Published in 1999 by Express Publishing

Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury,

Berkshire RG19 6HW
Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363
Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
e-mail: [email protected]
INTERNET http: //www.expresspublishing.co.uk

© Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

Design & Illustration © Express Publishing

Colour Illustrations: Evan
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by
any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the Publishers.

ISBN 1-84216-367-1 (with answers)

1-903128-94-3 (without answers)
Contents
5

Present forms (Present Simple - Present Conlinuous - Present Perfect - Present Perlect
Continuous) 6
Unit 2 Post forms (Post Simple - Post Continuous - Used to/Be used to/Get used to - Past Perfect -
Prist Perfect Continuous) 18
Unit 3 future forms (future Simple - Be going to - Present Conlinuous - Present Simple - '
future Conlinuous - Future Perfect - Future Perlect Continuous) 30
Infinitive - Too Enough - The -ing form - Pmliciples 42
Revision 1 (Units 1-4) 54
Unit 5 Modal Verbs (Musi/Hove to - Mustn't - Needn’l/Don’l have to - Didn't need to - Needn't have done -
Can/Coulri/Be able to - May Might - Shall - Will/Woulri - Should/Ought to) 56
The Passive 74
Clauses (Time Clauses - Clauses of Result - Clauses of Reason - Clauses ot Purpose -
Clauses ot Contrast - Exclamations - Clauses ot Manner) 86
Unit 8 Conditionals - Wishes - Would Rather/Had Better - Unreal Past 98
Revision 2 (Units 1 - 8) 110
Unit 9 Relatives (Relative Pronouns Adverhs - Identitying/Non-ldenlilying Clauses) 112
Reported Speech 120
Have Something Done 134
Unit 12 Nouns - Articles (Countohle/Uncounfoble Nouns - Compound Nouns - Singular/Plural Verb forms -
The Indefinile/Definile Article) 138
Revision 3 (Units 1-12) 148
Unit 13 Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons 150
Pronouns - Possessives - Demonstratives - Quantifiers 160
Unit 15 Questions (Questions with Yes/No answers - Negative Questions - Wh- Questions -
Subiecl/Obiecl Questions - Indirect Questions - Question Tags) 174
Prepositions (Place - Movement - Time) - linking Words 182
Revision 4 (Units 1 - 16) 192
Irregular Verbs 194
Appendices 195
Progress Tests 199
Word list 209
Key to the Exercises 217

5
Introduction
Grammarway 3 is the third book in a four-level grammar series presented in full colour for learners of
the English language at intermediate level. The book is available in two editions - with or without answers
- and is suitable for self-study or classroom use as a supplement to any course at this level.
The aim of the book is to help learners understand English grammar structures through comprehensive
theory tables and functional examples, accompanied by a wealth of attractive photographs and
illustrations.
The book adheres to the principle that every structure should first be heard, then practised in oral and,
finally, in written form. Based on the use of full-colour visual stimuli, the book encourages learners to
speak before writing, and allows them to practise English structures through a variety of enjoyable and
useful activities.
The book consists of 16 units, each focusing on a particular grammar topic.
A typical unit contains:
• presentation of grammar structures by means of visual prompts
• simple, concise explanations of the grammar structures
• examples in everyday conversational English, together with a few expressions showing
slightly more formal use
• exercises practising the new structures, to help learners use correct, appropriate
patterns in everyday situations
• speaking and writing activities to practise the new structures in oral and written form
• a revision box in each unit
A revision unit follows every five units to consolidate material presented in previous units.
Eight Progress Tests, each covering two consecutive units, are included at the end of the
book. They may be used to assess students’ progress before the main class test.

The Student’s Book is accompanied by a Teacher’s Book containing:

• guidance on presenting the theory of each unit, with or without Picture Flashcards
• a full key to the exercises in the Student’s Book
• four tests in two separate versions each

The Picture Flashcards which accompany this book can be used for lively, motivating presentation of
the target grammar structures.

Thanks
The authors would like to thank Rania Dunn, Anna Miller, Laura Houston, Jonathan Harrison, Tamzin
Thompson and Steven Davies for their help in producing this book. Many thanks to the Express Publishing
design team, E. Morrison, J. Malls and V. Winston. We would also like to thank those institutions and
teachers who piloted the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the
production of the book.

5
UNIT 1
Prese. orms
i:ÿSaul Simple , ,- L» . --L-
l2 L CrÿCrllt Co lit III U O U
• - riMM i •
r > »

*F
FORM FORM
-
I / You work. He / She / It works. I am (’m) / You are (’re) / He is (’s) working.
Do you work? - Does he work? Yes, I do./No, he Are you / Is he working? Yes, I am./No, he isn’t.
doesn’t. I am (’m) not / He is not (isn’t) / They are not (aren’t)
I do not (don’t) work. - He does not (doesn’t) work. working.

U if

The present simple is used: The present continuous is used:

4 for permanent states, repeated actions and daily 4 for actions taking place now, at the moment of
routines. speaking, or for temporary actions; that is actions
that are going on around now, but not at the actual
He works at a hotel. moment of speaking.
/
\fh
Ml
. I•
••
•
(permanent state) 11 I i i

He lays the tables and w

Helen is working hard
il

l
r

serves dinner every day. I

I '

t
these days. Right now %

(daily routine/repeated p N

•*
she’s reading a newspa¬
r v
P
!

actions) E A per. (She is not working at

the moment of speaking.)
4 for general truths and laws of nature.
4 with always when we want to express our irritation
It rarely rains in the
at actions which happen
desert. *
too often. %
it
r You’re always Kr;
ill
%
.

forgetting to pay 4

4 for timetables (trains, the bills.

planes, etc.) and pro¬ N.

grammes. \\ 4 for actions that we have already arranged to do in

the near future, especially when the time and place
The plane to London
takes off at 6:50 am. # * have been decided.
Melanie is getting married
m

4 for sports commentaries, reviews and narration. at 3 this afternoon. \t 0k

(The time and the place for

the wedding ceremony have V
a) Hill kicks the ball and y

passes it to Dawson. !• ->

- !
been decided.)
(sports commentary) i 4
4 for changing or developing situations.
b) Laura Hunt acts l A
m, W
7

Tn
4

superbly in the film. More and more forests are

(review) disappearing because of I
c) So, the prince tells fires.
her... (narration)
The present slmpl is used with the following time
expressions: always, usually, etc., every day/week/ The present continuous is used with the following
month/year, etc., on Mondays /Tuesdays, etc., in the time expressions: now, at the moment, these days, at
morning / afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, etc. present, tonight, nowadays, still, etc.

6
 UNIT 1
Presen orms

<u Look at Appendix 1 and put the follow*

ing verbs into the correct box In the 3rd
person singular.
(4i How ourisworld changing? Look at the
pictures and the prompts and make
sentences using the present continuous.
scratch, say, try, set, play, do, stop, miss, stay, e.g. More people are recycling nowadays.
fry, drive, fix, cry, freeze, teach, pray, crash, fly,
type 1 2

+s

ss, sh, ch, x, o, + es

sets

scratches
*5
more people / recycle / the climate / get /
rubbish nowadays warmer every year
vowel + y + s says
3 4
consonant + y -» les tries
C
more wild animals / become
more young people / / extinct these days
Look at Appendix 1, add •
Ing to the buy / cars nowadays
following verbs and put them into the
correct box.
draw, lie, dive, put, drink, run, tie, write, type,
5 6
throw, die, apply, cancel, sit

+ ing drawing
computers / become / cities / grow / bigger
faster every year every year
X y + ing lying

X-ing diving Read the following extracts and put the

double
consonant + ing
putting <5> verbs in brackets into the present simple
or the present continuous. Then, say what
use of these tenses each extract shows.

Expand the following into sentences In

order to make true statements with
doesn’t or don’t where necessary. ................
A These days, It seems everything 1) •••
(change). Cities 2)
bigger and busier every year, technology 3)

and scientists 4)
hanging
(become)

(develop) faster than ever before,

(learn)
1 water / boil / at 100°C

3
4
5
Water boils at 100°C.
2 rice / grow / on trees
•
Kice doesn’t grow on
chicks / hatch / from eggs
trees.

kangaroos / live / in Spain

plants / need / water to grow
,
B Water 1)
2)
ature 3)
Salt water 4)
C This film 1)
......
more about the way things work.
(boil) at 100° C and
(freeze) when the temper-
(drop) below 0°C.
.. (be) different, however.

(be) great! It 2)
6 rain / fall / from clouds (have) an all-star cast and the script 3)

.......
7 astronauts / travel / in submarines (be) very funny. The action 4)
8 cows / lay / eggs (begin) when two young men 5)
9 pandas / live / in Italy (try) to rob a bank....
10 elephants / eat / meat
D . Rogers 1) (kick) the ball and
11 fish / walk / on land 2)
\ (pass) it to Jones.
12 the sun / set / in the east Jones 3) ... (run) down the pitch. He
13 bees / give milk \
4) (pass) the ball to Smith who/
14 caterpillars / turn / into butterflies 5) (shoot) and 6) (score)!
15 wool / come / from sheep

7
UNIT 1
Presp. orms
«
--
-> <s* el •
L'leeueiicÿ
L
— L
/ ,
(4 Read about Celine’s daily routine and
make sentences, as in the example.
Then, talk about your daily routine
using adverbs of frequency.
The present simple is often used with adverbs of
frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, S1: Celine usually wakes up at 7 In the morning.
seldom/rarely, never, etc.) to show how often S2: She always drives to work in the morning.
something happens. The adverbs of frequency
morning evening
answer the question How often...?.
e.g. How often do you go to bed early? •usually wake up at 7 •usually have
I always/ usually go to bed early. •always drive to work dinner at 6
•normally get to work •often watch TV
100% 75%
always usually
50% 25%
often sometimes
10%
rarely/
seldom
0%
never / by 9 •never go to bed
before 11

Adverbs of frequency come before the main S1: I always wake up at 7:30 in the morning.
verb ( listen etc.), ,but after the verb to be
watch,
S2: I usually go to school on foot in the morning.
and auxiliary or modal verbs, such as do, can,
Michael McIntosh. is a politician. Read the
must, etc. The adverbs rarely, seldom and never
have a negative meaning and are never used <*> text and put the verbs in brackets into
the present simple or the present con¬

.....
with the word not. tinuous.
e.g. Emily never watches horror films.
You must always behave yourself at school. 1 Michael McIntosh 1) ...is •a• (be) a very busy man.
i
Every morning, he 2) .... (leave) home
Does Roger often call you during the week? 1 ' at 8 o’clock, and 3) (go) to his office. He

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
Adverbs of frequency always go before the auxi¬
4) .. (usually/have) meetings
liary verb in short answers. '
\ until lunchtime, and in the afternoon, he 5)

..............
e.g. Do you buy expensive clothes? No, I never do.
(often/visit) the people of Madewell. He
1 really 6) (enjoy) talking to people.
At the moment, he and his team 7)
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
6> the prompts below, as in the example. (organise) his election campaign. There
are elections in June and he 8)
SA: ISO V 1 en g
Vf I 1
o the cinema?
C/U L/
(hope) to persuade lots of people to vote for him.
SB: Yes, I do. I usually go the cinema at the weekend. Next month, he 9) (go) to London
to meet the Prime Minister. They 10)
1 go to the cinema 4 listen to the radio 1 (have) a meeting to discuss future plans for Madewell.
2 buy magazines 5 phone your friends
3 watch quiz shows 6 play computer games

7 Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct

& Read the information about the people
and make sentences, as in the example.

' position. S1: Alex is a photographer. S2:He works from 9 to 5.

1 A: Do you often go to parties, Keith?

B: Yes, I go to parties at the weekend, (often)
Yes, I often go to parties at the weekend.
2 A: Do you wear sports clothes at work?
B: No, I do. (never)
3 A: Jack is late again!
B: I know. He arrives on time, (never)
&
4 A: When do you go shopping? •Alex, photographer •Philip, teacher
B: I do my shopping on Fridays, (usually) •work from 9 to 5 •work from 9 to 6
5 A: Does your boss often ask you to work overtime? •have lunch at studio •have lunch at school
B: No, he does, (seldom) •work outdoors at the •practise a new play with
6 A: You should listen to your parents’ advice, (always) moment students at the moment
B: That’s exactly what I do. •fly to Milan on Saturday •get married next month
8
 UNIT 1
Presen Eorms
b'iv.itf- Vtfibb' & Put the verbs in brackets into the
present simple or the present continuous.

State verbs are verbs which do not normally 1 A: ••Do you know... (you/know) that man over there?
•

have continuous tenses because they describe B: Actually, I do. He’s Muriel’s husband.
a state rather than an action. These include: 2 A: Are you doing anything tomorrow evening?
verbs which express likes and dislikes: like, B: Yes. I (see) Jack at
love, hate, dislike, enjoy, prefer, etc. nine o’clock.
e.g. Cathy likes romantic films. 3 A: I (see) you’re feeling better.
verbs of perception: believe, know, notice, remem¬ B: Yes, I am, thank you.
ber, forget, recognise, understand, realise, seem, 4 A: What’s that noise?
think, etc. e.g. I don’t believe a word he’s saying. B: The people next door (have)
a party.
verbs of the senses: see, hear, feel, taste, look, 5 A: Graham (have) a new computer.
smell, sound. We often use can or could with B: I know. I’ve already seen it.
these verbs when we refer to what we see, hear, 6 A: This dress (not/fit) me
etc. at the moment of speaking. any more.
e.g. The soup tastes delicious.
B: Why don’t you buy a new one?
John must be in the attic. I can hear his footsteps.
7 A: Your perfume (smell) nice.
some other verbs: be, contain, fit, include, mat¬ What is it?
ter, need, belong, cost, owe, mean, own, appear, B: It’s a new perfume called Sunshine.
want, have (= possess), etc. 8 A: What is Jane doing?
e.g. This book is mine. It belongs to me. B: She (smell) the flowers in
the garden.
Some state verbs have continuous tenses, but
9 A: What (you/look) at?
there is a difference in meaning.
B: Some photos I took during my holidays. They
Study the following examples:
aren’t very good, though.
1) I think she’s Italian. (=believe) 10 A: You (look) very pretty today.
I’m thinking about my holiday. B: Thank you. I’ve just had my hair cut.
(=am considering) 11 A: I (think) we’re being followed.
2) The soup tastes awful. (=has an awful flavour) B: Don’t be silly! It’s just your imagination.
She’s tasting the soup. (=is testing the flavour of) 12 A: Is anything wrong?
3) / can see an aeroplane in the sky. (=perceive B: No. I (just/think) about the
with my eyes) party tonight.
I’m seeing Jill tonight. (=am meeting) 13 A: This fabric ... (feel) like silk.
B: It is silk, and it was very expensive.
4) Susan looks tired. (=appears)
14 A: What are you doing?
Susan is looking at some photos. (=is studying)
B: I (feel) the radiator to see if
5) The room smells of perfume. (=has the smell) it’s getting warm.
The cat is smelling its food. (=is sniffing) 15 A: She (be) generous, isn’t she?
6) This towel feels soft. (=has a soft texture) B: Yes, she has never been a mean person.
Jill is feeling her son 's forehead. ( = is touching) 16 A: He (be) very quiet today,
7) He is selfish, (character —— permanent state)
He is being selfish, (behaviour temporary situation)
isn’t he?
B: Yes, I think he has some problems.
17 A: Would you like some cherries?
8) He has a sports car. (=possesses) B: Yes, please. I (love) cherries.
He’s having lunch now. (=is eating - idiom) They’re my favourite fruit.
Some idioms with have include: 18 A: I’m sorry, but I

have
breakfast / lunch / dinner, etc.
a bath / shower / swim / party, etc.
a(n) accident / experience / dream, etc.
a baby
difficulty / fun / trouble, etc.
(not understand) what you mean.
B: Shall I explain it again?

B: I know, but they

20 A: This cake
...
19 A: The children are making lots of noise today.

B: I think I forgot to put the sugar in it!

(have) fun.
(taste) awful.

9
UNIT 1 r
Presp. rms
slP . I ,
-

v- C. L -
I "i
1 - VCrCt vOL
. I
'

FORM FORM
I/You have (’ve) left/arrived. I/You have(’ve) been reading.
He/She/It has (’s) left/arrived. He/She/It has(’s) been reading.
Have you left/arrived? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. Have you been reading? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
You have not (haven’t) left/arrived. Has he/she it been reading?
He/She/It has not (hasn’t) left/arrived. You have not (haven’t) been reading.
He/She/It has not (hasn’t) been reading.

flHSi v?

The present perfect and the present perfect continuous connect the past and the present. That is, they
describe actions which started in the past and continue up to the present or actions which were completed
in the past but whose results affect the present.
The present perfect is used to describe an The present perfect continuous is used to put
action which started in the past and continues emphasis on the duration of an action which
up to the present, especially with state verbs started in the past and continues up to the present,
such as have, like, know, be, etc. In this case, we especially with time expressions such as for, since,
often use for and since. all morning/dayl
They have been friends for twenty years. (They met week, etc.
each other twenty years ago and they are still friends.)
Sarah has been
picking -
* 6m & vegetables for %
/ \

two hours. (She *

* started picking
V >
-V
r
r vegetables two
hours ago and

:
~*r
-V* 119

she is still picking

«
l
them now.) m*.
The present perfect continuous is also used for an
action which started
and finished in the
The present perfect is also used for an action past and lasted for
which has recently finished and whose result is some time. The result
visible in the present. of the action is visible
in the present.
He is dirty. He has I
She has picked been playing football. I
a lot of apples. » (He is no longer !
(The apples are playing football, but the I •*

in the basket, so that his clothes are

fact *%
*
f
>
f
s /i
dirty is visible now.)
the action has ft r jb *

to.
finished.)
i

Note: With the verbs feel (have a particular emotion) J

%

f I

M live, work and teach we can use the present

perfect or present perfect continuous with no
difference in meaning.
e.g. He has been feeling
felt/has
unwell all morning.

10
 UNIT 1
Presen Eorms
The present perfect is used for an action which hap¬
t
pened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is
not important, so it is not mentioned. The emphasis is v 2
placed on the action.
a) He has broken his arm. (The exact time is not mentioned.
What is important is the fact that his arm is broken.) A- ' * **
b) Peter has been to Paris four times. (The exact time of each ¥
of his visits is not mentioned. What is important is the fact that \
,
«

he has visited Paris four times.)

n

* The present perfect is also used for an action which has

happened within a specific time period, which is not over
at the moment of speaking, such as today, this morning/
afternoon/week/month/year, etc.
She has received three faxes this morning. (The action has
1 t •
* .
been repeated three times up to now and may happen again
because the time period - this morning - is not over yet.)
She received three faxes this morning. (The time period - this m v-.
Li
morning - is over. It is now afternoon or evening).

The present perfect continuous is used to express anger, n

annoyance or irritation. ?

Who has been reading my business papers? (The speaker is

irritated.)

•f

Both the present perfect and the present perfect The present perfect is usually used with the follow¬
continuous are used with the following time expres¬ ing time expressions:
sions: • already
•e.g.
how long
How long have you known Jack?
e.g. We have already seen this film.
Have you finished already?
How long have you been learning English? •e.g..

•e.g.
for (duration) Has Roger left yet? Simon has not finished yet.
I have known Jack for five years. •just e.g. I have just phoned Jill.
I have not seen Emily for a long time.
She has been working here for twenty years. e.g. She has always loved animals.
• since (starting point)
e.g. They have been married since last April.
•ever
e.g. Have you ever been abroad?
We have been living here since 1980. •e.g.
never
I have not talked to Ann since last Sunday. She has never been to France.
•lately/recently •so f a r
e.g. Have you seen any good films lately/recently? e.g. have sent
I twenty invitations so far.
She has been going out a lot lately/recently. What have you done so far?

Fill in for or since.

1 I have lived in this village

2 It has been raining
I was born.
hours. I wish it would stop.
4
5
6
7
8
Have you been waiting
I have been waiting for you ....
She hasn’t bought a new coat
Karen has been on the phone
......
......
I moved to York, I have been much happier.
a long time?
four o’clock.
three years.
ages!
3 My father has been the manager of this firm 9I have known Neil 1994.
ten years. 10 Jane has been my best friend many years.

n
UNIT 1
Prese. orms
The people below are on a cruise ship. What
131 In pairs, make up short exchanges using
the prompts below, as in the example. <4 have they been doing since 10 o’clock this morn¬
ing? In pairs, make up exchanges using
the prompts below, as in the example.
SA: eis water
coi U
a, rTEvern. V
f
/
||
'Li
1/
/in
/7 L/
Ui 1I |SI I L/

water heater? SA: &A

I Y /
D
£>T
LX Irw re h /
Ai
b/U nr?a f"\s\hIfl!na.
SB: No, I haven't turned it on. SB: ' /

9
/ f
f
IM bathina eince 10 o c,n LX L

1 The water is cold, (turn on / the water heater)

lornina .
2 The fridge is empty, (do / the shopping) 1 Mrs Peters / sunbathe 5 Mr Burrows / walk on
3 There is no electricity, (pay / the bill) 2 Tom and Jerry / swim the deck
4 It’s raining, (bring / your umbrella)
3 Miss Houston / read 6 Tim and Alan / play
5 The cat is hungry, (feed / it) her book chess
6 The bedroom is a mess, (tidy / it)
4 Sandra and Helen / talk
7 The landlord is on the phone, (pay / the rent)
8 I can’t see anything. It’s dark, (bring / your torch)
4
Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from
ParkersThehave recently won the lottery. As the list in the present perfect continuous.
a result, their life has changed. Look at the
pictures and the prompts and describe try, snow, jog, play, work, walk
the changes, as in the example.
e.g. Mr Parker hae put on t

..s J
t Alice Chris %

Mr Parker //
•
2** -Jr~

a
a
«

o1
* - £!Tty, *1 *

L
ft ro
x. \ i *

\
»
o
O €>
<3 1 U' 1 He’s wet. He ...has 2 He’s tired. He
*
Mrs Parker been playing... in the
o
°o water. hard.
4 var MSI 49/
/
O
HlPeM
n fo 3 She’s cold. She 4 Everything is white. It
L°o o in the
a

H snow for three hours. all night.

S*

—
I
u
1> 1 1
* i
N

*
I * a

Ji
A
’£
M
*»
rf

-•r- M
k.

a.
-
J.
I
*i

r rr 4.x

t
l
% lif Oe
/
V
#
J
J
V V X

put on weight grow a beard

take up tennis all buy new clothes 5 They’re hot. They .... 6 He’s confused. He...
hire a butler join the pony club to solve the
lose weight buy some nice furniture since 7 o’clock. problem all morning.
move to a bigger house «i

12
 UNIT 1
Presen Eorms
It is 11 o’clock. The following people all started f Put the verbs in brackets into the
work earlier this morning. Look at the infor¬ 19 present perfect or continuous, using
mation and say how long they have short forms where appropriate.
been working and how much work they
have done so far, as in the example. 1 A: How long • • 'u Known • (you/know) Alison?
« «

B: We (be) friends since we were children.

a
$1: Sandra's been typing since KS O CiHT K / r t wo 2 A: Who (use) the car?
hours. B: I was. Is there a problem?
S2: She’s typed twenty letters so & r
3 A: What are Andrew and David doing?
B: They (work)
Name Started/ Activity Completed in the garden for three hours.
4 A: Why is Sally upset?
Sandra 9 o'clock / type 20 letters B: She . (lose) her bag.
8 o’clock / clean 4 rooms 5 A: I (always/believe)
Kim
the house that exercise is good for you.
B: Of course, it’s good to keep fit.
Bob 10 o’clock / examine 3 patients 6 A: Emily (teach)
patients maths since she left university.
B: Yes, and she’s a very good teacher, too.
John 7 o'clock / deliver 30 parcels 7 A: Fred (open) a new shop.
parcels B: Really? Where is it?
Helen 10 o'clock / draw 4 pictures 8 A: This pie is delicious.
pictures B: Is it? I (not/taste) it yet.
9 A: Have you found your umbrella yet?
B: No, I (look) for it for an hour now.

m 10 A: You look exhausted.

Fill in the gaps with recently, how long,
yet, for, always, ever, already, since, so far or B: Well, I (clean) the
just. Sometimes more than one answer windows since 8 o’clock this morning.
is possible. 11 A: Can I have some more lemonade, please?
B: Sorry, your brother
1 A: Has Tom finished his exams • •••? •• (just/drink) it all.
B: No. He finishes next Thursday. 12 A: Have you got new neighbours?
2 A: has Janet been working at the B: Yes, they (just/move) to the area.
hospital?
B: She has been working there she left
school. Put the verbs in brackets into the present
perfect or the present perfect continuous.
3 A: How are you finding your new job?
B: Great. I haven't had any problems

.......
4 A: Is John at home, please? Dear Connie,
B: No, I’m afraid he’s gone out.
5 A: Have you been waiting long? I hope you are enjoying yourself at university. I’m sure
B: Yes, I’ve been here two hours. you 1) ... bee* studying... (study) hard. Everything is
6 A: Has Martin been to Spain? fine here at home. Billly 2)
B: No, I don’t think so. (just/receive) his school report. It was bad, as usual. He
7 A: Have you spoken to Matthew 9 3) (decide) to leave school next

....... ...
B: Yes. I phoned him last night. year and find a job. Fiona 4) i
8 A: Can you do the washing-up for me, please? (go) to the gym every day for the past two weeks. She <
B: Don’t worry. Mike has done it. 5) (try) to get in shape >
9 A: Lucy has been musical, hasn’t she? for the summer. She 6)
B: Yes, she started playing the piano when she (already/plan) her holiday in the sun. Your father
was five years old. 7) (sell) the old car and he
10 A: Shall we go to that new restaurant tonight? 8) (buy) a new one. It’s lovely -
B: Yes. I have been there. It’s really nice. much nicer than the old one.
11 A: Your dog’s been barking three hours! Anyway, write soon.
B: I’m sorry. I'll take him inside. Love,
12 A: Have you finished reading that book yet? Mum
B: No, I’ve started it.

15
UNIT 1
Presp. orms
KeVCr uclie lie?’ L
/
bogli (ivl . 4t
» *

-J

Where are the Millers?

b J
Where have * .
you been?

{ L < *
Theyve gone
to Buenos Aires.
U> *T

w I

•
#
We’ve been
to Buenos Aires.
' '2ÿ?- ' -

•A

They have gone to the theatre. (This means they have not come back yet. They are still at the theatre.)
He has been to Japan. (This means that he has visited Japan; he is not there now. He has come back.)

2,L Fill in the gaps with have/has been (to) or

have/has gone (to).
5 ‘Have you been for a walk?’
‘Yes. I often .. .... for walks in the evenings.’

.......
......... . . .
A have gone B am going C go
Jack: Hi, Jill. Where’s Paul? 6 ‘Have you seen any films lately? 1

Jill: Oh, he1).../has aone

u tc* • London for a few days.
i i

Yes. Actually, I
i
two this week. J

Jack: Really! I 2) London recently. A have seen B am seeing C see

I came back yesterday. 3) you there?
7 ‘What T
Jill: No, I haven’t. Paul 4) twice >
before, though. Where’s Sarah? It’s a piece of cherry pie. Mum made it yesterday.
L

Jack: She 5) Spain for two A are you eating B do you eat C have you eaten
weeks with her parents. They 6) 8 ‘Are you going on holiday this summer?’
there to visit some friends. ‘Yes. I enough money.
Jill: When is she coming back? A am saving B have already saved C save
Jack: They’ll all be back next weekend. 9 ‘Is Todd reading the newspaper?
5

No. He
f
dinner at the moment.’

m i
Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘What time does the train leave?

5
A has been making B makes

Yes. Actually, I
i
two this week.
C is making
10 ‘Have you bought any new CDs recently?

A have bought B have been buying C am buying

J

I think it at 2 o’clock.
..A... 5

11 ‘What time does the play start? 1

A leaves B has been leaving C has left I think it

f
at 8 o’clock. 1

2 ‘Where are Tom and Pauline?

1
A has been starting B starts C has started
They to the supermarket. 1

12 ‘Where is Mark?
A have just gone B have been going C go ‘He to the library to return some books.
3 ‘What is Jill doing these days? A has gone B has been C is going
for a job for six months.
(

She 13 ‘What ?’
A is looking B has been looking C looks It’s a letter to my pen-friend. I’m telling her my
(

4 ‘Is Mandy watching TV? news.

No. She
(

her homework right now. A have you written B do you write

A is always doing B is doing C does C are you writing

14
 UNIT 1
Presen orms

m Underline the correct tense. m Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
p tense.
1 Liz and I are good friends. We know/have known 1 Who . has been u&ina (use) my toothbrush?
each other for four years. 2 ‘What (you/do)?’
2 Sarah is very tired. She has been working /is work¬ (write) a letter.’
ing hard all day. 3 Samantha (play) tennis with
3 ‘Where is John?’ ‘He’s upstairs. He does/is doing friends every weekend.
his homework.’ 4 Tim and Matilda (be)
4 I can’t go to the party on Saturday. I am leaving/ married since 1991.
have been leaving for Spain on Friday night. 5 Uncle Bill (just/decorate)
5 Jane has finished/is finishing cleaning her room, the bathroom.
and now she is going out with her friends. 6 Pauline and Tom (sing)
6 I didn’t recognise Tom. He looks/is looking so dif¬ in the school choir twice a week.
ferent in a suit. 7 Who (you/speak) to?
7 I don’t need to wash my car. Jim washes/has 8 Sarah is very happy. She
washed it for me already. (win) a poetry competition.
8 Ian has been talking/is talking to his boss for an 9 He (drink) two cups of coffee
hour now. this morning.
9 Claire’s train arrives/has arrived at 3 o’clock. I 10 My friend (live) in America
must go and meet her at the station. at the moment.
10 ‘Would you like to borrow this book?' ‘No, thanks. I 11 They (usually/change) jobs
have read/have been reading it before.’ every five years.
11 Where are you going/do you go?' To the cinema. 12 I (normally/cut) my hair myself.
Would you like to come with me?’ 13 Linda (study) in
12 Have you seen my bag? I am searching /have
been searching for it all morning.
13 ‘Is Colin here?’ ‘I don’t know. I haven’t seen/
haven’t been seeing him all day.’
14 Sophie is very clever. She
seven different languages.
speaking/speaks

15 We are moving/have moved house tomorrow.

the library for three hours.
14 We
weekend.
15 Who
16 Tim

17
7 o’clock every morning.
...
(play) in a concert next

(read) my diary?
(leave) the house at

(your mother/work) in a bank?

