrome
C. Violence against women
D. M'Naghten Rule Answer: B

14.What is the theory that tumors and seizures have been

associated with aggression and violent behavior?
A. Brain lesion theory
B. Conspiracy theory
C. Neurotic Mind theory
D. Dementia praecox Answer: A

15.A term used to describe a clinical condition in young children who

have received non-accidental, inexcusable violence or injury,

ranging from minimal to severe or fatal trauma, at the hand of
an adult in a position of trust, generally a parent or guardian
A. Battered Child Syndrome
B. Incapacitated Child Syndrome
C. Abuse Trauma Syndrome
D. None of these Answer: A

16.When we say capital offense, it means:

A. a very serious crime, for which the death penalty is
imposed
B. the highest penalty for selected offenses
C. total punishment of offender by incarceration
D. all of the above Answer: A
17.At trial, the authenticity of an item as evidence is crucial,
whether it be a physical object like a bullet, a medical record or a
photograph. The item cannot be offered in court without a
testimonial sponsor who can vouch for its unaltered authenticity
to the court and the jury. To validate an items unaltered
authenticity, a record must be kept of each and every time the
item changes hands. This refers to
A. Records management
B. Presentation of evidence in court
C. Chain of custody
D. Laboratory analysis of items Answer: A

18.The negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child by a parent or

caretaker under circumstances indicating harm or threatened

harm to the child's health or welfare is known as
A. Child Abuse
B. Child Neglect
C. Child Dilemma
D. Child in conflict with the law Answer: C

19.The exchange of sexual favors for money or other material goods

without any emotional involvement involving a person under the
age of 18 years is called
A. Child prostitution
B. Child trafficking
C. Both A and B are correct
D. Both A and B are wrong Answer: A

20.An abuse that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or

underhanded is called
A. Clandestine abuse
B. Clinical abuse
C. Overt abuse
D. Abuse of authority Answer: A

21.A false belief based on an incorrect inference about external

reality and firmly sustained despite clear evidence to the
contrary, and which is not related to cultural or religious beliefs
A. False alarm
B. Wrong perception
C. Incoherence
D. Delusion Answer: D

22.Which of the following is an act committed by a juvenile for

which an adult could be prosecuted in a criminal court?
A. Adult offense
B. Status offense
C. Delinquency offense
D. Children in conflict with the law Answer: C

23.Anything that has been used, left, removed, altered or

contaminated during the commission of a crime by either the
suspect or victim is part of
A. Evidence
B. Modus operandi
C. Recidivism
D. Preservation of crime scene Answer: A
24.Generally, putting to death a person, as a legal penalty, is called
A. Infliction
B. Execution
C. Murder
D. Capital punishment Answer: B

25.Among the following, what is the form of abuse where the use of
the victim is for selfish purposes and or financial gain?
A. Verbal Abuse
B. Exploitation
C. Racketeering
D. Khotongism Answer: C

26.The most common legal grounds for termination of parental rights,

also a form of child abuse in most states. Sporadic visits, a few
phone calls, or birthday cards are not sufficient to maintain
parental rights.
A. Exploitation
B. Abuse
C. Neglect
D. Abandonment Answer: D

27.Which of the following is defined as acts or omissions by a legal

caretaker that encompasses a broad range of acts, and usually
requires proof of intent.
A. Abuse
B. Exploitation
C. Neglect
D. Abandonment Answer: A

28.The phase of a delinquency hearing similar to a "trial" in adult

criminal court,except that juveniles have no right to a jury trial, a
public trial, or bail.
A. Acquittal
B. Conviction
C. Adjudication
D. Entertainment Answer: C

29.Any of the processes involving enforcement of care, custody, or

support orders by an executive agency rather than by courts or
judges.
A. Criminal procedure
B. Administrative procedure
C. Summary procedure
D. Trial Answer: B

30.A legal relationship between two people not biologically related,

usually terminating the rights of biological parents, and usually

with a trial "live-in" period. Once it is finalized, the records are
sealed and only the most compelling interests will enable
disclosure of documents.
A. Adoption
B. Foster parenting
C. Common law relationship
D. Brotherhood Answer: A

31.What is the legal doctrine establishing court as determiner of best

 environment for raising child which is an alternative to the Parens
Patriae Doctrine?
A. Rights of Society
B. Miranda Doctrine
C. Best interest of the Child Rule
D. Parental Obligation Answer: C

