The document summarizes several psychological instruments used to measure self-esteem, social comparison, stigma, aspirations, emotional well-being, and depression. It includes brief descriptions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Comparison Scale, a stigma questionnaire, an aspirations-expectations test, a measure of emotional well-being, and the Zung Depression Scale. An interview schedule is also provided that was used to administer the various psychological tests.
The document summarizes several psychological instruments used to measure self-esteem, social comparison, stigma, aspirations, emotional well-being, and depression. It includes brief descriptions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Comparison Scale, a stigma questionnaire, an aspirations-expectations test, a measure of emotional well-being, and the Zung Depression Scale. An interview schedule is also provided that was used to administer the various psychological tests.
The document summarizes several psychological instruments used to measure self-esteem, social comparison, stigma, aspirations, emotional well-being, and depression. It includes brief descriptions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Comparison Scale, a stigma questionnaire, an aspirations-expectations test, a measure of emotional well-being, and the Zung Depression Scale. An interview schedule is also provided that was used to administer the various psychological tests.
The document summarizes several psychological instruments used to measure self-esteem, social comparison, stigma, aspirations, emotional well-being, and depression. It includes brief descriptions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Comparison Scale, a stigma questionnaire, an aspirations-expectations test, a measure of emotional well-being, and the Zung Depression Scale. An interview schedule is also provided that was used to administer the various psychological tests.
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Instrumente
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg et al.
1989). The self-esteem measure adapted for use in the present study was the six-item version of the original scale (Rosenberg 1982). The wording was simplified whilst retaining the original meaning of each item. The modified items in the scale were as follows (wording of the original scale is given in brackets): (1) ‘I feel that I am a good person, as good as others’ (‘I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others’); (2) ‘I feel that I have a lot of good qualities’ (‘I feel I have a number of good qualities’); (3) ‘I am able to do things as well as most other people’ (same as original); (4) ‘I feel I haven’t done anything worthwhile’ (‘I feel I do not have much to be proud of’); (5) ‘I like myself’ (‘I take a positive attitude toward myself’); and (6) ‘At times I think I am no good at all’ (same as original). Each item was presented in large print on a single, landscapeformat A4 page with blocks of increasing size to act as visual cues alongside the original written response categories (‘never true’, ‘hardly ever true’, ‘sometimes true’, ‘often true’ and ‘always true’), to indicate the increasing magnitude of the response.
Social Comparison Scale (Gilbert & Allen 1994;
Allen & Gilbert 1995). This measure presents participants with an incomplete sentence (‘When I am with other people I generally feel’) followed by a series of bipolar constructs (inferior/superior, less competent/more competent, less likeable/more likeable, less reserved/more reserved, left out/accepted and different/same). The scale assess the individual’s comparison of self to others with respect to ‘rank and achievement’ (inferior and competent), ‘social attractiveness’ (likeable, reserved and left out) and perceived group
membership (different). The wording of the
scale was simplified whilst retaining the original meaning of each item. The adapted versions of the constructs are: worse than other people/ better than other people, not as good at things/ better at things, less friendly/more friendly, less shy/more shy, on your own/with other people and different/same. The meaning of the items was retained sufficiently to retain the intended achievement, social attractiveness and group belonging dimensions. The original 10-point response scale was replaced by a 12.5 cm line used as a visual analogue scale; the scale was divided into five segments, each measuring 2.5 cm, for scoring. This has been shown to be a reliable response format for this population (Dagnan & Ruddick 1995). Each item was presented in large print on a single, landscapeformat A4 page.
Chestionar stigma
1. Familia mea este dezamăgită de mine
2. Oamenii mă tratează ca pe un copil
3. Mi-aș dori să fiu altcineva
8. Alți oameni mă tratează ciudat
4. Mă tachină sau mă bat joc de mine
5. Sunt incomod în prezența unor străini
6. În grupuri îl simt pe cel ciudat
7. Îmi fac griji cu privire la ce cred alții despre mine
9. Urăsc să le spun oamenilor că vin din acest loc
10. Urăsc să ies în grup cu oameni de aici
I. Feeling different 1, 2, 3, 8
II. Anxietate 4, 5, 6
III. Poor ingroup concept 7,9 10
Table 2.3: Items in the Aspirations-Expectations test
1. Drive a car or motorbike 2. Have a girl/boyfriend 3. Have a girl/boyfriend "outside" 4. Get married 5. Have children 6. Get a job (specify) 7. Earn a lot of money (specify) 8. Live somewhere different (specify) Table 2.4: Items in the measure of emotional well-being. 1. I feel happy. 2. I feel confident and sure of myself. (I feel I can do lots of things.) 3. I find it easy to concentrate. (I don't get put off what I'm doing.) 4. If I could live my life over again, I would not change things. 5. I feel enthusiastic. (There are things that excite me that I really like.)
Table 2.5: Interview Schedule
a) Introductory questions to check comprehension and orientation. e.g. "What do you do here?", "Where do you live?". Participants to be excluded if they answer yes or no (after Szivos-Bach, 1993). b) Background information (age, residential situation etc.). c) British Picture Vocabulary Scale. d) Questions to check ability to use five-point scale for social comparisons. (after Helsel & Matson, 1988). ego Researcher demonstrates using the scale saying "Show me on the ladder how much you agree with these statements:" I am good at making tea. I can't get up in the mornings. e) Social Comparisons Test. f) Stigma Questionnaire. g) Questions to check ability to use three-point scale. ego"Tell me whether this is something you would like to do, not like to do, or you don't know: Go to the pictures this week". h) Aspirations-Expectations test. i) Zung Depression Scale (adapted). j) Measure of emotional well-being