01 - Assignment TX Line Solutions

Assignment 1 Solutions - Transmission Lines
SUBMISSION DATE: 17.08.2021
1. The inductance and capacitance of a 50-m long coaxial cable are 0.25 μH/m and 50
pF/m respectively, and its frequency of operation is 100 kHz. Calculate the
characteristic impedance and phase constant of the line. If the permeability of the
medium is the same as that of free space, what must be the dielectric constant of the
medium? Determine the delay generated by the transmission line.
Ans: 𝑍0 = 70.71 Ω; 𝛽 = 2.22 × 10−3 rad/m; 𝜀𝑟 = 1.12; 176.68 ns

𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿
Find: 𝑍0 = √𝐺+𝑗𝜔𝐶 ; As line is lossless, 𝛽 = 𝜔√𝐿𝐶;
1
The velocity of propagation = 𝑢𝑝 = = 2.83 × 108 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
√𝐿𝐶
1 1
But in general, 𝑢𝑝 = , then, 𝜀𝑟 = 𝑢 2𝜀 = 1.12
√𝜇𝜀 𝑝 0𝜇
Delay generated by the transmission line = 𝑙⁄𝑢𝑝 = 176.68 𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐
2. A 600Ω Transmission line is 150m long, operates at 400KHz with 𝛼 =

2.4 𝑥 10−3 𝑁𝑝/m and β = 0.0212 rad/m, and supplies a load impedance 𝑍𝐿 =
424.3 ∠45° 𝛺.
(a) Find the length of the line in wavelength and input impedance.
(b) For a received voltage 𝑉𝑅 = 50 ∠0°, find 𝑉𝑆 (the voltage at the source).
(c) Also find the position of the line where the voltage is maximum, and the value of
|𝑉̂ |𝑚𝑎𝑥.
Ans:
(a) As frequency is known, wavelength = 296.4m and hence length of line = 0.512λ.
𝑍 −𝑍
𝜌𝑣 = 𝑍𝐿 +𝑍0 = 0.45∠116.6° and 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
𝐿 0
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 tanh 𝛾𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 = 512.3∠22.94°
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 tanh 𝛾𝑙
[The calculation may be difficult at times and hence an alternative method is to
calculate the complex reflection coefficient as 𝛤 (𝑥 ) = 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑥 , which is varying with
the position along the line. At the source point, 𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝛤(𝑙 ) = 0.2177∠112.16°. Hence,
1+𝛤(𝑙)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 = 512.3∠22.94°]
1−𝛤(𝑙)
(b) Total voltage = Incident voltage + Reflected voltage = |𝑉0 |(𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 ) =
|𝑉0 |𝑒 𝛾𝑥 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑥 )
Received voltage = total voltage at load = |𝑉0 |(𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 )|𝑥=0 = |𝑉0 |(1 + 𝜌𝑣 )
𝑅 𝑉
Hence, |𝑉0 | = (1+𝜌 )
= 56.2∠ − 26.6° where |𝑉0 | is the amplitude of the incident
𝑣
voltage at load.
Total voltage at the source = |𝑉0 |𝑒 𝛾𝑙 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑙 ) = 75∠167.3°
(c) The voltage is maximum when 𝜃𝜌 − 2𝛽𝑥𝑚 = 0 where 𝜃𝜌 is the angle of reflection
coefficient 𝜌𝑣 . Then 𝑥𝑚 = 47.75 𝑚 and |𝑉̂ |𝑚𝑎𝑥 = |𝑉0 |𝑒 𝛾𝑥𝑚 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑥𝑚 ) =
85 𝑉
3. A 70Ω high frequency lossless line is used at a frequency where λ = 80cm with a load
of (140+j91)Ω. Find 𝛤𝑅 , VSWR, distance to the first voltage maximum from the load,
distance to the first voltage min from the load, the impedance at V max, the impedance
at Vmin.
Ans: Follow the steps shown in Q 4 of Smith Chart problem solutions for reference.
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 3
𝛤𝑅 = 0.5∠29°
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 210 + 𝑗0 𝛺
𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 23.1 + 𝑗0 𝛺
4. A high frequency 50Ω lossless line is 141.6cm long, with a relative dielectric
constant 𝜀𝑟 = 2.49. At 500MHz the input impedance of the terminated line is
measured as Zin = (20+j25) Ω. Find the value of the terminating load.
Ans: As dielectric constant is given, find the propagating velocity on the line as 𝑢𝑝 =
𝑐 8 𝑢𝑝
⁄√𝜀 = 1.9 × 10 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 and the wavelength as ⁄𝑓 = 38 𝑐𝑚. Thus length of line
𝑟
(𝑥) is 3.726 λ.
𝑍 +𝑗𝑍 tan 𝛽𝑥
Use the expression of 𝑍𝑥 = 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿+𝑗𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑥 with 𝑍𝑥 = 20 + 𝑗25 and 𝑍0 = 50. By
0 𝐿
separating the real and imaginary parts, you can solve 𝑍𝐿 = 35 + 𝑗50 Ω
5. A lossless transmission line of length 0.434λ and characteristic impedance 100Ω is

terminated in an impedance 260+j180(Ω). Find
(a) The voltage reflection coeffiecient
(b) The standing wave ratio
(c) The input impedance
(d) The location of a voltage maximum on the line
Ans:
(a) 𝛤 = 0.6∠21
(b) 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4
(c) 𝑍𝑖 = 69 + 𝑗120 𝛺
(d) 0.03𝜆 from the load