32.What was the case that allowed second prosecution in adult

court for conviction in juvenile court which was based on idea
that first conviction was a "civil" matter?
A. Case Law
B. Breed v. Jones
C. Miranda v. Arizona
D. Matt v. Jeff Answer: B

33.The Law established by the history of judicial decisions in cases

decided by judges, as opposed to common law which is
developed from the history of judicial decisions and social
customs.
A. Case Law
B. Breed v. Jones
C. Miranda v. Arizona
D. Matt v. Jeff Answer: A

34.The filing of legal papers by a child welfare agency when its

investigation has turned up evidence of child abuse. This is a
civil,rather than criminal, charge designed to take preventive
action, like appointment of a guardian for at-risk children before
abuse occurs.
A. Child prosecution
B. Child protection action
C. Parens Patriae
D. Preliminary investigation Answer: B

35.The act of being responsible for enforcing child support

obligations is known as
A. Child’s care
B. Parental Guidance
C. Child at risk
D. Child support Answer: D

36.A court order for placement in a secure facility, separate from

adults, for the rehabilitation of a juvenile delinquent.
A. Summon
B. Subpoena
C. Custodial confinement
D. Rehabilitation order Answer: C

37.___ is anyone under the care of someone else. A child ceases to

be a dependent when they reach the age of emancipation.
A. Delinquent
B. Dependent
C. Independent
D. Recognizance Answer: B

38.It a phase of delinquency proceeding similar to "sentencing"

phase of adult trial. The judge must consider alternative,
innovative, and individualized sentences rather than imposing
standard sentences.
A. Preliminary investigation
B. Judgment
 C. Disposition
D. Probationary period Answer: C

39.The independence of a minor from his or her parents before

reaching age of majority is known as
A. Enlightenment
B. Recognizance
C. Emancipation
D. Freedom from parental obligation Answer: C

40.A clause requiring government to treat similarly situated people

the same or have good reason for treating them differently.
Compelling reasons are considered to exist for treating children
differently.
A. Bill of Rights
B. Equal Protection
C. Parens Patriae
D. Diversion Answer: B

41.What is the legal doctrine preventing unemancipated children

from suing their parents?
A. Parens Patriae Doctrine
B. Equal Protection
C. Family Immunity Doctrine
D. Poisonous Tree Doctrine Answer: C

42.What is the legal doctrine holding parents liable for injuries caused
by a child's negligent driving or other actions?
A. Family Purpose Doctrine
B. Family Immunity Doctrine
C. Parens Patriae Doctrine
D. None of the above Answer: A

43.Guardian ad litem means:

A. “For the Proceeding"
B. “Protection of child by the law”
C. “Guardians of the little children”
D. “Legal authority” Answer: A

44.A court order giving an individual or organization legal authority

over a child. A guardian of the person is usually an individual and
the child is called a ward. A guardian of the estate is usually an
organization, like a bank, which manages the property and assets
of a child's inheritance. Guardians are usually compensated for
their services.
A. Guardianship
B. Order of Authority
C. In Loco Parentis
D. Parens Patriae Answer: A

45.Teachers, administrators, and babysitters who are viewed as

having some temporary parental rights & obligations are
considered
A. Guardianship
B. Order of Authority
C. In Loco Parentis
D. Parens Patriae Answer: C

46.What is the legal doctrine establishing "parental" role of state

over welfare of its citizens, especially its children?
A. Guardianship
 B. Order of Authority
C. In Loco Parentis
D. Parens Patriae Answer: D

47.The emergency, temporary custody by a child welfare agency,

police agency, or hospital for reasons of immanent danger to the
child is called
A. Preventive detention
B. Diversion
C. Witness protection program
D. Protective custody Answer: D

48.What is the legal doctrine granting custody to the parent whom

the child feels the greatest emotional attachment to?
A. Psychological Parent
B. Maternity
C. Paternity
D. Parental Selection Answer: A

49.A disposition requiring a defendant to pay damages to a victim.

