TEXT TYPES

ENGLISH 8
TEXT TYPES
 NARRATIVE TEXT
 DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
 EXPOSITORY TEXT
 PERSUASIVE TEXT
 ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
NARRATIVE TEXT

A text which contains

about a story and its
plot consists of climax
then followed by the
resolution
 PURPOSE
•To entertain and provide
enjoyment
•To transport the reader into
imaginary world
•To teach life lessons
 GENERIC STRUCTURE

•Orientation
•Evaluation
•Complication
•Resolution
•Reorientation
 LANGUAGE FEATURES
• Use specific nouns such as name of
person, place etc.
• Use time connectives and conjunctions
such as then, before that, soon
• Use action verbs
• Use saying words such as said, told,
promised
EXAMPLES OF NARRATIVE TEXTS

• The Story of Toba Lake

• The Smartest Parrot
• The Story of Monkey and Crocodile
The Introduction
• The introduction should have a hook and a thesis.
• Hook – grab the readers’ attention
• I am an addict. I tell people I could stop anytime, but deep inside, I know I’m
lying. I need to listen to music, to write music, to play music everyday.

• Thesis – main theme or idea or idea of the essay

• “Grief affects everyone's life at one point or another, and it certainly has affected
mine; when my

*Set the scene briefly

*Through the intro, your reader must be able to guess what might happen next
 Points to consider in the body paragraphs:

• Include vivid and relevant detail

• Incorporate dialogue
• Write chronologically
• Avoid narration deviation
Conclusion
In the conclusion of your paper, you are expected to give some final
comments about your story. Also, you should stress the lesson/s you’ve
learned from that particular situation.

“As I go through these events over and over in my head, I realize how
much it has taught me. Everything that happens in our lives has at
least two sides. To see the real image, it is necessary to collect all of
the details piece by piece—to see both sides. And, not all memories
should be trusted. Sometimes, it is just our brains that try to make up
false stories, isn’t it?”
 “I have always been keen on traveling. Seeing new sights always inspires me,
regardless of whether it is nature or urban landscapes. Being a little under 30, I had
already been almost everywhere in the US, as well as in Canada, Mexico, and most
Caribbean countries, but I was still only dreaming and vaguely planning to cross the
Atlantic and visit Europe. I dreamt of seeing London, Paris, Venice, etc., but my first
real chance came as a surprise.
A friend with whom we haven’t talked for ages wrote to congratulate me on
my birthday. We started taking, and it turned out that he now works as a volunteer
for a human rights NGO in Lviv, Ukraine! He invited me over, and I thought to myself,
“Let’s do this now! No point delaying your trip to Europe any further!” I immediately
went on to book a plane ticket and found out that the best price ticket was in only
one week! I saw it as yet another sign telling me that I must travel there as soon as
possible. I knew little to nothing about Ukraine and its culture and had no time to
research it properly, which added to my excitement.
Needless to say that what I saw in Ukraine turned out to be completely
different from any place I had visited so far. Ukraine occupies the territory a little
smaller than Texas, which is big by European measures. As my friend explained to me,
every region has its significant peculiarities, and West Ukraine is no exception.
https://chiefessays.net/narrative-essays-examples/
POSSSIBLE TOPICS
• Meeting a famous person.
• Playground Memory.
• Traveling to a place for the first time.
• My secret place.
• Living a dream.
• Near-death experience.
• Best vacation with my family.
• First day in school
 DESCRIPTIVE

