07 DM - TS3301 - E01 WDM and OTN Common Alarm Analysis 62P

WDM OTN Common Alarm
Analysis
Contents
 Background Knowledge
 OTN Hierarchy
 OTN Frame and Overhead Bytes
 Signal Mapping and Multiplexing
 ZTE Equipment Definition and Term
 Common Alarm Analysis
2
OTN Hierarchy
STM-64 O O STM-64
CO2 LO2 M OBA OPA D LO2 CO2
U U
OTS
OMS
OCH
OTU2
ODU2
OPU2
Client（OAC）
Optical
client
Transport
Module
OH client OPU
OH OPU ODU
Client: client signal, include SDH, Ethernet, IP
OPU: container for client signal mapping
ODU FEC OTU
OH ODU: for signal multiplex and performance monitor
OTU: basic unit transmitted in optical channel
Optical Channel OCh
OCH: optical signal with specific wavelength and OTU frame
Optical Supervisory Channel
OMS: multi-wavelength signal

Non-associated overhead
λ OTS: multi-wavelength signal after amplified
Optical Multiplex Section OMS
Optical Transmission Section OTS
3
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
Contents
 OTN Hierarchy
4
OTN Frame
 OTUk/ODUk/OPUk, k=0,1,2,3,4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3824 3825 4080
1 FAS MFAS OTU OH
O
2 P
U Payload FEC
3 ODU OH
OH
4
5
Key Overhead in OTUk
 TTI is used to transmit label information for 64 bytes .

 BIP-8 is used for error monitor.
 BEI is used to transmit remote error indication.
 BDI is used to transmit remote defect indication.
SM
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
TTI BIP-8 GCC0 RES
BEI/BIAE BDI IAE RES

1 4 5
6
Key Overhead in ODUk
 TTI, BDI, BIP-8, BEI are not only designed in OTUk, but also in
ODUk, TCMi and PM.
Overhead in TCMi
Overhead in PM
1 2 3 1 2 3
TTI BIP-8 TTI BIP-8i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BEI BDI STAT BEI/BIAEi BDI STATi
Fiber Fiber
Client ODUk ODUk ODUk Client
COMB/CH1 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 COMB/CH1
SM SM
TCMi (optional) TCMi (optional)
TCMi (optional)
PM
7
OTN Maintenance Signal
 PM-STAT and TCMi-STATi are for maintenance signals in OTN:

 AIS: Alarm Indication Signal (111)
 OCI: Open Connection Indicator (110)
 LCK: Locked (101)
PM STAT Value Meaning TCMi STAT
Meaning
Value
000 Reserved
000 No TCM
001 Normal
001 TCM Normal
010 Reserved
010 TCM IAE
011 Reserved
011 Reserved
100 Reserved 100 reserved
101 ODUk-LCK 101 TCMi-LCK
110 ODUk-OCI 110 TCMi-OCI
111 ODUk-AIS 111 TCMi-AIS

8
Maintenance Signal Introduction
 1. AIS：Most commonly seen, indicate the fault of upstream.

 Most of the AIS is generated by SSF (Server Signal Failure).
SF detected AIS detected

Insert AIS Report AIS
SF
Node Node Node
A B C
Feed back
BDI detected BDI detected BDI
Report BDI Report BDI
9
 2. OCI:
 OCI is designed that the cross connection is open.
 If you just finished the service mapping before cross connection
configuration, the scheduling port will report ODU-LOFLOM. When you
finished the cross connection and then delete it, the scheduling port will
report OCI.
Delete Cross Report OCI
Connection
COMB/CH1 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 COMB/CH1
Report OCI
Report OCI
10
 3. LCK:
 LCK is set by the EMS. If any ODU is locked, this ODU cannot be used by the
client.
11
Key Overhead in OPUk
 Overhead in OPUk is Payload Type (PT)

in the Payload Structure Identifier (PSI).
 PT is designed for the different service

mapping type in OTN. We can set the
expected PT value. If the value it
received is not the same as what it
expected, report PT mismatched alarm.
 If the “AIS” is disable in service card,

