Multiviews and Auxiliary Views (Bertoline)
Multiviews and Auxiliary Views (Bertoline)
Multiviews and Auxiliary Views (Bertoline)
Views
Multiviews and Auxiliary Views
Objectives
Explain orthographic and multiview
projection.
Identifying the six principal views.
Apply standard line practices to
multiviews drawings.
Create multiviews drawing.
Identifying normal, inclined and oblique
planes.
Multiviews and Auxiliary Views
Objectives
Representation of geometric entities and
features in multiview drawings.
Apply visualization by solids and surfaces
to multiviews.
Create auxiliary views.
Projection Theory
Projection theory comprises the
principles used to represent
graphically 3-D objects and structures
on 2-D media.
Projection methods are developed
along two lines:
Perspective.
Parallel.
Projection Theory
All projection theory is based on two
variables:
line of sight (LOS)
A line of sight is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer's eye and the object.
plane of projection.
Is an imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the lines of sight is
projected.
Perspective Projection
In perspective projection, all lines
of sight start at a single point and the
object is positioned at a finite
distance and viewed from a single
point.
Perspective Projection
Parallel Projection
In parallel projection, all lines of
sight are parallel, the object is
positioned at infinity and viewed
from multiple points on an imaginary
line parallel to the object. The 3-D
object is transformed into a 2-D
representation or a plane of
projection that is an imaginary flat
plane upon which the image created
by the lines of sight is projected.
Parallel Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is a
parallel projection technique in which
the plane of projection is positioned
between the observer and the object,
and is perpendicular to the parallel
lines of sight. Orthographic
projection techniques can be used to
produce both pictorial and multiview
drawings.
Orthographic Projection
Multiview Projection
Frontal Plane of
Projection- Front
View
Multiview Projection
Frontal Plane of
Projection- Front
View
Width
Height
Multiview Projection Planes
Horizontal plane
of projection-Top
View
Width
Depth
Multiview Projection Planes
Profile plane of
projection- Side
View
Height
Depth
Multiview Projection Planes
Advantages
Multiview drawings provide the most
accurate description of three dimensional
objects and structure for engineering,
manufacturing , and construction
requirements. True shape and size.
Six Principal Views
Six mutually
perpendicular
views.
Front view- X Y
Top view- Z X
Right side view- Z Y
Left side view- Z Y
Rear view- Y X
Bottom view- Z X
Six Principal Views
Conventional View
Placement
Three-view
multiview drawing.
Standard views:
Top
Front
Right side view
Six Principal Views
Angle projection
Third – US and
Canada
First – Europe
Adjacent Views
Related Views
Central View
Line Conventions
Hidden Lines
Hidden features
are represented by
dashed lines.
Holes - to locate
the limiting
elements.
Surfaces - to
locate the edge
view of the
surface.
Line Conventions
Hidden Lines
Change of planes
- to locate the
position of the
change of plane
or corner.
Line Conventions
Center Lines
Center lines are
alternate long and
short thin dashes
and are used for
the axes of
symmetrical parts
and features, such
as cylinders and
drilled holes.
Line Conventions
Center Lines
Center line usage follows standard drawing
practices:
Center lines for holes and slots locate limiting
elements and any changes in planes.
Center lines should not terminate at another
line or extend between views.
Very short, unbroken center lines may be used
to represent the axes of very small holes.
Center lines can indicate radial symmetry.
Center lines do not break when they cross
another line at or near 90 degrees.
Center lines can be used as paths of motion.
Multiview Sketches
One-view
Two-view
Three-view
Fundamental Views of Edges
edge, or corner, is the
intersection of two
planes, and is
represented as a line
on a multiview
drawing.
A normal edge, or
true-length line, is
an edge that is
parallel to a plane of
projection and thus
perpendicular to the
line of sight.
Fundamental Views of Edges
An inclined edge, or
line, is parallel to a
plane of projection,
but inclined to the
adjacent planes and
appears
foreshortened in the
adjacent views.
Features are
foreshortened when
the lines of sight are
not perpendicular to
the feature.
Fundamental Views of Edges
An oblique edge
or line, is not
parallel to any
principal plane of
projection;
therefore it never
appears as a point
or in true length in
any of the six
principal views.
Fundamental Views of Planes