Everything is packed. 18 ... (you/drink) coffee with your
breakfast every day?
19 We (make) plans for our
m
..........
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct summer holidays right now.
tense. 20 They (move) house in September.

1 A: What ...are you doing... (you/do)?

B: Nothing. I (just/finish) my lunch. m Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

. ....... .
tense.
2 A: Where .... (you/be) all morning?
B: I (clean) my house since 8 o’clock.
3 A: (you/do) anything next weekend? Dear Nick,
B: No, I (not/make) any plans yet.
This is just a short note to tell you I 1) •••’m arr
4 A: Jane looks great.
(she/lose) weight?
ing/arrive... (arrive) at the airport at 5 pm on Saturday,
10th December. I 2) (be) very busy
B: Yes, she (exercise) a lot recently.
recently, and that’s why I 3)

........
5 A: .... (be/you) busy right now? (not/write) to you for a while. I 4)
B: Yes, I (just/start) typing this report.
(plan) this trip for months, so now I 5)
6 A: Where is Peter?
(look forward) to spending some time with you and
B: He (wash) the car at the moment.
your family. 1 6) (hope) you will be able
7 A: Who (be) your favourite actor?
to meet me at the airport. Please give my love to your
B: I (like) Sean Connery
wife and the children.
since I was a child.
See you soon
8 A: (you/do) your homework yet?
James
B: Almost; I (do) it now.

1?
UNIT 1
Presp. rms
Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense. ©P Correct the mistakes.

Molly: Hi Peter. I 1) ...haven’t seen... (not/see) you for 1 They have been to the shops. They’ll be home
a long time. soon.
Peter: Hi Molly. I 2) 2 Joe plays in the garden at the moment.
(travel) for the past two months. 3 I am going to work by car every day.
Molly: Really? I 3) (plan) 4 The builders finish the block of flats already.
a trip at the moment. I 4) 5 He has been breaking his arm.
(leave) next month for Australia. 6 Sam have just finished reading a very interesting
Peter: That’s great. 5) book.
(you/arrange) a place to stay once you get there? 7 Water is boiling at 100°C.
Molly: Yes, a campsite. It 6) (be) a 8 John is living here since 1986.
very nice place. 9 I study this subject for five years.
Peter: And 7) (you/buy)
10 Who has use my scissors?
your ticket yet?
Molly: No, not yet. Actually, I 8) (go)
to the travel agent’s this afternoon to buy it.
Peter: Oh. I 9) (go) into town IN OTHER WORDS
later today. You can come with me in my car. Study these examples. The second sentence
Molly: Thanks. I 10) (meet) has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
my brother for lunch at 1 o’clock, so I’ll come to
your house at 2 o’clock. 1 I’ve never had such a good meal.
Peter: Great! See you then. ever It’s the best meal I have ever had.
2 She started collecting postcards four years ago.
been She has been collecting postcards for
$ Choose the correct answer. four years.
3 They haven’t finished painting the house yet.
still They are still painting the house.
1 C... your sister recently?’ 4 I’ve never ridden a camel before.
‘Yes, she came to visit last weekend. first It’s the first time I’ve ridden a camel.
A Have you been seeing B You have seen
C Have you seen
2 ‘I didn’t know Sarah could drive.
‘Oh yes, she since last April.
A has been driving B has driven C is driving ©P k Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.
3 ‘Where is Jason?’
‘He at the swimming pool. 1 She hasn’t finished cooking the meal yet.
A is being B is C has been still She is sti cooking the meal.
4 This is a great book. 2 I’ve never met such an interesting person.
‘I know. I it twice already. ever He’s the most interesting person I
A have read B am reading met.
C have been reading 3 He started repairing the roof three hours ago.
5 ‘Hello, Jane. I’m home.’ been He
‘Where have you been? I for you all day! the roof for three hours.
A have been looking B look C am looking 4 They’ve never visited an old castle before.
first It’s
6 ‘Are you having a holiday this year?
have visited an old castle.
‘Yes, I to Hawaii.’
5 Robert is still decorating the flat.
A am going B have been C have gone
finished Robert the flat yet.
7 ‘Who does your hair for you?

......
6 It’s the most boring book I’ve ever read.
‘My mother usually it. never I
A is cutting B cuts C has cut such a boring book.
8 ‘Your socks are all wet! 7 He started playing rugby four years ago.
‘Don’t worry. I . another pair with me.’ been He
A am bringing B bring C have brought rugby for four years.

16
 UNIT 1
Presen orms
Prepositions
belong to sb look at sb/sth
OR A j
come from (a place) stay at (a place) Activity
listen to sb/sth wait for sb/sth
live in (a place) work for sb/sth Life on earth is changing. Look at the Information given
In the chart and make sentences, as in the example.
e.g. Trees provide oxygen and homes for animals.
S1:
S2: However, trees are disappearing because of
Fill in the correct preposition. fires and logging.

.....
S1: many governments have started to plant
But
new trees.
1 What are you waiting ...for...?
2 Why are you looking yourself in the mirror? The Facts••••

.........
3 How often do you listen the radio?
4 My parents live a small cottage. 1 Trees / provide / oxygen and homes for animals.
...my father. 2 Many different species of fish / live on coral reefs.
5 My brother works
3 Many people / use / coal and oil as fuel for
6 Those books belong .... John Smith.
heating in their homes.
7 We aren’t going out tonight. We’re staying 4 Ocean life / produce / 90% of our oxygen.
home.
8 My father comes Ireland.
The Changes••••
1 Trees / disappear / because of fires and logging.
2 Fish / die / because fishermen / destroy / coral reefs.
Phrasal Verbs
3 Coal and oil supplies / decrease.
break down: 1) stop working (of cars, etc.) 4 We / pollute / the oceans with rubbish.
2) lose control of feelings (of people)
The Action Taken ••••
break in/break
Into a building: enter by force 1 Many governments / start / to plant new trees.
2 Some fishermen / stop / fishing near coral reefs.
break into: start singing, smiling, etc. suddenly 3 Many people / change / to other sources of fuel for
break out: 1) begin suddenly (war, fire, etc.) heating.
But: a storm breaks 4 We / begin / to recycle rubbish instead of throwing
2) escape it all away.

break up: stop for holidays (of schools, etc.)

vyR I T I <\jr
Activity""ÿ
© Fill in the correct particle.

.........
Complete the article below using the information from
the Oral Activity.
1 War broke ...out... in 1992 and it lasted until 1995.
2 Children are always happy when school breaks I Are you aware of the damage
for the holidays. being done to our planet? We all
3 The burglars broke the house in the
middle of the night and stole all the jewellery.
3.ai know that trees provide oxygen
and homes for animals. However, trees are disap¬
4 His serious face broke a grin when he pearing because of fires and logging. Fortunately,
read the joke. many governments have started to plant new
5 The bus broke , so all the passengers trees. We also know that
had to get off and wait for another one to come.
6 The little girl broke and cried when
her dog died. We must stop the destruction now, before it is too
7 The dog broke of the garden and late.
chased the cat down the street.

7
UNIT 2
Past J: rms
( c
b LLll mu k-
1

L'U
- 2112
•- - »;
»

1 •t>
i

FORM FORM
I / He / She was / We / They were watching.
I / He / She / We returned / left.
Was he / Were they watching? Yes, he was./No, they
Did he return / leave?/Yes, he did./No, he didn’t.
weren’t.
He did not (didn’t) return / leave.
He was not (wasn’t) / They were not (weren’t) watching.

[! t.

The past simple is used: The past continuous is used:

4 for an action which happened at a definite time in 4 for an action which was in progress at a stated
the past. The time is stated, already known or time in the past. We do not mention when the
implied. action started or
spent their
They finished.
holidays in Switzerland At three o’clock It* 4
f i
'
last winter. /
% yesterday afternoon, c
4

I
(When did they go to they were sitting at
/

/
/

Switzerland? an outdoor cafe. (We

Last winter. The time #
do not know when
is stated.) they got to or when \
I
They had a great time.
(The time is already known.)
they left the cafe.) * ... . Pi

4 for an action which was in progress when

4 for actions which happened immediately one after another action interrupted it. We use the past
the other in the past. continuous for the action in progress (longer
action) and the past simple for the action which
i interrupted it (shorter action).

* >
4
C».
Cl 1/
h k
i k

>

*
4 4

ft

W -
r
\
h
%

*0

First, he read the message. Then, he called his boss.

4 for past habits or states which are now finished.

In such cases we can also use the expression He was walking when he slipped on a banana skin.
used to.
r T<

w 4 for two or more

People travelled/
r
simultaneous 2
2 past actions.
used to travel by
carriage in those w
She was steering
days. the boat while he a
i
was playing the % h A l 4\
guitar. "

18
 UNIT 2
s Porms

to talk about the lives of people who are no longer to describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in
aiive. the introduction to a story before we describe the
main events.
..*
Marilyn Monroe
starred in a number
Todd and Emily
were riding through
r/ if
m
W
of successful films. the forest. The sun
<P
was shining and the r/
birds were singing.
V /

The past simple is used with the following time

expressions: yesterday, last night / week / month / The past continuous is used with the following
year /Monday, etc., two days / weeks / months, etc. time expressions: when, while, as, all day/night/
ago, then, when, How long ago...?, in 1992/1845, etc. morning, etc.

.
& Look at Appendix 1 Write the past
simple of the verbs in the list in the
correct box. Gk First, fill In the table. Then choose five
verbs and make sentences using the
past simple.

bake, fry, stay, stop, complete, try, hire, rub, Infinitive Past Participle
travel, cry, pray, play, promise, refer, tidy, destroy
become became become
-e + d baked begin
blow
creep
double consonant stopped dig
+ ed eat
fall
consonant + fried
feel
hang
vowel + y + ed stayed pay
ride
shake
speed
throw
.
4 Look at Appendix 1 Write the past
simple of the verbs in the box, then read
them out.
land, book, dive, attach, present, start, jump
crash, need, look, prefer, attract, kiss, arrange
water, clean, protest, pretend
GL Put the verbs in brackets into the past
simple or the past continuous.

She 1) ...was lying... (lie) in bed when she 2)

. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
landed (hear) a sudden noise. She 3) (open)
/id/
(after / 1 /, / d /) her eyes in horror. Someone 4) (open) a
downstairs window; they 5) (try) to get
into her house. She 6) (climb) slowly out

....
/1/ booked of bed and 7) (creep) to the door. She
(after / k /, / s /, / tj /, 8) (stand) very still and listening carefully
/I Ul/Jpl) when she 9) (see) a light downstairs.
It 10) (move) about as if someone
Id! dived 11) (hold) a torch and searching for
(after all other sounds)
something. She 12) (know) that they
13) (look) for her.

19
UNIT 2 V
Past Js rms
(4 The people were in the living room at
following
nine o’clock last night. What were they doing?
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.
SA: What were Mr Scott and Grandpa doing?
C The boys 1)
river bank while the girls 2)
Everyone 3)
when suddenly they 4) ...
(play) football on the i

from further up the river. They all 5)

I
(talk), i
.... (enjoy) the picnic i
(hear) a loud cry I
J

.. .. .. .. ..
i
SB: They were playing chess. (rush) to see what was wrong.

D In prehistoric times, people 1) (live) in

V
caves. They 2) (hunt) animals which,
they then 3) (use) for food and clothing.
They 4) (make) everything by themselves,

> o a
0
M
<

(4
and they 5) (have) very simple lives.

A Look at the notes below and say

what Rick did yesterday, using the
linking words from the list.
first, then, next, after that, finally

I
% 1 S1: First, Rick got up at seven.

m S2: Then, he had breakfast.

4
t
a -4 1
/ 7 am get up
<
/
7:15 - 8:15 am have breakfast
V V 8:30 - 9 am drive to work
> O :

k 11 am - 1 pm talk to some clients

*ÿ
y
w
1:30-2 pm have a lunch break
\1Kmi A\ t 4 - 5 pm prepare a speech
5:30 - 6:30 drive home
1 Mr Scott and Grandpa / play chess
2 Mrs Scott / watch TV B Now, in pairs, ask and answer
3 Grandma / knit questions about what Rick was
doing at the times in the list below.
4 Lisa / write a letter
5 Tom and Paul / play with their toys SA: What was he doing at half past seven In the
6 The cat / sit by the fire morning?
SB: He was having breakfast.
7:30 am 11:30 am 4:30 pm
Put the verbs in brackets into the past 8:45 am 1:45 pm 6 pm
simple or the past continuous. Then, say
which uses of these tenses are shown
in each extract. when/while/as + past continuous (longer action)
when + past simple (shorter action)

...
A Charlie Chaplin 1) ...became... (become) one of the 1

best-known personalities in America within two years of \ 4$

his first appearance in motion pictures. He 2)

(be) so famous that no studio could afford to pay him i
*
1
.4 Join the sentences using as, when and
while, as in the examples.

.....
so he 3) (appear) only in films which he/ 1 Kim was looking out of the window. She saw Mike.
\
4) (produce) himself. s
\

As / When / While Kim was looking out of the win¬

i
dow, she saw Mike.
B It 1) (happen) at ten o’ clock last t Kim was looking out of the window when she saw
l night. John 2) (sit) in his cosy living t
Mike.
!

room with his wife and children. They 3) 2 Cathy was washing the dishes. She dropped a glass.
*
t
(watch) the evening news on TV when 3 The children were playing. Their father came home.
*

suddenly, the lights 4) (go out) and every- ' 4 Robert was driving home. He got a flat tyre.
1
thing in the house 5) .. .... (become) quiet. 5 Mick and Charlie were leaving the bank. The police
'l»»W surrounded them.

20
 UNIT 2
orms
i
9
Put the verbs in brackets into the past
.
simple or the past continuous Which was
. Put the verbs in brackets into the past

.. .. .. .
% A simple or the past continuous.
the longer action in each sentence?

1 They •••
ar•f
• •
were

.........
cleaning •• (clean) the windows when it
»

I • (start) to rain.
L/l ••

ianina the windows was the action.

A As soon as Margaret 1) • •acIf ••• (get) off the train,
she 2)
Rain 3)
wind 4)
• vy 1/

(pull) her coat around her.

.. .. .. .. .. . . .
(fall) heavily and a cold
(blow) across the platform.

.......
2 As he (drive) to work, he
(remember) that his briefcase She 5) (look) around, but no
was still at home. one 6) (wait) to meet
her. She 7) (turn) to leave when
3 Melanie (cook) dinner when
she 8) (hear) footsteps.

.. .. .. . . .
her husband (come) home.
A man 9) (walk) towards her.
4 I (hear) a loud crash as I
He 10) (smile) at her, then he
(sit) in the garden.
11) . (say), ‘You’re finally here.’
5 She (type) a letter when her
boss (arrive). B George 1) .... (pick) up his bag
(dig) in the gar- then, 2) ... (throw) it over his

...
6 While the dog
den, it ... (find) a bone. shoulder. It 3) (get) dark and
7 Mary . (ride) her bicycle when he 4) (have) a long way to
she (notice) the tiny kitten. go. He wished that he had let someone know that
8 While I ... (do) my homework, he was coming. It 5) (start) to
the phone (ring). rain, and he was feeling cold and tired from the long
journey. Suddenly, he 6)
(hear) a noise, then he 7)
r A policeman is asking Mrs Hutchinson about a
car accident she happened to see yesterday.
(see) two bright lights on the road ahead. A car
8) (head) towards him. It
Put the verbs in brackets into the past slowed down and finally 9)
simple or the past continuous. (stop) beside him. A man 10)

.. .. .. .. .. . . . .
i j
(sit) at the wheel. He 11) (open)
the door quickly and 12) (say)
»
v
* ‘Get in, George.’
C Andy 1) (step) into the house and
M * 2)
Everything 3)
.... (close) the door behind him.
(be) quiet. His heart
; 4)
5)
(beat) fast and his hands
(shake) as he crept silently into
the empty house, but he was trying not to panic. He
soon 6) (find) what he 7)

.........
(look) for. He smiled with relief as he put
on the clothes. The men who 8)
(follow) him would never recognise him now.
P: What 1) ••• were you doing... (you/do) when you
2) (see) the accident, madam?
H: 1 3) (walk) down the street.ÿ Imagine that you were present when
P: What exactly 4) (you/see)? these things happened, then, in pairs, ask
H: Well, the driver of the car 5) and answer questions, as in the example.
(drive) down the road when suddenly the old man
just 6) (step) in front of him! It SA: 1|
A ng when t 1 burg I ar broke in?

.........
7) (be) terrible! SB: L/l r.
/P: 8) (the driver/speed)? SA: WhatT A
Ls U dot
H: No, not really, but the old man 9) SB: 1\ \££A tc
L/

(not/look) both ways before

he 10) (try) to cross the road. 1 The burglar broke in.
P: 11).... (anyone else/see) 2 The storm broke.
the accident? 3 The lights went out.
H: Yes, the lady in the post office. 4 The boat overturned.
P: Thank you very much. 5 The earthquake hit.
6 The building caught fire.

21
UNIT 2
Past Js ms
. m
V( •> /
*
~> c-
,
ngtii Li0 / y
Choose the correct answer.
i useo. ip
y
|W S */ -X

- •
1 ‘I find it hard to get up early.
‘You ..3... to getting up early once you start working.
We use used to + infinitive to refer to past
A are used B will get used C were used
habits or states. In such cases, to can be
replaced by the past simple with no difference 2 ‘Do you often exercise now?
in meaning. ‘No, but I to exercise a lot when I was at
e.g. He used to go out/He went out a lot when he school.’
was younger. (He doesn't any more.) A used B will get used C am used
Did she use to spend/Did she spend a lot of 3 ‘Aren’t you bothered by all that noise?’
money when she was single? ‘No, we to noise. We live in the city centre.
We use the past simple, and not used to, for A were used B will get used C are used
actions which happened at a definite time in the 4 ‘Does your sister travel a lot?

......
past. ‘No, but she ....to before she got married.
e.g. He visited Paris last month. A didn’t use B used C wasn’t used
5 ‘I don’t like wearing a suit every day.
Look at the following examples of how we can ‘Don’t worry, you to it very soon.’
use be get used to: A are used B will get used C were used
be/get used to + noun/pronoun/-ing form 6 ‘Sandra . to using a computer, but now she
enjoys it.
e.g. a) They are used to hot weather. ‘It’s a lot easier for her now.
(They are accustomed to hot weather. - present) A isn’t used B will get used C wasn’t used
b) I’m used to getting up early.
(I’m accustomed to getting up early. - present) 7 ‘Do you remember the things we to do
c) She wasn’t used to working at night. when we were kids?’
(She wasn 't accustomed to working at night. Of course I do. How could I forget what fun we had!
A used B were used C got used
- past)
d) Mary is getting used to life in the city. 8 ‘Do you like living in the city?
(Mary is becoming accustomed to life in the ‘Well, I to it yet, but it’s okay.’
-
city. present) A am not used B wasn’t used C am used
e) Simon had never lived in a tropical country
before, but he quickly got used to it.
(He became accustomed to it. past) - Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs
f) They will soon get used to cooking their
own meals. p from the list in the correct form. Use
each verb twice.
(They will become accustomed to cooking
their own meals. - future) wash, walk, play, work
1 I used to ...work... in a shop, but now I work in an office.
2 I can’t concentrate. I’m not used to in
such a noisy office.
Rewrite each person’s comment using 3 Tom lived in the country for years. He used to
13 used to or didn’t use to. miles every day.
4 I’m exhausted. I’m not used to such
1 Sally - ‘I don’t walk to work any more. long distances.
U i \ i 5 Mary used to her clothes by hand, but
2 Gordon - ‘I’ve got a dog now. now she uses a washing machine.
3 Lisa don’t eat junk food any more.’ 6 We haven’t got a washing machine, so we’re used
4 Jane go to the gym every night now. to our clothes by hand.
5 Paul m not shy any more.’ 7 The children are bored with the bad weather.
6 Edward - live in a big house now.’ They’re used to outside.
7 Helen - haven’t got long hair any more. 8 When we were younger, we used to
8 Frank - eat lots of vegetables now.’ cowboys and Indians.

22
 UNIT 2
orms
.V
lIti*sM
* Simple I

veitus; L'uara3 |-> Mi

-•

We use the past simple for an action which We use the present perfect for an action which
happened at a definite time in the past. The time happened at an unstated time in the past, that is,
is stated, already known or implied. when the exact time is neither mentioned nor
X 0*

>
AUG.1970 Kate Steele
Kate Steele has written a lot
/
0<9
i
wrote her first of successful
S
novel in 1970. novels. (When?
(When? In 1970. We do not know.
i The time is The exact time
W ' stated.) is neither
i i mentioned nor
A implied.)

•stated,
We use the past simple to talk about the lives of people who are no longer alive, even if the time is not
e.g. William
Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo and Juliet.
’ (Shakespeare is no longer alive. We do not mention
when he wrote the play, however, we use the past simple.)

We use the past simple for an action which We use the present perfect or the present perfect
began and finished in the past. continuous for an action which started in the
past and continues up to the present.
I
A v
A A
r \
w
I
/i
/
J
f
xy
\
\ <
/s m
.
\ V

'({
v m
I'
>
>

l / \
\ /
.
4
7 » >
4
I
V
\

* I
) y
l
I

\
i
/
&
v \ /
/
\ M
A K 0*
r/

Jim Presley has worked/has been working as a waiter

George Barns was a basketball player for ten years. for fifteen years. (He began working as a waiter fifteen
(He is no longer a basketball player. He is a coach.) years ago and he is still a waiter today.)
4 We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news, and the past simple or past continuous
to give more details about it. e.g. I’ve just seen the new boss. I was talking to Carol on the phone when
he came in.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past C A: Who was on the telephone?
simple or the present perfect. B: It 1) (be) Jane.
A: Who is Jane?
A A: Do you know that man? B: Someone who 2) (work)
B: Oh yes. He’s a very good friend of mine. I in my office for a few years. She’s got a new job
1) ... ’vc(know) him for about ten years.
known... now, though.
A: I think I 2) (meet) him at D A: Who is your favourite singer?
a business meeting last month. B: Freddie Mercury. He 1) ....
B A: Mum 1) . (lose) her purse. (have) a wonderful voice.
B: Where 2) .. (she/lose) it? A: Yes, I agree. He 2) . (enjoy)
A: At the supermarket while she was shopping. performing live, too.
2?
UNIT 2
Past Js ms
{\\1i LlfliSS # *
l:ab‘b;l:eii trd Couiuiuous--'!*
1 f ** f MMm
it* P
«
FORM FORM
She had arrived/gone. He had been crying.
Had she arrived/gone? Yes, she had./No, she hadn’t. Had he been crying? Yes, he had./No, he hadn’t.
She had not (hadn’t) arrived/gone. He had not (hadn’t) been crying.

\m f »<ÿ%

The is used: The past perfect continuous is used:

for an action which happened before another to put emphasis on the duration of an action
past action or before a stated time in the past. which started and finished in the past before
another past action or a stated time in the past,
They had already usually with since or for.
reserved the table
when they went to the A v:
#•11 I
)

restaurant. (They They had been

rm
4
skating together
made a reservation U7K for five years
first and then they
s
went to the restaurant.) before they entered
I*

the competition.
They had already sat down for dinner by 8 pm.

for an action which finished in the past and for an action which lasted for some time in the
whose result was visible in the past. past and whose result was visible in the past.

V Bill had injured his legs She had been work-

VV 1 ing hard that day, so
f . in a car accident, so he
\ had to use a wheelchair %
she was tired. (She
£i - for six months. I spent all day working
!* hard and the result of

Ij i
(The action finished in
the past and its result the action was visible
was in the past,
visible in the past, too.)
too.)
Note:
Note: The pact perfect continuous is the past equiva¬
The peat perfect is the past equivalent of the pres¬ lent of the present perfect continuous.
ent perfect. a) He had been waiting for hours, so he was bored.
a) He had broken his leg, so he couldn’t walk. (The action ‘had been waiting’ lasted for some
(The action ‘had broken ' happened in the past, and time in the past, and the result ‘was bored' was
the result ‘couldn’t walk' was visible in the past, too.) visible in the past.)
b) He has broken his leg, so he can ’t walk. b) He has been waiting for hours, so he is bored.
(The action ‘has broken ' happened in the past, and (The action ‘has been waiting’ started in the past,
the result ‘can't walk’ is still visible in the present.) and the result ‘is bored' is still visible in the present.)

We can use the past perfect or the past simple with before or after without any difference in meaning.
e.g. She left after she had finished her work. /She left after she finished her work.
The past perfect is used with the following time The past perfect continuous is used with the follow¬
expressions: before, after, already, for, since, just, ing time expressions: for, since, how long, before,
till/until, when, by, by the time, never, etc. until, etc.

24
 UNIT 2
orms
Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from
the list in the past perfect continuous. B When Jamie 1)
lot of people 2)
.. .. .. . . .
(get) to the party, a
.... (dance) to pop

...
(wear) jeans,
read, scream, argue, try, eat, watch music. Everyone 3)
(buy) a new
and T-shirts. Jamie 4)
(wear)
suit for the party and he 5)
that. He 6) (feel) quite silly
(look) at him.
because everyone 7)
k

h (l9k First, say which action happened first,

then join the sentences using the words
in brackets, as in the example.
1 He saved a lot of money. Then, he bought a car. (when)
1 Emily was angry. 2 Hannah felt sick.
saved a lot of money: happened
rr fl t
She .. She
When he had saved a lot of money, n< LsLJt iht a car
•
li
with her parents for an chocolates all after¬
hour. noon. 2 She hung out the washing. Then, it began to rain.
(after)
3 Fiona tidied the house. Then, the children arrived
k home, (by the time)
i
V 4 The guests left. Then, she started cleaning, (when)
fl |kf

5 The girls put on their uniforms. Then, they went to

.....
V
-
' school, (before)
6 The meeting started. Then, the lights went out.
t
(already when)

.....
r

3 Allan had a headache. 4 Emily was frightened. Put the verbs in brackets into the
His baby sister She a horror past perfect or the past perfect
for half an hour. film for half an hour. continuous.
*
1 A: Did you do anything last night?
k B: I went to the gym and I ...had lust a k4#4! I
*(just/
arrive) home when Michael called me. He said
he (try) to call me for
X

£
ten minutes before I finally answered the phone.
2 A: Did you catch any fish on your fishing trip today?
A
B: Yes. I (sit) in
the boat for two hours when I caught a huge fish.
3 A: Did you enjoy the open-air concert yesterday?
5 Simon was confused. 6 John was very tired. B: The music was good, but the weather was terrible.
He to He The concert (just/start) when
suddenly, it began to rain. The musicians

...
win the game for hours. all night.
(only / play) for ten minutes.
A: What a shame!
Put the verbs in brackets into the 4 A: Was the house tidy when you got home?
1 correct past tense. B: Yes, the children (dust) the furniture and
they (put away) all of their toys.
5 A: Why were you so upset this morning?
A On Monday morning, Jo 1) •••

....
(miss) the bus
yy\ i

B: Well, I (clean) the

and had to walk to school. When she 2) house for hours when the children came in with
(arrive), the bell 3) (already/ring) muddy shoes.
and lessons 4) ... (start). The 6 A: Why are you so late for work this morning?
children 5) (work) quietly when Jo B: I’m sorry. I (wait) for the
6) (walk) into the classroom.
train for over an hour before it eventually arrived.

25
UNIT 2
Past Jk $

1V
lAisi S Liui;>[ Kz l-ubi Couitiiuoub « P
L-ubi l-fei'ic-et
i I

> *

The p i st is used for The past oonUnuout is used for The past perfect is used for an
actions which happened a past action which was in action which happened before
immediately one after the progress when another action another past action.
other in the past. interrupted it. V
V

/ "V N V*
/
V" (I \
\
\ / *
V* v
s
\

o /
\

-
/Ci
»r P I'
>

1
I
••
*>
(

*
V

V
L \

/ /
/
VI
<
\
o
<
r
i
\ <\ \ v
\ \
v r*/ <
i

/
/
/ s y
/
:

/» Hi A N
\
S
V
t

Lasf Monday, Lisa and her husband I Last Tuesday, Lisa was feeding the Last Friday, Lisa had already fed the
fed the children when he came home. I children when her husband came children when her husband came
(Her husband came home and then home. (She was still feeding the children home. (She fed the children first. Her
they fed the children together.) when her husband came home.) husband came home afterwards.)

2.L Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

tense.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
P tense.
1 A: Why was Tim so tired last night? A: What 1) ...wert ... (do) when I 2)
B: Oh, he ...had been working... (work) hard all day. (call) at eight, Burt?
2 A: I (go) to the cinema last night. B: I 3) (work) in the garden
B: Really? What because the wind 4)
(you/see)? (blow down) the fence during the night.
3 A: Did you have enough to eat at the party? A: Oh 5)
1

B: Yes. Sarah (make) (you/manage) to fix it?

a lot of food. B: Yes, I 6) (do) it eventually
4 A: What (you/do) at eight but it 7) .... (be) very hard
o’clock last night? work. I 8) (ask) my neighbour
B: I (watch) television. Why?
to help in the end. Why 9)
5 A: Colin! Look at yourself! You are filthy! (you/call) me?
B: I know. I (repair) my
A: I 10) (want) to tell you
motorbike.
about the factory. It 11)
6 A: I (do) something
(close down) yesterday.
really silly yesterday.
B: Really, what? B: I know. The company 12)
A: I (get) up and (have) problems for a long time before they finally
(set off) for work as usual. I 13) (decide) to
(drive) for an hour before I close down the factory.
(realise) it was Sunday. A: I 14) (hope) they would change
7 A: I (just/hear) some their minds about it, though. It 15)
incredible news! (be) a part of the town for years.
B: What? B: Well, at least everyone who worked there 16)
A: Jason and Emily (get) (now/find) a new job.
married last week in Las Vegas. Isn’t that amazing? That’s good news.