“PT mismatched” alarm doesn’t
affect the service.
12
Overhead Layers Related to Equipment
 SM / TCMi / PM monitor performance during transmission in

different sections.
fiber fiber
client Cross connect Cross connect Cross connect client
CH1 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 CH1
SM SM
TCMi（optional） TCMi（optional）
TCMi（optional）
PM
13
Contents
 OTN Hierarchy
14
Signal Mapping and Multiplexing
 1.GE service to OTU2:

 GE → GFP-T→OPU0 → ODU0 → OPU1 → ODU1 → OPU2 → ODU2 → OTU2
 2. 10GE-LAN service to OTU2

 10GE-LAN → GFP-F → OPU2 → ODU2 → OTU2
 3. STM-16 service to OTU2

 STM-16 → OPU1 → ODU1 → OPU2 → ODU2 → OTU2
 4. STM-64 service to OTU2

 STM-64 → OPU2 → ODU2 → OTU2
It is important to understand the signal

mapping and multiplexing for alarm
analysis.
15
Contents
 OTN Hierarchy
16
Alarm Report Interface
 Three types of interface: Optical interface, Scheduling port and Backplane CH.
 The different interface monitor the different layer in OTN:
 When STM-16 is connected to CH1, the optical interface monitors SDH overhead and scheduling port
monitors ODU1 overhead.
 When GE is connected to CH1, the optical interface monitors GE overhead and scheduling port
monitors ODU0 overhead.
 When LD2 is used with CH1, LD2 optical interface monitors OTU2 overhead and ODU2 overhead.
Scheduling port monitors ODU1 or ODU0 overhead.
 When LD2 is used with CD2, LD2 optical interface monitors OTU2 overhead. Scheduling port monitors
ODU2 overhead.
ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling
receiving port sending port
Backplane CH
OAC input work status OCH output
ODUk
Crossing
OAC output Backplane CH OCH input

CH1 work status LO2
ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling
sending port receiving port
17
Loop Back
 Two types loopback: Facility loopback and Terminal loopback.

 For the Bit-Slice technology used in M8x00, loopback operation in backplane will
affect all the scheduling ports in this card.
Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal
Loopback Loopback Loopback Loopback
R T R T
Client Backplane Line Interface
Interface 1 Interface 1 1
T R T R
Backplane
M=2(8200)
Client M=4(8300) Line
N=16 M=6(8500)
R T R T
Client Backplane Line Interface
Interface N Interface M 2
T R T R
Facility Facility Facility Facility

Loopback Loopback Loopback Loopback
18
Loop Back
19
Client Layer and Server Layer
 The relations between each two layers of OTN hierarchy.
GE to OTU2:
Client Client
OPU GE → GFP-T→OPU0 → ODU0 → OPU1 →
ODU1 → OPU2 → ODU2 → OTU2
ODU
OTU ODU2 is server layer of OPU2
OCH OTU2 is server layer of ODU2
OMS Server layer failure will affect client layer

Server
OTS Client layer failure will not affect server layer
20
Client Layer and Server Layer
STM-64 O O STM-64
U U
OTS
OMS
Server
OCH
OTU2
ODU2
OPU2
Client（SDH）
Client
 If fiber cut between OMU and LO2, OTU2 is failure, and its client
layer ODU2 will fail too.
 If no cross connect between CO2 and LO2, ODU2 is failure, but
its server layer OTU2 will not fail.
21
Contents
 Alarm Classification
 Common Alarm
22
Alarm Classification
 Communication alarms
 Alarms that affect the service layer, indicating communication signal
interruption or failure
 Equipment alarms
 Equipment or cards fault alarm
 Environment alarms
 Environment monitor alarms, such as fire, flood, or equipment room alarm
 Maintenance alarms
 Wrong configuration or abnormal operation in EMS
23
Contents

 Common Alarm
 Communication Alarm
– Common Optical Alarm
– Common Service Alarm – SDH
– Common Service Alarm – GE/10GE
– Common OTN Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
 Environment Alarm
 Maintenance Alarm
24
Common Optical Alarm
 Input Power Overload Alarm

 Input Power Weak Alarm
 No Input Power Alarm
 Output Power Too High Alarm
 Output Power Too Low Alarm
 No Output Power Alarm
25
Common Optical Alarm
 The optical alarm is only reported by the optical interfaces of

cards
Optical Optical Optical Optical Optical

Alarm AlarmOptical Alarm Alarm Alarm
Alarm
STM-64 STM-64
O O
U U
So OTS Si
So Si
OMS
So OCH Si
OAC So OAC Si
26
Contents