• A text that describes a

particular person, thing
or object. A text which
says what a person or a
thing is like.
 GENERIC STRUCTURE
1. Identification: contains the identification of matter will be described
2. Description: contains the explanation or description of the thing or
person to mention a few properties
Description parts:
qualities, size, characteristics, ability, habit, daily live and
physical appearance
3. Conclusion (optional)
 LANGUAGE FEATURES
• Use simple present tense (if person or thing is still
alive or the place still exists)
• Use simple past tense (If person, thing or place do not
exist anymore)
• Use kinds of adjective
Snowy evenings in the enchanted forest are beautiful. The
woods were dark. The air was cold. The ground was brown, and
the smell of snow was in the air. It was bitterly cold. The
wind could be heard through the trees. The sky was filled
with stars. There was a cottage was in the distance.
Suddenly, the clouds above opened and snow began to fall.
same sentence beginnings…
Cold, frosty, snowy evenings in the enchanted forest are beautiful and
special. The woods were silent and pitch black. The frozen ground was
hard brown slate, and the crisp smell of fresh snow was in the air. The
night wrapped its icy, cold fingers around the forest. The whispering of
the wind and the rustling leaves were the only sounds on this quiet
night. The ink-black sky was filled with a million stars, bright and
twinkling like diamonds. In the distance a cozy, small cottage glowed
warmly, a beacon of welcome on this cold night. Suddenly, the clouds
above opened and an army of dainty snowflakes on gossamer wings
began to fall. The white snow covered the ground, making the forest
seem new and fresh.
Cold, frosty, snowy evenings in the enchanted forest are beautiful and
special. The woods were silent and pitch black. Frozen solid, the
ground was hard brown slate, and the crisp smell of fresh snow was in
the air. Softly and gently, the night wrapped its icy, cold fingers around
the forest. The whispering of the wind and the occasional rustling of
leaves were the only sounds on this quiet night. Above the forest, a
million stars, bright and twinkling like diamonds filled the ink-black sky.
In the distance the cozy, warm cottage glowed warmly, a beacon of
welcome on this cold night. Suddenly, the clouds above opened and an
army of dainty snowflakes on gossamer wings began to fall. The white
snow covered the ground, making the forest seem new and fresh.
 ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
order relating to examples
1 opinion unusual, lovely, beautiful
2 size big, small, tall
3 physical quality thin, rough, untidy
4 shape round, square, rectangular
5 age young, old, youthful
6 colour blue, red, pink
7 origin Dutch, Japanese, Turkish
8 material metal, wood, plastic
9 type general-purpose, four-sided, U-shaped
10 purpose cleaning, hammering, cooking

It was made of a 1strange, 6green, 8metallic material.

She was a 1beautiful, 2tall, 3thin, 5young, 6black-haired, 7Scottish woman.

 Though we might think that what makes a film great is subjective, there are definite criteria that
points to it being a standout piece of art. There are tons of lists of the greatest films of all times, and what do
they have in common? The six areas of brilliance are the script, characters, acting, timing, sound, and visuals
(No Film School). In order for a film to be truly great, it needs to excel in all those spheres.
For scripts, if the dialog is clunky and unnatural, it is usually noticed by audiences and critics alike. No
matter how amazing the plot is or how beautiful the visuals are, if the script is pretentious or awkward, then
the film does not float. Also, having weak opening and/or ending dialog certainly contributes to a sour taste
in the audience’s mouth (Grove, E.). Characters are often the focal point of a film. They are the drivers of plot
and scenes. The main aspect of characters in films that is important is whether or not they are believable. It is
a fine balance between exaggeration of real life and vagueness (Nicholson, J.). In order for a film to be great,
the acting obviously has to be on par with the rest of its components. Critics usually go after actors whose
work is flat, over the top, or unconvincing. It is part of the casting director’s job to find actors that will fit in
the role perfectly, and that will act in a way that will be Oscar-worthy. This is perhaps the most difficult part
of getting a film right, as it is the main characteristic of a film that people criticize, besides plot.The timing, or
a pace, of a film is often what keeps film viewers staying or leaving. A great film commonly slows down for
emotional moments, and speeds up for action scenes—just like a novel does with its pacing. If a movie seems
to take too long, or ends too swiftly, audience members usually feel that it either dragged on, or they did not
get their money’s worth (raindance).Sound is more essential to the film-viewing experience than most would
believe. The sound, especially music, adds layers and emotional content to the film that nothing else can. A
great film will have an impressive score, and one that aligns with the plot and mood of the film. Finally, the
cinematography should be stunning. This part of film is often what makes A-list movies different than B-list
movies. The type of camera used, the angles employed, the filters of the lens used, and much more add to the
overall experience—which allows viewers to become engrossed in the film.
Though most people say “to each one’s own” when it comes to films, there are exact criteria that critics and
official film industry professionals use to gauge the greatness of films. These elements comprise script,
characters, acting, timing, sound, and visuals. Without the successful undertaking of these aspects, a film
might be a cult gaff, but never a cult classic.
https://academichelp.net/samples/academics/essayss/descriptive/what-makes-a-film-great.html
POSSIBLE TOPICS
• a treasured belonging your home or school
• a favorite restaurant • an art exhibit
• your dream house • an ideal apartment
• your ideal roommate • your secret hiding
• your memory of a place
place that you visited
as a child
• an accident scene
• a street that leads to
 EXPOSITORY TEXT
Expository writing is a mode
of writing in which the
purpose of the author is to
inform, explain, describe or
define his or her subject to
the reader
• EXPOSITION
• “a comprehensive description and explanation of
an idea or a theory”