26
 UNIT 2
Forms

IN OTHER WORDS
Underline the correct tense.
Study these examples. The second sentence
has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 I saw Jim this morning. He for the
bus. 1 When did they buy their tickets?
2 Keri was angry. She had been waiting/was waiting since How long is it since they bought their
for Sarah for two hours. tickets?
3 Andy was relieved to hear that he was passing/had ago How long ago did they buy their tickets?
passed the exam. 2 She didn’t begin cleaning until after all the guests
4 I was walking/had walked home when I saw Paul. had left.
5 Brian learnt/had learnt how to spell his name at before She waited until all the guests had left
school today. before she began cleaning.
6 They hadn’t visited/weren’t visiting their 3 We haven’t seen Carol for two weeks.
grandparents for a long time. time The last time we saw Carol was two
7 I watched/was watching television when the weeks ago.
telephone rang. 4 It’s a long time since I ate out.
8 Jason had been thinking/had thought about his have I have not eaten out for a long time.
new car all day. 5 It was the first time they had flown by Concorde.
9 I bought the dress because I wanted/had wanted never They had never flown by Concorde
something special to wear to the party. before.
10 The little boy was crying because he had lost/was
losing his mother.
11 Graham had been working/was working for the
company for twenty years before he retired.
12 Pam
card.
opened /hadthe present and read the
opened 24 Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.

13 Lucy wrote/had written a letter to her sister last night. 1 Jack hasn’t travelled abroad for years.
14 It had been raining/was raining all day and the time The last ...time Jack travelled i
•• abroad
roads were very wet. was years ago.
15 Sue was smiling/had smiled as she was reading 2 When did Monica get married?
Mary’s letter. since How long is it married?
3 It was the first time she had visited the National
Gallery.
Put the verbs in brackets into the never She the National
P correct past tense. Gallery before.
4 Jessica didn’t start cooking until after the children
1 They were walkina
••• (walk) in the park when the had fallen asleep.
storm broke. before Jessica waited until the children
2 The man .. (pay) for his new started cooking.
car in cash. 5 The last time I went to the theatre was months ago.
3 I (already/eat) have I
breakfast by the time the others woke up. the theatre for months.
4 It (snow) for 6 It's two months since she called me.
three days when suddenly the sun came out. has She me
5 Sam (work) for two months.
here for six years before he left to go to university. 7 The president waited until all the reporters had
6 Liz (go) to the Bahamas for her arrived before he made his statement.
holidays last year. making The president didn’t
7 We (watch) a statement until all the reporters had arrived.
film on TV when our guests arrived. 8 We haven’t played chess for a month.
8 They (already/see) the film since It’s a month
twice at the cinema when she rented it on video. chess.
9 The teacher (teach) the children 9 She waited until Tom had left before she began
a song yesterday. packing.
10 He (sit) on the train at this time after She didn’t begin packing
yesterday morning. left.

27
UNIT 2
Past Js ms
Prepositions
arrive at a small place
arrive in a big place
get to a place
full of sth
believe in sth
concentrate on sth
sion Box
but: leave a place discuss sth with sb
afraid of sb/sth take care of sb/sth
famous for sth care for sb/sth 28k Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.

1 A: There’s a lovely smell coming from the kitchen.

26m Underline the correct preposition. B: Yes, I ...to cooking... (cook)
been biscuits.
2 A: (you/ever/go) to Australia?
B: No, I haven’t.
1 I don’t believe at/in ghosts.
2 Lauren takes care our children. of /about 3 A: Did you manage to get to the bank yesterday?
3 Spain is famous with/for its many festivals. B: No, it (close) by the
4 I’m afraid of/from spiders and snakes. time I got there.
5 They arrived in/at the hotel in time for lunch. 4 A: Are you new to this area?
6 I don’t care for/of rock music. B: No. I (live) in this area
7 We will arrive at/in New York at about two o’clock. for three years.
8 The streets were full of/with people watching the 5 A: I see you finally bought a new video.
parade. B: Yes, I (try) to fix the old
9 I’ll have to discuss the party to/with my parents first. one for ages when I decided to buy a new one.
10 He couldn’t concentrate on/in his work, so he went 6 A: Is Mr Dixon free yet?
for a walk. B: No, he (be) in
11 James managed to get at/to the bank before clos¬ a meeting at the moment.
ing time. 7 A: Where did you go for dinner on your birthday?
B: I (go) to the new
Phrasal Verbs Chinese restaurant in town.
8 A: What are you looking for?
bring about: cause sth to happen B: My keys. I (lose) them.
bring out: make a new record, book, etc. 9 A: Did you find the papers you were looking for?
available B: Yes. They (be) on my
bring sb round: 1) cause sb to regain consciousness desk all the time.
2) persuade 10 A: I’m tired. We (walk) all
bring up: 1) raise a child morning.
2) raise a new subject B: Let’s stop and have something to eat, then.
11 A: What (you/buy) your
mother for Christmas?
Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal B: I got her a new jumper.
27 verb. 12 A: What time (you/leave)
tomorrow?
1 That author ••• t... a new mystery B: Very early. At 6 o’clock in the morning.

................
novel, (has just published) 13 A: Linda is very good at her job, isn’t she?
2 It’s very difficult to children B: Yes. She (do) the same
nowadays, (raise) job for thirty years.
3 The changes in the earth’s atmosphere 14 A: When did you see Janet?
many changes in the weather. B: While I (wait) at the
(have caused) bus stop yesterday morning.
4 They used some cold water to 15 A: Have you made plans for Saturday yet?
the patient . (cause to regain B: Yes, I (go) to the cinema with Ed.
consciousness) 16 A: Where were you at 5 o’clock yesterday?
5 Matthew his father B: I (have) a lesson.
to his way of thinking, (has persuaded) 17 A: Did you enjoy your flight?
6 The manager . the subject of redun- B: Yes, but I was nervous because I
dancy. (raised) (not/fly) before.

28
 UNIT 2
$ Eorms

Jteÿsion Box
ORA
Activity
j

Adam had a terrible day yesterday. Use the prompts

and the linking words given to tell the story.

Choose the correct answer. when, as, while

1 'Are you going shopping tonight? I I •e I

‘No, I ...A... yesterday.’
A went B had gone C had been going I
i e f
2 ‘Did you see Nathan? i8

‘No, he by the time I arrived at his house.’

A was leaving B had been leaving C had left T
3 ‘Where is Scott?’
t
1 he get out of bed / trip 2 he make breakfast/

............
He on the phone when I saw him.’
A was talking B talked C had talked over the rug / fall and spill coffee and burn
hurt leg fingers
4 ‘How often do you clean your house?’
‘I clean it once a week.’ /
A seldom B usually C never / / /
5 ‘Did Alan arrive on time?’
‘No, I for an hour before he arrived.’
A was waiting B had waited C had been waiting *K

6 ‘Did you go out for dinner last night?’

m
J

‘No. I a lot at lunch, so I wasn’t hungry.’ \

A had been eating B had eaten C was eating
7 ‘What time do you finish work?’ 3 he wait for bus / it start 4 he watch TV / cat
‘Actually, I ’ to rain knock over expensive
A have just finished B finish C finished antique vase / it
smash on floor
8 ‘Did you enjoy your holiday?’
‘Yes, we in a fabulous hotel.’ e.g. As he was getting out of bed, he tripped over the
A have stayed B had stayed C stayed rug, fell and hurt his leg.
9 ‘I like your dress. Is it new?
‘No. I .. it for ages.’
A had
10 ‘How is John now?’
B have C have had ojR \l [
He better slowly.’
A gets B is getting C has been getting Adam is writing a letter to a friend. He is describing
what happened yesterday. Look at the Oral Activity
again and complete his letter.

© Correct the mistakes. Dear Alan,

I hope you’re well. Sorry for not writing to you
1 They are usually starting work at 9 o’clock. sooner, but I’ve been very busy lately. You can’t
2 Look! That man is having blue hair! imagine what a terrible day I had yesterday. It all
3 Do you study for your exams at the moment? started early in the morning when the telephone
4 I was being late for work yesterday morning. rang. As I was getting out of bed, I tripped over the
5 Dave has planned his holiday since Christmas. rug, fell and hurt my leg
6 Sheila is typing twenty letters so far this morning. I hope I won’t have such a terrible day again.
7 The sun has been setting in the west.
8 We were sleeping for an hour when the phone rang. Best Wishes,
9 Lydia had been buying a new car last month. Adam JaH

29
UNIT 3
Future
We can refer to future actions with the future simple, be going to, the present continuous, the present
simple, the future continuous, the future perfect and the future perfect continuous.
Form (future simple) Form (be going to)
He/They will (’ll) call. I am (’m)/You are (’re)/She is (’s) going to stay.
Will he/they call? Yes, he will./No, they won’t. Are you/ls she going to stay? Yes, I am./No, she isn’t.
He/They will not (won’t) call. You are not (aren’t)/She is not (isn’t) going to stay.

Future Simple for promises (usually with the verbs promise,

swear, guarantee, etc.), for threats, for warnings,
The future simple is used:
for requests, for hopes (usually with I hope).
in predictions about the future usually with the
verbs think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions I hope pollution r-was*
be sure, be afraid, levels will drop
etc., and the adverbs a.#, soon, (hope)
perhaps, certainly, ar Factories must
probably, etc. mm4 stop polluting the
His parents think he ! air or else we
will become an artist >// won’t be able to
one day. / J
breathe, (warning) *

for on-the-spot decisions and offers.

Be Going To
Since it’s your birthday, Be going to is used:
I’ll pay for lunch.
N
for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the
A
T future.
I 'm going to employ
%

v.

-e more staff, (intention/plan)

I m going to expand my
m
Z e

\
/ company, (intention/plan)

I’ll take this jacket.

Kz
(on-the-spot decision) (offer)
Si

for actions/events/situations which will definitely

happen in the future and which we cannot control.
in predictions when there is evidence that
something will
Jill will be two years happen in the near
old next month. (We future.
cannot control this 4C' V
i

J %

future event; it will

ft
X
frv.
Look at him! He is
r
definitely happen.)
HE8 •a %

< fc
going to win the
race. (There is evi¬ k
1 dence. - he is ahead
-

ft
%
% f

of the other runners.)

?o
 UNIT 3
rutur Eorms
Note: Present Simple
• We use will when we make a prediction based The present simple is used with a future
on what we think, believe or imagine. meaning when we refer to programmes or
e.g. In the year 2050 there will be colonies on Mars. timetables (trains, buses, etc.).
• We use be going to when we make a prediction
based on what we can see (evidence) or know.
e.g. Look! The acrobat is going to walk along the
tightrope. % I

Present Continuous
The present continuous is used for fixed
arrangements in the near future.
He is leaving for k\
Amsterdam in an
hour. (Everything The film starts in ten minutes, (cinema programme)
has been arranged
for his trip. He is at The future simple and be going to are used with the
the airport now.) following expressions:
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
next week/month/year, tonight, soon,
in a week/month/year, etc.

<L Tanya Smirnoff is a famous astrologer. She’s been

invited on a TV show to give her astrological
predictions for next year. Using the prompts
below, make sentences, as in the example.
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of
will or be going to and the verb in brackets.

1 A: Why are you buying flour and eggs?

e.g. B: Because I ...Vr I/IIM A tO KM iKc. • (make) a cake.
M Mm m a 1/ L/ 16 'ÿ
*

r-3 1 earthquake/strike/Asia
2 A:
B:
I have decided what to buy Mum for her birthday.
Really. What
2 Tom Murray/win/elections (you/buy) for her?
3 economy/not improve/significantly 3 A: Did you ask Jackie to the party?
4 number of road accidents/increase B: Oh no! I forgot! I
5 America/establish/colony/on Mars (ask) her tonight.
6 scientists/not discover/cure for 4 A: Could I speak to Jim, please?
common cold B: Wait a minute. I (get) him for you.
5 A: What are your plans for the weekend?
B: I (spend)

<L In pairs, ask and answer questions

using the prompts below, as in the
examples. 6 A:
B:
some time with my friends.
What are you doing on Friday night?
Oh, I
SA: Are you going to pay the bill? (probably/stay) at home with my family.
SB: Yee, that’s what I’m going to do. 7 A: Have you tidied your room yet?
SA: /*\re you going to compiain t nr anaaen Mi
|V | 9

B: No, but I promise I (do) it this afternoon.

SB: No, that’s not what im aoina to do.
8 A: Look at that boy!
1 pay the bill (/) B: Oh yes! He
2 complain to the manager (X) (climb) the tree.
3 take the skirt back to the shop (/) 9 A: Jason is very clever for his age.
4 buy the jumper (/) B: Yes. He says he
5 ask the bank manager for a loan (X) (become) a doctor when he grows up.
6 order the food (/) 10 A: I’m too tired to cut the grass.
7 book the airline tickets (X) B: Don’t worry! I (cut) it for you.

51
UNIT 3
Futur.r rms
3 Can you call Barry for me, please?
Will / SUa
4 Why don’t we try this new dish?
We use:
4 WUI you ...? to make a request; that is, to ask 5 Where do you want me to put these flowers?
someone to do something for us.
e.g. you Will
open the door for me, please?
(=Can you open the door for me, please?) 4 The future simple is not used after while, before,
until, as soon as, after, if, by the time or as. We
4 won*t to show that someone is unwilling or
refuses to do something. use the present simple or present perfect instead.
e.g. I’ll wait until you finish/have finished.
e.g. I’ve talked to Sue about her decision to leave,
but she won ’t listen. (=She refuses to listen.)
...
(NOT: until you will finish,)
4 When(=At what time?) used as a question word
4 can be followed by the future simple. When (=at
a) to make an offer. the time) used as a time word is followed by the
e.g. Shall I give you a hand with those bags? (=Do present simple.
you want me to give you a hand with those bags?) e.g. When will I know the results? (when = question
b) to make a suggestion. word)
e.g. Shall we wait until the rain stops? I can't tell when it will be ready, (when =
(=Why don’t we wait until the rain stops?) question word)
c) to ask for suggestions or instructions. He ’ll call us when he gets there, (when = time
e.g. ‘What shall I do with all these letters?’ ‘Put them word)
on my desk. ’ (= What do you want me to do with 4 If can be followed by the future simple only after
all these letters?) expressions which show ignorance, uncertainty,
etc., such as / don’t know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.
e.g. I wonder if he will be on time.
but: If you see him, tell him about the party.
Fill in the gaps with shall, will or the
4 correct form of be going to.
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
1 A: It’s too hot in here. the prompts below, as in the example.
B: You’re right. I •••Wl ••• open a window.
2 A: I put the baby to bed, now? SA: VV
ij
fI f Wl do the g&rdet ms
yu i
B: Yes, he looks a little tired. SB: i io it 3ttet vc done the e\ PI 1/
nfl.
3 A: Have you seen Lucy recently?
1 do the gardening / do the shopping
B: No, but I .. meet her for lunch
2 post the letters / buy the stamps
later today.
3 iron the clothes / tidy the bedroom
4 A: Have you done the shopping yet?
4 water the plants / make the bed
B: No, but I probably do it
tomorrow, after work.
5 do your homework / have my dinner
6 pay the bills / take the car to the garage
5 A: we ask Mr Perkins for help
with the project?
B: That’s a good idea. Let’s ask him now. _ Put the verbs in brackets into the
171 present simple or the future simple.

Replace the words in bold with will/won ’t 1 A: I’m going to the gym tonight.
5 or shall l/we, as in the example. B: Well, while you ••• 7 ••• (be) there, I
(do) the shopping.
1 I’ve asked Paul to talk to the landlord, but he refuses 2 A: (you/call) me when you
to do it. (get) home?
f& r / Ik r/ in Or 1 yn t #
J I rirt B: Yes, of course.
won t do It.... 3 A: As soon as John (come) in
2 Do you want me to make a reservation for you? tell him to come to my office.
B: Certainly, sir.

52
 UNIT 3
Futur Forms

...........
4 A: I’m exhausted.
B: Me too. I wonder if David

B: Yes, I
(come) to help tonight.
5 A: Are you going to visit Aunt Mabel this afternoon?
....(visit) her before
11 A:
B:
12 A:
B:
How old is your sister?
She (be) twelve next month.
What are you doing tonight?
I
TV after dinner.
(probably/watch)

home it
7 A: When
B: When I
......
B: No, by the time he
(do) the shopping.
6 A: Is George going to eat dinner with us?

... (you/pay) the rent?

(get) my pay cheque.
8 A: What are your plans for the future?
(get)
(be) very late. 9
A Cliff Turner has his own business and it is
doing well. He has already decided to expand.
Look at the prompts and say what he is
going to do, as in the example.

•employ more staff

B: I want to go to university after I
(finish) school.
9 A: If you .... (pay) for dinner, I •advertise in newspapers
(pay) for the theatre. and magazines
B: Okay, that’s a good idea.
10 A: Can you give this message to Mike, please?
iti •equip the office with
1

computers
B: Well, I’ll try, but I doubt if I •increase production
(see) him today. •move to bigger premises
•open an office abroad

<«> Put the verbs in brackets into the future

simple, the present simple or the present
continuous.
B Cliff is always busy. Look at his schedule
and say what his arrangements are for the
next few days. Make sentences, as in the
1 A: I •am seeing • (see) Roger at seven o’clock
•• • • example.
tonight.
B: Really? I thought he was out of town.
2 A: (you/do) anything on Friday MARCH
morning? Wednesday 1 2th: fly to Montreal l
B: No, I’m free. 1A
L4

3 A: I (go) to the cinema. There’s a

Thursday 13th: give an interview to The Financial Times
new film on. Do you want to come with me?
B: What time ... (the film/start)? Friday 1 4th: have lunch with sales representatives
4 A: Helen (have) a party the Saturday 1 5th: have a meeting with Japanese
day after tomorrow. (you/go)? ambassador
B: As a matter of fact, I haven’t been invited. Sunday 16th: play tennis with Carol
5 A: The new exhibition .... (open)
on April 3rd and (finish) on
May 31st.
B: I know. I (go) on the first day.
6 A: Aunt Maggie .... (come) to visit us In pairs, ask and answer the following
tomorrow.
10, questions using / (don’t) think/expect I will
or / hopel’m sure/’m afraid I will/won 't, as in
B: I know. What time (she/arrive)? the example.
7 A: Excuse me, what time
(the train/leave)? SA: l
B: At half past three, madam. SB:
8 A: Michael Jackson (give) a 1 pass / exams
concert at the Olympic Stadium next week. 2 move house
B: I know. I (want) to get a ticket. 3 take up / new hobby
9 A: I’m really thirsty. 4 make / new friends
B: I (get) you a glass of water. 5 start having music lessons
10 A: Are you looking forward to your party? 6 have / party on / birthday
B: Yes. I hope everyone (enjoy) it. 7 learn / drive

ft
UNIT 3
Futuro rms
You want to ask your friend to do something
l:uiuie Coni iuuou* 11'Jt for you. Use the prompts below to make
questions, as in the example.
•1ÿ
: -
FORM 1 You want your friend to buy you something at the
I/He/They will (’ll) be working. supermarket, (go to)
Will l/he/they be working? Yes, l/he/they will. Will youi be going to the supermarket?
No, l/he/they won’t. 2 You want your friend to post a letter for you. (go to)
3 You want to use your friend’s bicycle today, (use)
I/He/They will not (won’t) be working.
4 You want your friend to give a letter to Jeff soon, (see)

Use s Put the verbs in brackets into the future

The future continuous is used:

12» simple or the future continuous.

Kevin: Shall we go to the beach tomorrow?

for an action which will be in progress at a stated
Ruth: Well, I’m working in the morning, but I 1) ...
future time.
phone... (phone) you when I finish.
Kevin: Shall we ask Ben and Linda to come with us?
Ruth: Yes. I 2) (see) Linda at work
k
in the morning, so I 3) .. (ask)
*
her then.
/ ¥ Kevin: If they want to come I 4)
(pick) you up from work and we can all go together.
Ruth: Great! Just think, we 5)
A (swim) in the sea this time tomorrow! I can’t wait!
This time next week, I’ll be skiing in Austria.
Put the verbs in brackets into the
for an action which will definitely happen in the
future as the result of a routine or arrangement. 13> correct future tense.

Shall I - 1 A: Are you looking forward to your holiday?

inform the rest ... B: Oh, yes! This time next week I be lying
of the team?

\
> (lie) on the beach.
2 A: We’re having a party on Saturday.
B: Oh, good. I (make) a
/ l cake to bring along.
3 A: Have you finished that report yet?
No, I II do it. I ll be seeing B: Yes. I (give) it to you in a minute.
them at the meeting anywayy 4 A: Why are you buying all those vegetables?
B: Because I (make)
(They have a meeting every week. He will definitely vegetable soup.
see the rest of the team because it’s already planned.) 5 A: This writing is too small for me to read.
B: Give it to me and I (read) it to you.
when we ask politely about someone’s plans
6 A: I (stay) at Claire’s house tonight.
for the near future (What we want to know is if
our wishes fit in with their plans.). B: Alright. I won’t expect you home, then.
7 A: Would you like to join me for lunch today?
> «
|4
-dp- B: Yes, please. I (meet) you at
Will you be m I
going out later? sr half past one.
I
- i 8 A: (you/help) me with the
shopping tomorrow?
fc Yes. B: Of course.
Why?
9 A: Are you excited about your trip?
Could you vY
B: Yes. This time tomorrow I (sit)
get me a sand- M
wich, please? Jfjij
on the plane.
i
10 A: I can’t hear the television very well.
B: I (turn up) the volume.

54
 UNIT 3
rutur Eorms
l:ut uuf IM iod L:u i u L cf- lulled Ccui iuuu-L1ÿ'
•ML*
4

FORM FORM
He/She/They will (’ll) have left. I/You/We will (’ll) have been working.
Will he/she/they have left? Yes, he/she/they will. Will l/you/we have been working? Yes, l/we will.
No, he/she/they won’t. No, l/we won’t.
He/She/They will not (won’t) have left. I/You/We will not (won’t) have been working.

\*m
The future perfect is used for an action which will be The future perfect continuous is used to emphasise
finished before a stated future time. the duration of an action up to a certain time in the
future.
i

They will have fin¬ t By the time Rick

ished their meeting retires, he will have

-
9
\ -i, -i* y
by four o’clock this been working for
afternoon. *
V
the same company
for thirty years.
X

A l

The future perfect is used in sentences with the fol¬

lowing time expressions: by, by the time, before, until,
by then, etc. The future perfect continuous is used with: by ... for
Note: After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the present simple because they introduce time
clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come either before or after the time clause.
Study the following examples:
a) / will have tidied up vby the time you get back.
- -
time clause
'

b) we will have been waiting for more than an hour.

By the time she finishes work,
time clause

A
V A The people below are all friends. What do they B The same people will be thirty-five years
hope they will have done by the time they are old in a month’s time. What will they have
thirty years old? Using the prompts below, been doing by the end of next month?
make sentences, as in the example. Using the prompts below, make sen¬
tences, as in the example.
e.g. Alec hopes he will have travelled all /I
L/
T.np.
L

world by the time he’s thirty. 1 Alec / travel / ten years

fi
A
•
\< K! X5 4 r A x T hi H />
vv
4
r
•• V

1 1 >- -4 * _
3 4 i

—
S
\
4 I 2 Mark / run / own business / eight years
V
/

Alec: travel all Mark: start his Moira: become 3 Moira / star in films / six years
over the world own business famous
4 5 Aft; /
r*
6
4 Kate / design clothes / four years

Kate: make
N
V %
Jack: build his Ted: have his
5 Jack / build houses / ten years

6 Ted / paint / fifteen years

her first collection own house first exhibition

Y?
UNIT 3
Futur. P rms
5 ‘Can you give Steve a message for me?’
Put the verbs in brackets into the future ‘Certainly I him at work later on today.
15 perfect or the future perfect continuous.
A will be seeing
B will have seen
1 By 3 o’clock, she ...M I Ol/P
I V C/ ina... (study) C will have been seeing
for six hours.
6 ‘You’ve been working hard all day.
2 By the end of next month, Sam
‘Yes. At 3 o’clock, I for six hours.’
(finish) the project.
A will be studying
3 He (not/start)
B will have been studying
painting the kitchen before Tuesday.
C will have studied
4 By the time she arrives in Paris, she
(travel) for four hours. 7 ‘Sarah has gone to the cinema to see that film again.
5 I hope I (buy) ‘I know. After this time, she it five times!
my own house by the time I’m thirty-five. A will have seen
6 By Saturday, Lisa (diet) B will have been seeing
for two weeks. C will be seeing
7 Hopefully, they (learn) 8 ‘John has an exam tomorrow, doesn’t he?’
everything by the time they sit the exam. ‘Yes. In fact, at this time tomorrow, he the exam.
8 By 4 o’clock, I (sit) A will have been sitting
in the hairdresser’s for three hours. B will be sitting
9 By Christmas, I (work) C has sat
for this company for eighteen months.
9 ‘Are you typing another report?’
10 By next weekend, Brian
‘Yes. By the time I finish this one, I twenty-
(move) house.
three reports today!’
11 Hopefully, the builders
A will have been typing
(finish) building the house by next month.
B will have typed
12 By Tuesday, Alan
C will be typing
(sail) for twelve days.
13 By tomorrow morning, she 10 Those two people have been dancing all evening.
(sleep) for twelve hours. ‘Yes. By 11 o’clock, they .. for four hours.’
A will have been dancing
B will have danced
C will be dancing
16 Choose the correct answer.

Put the verbs in brackets into the future

1 ‘What are you thinking about?’ 17 continuous or the future perfect.
This time next week, I ..3... on the beach.
A will have sunbathed 1 A: I can’t come shopping on Saturday morning
B will be sunbathing because I ...will/’ll be work 0... (work).
C will have been sunbathing B: That’s a pity.
2 ‘Have you finished decorating your house yet?’ 2 A: Don’t phone me later than midnight because I
‘No, but I by Friday.’ (sleep) then.
A will be finishing B: Shall I give you a call at about 10:30, then?
B will have been finishing 3 A: Come to my house at six o’clock.
C will have finished B: (you/finish) your
homework by then?
3 ‘Have you just moved here?
4 A: Have you made the preparations for the party?
‘No. I here for two years next month.

.......
B: Not yet, but I (finish)
A will be living
them by this evening.
B will have been living
5 A: (you/go)
C have lived
to James’ party on Saturday night?
4 ‘ to the supermarket today?’ B: Yes.
‘Yes. Do you want me to get you something?’ A: Would you mind giving me a lift?
A Will you have gone 6 A: There’s a meeting tomorrow at 4 o’clock.
B Will you have been going B: I can’t go if it is that late. I
C Will you be going (leave) by then.

56
 UNIT 3
rutur Eorms
3 S l:uiuur l-oiins' /

future simple: a) in predictions about the future usually with think, believe, be afraid, probably, etc.
e.g. I believe life will change in the 21st century.
b) for on-the-spot decisions or offers.
e.g. It's late. I’ll take a taxi home. I’ll lend you my car if you want.
c) for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which
we cannot control, e.g. Winter will set in early this year.
d) for promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes, etc.
e.g. Stop talking or I’ll send you out of the class, (warning)
be going to: a) for plans, intentions or ambitions, e.g. I’m going to buy a sports car.
b) in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near
future, e.g. Someone’s going to fall over that box if you don't move it.

present continuous: for fixed arrangements in the near future.

e.g. He's flying to Turkey next month. He has already booked his flight.
present simple: for timetables/programmes, e.g. The ferry leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow morning.
future continuous: a) for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time.
e.g. This time next week he'll be flying to Morocco.
b) for actions which will definitely happen in the future, as a result of a routine or
arrangement, e.g. I'll be seeing Jim at work later on today.
c) when we ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future, in order to see if
our wishes fit in with their plans, e.g. ‘Will you be going to the dentist this afternoon?'
‘Yes, why?' ‘Can you make an appointment for me to see him?'
future perfect: for actions which will be finished before a stated future time.
e.g. We will have returned home by Sunday afternoon.
future perfect to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future.
continuous: e.g. By the end of this week, she will have been working here for six years.

...
I Put the verbs in brackets into the 6 A: How is your project coming along? Is it done?
correct tense. B: Not yet, but I
(finish) it by the time the holidays are over.
1 A: What are you
••• ••• (you/do) tonight? 7 A: Have you been waiting in this queue long?
B: I (leave) at 7 o’clock B: Yes. By 4 o’clock, I
to go to the airport. (wait) for two hours.
A: Oh yes, I remember. You 8 A: What
(go) on holiday. (plan) to do this summer?
2 A: Excuse me, what time ... B: I (spend) a few weeks with my
(the bus/arrive)? cousins. I have already arranged it with them.
B: It (arrive) at 11 o’clock.
3 A: It’s cold in here.
B: You’re right. I (close) the windows.
19 Underline the correct tense.
4 A: Mum, my winter coat needs cleaning.
B: Okay, I (take) it to the
dry cleaner’s tomorrow. 1 Next Monday, Amanda 1) will have been starting/
5 A: Is Jerry coming to the theatre with us next week? work. She 2) is going to work/will work
is starting
B: I don’t know, but I for a large company in the city centre. By the end of
(see) him at football practice tomorrow. I next week, she 3) will be finishing /will have finished
(ask) him then. her training.

J1
UNIT 3
Futur.o rms
2 My parents have been married for almost thirty years.
In fact, this time next month, they 1) will be cele¬ (22L Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct future tense.
brating/will have been celebrating their 30th wed¬
ding anniversary. They 2) will have been living/will
1 My grandmother is very old. She ...will be... (be)
be living in the same house for twenty-five years by
ninety next month.
next Thursday, and, by the time my father is sixty, 2 I’m afraid I (fail) my exams this year.
he 3) will work/will have been working for the
3 This time next week, they (lie)
same company for forty years. on a sandy beach.
4 The team (leave)
the office by 9 o’clock tomorrow.
AA Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct future tense. 5 By 10 o’clock, Sue
(drive) for twelve hours.
6 Jenny (see)
Dear Victoria, Paul at work, so she can give him the letter.
7 The film (start)
The holidays are coming and I’ve made lots of by the time they get to the cinema.

.....
plans. This time next week, I (1) ... 'll be buying... (buy) 8 Tom expects he (get) a
Christmas presents for my family and friends. I pay rise soon.
(2) (get) everything in one day, so 9 By 6 o’clock, the secretary
(type) for three hours.

.........
that I can enjoy myself for the rest of the holidays.
I’m staying at home with my family on Christmas 10 I hope I (buy) my own
Day, but two days later I (3) car by the time I’m thirty.
(leave) for Austria. Becky and I (4) 11 By next week, they
(spend) a week there skiing. I’m sure we . (live) in this town for two years.
(5) (have) a wonderful time. 12 I (help) you carry your shopping.
When I come back from Austria, I (6) 13 Martin (do) the work by
(probably/have) Sunday evening.
a party, because it’s my birthday on January 5th. I 14 Mother (go) to the
(7) (be) nineteen! I hope you supermarket tonight. She has already made her
(8) (come). shopping list.
Well, I must go now. I’m going to help my mother 15 The play (start) at 6 o’clock.
with the housework. See you soon!