 Common Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
27
Common Service Alarm - SDH
 G-AIS: Generic alarm indication signal

 LOS: Loss of signal
 LOF: Loss of frame
 J0 mismatch
 MS-AIS: MS-alarm indication signal
 MS-RDI: MS-remote defect indication
 RS-BBE over threshold: RS-background block error over
threshold
 RS-DEG: RS-signal degraded
28
 G-AIS
 Indicates client signal failure
 It is the AIS signal for client layer
 Only client card will report this alarm, such as CH1, CD2, CO2
 LOS
 Loss of SDH signal
Client signal
failure/Los G-AIS
Fiber
Cross Cross
SDH
connect connect
CH1/CD2/CO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 CH1/CD2/CO2
29
 LOF: Loss of frame

 SDH alignment bytes A1A2 can not be detected, indicating the client signal
failure or receiving optical power problem
 Only client card will report this alarm, such as CH1, CD2, CO2
 Reported by the Rx interface
LOF
G-AIS
Fiber
Cross Cross
SDH
connect connect
CH1/CD2/CO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 CH1/CD2/CO2
30
 J0 Mismatch
 J0 byte received from client signal mismatch with the expected value in EMS
J0 mismatch
Pigtail fiber
SDH CH1/CD2/CO2
31
 MS-AIS/MS-RDI
 MS-AIS indicates the failure of SDH signal
 MS-RDI is the feedback message
MS-AIS
MS-RDI
Pigtail fiber
SDH CH1/CD2/CO2
MS-RDI
MS-AIS
Pigtail fiber
SDH CH1/CD2/CO2
32
 RS-BBE over threshold: Background block error over threshold:

 Detected by BIP-8 byte in RS, it is accumulated performance.
 If the accumulated value is over the preset threshold, RS-BBE over threshold
is reported
 15 min and 24 hour RS-BBE over threshold
 RS-DEG: Signal Degraded:

 When the receiving BIP-8 is higher than the preset threshold, the RS-DEG
alarm will be reported. The threshold of DEG can be set by the EMS.
RS-BBE over threshold

/RS-DEG
Pigtail fiber
SDH CH1/CD2/CO2
33
Common Service Alarm – SDH Summary
Not detected A1A2 in 4 consecutive frames, OOF is

LOF
reported; OOF lasts 24 frames(3ms), LOF is reported
Compare received J0 with expected J0 in EMS, J0

J0 Mismatch
Mismatch is reported when the two value doesn’t match
Rx MS_AIS SDH maintenance signal
MS RDI Feedback message of MS_AIS

If there is B1 BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a
15 min RS BBE over
accumulated, in 15 minutes, when the accumulated BBE is
threshold
over threshold, this alarm is reported
If there is B1 BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a
24 hour RS BBE over
accumulated, in 24 hours, when the accumulated BBE is
threshold
over threshold, this alarm is reported
B1 BIP-8 bit error over the preset DEG threshold in a

RS DEG
preset period
34
Contents

 Common Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
35
Common Service Alarm – GE/10GE
 Loss of synchronization
 Detected by GE port that the receiving GE service signal 10B coding problem
 GFP client signal failure

 Reported by client card Tx port, indicating the failure of upstream service
36
Common Service Alarm – GE/10GE
 GFP relevant alarm:

 Two types of GFP: GFP-T and GFP-F. M8x00 use GFP-T for the GE service,
GFP-F for the 10GE-LAN service.
 GFP frame is located between Ethernet service and OPU frame. Client card
processes this procedure.
 There are mainly two alarms about GFP: GFP client signal failure and Loss of
synchronization.
SF for the GFP client

OAC_So Signal Failure
Fiber
ODUk Cross ODUk Cross
Connection Connection
CH1 LQ2/LO2 LQ2/LO2 CH1
37
Common Service Alarm – GE/10GE Summary
The PCS sub layer of GE port will analyze the

Loss of Synchronization received 10B coding, when receiving 4 consecutive
invalid 10B, this alarm will be reported
Indicating GFP frame alignment bytes failure. In 8000
GFP Loss of
Synchronization
series, this alarm indicates problems of card internal
processing
GFP Client Signal Failure Indicating not accessing client signal
38
Contents

