Etymology: Biology Derives From The

Etymology
Biology derives from the Ancient Greek words of βίος romanized bíos meaning 'life' and -λογία;

romanized -logía meaning 'branch of study' or 'to speak'.[11][12] Those combined make the Greek
word βιολογία romanized biología meaning 'biology'. Despite this, the term βιολογία as a whole didn't
exist in Ancient Greek. The first to borrow it was the English and French (biologie). Historically there
was another term for biology in English, lifelore; it is rarely used today.
The Latin-language form of the term first appeared in 1736 when Swedish scientist Carl
Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) used biologi in his Bibliotheca Botanica. It was used again in 1766 in a
work entitled Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae: tomus III, continens geologian, biologian,
phytologian generalis, by Michael Christoph Hanov, a disciple of Christian Wolff. The first German
use, Biologie, was in a 1771 translation of Linnaeus' work. In 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose
used the term in the preface of a book, Grundzüge der Lehre van der Lebenskraft. Karl Friedrich
Burdach used the term in 1800 in a more restricted sense of the study of human beings from a
morphological, physiological and psychological perspective (Propädeutik zum Studien der
gesammten Heilkunst). The term came into its modern usage with the six-volume treatise Biologie,
oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur (1802–22) by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, who announced:[13]
The objects of our research will be the different forms and manifestations of life, the
conditions and laws under which these phenomena occur, and the causes through which
they have been affected. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate
by the name biology [Biologie] or the doctrine of life [Lebenslehre].
History
Further information: History of biology
Diagram of a fly from Robert Hooke's innovative Micrographia, 1665
The earliest of roots of science, which included medicine, can be traced to ancient

Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE.[14][15] Their contributions later entered and
shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity.[14][15][16][17] Ancient Greek philosophers such
as Aristotle (384–322 BCE) contributed extensively to the development of biological knowledge.
His works such as History of Animals were especially important because they revealed his
naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the
diversity of life. Aristotle's successor at the Lyceum, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books
on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences,
even into the Middle Ages.[18]
Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781–869), Al-
Dīnawarī (828–896), who wrote on botany,[19] and Rhazes (865–925) who wrote
on anatomy and physiology. Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in
Greek philosopher traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought,
especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life.
Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic
improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars
discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the diversity of microscopic life. Investigations
by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic
techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.[20]
Advances in microscopy also had a profound impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th
century, a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell. Then, in
1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit
of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although
they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work
of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three
tenets of what came to be known as cell theory.[21][22]
Meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians. Carl
Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have
been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species.
[23]
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, treated species as artificial categories and living
forms as malleable—even suggesting the possibility of common descent. Although he was
opposed to evolution, Buffon is a key figure in the history of evolutionary thought; his work
influenced the evolutionary theories of both Lamarck and Darwin.[24]
In 1842, Charles Darwin penned his first sketch of On the Origin of Species.[25]
Serious evolutionary thinking originated with the works of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who was the
first to present a coherent theory of evolution.[26] He posited that evolution was the result of
environmental stress on properties of animals, meaning that the more frequently and rigorously
an organ was used, the more complex and efficient it would become, thus adapting the animal to
its environment. Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the
animal's offspring, who would further develop and perfect them.[27] However, it was the British
naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the
uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own
morphological expertise and extensive natural observations, who forged a more successful
evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar reasoning and evidence led Alfred Russel
Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions.[28][29] Darwin's theory of evolution by
natural selection quickly spread through the scientific community and soon became a central
axiom of the rapidly developing science of biology.
The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel, who presented his paper,
"Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), in 1865,[30] which
outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.
[31]
However, the significance of his work was not realized until the early 20th century when
evolution became a unified theory as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution
with classical genetics.[32] In the 1940s and early 1950s, a series of experiments by Alfred
Hershey and Martha Chase pointed to DNA as the component of chromosomes that held the
trait-carrying units that had become known as genes. A focus on new kinds of model organisms
such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA
by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular
genetics. From the 1950s to the present times, biology has been vastly extended in
the molecular domain. The genetic code was cracked by Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W.
Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg after DNA was understood to contain codons. Finally,
the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general
human genome. This project was essentially completed in 2003,[33] with further analysis still
being published. The Human Genome Project was the first step in a globalized effort to
incorporate accumulated knowledge of biology into a functional, molecular definition of the
human body and the bodies of other organisms.
Fundamentals

Etymology: Biology Derives From The

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Etymology: Biology Derives From The

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Etymology

Biology derives from the Ancient Greek words of βίος romanized bíos meaning 'life' and -λογία;

Diagram of a fly from Robert Hooke's innovative Micrographia, 1665

The earliest of roots of science, which included medicine, can be traced to ancient

In 1842, Charles Darwin penned his first sketch of On the Origin of Species.[25]

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