• An expository essay assesses your knowledge of

a particular topic.
Examples of expository texts

•Textbooks
• Encyclopedias and Atlases
•Scientific Books or Journals
•Directions and Guides
•Newspapers
Expository texts answer questions like:
•What is it?
•How should we define it?
•How do you do it?
•How does it work?
•What is the history of it?
•What caused it? What are the effects?
•What is the meaning of it?
•Why should it matter?
 TYPES OF
EXPOSITORY
TEXTS
• Sequence or Process
• Compare and Contrast
• Cause and Effect
• Problem-Solution
SEQUENCE This type of expository
or text is often used to
present events or
process process
essay e.g. cell division (in
biology class)
 Compare and Contrast
COMPARE type involves discussing
similarities and
AND differences.
CONTRAST e.g. A social studies book
might compare the
government of
Philippines to
government of United
States
 A cause-effect pattern
CAUSE- outlines reasons for
events. The author

EFFECT describes an event (such

as the American
Revolutionary War) and
explains what caused the
event and the effects that
followed from it.
 Problem-solution pattern
PROBLEM- discusses a problem and
then suggests possible
SOLUTION solutions. A history author
might discuss the events
of FDR’s life in terms of
problems he faced and
how he solved them.
Ex: SOCIAL MEDIA
• Why social media is so popular and how does it affect
our lives?
• Cause and Effect Essay

• Lack of Privacy due to the rise of social media and we

want to offer solutions
• Problem-Solution Essay
STRUCTURE OF EXPOSITORY

•Basic 5 Paragraphs
•Introduction
•3 Body Paragraphs
•Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• Start with a hook that will intrigue your readers
• Give some background info
• Conclude with a thesis statement

• For thesis statement, NO ARGUMENT AND NO OPINION

• Instead, outline the topic clearly
• “Privacy is dead, and social media holds the
smoking gun.” These words from Pete
Cashmore, describe the problem caused by the
advent of social media: the lack of privacy.
(hook)
“Privacy is dead, and social media holds the smoking
gun.” These words from Pete Cashmore, describe the
problem caused by the advent of social media: the
lack of privacy.(hook) With such events as the
Facebook Cambridge Analytica scandal, many people
wonder how to protect their personal data while
using social media.(background info) The problem of
social media privacy has practical solutions. (thesis)
3 BODY PARAGRAPHS
• Thesis- The problem of social media privacy has practical
solutions.

• TOPIC SENTENCES:
• Knowing the people you are friends with on social
media
• Paying with cash instead of using a banking card
• Installing anti-malware software on all of your
devices
Expand each body paragraph by using
evidence-based supports
Sample, 2ND Topic Sentence
• Paying with cash instead of using bank card

• In 2018, facebook asked large US banks to show

their customers’ data including bank card
transaction. So people who wish to protect their
financial data are better off paying in cash
(evidence-based support)
CONCLUSION (sum up information)