 Common Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
39
Common OTN Alarm
 SSF: Server signal failure

 ODU-LOFLOM: ODU loss of frame/loss of multi-frame
 AIS/OCI/LCK: Alarm indication alarm/open connection
indication/lock
 BDI: Backward defect indication
 BBE over threshold: Background block error over threshold
 DEG: Signal degraded
40
Common OTN Alarm
 SSF: Server Signal Fail Alarm

 Case 1:
 ODUk scheduling receiving port reports SSF from line card.
 The server signal of ODUk is OTUk, that is to say the receiving optical
interface is failed. We can trace more alarms reported from optical input
interface, for example, LOS, LOM, LOF, OTU-AIS, ….
SSF
OAC input OCH output
ODUk Crossing
OAC output OCH input

CH1 LO2
ODUk scheduling
receiving port
41
Common OTN Alarm

 Case 2:
 ODUk scheduling sending port reports SSF from line card or client card.
 The ODUk signal in the scheduling sending port is coming from backplane.
The reason is backplane or XCA defect.
ODUk scheduling
SSF
SSF sending port
Backplane CH
ODUk Crossing
OAC output Backplane CH

CH1 LO2 OCH input
work status
ODUk scheduling
sending port
42
Common OTN Alarm

 Case 3:
 OAC output interface reports SSF from client card.
 OAC output interface monitor client signal (SDH or GE…) . The server signal of
OAC is ODUk. We can trace more alarms reported from the upstream
scheduling sending port, for example, ODU-AIS, ODU-OCI, …
ODUk scheduling
SSF receiving port
OCH output
OAC input
ODUk Crossing
OAC output Backplane CH OCH input

CH1 LO2
work status
ODUk scheduling
sending port
43
Common OTN Alarm
 AIS: Alarm Indication Signal

 AIS is designed for message forwarding. Forward the AIS alarm from upstream to
downstream or generated by the SSF to the client layer.
 There are OTU-AIS/ODU-AIS/TCMi-AIS.
 AIS alarm indicates that service failure. Trace the failure upward the service flow.
 BDI: Backward Defect Indication

 BDI is designed for message feed back from downstream to upstream.
AIS detected
SF detected Report AIS
Insert AIS
SF
Node Node Node
A B C
Feed back
BDI
BDI detected BDI detected

Report BDI Report BDI
44
Common OTN Alarm
 ODU-OCI:
 If the cross connection was deleted in the node, the corresponding
scheduling sending port report OCI alarm. OCI is forwarded by scheduling
port one by one
Node A Node B
ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling OCI OCI ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling OCI
receiving port sending port receiving port sending port
ODUk Cross ODUk Cross

Fiber
Connection Connection Connection
CH1 LO2 LO2 CH1
ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling ODUk scheduling

sending port receiving port sending port receiving port
45
Common OTN Alarm
 ODU-LOFLOM：
 Receiving FAS/MFAS bytes are wrong or missing.
 Reported by scheduling sending port.
 Possibility:
 1. FPGA problem
 2. Backplane
 3. CLK problem
 Handling:
 1. IC reset for the XCA or service card that report this alarm.
 2. Replace the XCA, service card or even the backplane.
 Note：If you just finished the service mapping before cross connection
configuration, the scheduling port will report ODU-LOFLOM. When you
finished the cross connection and then delete it, the scheduling port will
report OCI.
46
Common OTN Alarm
 ODU-LOFLOM：
ODUk scheduling
ODU-LOFLOM sending port ODU-LOFLOM
Backplane CH
ODUk Crossing
OAC output Backplane CH

CH1 LO2 OCH input
work status
ODUk scheduling
sending port
47
Common OTN Alarm
 BBE over Threshold: Background block error over threshold

 Detected by BIP-8 byte in SM/PM/TCMi, it is accumulated performance.
 If the accumulated value is over the threshold, BBE over threshold is
reported
 There are SM-BBE/PM-BBE/TCMi-BBE
 15 min and 24 hour BBE over threshold
 DEG: Signal Degraded:

 When the receiving BIP-8 is higher than the preset threshold, the DEG alarm
will be reported. The threshold of DEG can be set by the EMS.
48
Common OTN alarm case study: Case-1
 No service access, cross connection deleted, fiber connection correct.

