Critical Care Drugs 2

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The document discusses various drugs used in critical care including antidysrhythmics, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, and anticoagulants.

The main types of drugs discussed are antidysrhythmics, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, and anticoagulants.

Amiodarone is used for supraventricular tachydysrhythmias, VF, pulseless VT. It can be administered intravenously or orally. Its effects include reducing conduction and prolonging refractoriness in cardiac tissue.

Critical Care Drugs II

Ns. Ni Made Dewi Wahyunadi, S.Kep.,M.Kep

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Drug Used in Critical Care

1. Antidysrithmics 2. Antiplatelet
a. Amiodarone 3. Fibrinolytic
b. Adenosine 4. Anticoagulant
c. Atropine
d. B-A blocker
e. Calcium Channel
Blocker (Diltiazem)

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1. Antidysrithmics

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a. Amiodarone
• Amiodarone mengurangi konduksi dan prolongs
refractoriness in all cardiac tissue
• Coroner and peripheral vasodilation
• Mengurangi peripheral vascular resistence (hipo
hanya terjadi jika diberikan via IV/oral dosis besar)
Indikasi
• Supraventricular tachydysrhythmias.
• VF and pulseless VT
• Second-line agent for PSVT
• Atrial fibrillation/flutter
Routes of administration:
• IV 300 mg bolus,
• Dapat diulang setelah 5 menit 150mg IV.

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Use with caution:
• Hypovolemia state
• Hyperthyroid (Amiodarone resembles T4 thyroid
hormone, and its binding to the nuclear thyroid receptor)

• Amiodarone is predominantly a class III


antidysrhythmic (potassium channel blocker), but it
also has some properties of class I (sodium channel
blockade), class II (β-blockade), and class IV (calcium
channel blockade) antidysrhythmics.

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b. Adenosine

• For tachycardia
• Poten agent yang memblock AV node
• First line theraphy pada pasien paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia (PSVT)
• Dosis awal 6 mg, given as a rapid bolus (If this fails to
resolve PSVT) the dose is increased to 12 mg IV. If there
is no response, this dose may be repeated in 1–2 minutes.

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c. ATROPINE

Indications:
• PEA with bradycardia
• haemodynamically unstable bradycardias
• acute cholinergic poisoning (organophosphates)
• Ineffective in the setting of previous heart
transplant and may worsen ischemia during a
myocardial infarction.
Routes of administration:
• IV push
• ETT rapid push - no dilution needed
• maximum 2.4 mg

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ATROPINE - ACTIONS

• Enhances conduction
• increasing heart rate and cardiac
output

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ATROPINE - SIDE EFFECTS

• Tachycardias
• Palpitations
• Paradoxical bradycardia
(if dose<0.5mg)
• Seizure
• Hypertension
• Respiratory failure
• Use with caution in MI cases

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d. β -Adrenergic Blockers
• (ie, atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol)
Indication:
• SVT
• Atenolol and metoprolol are β 1 -blocking
• agents (cardioselective) (IV and oral).
• Esmolol is a short-acting β 1 -agent (must be
• given in a bolus) This may be advantageous in patients
who may respond negatively to β 2 -blockade (eg,
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
• If no adequate response after 5 minutes, the loading dose
may be repeated (doubled).

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e. Calcium Channel Blockers
• Control in SVT.
• Slow AV nodal conduction and prolong the AV nodal
refractory period.
Contraindicated in:
• Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter with rapid ventricular
response (could lead to a life-threatening)
• Diltiazem is better tolerated in patients with
impaired left ventricular function.

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e.1 DILTIAZEM
Potent direct negative chronotropic & negative
inotropic effects
Indication
• Control rapid ventricular rates
• Slow down ventricular respopnse in atrial flutter &
fibrillation (but NOT for AF with WPW)
Primary beneficial effects:
• Both slow conduction and increase refractoriness in
the AV node
• Produces less myocardial depression than verapamil,
but is equipotent as a negative chronotrope
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DILTIAZEM
Dosage:
• IV 0.24mg/kg (approx 20 mg) over 2 min
• May repeat 0.35 mg/kg 15 min later
• Infussion 5-15 mg/hr titrate to heart rate for control
of ventricular response in AF
Precautions:
• May cause hypotension
• Not to use with IV beta blocker
• Avoid in sick sinus syndrome, AV block, or heart
failure
• Incompatible with simultaneous furosemide
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2. Fibrinolytic Therapy
• Restoring perfusion immediately.
• Memecah trombus/fibrin
• Diberikan maksimal sebaiknya diberikan dalam 30 menit
setelah pasien tiba di rumah sakit (door to needle time < 30
menit)12 jam setelah onset (munculnya nyeri dada)
• Streptokinase, Tpa, R-Tpa, reteplase, alteplase