Love, Underline the correct tense.

Penny.
1 When we go to Paris, we will have climbed
the Eiffel Tower.
2 James will have completed/will have been com¬
Study the following situations, then make
21 sentences using the correct Mure tense, pleting his studies by the end of the year.
as in the example. 3 By the time I get home, I will have been walk¬
ing/will walk for three hours.
1 Your sister says that she is feeling cold. The window 4 Kim will be performing /will have been performing
is open. You offer to close it. in the school concert next week.
• • 5 We’re too late to catch the bus. It will go/will have
2 You have been invited to a party next weekend, but gone by now.
you can’t go. You phone your friend to tell him. 6 ‘We’ve run out of milk.’ ‘Really? I will buy/will have
been buying some more this afternoon'.
3 You get up in the morning and look out of the win¬ 7 This time tomorrow, I will have been leaving/will
dow. You see big black clouds in the sky. You tell be leaving for the airport.
your brother about the weather. 8 Sam will work/will have been working here for two
years on Monday.
4 Your friends want you to go away with them next 9 I will collect/will have collected you from Peter’s
weekend. You have already planned to spend the house on my way home.
weekend with your parents. Tell your friends. 10 Julia will have found/will be finding the note I left
for her by now.

78
 UNIT 3
Fotor Eorms
Prepositions
Put the verbs into the correct future tense.
ask about sth borrow sth from sb
ask sb for sth explain sth to sb
1 Laura and George ...arc going... (go) on holiday engaged to sb interested in sth
next week. They’ve already bought the tickets. but engaged in sth invite sb to a place
2 Wash your hands. Dinner (be) married to sb laugh at sb/sth
ready in five minutes. brilliant/good/bad at sth listen to sb/sth
3 The baby keeps closing his eyes. He but weak in look at sb/sth
(fall) asleep soon.
4 We (not/go) to Penny’s
party tonight because Jack is working.
5 We’re very late. Mum Fill in the correct preposition.
(return) home by now.
6 The football match
in a few minutes. We’d better hurry up.
7 Jane will have to get up early when she
(begin)
1 I’m not interested ...in •• sports.
2 Did you ask Katie
•

.......
Joe’s new address?

.....
(start) her new job. 3 Stuart borrowed a suit Andrew for the

........
8 I (meet) Nick at the wedding.
airport at 6 o’clock this evening. 4 I wish I was brilliant .... English.
5 How can I explain this mess my parents?

m 6 She wanted to invite Adam her house

........
Correct the mistakes. for dinner, but she didn’t know what to cook.
7 The boys laughed ... their teacher when
he tripped.
1 This time tomorrow, John is lying on the beach. 8 You should listen .... your parents’ advice.
2 Peter will help you when he will have finished his 9 We all looked the sky as it started to rain.
dinner. 10 Tom is married Nicole.
3 Shall you do the shopping for me, please? 11 James is good . Maths, but weak
4 Sarah will finish decorating the Christmas tree by
midnight.
5 Where do you spend your holidays this summer?
6 I was turning on the heating. It’s cold in here.
7 The film has started at half past six.
History.
12 He asked
13 Mary is engaged ....
be rude to interrupt.
........
her husband’s health.
conversation. It would

8 Stop that noise or I’m going to take your toy away.

Phrasal Verbs
9 Moira can type these reports as soon as she will
come back from her lunch break. carry on (with): continue
10 Perhaps the Jacksons have visited us tonight. carry out: do, complete sth
11 By the end of the year, Mrs Evans will be teaching hold back: contain one’s emotions
for thirty years. hold on: wait
12 Jennifer will move to her new flat on Saturday. She hold up: 1) delay
has already arranged it. 2) rob a place

A* Answer the following questions about

yourself.
<28, Fill in the correct particle.
1 What are you doing at the weekend?

................
........
2 How long will you have been studying English by 1 Could you hold ••• on a moment, please? There is
«• ••

the end of this term? someone at the door.

3 How much money will you have saved by the sum¬ 2 Martin couldn’t hold . his tears. He was
mer? so upset.
4 What will you be doing this time next week? 3 The doctors carried tests on the patient.
5 What do you think life will be like in the future? 4 Carry the exercise until I come back.
6 Where are you going next summer? 5 The robbers held ... a bank and escaped
7 What will you have done by the end of today? with lots of money.
8 How many meals will you have eaten by the end of 6 We were held because there had been
today? a car accident in the city centre.

59
UNIT 3
Future orms

Box
29 Choose the correct answer. Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘What •• at the moment?’

•• •
When Jake (1) ...C... the door, he knew someone
‘I’m writing a letter to my aunt.’ (2) in the house. Things were different. Earlier
A are you doing B you are doing C do you do
that morning, he (3) a man standing outside,
2 ‘Were you at work yesterday?’ and now he wondered if this man (4) for him to
‘No, I . I was ill.’ leave the house. Jake went into the kitchen. The win¬
A am not B was C wasn’t dow was open. He was sure he (5) it earlier.
3 ‘It’s very hot in this room, isn’t it?’ Next, he went into the garden. Jake knew something
‘Yes. I the window.’ very strange (6) on. He went back into the
A will you open B open C will open house. He had just got to the top of the stairs
4 ‘Where is Christine?’ (7) he heard a noise coming from the bed¬
‘I don’t know. I her today.’ room. Slowly, he opened the door and there, lying in
A am not seeing B haven’t seen C didn’t see the middle of the bed, was his sister! She (8) i
5 ‘What’s wrong?’ Jake was very relieved.
‘My car has broken down. me, please?’
A Will you help B You will help C Shall you help
1 A has opened B opens C opened
6 ‘Are you new here?
2 A had been B is C has been
‘No. I here for five years.’ 3 A was seeing B had seen C has seen
A had been living B have been living C am living 4 A is B waited C had been waiting
5 A had closed B was closing C had been closing
6 A was going B went C have been going
Make questions and complete the short
30 answers, as in the example.
7 A after B when C while
8 A was sleeping B slept C had slept

1 he / leave for Portugal tomorrow

\ kVi
•
mm ¥ ¥ ••••••••••••••••• Put the verbs in brackets into the past
Yes •••

2 they / spend / £2,000 on their holiday last year 3U simple, the present simple, the present
continuous or the present perfect.

No, A: Hi Charles! I 1) ...haven’t seen... (not/see) you for

3 Jessica Moore / record / a hundred songs so far ages. How are you?
B: I’m very well. Actually, I 2)
Yes (just/come back) from my holidays.
A: Really? That’s nice. Where 3)

.. .. ...... .
4 she / give / a big party on her birthday every year
(you/go)?
No B: I 4) (go) to Australia to visit my
5 Tom / see / the robbers when they were leaving the sister. She 5) (live) there.
bank A: Yes, you 6) . (tell) me that, I think.
7) ...(you/have) a good time?
Yes B: Yes, it 8) (be) wonderful. The
6 the train / already / leave flight was very long, though.
A: Yes, you 9) (look) quite tired.
No, B: Well, I 10) (just/come) from
7 they / get married / twenty years ago the airport.
A: Bye, Charles. Have a good rest.
No B: Thanks.

40
 UNIT 3
rutur Eorms

JteVÿsion Box ORAL

V'ÿ"*Activity
Dr Samson is a scientist. He is going on a mission to
Saturn with some astronauts. Read the information
and talk about the mission, as in the examples.
Underline the correct word(s).

What have they arranged?

1 George has known Janet for/since two months.
2 long ago/How long have you had your car?
How
h •leave / Earth / on Saturday
e.g. They’re leaving Earth on Saturday.
3 She has yet/just left for America.
4 We are playing in a concert next week/last week. •arrive / on Saturn / next Tuesday
5 He sometimes/ever plays football with his friends.
6 I since/always go shopping on Fridays.
•return / to Earth / in two months
7 Sam has yet/never won a prize.
What will they be doing while they 're there ?
8 We went to a party last night/tonight.
9 He has already/ever written seven books. •do / experiments
10 I already/often get up early in the mornings. e.g. They’ll be doing experiments while they’re there.
11 Have you eaten just/yet?
12 Jack is being very friendly these days/soon. •collect / samples to take back to Earth
•search / the planet for signs of life
Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense. What will they have done by the time they come back?
v
1 A: Where is Bill?
•take / more than 3,000 photographs
e.g. They’ll have taken more than 3,000 photographe.
B: He .. doing.
(do)
.is ..
his homework in his bedroom.
2 A: Is this your purse? •walk / on the surface of the planet
B: Yes! I
all morning. Where was it?
(look) for it •be / in space for about 2 months
3 A: I (see) this film before.
B: Well, I haven’t. Do you mind watching it again?
4 A: Tom (seem)
very sad. What’s wrong with him?
B: Oh, he got some bad news this morning.
>TI
5 A: Jim’s performance at the concert was wonderful.
B: Well, he (practise) a
lot recently. You are writing an article for a newspaper about Dr
6 A: How did you break your arm? Samson’s trip to Saturn. Use your notes from the Oral
Activity to complete the article below.
B: I broke it when I (ski) in France.
7 A: Did you enjoy your holiday? Leading scientist, Dr Samson, is currently planning a
B: Well, it didn’t go the way I trip to Saturn. Dr Samson talked to our reporter, Annie
(plan) it, but it was fun. Brown, yesterday.
8 A: Joe is going on holiday next week. Dr Samson and a team of astronauts are leaving
B: Yes, I know. This time next week he Earth on Saturday. They
(fly) to Rome.
9 A:
(you/complete) your report by Friday?
B: Yes, I’ll give it to you on Thursday evening.
10 A: Do you live in Leeds?
B: No. I work in Leeds, but I
(live) in York.

41
UNIT 4
Infinite
VI Ur UuilliUYlr
-
oo/Enough The -ing form Participles -
fllTy/jut tftnitiiiitVL- ts u.bx-d: !
•
•« 4 after modal verbs (may, should, can, etc.).
e.g. You must study hard.
4 after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel.
She wants to e.g. They made him pay for the damage.

9
I
I
finish her work.
She must work (passive)
-
but: be made/be heard/be seen + to Infinitive
I overtime. e.g. He was made to pay for the damage.
She hopes to
get a promotion
4 after had better and would rather.
e.g. You had better sign the contract.
soon.
I would rather go home now.
Note: 1 Help is followed by either the

The infinitives are:

-
to infinitive or the bare infinitive.
e.g. She helped me (to) fix the tap.
-
4 the to btflnNIva e.g. I hope to see you soon.
4 the bars fimtive (infinitive without to)
2 If two infinitives are joined by and, the to
of the second infinitive can be omitted.
e.g. He can’t help me. e.g. He decided to go to university and
study biology.
-
*
r(
JJ J J JJ LLA 3 We form the negative infinitive with not.
e.g. He decided not to accept the job.
4 to express purpose.
She may not come.
e.g. She went to the bank to get some money.
4 after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear,
decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise,
refuse, seem, want, afford, pretend, etc.).
e.g. He advised me to apply for the job.
Q. Complete B’s answers using a question
word •+ to
infinitive.

4 after verbs such as know, decide, ask, learn, A: Which catering company are
remember, want to know, etc., when they are you going to hire?
B: I’m not sure 1) ...which catering
Cate rer
followed by question words (who, what, where,
how, etc.). ‘Why’ is followed by a subject +
verb, not by an infinitive.
company to hire
j w
t
e.g. I can’t decide where to go.
A: Where are you going to have your reception?
I want to know why you’ve decided to leave.
B: I don’t know 2)
4 after adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy,
willing, afraid, ashamed, etc.
e.g. He is glad to be back. *i rum
A: How many people are you going to invite?
4 after too and enough. B: I can’t decide 3)
e.g. She's too shy to talk to the manager.
WeVe got enough money to buy a new car. &
4 after it + be + adjective
e. g. It was nice of him to help.
+ noun/pronoun). A: How are you going to do your hair?
B: I’m wondering 4)
«r vVi
1
4 after would like/would love/would prefer C y
YT’
(to express specific preference).
e.g. I would like to learn a foreign language.
4 after only to express an unsatisfactory result.
e.g. He rushed to the back door only to discover
that it was locked.
A: What kind of flowers are you going to order?
B: I have no idea 5)
A: Don’t you think it’s time you made a
decision?
* *
K
42
 UNIT 4
Infinitive •Too/Enough •The -ing form • Jiciples
•i i f «.
Vciiircb' i The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the
«ÿ <ÿ
i

Cl UUr LLlllLUUVi=>H infinitive are as follows:

The infinitive has four tenses in the active and two Verb tenses Infinitive
in the passive.
he goes / will go to go
Tenses of the Infinitive
he is going / will be going to be going
Active Passive he went / has gone / had to have gone
gone / will have gone
Present (to) give (to) be given
he was going / has been
Pres. Cont. (to) be giving going / had been going / to have been
will have been going going
Perfect (to) have given (to) have been
given
Perf. Cont. (to) have been

Active
giving
<4 In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: l& 6he e aom

/O

SB: V
4 present infinitive: refers to the present or future.
e.g. She wants to talk to him now. (present)
Sandra wants to move to a new house next
o
year, (future) $3 2 Did she
4 present continuous infinitive: (to) be + -ing 1 Is she burn the
It describes an action happening now. shouting? dinner?
3 Has he been

Jt
e.g. He is believed to be hiding somewhere in the painting?
mountains. un*
4 perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle
It refers to the past and shows that the action of 5 Is he looking
the infinitive happened before the action of the through the V
4 Has he won 6 Has he got a
verb.
much money? keyhole? 4 brilliant idea?
e.g. She claims to have met Richard Gere. (First
she met Richard Gere, then she claimed that
she had met him.)
4 perfect continuous Infinitive:
Q. A Monica Collins is a famous actress. She is going
on holiday to another country. Using the
prompts given, say what she expects to
(to) have + been + -ing be done on her arrival, as in the example.
It refers to the past and emphasises the at
e.g. » IA r?/
• met 1~.h* alroort.
duration of the action of the infinitive, which
happened before the action of the verb. • meet at the airport • photograph for news¬
e.g. She is tired. She claims to have been working • give some flowers papers and magazines
hard lately. (We emphasise what she has been • drive to the hotel • invite to appear on TV
doing lately.)
B Monica is back home now. Things didn ’t hap¬
The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as pen the way she expected them to. Look at
seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and the the prompts above again and make
modal verbs. sentences, as in the example.
I
e.g. expected w >4 t & r
\y A
r CM V L CM
> /

Passive
4 present infinitive: (to) be + past participle
e.g. He hopes to be given a pay rise soon.
4 perfect infinitive:
& Fill in the correct infinitive tense.

(to) have been + past participle 1 I think he left. He must •••n >9 vf* / & I I in w L/ V

e.g. He is said to have been injured in an accident. 2 I think they will come. They must
3 I think she is studying. She must
4 I think it will be delivered. It must

4?
UNIT 4
-
Infinite" ioo/Enough The *ing form * hrtkiples
5 I think he was fired. He must
Viur Subied iiie luliuiliyje
6 I think they were arguing. They must
7 I think he is lying. He must
8 I think they had been waiting for her. They must ••
-- —
---
-- - -------
ev
— — ------- —------ -urn m.mt vm- •

— - mm. “

9 I think she has typed it. She must

10 I think she had written it. She must ...
They all want
11 I think they will be staying. They must
to answer the
question.
Complete the sentences with the correct
infinitive tense.

1 She has grown taller.

/ want John
She seems ...to have grown taller.
2 He is getting used to his new job.
to explain this
/v
He appears
3 Kate makes friends easily.
She tends
4 He has finished the report.
He claims
5 It is raining over there.
It seems
6 He is on a diet.
i
The subject of the infinitive is omitted when it is the
He appears same as the subject of the main verb.
7 They have sailed round the world. e.g. She wants to leave now. (The subject of the
They claim main verb and the infinitive is ‘she’.)
8 She is feeling better.
The subject of the infinitive is not omitted when it
She seems
is different from the subject of the main verb. The
subject of the infinitive comes before the infinitive

<<*
1 A:
Fill in the correct infinitive tense.

What would you like ...to do... (do) tonight?

and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them,
etc.), a name (Kate) or a noun (the woman).
e.g. She wants them to leave now. (The subject of
the main verb is ‘she whereas the subject of
B: Let’s (go) to an Italian restaurant.
2 A: What’s Liz doing? the infinitive is ‘them’.)
B: She seems (look)

3 A:
B:

4 A:
for something in her bag.
Alan has been offered a new job!
No, he hasn’t. He just pretended

Colin claims .... .....

(offer) a new job.
(meet) lots of
a Rephrase the following sentences, as in
the example.

1 He must wash the car.

famous people. I want ...him to wash the car.
B: I know, but I don’t believe him. 2 You mustn’t be late for work.
5 A: Look at those two men outside. What are they I don’t want
doing? 3 Claire must tidy her bedroom.
B: They appear (empty) the I want
rubbish bins. 4 She mustn’t go to the disco.
6 A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? I don’t want
B: Not really. I would prefer (go) 5 They must go to school tomorrow.
to the theatre. I want
7 A: Tara seems (work) 6 Gary mustn’t make so much noise.
hard all morning. I don’t want
B: Yes, she hasn’t even stopped for a cup of coffee. 7 You mustn’t make a mess.
8 A: Why is Tom at work so early this morning? I don’t want
B: He wants (finish) early so that 8 He must mend his bike.
he can go to the concert tonight. I want

44
 UNIT 4
-
Infinitive •Too/Enough The -ing form • ticiples
loo / LLIOUOIA <4 In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: this’ fu m Lc/D oai

V I \Sl
r
V L/U T*
t-0 h f
r SB: Ycs% tP £ t Z?L ary.
r/i/1
' (U I can
watch it.t
1 film / scary / watch
2 report / boring / read
3 exercise / difficult / do
4
1 4 shoes / tight / wear
5 car / expensive / buy
I w 6 dish / spicy / eat
7 suitcase / heavy / carry
8 coffee / hot / drink
1 -I

r
He is too young to walk
by himself.
There is enough snow
to build a snowman.
o. Complete the sentences with too or
enough and the adjective in brackets.

1 A: Would you like to come to the disco?

B: Oh no. I’m ...too tired... to go to a disco, (tired)
Too comes bafora adjectives and adverbs. It shows 2 A: Can you reach that top shelf?
that something is more than enough, necessary B: No, I’m not to reach it. (tall)
or wanted, and has a negative meaning. 3 A: Did they go on a picnic yesterday?
B: No. It was to go on a picnic, (cold)
-
too + adjective/adverb + to infinitive
e.g. Tim is too old to join the basketball team.
4 A: Did Jane enjoy the horror film?
B: No. She was to enjoy it. (scared)
(=Tim is so old that he can’t join the basketball
5 A: Does Tom go to school?
team.)
B: No. He isn’t to go to school yet. (old)
They run too fast for me to catch up with them. 6 A: Will you go to London by bus?
(= They run so fast that I can ’t catch up with them.) B: No. The bus is . I’ll take the train, (slow)
too ... for somebody/something 7 A: Did she like the dress you bought?
e.g. This plan is too complicated for me. B: Yes, but it was • (big)

too ... for somebody/something + to - Infinitive 8 A: Take a photograph of me!

e.g. This ring is too expensive for me to buy. B: I can’t. It isn’t in here, (bright)

Enough comes adjectives and adverbs, but

bafore nouns. It shows that there is as much of
something as is wanted or needed and it has a
fiofc Rewrite the sentences using too.

positive meaning. 1 This music is so slow that I can’t dance to it.

Mjacflivefrlveib + enough| te
enough + noun *
+ . •••This mueic i& too eiow for me to dance to.

2 The bird is so weak that it can’t fly.

e.g. He’s clever enough to solve the problem.
(= He is so clever that he can solve the prob¬ 3 She’s so busy that she can’t come out with us.
lem.)
4 The car was so expensive that he couldn’t buy it.
We Ve got enough money to go on holiday
this year. 5 These shoes are so small that they don’t fit me.
(= We Ve got so much money that we can go
on holiday this year.) 6 The book is so boring that she can’t read it.
(not) + adjective + enough + to infinitive-
e.g. We are old enough to vote, (positive meaning) 7 I was so tired that I couldn’t keep my eyes open.
We are not old enough to vote, (negative
meaning) 8 The coffee was so strong that he couldn’t drink it.

45
UNIT 4
-
Infinit W- 100/Enough The -ing form Participles -
m LUC! 'to L III 4 after the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen to
and notice to describe an incomplete action, that
is to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a
part of the action.
a*, e.g. I heard Jack talking on the phone.
(= I heard Jack while he was talking on the
phone. I heard part of the action in progress.

\\%
SN
I didn ’t listen to the whole conversation.)
But: see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice +
bare infinitive describe a complete action,
something that somebody saw, heard, etc.
p- from beginning to end.
e.g. I heard Jack talk on the phone. (= I heard
the whole conversation from beginning to
end.)

f Jk

ieynj: ilie io -tiuiiiHive

oi iliir -iuy (etui williouijc
III llUrCllliliy
Windsurfing is a popular summer sport. begin, start, continue
A lot of young people spend hours windsurfing. We never have two -ing forms together.
e.g. They started talking/to talk.
But: It's beginning to get dark.
(NOT: It '3 beginning dark.)
getting
4 advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage
4 as a noun. e.g. Swimming keeps you fit. take the to-infinitive when they are followed by
an object or when they are in the passive form.
4 after prepositions. They take the -ing form when they are not fol¬
lowed by an object.
e.g. He left without saying goodbye. e.g. They don ’t allow us to park here, (object)
We aren’t allowed to park here, (passive)
4 after love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate and prefer to They don ’t allow parking here, (no object)
express general preference.
e.g. She likes going for long walks. 4 need/require/want + -Ing form
This construction often shows that it is necessary
4 after certain verbs ( avoid, deny, consi
look to repair or improve something. ‘Need’ can also
forward to, confess to, fancy, involve, mention, be followed by a passive infinitive.
risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, imag¬
e.g. The flat needs decorating.
The flat needs to be decorated.
ine, etc.).
e.g. Jessica spent all day shopping.

4 after go for activities.

e.g. They often go climbing at the weekends.
K In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: Why does Sarah giggle much?

4 after: it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, it’s no good, be SB: Well, she doesn’t enjoy giggling, she just can’t
busy, what’s the use of ...?, there’s no point in, help doing it.
can’t help, can’t stand, used to, have dif¬
ficulty (in). 1 Sarah / giggle so much?
e.g. It’s no use waiting for the bus. It won’t come. 2 you / always chew your pen?
3 he / blush all the time?
4 she / bite her nails?
5 you / shout at the children?

46
 UNIT 4
Infinitive •Too/Enough •The -ing form • Jiciples
Underline the correct preposition and 11 Our teacher makes us (do) home-
-
fill in the gaps with the ing form of the work every evening.

...
P
verb in brackets. 12 The kitchen windows need (clean).
13 They have begun (make)
1 He is ill. He is complaining •• •
preparations for the party.
(have) a headache.
14 He advised her (speak) to her boss.
2 Marcus went out instead for/of (do)
15 I dislike (go) to the theatre alone.
his homework.
16 Mr Roberts was seen .... (leave) his
3 Tracy was very excited with /about ...
house at 12:15 last night.
(go) to the party.
17 My sister can’t stand (watch)
4 I hope you have a good excuse
(be) so late.
horror films. She gets terribly scared.
5 Sam is interested in/for (take up)
18 Can you imagine (spend) your
holidays on the moon?
French lessons.
19 There's no point in (call) again.
6 You can’t stop him to/from (take)
There’s no one at home.
the job if he wants to.
20 I don’t allow people (smoke) in my
7 Susie ran because she was worried about/of
(miss) the bus. house.
(help) me with
21 It was silly of you .... (forget) to lock
8 Thank you to/for
the door.
my homework.
22 He risks (lose) his wallet when he
9 She felt tired because she wasn’t used to/with
(work) so hard.
leaves it on his desk.
10 His boss blamed him for/of (lose)
the deal. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
11 I am in charge in/of
Christmas deliveries.
(make) the P -
infinitive form or the ing form.

12 We are thinking (buy) a

1 A: Is Anne in the room?
new car next month. B: Yes. I can see her ...dancing... (dance) with her
13 Sandra apologised for/about husband over there.
(ruin) the performance.
2 A: Did you see the robber?
14 Ian was talking with/about (open)
B: Yes. I saw him (get) into the car
a shop in York. and drive away.
3 A: Is John here today?
B: Yes. I heard him ... (talk) on the
Put the verbs in brackets into the
P -
correct infinitive form or the ing form. phone as I walked past his office.
4 A: Colin is good at speaking in public, isn’t he?
B: Yes. I heard him (make) a
1 It’s no use ...talking... (talk) to Bob; he won’t change speech last month. It was excellent.
his mind. 5 A: I walked past the sports centre today.
2 She will (return) the books next B: So did I, and I stopped for a moment to watch
weekend. some boys (play) football.
3 It was good of you 6 A: Your hair looks great today.
(help) me fix my bicycle. B: Thanks. I watched the hairdresser
4 The man suggested (dry) it so I could learn how to do it myself.
(call) the police in, to investigate. 7 A: That’s a music school, isn’t it?
5 I can’t get used to (live) in such a B: That’s right. I often hear the students
hot country. (sing) as I walk past.
6 He admitted .. (rob) the bank. 8 A: Did you stay until the end of the contest?
7 You had better (hurry), or you'll B: Yes. I listened to the chairman
be late for work. (announce) the results before I went home.
8 They refused (give) me my 9 A: How do you know Tim is at home?
money back. B: I saw him (cut) the grass as I
9 She is too short (become) a was driving home.
fashion model. 10 A: How do you know that man stole the watch ?
10 My parents let me (stay) up late B: I saw him (put) it in his pocket and
at weekends. leave the shop without paying.

47
UNIT 4
Infinitiyiw
- -
100/Enough The -mg form fortkiples -
Veibb- icLiuc; ilit iel-iuuiiUiYtr -
like + to inf = think that sth is good or right to
oi ilie -iuc; lot m willi S cliciuciir do
in niL-uiiiuy e.g. I tolike
exercise every day.

#
like + -ing form =
enjoy (general preference)
e.g. She likes swimming.
-
forget + to inf = not remember would like + to inf- = want (specific preference)
e.g. I’m sorry, I forgot to call you. e.g. I would like to see this film.
forget + -ing form = not recall
e.g. I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal. be afraid + to - inf (the subject is unwilling to
do sth)
-
remember + to inf = not forget
e.g. Remember to call Jack tonight.
e.g. He is afraid to take the test in case he fails again.
be afraid of + -Ing form = (the subject is afraid that
remember + -ing form = recall what is described by the -ing form may happen)
e.g. I don’t remember seeing you here before. e.g. She doesn’t want to ride the horse.
She is afraid of falling and hurting herself.
go on + to inf = then -
e.g. He welcomed us and went on to offer us some
drinks.
go on + -ing form = continue Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
e.g. They went on talking for hours. P infinitive form or the -
form.

-
mean + to inf = intend to
e.g. She means to open her own shop.
1 I’ll never forget ...Bailing... (sail) down the Danube
on that warm spring night last year.
mean + -ing form = involve 2 Please don’t forget (pay) the bill.
e.g. Being a pilot means travelling a lot. 3 John said he remembers
(buy) the newspaper, but now he can’t find it.
-
regret + to inf = be sorry to 4 Did you remember (post) my
e.g. I regret to inform you that you have failed the letters today?
exam. 5 Gloria regrets (shout) at her sister.
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about 6 I regret ... (inform) you that
e.g. I regret making that mistake; I lost my job. we cannot give you your money back.
7 The students went on (write)
- =
try + to inf attempt, do one’s best for another hour.
e.g. He tried to win the race. 8 After cleaning the windows, he went on
try + -ing form = do sth as an experiment (wash) the car.
e.g. Try exercising, you may lose weight. 9 We are sorry (announce) that
the 7:15 train to Liverpool has been cancelled.
-
stop + to inf = stop briefly to do sth else
e.g. He stopped to drink some tea and then
10 I’m sorry for
day party; I’ll make it up to you.
(miss) your birth-

continued working. 11 She stopped (go) to the gym

stop + -ing form = finish, give up after she had got back into shape.
e.g. He stopped eating junk food because it is 12 They stopped (have) a rest
before they continued their journey.
unhealthy.
13 They tried (open) the door,
be sorry + to
action
- inf = apologise for a present but it was stuck.
14 You should try (make) your
e.g. I’m sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a own clothes. It’s much cheaper.
question? 15 I’m sorry. I didn’t mean (break)
your vase.
be sorry for + -ing form = apologise for an 16 Being a teacher means (correct)
earlier action a lot of homework.
e.g. I’m sorry for shouting at you. 17 I like (tidy) my room at week¬
ends because I don’t have time during the week.
18 They like (play) in the sea on hot days.

48
 UNIT 4

Put the verbs in brackets into the

-
Infinitive Too/Enough The -ing form -
Put the verbs in brackets into the
- Mciples
J /»
1
° correct Infinitive form or the • form. 1®> correct Infinitive form or the -Ing form.

My neighbour, Mr Mason, loves 1) ...epending... (spend)

time in his garden. He would rather 2) Dear Jessica
(work) outside than stay indoors, even when it is snow¬
How are you? I’m busy 1) ...9tudyin ... (study) for
ing! Early in the morning, you can 3) my exam which is next week, but I’ve decided 2)
(see) Mr Mason 4) (eat) breakfast in (take) a break and 3)
his garden, and late at night he is there again, with a cup

. . . .
(write) you a letter. 4) (read) so
of cocoa in his hand. I’d like 5) many notes and 5)
(help) sometimes when there is

. . . . . . . . ...... .
(learn) so many facts is making me very tired. I can’t
lots of work to do, but Mr wait 6) (finish) my course! Then, I
Mason prefers 6) can start 7) (look) for a good job. t
(do) everything
Sophie started her new job last month. 8)
himself. He doesn’t mind

...........
(work) at the hospital suits her - she
7) S loves 9) ... (look) after people. She
(get) cold and wet in the hopes 10) (stay) in this job for
winter, and his wife says
-4 I 4s a couple of years and then she intends 11)
it’s no use 8)
(try) to make him wear a ¥ (try) for a promotion.
By the way, how are you getting on now that you
i

...
waterproof jacket because are a manager? I forgot 12)
he hates 9) (congratulate) you when I saw you.
(wear) them! Mr Mason says he will go j Anyway, I’ve got to go now. Write soon and tell me
on 10) (garden) until
all your news, won’t you?
he is too old 11) (do) it!
Best Wishes,
Maggie
.* M
j
*
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
Infinitive form or the -ing form.
Complete the sentences, as in the
1 I don’t know what 1) ...to do... (do) at the weekend. example.