 CH1:
 OAC_So: No input power, LOS
 OAC_Si: SSF
 Scheduling sending port: ODU-OCI
 LO2: Scheduling sending port: ODU-OCI
 Scheduling receiving port: ODU-OCI
 OCH_So: No alarm
 OCH_Si: No alarm
No input power, ODU-OCI ODU-OCI ODU-OCI ODU-OCI SSF

ODU-OCI
LOS
A B C
1 1 1
1 CH1 2 3 LO2 4 5 LO2 6 7 LO2 8 9 LO2 0 1
CH1 2
So OCH Si
OAC So ODU OAC Si
49
 No service access, cross connection and fiber connection are

correct.
 CH1:
 OAC_So: No input power, LOS
 OAC_Si: GFP client signal failure (GE)
 LOF (STM-N)
 LO2: No alarm
GFP client signal
No input power, failure (GE)
LOS LOF(STM-N)
A B C
1 1 1
1 CH1 2 3 LO2 4 5 LO2 6 7 LO2 8 9 LO2 0 1
CH1 2
So OCH Si
OAC So ODU OAC Si
50
 With service access, cross connection and fiber connection are

correct.
 CH1: No alarm
 LO2: No alarm
A B C
1 1 1
1 CH1 2 3 LO2 4 5 LO2 6 7 LO2 8 9 LO2 0 1
CH1 2
So OCH Si
OAC So ODU OAC Si
51
Common OTN alarm summary
 SM common alarms
Compare received SM TTI with expected TTI in EMS, SM-TTI Mismatch is

OTU TTI Mismatch
reported when the two value doesn’t match
FAS bytes can not be detected for 5 frames, OOF(out of frame) is reported,
OTU LOF
OOF lasts 3ms, LOF is reported
MFAS error, first OOM(out of multi-frame), OOM lasts 3ms, LOM will be
OTU LOM
reported
OTU AIS SM maintenance signal
OTU SM BDI Feedback message of LOF/LOM/AIS
OTU SM DEG SM BIP-8 bit error over the preset DEG threshold in a preset period
If there is SM BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a accumulated, in 15

15 min SM BBE over
minutes, when the accumulated BBE is over threshold, this alarm is
threshold
reported
24 hour SM BBE over If there is SM BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a accumulated, in 24
threshold hours, when the accumulated BBE is over threshold, this alarm is reported
52
Common OTN alarm Summary
 PM common alarms
If there is PM BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a accumulated, in 15
15 min PM BBE over
minutes, when the accumulated BBE is over threshold, this alarm is
threshold
reported
If there is PM BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a accumulated, in 24
24 hour PM BBE over
hours, when the accumulated BBE is over threshold, this alarm is
threshold
reported
ODU PM DEG PM BIP-8 bit error over the preset DEG threshold in a preset period
Compare received PM TTI with expected TTI in EMS, PM-TTI Mismatch is

ODU PM TTI Mismatch
ODU PM BDI Feedback message of ODU-AIS

ODU AIS、LCK、OCI PM maintenance signal
ODU LOFLOM Indicating card FPGA or backplane problem
Compare received OPU PT with expected PT in EMS, PT- Mismatch is

OPU PT Mismatch
53
Common OTN Alarm Summary
 TCMi common alarms
If there is TCMi BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a accumulated, in

15 min TCMi BBE over
15 minutes, when the accumulated BBE is over threshold, this alarm is
threshold
reported
If there is TCMi BIP-8 bit error of one frame, a BBE a accumulated, in
24 hour TCMi BBE over
24 hours, when the accumulated BBE is over threshold, this alarm is
threshold
reported
TCMi DEG TCMi BIP-8 bit error over the preset DEG threshold in a preset period
Compare received TCMi TTI with expected TTI in EMS, TCMi-TTI

TCMi TTI Mismatch
Mismatch is reported when the two value doesn’t match
TCMi BDI Feedback message of TCMi-AIS
TCMi AIS、LCK、OCI TCMi Maintenance Signal
54
Contents
 Common Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
55
Equipment Alarm
 Unknown Card
 The card can not be recognized by the equipment
 Handling: Card not plugged well or card broken, unplug/plug or replace the
card
 LD Bias Current Over Threshold Alarm

 LD bias current is too high
 Handling: If traffic is interrupted, replace the SFP
 LD TEC Current Over Threshold Alarm