6. A 75 Ω, 100-m long lossless transmission line feeds a resistive load of 45 Ω. The
voltage across the load is 30 V (max) and the operating frequency is 1 MHz. If the
transit time of the line is 0.357 μs, determine the voltage at the sending end of the line.
Ans: The velocity of propagation = 𝑢𝑝 = 100⁄0.357 × 10−6 = 280.112 ×

106 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2𝜋𝑓
The phase constant = 𝛽 = 2𝜋⁄𝜆 = ⁄𝑢𝑝 = 0.0224 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑍 −𝑍
Next 𝜌𝑣 = 𝑍𝐿 +𝑍0 = −0.25
𝐿 0
Total voltage = Incident voltage + Reflected voltage = |𝑉0 |(𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 ) =
|𝑉0 |𝑒 𝛾𝑥 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑥 )
Voltage at load = |𝑉0 |(1 + 𝜌𝑣 ) = 30 𝑉(given); then |𝑉0 | = 40 𝑉
Voltage at sending end = |𝑉0 |𝑒 𝛾𝑙 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑙 ) = 43.41∠115.39° 𝑉
7. A source of internal impedance 50 ohms is connected to a 50 ohms coaxial line.

Initially the line is connected to a 50 ohm load. The power delivered to the load is
found to be 80 W. The line is terminated in a load of 𝑍𝐿 = 35 + 𝑗75 ohms.
i. What is the power delivered to the load of 𝑍𝐿 = 35 + 𝑗75 ohms?
ii. During operation the main line gets damaged and the 50 ohms line is replaced by a
line of 100 ohms characteristic impedance, keeping the load impedance unchanged.
However, it is required to deliver the same power (as obtained in part i) to the load
even after replacing the line. What parameter needs to be changed and by how
much?
Ans: Total voltage on the line = Incident voltage + Reflected voltage = 𝑉 =

|𝑉0 |(𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 ) = |𝑉0 |𝑒 𝛾𝑥 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑥 )
i. Given that for matched condition, power delivered is 80 W. For matched

condition, the voltage at the load is same as incident voltage or 𝑉0 . As it is a
matched line (no reflection, i.e. source and line impedances are equal), if 𝑉𝑔 is
1
the source voltage, then 𝑉0 = 2 𝑉𝑔 .
1 𝑉 2
2
1𝑉 2 1 𝑉𝑔
Then power = 𝑃 = 2 |𝑍0 | 𝑅𝐿 = 2 𝑅0 = 8 𝑅𝐿
= 80 𝑊, i.e., 𝑉𝑔 = 178.9 𝑉
𝐿 𝐿
Keeping the source the same and changing the load, the total voltage at the load
1
(𝑥 = 0) = 𝑉 = |𝑉0 |(1 + 𝜌𝑣 ) = 𝑉𝑔 (1 + 𝜌𝑣 ) the power delivered = 𝑃 =
2
2
1 𝑉𝑔 (1+𝜌𝑣 )
| | 𝑅𝐿 = 43.56 𝑊 [as 𝑍𝐿 = 35 + 𝑗75 and 𝑉𝑔 = 178.9 𝑉]
2 4𝑍𝐿
ii. If characteristic impedance changes to 100 Ω, 𝜌𝑣 = −0.132 − 𝑗0.629.
However, the load and the power delivered to the load remains the same. Based
on the equation for power given above, then 𝑉𝑔 needs to be changed to 243.707
V.

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Assignment 1 Solutions - Transmission Lines

SUBMISSION DATE: 17.08.2021

Ans: 𝑍0 = 70.71 Ω; 𝛽 = 2.22 × 10−3 rad/m; 𝜀𝑟 = 1.12; 176.68 ns

Delay generated by the transmission line = 𝑙⁄𝑢𝑝 = 176.68 𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐

2. A 600Ω Transmission line is 150m long, operates at 400KHz with 𝛼 =

5. A lossless transmission line of length 0.434λ and characteristic impedance 100Ω is

(d) 0.03𝜆 from the load

Ans: The velocity of propagation = 𝑢𝑝 = 100⁄0.357 × 10−6 = 280.112 ×

7. A source of internal impedance 50 ohms is connected to a 50 ohms coaxial line.

i. What is the power delivered to the load of 𝑍𝐿 = 35 + 𝑗75 ohms?

Ans: Total voltage on the line = Incident voltage + Reflected voltage = 𝑉 =

i. Given that for matched condition, power delivered is 80 W. For matched

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