relation to the conventional

1. Introduction aerofoil without vortex

generators.
Vortex Generators (VG)
Wind energy is considered Investigation on the Influence of are small aerodynamic devices
to be one of the most booming
sectors of alternative sources Vortex Generators on Aerofoil made of a plate which are
of fuel which has a great placed perpendicular to the
potential to extract clean 1
Chaitanya Agarwal , Ravi Prakash , Vasu 1 surface of the moving object.
energy. In order to extract 1 1 *1 A numerical study was carried
Mahajan , Aditya Chhetri , Vinaygamurthy.G
maximum power output, the out to investigate the effects of
shape of an aerofoil plays a Micro-Vortex Generators
significant role to improve 1
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT Chennai, Tamil Nadu, (MVGs) on the aerodynamic
aerodynamic efficiency of the India - 600127 performance of the NACA
system and make it capable to 0018 aerofoil and an H-type
produce lift. The efficiency of Darrieus wind turbine with
(Received keep as blank , Revised keep as blank , Accepted
the system can be determined eight different configurations
keep as blank )9pt
by a factor called as Betz [2]. The improved aerofoil
limit, according to which no design with MVGs installed at
Abstract. Boundary layer separation is a major
more than 59.3% of the kinetic cause of concern in the wind turbine and aerospace
20% chord length and 16º to
energy from the wind can be industries as it adversely affects the performance of the inlet flow with a rectangle
used to generate electricity [1]. aircraft wings and wind turbine blades. The shape has the maximum lift
In order to maximize and immediate result of flow separation over an aerofoil and stall angle. The influence
reach this limit, vortex is a loss in lift and an increase in drag within the of VG on NACA 63-415,
generators (VG), which are stall range, both of which have a negative impact on NACA 63-215 and NACA 63-
small fins are attached the overall performance of aerofoils in wind 430 airfoils with and without
perpendicular to the surface of turbines. To overcome this problem, vortex the vortex generators, at
aerofoil to reduce the air flow generators (VG), are used for increasing lift force Reynolds number of 320,000
separation from turbine blades and thus increasing the rotational speed of the blade. was studied and found that the
and optimize efficiency. The They act like small protrusions on wing surfaces positioning of VG was
effects of VGs are very which help in energizing the boundary layers important and no significant
important and significant to be thereby delaying the separation and providing a results were obtained for
considered because they have wide range of attached flow over airfoil surface. The NACA 63-430 at 10% chord
many benefits to aerodynamic present research illustrates the comparative analysis length [1]. The comparative
on the various shapes of vortex generators such as analysis on various shapes of
devices. These benefits
rectangular, triangular and gothic by varying the vortex generators was done on
include the control of air flow
angle of attacks (AOA) from 0- 15° . The analysis is NACA-0012 blade profile
especially at high speeds
because in such circumstances performed on the NACA0012 airfoil, which is based on two different Angles
developed using SOLIDWORKS and analysed on of attack (at 0 and 10 degrees)
the air is highly subjected to
ANSYS 2020 R2 software. The value for lift (Cl)
detachment from the airfoil and found out the the aerofoil
and drag (Cd) coefficients with and without vortex
surface which creates with vortex generator shows
generators are determined using ANSYS Fluent and
separation of the air flow and improved drag and lift
the contours for velocity and pressure are further
reduces the stability of the mapped using CFD Post. The stall angle is evaluated coefficient for variation angles
moving or rotating object for each of the vortex generator shapes representing of attack [3]. The aerodynamic
especially at high speeds. the maximum lift that an aerofoil can achieve. passive flow control on NACA
Moreover, these small objects Pressure Coefficients plots are studied to investigate 0012 using VG was studied
help in re-energizing the areas the amount of pressure difference created and its and found that height of VGs
of blade that have stalled out influence on angle of attack at the leading edge of play an important role in
resulting in dual benefits i.e., aerofoil. An overall comparison is made to determination of the overall
an increase in lift and decrease determine the best vortex generator shape that drag of the system. The
in drag. Thus, considering the delivers maximum lift to the aerofoil. The optimum optimum configuration was at
advantages of vortex configuration found for vortex generator is gothic local angle of incidence (β)
generators, a study has been shape which illustrates the maximum lift coefficient =23ᵒ, height to chord length
carried out to perform a value, highest amongst all the three shapes. ratio (h/C) = 0.004, vortex
comparative analysis on Keywords: Vortex Generator (VG); Angle of Attack
generator spacing to chord
different shapes of vortex (AOA); NACA0012; Lift and Drag Coefficients; length ratio (z/C) =0.025,
generator and study its effect Stall angle. position of device from
in separation line (ΔX /C) = 0.02
with Cl=1.0723 and
Cd=0.135035 [4]. The effect of VG and without VG on
S819 airfoil was carried out using FLUENT and the stall
 Sullivan T. Smith, Tanaka Ikarashi and Ahmed M. Mohamed

angle was found to be at higher angle of attack on slotted flows and looks like a very appropriate turbulence model to
airfoil in comparison to the airfoil without slot [5]. simulate the aerodynamic effects concerning this study.
The main objective that has been carried out in this
study is investigation on influence of three different shapes
of vortex generators namely rectangular, triangular and
gothic. Two geometries of airfoil are employed for this
study to understand the effect and determine the shape
which produces the best lift and delayed stall angle in
comparison with the aerofoil without vortex generator.