...............
I fancy 2) (go) to the cinema, but
none of my friends enjoy 3) (watch)
1 John said, ‘I didn’t take the money.’
films very much.
John denied ...taking... the money.
2 Paul had his driving test today. He tried 1)
(not/make) any mistakes, but he 2 ‘I broke the window,’ said Gary.
Gary confessed to the window.

.......
failed. He expects 2) (pass) the
test the next time he takes it. 3 ‘Yes, I’ll look after your dog for you,’ said Anne.
3 Tom often goes 1) (walk) at the Anne agreed after my dog.
weekends. He doesn’t like 2) 4 Alice said, ‘I hate travelling by bus.’
Alice complained about by bus.

................
(take) anyone with him because he prefers
3) (be) alone while he walks. 5 The boss said to the employees, ‘You have until 5
4 We had better 1) (hurry) home o’clock to finish the reports.’
tonight because our parents have promised 2) The boss expects his employees
(take) us out for dinner. I don’t the reports by 5 o’clock.
know why they want 3) (eat) out, but 6 My father said to me, ‘Don’t come home late,’ but I
we must 4) (arrive) home on time. didn’t listen.
5 James is rich and can afford 1) (buy) My father warned me about home
expensive things. He is always willing 2) late, but I didn’t listen.
(lend) money to people who need it, because he 7 ‘You can all go home early,’ said the professor.
The professor allowed us

.......
enjoys 3) (help) others.
6 My parents let me 1) (stay) at home early.
my friend’s house last weekend. They agreed 8 The coach said to the players, ‘Don’t let the ball out
2) (take) me in the car and they of your sight.’
made me 3) (promise) to behave The coach ordered the players
myself. It was a great weekend! the ball out of their sight.

49
UNIT 4
-
Infinit IV™ ioo/Enough The -ing form Participles -
20*1 Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct infinitive form or the •ing form.

S: Good afternoon, madam. Can 1 1) ...help... (help) you?

‘.............
9 ‘Why did you go to the supermarket?

A To buy
some flour.’

10 ‘Do you know who

B Buy C Buying
to in the office?
‘Yes, Mrs Jacobs.’
W: Yes, please. I want 2) (buy) a new
washing machine.
A speaking B speak C to speak
S: I see. How much money would you like 3)
(spend)?
W: I don’t want anything too expensive. IN OTHER WORDS
S: Alright then, I can 4) (show) you this Study these examples. The second sentence
model over here. It’s reliable, and it doesn’t cost too has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
much money.
W: Is it very difficult 5) (use)? 1 Spending a lot of money on clothes is foolish.
S: Not at all, but you must 6) (read) the to It is foolish to spend a lot of money on
instruction manual before you try to turn it on. clothes.
W: Oh, I always have difficulty in 7) 2 This car is too expensive for me to buy.
(understand) manuals. Could you 8) enough This car is not cheap enough for me to
(explain) how the machine works? buy.
S: Certainly. You’ll soon learn how 9) 3 The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
(operate) it. It’s very simple. too The tea is too hot for me to drink.

.........
W: That’s good, because, as a working mother, I don’t
have much time to spare for things like this.
S: Don’t worry, madam. First, you must 10) .
(put) the clothes in the machine •• •
»
4 The teacher made us learn the poem by heart.
made

eat
We were made to learn the poem by
heart by the teacher.
5 Eating is not allowed in the office.
Nobody is allowed to eat in the office.
6 Your room needs cleaning.
cleaned Your room needs to be cleaned.
21 Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘ Welcome home.’
Thanks. It’s very nice ..A... back.
__ Complete each sentence with two to
A to be B be C to being 22h five words, including the word in bold.
2 is good for your health.’
‘I know, but I don’t enjoy it.’ 1 The jumper is so small that I can’t wear it.
A To have exercised B Exercising too The jumper is ...too email for me... to wear.
C To exercising 2 Staring at people is rude.
3 ‘You have to . home early tonight. to It is at people.
‘I will.’ 3 Your hair needs cutting.
A be coming B come C coming cut Your hair needs
4 ‘Do you watch TV very often? 4 This house is too small for our family to live in.
'No. I consider it a waste of time. enough This house
A to be B being C is for our family to live in.
5 Father made me clean my room yesterday.
5 ‘Did you enjoy the play?’
made my room
‘Yes. Were you involved in the scenery?
yesterday by Father.
A make B to make C making
6 Pictures are not allowed to be taken inside the
6 ‘Does your son study very much? museum.
‘No, he spends his time television.’ take Visitors
A to watch B watching C watch pictures inside the museum.
7 ‘Did anyone help you with your homework? 7 Speaking with your mouth full is bad manners.
‘No. I managed it by myself. to It is
A do B to do C doing with your mouth full.
8 ‘Let’s go out tonight. 8 The ground is so slippery that I can’t walk on it.
‘I’d rather at home. I’m tired.’ too The ground to
A staying B to stay C stay walk on.

50
 UNIT 4
Infinitive •Too/Enough •The -ing form - n
Jiciples
m l i LeiljleS: 23> Underline the correct word.

1 A: Have you read that new book yet?

The participles are:
B: Only some of it. It’s very bored/boring
a) present participles (playing, running, etc.),
2 A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
b) past participles (played, written, etc.) and Oh, yes. It was very relaxed/relaxing.
B:
c) perfect participles (having written, etc.). 3 A: I’m going to a lecture tonight. Do you want to
4 Present and past participles can be used as come?
adjectives. B: No thanks. I’m not interested/interesting in the
The present participle (-Ing) describes what some¬ subject.
body or something is (it answers the question 4 A: Did you hurt yourself when you fell?
B. No, but it was very emb
‘What kind?’). The pMt participle (-ed) describes
5 A: Shall I turn off the lights?
how somebody feels (it answers the question ‘How
B: No. I’m frightened/frightening of the dark.
do you feel?’).
6 A: Was Mother upset when you broke her vase?
e.g. It's a very tiring job. (What kind of job? Tiring.)
B: Not really, but she was very annoyed/annoying.
He's very tired. (How does he feel? Tired.)
7 A: How do you feel today?
Participles can also be used: B: I still feel very tired/tiring.
4 to express time. 8 A: I haven’t seen Mr Green for several days.
e.g. After doing/having done her homework, she B: Neither have I. It’s a bit
watched TV.
Having done her homework, she watched TV.
(=After she had done her homework, she Rewrite the sentences using participles.
watched TV.)
He broke his arm (while) playing hockey.
(=He broke his arm while he was playing 1 He was lying on the bed and he was reading a
hockey.) book.
•••
4 to express reason. 2 Lisa took a deep breath and dived into the water.
e.g. Being late, Adam took a taxi.
(= Because he was late, Adam took a taxi.) 3 Jack burnt his finger while he was lighting a fire.
Having spent all her money, Pam asked for a
loan. 4 After Ann had ironed the clothes, she put them
(= Because she had spent all her money, away.
Pam asked for a loan.)
4 instead of a relative pronoun and full verb. 5 Because he was cold, James turned on the heater.
e.g. The man standing at the door is my boss.
(= The man who is standing at the door is my 6 The photographs, which were taken at the recep¬
boss.) tion, were blurred.
The information presented in the article was
invaluable. 7 Alison washed the paintbrushes before she painted
(= The information which was presented in the living room.
the article was invaluable.)
4 instead of the past simple in narratives when 8 She was sitting on the sofa and she was knitting a
we describe actions happening immediately jumper.
one after the other.
e.g. Seeing the shadow, he screamed. 9 The girl who is sitting next to Alison is Vicky.
(=He saw the shadow and he screamed.)
4 to avoid repeating the past continuous in the 10 Because he had forgotten to do the shopping, he
same sentence. ate out that night.
e.g. She was climbing up a ladder carrying a bucket.
(=She was climbing up a ladder and she was 11 Emma turned the key in the lock and opened the
carrying a bucket.) door.

51
UNIT 4
Infinit IV" ioo/Enough •The -mg form •Wartkiples
Prepositions
angry at/with sb for sth
annoyed with sb for sth
complain to sb about sb/sth
polite to sb
rude to sb
shout at sb
sion Box
different to/from sb/sth wait for sb/sth
differ from sb/sth write to sb
27 Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘Do you like going to the cinema?

25 Underline the correct preposition. ‘Yes. I usually ...C ••• at least once a month.
A am going B go C have gone
1 Mary is always polite to/at her parents. 2 ‘You look serious.
2 Sam was told off for being rude at/to his teacher. ‘Yes. I to solve a difficult problem.’
3 The policemen shouted at/to the thieves who tried A have tried B try C am trying
to run away. 3 ‘Would you like to go out tonight?
4 Jessica waited to/for the bus for an hour in the rain. ‘Not really. I’m exhausted. I hard all
5 Rosie is writing to/at her pen-friend. day.’
6 I am angry about/with Sue for taking my favourite shirt. A have worked B am working
7 He was annoyed with his brother in/for making so C have been working
much noise. 4 ‘When are you going to buy a new car?’
8 I’m going to complain to my boss with/about the ‘Well, I two that I like, but I can’t decide
lighting in the office. which one to buy.
9 John’s opinions differ to/from Anne’s, so they argue A have been seeing B have seen
a lot. C see
10 The film is different from/at the book.
5 ‘Does Stuart often go sailing in the winter?
He
A does seldom B seldom does
Phrasal Verbs
C doesn’t seldom
get away: escape 6 ‘Does Peter know how to drive?’
get on: 1) make progress (also get along) ‘Of course. He for years, now.

.......
A has driven B is driving
2) enter a bus, train, etc. (opp. get off)
C has been driving
get on with sb: have a friendly relationship with sb; 7 ‘Has Sarah moved out of her parents’ house yet?
get along with sb ‘Oh, yes. She in a flat in town now.’
A has lived B has been living C lives
get through: 1) reach sb by telephone
8 ‘Do you have breakfast in the morning?’
2) manage to finish sth ‘No, I ’
A do never B never do C don’t never
9 ‘When are you seeing Paul next?’
Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal ‘We to meet next Tuesday.’
26J verb. A have been arranging B arrange
C have arranged
10 ‘Is there a supermarket in your town?’
1 I ...g ... very well • •
• •• my new neighbours.
•

(get along with) ‘Yes. There one here for quite a while.
2 I tried to all morning but A is being B has been C is
the phone was engaged, (reach sb by telephone) 11 ‘Have you done your homework yet?’
3 I’ll go home early tonight if I ... ‘Yes. I always it before dinner.’
all my work, (manage to finish) A am doing B have done C do
4 Tom the bus outside the 12 ‘Where is Bob?
cinema, (entered) ‘He Jimmy to the park.’
5 The police chased the thieves but they managed to A has been taking B has taken C takes
(escape)

52
 UNIT 4
Infinitive •Too/Enough •The >ing form • ticiples
ORA L
sion Box Activity
Edith Grant is an advertising executive. She was recently
interviewed about her life. Look at the reporter’s notes
and make sentences, as in the example.
28> Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense. e.g. Edith is busy planning a new campaign for a food
company these days.
Last night, a bomb 1) ••• XU iea... (explode) outside
the main branch of the Trusty Bank in Barton. The
police 2) (receive) an anonymous
phone call minutes before the explosion. The bomb
/
i
- 1'

squad 3) (drive) to the bank when the 4 \

bomb 4) (go off). There 5)

Ur'
(be) no one inside the bank, but a security guard
*
m
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ . . .
6) (sit) at the car park entrance.
He suffered minor injuries from pieces of broken glass.
Late last night, police officers 7)
(still/search) the scene for evidence and they 8)
(question) the people living in the
area. The security guard 9) (recover)
from his injuries in hospital. No one 10) • be busy / plan / a new campaign for a food company
(yet/claim) responsibility for the blast. these days
• spend / hours / try out / new ideas
• enjoy / work / with young people as they are very
29, Choose the correct answer. imaginative
• find it difficult / combine business and family life
1 She ••• ... the door when she heard the phone ring. • can’t stand / travel / abroad on business
A had just locked B is locking C locks
• would like / see / more older people in commercials
2 They . for hours when they stopped to have
• hope / win / award for her work at the next advertising
awards ceremony
lunch. • want / go on / work for a number of years
A were working B had been working C worked
3 I for two hours by 12 o’clock.
A will have been reading B will have read
C am reading IT I
4 He the letter as soon as it arrived.
A had opened B opened C had been opening Activity
5 Sarah dinner when she burnt her finger. Jason Watson is the reporter who interviewed Edith
A was cooking B cooks C is cooking Grant. He’s written an article about her. Look at the Oral
6 Philip his dinner by the time we get home. Activity again and complete his article.
A had been having B will have had C will have
7 The people for an hour before the rescuers |L Q Q A L Advertising executive Edith Grant started
came. with a very small business. Now, she has
A had been waiting B waited C are waiting SUCCESS to organise her time very carefully. She is
8 Emily her lunch already, even though it’s STORY busy planning a new campaign for a food
only 10 o’clock. company these days
A has eaten B was eating C ate

.....
9 Tom his homework ever since he got home
from school.
A has been doing B is doing C does
10 My parents .. to bed by the time I got home.
A are going B had been going C had gone

5?
 Revision 1 (Units l - 4)
23 They together for five years.
1 Choose the correct answer. A work B are working C have worked
24 I think James us tomorrow.

.......
A has visited B visit C will visit
1 The problem of pollution ••• worse these
C... days.
A will get B got C is getting 25 is my favourite form of exercise.

............. ...
A Jogging B Jog C To jog
2 This time yesterday we in the sea.
A swam B are swimming C were swimming 26 The boys avoided through the dark forest.
A walking B to walk C walk
3 the housework, Maggie sat down to rest.
A Doing B Having done C Done 27 Mary seems a fight with Jack again.
A have had B to have C to have had
4 Doris in that office since April.
A has been working B works C is working 28 They don’t allow in the examination room.
A talking B talk C to talk
5 He was hot because he in the sun.
A sat B had been sitting C is sitting 29 Peter forty years old in January.
A be B will be C has been
6 I to you as soon as I get home.
30 I you a new coat next winter.
A wrote B have written C will write
A have bought B will buy C bought
7 Paul .... abroad once a month on business. 31 The whole class studied hard, so they all
A travels B is travelling C travel
their exams.
8 They .. a lot of animals at the zoo last weekend. A are passing B pass C passed
A see B saw C are seeing
32 I James tonight. We have arranged it.
9 some spare time, Tom went for a walk. A see B ’m seeing C saw
A Having B Have C To have
10 It’s no use
A push
... the door. It’s locked.
B to push
11 •The lawyer advised us
A pay B paying
C pushing
the money immediately.
C to pay
33 The boss has decided
A to rent
34 You had better
A taking
B renting
........ a bigger office.
C rent
your umbrella with you today.
B to take C take

12 Karen suggested
A buy
a new car.
B buying
13 It’s very cold in here. I
A put B had put
C to buy
the heating on.
C will put
35 They

36 I think my sister
A become
...........
for half an hour when the doctor came.
A have waited B had been waiting C wait
a dancer one day.
B is becoming C will become
37 Look at the sunshine! It a beautiful day.
14 We expect everyone to the meeting.
A come B to come C coming A is going to be B is being C be
15 She was lying on her bed .. about the party.
A thinking B to think C think
16 They are considering
A open B opening
another shop next year.
C to open
& Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.

17 This time next month I in a new house.

..........
A Last month, Julie 1) went... (go) on holiday to
••

A will live B am living C will be living France with her husband, Rob. They 2)
18 The match . .. at two o’clock tomorrow afternoon. (stay) in a small country hotel. They 3)
A start B has started C starts (have) such a wonderful time that they 4)
(already/decide) to go back again next i
19 She claims .... Brad Pitt last year.

.............
year. Julie 5) (look forward) to it. '
A to meet B to have met C have met
20 Samantha is starting a new job tomorrow. She B Yesterday, while I 1) (shop), I :
forward to it. purse the supermarket.

.
2) (leave) my in i
A is looking B looks C look ... (put) it in my bag*
I really thought I 3)

.........
21 He to work when the accident happened. because I 4) (be) always careful. >

A is driving B was driving C drove Luckily, a man found my purse while he

(
was
9lve)
doing
’rt back
J
22 They were happy to hear they a prize. his shopping and 5) |
to me. I must try to be more careful in future. J
A win B had won C were winning

54
 Revision 1 (Units 1-4)

a. Underline the correct item.

1 Everyone enjoys to go/go/going on holiday.

10 I tried to call the company, but I couldn’t get

11 Caroline gets
friends.
very well with all my

2 You must eating/to eat/eat lots of fresh vegetables. 12 My favourite author has just brought
3 I would rather learn/learning/to learn French than a new novel.
Spanish.
4 He is tired of to work office. /w
/working
in that
5 I have decided to have/having/have a party next
weekend.
6 We managed repair
repair the roof./to
/repairing
<4 Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.

7 He advised me wear/wearing/to wear warm clothes. 1 I’ve never read such an interesting book.
8 They denied breaking/to break/break the window. ever It’s the most i/L/ I L
11

9 My parents let me to use/use/using their car. cvt

V Va read.
•••

10 They refused to give/give/giving him any more money. 2 That bag is too heavy for her to lift.
enough That bag isn't
for her to lift.

L Underline the correct preposition. 3 I haven’t finished painting the house yet.
still

1
2
3
4

5
Tom wants to concentrate /n/on his medical studies.
Lots of children are afraid to/of the dark.
That wardrobe belongs to/at my husband’s family.
The jar was full of/with shells I’d collected at the
beach.
They got in/to the office in time for the meeting.
made

have
........
4 Our teacher made us do the test again.
We

They
the house.

the test again by our teacher.

5 It’s a long time since they last went out.

for a long time.

6 James is waiting from/for his mother. 6 When did Pauline leave home?
7 That man comes from/to Canada. since How long
8 Karen writes with/to her family regularly. Pauline left home?
9 You must be polite at/to the elderly. 7 They didn’t begin eating until everyone had arrived.
10 My teacher is married to/with a doctor. before They waited until everyone
11 I’m not interested for/in sports. eating.
12 I like to listen at/to the radio in the mornings. 8 They haven’t finished reading the book yet.
still They
the book.
Fill In the gaps with the correct particle 9 She’s never eaten pizza before.
from the list. first It’s the
eaten pizza.
into, up, on, through, out, down
10 I haven’t seen Melanie for three years.
1 School breaks •up... for the summer next week.
••
time The last
2 War broke .... in the country, was three years ago.
but it didn’t last long. 11 That shelf is so high that I can’t reach it.
3 I’ve got so much work to get too That shelf
that I can’t leave early today. to reach.

.....
4 Doctors are carrying tests to 12 When did they join the company?
find out what is wrong. ago How long
5 Our car broke yesterday morning. the company?
6 Someone broke my neighbour’s 13 It was the first time she had been to Europe.
house last night. never She
7 He gets the school bus outside to Europe before.
his house. 14 Going out in the snow without a coat is foolish.
8 While they were talking, I carried to It is
with my work. in the snow without a coat.
9 David was brought in the 15 Your room needs tidying.
countryside, as his parents were farmers. tidied Your room needs
UNIT 5
Mod-
r
The verbs must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and ought (to) are modal verbs. They
express meanings such as obligation, necessity, certainty, ability, possibility, lack of necessity, offers,
suggestions, requests, logical assumptions, permission, prohibition, advice and criticism.
Modal verbs:
do not take an -s, -ing or -ed suffix, e.g. m
m
9 m

are followed by a bare infinitive except for ought which is followed by a fo infinitive. *

e.g. He may be ill. * 9

0

go before the subject in questions and are followed by not in negations.

e.g. Can I talk to you? He couldn’t speak.
do not usually have tenses. They can refer to the present or the future.
e.g. You can call now. (present) You can call tomorrow, (future)

l U i= t
- -
obligation necessity duty logical assumptions
must = It Is your duty to do sth/you are obliged to a) positive logical assumptions
do sth must = 1 am sure/certain
\
b) For negative logical assumptions we usually
\ use can’t.
You must stop when the traffic v

light is red. (= You are obliged to N.

*
> a*
stop when the traffic light is red.) %

prohibition II
mustn’t/can’t = It’s forbidden to do sth/
you are not allowed to do sth/
It is against the rules / law
r s
You mustn’t/can’t park here. 1

. t. \I ,

(= You are not allowed to park

here. It's against the law.) a) They must be the boy's parents.
(I’m sure they are the boy's parents.)
b) They can’t be the boy's grandparents.
(I 'm sure they are not the boy 's grandparents.)
strong advice
must = I strongly advise you to do sth/ Must can only be used to talk about the present
mi %
or near future. We use have to when we need to
r You must use other tenses.
behave yourself *

e.g. He had to work late yesterday, so he didn go to

MM * H
V at school. the party.
(= You really
should behave present simple = must/have to
yourself at school,
K past simple = had to
or you ’ll get into present perfect = have/has had to
trouble.) future simple = must/will have to

56
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
Keivcf ic/ K7umi/| N-eeeLi' i/
uoi to ,!•
#
>* DOLI'I [lave iii * *

=
4 must It is necessary to do sth 4 mustn't = It Is forbidden to do sth/you are not
We use must when the speaker decides that allowed to do sth r
something is necessary. We use mustn to ’t 1
:’ L
I must find a
express prohibition. :c

ki hotel to stay at SI

tonight.
A
v* L V.
They mustn’t play on X 5’
(The young man
the railway track.
ilii (Playing on the railway «
has made the
\

V
decision himself.) track is forbidden.)

=
4 have to it is necessary to do sth
4 needn’t = It Isn't necessary to do sth
We use have to when
somebody else other o We use needn ’t to express lack of necessity.
than the speaker has We can also use don't/
made the decision. doesn’t need to or
dont/doesnl have to
"il't*
1 1
JFTi
I have to wear a for the same purpose.
uniform at work. j
(Somebody else has 1 The farmer needn ’tf
made the decision.) /
i doesn ’t need to/
doesn’t have to buy
Questions and negations with have to are formed any eggs. (= It isn 't
with do, does or d/d. necessary for the farmer
4 Must and have to have different meanings in to buy any eggs.)
questions.
Compare the following examples:
Must I do my
homework now? <L Fill in the gaps with mustn’t or needn’t/
don’t have to.

(The boy wants to know 1 A: Shall I help you with your shopping?
whether his mother B: No, you ...needn't]don't have to. I can manage
insists on his doing his by myself.
1/ homework right away.) 2 A: You play football
inside the house.
Do / have to type B: I’m sorry. I'll go outside.
these letters now? 3 A: Do you want anything from the supermarket?
o
B: No, you get me anything
(The secretary wants
today, thank you. I’m going out myself later.
to know whether it is
necessary for her 4 A: You be late for work tomorrow morning.
B: I know. I’ll try to arrive early.
r* to type the letters right
5 A: You take these books
away.)
out of the library.
4 Have got to has the same meaning as have to, B: I know. It’s forbidden.
and it is usually used in everyday speech. 6 A: Shall I make an appointment for you at the
e.g. ‘Sorry! I’ve got to go now. My bus leaves in a dentist’s?
few minutes. ’ B: No, you . I’ll do it
myself next week.

57
UNIT 5
Mod r* rbs
li Rephrase the following sentences
using must, mustn’t, needn’t, has to or
doesn’t have to.
Qi Rephrase the following sentences using
didn’t need to or needn’t have done.

1 You aren’t allowed to park your car in the college 1 It wasn’t necessary for him to wash the car. It wasn’t
car park. dirty.
..You mustn't park your car In the college car park. ••
•• He didn't need to wash the car.
2 I strongly advise you to speak to your parents about 2 It wasn’t necessary for her to buy so many oranges,
your decision but she did.
3 It isn’t necessary for Emma to attend tomorrow’s staff
meeting 3 It wasn’t necessary for us to take an umbrella. It
4 Jack is obliged to wear a suit and a tie at work wasn’t raining.
because the manager says so
5 I’m sure Antonio is from Milan 4 It wasn’t necessary for us to turn on the light. It wasn’t
6 It’s necessary for Roger to find a job soon. dark.

7 It’s forbidden to use mobile phones inside the hospital. 5 It wasn’t necessary for him to call me today, but he did.

8 Susan is obliged to work overtime because her boss 6 It wasn’t necessary for you to make sandwiches for
says so me, but you did.

L? kill i Liecra io 7 It wasn’t necessary for them to make reservations at

the restaurant, but they did.
I
KeCrCLl'i eio
lack of necessity
=
A

didn't need to + Infinitive R was not necessary to

dosth
It shows that an action did not happen in the past
because we knew it was not necessary.
a Rewrite the sentences using the word
in bold.

1 It isn’t necessary for Mark to buy new clothes for the

reception.
need ...Mark doesn't need to/needn't buy new
f \
clothes for the reception
They didn’t need to cut *ÿ*'<
2 You aren’t allowed to pick these flowers.
any more wood. . must
(=lt wasn necessary 't i 3 Sarah is obliged to type her compositions at univer¬
for them to cut any more sity.
wood, so they didn ’t). I has
4 It wasn’t necessary for Paula to make the beds.
need
i 5 It is your duty to obey the law.
needn’t have + past participle * It was not nec¬ must
essary to do sth, but It was done 6 It wasn’t necessary for Bob to wait for me, but he
It shows that an action did.
happened in the past, 4f<sLr need
even though it was not
necessary. f 7 It is forbidden to throw litter on the beach.
must
8 I’m sure Ronald is at home.
You needn’t have must
bought me a gift. 9 It wasn’t necessary for Alice to bake a cake for the
party.
(= It wasn ’t necessary for need
him to buy her a gift, but 10 It wasn’t necessary for George to stay at work late
he did.) last night, but he did.
have

70
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
1
Cell/ Co u l(i
ability in the present giving / refusing
permission
=
can I am able to •
a) can/may you are allowed to do ath
May is more formal than can.
1C b) cant/mustnt/may not you are not allowed to
He can fly an * *
do sth
aeroplane. May not is formal and is usually used in written
notices.

ability in the past

could = used to be able to (past repeated action) You can ’t see
Kim tonight, but you
I could ski can see her tomor- !
v
very well when \ row if you like.
nwi
I was young. X rw %
AC!

YOU MAY NOT

V LEAVE YOUR
LUGGAGE HERE.
* L

offers I
Can/Could/Shall I ...? I
= Would you like me *
asking permission to ...?
Can/Could/May/Might I ...? =
Do you/Would you We use these struc¬
mind if ...? tures when we offer
We use these structures to ask permission to do
something. Could and may are more polite than
to do something. i
can. Might is formal. Can/Could/Shaliÿ\ I
> A
I get you anything
>-
a) (informal) from the super¬ r

market? *
/ 1i 0%
*
/

Can I go &
' $

\ swimming?
A

No, you suggestions

J
can ’t. We can/could Shall we ...? Let’s ••
•••/
)

= •/
.
I

How about ...?/What about ...?/Why don’t we ...?

b) (more formal) JM \
x
Could/May/Might 0 What
I have a look at this shall we do I

report? tonight?

Certainly.

We normally reply with ‘Certainly.’/‘Of course.’/ We can/could

‘Why not.’/‘No, I’m afraid you can’t.’ go to the cinema /

59
UNIT 5
Mod r* rbs
requests b) could/might + perfect infinitive = it was possi¬
Can/Could/Will/Would you ...? ble, but it didn’t happen
We use these structures when we ask some¬
body to do something for us. Would and could
'
are more rfvll

9
;r
polite than can
and will.
'
jv * I r

Can/Could/Will/
Would you help me
rUP' m i
.
-I
with my French home- i
, work please? A £ *

Yesterday, there was a terrible accident.

We normally reply with ‘Certainly'/‘Of course'/ The driver could have been killed.
‘I’m sorry, but I can’t.' (Luckily, he wasn’t.)

* negative logical assumptions Can is used in the present. Could is the past
can’t = I’m sure/certain that sth isn’t true/real tense of can. We use be able to to form all the
etc. other tenses.
e.g. I will be able to get a job when I finish school.
For positive logical assumptions we do not use
can’t; we use must. present simple: can, am/is/are able to
past simple: could, was/were able to

•
_ t
present perfect: have/has been able to
past perfect: had been able to
future simple: will be able to
future perfect: will have been able to

!I 0
Fill in the gaps with an appropriate modal
1. verb. Then, say what they express in each
sentence.
a) They can’t be strangers. (= I’m sure they are

.....
not strangers.) 1 A: ••• .. I borrow your pen, please?
b) They must know each other. (= I’m certain The speaker is asking for permission.
they know each other.) B: No, you . I’m using it.
2 A: I’m bored. What shall we do?
possibility
B: We go for a walk.
a) could/may/might + present infinitive = A: No, we because it’s raining.
it is possible/it is likely/perhaps
B: Let’s watch a video, then.
3 A: My parents told me I go to the

¥ •* ' v

i
B:

4 A:
please?
party tonight.
Never mind, I go either. We
stay at home together, though.
Sir I speak to you for a moment

f John is late. B: Certainly, but later today; I’m busy now.

5 A: Excuse me?
B: Yes?
A: you tell me where the post office is, please?
He could be B: Certainly. It’s on the main road, next to the school.
stuck in traffic. 6 A: Is anyone sitting on that chair?
B: No, you take it if you want to.

60
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
uSHE. W® eble
w * % -ÿ* •* -
ie > IV Rewrite the sentences using the words
in bold.

ability in the past 1 Do you mind if I leave the door open for a while?
We use > (= managed to do) to can • •
• I Candoor openleave
for a while?
the••

show that someone had the ability to do some¬ 2 You’re obliged to take notes during the lecture.
thing in a particular have
situation in the 3 I’m sorry, but you aren’t allowed to enter this room.
past (past single must
action). 4 Jack managed to unlock the door.
able
He was able to 5 It wasn’t necessary for Ann to cook dinner, but she
climb to the top of
the mountain.
(= He managed to
climb to the top of
* \
\ -*
WH

m
did.
need
6 Let’s play a game of chess.
%
could
the mountain.) / 7 I’m certain Sarah is bored with her work.
must
We use could to show that someone had the 8 I strongly advise you to take up sport.
ability to do something repeatedly in the past must
(past repeated action). 9 I’m certain Liz isn’t interested in your ideas.
e.g. He could run very fast when he was young. can
(He had the ability to do this repeatedly in the 10 You may take the car tonight if you want.
past.) can
We use could rather than was/were able to with
the verbs see, hear, fool, omoll, taste, under¬
stand, remember and guess. Study the situations and respond to each
e.g. They could see the storm coming. one using an appropriate modal verb.
(NOT: to eeo ...)
were ableThey
1 You want to go on holiday with your friends this
We use the negative form couldn't for both cases. year. Ask your parents for permission.
e.g. My little sister couldn’t wash herself when she Can I go on holiday with my friends this year*
••• •••

was two. (past repeated action) 2 You are at a job interview. You type fast, you use
Mark tried, but he couldn’t find out what was computers and you speak two foreign languages.
wrong with the computer, (past single action) Tell the interviewer about your abilities.