 LD thermoelectric cooler current too high
 Handling: If traffic is interrupted, replace the SFP
 LD End-Of-Life Alarm
 LD module end of life
 Handling: Replace the SFP module
56
Equipment Alarm
 AWG Temperature Over Threshold Alarm

 OMU/ODU AWG module temperature over threshold.
 Handling: The temperature of AWG should be around 70 ℃ for normal working, check
the environment , if traffic is interrupted, replace the card.
 Card Environment Temperature Alarm

 The card environment is too high
 Handling: Check the working status of Fan cards or the environment of equipment room.
 FAN Alarm
 Fan speed too low or too high.
 Handling: Reset or replace the fan card.
 Power Off Alarm

 No power input for power card.
 Handling: Check the air switch of the power distribution box, check the cable and
connection.
57
Contents
 Common Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
58
External Alarm
 External power alarm  External fuse blowout alarm

 External flood alarm  External power module error
 External temperature alarm alarm
 External humidity alarm  External AC power off alarm
 External fire alarm  External battery equally charging
 External invasion alarm  External DC voltage error alarm
 External Moving object alarm  Solar logic alarm
 External glass broken alarm  Smoke
 External lightning alarm  Flood
 External battery over high

voltage alarm
 External battery over low voltage
alarm
59
Contents
 Common Alarm
 Equipment Alarm
60
Operation Alarm
 Card Mismatched:
 Card configuration in the DB is not the same as what is mounted in the
physical equipment.
 Handling: Remove the card and “auto find” it in the EMS.
 Card Dismount:
 The card is not mounted in the physical equipment.
 Handling: Remove the card in the EMS or insert a corresponding card in the
slot.
 Card not Configure:

 The card is not configured in the DB.
 Handling: Remove the card from the equipment or “auto find” the card in
the EMS.
61

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WDM OTN Common Alarm

 Common Alarm Analysis

OMS: multi-wavelength signal

λ OTS: multi-wavelength signal after amplified

Optical Multiplex Section OMS

Optical Transmission Section OTS

 Common Alarm Analysis

 TTI is used to transmit label information for 64 bytes .

BEI/BIAE BDI IAE RES

TTI BIP-8 TTI BIP-8i

COMB/CH1 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 COMB/CH1

TCMi (optional) TCMi (optional)

 PM-STAT and TCMi-STATi are for maintenance signals in OTN:

111 ODUk-AIS 111 TCMi-AIS

 1. AIS：Most commonly seen, indicate the fault of upstream.

SF detected AIS detected

COMB/CH1 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 COMB/CH1

 Overhead in OPUk is Payload Type (PT)

 PT is designed for the different service

 If the “AIS” is disable in service card,

 SM / TCMi / PM monitor performance during transmission in

CH1 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 LD2/LO2 CH1

 Common Alarm Analysis

 1.GE service to OTU2:

 2. 10GE-LAN service to OTU2

 3. STM-16 service to OTU2

 4. STM-64 service to OTU2

It is important to understand the signal

 Common Alarm Analysis

OAC output Backplane CH OCH input

 Two types loopback: Facility loopback and Terminal loopback.

Facility Facility Facility Facility

 The relations between each two layers of OTN hierarchy.

OCH OTU2 is server layer of ODU2

OMS Server layer failure will affect client layer

 Common Alarm Analysis

 Input Power Overload Alarm

 The optical alarm is only reported by the optical interfaces of

Optical Optical Optical Optical Optical

 Common Alarm Analysis

 G-AIS: Generic alarm indication signal

 LOF: Loss of frame

 RS-BBE over threshold: Background block error over threshold:

 RS-DEG: Signal Degraded:

RS-BBE over threshold

Not detected A1A2 in 4 consecutive frames, OOF is

Compare received J0 with expected J0 in EMS, J0

Rx MS_AIS SDH maintenance signal

MS RDI Feedback message of MS_AIS

B1 BIP-8 bit error over the preset DEG threshold in a

 Common Alarm Analysis

 GFP client signal failure

 GFP relevant alarm:

SF for the GFP client

The PCS sub layer of GE port will analyze the

GFP Client Signal Failure Indicating not accessing client signal

 Common Alarm Analysis

 SSF: Server signal failure

 SSF: Server Signal Fail Alarm