• DO NOT INTRODUCE ANYTHING NEW

• Restate your main points and wrap up everything

with a powerful final statement
 Teenagers constantly look for the place they belong. Isn’t it everyone’s dream to belong to a certain group of
people, to find like-minded individuals and feel accepted? Unfortunately, a vast majority of teenagers take a wrong turn and
get lost on their path to acceptance. It is not uncommon for them to join teen gangs feeling like their members understand
them, but that is far from the truth. The rise of teenage gangs is a major problem nowadays. But how serious this problem
really is? Consequences of gang membership can scar a person for life in several ways.
Youth, teenage, or juvenile gang is defined as an organized group of adolescents and/or young adults who rely on
group intimidation and violence to commit criminal acts with the purpose to gain power, recognition, and control. The rise of
teenage gangs is perfectly explained in a study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health wherein researchers discovered
there were 1,059,000 youth gang members in the United States in 2010. Moreover, on a yearly basis 401,000 juveniles join
gangs. The primary reason why this staggering number of gang members goes unnoticed is due to the fact that they may not
conform to popular perceptions of teen gang demographics.
Another potential reason why the total number of gangs and gang members keeps increasing is because a great
majority of crimes they commit usually goes unreported. As a result, government officials find it difficult to gather exact data
about this growing issue. Youth gang members primarily focus on their peers, bully them, and force them to say nothing in
order to avoid harsher consequences.
When discussing the issue of youth crime groups, one must wonder how one decides to join them. Risk factors
that enhance a teenager’s odds of joining a gang include drug or alcohol abuse, negative influences, peer pressure, a strong
desire for recognition and belonging, lack of parental supervision, and limited attachment to the community. Most adults do
not take this problem seriously enough and, usually, consider it as just another phase that the teenagers go through.
However, the American Journal of Public Health published a research showing that gang membership in the adolescence has
severe consequences in adulthood, long after a person leaves the gang. Besides higher likelihood of criminal activities,
people who were gang members in the adolescence also experienced financial issues and were in poor health in adulthood.
While most teenagers have a strong urge to feel accepted by their peers, others seek the solace and comfort or
escape from their difficult family life in gangs. Although the current data shows the staggering number of gang members it is
assumed the problem could be even more severe as most of them do not fit into the gang demographics and many crimes
are not reported. Finally, there is a growing need for the entire society to take necessary measures and work on this issue. If
not, the consequences could be far more severe.
https://www.5staressays.com/blog/expository-essay/the-rise-of-teenage-gangs-and-their-consequences.pdf
 POSSIBLE TOPICS
• Which social revolution provides the • How does pop music influence our
biggest impact on our society? way of living?
• Which gadget or appliance should • If you can live in a fictional world,
we stop using to help minimize the which book would you choose and
effect of global warming? why?
• Which emerging technology releases • What are three big sources of stress
the most greenhouse gasses? How for students? How can people help?
do you prevent it? • Can music influence society in a
• What do you think will be the positive way? Pick a song and tell
biggest challenge facing your how it helped.
generation in the coming years?
Why?
CONVINCE ME, NOT.
 Write a short tagline that will convince
people either to agree or disagree on the
following:

•Smoking should be banned in the

Philippines.
•Restroom for ALL GENDERS
WHAT IS
PERSUASIVE TEXT
 PERSUASIVE TEXT
A persuasive text is a
presentation that aims to
change others by
prompting them to think,
feel, or act differently.
PERSUASIVE TEXT…
Aim:
• change people’s attitudes,
• change the strength towards or against people,
policies, or ideas
• change how people act
So what types of language features do persuasive texts use?
• Present tense – a persuasive text is written ‘now’.
E.g. is, be, are, means, need, act, stop
• Action verbs – words that show what is happening
E.g. save, battle, lose, repair
• Thinking and feeling words – to convey the emotion of the topic
and the writer’s point of view
E.g. believe, opinion, think, feel, know, like, grateful, surprised,
doubt, trust, hope
• Emotive words – to engage the reader and make them see the
issue the way you do
E.g. harsh, unique, nasty, special, delightful, dangerous, brutal
So what types of language features do persuasive texts use?

• Evaluative language – to examine the arguments and supporting evidence

E.g. important, simple, narrow minded, threatened, it is obvious, future
benefits, easier, expected, unlikely claim, too fragile, poor judgment, only
option

• Degree of certainty (also known as modality) – how certain are your

statements? Do you want to make people agree, or do you want to cast some
doubt in their opinions? E.g. may, will, must, might, usually, almost, always,
never, sometimes, generally, undisputed, hardly ever, certain, should, could,
have to
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSUASION

1) Persuasion is “interactive.”
an engagement between a writer and a
reader
2) Persuasion is NOT the same as coercion, or
force.
not force them to do  be artistic
3) Persuasive impact is usually gradual, or
incremental.
 THREE CORNERSTONE OF PERSUASION
Three forms of proof, or reasons people believe (by Aristotle)

1. Ethos – the perceived personal character of the

speaker
2. Pathos – emotional proofs, or reasons to believe in
something
3. Logos – rational or logical proofs
 ETHOS
“The perceived personal character of the
speaker/writer”

- you have integrity, credibility

- you can be trusted
- you have goodwill toward them
- you know what you’re talking about
- you are committed to the topic
(show enthusiasm and be dynamic)
 PATHOS
“Emotional reasons to believe in something”

Readers need to not only understand your ideas but

also feel something about them.