The law prohibits making it a condition of receiving probation.
Poor families cannot be deprived of probation simply because
they are too poor to afford it.
A. Bond
B. Surety
C. Restitution
D. Protection money Answer: C

50.An activity illegal when engaged in by a minor, but not when done
by an adult. Examples include truancy, curfew, running away, or
habitually disobeying parents.
A. Adult Offenses
B. Minor Offenses
C. Status Offenses
D. Stubbornness Answer: C

51.A spouse of a biological parent who has no legal rights or duties

to the child other than those which have been voluntarily
accepted.
A. Maternity
B. Paternity
C. Stepparent
D. Foster parent Answer: C

52.A parent who provided an egg, sperm, or uterus with an intent of

giving the child up for adoption to specific parties.
A. None of these
B. Stepparent
C. Foster Parent
D. Surrogate Parent Answer: D

53.What is the legal doctrine that unless the mother is "unfit", very
young children should be placed in custody with their mother
following a divorce?
A. Tender Years Doctrine
B. Psychological Parent Doctrine
C. Unwed Mother’s Doctrine
D. Illegitimacy Answer: A

54.What is declared of a temporary or permanent termination of

parental rights in the best interest of the child usually for
 reasons of abandonment, abuse, or neglect, but also including
mental illness, addiction, or criminal record?
A. Unfit Parent
B. Psychological Incapacitation
C. Mental Disturbance
D. Child at risk Answer: B

55.It refers to the security given for the release of the person in
custody of the law, furnished by him/her or a bondsman, to
guarantee his/her appearance before any court.
A. Surety
B. Money order
C. Conditions
D. None of these Answer: D

56.It refers to the totality of the circumstances and conditions most

congenial to the survival, protection and feelings of security of
the child and most encouraging to the child’s physical,
psychological and emotional development.
A. Best interest of the child
B. Rights
C. Obligations
D. Child’s role Answer: A

57.Children who are vulnerable to and at the risk of committing

criminal offenses because of personal, family and social
circumstances are considered
A. Abused Children
B. Neglected Children
C. Children in conflict with the law
D. Children at risk Answer: D

58.A child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed an offense under Philippine laws is considered
A. Child at risk
B. Child in conflict with the law
C. Minor offense
D. Juvenile offender Answer: B

59.The apprehension or taking into custody of a child in conflict with

the law by law enforcement officers or private citizens is termed
as:
A. Arrest
B. Initial contact
C. Child custody
D. All of the above Answer: B

60.The series of activities designed to address issues that caused

the child to commit an offense. It may take the form of an

individualized treatment program, which may include counseling,

skills training, education, and other activities that will enhance
his/her psychological, emotional and psycho-social well-being is
called
A. reformation guide
B. intervention
C. diversion
D. welfare procedures Answer: B
61.An undertaking in lieu of a bond assumed by a parent or

custodian who shall be responsible for the appearance in court of

the child in conflict with the law, when required is known as
A. Status offense
B. None of these
C. Recognizance
D. Bail Answer: C

62.What is the type of offense committed where there is no private

offended party involved?
A. Status offense
B. Victimless crime
C. Minor crime
D. None of these Answer: B

63.What is the doctrine that requires a process of resolving conflicts

with the maximum involvement of the victim, the offender and
the community?
A. Proactive justice
B. Restorative justice
C. Reactive justice
D. All of the above Answer: B

64.One of the following is an act constituting exploitation and sex

abuse among children in exchange of any form of incentive.
A. Child trafficking
B. Child abuse
C. Child prostitution
D. Child racketeering Answer: C

65.Centuries ago, criminal behavior was believed to be the result of

evil spirits and demons.Guilt and innocence were established by a
variety of procedures that presumably called forth the
supernatural allies of the accused. The accused were innocent if
they could survive an ordeal, they were guilty if they died at the
stake or if omens were associated with them. In the 18th
century,this spiritual determination began to give way to:
A. The belief that there is no such thing as bad spirits
B. The belief that humans are rational creatures with free
will,who seek happiness and pleasure and avoid pain
C. The belief that man is a demon and devil
D. The belief that man is evolved from the animal ape.
Answer: B

66.Among the following classical thoughts in Criminology is not

correct:
A. The Classical school of Criminology is spearheaded by
Bentham and Beccaria.
B. The Classical School of Criminology is an advocate of
punishment as a deterrent to crime.
C. The Classical School of Criminology argues that criminals
were primitive creatures, incapable of living normally in
society.
D. The Classical School of Criminology also argued that
nature has placed mankind under the governance of two
sovereign masters, “pain” and “pleasure’.

