9/7/2021 Microbiological Pharmaceutical Quality Control Labs (7/93) | FDA

Microbiological Pharmaceutical Quality Control Labs (7/93)

I. INTRODUCTION

The Guide to the Inspection of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories provided very limited guidance on the matter of
inspection of microbiological laboratories. While that guide addresses many of the issues associated with the chemical aspect of
laboratory analysis of pharmaceuticals, this document will serve as a guide to the inspection of the microbiology analytical
process. As with any laboratory inspection, it is recommended that an analyst (microbiologist) who is familiar with the tests being
inspected participate in these inspections.

II. MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING OF NON-STERILE PRODUCTS

For a variety of reasons, we have seen a number of problems associated with the microbiological contamination of topical drug
products, nasal solutions and inhalation products. The USP Microbiological Attributes Chapter provides little specific guidance
other than "The significance of microorganisms in non-sterile pharmaceutical products should be evaluated in terms of the use of
the product, the nature of the product, and the potential hazard to the user." The USP recommends that certain categories be
routinely tested for total counts and specified indicator microbial contaminants. For example natural plant, animal and some
mineral products for Salmonella, oral liquids for E. Coli, topicals for P. aeruginosa and S. Aureus, and articles intended for rectal,
urethral, or vaginal administration for yeasts and molds. A number of specific monographs also include definitive microbial limits.

As a general guide for acceptable levels and types of microbiological contamination in products, Dr. Dunnigan of the Bureau of
Medicine of the FDA commented on the health hazard. In 1970, he said that topical preparations contaminated with gram
negative organisms are a probable moderate to serious health hazard. Through the literature and through our investigations, it has

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been shown that a variety of infections have been traced to the gram negative contamination of topical products. The classical
example being the Pseudomonas cepacia contamination of Povidone Iodine products reported by a hospital in Massachusetts
several years ago.

Therefore, each company is expected to develop microbial specifications for their non-sterile products. Likewise, the USP
Microbial Limits Chapter provides methodology for selected indicator organisms, but not all objectionable organisms. For
example, it is widely recognized that Pseudomonas cepacia is objectionable if found in a topical product or nasal solution in high
numbers; yet, there are no test methods provided in the USP that will enable the identification of the presence of this
microorganism.

A relevant example of this problem is the recall of Metaproterenol Sulfate Inhalation Solution. The USP XXII monograph requires
no microbial testing for this product. The agency classified this as a Class I recall because the product was contaminated with
Pseudomonas gladioli/cepacia. The health hazard evaluation commented that the risk of pulmonary infection is especially serious
and potentially life-threatening to patients with chronic obstructive airway disease, cystic fibrosis, and immuno-compromised
patients. Additionally, these organisms would not have been identified by testing procedures delineated in the general Microbial
Limits section of the Compendia.

The USP currently provides for retests in the Microbial Limits section however there is a current proposal to remove the retest
provision. As with any other test, the results of initial test should be reviewed and investigated. Microbiological contamination is
not evenly dispersed throughout a lot or sample of product and finding a contaminant in one sample and not in another does not
discount the findings of the initial sample results. Retest results should be reviewed and evaluated, and particular emphasis
should be placed on the logic and rationale for conducting the retest.

In order to isolate specific microbial contaminants, FDA laboratories, as well as many in the industry, employ some type of
enrichment media containing inactivators, such as Tween or lecithin. This is essential to inactivate preservatives usually present in
these types of product and provides a better medium for damaged or slow growing cells. Other growth parameters include a lower
temperature and longer incubation time (at least 5 days) that provide a better survival condition for damaged or slow-growing
cells.

For example, FDA laboratories use the test procedures for cosmetics in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), 6th Edition,
to identify contamination in non-sterile drug products. This testing includes an enrichment of a sample in modified letheen broth.
After incubation, further identification is carried out on Blood Agar Plates and MacConkey Agar Plates. Isolated colonies are then

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identified. This procedure allows FDA microbiologists to optimize the recovery of all potential pathogens and to quantitate and
speciate all recovered organisms. Another important aspect of procedures used by FDA analysts is to determine growth promotion
characteristics for all of the media used.

The selection of the appropriate neutralizing agents are largely dependent upon the preservative and formulation of the product
under evaluation. If there is growth in the enrichment broth, transfer to more selective agar media or suitable enrichment agar
may be necessary for subsequent identification.

Microbiological testing may include an identification of colonies found during the Total Aerobic Plate Count test. Again, the
identification should not merely be limited to the USP indicator organisms.