How:
Personalize the issue problem, topic
Appeal to listeners’ needs and values
Bring material alive
 LOGOS
“Rational or logical proofs”

Logical proofs = arguments, reasoning, and evidence

to support claims

Evidence = examples, testimony, statistics, analogies,

visual aids, and etc.
 What to expect from a persuasive text:

• present an issue
• writer’s position on a particular
matter
• main and supporting details
• call or response to action
 Writing Introduction
• Definition: Identify, define, and/or describe the topic, concept, or literary
theme. What will you be talking about?
• Relevance: Show the importance of your topic, concept or theme. How does
it relate to or impact society? Provide simple background information.
• Thesis: Main idea or focus of the persuasive text.
• Sample Thesis: College drinking is a serious problem as it can lead to devastating
academic, social, and psychological consequences in students’ lives.

NOTE:
1. Writing is a fluid process. As you complete your essay, you may realize that your thesis needs to be
modified to reflect your position better.
2. Don’t limit your hook to definition, there are other ways to start an introduction.
 Writing the Body of the Essay

• The body of the essay is the most detailed part.

• It involves addressing each topic sentence in a separate fully developed paragraph.
• Make sure to include the necessary evidence from your research.

• Topic sentence 1: Binge drinking has a direct impact on students’ ability to perform academic
work.
• Topic sentence 2: Drinking changes the way that students experience close relationships,
since alcohol is used as a method of avoiding true intimacy.
• Topic sentence 3: Finally, heavy drinking allows students to distance themselves from dealing
with the real issues in their lives, thus exacerbating existing psychological difficulties.
 Writing the Conclusion
• Conclusion brings the paper to a close. It should be similar to the introduction, but worded differently. It
allows you to reiterate and summarize the main points of the essay.

The following components comprise a conclusion:

Relevance: Repeat the importance of your topic.
Review: Reiterate the points you discussed.
Summary: Summarize your conclusions.

Sample:
Relevance: Today’s college students engage in campus binge drinking in unprecedented numbers.
Review: This paper focused on the impact of drinking on students’ lives…
Summary: It is clear that if not properly addressed, binge drinking can have devastating consequences on
the many generations of students. This is an issue that should greatly be taken into account. (call to action)
•AIM: Compose a
persuasive text of three or
more paragraphs expressing
one’s stand on an issue.
 Mandatory minimum sentencing is harmful to the human race. It is a form of
discrimination; many people receive long sentences for minor crimes. We should overturn
mandatory minimum sentencing rules and give judges more leeway in their decision-
making.
Mandatory minimum sentences are one of the worst forms of discrimination.
Because judges need to have a minimum sentence, they hand down sentences that don’t
completely fit the crime. Someone that commits a minor crime receives a harsh punishment
despite circumstances. For example, a man steals to try to feed his starving child and gets
sentenced to the minimum requirement despite his circumstances.
Furthermore, mandatory minimum sentences should be overturned to create a fair justice
system. Rather than trying to meet a mandatory minimum, judges should be able to look at
all the evidence and circumstances within a case and make a ruling accordingly. They
shouldn’t just hand out sentences because they need to meet a quota.
Lastly, removing mandatory minimum sentences could allow judges to use their own best
judgment. After hearing all the evidence in the case, they could make a decision based on
knowledge and their experience. They wouldn’t just be handing down an unfair, and quite
honestly unjust, verdict.
As you can clearly see, mandatory minimum sentences should be taken away.
Rather than having a minimum to meet, judges should be able to use their own judgment
and discretion in a case after looking at all the evidence. Don’t you think mandatory
minimums are against our own human rights?
 POSSIBLE TOPICS
1. Should students be allowed to use their cellular phones in campus?
2. Should school hours from 6:45 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. be changed?
3. Should family problem an acceptable reason for students to be
bullies?
4. Will you tolerate a friend who has vices; (e.g. smoking, drinking,
game addiction)?
5. Should students be responsible for cyberbullying be expelled from
school?
6. Should schools abolish homogenous or pilot section?
7. What should students do to eliminate bullying due to personal
indifferences (i.e. body shame, sexual orientation, IQ, and social
status)?
8. Are video games beneficial in maintaining students’ mental and
emotional stability?
THANKS
QUESTIONS ?