Answer: C
67.What school of thought in Criminology challenges the proposition
that man has absolute free will to choose between good and evil
and states that it is not absolute as presumed to be because
free will can be diminished by pathology, mental disorders and
other conditions that may instigate personal responsibility?
A. Neo-classical School of Criminology
B. Positivism
C. Hedonistic Calculus
D. Radical Criminology Answer: A

68.The Classical School of thoughts in Criminology is based on the

principle of free will. The positivist thoughts on the other hand is
focused on the principle of:
A. Darwinism
B. Determinism
C. Cognitive Functioning
D. Conceptual Thinking Answer: B

69.The Differential Association Theory provides a good illustration of

a social learning approach perspective in Criminology Criminal
behavior according to this theory is:
A. A result of an emotional disturbance
B. An inmate quality of goodness or badness
C. Learned and not inherited
D. An excess of wisdom Answer: C

70.What perspective in Criminology probes the situational or

environmental action and examines the underlying conditions with
in the environment that may encourage criminal behavior?
A. Psychiatric Criminology
B. Psychological Criminology
C. Sociological Criminology
D. Criminal Anthropology Answer: C

71.In the past, psychologist assumed that they could best

understand human behavior by searching for a stable, consistent
personality dispositions or traits that exert orderly generalized
effects on behavior. Which among the following theory on
Criminal Behavior is not consistent with the previous statement?
A.Psychoanalytical Theory
B.Strain Theory
C.Behavioral descriptions
D.Psychological Determination Answer: B

72.Based on the Lombroso’s works, he classified criminals as: the

born criminal, the habitual, the passionate and the criminoloid.
Which of the following statements describe a criminoloid?
A. the morally insane and hysteric criminal
B. the impulsive and cruel criminal
C. the “weak natures” susceptible to bad examples
D. the primitive and atavist Answer: C

73.Some criminology theorists have linked physical characteristics

with personality. Among these theories is William Sheldon’s
Somatotyping theory. He classified body physique into three
categories as the endomorphic, the mesomorphic and the
ectomorphic body. Of the following statements, which
appropriately describes the mesomorphic?
A. the twin and fragile with withdrawn behavior
B. the muscular and hard physique
 C. the attractive and beautifully shaped
D. the fat and soft body type Answer: B

74.According to Hans Eyesenck, in his study about the behavioral

character and incidence to crime, the typical extravert is one
who is:
A. sociable, impulsive, optimistic and has high needs for
excitement
B. reserved, quiet and cautious
C. undersized, short and untidy
D. over sized, heavy and firm Answer: A

75.To explain human behavior, social learning theorists place great

emphasis on cognitive variables. Social learning reflects the
theory’s strong assumption that we learn primarily by observing
and listening to people around us-
A. the social environment
B. the stimulus that elicit response
C. the mental state and brain-mediation processes.
D. the reinforcements for behavior Answer: A

76.In the study of juvenile delinquency, which of the following

projects paved the way for a reassessment of existing
treatment and prevention programs for delinquents?
A. Chicago Area Project of 1930
B. Illinois Legislature
C. Boston Child Guidance Clinic
D. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement in the
U.S.
Answer: A

77.One family background predictors in juvenile delinquency is

broken home. The term broken home is ambiguous but can be
characterized by:
A. Inadequate type of family structure
B. Anti-social type of family structure
C. Discordant or disturbed family structure
D. Disrupted or incomplete family structure Answer: D

78.Parental discipline appears relation to delinquency. Harsh

discipline in the home may result in more delinquencies than
consistent and reasoning forms of discipline. Aside from this,
screaming at the child, calling the child insulting names,
excessive criticizing or generally ignoring the child is also
contributory to delinquency. These actions simply refers to:
A. Physical Abuse
B. Emotional abuse
C. Unfair parent
D. Parental neglect Answer: B

79.When a person is seen to show indiscriminate giggling or crying,

emotional flatness, the voice is monotonous, the face immobile
and expressionless and manifest highly bizarre and add behavior
then appropriately he is:
A. suffering from neurotic behavior
B. suffering from psychopathic behavior
C. suffering from schizophrenia or psychotic behavior
D. suffering from sexual dysfunctions Answer: C

80.It is a popular notion that the brutal, violent and apparently

senseless crime is usually committed by someone who is mentally
 ill or sick. Or if not sick, then the person is an animal. The kind of
alternate explanation is an influence of the:
A. Positivist theory of Criminology
B. Classical theory of Criminology
C. Neoclassical theory of Criminology
D. Differential Association theory of Criminology Answer: A

81.Which of the following is not a symptom of dyssocial behavior?