3 Your brother is trying to decide what to buy your moth¬

er for her birthday. You suggest a box of chocolates.
Choose the correct answer.

4 Your jacket is dirty and you want to wear it next

1 Todd was a very talented child.’ week. It is necessary to take it to the dry cleaner’s.
‘I know. He ...3... play the piano well when he was seven.
A couldn’t B could C can
5 You want to have a day off work next week. Ask for
2 ‘I’ve just taken a loaf out of the oven.
your boss’ permission.
‘Oh, that’s why I smell fresh bread when
I came home.’
A was able to B can’t C could 6 You are in the car with your uncle. It’s hot and you
3 ‘How was the test?’
want him to open the window. Make a request.
Easy. All the children pass it.’
A were able to B could C can’t 7 Your mother is going to the shops. She asks you if
4 ‘What are you doing this summer? you want anything. You tell her it isn’t necessary to
‘I hope I’ll go on holiday with my friends.’ get anything for you.
A could B be able to C can

61
UNIT 5
Mod erbs
LVlffl Clilri
We use must to make positive logical assumptions. We use can’t to make negative logical assumptions.

They can’t be at work. She can ’t be doing

(= I’m sure they are not *5| her homework.
at work.) (= I’m sure she isn 't
doing her homework.)
%
& ,M
They must be on holiday. .
(= I’m sure they are on \ She must be writing
holiday.) a letter. (= I’m sure
she is writing a letter.) \r

He can’t have done the

The drivers can’t have
exercise properly.
been driving slowly.
(- I'm certain he
(= I’m certain they
hasn 't done the
weren driving’t slowly.)
exercise properly.)
The drivers must have
He must have strained been driving too fast.
his back. (= I'm certain (= I’m certain they were
he has strained his back.) driving too fast.)

I’m sure he is Spanish. He must be Spanish.

present inf.
I’m sure you aren’t a doctor. You can’t be a doctor.
I’m certain they’re hiding. They must be hiding.
present cont. inf.
I’m sure they won’t be leaving tomorrow. They can’t be leaving tomorrow.
I’m certain she has left. She must have left.
perfect inf. I’m sure she didn’t lie. She can’t have lied.
I’m certain he hadn’t phoned. He can’t have phoned.
I’m sure they were waiting. They must have been waiting.
perfect cont. inf. I’m certain she has been crying. She must have been crying.
I’m certain he hadn’t been trying hard. He can’t have been trying hard.

lb Complete the sentences using must or can’t.

1 I’m certain they go to bed early on Sunday nights. They ...

2 I’m sure John didn’t stay late at the office. John ...can’t have e> tayed late at th office
3 I’m certain he hasn’t arrived yet. He
4 I’m certain they are working together. They
5 I’m sure Amy hasn’t finished her homework. Amy
6 I’m certain she was having a bath when I rang. She
7 I’m sure he hasn’t won the prize. He
8 I’m sure she is looking for a new house. She
9 I’m certain Paul didn’t invite Linda to the party. Paul
10 I’m certain you have been planning the project. You
11 I’m sure she was writing a letter. She
12 I’m certain they hadn’t paid the bill. They
13 I’m sure he had been fixing the pipe. He

62
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
v /. ;L(* asking permission
't
JLl
=
May/Might I...? Would you mind if I ...?
We use these structures to ask permission when
possibility (present/future) we do not know the other person very well.
may/ might/could + present Infinitive
= It Is posslble/lt Is likely/perhaps I
•M0*
B A %

May/Might k
r
I ask you another Of course.
V.V
question? *’A
u •fe

k
m
.V
M
sT

She may/might/could Study the following examples:

still be at work. e.g. Can I take this book?'
Where ’s Aunt Julia ? t.
A ‘Yes, of course. (informal)
f&r- ' -

Could I talk to you for a minute?’

l
‘Certainly. (more polite than
' can)
*
giving/refusing permission
(= It's possible that she’s still at work.)
=
a) may/can you are allowed to do ath
We use may and can, but not might or could,
possibility (past)
to give permission. May is very formal and is
may/might/could + perfect infinitive
not used in everyday speech.
= it was possible, perhaps e.g. You can sit here if you like, (everyday speech)
a) We use these structures to refer to a past
Passengers may take only one item of hand
action which was possibly true. luggage on board, (written notice)
e.g. ‘The lights are still on. ’
‘Helen may/might/could have forgotten to Note: We use Could /...? to ask permission, and
turn them off.’ (Perhaps Helen forgot/has can or may, but not could, to reply.
forgotten to turn them off.)
e.g. Could I leave a little earlier?’
‘Yes, you can.’I‘Yes, you may. ’
b) We also use them to refer to things which
were possible but did not happen. May is not
b) can’t/may not = youmay
are not allowed to do ath
We use cant and not, but notcouldn’t,
normally used in this case.
to refuse permission.
e.g. Why did you run across the road?
e.g. Students may not wear outdoor shoes on the
You might/could have been killed.
basketball court. (= Students aren't allowed to...)
(Luckily, you weren killed.)
I ’m sorry, but you can ’t park here.
Study the following negative sentences:
a) She may/might not know about these changes.
(Perhaps she doesn 't know about the changes. requests
expresses possibility.) May/Might/Can/Could I ...?
She can ’t/couldn ’t know about these changes. We use these structures to ask for something
(It is certain that she doesn 't know. - expresses politely. Might I ...? is more formal than May I ...?
certainty.) and is not often
used.
b) He may/might not have left yet.
(Perhaps he hasn left yet. - expresses possibility.)
't May/Can/Could
He can’t/couldn’t have left yet. I have a pen and
some paper, Here
(I'm certain that he hasn’t left yet. - expresses you are.
certainty.)
1 please?_
mm. 1

6?
UNIT 5
Mod erbs
H Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possible.

1 Perhaps Laura has left the phone off the hook. ...Laura may/might/could have left the phone off the hook. ••••

2 Surgeons are obliged to scrub their hands before operating on patients

3 Do you mind if I open the window?
4 It wasn’t necessary for Peter to wash the dog, so he didn’t
5 Emily managed to reach the top shelf, even though she didn’t have a ladder
6 It’s forbidden to copy files without the manager’s permission
7 Why don’t we spend this evening at home?
8 I’m certain Patrick misunderstood my instructions
9 I’m sure Helen didn’t know about her surprise party

£Uidy UlL-b'tr

present inf. Perhaps she is a nurse. She may be a nurse.

It’s possible he will come early. He might come early.

present cont. inf. Perhaps they are having a break. They could be having a break.
It’s likely we will be moving house soon. We may be moving house soon.
Perhaps he left yesterday. He might have left yesterday.
perfect inf. It’s possible she has locked the door. She could have locked the door.
It’s likely he had gone out. He may have gone out.
It’s possible they were sleeping. They might have been sleeping.
perfect cont. inf. Perhaps it has been raining there. It could have been raining there.

Rephrase the following sentences in as Underline the correct word(s) in bold.

many ways as possible.

1 Perhaps they are at work. A: Good morning. How 1) I help you, sir? c
They ...may/might/could be at work B: I’d like to book a room for tonight, please.
2 Perhaps he is waiting outside. A: Certainly sir.
He B: How much does a single room cost for one night?
3 It’s possible she will work late tonight. A: £35, sir. Payable in advance.
She B: What! 2) Do I have to/Could I pay right now?
4 It’s likely he was driving too fast. A: Yes, I’m afraid you 3) need/must pay in advance, sir.
He B: Really. Well! 4) Do I have to/Shall I pay in cash?
5 It’s possible they made a mistake. A: No, you 5) mustn’t/needn’t pay in cash. You
They 6) could/can’t pay by credit card if you prefer.
6 Perhaps he has missed the bus. B: This is a bit unusual. I 7) may/must look in my wal¬
He let to see if I have enough cash with me.
7 It’s possible she has been playing in the snow. A: You 8) couldn’t/don’t have to hurry, sir. Take your time.
She
8 It’s likely we will be leaving tomorrow.
We A: Good morning. Here’s the key. 9) Could/Must I leave
9 It’s likely he will stay there. my luggage here until twelve o’clock, please?
He B: Of course. 10) May/Need I ask if you enjoyed your stay?
10 Perhaps she had been trying to call you. A: Oh yes. 111) can/must write down the phone num¬
She ber, so that I can stay here again.
11 It’s likely they had seen the film already. B: You 12) mustn’t/don’t need to do that, sir. 1 13) have
They to/can give you our card.
12 It’s possible he is studying in the library. A: Oh, thank you very much. Goodbye.
He B: Goodbye.

64
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
1
Compare the following examples:
Skull ____- e.g. you (informal, less polite
Can /Will post this letter?
•
'«
than could or would)
offers Could/Would you post this letter? (more polite than
Shall/Can/Could I ...? = Would you like me to ...? can or will)
We use these structures when we offer to do
something.

r Can/Could/Shall I m i

*
We often reply with: Yes, I'd (would) be happy/glad
to. ’ or ‘Certainly. ’
e.g. 'Can you call Jack for me?'
‘Certainly. '

--
help you choose |
WE
Mary 's present? r 1 1 i
1 %
That would advice
be great. should/ought to = I advise you to/you had better
do sth
suggestions
Shall/Can/Could we ...? = Why don't we...?/
How about ...?/What You should/ought
about ...7/Leafs .... to be more careful. f

We use these
structures to make a ( = I advise you to! m
% •
\
suggestion. You had better be
y
more careful.)
Shall/Can/Could
,

we go to the mar- I'd rather not.

ket today? Must expresses strong advice.
V
u
Compare:
asking for suggestions or instructions You should talk to your lawyer. (= It would be a
We use shaM when we # good idea to ...)
ask for suggestions % w You must talk to your lawyer. (= I strongly advise
or instructions. you to ...)

\
criticism
ft
ought to/should + perfect infinitive It would =
Where shall we * have been better If you had •••
go tonight? UB We use these
structures to show
I We can/could go that somebody did the ham KS*
to the theatre. wrong thing in the
past. M
I <H£ -v
.'m
. You all should! v
Hfll JM.

ought to have
tried harder.
requests
r r
Will/Would/Can/Could
you ...? (... but you didn % so
We use these
structures when we ask
somebody else to do
\
"1* your team lost.)

__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
* **ÿ
something for us. Ai Fill in shall or will.
Would and could are V
more polite than can
1 Shan ... I help you with the washing-up?
•••
and will . Tt -i
2 we have pizza for dinner tonight?
WilliCan you hold the %

plate for me, please?

MOf course. 3 you carry this for me, please?
4 What we buy for Bob’s birthday?

65
UNIT 5
Modr WT rbs
......
i

5 you answer the phone, please? / \ Look at the pictures and answer the
6 Where
7
we sit in the classroom?
you take the rubbish out for me,
I1
6> questions using must/can’t, as in the
example.
please? e.g. \ >
r *&. They must be friends.
8 we have a barbecue next weekend?
A B
r

14, Rephrase the following sentences in as

many ways as possible.

1 You had better book your flight early.

•• i L/ Ld n ught to/should/must
L/ book your flight eany,
2 Would you like me to draw the curtains for you?
«• ••
TOiff
Are they friends?
Is it winter? fl“
s
she•»<!
ius>a shower?
weather cold?
3 Why don’t we go to a Japanese restaurant for a Have they left school?
change? H3.!lhe bee" PNno in the

4 I strongly advise you to see a doctor as soon as

possible.
r D

5 Can you call Greg for me, please? «

at

6 You ought to have checked the battery before you left. supermarket-
Is she in a
looking for a book
7 Everybody is obliged to pay taxes. ls she Is she the baby's sister?
enjoy reading •
Does she Is the baby sleeping?
8 You don’t need to go to the supermarket today. Are they in the kitchen?
1

9 It wasn’t necessary for Betty to call a taxi because I

f
gave her a lift. 17, Choose the most appropriate response.
10 They managed to get to the theatre in time, despite
the heavy traffic. 1 Will you open the door for me, please?
A Yes, I may. Certainly.
11 You aren’t allowed to keep pets in the building. 2 Could I speak to you for a moment, please?
A Yes, of course. B No, you couldn’t.
12 Do you mind if I take the rest of the day off? 3 Shall I carry that bag for you?
A No, you won’t. B No, it’s okay. I can manage.
4 Could I go to the cinema tonight, please?
A Not at all. B Yes, if you like.
15, Underline the correct word. 5 We could go to the theatre tonight.
A That’s a nice idea. B No, we might not.
6 Can I borrow your pen, please?
1 You may/mustn’t run in the corridors. It’s dangerous. A Not at all. B Of course.
2 Can/Should I ask you a question?
7 Can you pick the children up from school for me?
3 Will/Shall we go out for lunch today?
A No, I may not. B No problem.
4 You must/shouldn’t stay at home if you are ill.
5 Tommy can’t/couldn’t tell the time when he was a baby. 8 Would you please drive me to the airport tomorrow?
6 My book can’t/mustn’t be in the house. I’ve looked My car is being serviced.
everywhere. A I’d be happy to. B Yes, I would.
7 You might/needn’t clean the windows. I’ve already 9 Can I help you, sir?
done them. A No, you can’t. B No, thank you. I’m just looking.
8 Will/Shall I help you? 10 Could you hold this for me, please?
9 You needn’t/mustn’t do the shopping. I’ll do it later. A Yes, I could. B Of course.
10 Sam left late for the airport this morning. He should/ 11 Shall I take you to work tomorrow?
could have missed his flight. A Yes, please. B No, you won’t.

66
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
1
bu udio Lib' PU SSl VWb E
obligation/duty/necessity giving permission
a) must
You sign the contract. a) You can leave your luggage here.
(You are obliged to/You have to/You need tollt is nec¬ (you are allowed to do sth; informal)
essary.) b) You may leave your luggage in this area.
b) I must sign the contract. -
(you are allowed to do sth; formal probably written)
c) I have to sign the contract. (Someone else has decided.)
refusing permission
lack of necessity
a) You can’t/mustn’t
park here.
a) He doesn’t need toIdoesn’t have to/needn’t get a (you are not allowed to do sth; informal)
taxi. I 'll give him a lift. b) You may not park in this area.
b) He didn’t need to get a taxi because I gave him a lift. -
(you are not allowed to do sth; formal usually written
(It wasn 't necessary for him to get a taxi.) notice)
c) He needn ’t have got a taxi. (It wasn 't necessary for requests
him to get a taxi, but he did.) a) Can/Will you help me with this exercise? (Informal)
b) you help me with this exercise?
Could/Would
advice (more polite)
c) May I have one of those leaflets? (formal)
a) You ought to/should revise for your test.
(I advise you tolyou had better)
.
d) Might I have one of those leaflets? vt , v

b) You must revise for your test. (I strongly advise you to.)
prohibition
suggestions You mustn’t/can’t lie in court.
aren't allowed to/it's against the rules)
a) We can/could go out for a meal later.
b) Shall we go out for a meal later?
(Let’s .../Why don’t we ...?/How about ...?/What about ...?) asking for suggestions or instructions
When/How shall I contact you?
ability
possibility
a) Kim is five years old. She can read and write, (present) a) She could/may her work by six o’clock.
/might
finish
b) When she was three, she could count to ten. (it is possible/it is likely/perhaps)
(past repeated action) b) She could/might have been late. (... Luckily, she
c) Tony was able to win the race, (managed to do; past wasn ’t late.)
single action)
offers
lack of ability
Shall/Can /Could I help you cross the road?
a) Ann can’t play the piano. ( Would you like me to help you cross the road?)
b) She couldn’t swim fast when she was young.
(past repeated action) logical assumptions
c) She couldn’t reach the top shelf, even though she
tried, (past single action) a) She must be on holiday, (positive; I’m sure she is.)
b) She can’t be working, (negative; I'm sure she isn't)
c) He must have been on holiday, (positive)
asking permission d) He can’t have been at home, (negative)
a) Can I open the window, please? (informal)
b) Could I open the window, please? criticism
c) May/Might I open the window, please ? (formal) He ought to/should have told her the truth.
(Do you mind if ...?/Would you mind if ...?) (It would have been better if he had told her the truth.)

67
od erbs
Match the items in column A to their
Underline the correct word(s).
synonyms in column B.

A B 1 A: Could/Mayyou tell me the time, please?

/Shall
B: Yes. It’s a quarter past ten.
1 You should/ought to ••• a You aren’t allowed to •••
2 A: Would/Shall/Will we go shopping tonight?
2 You must •••
b It wasn’t necessary for B: Yes. We need to buy some food.
us to (but we did) 3 A: May/Should/Would I help you, madam?
3 Shall we ...?
c Why don’t we ...? B: Yes, please. Can/Shall/Would I have these shoes
4 You needn’t •• d He managed to ••• in black, please?
5 We needn’t have ••• e It wasn’t necessary for 4 A: Would/Should/Shall I get you another cup of tea?
6 We didn’t need to • •
us to •• • B: No, thank you. I’ve had enough.
Lÿf You had better ••• 5 A: Can/Shall/May you post this letter for me, please?
7 You mustn’t •••
g I’m sure she’s ••• B: Certainly. I’ll do it on my way home from work.
8 He was able to ••• h Do you mind if I ...? 6 A: Shall/Would/Could I speak to Jenny, please?
9 She must be i You are obliged to ••• B: I’m sorry, she’s not here at the moment.
• •

j It isn’t necessary for A: Oh. Must/Shall/Would I call later, then?

10 He can’t be ••• 7 A: May/Will/Would I have a glass of water, please?
you to •••

11 Could I...? B: Yes, I’ll get you one.

k I’m sure he isn’t •••
A: Could/May/Shall you put ice in it, please?
12 He may be ••» I Perhaps he’s •••
8 A: Did you call Jane?
B: No, I didn’t need to/needn’t because I saw her
k at work.
Rephrase the following sentences in as
19> many ways as possible.
9 A:
B:
Shall/May/Could you help me, please?
Yes, of course.
10 A: You mustn’t/needn’t/couldn’t lock the door.
1 I advise you to buy this book.
B: Oh, will you do it when you leave?
••• You to buy thi& hnn\( •••
ehould/
ought
2 It isn’t necessary for him to take the exam again.

3 I’m sure Terry isn’t at the office.

2!> Underline the correct word(s).
4 It is possible that Janet will call me this evening.

5 You aren’t allowed to eat and drink in the classrooms. Dear Victoria,
I’m writing to tell you about the play I’m going to be
6 We are obliged to clock in and out every day. in. It’s called ‘Only for You’, and I’ve got the leading l
role. I have a lot of lines and 1 1) must/might learn
7 I’m sure the boys weren’t upset with the result. them all before opening night.
We’re performing the play for the first time on Friday
8 Would you like me to do anything to help? night. We’ve been told that a TV company 2) must/may
come to film it, so 1 3) could/must be on television. I
9 Perhaps we will go for a picnic on Sunday afternoon. 4) needn’t/might even become famous! '

We 5) might/have to rehearse the play every night

10 Sam managed to reach the top of the mountain until Friday, because everything 6) must/shall be per- j
after climbing for several hours. feet for the performance. We 7) couldn’t/mustn’t make
any mistakes. 8) Can/Must you come to see the play,
11 How about throwing a party on your birthday? or will you be at work? I hope you’ll be able to come. If
not, I’ll write and tell you how it went.
I 9) could/must go and learn my lines now. See
12 It wasn’t necessary for John to attend the seminar.
you soon.
13 They are obliged to go to a meeting every week. Yours,
Charles
14 How about visiting some friends on Saturday?

68
 UNIT 5
Mo Verbs
m P Choose the correct answer.
2 A: Would you like to come shopping with me?
B: Yes, but I
homework this afternoon.
3 A: Is Tom interested in music?
do my

1 You ...C... be late for work.’

I know. I’m leaving now. B: Oh yes. He play the guitar and
A needn’t B must C mustn’t the saxophone.
4 A: Is Katie at home?
2 ‘Jim lose some weight. His doctor said so.’
B: No, she be. Her car is not here.
Then he must go on a diet.’
5 A: Can I go to the cinema tonight?
A mustn’t B can C has to
B: Yes, but you be late home.
3 I go to the bank today. I have enough money.’
6 A: Hurry up. You’ll be late for school!

...
‘Well, I’ll go alone, then.’
B: I don’t go to school today.
A needn’t B have to C must It’s Saturday.
4 ‘Did you deliver that parcel for me?’
7 A: I bought you this present.
No, I find the house, so I’ve come back to get a map. B: Oh, you have. It’s not my birthday!
A can B could C couldn’t 8 A: Excuse me, I’m looking for Barkwest Bank.
5 ‘I clean the house today. It’s dirty.’ B: I’m afraid I help you. I don’t live here.
I’ll help you.
A needn’t B must C mustn’t
6 I feed the dog at lunchtime. My brother did Complete the sentences, as in the
it in the morning.’ example. Sometimes more than one
You can do it this evening, then.’ answer is possible.
A didn’t need to B needn’t have C need
7 Do you need any help?’ Modal Use
‘Yes. I ... open the window. It’s stuck.’
A could B am able to C can’t 1 6>ha\\... we go to the zoo?
••• making a suggestion
8 ‘I swim until I was ten.’
Well, I didn’t learn until I was eleven.’ 2 You try
harder. giving advice
A can B can’t C couldn’t
9 Can I talk to you, please?’ 3 You take
expressing prohibition
‘Sorry, I .... go now. I’m late for a meeting.’ photographs here.
A mustn’t B has to C must 4 I carry this
10 ‘Is Tom good at languages? bag for you? making an offer
‘Yes, he already speak French, German and you turn off
5
Italian.’ the lights, please? making a request
A can’t B can C could
11 ‘The test was too difficult for me.’ 6 You have
been more careful. expressing criticism
‘Oh dear, I . do it quite easily.’
A was able to B can’t C can 7 I make a
phone call, please? asking for permission
12 ‘Where’s Tom?’
‘He’s not at work, so he be at the library. 8 Tom walk; expressing lack of
A must B can’t C can he's only six months old. ability
13 ‘ we go shopping today? 9 Mary send expressing possibility
‘No. I’d prefer to go tomorrow.’
us a card.
A Ought B Shall C Will
14 ‘Sorry Mum. I’ve broken a plate. 10 You wear expressing obligation
‘You be more careful.’ a seatbelt while driving.
A may B should C might expressing a positive
11 They be tired. logical assumption
15 ‘Where’s your father?
‘He be in the garage.’ 12 I’m sorry, but you
A might B can C mustn’t refusing permission
go out.
expressing a

m p
Fill in can,
have to.

1 A: Is Matthew very rich?

must, mustn’t, , or
can’t needn’t
13 He
French.

14 You
be

sit here.
negative logical
assumption

giving permission
B: He ...muet... be. He drives a Ferrari.

69
UNIT 5
Mod 5rb$
Choose the correct answer. Choose the correct answer.

1 A letter arrives at your house. You are sure it is from 1 You do .3..
your homework before you watch TV.
Paul. A can’t B should C shall
A It might be from Paul. 2 I come in? It’s rather cold out here.
It must be from Paul. A Should B May C Must
C It may have been from Paul. 3 You water the plants this weekend; they
look dry.
2 You have toothache. Your mother gives you some
A are able to B needn’t C ought to
advice.
4 you collect the children from school, please?
A You may go to the dentist.
A Must B Will C May
B You should go to the dentist.
5 you play the piano?
C You might go to the dentist.
A Can B Must C Should
3 You are looking for your scarf. You think it is upstairs. 6 I . buy some milk. There isn’t any left.
A It can’t be upstairs. A mustn’t B may C must
B It should be upstairs. 7 When ... I call you?
C It could be upstairs. A shall B must C needn’t
4 Your father told you to do your homework. You tell 8 I swim before I was able to walk.
your friends. A might B could C can
A I will do my homework. 9 You walk to work. I’ll give you a lift.
B I have to do my homework. A must B needn’t C may
C I might do my homework. 10 Tim be out. There are no lights on.
5 You want your neighbour to babysit for you tonight. A shall B should C must
A Would you babysit for me tonight?
B Shall you babysit for me tonight? Look at the pictures and answer the
C Must you babysit for me tonight? 27L questions using modal verbs, as in the
example.
6 You did the washing-up for your mother, but she
didn’t expect you to. e.g. No, he can’t he playing. He must he doing his
A You mustn’t have done the washing-up. homework.
B You might not have done the washing-up.
C You needn’t have done the washing-up. m
7 There was a good film on TV. You are sure John
didn’t watch it.
A John should have watched it.
B John might have watched it.
C John can’t have watched it.
8 You want to have a pet in your flat, but your landlord
i
/

*
I
jam

Is he playing?
l*\
'ZUrnm
!>
A
A#
I

fr. '
I
'ft.

N
\
V
Has she graduated?
How does she feel?
tells you it isn’t allowed. Is he at home? Is the man her father?
A You mustn’t keep pets in the flat. Is he a pupil?

—
B You needn’t keep pets in the flat. D
C You will not keep pets in the flat.
C
9 An old lady is trying to open the door. You offer to < i
do it for her.
A Couldn’t I open the door for you?
B Must I open the door for you?
C Shall I open the door for you?
Is she in her early forties? What can she do?
10 You offer to do the shopping, but your mother says Has she grown the flowers What does she have to do
it isn’t necessary. herself? every day?
A You must do the shopping. Does she enjoy gardening? ,s she afraid of
B You needn’t do the shopping.
animals?
Is she a housewife?
C You could do the shopping.

70
 I
Mo Verbs
IN OTHER WORDS Prepositions
Study these examples. The second sentence apologise to sb for sth proof of sth
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. apply for sth congratulate sb on sth
annoyed about sth generous of sb to do sth
1 Perhaps Tom is tired. clever at sth tease sb about sth
may Tom may be tired.
2 I’m sure she isn’t studying hard.
can’t She can’t be studying hard.
3 It is possible that they went out yesterday.
could They could have gone out yesterday.
<§L Fill in the correct preposition.

4 It isn’t necessary for Joe to come here. 1 She was annoyed ...about •• the postal strike, as
<•

have Joe doesn’t have to come here. she was waiting for a letter.
5 You aren’t allowed to use this car. 2 She is very clever maths, so she helps
mustn’t You mustn’t use this car. me with my homework.
6 It wasn’t necessary for him to book a table, but he did. 3 Unless his lawyer can find proof his
have He needn’t have booked a table. innocence, John will go to prison.
7 Let’s meet again tomorrow night. 4 The police congratulated Mr Simmons
can We can meet again tomorrow night. catching the burglar.
8 I advise you to call a doctor. 5 It was very generous Steve to give all his
should You should call a doctor. old records to charity.
6 You shouldn’t tease people their
problems.

<28U Complete each sentence with two to five

words, including the word in bold.
7 I must apologise to Sarah
party.
missing her

8 She applied to the bank a loan so that

1 It is possible that he has spent all the money. she could buy a new car.
could He ... ... all the money.
2 I advise you to take a course in literature. Phrasal Verbs
should You in
give sb away: betray sb
literature.
3 It is possible that the police are questioning him. give sth away: 1 ) reveal sth
may The police 2) give sth free of charge
him. give back: return
4 I’m sure he is lying about his age. give off: emit (a smell, gas, etc.)
must He
give out: come to an end
about his age.
5 Let’s have a break in five minutes. give up: 1) abandon a habit
can We in 2) stop doing sth
five minutes. give oneself up: surrender
6 It wasn’t necessary for her to give me a lift, but she did.
have She
me a lift.
7 You aren’t allowed to throw litter in the park. Fill in the correct particle.
mustn’t You
litter in the park. 1 The flowers gave ...off... a nice smell.
8 It isn’t necessary for Mother to cook tonight. 2 The shop is giving free bars of chocolate.
have Mother tonight. 3 I told her it was a secret, but she still gave the plan
9 It is possible that she has gone home.
could She home. 4 The kidnapper gave himself to the police.
10 Perhaps Dan is in hospital. 5 Dan gave smoking six months ago.
may Dan hospital. 6 You must give the cassette to
11 It wasn’t necessary for her to call, but she did. Julia on Saturday.
have She but 7 The water supplies gave , so they drank
she did. from the stream.
12 I advise you to have a rest. 8 The fire is giving a strange
should You a rest. smell. We must get it checked.
71
od erbs

ilÿsion
\
Box
Put the verbs in brackets into the
3,> correct tense. “A Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct infinitive tense.

1 A: Is James going to work?

Dear Aunt Hilary, B: No, it’s Sunday. He must ...be going... (go) to the
gym.

....
The preparations for Rick’s party are well under
way now and everyone’s getting excited. 2 A: I’m really tired.
We 1) ... bought... fve (buy) the decorations, but we B: But you’ve just woken up. You can’t
2) (not/put them up) yet (be) tired.
because Dad 3) (paint) 3 A: Have you seen my blue suit anywhere?
the house and still has to finish the living room. He B: No, but Mum might (take) it to
4) (also/hire) a clown the dry cleaner’s.
costume so that he can entertain all the children at 4 A: Could I (speak) to you
the party. please?
Mum’s been very busy. She 5) B: Yes. Come into my office.
(plan) the menu for the party and 5 A: Where is Annie?
she 6) (order) the B: I’m not sure. She might (do)
cake from the local baker’s. We 7) her homework upstairs.
(all/buy) presents for Rick. I 6 A: Would you (type) this
letter for me, please?

.................
8) .. (clean) the house all week,
but I 9) ... (not/finish) yet! B: Yes, of course. I’ll do it now.
We 10) (invite) lots of 7 A: I need to lose weight, but I don’t know how to.
friends and relatives to the party this year. We 11) B: You shouldn’t (eat) junk food.
(write) invitations for ages, but 8 A: I saw Jenny yesterday, but I didn’t speak to her.
we still have a lot to send! B: It couldn’t (be) Jenny, because
See you next weekend! she’s on holiday at the moment.
Y 9 A: You must (finish) your work
Love, before you leave.
Josie B: I will.
10 A: I looked for your glasses, but they aren’t in the
house.
B: I must (leave) them at work.