The importance of identifying all isolates from either or both Total Plate Count testing and enrichment testing will depend upon
the product and its intended use. Obviously, if an oral solid dosage form such as a tablet is tested, it may be acceptable to identify
isolates when testing shows high levels. However, for other products such as topicals, inhalants or nasal solutions where there is a
major concern for microbiological contamination, isolates from plate counts, as well as enrichment testing, should be identified.

III. FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND

MEDIA

Begin the inspection with a review of analyses being conducted and inspect the plates and tubes of media being incubated (caution
should be exercised not to inadvertently contaminate plates or tubes of media on test). Be particularly alert for retests that have
not been documented and "special projects" in which investigations of contamination problems have been identified. This can be
evaluated by reviewing the ongoing analyses (product or environmental) for positive test results. Request to review the previous
day's plates and media, if available and compare your observations to the recorded entries in the logs. Inspect the autoclaves used
for the sterilization of media. Autoclaves may lack the ability to displace steam with sterile filtered air. For sealed bottles of media,
this would not present a problem. However, for non-sealed bottles or flasks of media, non-sterile air has led to the contamination
of media. In addition, autoclaving less than the required time will also allow media associated contaminants to grow and cause a
false positive result. These problems may be more prevalent in laboratories with a heavy workload.

Check the temperature of the autoclave since overheating can denature and even char necessary nutrients. This allows for a less
than optimal recovery of already stressed microorganisms. The obvious problem with potential false positives is the inability to
differentiate between inadvertent medium contamination and true contamination directly associated with the sample tested.
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IV. STERILITY TESTING

On 10/11/91, the Agency published a proposed rule regarding the manufacture of drug products by aseptic processing and
terminal sterilization. A list of contaminated or potentially contaminated drug products made by aseptic processing and later
recalled was also made available. Many of the investigations/inspections of the recalled products started with a list of initial
sterility test failures. FDA review of the manufacturer's production, controls, investigations and their inadequacies, coupled with
the evidence of product failure (initial sterility test failure) ultimately led to the action.

The USP points out that the facilities used to conduct sterility tests should be similar to those used for manufacturing product. The
USP states, "The facility for sterility testing should be such as to offer no greater a microbial challenge to the articles being tested
than that of an aseptic processing production facility". Proper design would, therefore, include a gowning area and pass-through
airlock. Environmental monitoring and gowning should be equivalent to that used for manufacturing product.

Since a number of product and media manipulations are involved in conducting a sterility test, it is recommended that the
inspection include actual observation of the sterility test even though some companies have tried to discourage inspection on the
grounds that it may make the firm's analyst nervous. The inspection team is expected to be sensitive to this concern and make the
observations in a manner that will create the least amount of disruption in the normal operating environment. Nevertheless, such
concerns are not sufficient cause for you to suspend this portion of the inspection.

One of the most important aspects of the inspection of a sterility analytical program is to review records of initial positive sterility
test results. Request lists of test failures to facilitate review of production and control records and investigation reports.
Particularly, for the high risk aseptically filled product, initial positive sterility test results and investigations should be reviewed.
It is difficult for the manufacturer to justify the release of a product filled aseptically that fails an initial sterility test without
identifying specific problems associated with the controls used for the sterility test.

Examine the use of negative controls. They are particularly important to a high quality sterility test. Good practice for such testing
includes the use of known terminally sterilized or irradiated samples as a system control. Alternatively, vials or ampules filled
during media fills have also been used.

Be especially concerned about the case where a manufacturer of aseptically filled products has never found an initial positive
sterility test. While such situations may occur, they are rare. In one case, a manufacturer's records showed that they had never
found a positive result; their records had been falsified. Also, the absence of initial positives may indicate that the test has not been

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validated to demonstrate that there is no carryover of inhibition from the product or preservative.

Inspect robotic systems or isolation technology, such as La Calhene units used for sterility testing. These units allow product
withdrawal in the absence of people. If an initial test failure is noted in a sample tested in such a system, it could be very difficult
to justify release based on a retest, particularly if test controls are negative.

Evaluate the time period used for sterility test sample incubation. This issue has been recently clarified. The USP states that
samples are to be incubated for at least 7 days, and a proposal has been made to change the USP to require a period of 14 days
incubation. You are expected to evaluate the specific analytical procedure and the product for the proper incubation period. Seven
days may be insufficient, particularly when slow growing organisms have been identified. Media fill, environmental, sterility test
results and other data should be reviewed to assure the absence of slow growing organisms. Also, you should compare the
methods being used for incubation to determine if they conform to those listed in approved or pending applications.