A. Failure to conform to social norms.
B. Consistent irresponsibility, as reflected in a poor work
history
C. Lack of guilt for wrongdoings.
D. Episode of schizophrenia like illogical thinking Answer: D

82.A Scottish woodcutter was accused of killing a man he believed

to be Prime Minister for thought that he was persecuted by the
Tories and their leader, Robert Peel, however turned out to be
another person. The court believed he was so mentally deranged
that it would be inhuman to convict him since it was clear he
was not in control of his faculties.This case became known as:
A. the M’naghten Rule
B. the Durham Rule
C. the Brawner Rule
D. the Irrational Mind Rule Answer: A

83.One day we maybe cool and withdrawn and the next day, warm
and sociable. This condition may fall into the disorder known as:
A. Bipolar disorder
B. Schizophrenia
C. Psychopathic behavior
D. Amnesia Answer: A

84.A bank robber who kills some individual with in the bank, flees
with hostages, and kills a number of people while in flight diving a
chase would be an example of:
A. Serial Murder
B. Spree Murder
C. Mass Murder
D. Multiple Murder Answer: A

85.Pedro engaged in a multiple means of torture, using psychological

torment combined with physical methods to lighten his sexual
arousal is suffering from:
A. Sexual Pyromania
B. Sexual Sadism
C. Sexual Torture
D. Masochism Answer: B

86.There are many pathways to delinquency and a variety of family

circumstances contribute to negative behavior in children. Which
of the following developmental pathways to delinquency begins
with stubborn behavior, then defiant behavior, and developing
later into avoidance of authority figures like truancy, running
away, staying out late, etc.?
A. Authority conflict pathways
B. Covert pathway
C. Overt pathway
D. None of these Answer: A

87.Which of the following refers to juveniles who have doli incapax?

A. Children aging from 7 to 12 years
 B. Children above 9 that below 15 years old
C. Children at puberty age
D. Children in conflict with the law Answer: B

88.Recent research and legal literature suggest that a useful away

of classifying juvenile crime is to distinguish between serious and
non-serious acts and between serious and non-serious offenders.
Among the following, which is not considered a serious juvenile
act?
A. Forcible sexual intercourse
B. Larceny
C. Homicide
D. Vagrancy Answer: D

89.The best PCR a police officer can do to the community is

A. harass the people
B. perform his job well
C. dress well
D. always present in the office Answer: B

90.Which of the following is the basic political unit of the Filipino

nation that implements the policies of the national and local
government?
A. family
B. society
C. community
D. barangay Answer: A

91.In crisis management, the teams under the support unit are under
the control of the ground commander. Which is responsible for

the collection and processing of all information needed by the on

– scene commander?
A. Security element
B. Support unit
C. Negotiation unit
D. Intelligence team Answer: D

92.What is known to be the oldest but commonly used terrorist

tactic where target are often police, military officials or political
features?
A. Hijacking
B. Assassination
C. Ambush
D. Kidnap for Ransom Answer: B

93.The one who makes complete estimate of the crisis situation and
plans his courses of actions upon arrival at the incident area
while negotiation is in progress is the
A. Chief Negotiator
B. Tactical Commander
C. Fire fighting team
D. Support Unit Commander Answer: B

94.A comprehensive plan which delineates responsibilities and

specific action to be taken when a bomb incident or bomb threat
occurs is called
A. Floor plan
B. Bomb threat plan
 C. Drill
D. Contingency plan Answer: B

95.What do you call the phenomenon where a hostage begins to

identify his captor and give his sympathy to his own hostage
taker?
A. Holmshock syndrome
B. Traumatic syndrome
C. Withdrawal syndrome
D. none of these Answer: D

96.Among the following, which is most contagious on human

emotion?
A. Fear
B. Panic
C. Worry
D. Dementia Praecox Answer: A

97.In Stockholm syndrome, some of the causes why a hostage

becomes cooperative with the hostage taker is due to
A. selfishness
B. personal grudge
C. personal affection
D. personal interest Answer: C