2. Materials and Methods

To study the effect of Vortex Generators, NACA – 0012

(National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) aerofoil has
been chosen which is a very basic aerofoil having zero
Fig. 1 Mesh grid of topographic model 10pt
camber, and is easy to design and obtain near to accurate
results. The following section illustrates the different
methods, equations and constraints which have been
utilized in this study. Table 1: Airfoil Characteristics
Sr. Parameter Value
2.1 Reynold’s Number Calculation No.
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that
1. Name of the Airfoil NACA0012 (National
defines the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and
describes the degree of laminar or turbulent flow. The Advisory Committee
Reynolds number is calculated from: for Aeronautics)

ρVl Vl 2. Airfoil Chord Length 1m

ℜ= = (1)
μ v
3. Maximum thickness 12 % at 30% chord
where,
length i.e., 0.3m from
V =velocity of fluid ∈m/ sec ¿ 15 m/sec the leading edge
l=Chord length of theairfoil ∈m
ρ=density of the fluid 4. Vortex Generator 8% of the chord length
μ=dynamic viscosity of the fluid position i.e.,80 mm from the
−5 2
v=kinematic viscosity of the f luid=1.7894 ¿ 10 m /sec leading edge
Vl 15∗1
ℜ= = =838,269
v 1.7894∗10−5 5. Domain Dimensions R1 = 15m and H2 =
∴ ℜ ≈ 10 6 25m
Hence, as the Reynolds number is beyond the laminar
region, turbulent flow is considered for the model Intact DI D2 Intact DI D2
simulations. Mean 2.63 2.62 2.53 3.34 2.67 2.46
OF-1*
SD 0.041 0.369 0.123 0.290 0.444 0.207
2.2 Turbulence Modelling
Mean 23.39 23.24 22.55 23.63 23.12 22.73
OF-3
Since the Reynolds number lies close to range of 106 , SD 0.021 0.161 0.161 0.042 0.251 0.213

turbulent model which is implemented is k −ω SST (Shear

stress Transport) present in ANSYS FLUENT 2020 R2
2.1 Reynold’s Number Calculation
(fluid flow). The transition SST model is based on the
coupling of the SST k −ω transport equations with two
other transport equations, one for the intermittency and one 4.1 Subtitle: Level 2
for the transition onset criteria, in terms of momentum-
thickness Reynolds number. It is known to provide accurate 4.1.1 Subtitle: Level 3
and reliable results for aerofoils and systems having adverse On the day of the beam test, the respective control
pressure gradient flow. cylinders were capped and tested in compression to
SST model is considered to be appropriate for separated
 Put the title of the paper here with font Arial

determine the compressive strength of concrete. Table 1 Sajjad, M. (2005), “Evaluation of bacterial strategies……”, Ph.D.
shows that the average values of the 56-day compressive Dissertation, Michigan State University, Michigan.
strengths are 69.2 and 68.7 MPa for Series V and S Author(s) (Year), Title of Paper (Every word starts in capital
letter), Name of Magazine, Published Month.
specimens, respectively. The results indicate that although
Carey, A.A. and Hayzen, A.J (2001), The Dielectric Constant and
the two mix designs were different, they had similar Oil Analysis, Practicing Oil Analysis Magazine, September.
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edge open cracks…. Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia.
Gourley, B.C., Tort, C., Denavit, M.D., Schiller, P.H. and Hajjar,
J.F. (2008), “A synopsis of studies of the monotonic and cyclic
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been proposed in this study. Design code (Year), Title, Full name of the code, Name of
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 Sullivan T. Smith, Tanaka Ikarashi and Ahmed M. Mohamed

Table 1 Caption 10pt

Intact
DI D2 Intact DI D2
9pt
Mean 2.63 9pt 2.62 2.53 3.34 2.67 2.46
OF-1* 0.041
SD 0.369 0.123 0.290 0.444 0.207
9pt
23.39
Mean 23.24 22.55 23.63 23.12 22.73
9pt
OF-3
0.021
SD 0.161 0.161 0.042 0.251 0.213
9pt
*OF-1: Observed Frequency for 1st mode; OF-3: Observed
Frequency for 3rd mode 10pt