V. METHODOLOGY AND

VALIDATION OF TEST

PROCEDURES

Determine the source of test procedures. Manufacturers derive test procedures from several sources, including the USP, BAM and
other microbiological references. It would be virtually impossible to completely validate test procedures for every organism that
may be objectionable. However, it is a good practice to assure that inhibitory substances in samples are neutralized.

During inspections, including pre-approval inspections, evaluate the methodology for microbiological testing. For example, we
expect test methods to identify the presence of organisms such as Pseudomonas cepacia or other Pseudomonas species that may
be objectional or present a hazard to the user. Where pre-approval inspections are being conducted, compare the method being
used against the one submitted in the application. Also verify that the laboratory has the equipment necessary to perform the tests
and that the equipment was available and in good operating condition on the dates of critical testing.

The USP states that an alternate method may be substituted for compendial tests, provided it has been properly validated as
giving equivalent or better results.

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You may find that dehydrated media are being used for the preparation of media. Good practice includes the periodic challenge of
prepared media with low levels of organisms. This includes USP indicator organisms as well as normal flora. The capability of the
media to promote the growth of organisms may be affected by the media preparation process, sterilization (overheating) and
storage. These represent important considerations in any inspection and in the good management of a microbiology laboratory.

VI. DATA STORAGE

Evaluate the test results that have been entered in either logbooks or on loose analytical sheets. While some manufacturers may be
reluctant to provide tabulations, summaries, or printouts of microbiological test results, this data should be reviewed for the
identification of potential microbial problems in processing. When summaries of this data are not available the inspection team is
expected to review enough data to construct their own summary of the laboratory test results and quality control program.

Some laboratories utilize preprinted forms only for recording test data. Some laboratories have also pointed out that the only way
microbiological test data could be reviewed during inspections would be to review individual batch records. However, in most
cases, preprinted forms are in multiple copies with a second or third copy in a central file. Some companies use log-books for
recording data. These logbooks should also be reviewed.

Additionally, many manufacturers are equipped with an automated microbial system for the identification of microorganisms.
Logs of such testing, along with the identification of the source of the sample, are also of value in the identification of potential
microbial problems in processing.

The utilization of automated systems for the identification of microorganisms is relatively common in the parenteral manufacturer
where isolates from the environment, water systems, validation and people are routinely identified.

Microbiologists in our Baltimore District are expert on the use of automated microbic analytical systems. They were the first FDA
laboratory to use such equipment and have considerable experience in validating methods for these pieces of equipment. Contact
the Baltimore District laboratory for information or questions about these systems. Plants with heavy utilization of these pieces of
equipment should be inspected by individuals from the Baltimore District laboratory.

VII. MANAGEMENT REVIEW

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Microbiological test results represent one of the more difficult areas for the evaluation and interpretation of data. These
evaluations require extensive training and experience in microbiology. Understanding the methodology, and more importantly,
understanding the limitations of the test present the more difficult issues. For example, a manufacturer found high counts of
Enterobacter cloacae in their oral dosage form product derived from a natural substance. Since they did not isolate E. coli, they
released the product. FDA analysis found E. cloacae in most samples from the batch and even E. coli in one sample. In this case
management failed to recognize that microbiological contamination might not be uniform, that other organisms may mask the
presence of certain organisms when identification procedures are performed, and that microbiological testing is far from absolute.
The inspection must consider the relationship between the organisms found in the samples and the potential for the existence of
other objectionable conditions. For example, it is logical to assume that if the process would allow E. cloacae to be present, it could
also allow the presence of the objectionable indicator organism. The microbiologist should evaluate this potential by considering
such factors as methodology, and the growth conditions of the sample as well as other fundamental factors associated with
microbiological analysis.

Evaluate management's program to audit the quality of the laboratory work performed by outside contractors.

VIII. CONTRACT TESTING

LABORATORIES

Many manufacturers contract with private or independent testing laboratories to analyze their products. Since, these laboratories
will conduct only the tests that the manufacturer requests, determine the specific instructions given to the contractor. Evaluate
these instructions to assure that necessary testing will be completed. For example, in a recent inspection of a topical manufacturer,
total plate count and testing for the USP indicator organisms were requested. The control laboratory performed this testing only
and did not look for other organisms that would be objectionable based on the product's intended use.

Analytical results, particularly for those articles in which additional or retesting is conducted, should be reviewed. Test reports
should be provided to the manufacturer for tests conducted. It is not unusual to see contract laboratories fail to provide complete
results, with both failing as well as passing results.

Bacteriostasis/fungiostasis testing must be performed either by the contract lab or the manufacturer. These test results must be
negative otherwise any sterility test results obtained by the contractor on the product may not be valid.

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