32L Underline the correct word(s).

1 When/Before I was walking to work, it started to rain.

34, Cross out the unnecessary word.

2 As soon as/As they were driving to work, their car

broke down. 1 She is has typed thirty letters so far.
3 He usually reads the newspaper while/until he’s 2 Henry hopes to be win the competition.
drinking his coffee. 3 They started to repairing the door an hour ago.
4 She had noticed the mistakes before/until the boss 4 Bob hasn’t still decorated the flat yet.
saw the report. 5 Frank Sinatra has acted in a number of films.
5 I had washed the dishes as soon as/before I left 6 She getting out of the taxi, Kim ran into George.
the house. 7 He was mowing the lawn when it had started to rain.
6 Sally went to bed immediately /after she had had a 8 He is being used to living in the country.
shower. 9 She had booked the tickets before they have left for
7 They studied for the exam while/until midnight. the theatre.
8 I was going down the stairs when/as I tripped. 10 How long ago have you lived here?

72
 I
Mo Verbs

\
iteVÿsion Box OKA I
Activity
The citizens of Ralford are unhappy because they feel
that the council has made some bad decisions. Read
Put the verbs in brackets into the the prompts and make statements using shouldn’t and
35> correct tense. could.
e.g. They shouldn t have built a factory. They f 1L/L juld
1 A: I haven’t seen Bob for almost two weeks. have opened another hospital instead.
B: Well, he ...'s been working... (work) hard recently.
2 A: Did Andy come and help you with the painting? shouldn’t have ••• could have ••
B: He came, but I
(already/finish) by the time he arrived.
3 A:
B:
Shall we meet outside the theatre?
Yes, I (stand) •factory
build a
+
next to the ticket office.
4 A: Where is Uncle Jim? •open another hospital
B: I think he (sit) in the garden.
5 A: Could you hang the washing out, please? I •pull •the
restore
B: Actually, I (just/do) it. down
Did you get to the station on time? the
6 A: Town
Town Hall
B: Yes, but I (wait) for
Hall
over half an hour when my taxi came.
7 A: Are you going to the meeting next week?
B: No, it (end) by the •knock down •turn it into
time I finish with my last client. the town’s a museum
8 A: Have you already seen this film? !*•oldest
I building
> 4MUSEUMI
B: Yes, I (see) it last week.
9 A: What are you working on at the moment?
B: Nothing, but I (perform) in a new
show next month.
NO •ban cars from
VEHICLES town centre
10 A: Had Sandra been living in Germany for long? BEYONO because of •make a car
THIS park
B: Yes. She (live) in
POINT
lack of
Germany for ten years before she decided to parking space 300 m

come back to England.

There are seven unnecessary words in

p TI
the text below. Cross them out.

1 David Livingstone wanted to become a missionary, j

vxjK
' Yr
2 so in 1840 he went to the Africa. Moving around J A representative of the town council has been to talk to
3 Africa, he did found out that he enjoyed exploring, j the citizens of Ralford. He is now writing a report to
4 In 1852, he insisted on sending his family show his boss. Use your notes from the Oral Activity to
5 back to Britain so that they would be safe. complete his report, using shouldn’t and could.
6 He continued to explore because he had wanted to The citizens of Ralford feel that there are several
7 discover a trade route that it would end v
problems with the town. Firstly, the citizens believe
8 slavery. In 1858, he set out to explore that the council shouldn’t have built a factory. They
9 the Zambezi River and then, in 1866, he began think that they could have opened another hospital
10 another one expedition to find the source of the River instead
11 Nile. Livingstone has made many interesting
12 discoveries and made people to think differently vj
13 about Africa. People will always remember him. The residents hope to have a response from the coun¬
cil soon.

75
UNIT 6
The B sive
The present perfect continuous, the future con¬
tinuous, the past perfect continuous and the
future perfect continuous are not normally used
L 41 :> *i
• in the passive.
v We can use the verb to get instead of the verb
I 1

* to be in everyday speech when we talk about

4 t i things that happen by accident or unexpectedly.
i

.* «k
4»
e.g. Mary got run over by a car while she was
-
jKi
. r
;
L<>
« *
.A.;.
jt

9r
.
* - ,v
* \ WT
crossing the street. (=Mary was run over...)
* 4 —ÿ
* •f
v. -
*

- >
%
-
.
*
HHH
Stonehenge was built in prehistoric times.
It was probably constructed as a place of worship. Uffi *
m

Many of its stones have been stolen over the years.

It is visited by a lot of tourists every year. The passive is used:
a) when the person who carries out the action is
We form the passive with the verb to be and the past unknown, unimportant or obvious from
participle of the main verb. U the context.
/

to be + past participle (pp) Mrs Archer’s ruby ring was stolen

from her house last night. (We do
The passive forms are: not know who stole the ring.)
Rolls Royce cars are
present simple: am/is/are pp
made in England.
My car is serviced twice a year.
(It is not important
present continuous: am/is/are being + pp to know who
My car is being serviced now. makes the cars.)
t

past simple: was/were + pp 4

My car was serviced last month. r

¥1 9 The cows are milked
past continuous: was/were being + pp t
V once a day. (It is
My car was being serviced when I went obvious that the farmer
to the garage. \
milks the cows.)
present perfect simple: have/has been + pp IMP
4%
My car has already been serviced.
past perfect simple: had been + pp b) when the action itself is more important than the
My car had been serviced by two o 'clock. person who carries it out, as in news headlines,
future simple: will be + pp newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions,
My car will be serviced tomorrow. Mii-MT-urr-n-rn- P advertisements, etc.
future perfect simple: will have been + pp
My car will have been serviced by Monday. r Two teenagers were \

present infinitive: (to) be + pp seriously injured in a

My car needs to be serviced soon. car accident last nightv
perfect infinitive: (to) have been + pp
My car should have been serviced last month.
-ing form: being + pp c) when we want to make statements more polite.
I on my car being serviced today.
insist e.g. My new blouse is ruined, (more polite than
saying, ‘You Ve ruined my new blouse. ')
modals: modal + be + pp
My car must be serviced before the trip. Note: The passive is used more often in written
English than in spoken English.

74
 UNIT 6

Q, What happens to a car when it is taken for a

service? Look at the prompts and make
sentences using the present simple
(4 Helen and Chris moved house two years ago.
Yesterday, they drove past their old house and
saw that it looked very different. Describe
passive, as in the example. the changes using the present perfect
simple passive, as in the example.
1 the oil / change
1 the outside walls / paint
The oil id changed.
ifc&ldt W3\\i va r ft T j
2 the brakes / test
2 new windows / put in
3 the filters / replace A 3 a garden pond / make
4 air / put / in the tyres M
the battery / check H 4 the trees / cut down
5
6 the lights / test 5 a lot of flowers / plant
7 broken parts / repair 6 the old gate / replace
8 it / take / for a test driven
9 the radiator / fill / with w A young actress is hoping to star in a new film.
Her friend is asking her what is going to hap¬
pen. Respond to her questions using the
Mr Sullivan, who is a director, is preparing passive infinitive, as in the example.
a scene for his new film. Read the orders
and respond using the present 1 Will they audition you for the new film?
continuous passive, as in the example. Well, I hr Ls L
r '

L< I i/Hy I I <

2 Will they give you a leading role?

1 Move that scenery, please. 3 Will they pay you a lot of money?
it’d
being moved now, 4 Will they send you to Hollywood?
c 5 Will they introduce you to all the stars?
Mr Sullivan.
6 Will they ask you to give a TV interview?
2 Put those props in place, please.
m 7 Will they give you an award?
3 Call the actors, please. ,
'

4 Check their costumes, please. *

5 Turn on the lights, please. ji

1
(6i Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
passive tense.

1 A: Who looks after your garden for you?

<L Detective Maguire is talking to a police officer

about a burglary which happened early yester¬
day morning. In pairs, ask and answer
questions using the prompts below, as
B: It •• 1
I
d after... (look after) by my brother.
I\ v

2 A: That’s a beautiful dress. Where did you buy it?

B: Actually, it
my aunt.
(make) for me by
in the example.
3 A: Have you typed that letter yet, Miss Brown?
1 Have you dusted the house for fingerprints yet? B: It (type) right
the house / dust / for fingerprints yesterday now, sir.
Yes, the hou&e was dusted for Tit 'At 4 A: Did you make the coffee when you got to work
yesterday. this morning?
2 Have you found any evidence yet? B: No, it
a piece of material / find / this morning (already/make) by the time I got there.
3 Have you interviewed the house owners yet? 5 A: Are you going to pick up the children today?
they / interview / last night B: No, they (pick up)
4 Have you questioned the neighbours yet? by Roger. I’ve already arranged it.
they / question / this morning 6 A: Where is your watch?
5 Have you arrested any suspects yet? B: I broke it. It
two men / arrest / yesterday evening (repair) at the moment.
6 Have you interrogated the suspects yet? 7 A: Has the new furniture for my bedroom arrived?
they / interrogate / last night B: No, it
7 Have you recovered the stolen goods yet? (not/deliver) yet.
they / recover / this morning 8 A: They are building a new sports centre in town.
8 Have you written your report yet? B: I know. It (open)
it / complete / an hour ago by the mayor next month.

75
UNIT 6
The B sive

CllO-LlC! LLlCl iLoLii eLel'iv(ÿ LLiloÿa §

-
V-J*.

To change a sentence from the active into the passive:

a) The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.
b) The active verb remains in the same tense, but changes into a passive form.
c) The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition
by or omitted.

* Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be changed into the passive.
e.g. active: Peter feeds the cows, (transitive verb) passive: cows are fed by Peter.
but: They leave for work early every day. (The verb leave in this sentence is intransitive; that is, it is not
followed by an object. The sentence cannot be changed into the passive.)

subject verb object subject verb agent

active Sharon wrote a report. passive A report was written by Sharon.

Study the table:

active passive

present simple She writes the reports. The reports are written.
present continuous She is writing the reports. The reports are being written.
past simple She wrote the reports. The reports were written.
past continuous She was writing the reports. The reports were being written.
present perfect simple She has written the reports. The reports have been written.
past perfect simple She had written the reports. The reports had been written.
future simple She will write the reports. The reports will be written.
future perfect simple She will have written the reports. The reports will have been written.
infinitive She has to write the reports. The reports have to be written.
modals (modal + be + pp) She may write the reports. The reports may be written.

We use by + agent to say who or what carries out the action. We use with + instrument/material/ ingredient
to say what the agent used.
e.g. A kite was made by John. It was made with paper, paint and string.
The agent is often omitted in the passive sentence when the subject of the active sentence is one of the
following words: people, one, someone/somebody, they, he, etc.
e.g. active: People eat a lot of junk food nowadays. passive: A lot of junk food is eaten nowadays.

Object oronouns (me, you, him, etc.) become subject pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) in the passive.
e.g. active: They rescued me. passive: / was rescued.

With verbs which take two objects such as bring, tell, tend, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write,
award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass, post, read, take, offer, give, pay and lend, we can
make two different passive sentences. However, it is more usual for passive sentences to begin with
the person.
active: Jessica showed Rod some photos.
passive: a) Rod was shown some photos by Jessica, (more usual)
b) Some photos were shown to Rod by Jessica.

76
 UNIT 6
e
When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive
sentence as well. e.g. active: Jane looks after the baby. passive: The baby is looked after by Jane.
When we want to find out who or what did something, then the passive question form is as follows:
...
Who/What by? e.g. Who was the camera invented by? What was the explosion caused by?

a Rewrite the sentences in the passive,

where possible.

1 John opened the door.

8 The boss is going to give us a pay rise.

9 I expect they will deliver my new car soon.

10 The police are questioning the suspects.

... The door was opened try John
2 They didn’t come home late last night.
11 Did your next door neighbours see the thieves?
It cannot he changed
•••

3 Their nanny takes them to the park every day.

12 Paul remembers his teacher asking him to star in
the school play.
4 I left very early yesterday afternoon.
13 A lot of children use computers nowadays.
5 Meg asked the policeman for directions.
14 Who smashed the kitchen window?
6 Charles is moving house next month.
15 They won’t have completed the work by the end of
7 The letter arrived two days ago.
the month.
8 Sam took these photographs.
16 The children will post the letters.

17 People make pancakes from flour, eggs and milk.

L
Fill in by or with.

....
18 Had Helen closed the windows before she left the
house?
1 The lock was broken ...with ••• a hammer.
2 This book was written . my favourite author. 19 Jill hasn’t done the housework yet.
3 The cake was decorated .... icing.
4 The tiger was shot a gun. 20 They may not deliver the parcel today.
5 Claire was shouted at her teacher.
6 He was hit on the head an umbrella.
jA V Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
Rewrite the sentences in the passive. ' passive tense.

A: Do you still work at Browns and Co?

1 Someone is repairing the garden fence. B: Yes, I do. I 1) ...have been employed... (employ) by
•••The garden fence is being repaired ••• « Mr Brown for five years now, you know.
2 Do they teach Latin at this school? A: Oh. Do you still enjoy it?
B: Oh yes! I 2) (give) a
3 I don’t like people pointing at me. promotion last year and I’m very happy.
A: A promotion? So, what is your job now?
4 She hit him on the head with a tennis racquet. B: I 3) (make) Head of European Sales.
A: So, what do you do?
5 Michael has made the preparations. B: Well, sometimes I 4) (send) to
other countries on business.
6 Is Tim cleaning the house? A: I see. Do they pay you well?
B: Well, I 5) . (pay) quite well and I
7 Who built the Pyramids? expect I 6) (give) a pay rise soon.
A: Good for you!

77
UNIT 6
The B sive

Uu[: CH Lied (i2i Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

CcLisit uciioii 1 Ellie will take the children to school.

*
Thechildren will he taken to school by Ellie •••
w •

The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, 2 He cut the grass with the new lawnmower yesterday.
consider, understand, etc. are used in the following
passive patterns in personal and impersonal con* 3 Did they show the fire on the news?
structions.
active: People say that he has lost his job. 4 Emma is showing them the photographs.
passive: a) It is said (that) he has lost his job.
(impersonal construction) 5 When did the wind blow down the tree?
b) He is said to have lost his job. (personal
6 Who has to sign these papers?
construction)
active: People know that she works hard. 7 Amanda hates people staring at her.
passive: c) It is known (that) she works hard.
d) She is known to work hard. 8 She expects her boss to offer her a promotion.
active: People think he left the country last night.
passive: e) It is thought (that) he left the country 9 He has to tidy his bedroom.
last night.
10 Will you have completed the task by Friday evening?
f) He is thought to have left the country
last night.
11 Terry offered her a lift to work.

a
12 Who teaches traditional dance at this school?
Complete the sentences, as in the
example. 13 People often stuff turkeys with chestnut stuffing.

14 They awarded him a prize for his competition entry.

1 It is expected that he will win the race tomorrow.
He ...i& expected to win the race tomorrow •••

2 It is thought that the school has good teachers. 15 Will they play the tennis match on an indoor court?
The school
3 It is said that she speaks seven languages. 16 Tom doesn’t like people asking him personal
She questions.
4 It is believed that the missing jewellery has been
found. 17 Everyone must learn the poem by heart.
The missing jewellery
5 It is thought that she is a talented pianist. 18 Jean hadn’t cleaned the house by the time her hus¬
She band arrived.
6 It is said that the athletes train for eight hours every
day. 19 Who is going to welcome the guests?
The athletes
7 It is expected that the American team will break the 20 We cook all the meals.
world record.
The American team 21 Grandmother takes care of the children.
8 It is known that she is hiding somewhere in the city.
She 22 Kate is choosing a new carpet at the moment.
9 It is reported that the world leaders have reached an
agreement. 23 Had Stuart washed the car before he went to the
The world leaders cinema?
10 It is reported that the thieves have escaped from
prison. 24 Peter gave Jane a letter.
The thieves
11 It is expected that they will give her the prize. 25 Who made all these cakes?
She

78
 UNIT 6
9

H
4/t

Make a passive sentence from the words 4 k

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
in brackets.
15, active or passive tense.

1 A: That’s a beautiful picture. I #

B: Yes. (It / paint / my mother) •

r N
J
••• It wae my mother
painted •••

2 A: Have they caught the thieves yet?

B: Yes. (two men / arrest / yesterday)
N V
V C
. V \

3 A: Did you build the garage yourselves?

\'
J
B: No. (the garage / build / before we moved in) I
4 t4
,t •*
%
* «
\
4 A: Why is Paul afraid of dogs? K .j
flK »• * *
•» •I** 7'"‘ ,

B: (he / bite / a dog / when he was a little boy)

»•

mm,%
* f
%

5 A: Sarah is very ill. i •

i
B: (she / take / to hospital last night) leaves of the tea plant . At first,
Tea 1) ... I . (make) from 1 the am
- 1 (A
£4
A

(use) as a medicine, but it 3)

it 2)
6 A: This room is a disgrace. (become) an everyday"
drink in the 3rd century AD. First, the leaves
a
B: (it / not clean / for weeks) (pick) from the plant and they are spread onto
4) .
(leave) there for up to twenty hours.
cloth. They 5)

...........
7 A: Did you know about your surprise party?
Next, the leaves are rolled up until they
6) (break) ...
B: No. (it / arrange / in secret)
into small pieces. Finally, the leaves 7) (dry). The ...
(pack) into containers and sent to different coun-
8 A: Are you going to drive to work today?
tea 8) as tea
tries |t 9) (sell) to customers as loose leaves,
B: I can’t, (the car / not fix / yet)
baos and as instant tea. To make tea, we 10)
tea
••••• •
ta teapot
j
water and 11) (pow) it over the dry .*
9 A: Has Tom got a job? can

......
(leave) for three to five minutes. We
This 12)
B: No. (he / make redundant / last month) sugar. In Britain, it was the custom to serve
then add milk, lemon or This custonn
and cakes.
tea in the afternoons with sandwiches around
(start) by the Duchess of Bedford
13)
1840. Today, people 14) (drink) tea all over the world .
", Underline the correct answer.

y
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
16J»
4 V
*
active or passive tense.

A: Did you visit many places when you were on holiday?

* B: Well, on the first day we 1) •*en... (take) on • «
p- 4

a tour of the historic monuments by our guide.

I A: Oh. Did you go everywhere with him?
A B: No, we also 2)
places by ourselves.
(go) to some
Fire 1) swept/was swept through a furniture ware¬
house yesterday afternoon. Most of the stock inside A: How did you manage to travel to the other places?
2) was damaged/damaged, but shocked workers B: We 3) (advise) to hire a car, but
3) have been managed/managed to save a small we 4) ... (choose) to travel on
amount of it. The police 4) are being investigated/ public transport because it is much cheaper.
are investigating the cause of the fire, but it 5) is A: How did you know which buses and trains to catch 1

thought/thinks that it was an accident. The shop though?

manager 6) is being looked/is looking for another B: We 5) (ask) at the tourist
warehouse where stock can 7) keep/be kept. ‘A lot of information centre and we 6)
stock 8) has been lost/has lost, but the shop 9) will (give) an excellent book which 7)
open/will be opened tomorrow as usual,’ said the (tell) us everything we needed to know.
manager. Tm just glad no one 10) hurt/was hurt.’ A: So, you enjoyed it then?
B: Oh, yes! We had a really great time!

79
UNIT 6
The J2 sive

17
V.
Rewrite the following passage in the
passive. H Rewrite the following passage in the
passive.

Yesterday afternoon, a volcanic eruption destroyed an

entire village. Mount Sirius, which experts thought was
7 dormant, erupted at 3 pm. Tourists had seen smoke ri¬
sing from the mouth of the volcano two days before. The
*
t m ;/

Fn
police moved the villagers away from the area for their
own safety. Tons of lava and rock came out of the vol¬
cano and wrecked houses, roads and trees. Although

Someone broke into i

/1
I . ' the blast physically injured only a few people, doctors
are treating many for shock. The authorities are keep¬
the National Gallery ing the area surrounding Mount Sirius clear in case of
late last night. The A further activity.
thieves had broken the
alarm system before they climbed
L. r U
through a window. They stole some
priceless works of art. They used a
getaway car to escape. The police have questioned some
suspects. They have not caught the thieves yet.

20 j Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1 I made this omelette with onions and cheese.

•••This omelette was made with onions and cheese • Ml

2 Everyone considers her to be the best student in the

class.
Rewrite the following passage in the
t

18 passive.
3 Mary wants someone to help her when she paints
the house.
A few days ago, somebody stole Keith Dunn's motor¬
4 They will have built the new bridge by the end of the
bike. Keith had left his motorbike outside his house.
year.
Keith reported the theft to the police. The police told
him they would try to find his motorbike. This morning,
5 People ask Eve questions about her job all the time.
the police called Keith and asked him to go to the
police station. They had found his motorbike. The
6 The detective had collected all the information
thieves had painted it and then sold it to someone
before he handed in his report.
else. The new owner had parked the motorbike outside
the police station. The police arrested the thieves.
7 Do people expect Jane to get a promotion this year?

8 Frank doesn’t like people telling him what to do.

9 They washed the car with soapy water.

10 Who will make the speech tomorrow?

11 What did they decorate the streets with?

80
 UNIT 6
e missive

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

f passive tense. 23L Choose the correct answer.

Do you think Marsl) ..will (colonise) bybe

humans one day? The planet Mars 2) 1 ‘Was Tom pleased with the newspaper article about
(know) as ‘the red planet’. The soil there is red and its him?’

....
surface 3) (cover) in volcanoes. ‘No. He was angry because his name ..3... wrong.’
Until recently, it 4) . (believe) that nothing A spelt B had been spelt C is spelt
could live on Mars, but during a recent space mission, 2 ‘Did you buy that picture?’
tests 5) (carry out), and now it ‘No, it to me for my birthday.’
6) (think) that life on Mars might A was given B gave C is given
be possible one day. During the space mission, special 3 Are you going to buy a wedding dress?’
equipment 7) (use) to examine the

...........
‘No. My dress by my mother.’
planet. No form of life 8) (find) yet, A is being made B is made C made
and so far, the planet 9) . (consider)
4 ‘Have you arranged the party yet?’
unsuitable for inhabitation. However, we 10)
‘Yes. All the invitations ’
(tell) by scientists that, by 2020, humans
A are sent B have been sent C sent
11) (send) to Mars, and that one day,
special cities12) (build) so that we 5 ‘So, have you had your book published?’
can live there. It 13) (hope) that by ‘Yes. It in all bookshops from June 1st.’
2150, Mars will be a wonderful place to live. If a colony A will be B is C is being
14) (build) on Mars, would you like to live 6 ‘Do your cats eat a lot?
there? No. They once a day, that’s all.’
A is fed B are fed C fed

m Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

7 ‘Paul is taking me to a ball this weekend.’
‘I would love
A take
.... to a ball!
B to take C to be taken
1 My sister told me the joke. 8 ‘Did you hear about the burglary last week?’
...I wasthe joke by my sister./The joke was
told ‘Yes. The thieves now, haven’t they?’
told to me by my sister.... A have been caught B caught C are caught
2 Has Chris sent those letters yet? 9 ‘Can you swim?
‘Oh yes. I how to swim when I was five.’
3 Mr Jones hates people giving him orders.

4 People hope that the President will take control of

the situation.

5 My mother decorated this room.

A taught

‘Yes, but they

A be paid
......
B am taught

well.’
B are paid
C was taught
10 ‘Doctors have to do a lot of work.

C pay
11 ‘Where does that lady keep her jewellery?’
‘It in a safe somewhere in her house.
6 What stung her? A is kept B are kept C was kept
12 ‘What is happening over there?
7 Has Jane read that book yet? ‘Oh, a new cinema ’

A is being built B is built C was built

8 We hope they will send us an invitation too.
13 ‘How is Kevin?’
‘Well, his car last night, so he’s upset
9 They say that Richard has inherited a lot of money. today.’
A is stolen B has been stolen C was stolen
10 I can’t stand people laughing at me.
14 ‘What should you do if you are lost?’
11 Who is repairing John’s car? ‘You should stay where you are and wait
A was found B to find C to be found
12 Someone should tell Mary to stop being rude to 15 ‘Have you got Claire’s phone number?’
people. ‘Yes. It on this piece of paper.’
A is written B written C be written

81
UNIT 6
The assive
*
24 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
passive tense.

1 I’m going to a party tonight. I w8d r VlTsP.ri ••• (invite)

by my friend.
•••
D Dogs 1)
2)

must 4)
......
(be) very loyal animals. They can
(keep) you company and 3)

dog. They have to 5)

long walks and 6)
(protect) you. However, you
.... (look after) your
(take) for
.... (feed) regularly.
2 Tom didn’t go to the meeting yesterday. It You may 7) (find) that dogs are
(cancel). expensive pets, but they do 8)
3 After (rescue) from the river (make) great companions.
the boys went to hospital.
4 They (take) to hospital
by ambulance.

...
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
5 I have a beautiful jumper which
(knit) by my grandmother.
26> active or passive tense.

6 The new bridge (build) already.

(set) before
1 This tree is very old. It planted... (plant) in...wa
the
7 The tables 19th century.
the restaurant opens tonight. 2 This piece of music
8 Breakfast (serve) every day from (not/record) yet. I’ve just composed it.
7 am to 10 am. 3 The thieves (steal) the jewellery
9 This secret must not (reveal) to anyone. from the safe yesterday.
10 He (consider) to be a 4 We began work early, but we
very talented musician. (not/finish) until late.
11 Tickets (sell) until the 5 Jenny (complain) to the
day of the concert. manager about the faulty items at the moment.
12 The instructions must (follow) 6 This photograph (take) by
very carefully. my grandfather when I was five.
7 Don’t touch the saucepan. You might
(burn) yourself.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 8 We (delay) because there
25 active or passive tense. was a lot of traffic this morning.
9 Not much (know) about this
A A burglary 1) ...wa 3 K*
... (carry out) in the complicated subject.
high street yesterday morning. Two men 2) 10 I’m going home now because all the work

. . . . . ......... .. . . . . . .
(enter) a jeweller’s shop and 3) (do).
(order) the assistant to hand over jewellery and 11 The new nightclub (close) by the
money. The thieves 4) (escape) council last week.
with jewellery worth £2,000, but 5) 12 Jessica (run) two kilometres
(arrest) later, as they 6) .. every day before work.
(try) to leave the country. 13 Jim’s house is very modern. It
B Floods 1) (cause) when a river (build) only two years ago.
2) (burst) its banks. This can happen 14 Don’t stay up late tonight, or else you

........ . .
if there 3) (be) an unusual amount of (be) tired tomorrow.
rain, or if snow 4) (melt) and the
river 5) (overflow).
When a flood 6) . (take place), k Make passive sentences using the
crops 7) (destroy) and homes 27 prompts below. You can use any tense
but you should introduce the agent

............
8) (damage).
C Tony O’Connell 1) (work) for a wherever necessary.
large company. Last year, he 2) e.g. rousersare worn ky both men and women.
(promote) to the position of manager. He 3) 1 rouserewere first worn by women In the 1

.........
(give) a large office and a company
car. He now 4) (have) a secretary who 1 trousers/wear 6 gift/offer
5) ... (answer) his calls, and he 2 bills/pay 7 TV programme/show
6) (pay) a lot more money than 3 computer/use 8 curtains/clean
before. He 7) (feel) very happy 4 thieves/arrest 9 cake/decorate
about his job now. 5 car/damage 10 l/tell off

82
 UNIT 6
'’ssi ve

IN OTHER WORDS 11 Is Tim producing a new film next year?

produced Is a new film
Study these examples. The second sentence Tim next year?
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 12 They expect Monica Smith to win the competition.
expected Monica Smith
1 Last Monday, we chose the new spokesman.
the competition.
was The new spokesman was chosen last
Monday.
2 Richard the Lionheart led the Crusaders in the
12th century. Rewrite the sentences in the active.
by The Crusaders were led by Richard the
Lionheart in the 12th century.
1 The actor was paid £10,000 to make the commercial.
3 They will fire you if you go on behaving like this.
•••They paid the actor £10,000 to make the com¬
get You will get fired if you go on behaving
mercial••••
like this.
2 A new cinema is being built in the city centre.
4 Sheila doesn’t like people interrupting her when
she is working.
3 Breakfast will be served at eight in the morning.
being Sheila doesn’t like being interrupted
when she is working.
4 All her best jewellery had been stolen by the burglars.

5 A lot of food was eaten at the party.

‘AQ Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold. 6 An old shipwreck has been discovered by divers.

1 People say that a change is as good as a rest. 7 She is going to be sent to Germany on business.
be A change ...is eaid to be... as good as a
rest. 8 The band’s latest video was made in Prague.
2 Sylvia is organising the wedding reception.
by The wedding reception 9 Designer clothes are sold in this shop.
Sylvia.
3 Tom needs someone to help him with his homework. 10 The exam had been taken by all the children.
be Tom needs
with his homework. 11 The experiment was being done by the scientists.
4 Someone sent us an anonymous letter.
were We 12 The exhibition will be opened by the mayor.

.........
an anonymous letter.
5 My father broke my mother’s glasses when he sat 13 The Statue of Liberty was given to America by the
on them. French.
got My mother’s glasses
when my father sat on them.
14 Chinese is spoken by more than one billion people.
6 Erica covered the sofa with an old sheet.
was The sofa
an old sheet by Erica.
7 Gina likes the chauffeur driving her to work every day.
being Gina
to work every day by the chauffeur.
w There are seven unnecessary words in
the text below. Cross them out.

8 Someone should inform the employees about the

1 St Patrick’s Hospital, which was been completed
strike.
2 last week, is to be opened this afternoon by the Minister
be The employees
3 of Health. The hospital it was built on the site of the old .
about the strike.
4 Opera House and is then the largest hospital in the
9 They will offer Mr Templer a more responsible post.
5 county. The wards they are modem and spacious, and
to A more responsible post
Mr Templer. 6 the building is filled by with the most up-to-date
7 equipment. The money for the hospital was been /
10 David hasn’t signed the new contract yet.
been The new contract 8 raised by charity organisations and the Minister did
David yet. • 9 congratulated them on their hard work.

85
UNIT 6 r
The passive
R'

proud of sb/sth
sorry about sth
sorry for doing sth
Prepositions
worried about sb/sth
warn sb of/about sb/sth
reply to sb/sth
JÿsionBox
surprised at/by sth search for sb/sth
upset about sth smile at sb
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
33 infinitive form or the -mg form.