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Streptokinase
• Fibrinolitik yang bekerja secara non-spesifik pada
fibrin.
• Dosis pada pasien STEMI :1.500.000 unit via IV
dalam waktu 30 - 60 menit.
• Paling sering digunakan  lebih murah dari
fibrinolitik yang lain

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Menurut Baliga et al. (2014) kontraindikasi terapi fibrinolitik:
Kontraindikasi absolut:
a. Setiap riwayat perdarahan intraserebral
b. Terdapat lesi vaskular serebral struktural (malformasi AV)
c. Terdapat neoplasia ganas intrakranial
d. Strok iskemik dalam 3 bulan kecuali strok iskemik akut dalam
3 jam
e. Dicurigai diseksi aorta
f. Perdarahan aktif atau diastasis berdarah (kecuali menstruasi)
g. Trauma muka atau kepala tertutup yang bermakna dalam 3
bulan

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Kontraindikasi relatif:
a. Riwayat hipertensi kronik berat, tak terkendali
b. Hipertensi berat tak terkendali saat masuk ( TDS >180 mmHg atau
TDS>110 mmHg)
c. Riwayat strok iskemik sebelumnya >3 bulan, dementia, atau diketahui
patologi intrakranial yang tidak termasuk kontraindikasi
d. Resusitasi jantung paru traumatik atau lama (>10menit) atau operasi
besar (<3 minggu)
e. Perdarahan internal baru dalam 2-4 minggu
f. Pungsi vaskular yang tak terkompresi
g. Untuk streptase / anisreplase : riwayat penggunaan >5 hari sebelumnya
atau reaksi alergi sebelumnya terhadap obat ini
h. Kehamilan
i. Ulkus peptikum aktif
j. Penggunaan antikoagulan baru: makin tinggi INR makin tinggi risiko
perdarahan.

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Monitoring Fibrinolitik:
• Keluhan nyeri dada
• 12-lead ECG 60-90 min. after the start of therapy and as
needed (eg, for recurrence of chest pain) berhasil jika
penurunan segmen ST elevasi >50%
• blood pressure every 15 minutes during infusion
• bleeding complications and changes in neurologic status;
• avoid venous or arterial punctures and unnecessary

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3. Antiplatelet

• Mengurangi agregasi platelet  menghambat


pembentukan trombus pada sirkulasi arteri.

• Antipletelet yang diberikan pada pasien SKA adalah


Aspirin dan atau Clopidogrel.

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Aspirin
• Dosis awal aspirin pada SKA: 162-325 mg dengan
cara dikunyah.
• Dosis maintenance diberikan 75-162 via oral/hari.
• Jika alergi aspirin, maka dapat diberikan
Clopidogrel.

Clopidogrel
• Dosis diberikan berdasarkan usia pasien, jika usia
≤75 tahun 300 mg loading dose, dilanjutkan 75
mg/hari selama 14 hari dan sampai 1 tahun jika
tidak ada perdarahan.
• Jika usia >75 tahun  dosis awal 75 mg, dilanjutkan
dengan 75 mg/hari selama 14 hari.

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4. Anticoagulant

• Untuk menurunkan risiko blood clots (gumpalan darah)


atau mencegah/menghancurkan gumpalan yang ada di
saluran darah
• Contoh:
- Enoxaparin
- Unfractionated heparin (UFH)
- Warfarin
• Indikasi:
- Sindrom koroner akut
- Atrial fibrilasi
- Thrombosis vena dalam & emboli paru

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Side effect anticoagulant:

• passing blood in your urine


• passing blood when you poo or having black poo
• severe bruising
• prolonged nosebleeds
• bleeding gums
• vomiting blood or coughing up blood
• heavy periods in women

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