98.The stage of advance planning, organization and coordination

and control in response to an anticipated future crisis occurrence
is called
A. Proactive Crisis Management
B. Reactive Crisis Management
C. Performance Stage
D. Reaction Phase Answer: A

99.What stage is the performance of the crisis management plan

when a crisis situation occurs?
A. Pro-active Phase
B. Reactive Phase
C. Prediction
D. None of these Answer: B

100.What model of insurgency does the New People’s Army in the

Philippines is employing?
A. Communist Model
B. Socialist Model
C. Democratic Model
D. None of these Answer: A

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1. Strain Theory - people has aspirations like wealth and education.
There goals are blocked along the way. They resort to illegal
activities what they can not achieved through legitimate means.
People may reduce their aspirations or increase opportunities.

2. Learning Theories - follow the lead of Sutherland's theory of

differential association. Criminals learn from their peers.

3. Control Theories - focuses on the relationship of a person to

their parents, teachers, officers of the law and other agents of

socialization. Effective bonding with such authority figure help

keep people out of trouble from the law.

4. Labelling Theory - People who are branded as criminals will

eventually criminal.

5. Conflict Theory - society is based on conflict between competing

interests group.

6. Radical Theory - crime is seen as a reflection of class struggle.

7. Left Realism - people of the working class prey upon one

another.Poor people victimize other poor people of their

own race and kind.

8. Peacemaking Theory - making "war on crime" will not work.

Making peace is the solution to crime.

9. Feminism - crime can not be understood without considering

gender. Crime is shaped by the different social experiences and
power is exercise by men and women. Men may use crime to
exert control over women and to demonstrate masculinity.

10.Critical Theory - Inequality in power and material well being

create conditions that lead to street crime and corporate crime.
Capitalism and its market economy are especially criminogenic
because they create vast inequalities that impoverishes many
and provides opportunities for exploitation for the powerful.

11.Social Disorganization - disorganized communities cause crime

because informal social controls breakdown and criminal cultures
emerge. They lack collective efficacy to fight crime and disorder.

12. Classical - crime occurs when the benefits outweigh the

costs,when people pursue self interest in the absence
of effective punishments. Crime is a free willed choice.

13. Positivist - Crime is caused or determined.Placed more

emphasis on biological deficiencies, while later scholars would
 emphasize psychological and sociological factors.Use science to
determine the factors associated with crime.

14. Individual Trait - criminals differ from non criminals on a number

of biological and sociological traits.These traits cause crime in
interaction with the social environment.

15. Differential Association - crime is learned through associations

with criminal definitions.These definitions might be generally
approving of criminal conduct or be neutralization that justify

crime only under certain circumstances.Interacting with anti

social peers is a major cause of crime.Criminal behavior will be
repeated and become chronic if reinforced.When criminal
subculture exist then many individuals can learn to commit crime
in one location and crime rates, including violence may become
very high.

16. Anomie - the gap between a persons goal or economic success

and the opportunity to obtain this goal creates structural
strain.Norms weakens and anomie ensues,thus creating high
crime rates.When other social institutions such as family are
weak to begin with or also weakened by a persons goal, the
economic institution is dominant.When such an institutional
imbalance exists,then crime rates are very high.

17. Rational Choice - Building on classical theory,crime is seen as a

choice that is influenced by its costs and benefits,that is, by its
rationality.Crime will be more likely to be deterred if its costs are
raised especially if the costs are certain and immediate.
Information about the costs and benefits of crime can be
obtained by direct experiences with punishment and punishment

avoidance and indirectly by observing whether others who

offend are punished or avoid punishment.

18. Routine Activities - crime occurs when their is an intersection

in time and space of a motivated offender,an attractive target,
and a lack of capable guardianship.Peoples daily routine activities
affect the likelihood they will be an attractive target who
encounters an offender in a situation where no effective
guardianship is present.Change in activities in society can affect
crime rates.

19. Developmental Life Course - crime causation is a

developmental process that starts before birth and continues
throughout the life course. Individual factors interact with social
factors to determine the onset,length, and end of criminal
careers.The key theoretical issues involve
continuity and change in crime.Some theories predict continuity
across the life course,others predict continuity for some
offenders and change for other offenders, and some predict
continuity and change for the same offender.

20. Integrated - these theories use components from other

theories,usually strain,control, and social learning to create a
new theory that explains crime.They are often are life course
theories,arguing that causes of crime occur in a sequence
across time.