Carl decided 1) ...1 •« (move) to London. He

hoped 2) (find) a job there. He looked
31 Underline the correct preposition.
forward to 3) .. (live) in the city and imag-
ined himself 4) (work) as a successful busi-
nessman. He didn’t expect 5)

.. . .. .. . . .
1 I’m very worried a bout /with failing my driving test. (have)
2 Debbie was upset for/about not winning the prize. any problems. After a month though, he regretted
3 Chris was surprised about/at the cost of the meal. 6) (move) to London. He spent all day
4 I’m sorry about/by the misunderstanding. 7) (travel) to interviews, he couldn’t get
I’m sorry for/to breaking your favourite vase, Mum. used to 8) (hear) so much noise all the

....
5
6 She smiled to/at the postman as he passed by. time, and the pollution made him 9) (feel)
7 Jerry’s parents are very proud him. ill. Just when he thought there was no point in
8 They warned all ships for/of the coming storm. 10) (try) any more, a company offered
9 It is polite to reply at/to an invitation. 11) (employ) him and agreed
10 I searched everywhere about/for my keys. 12) (pay) him the salary he wanted.

Phrasal Verbs 34 Rewrite the sentences using participles.

go after: 1 ) chase sb/sth 1 Paul signed for the parcel and took it inside.
2) aim for sth ••• t
••

go in for: enter a competition, exam, etc. 2 Tony broke his leg while he was skiing.
go on: 1) continue
2) happen 3 The man who is carrying a black umbrella is my
go through: examine sth in detail boss.
go out: 1) to stop burning
2) to become less fashionable 4 Because he was broke Peter borrowed some
go off: 1) explode, make a sudden noise
money from his friends.
2) go bad
5 The clothes which are kept in the attic belong to my
grandmother.

6 He was walking down the street and he was

whistling a tune.
32 Fill in the correct particle.
7 After they had made a guest list, they sent out their
wedding invitations.
1 They decided to go ••• ... walking even though they
were tired.

.....
8 Those children who are playing hockey are in my
2 I’m afraid the milk has gone class.
3 The dog went the sheep.
4 Sam decided to go . the poetry competition. 9 Emily lost her passport while she was shopping.
5 We watched the fire go , then went to bed.
6 The thieves went every desk 10 Because she had missed the bus, she decided to
in the office. take a taxi.
7 What is going here?
8 Long skirts went in the 60’s.

84
 UNIT 6
-Yssive

K A|
•Revision
)

Box Activitru
Trevor Cole is a newsreader for a national television
station. Every day, he is given notes on all of the stories
in the news bulletin. Look at the prompts and make full
35i Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
tense. sentences using the passive, as in the example.
e.g. Japan was hit by a big earthquake during the night • •

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
e

Dear Mum and Dad,

You 1) 1 UPVrtf* /11 1P (never/guess) what 2) 1 Japan / hit / a big earthquake during the night a -
-.
MM
llLsVLSl l/l UV/M

(happen). James 3) (ask) me to marry him! -

few people / hurt help / already send / Red Cross
We 4)

6)
.. . . .... .
just as we 5)

ring. We 7)
.
. (go out) for dinner last night, and
(have) our coffee, he
(bring out) a beautiful diamond
(talk) about getting married
for a long time, but it was still a surprise! Of course, I agreed!
*
2 Burley’s Bank /
- two suspects
rob
/
/ this
question
morning
/ the
- £500,000
police
/ steal

...........
We 8) (plan) to get married in the spring. I y
-3 Edinburgh / visit / the Queen tomorrow a new - •

9) (wear) a beautiful, long white dress and we

t -
bridge / open a dinner party / give / to honour the !
Royal party
will have three bridesmaids who will wear pink. James 10)
(think) of taking me to Prague for our honeymoon. 4 a diamond ring / find / Mrs Mary Silver / in a gar-J
I’m sure you 11) (be) happy for me, and I can’t wait -
den yesterday it / lose / for twenty years
to see you and discuss the wedding with you. We won’t be able to
come and visit you until next month, though. Sony. Meanwhile, I’ll 5 another gold medal / win / British athlete, Terry
write and tell the rest of the family my wonderful news! Y Black, yesterday - he / award / the medal for break- '
Love, ing the world record in the 100m race
Chloe
-
6 tonight’s charity football match / cancel half the 'ÿ
players / take / to hospital suffering from food poi-
36, Choose the correct answer. soning a new date for the match / set / tomorrow
- '

1 What are you doing tonight?’

I ..3.. tidy my bedroom. My mother told me to do it.
A could B have to C can
2 ‘What do you want to do when you leave school?’
‘Actually, I hope a vet.’ vi RITI\ C
A to become B become C becoming
Activity
3 ‘Where have you been? I haven’t seen you for a while.
‘Oh, I very hard recently.’ Look at your notes from the Oral Activity again and
A am working B have been working C work complete the news bulletin below.
4 ‘Has Clive just moved to the area?’
Yes, he has, but he about moving here for Japan was hit by a big earthquake during the night.
years, you know.’
A had been thinking B is thinking
C will have been thinking
5 ‘Did you watch the late film on TV last night?’
Yes, but I it twice before.’
A already saw B was already seeing
C had already seen
6 ‘You’re going on holiday soon, aren’t you?’
‘Yes. This time next week, I coffee in Brazil.
A will be drinking B will drink C am drinking

8$
UNIT 7
Clau
f

VillUr CiiSii&Gl Main clause Time clause

present / future present simple or
imperative present perfect
He watches the news before he goes to bed.
r I’ll tidy up after we finish /have finished cooking.
«• -»

k
Lock the door when you leave.
past simple / past simple or
•

s
i
Mr •
V
past perfect past perfect
She had a nap after she had tidied up.

*
»

Jim had fallen asleep before Ann got home.

w »

J
l
The children had breakfast with their parents before
they left for school. Their mother will have cleaned
the house by the time they come back.
Gk Identify the main clause and the time
clause in each sentence. Add a comma
where necessary.

Time clauses are introduced with the following 1 I’ll call you as soon as I get home.
J V
V
time conjunctions: main ciauee time clause
- -
when as no sooner than while before mmm
- - - 2 Before you go out to play tidy your bedroom.
-
the moment that since after hardly -
when
-
till/ until by the time whenever as long as •
-
-
mmm
- 3 As we were walking in the park we watched the child¬
ren playing.
as soon as, etc. 4 We went shopping after we had finished work.
5 The children will stay at the party until their parents
come to pick them up.
Time clauses are subordinate clauses and usual*
6 While you are watching TV you can iron the clothes.
ly go with a main clause. When the time clause

_ _
precedes the main clause, a comma is used.

to
e.g. After I have cleaned my room, I will watch TV.
-- v
v
time clause
i V

main clause
v t
Underline the correct tense.

- --
- ' -
I will watch TV after I have cleaned my room.
v
main clause
' v
time clause
' 1 When we go/ 7/ go shopping, I’ll buy you something
nice.
2 Donna started looking for a new job after she will
We never use future tenses after time conjunc¬ pass/had passed the exam.
tions; we use the present simple or the present 3 I always will wake up/wake up when the alarm
perfect instead when we are talking about the clock goes off.
future. 4 When we go/went to the party, we took a gift with us.
e.g. Sharon will give us the money after she gets 5 After I have finished my homework, I watch/will
•mm watch a film on TV.
6 I will paint/painted the walls after I had covered all
Sequence of Tenses the furniture with old sheets.
Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of 7 The children are going to the park. They will have
tenses. That is, when the verb of the main clause some ice cream while they will be/are there.
is in a present or future form, the verb of the time 8 No sooner had she left the building than the fire
clause is in a present form. When the verb of the broke/breaks out.
main clause is in a past form, the verb of the time 9 By the time Sam finishes/will finish work, it will be
clause is in a past form too. dark outside.
10 Joan stayed at the office until she has done/had
done all her work.
11 I usually read/will read a book before I go to sleep.

86
 UNIT 7
nuses
1ttu9 t'MHUIlMIMlMi 3 In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.

before= before a past time SA: Whei } rf

g. started work last year.

e. Melissa SB: Whei 4 rri

She had graduated two years before.

(= two years before last year) 02 t 3
ago = before now n *
w

e.g. Peter graduated four years ago.

(= four years before now)
m
by the time + clause = before, not later than the 5
moment something happens
e.g. I will have arranged everything by the time you 6 m m
come back. (= before, not later than the
moment you come back)
until/till + clause/time adverb = up to the time
ID I

i I
Mm
when 1 go home/finish exam 5 be paid/repair washing
e.g. He will wait for you you are ready. u 2 pay bill/get to desk machine
(= up to the time when you are ready) 3 go home/do shopping 6 serve dinner/finish
I'll be away until/till Tuesday. Tuesday) 4 inform boss/check data cooking
by = not later than
e.g. I have to be back by Tuesday evening. Match the items in column A to those in
(- not later than Tuesday evening) 4 column B to make correct sentences.
Note: not • • until/till = not ... before
a

e.g. I will not sign anything until/till/before I have A B

talked to my lawyer.
while/as + clause = in the time period
1 He went to university - a until I’m ready?
2 After she had passed
e.g. The earthquake occurred while/as they were b I couldn’t believe it.
her driving test,
sleeping. c she bought a new car.
3 I’ll call you
during + noun = in the time period 4 When I heard the d after he left school.
e.g. The earthquake occurred (luring the night. news,
no sooner •••than = hardly whan... 5 They locked all the
doors
e before they left.
We use these structures to show that one action f as soon as I arrive.
6 While he was sleeping,
happened almost immediately after another 7 Will you wait for me g somebody broke in.
action.
e.g. Sheila had no sooner finished reading the
letter than she burst into tears.
I had hardly opened the door when the cat got
out. Underline the correct word(s).

as soon as = the moment (that)

e.g. Call me as soon as/the moment (that) you 1 Sam got married last year. His brother had got mar¬
arrive. ried two years ago/before.
2 The storm broke as/during the climbers were run¬
when (time conjunction) + present tense ning for shelter.
when (question word) + will 3 I expect Samantha will have woken up by/until nine
e.g. When I see Tom, I’ll let him know. o’clock.
(time conjunction) 4 We’ll stay in the house until/before it stops snowing.
I don 't know when he will be back. 5 By/After I’ve finished my work, I’ll go out.
(question word) 6 You are welcome to stay in my flat as long as/as
soon as you like.

87
UNIT 7
Clau
7 Call me the moment/until you arrive back home. IN OTHER WORDS
8 Since/When you go to the shop, don’t forget to ask
for a receipt. Study these examples. The second sentence
9 He was singing a song during/while he was walking. has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
10 The thieves had escaped by the time/by the police
1 She left the house. Her mobile phone rang.
arrived.
sooner She had no sooner left the house than
11 Turn off the lights before/as long as you go to bed. her mobile phone rang.
12 He offered to help no sooner/whenever I was in
2 You can’t go out. You have to do your homework first.
trouble.
until You can’t go out until you have done
13 Please call me as soon as/till you get the results. your homework.
before You can’t go out before you have done

L Put the verbs in brackets into the

correct tense.

1 A: Could you do the shopping for me, please?

party.
after
your homework.
3 We will finish our homework before we go to the

We will go to the party after we finish/

B: Certainly, but only after I have finished our homework.
finished... (finish) washing the car. 4 Simon talked to the teacher during the break.
2 A: Have a safe journey. while Simon talked to the teacher while he
B: Thanks. I ,.(call) you as was having a break.
soon as I (arrive) home. 5 Rob had no sooner set out than the storm broke.
3 A: Did you wash the dishes before you left? hardly Rob had hardly set out when the storm
B: No, but I (wash) them when broke.
I (get) home tonight.
4 A: How did you break your leg?
B: I (fall) as I
(go) down the stairs.
5 A: Did James walk the dog?
B: No. He says he (do) it
& Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.

when he (come) back. 1 We can’t leave. We have to wait for the rain to stop
6 A: When will they announce their engagement? first.
-
...................
B: They won’t announce it until they until We can’t leave .. stopped.
(set) a date for their wedding. 2 Jessica opened the door. The bird flew out of the cage.
7 A: When did you realise your wallet was missing? hardly Jessica had
B: I realised it the moment I the bird flew out of the cage.
(open) my briefcase. 3 They returned home. They realised that their house
8 A: Have you listened to your new CD yet? had been burgled.
B: No, but I (listen) to it after sooner They had no they
(tidy) the garage. realised that their house had been burgled.
4 As soon as he saw the police, he started running.

a Fill in the gaps with since, until, while,

as long as.
1 I was listening to the radio
... as, when or
before, hardly when, as soon

...wh •• I heard the news.

moment He started running
the police.
5 She collected some information before she called
the agency.
after She called the agency
2 Sharon waited in the car Sam some information.
was filling the petrol tank. 6 Helen had no sooner set the table than the guests
3 I had finished my dinner arrived.
my friend knocked at the door. hardly Helen had
4 I have to do my homework I can the guests arrived.
go out. 7 Paul fell asleep during the film.

.....
5 You can keep this book you like. while Paul fell asleep
6 Jack has been friends with Seb the film.
they were at school together. 8 They will come home at seven o’clock. Mary will
7 She fell asleep she closed her eyes. have cooked dinner by then.
8 I can’t pay the bills my boss gives time Mary will have cooked dinner by
me my wages. home.

88
 UNIT 7
nuses
[•I c u E if s in K&ffli. <4 Fill in so, such or such a.

1 A: Why didn’t you come to work last week?

B: I had ...such a... in bed all
bad cold that I stayed
week.
2 A: Are you going to John’s party tonight?
B: No, I have much work to do
that I can’t go.
A. „
3 A: I really like that new shop in town.
;
B: So do I, but it sells expensive
clothes that I never buy anything.
4 A: I don’t want to go out tonight.
B: Oh, but it’s lovely evening
Forests are being destroyed. As a result/Therefore/ that it would be a shame to stay at home.
Consequently a lot of animals are losing their homes. 5 A: I didn’t enjoy that film last night.
B: Neither did I. It was boring
Cl «uses ci result are used to express the result of
that I almost fell asleep.
something. They are introduced with:

- - -
so so/such ... (that) as a result therefore
consequently/as a consequence, etc.
- Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.
so e.g. I was tired, so I went to bed early.
1 It was raining heavily. We stayed in.
4 such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun so It was raining ...e
... stayed
e.g. She is such a nice girl (that) everybody likes her. in.
4 such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun 2 We had a great time because the people at the hotel
e.g. They are such friendly people (that) they make were very friendly.
you feel welcome. such They were people
It was such hot weather (that) we went swimming. at the hotel that we had a great time.
4 such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun 3 Jackie spent a lot of money last week, so she can’t
e.g. They gave me such a lot of presents (that) I pay the rent now.
couldn 't carry them home. much Jackie spent
last week that she can’t pay the rent now.
4 so + adjective/adverb 4 Kate doesn’t pay much attention to the way she
e.g. She is so clever (that) everyone admires her. dresses. She looks untidy.
He runs so fast (that) no one can compete with
so Kate pays to the
him.

.........
way she dresses that she looks untidy.
4 so much/little + uncountable noun 5 There was a lot of noise last night and I couldn’t
so many/few + plural sleep.
e.g. There was so much smoke in the room (that) I such There was
couldn 't breathe. last night that I couldn’t sleep.
There were so many people on the bus (that) 6 The party wasn’t a success because Jack invited
we couldn 't move. very few people.
He has so few friends (that) he feels lonely at so Jack invited
times. to the party that it wasn’t a success.
She earns so little money (that) she can’t live 7 The cake was delicious. We ate it all.
on her salary very easily. such It was
4 as a result/therefore/consequently that we ate it all.

.....................
e.g. Certain species of animals are being killed for their 8 The instructions were confusing. I couldn’t understand
fur, and as a result/theref ore
they them.
are becoming extinct. such They were
Certain species of animals are being killed for I couldn’t understand them.
their fur. As a result /Ther 9 The weather was bad. We didn’t enjoy our holiday.
they are becoming extinct. such It was
we didn’t enjoy our holiday.

89
UNIT 7
Clau
3 There was a lot of noise, so she couldn’t concen¬
Causes trate. (because)

4 He was new to the area, and therefore he didn’t

know anyone, (as)

5 She missed the bus, so she was late for the

meeting, (the reason for)

6 He worked hard, and as a result he passed the

exams with excellent grades, (because of)

«• 7 His best shirt was dirty, therefore he couldn’t wear it

to the party, (the reason why)

The air is becoming polluted because of factories.

The air is becoming polluted due to the fact that
there are a lot of factories. 12i Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.

Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for 1 Tim turned on the lights because it was dark.
something. They are introduced with: since Tim turned on the lights ...since it was •• ii

dark.
-
as/since because •the reason for/why
because of /due to, etc.
- 2 He didn’t have any qualifications. As a result, he didn’t
get the job.
as since e.g. She took a taxi home as/since it was
because He didn’t get the job
any qualifications.
late. As/Since it was late, she took a taxi home.
3 The fact that the job was poorly paid was the reason
because e.g. I went to bed early because I was why she turned it down.
tired. Because I was tired, I went to bed early. for The fact that the job was poorly paid was
the reason for + noun/-ing form it down.
the reason why + clause 4 They didn’t go because it was foggy.
e.g. The reason for her delay was (the fact) that of They didn’t go
she had missed the train. the fog.
The fact that she had missed the train was the 5 She didn’t have enough cash with her, so she paid
reason for her being delayed. by credit card.
The reason why she was delayed was (the as She paid by credit card
fact) that she had missed the train. enough cash with her.

..............
6 She didn’t hear her alarm clock. As a result, she was
because of/due to + noun
late for work.
because of/due to the fact that + clause due She was late for work
e.g. They came home late because of the traffic. she didn’t hear her alarm clock.
They came home late due to the traffic. 7 The reason why she wanted to be alone was the fact
She was promoted because of the fact that that she was upset.
she works hard. for The fact that she was upset was
She was promoted due to the fact that she to be alone.
works hard. 8 They didn’t know the area well, so they asked for
directions.
as They asked for directions
(ij> Rewrite the sentences using the word(s)
in brackets.
the area well.
9 David put more wood on the fire because it was cold.
since David put more wood on the fire
1 He wore a jacket because it was cold, (since) cold.
Since it was cold, he wore a jacket •••
•• 10 Some trees fell down last night because it was windy.
2 She won the competition, so she was happy, (due to) of Some trees fell down last night
wind.

90
 UNIT 7
nuses
C[aUSCrb.Jÿpll,UL|jÿ!: for noun (when we want to express the
purpose of an action)
e.g. They went to an Indian restaurant for dinner.
for -ing form (when we want to express the pur¬
pose or function of something)
e.g. We use an axe for chopping wood.
Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the
sequence of tenses, like time clauses (page 86).
e.g. Ann left some soup in the fridge so that Jim
-a
could eat it later.
(NOT: Ann left some soup in the fridge so that Jim
eat it later.)

They went to the beach to enjoy the sunset.

They went to the beach so that they could Match each picture to a suitable phrase
enjoy the sunset. from the box, and in pairs, ask and
answer questions, as in the example.
>se are used to express the pur¬
pose of an action. That is, they explain why some¬ SA: r Wl
v &4 > KVi J

one does something. They are introduced with: SB: L4 w

A
ft 1
>

-
to in order to/so as to -
so that/in order that - in case, etc. tape measure
coWnder
to -infinitive
e.g. I’m going out to get some fresh air.
\ , . » v
¥
(formal) coo \

e.g. He went to Harvard in order toIso as to

obtain a degree in economics. #

In negative sentences we use in order not to or

so as not to. We never use not to alone.
in order not to ft!
He took a taxi be late. ft
so as not to -
&
'

t i
(0

i
3
*
sot t ‘ can will (present or future reference)
so that + could/would (past reference)
e.g. He works hard so that he can make a lot of
1 sweep floors 4 paint
money. 2 measure things 5 keep food cold
She reserved a table so that she wouldn’t 3 drain pasta 6 dig holes
have to wait in a queue.

Note: In order that has the same structure as so that.

However, it is not used very often as it is formal.
e.g. We will inform you of the final dates today in
order that you can make travel arrangements.
(,4JC Underline the correct word(s).

1 He went to the bank so that/to get some money.

in case + present tense (present or future reference)
2 They walked slowly on the ice in order that/so as
(past reference)
not to slip and fall.
In case is never used with will or would. 3 She’s going to work very hard in order that/to pass
e.g. Take a map in case you get lost. her exams.
(NOT: Take a map in case will lost.) 4 We sat near the door in case/so that we could
She called her parents in case they were wor¬ leave early.
ried about her. 5 She closed the door quietly so as not to/in case
wake her parents.

91
UNIT 7
Clau
i A You’re packing for a holiday abroad and IN OTHER WORDS
you’re talking to a friend about what you
> should take with you. In pairs, ask and
Study these examples. The second sentence
has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
answer questions using the prompts
below, as in the example.
1 She wrote a shopping list. She didn’t want to
forget anything.
SA: Shall I take raincoat? my that She wrote a shopping list so that she
SB: Yee, take your raincoat In case It raine. wouldn’t forget anything.
2 They took some sandwiches with them. They thought
raincoat / rain
they might get hungry.
credit card / run out of money They took some sandwiches with them
case
swimsuit / go swimming
some medicine / catch a cold
some plasters / cut yourself
jumper / be cold
A
:\ in case they got hungry.
3 He checked in the dictionary. He didn’t want to
spell the word wrongly.
not He checked in the dictionary in order
not to spell the word wrongly.
He checked in the dictionary so as not
to spell the word wrongly.
B Now you’re back from your holiday. Using 4 We use a key to lock and unlock doors.
the same prompts as above, make
sentences, as in the example. for A key is used for locking and unlocking
doors.
e.g. I took my ralncoatfin case it rained.

..... a
, Join the sentences using the word(s) in
brackets. Complete each sentence using two to
five words, including the word in bold.
1 I’ve joined a gym. I want to get fit. (to)
I’veJoined a gym to get fit 1 He set his alarm clock. He didn’t want to oversleep.
2 She is learning English. She wants to get a job in that He set his alarm clock ...eo that he wouldn *
England, (so that) oversleep.
2 I’ll take my umbrella. It might rain this afternoon.
3 He got a loan from the bank. He wanted to expand case I’ll take my umbrella
his business, (in order to) this afternoon.
3 Sam called Mary. He wanted to invite her to a party.
4 He will take some money with him. He may want to to Sam called Mary
buy something, (in case) her to a party.
4 Tom took his cheque book. He didn’t want to run
5 She wrote the date down in her diary. She didn’t out of money.
want to forget it. (so that) case Tom took his cheque book
out of money.
6 They arrived at the station early. They didn’t want to 5 We use a watering can to water plants and flowers.
miss the train, (so as not to) for A watering can
plants and flowers.
7 They took some water with them. It was possible 6 I went to bed early. I didn’t want to be tired the next
they would get thirsty, (in case) day.
that I went to bed early
8 He put the letter on the table. He wanted his moth¬ be tired the next day.
er to post it. (so that) 7 They took a map with them. They didn’t want to get
lost.
9 The courier came into the office. He wanted to deliver not They took a map with them
the parcel, (to) get lost.
8 Jack is studying business at university. He wants to
10 Pamela called the lost property office. She wanted get a good job.
to report the loss of her luggage, (in order to) that Jack is studying business at university
a good job.

92
 UNIT 7
nuses
just returned from a party.
Sue haveand
Jane
C ct Co Lii 18> They are discussing what happened. Make
sentences using the prompts below, as
\>
in the example.

Jt
S: The music was brilliant.
l >4 s» J: (it / be / a bit loud) 1) ...It wae a bit loud, though.• ••

S: Tracy looked wonderful.

% .. J: (I / not like / her dress) 2)
c. V S: There were so many people there!
)
J: (they / not be / very friendly) 3)
S: We had wonderful food.
J: (it/be a bit cold) 4)
1 S: The atmosphere was fantastic.
J: (it / be / too dark) 5)
*CJ»

it- » rI m A

Rewrite the sentences using the word(s)

in brackets.
They enjoy working in the garden although/even
though it is very hard work.
1 Your car is new and fast. My car is old and slow.
(while)
Clauses of contrast are used to express a contrast.
They are introduced with: Your car is new and fast, while my car is old and
slow.
-
but although/even though/though
in spite of /despite however - -
- 2 He went to bed early. He was tired the next day.
(yet)
-
yet while/whereas nevertheless, etc. - 3 The Smiths go on holiday to Spain. The Millers go
to Switzerland, (whereas)
but e.g. She had a cold, but she went to work. 4 He had passed his exams. He couldn’t find a good
although/even though/though + clause job. (although)
Even though is more emphatic than although. 5 They ate all the food. It was tasteless, (in spite of)
Though is usually used in everyday speech and 6 The performance was bad. Everyone applauded at
can also be put at the end of a sentence. the end. (nevertheless)
e.g. Although /Even she had a
thou 7 We had a map. We got lost, (though)
cold, she went to work. 8 He didn’t go back to work. He felt better, (despite)
She went to work although/even though/
though she had a cold.
Choose the correct answer.
She had a cold. She went to work, though.
in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form
e.g. In spite of /Despite the bad weather, they sat 1 c ••• being shy, Jim gave a speech at the concert.
•••

in the garden. (NOT: Despite X the bad ...) A However B Yet C Despite
They sat in the garden in spite 2 he hated shopping, he went to the
the weather being bad. supermarket.
in spite of/despite the fact that + clause A However B Even though C While
e.g. In spite the fact
of/Despite
(that) the 3 Jane works very hard Kate is lazy.
weather was bad, they sat in the garden. A whereas B even though C despite
however/nevertheless A comma is always used 4 This car is fast it is also very noisy.
after however/nevertheless. A despite B but C in spite
e.g. He was well-qualified for the job. However/ 5 She likes Peter. She doesn't like his brother,
Nevertheless, he didn 't get it. A whereas B but C though
while/whereas 6 the rain, the football match went ahead.
e.g. Your flat is big, mine is while
small./w A In spite of B However C While
yet (formal) e.g. Tom ran well, yet he lost. 7 of being tired, Jeff went to the party.
A In spite B Despite C Although

95
UNIT 7
Clau
2,L Complete the sentences. LEÿeieuiiai LO uM
1 In spite of the heavy traffic, I got to work on time. Exclamations are words or sentences used to
Although ...the traffic was heavy, I got to work on express admiration, surprise, etc. To form exclama¬
time ••• •
tory sentences we can use (a/an), how, such,
2 Despite winning the race, Sam still wasn’t happy. so or a negative question.
Even though how + adjective/adverb
3 Although it rains a lot in England, I love living there. e.g. How tall she is! How carefully he drives!
Despite what + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable
4 Even though Tom is a qualified doctor, he doesn’t noun
have a job. e.g. What a pretty baby!
In spite » What an amazing story! What an experience!
5 Despite the fact that I was hungry, I didn’t eat what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
anything. e.g. What colourful paintings!
Even though What horrible weather!
6 Even though he was ill, Jim went to work. (NOT: WhatyQiorribie weather!)
Despite so + adjective/adverb e.g. She’s so polite!
7 In spite of losing her job, she didn’t get depressed. He ran so fast!
Although such + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable
8 Although he doesn’t like his boss, he works very noun e.g. He's such a generous man!
hard.
such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
In spite e.g. They’re such polite children!
9 Even though it is very cold, she is only wearing a T-
He gave me such useful advice!
shirt. negative question
Despite e.g. Isn’t it great to be here!
10 In spite of her busy schedule, she makes time for her
children.

m
Even though

p
Rephrase the sentences in as many ways
as possible, as in the example.
23,
1
2
••• .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .
Fill in what (a/an) or how.

What beautiful earrings she is wearing!

clever of you to pass all of your exams!

...........
.......... .
.....
3 delightful restaurant this is!
4 cold it is this evening!
1 Tom is clever. He doesn’t work hard at school. 5 . wonderful taste in paintings you have!
a) Although /Even though Tom is clever, he doesn't 6 outstanding performance she gave!
work hard at school. 7 stupid of me to forget his birthday!
b) In spite (his) being clever, Tom
of/Desplte 8 kind of you to visit me in hospital!
doesn’t work hard at school. 9 .. terrible mistake it was to invite Sarah!
c) Tom Is clever. He doesn't work hard at school, 10 awful bullies those two boys are!
though. 11 exciting news!
d) Inspite theoffact that Tom is clever,
‘/Despite 12 .. rude of Tara to ignore me all evening!
he doesn’t work hard at school.
e) Tom Is clever. However, he doesn't work hard at
Rephrase the sentences in as many
school...., etc.
2 The dress is very beautiful. It is very expensive. 24* ways as possible, as in the example.
3 There weren’t many people at the party. We had a 1 How lazy you are!
lovely time. What a lazy person you areI You’re so lazy! You’re
4 Sue is a good friend. I don’t tell her all my secrets. such a lazy person I Aren’t you lazyI
5 She had many friends. She felt lonely. 2 What a horrible noise!
6 He studied French at school. He doesn’t remember 3 How pretty that kitten is!
any. 4 What a funny joke!
7 The meeting lasted three hours. No one was bored. 5 How silly of me!
8 It was cold outside. The sun was shining. 6 What terrible news!

94
 UNIT 7
ouses
Match the items in column A to those in
del1b'eif o HVtuLiLieÿ column B and join them using as if /as
4ÿ*
though.

c -
e.g. 1 c He reels as if/as though he ha&n t slept
properly for weeks.
'
-
> A B
¥ *>4
?A 1 Rick is tired. He feels a he had won the
W
2 Claire is out of breath. lottery.
I
.A She sounds b she has run a
<A
3 Jim is very angry. He feels marathon.

i *9
tJF.
i, 4 Sarah spoke very quickly. |c
She sounded
5 Martin looked very happy. ( d
he hasn’t slept prop¬
erly for weeks.
she was in a hurry.
They look as if /as though they are celebrating. He was smiling e he is going to explode.
6 Tom sneezed. He sound- f he had a cold.
I don t like ed
her. She
speaks to me
n / N i as if she was
the boss.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
P tense.

L. 1 Mary was sniffing when I spoke to her on the phone.

She sounded as though she ...was crying... (cry) at
Fi the time.
/ 2 You seem very happy today. You seem as though
you (just/hear) some good news.
3 Sarah looked very frightened last night. She looked
are introduced with as if /as
as if she (see) a ghost.
though and are used to express the way in which
4 She didn’t know him, but she acted as if she
something is done/said, etc.
(know) him.
We use as if/as though after verbs such as act, 5 What a delicious smell! It smells as if mother
appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, (bake) at the moment.
taste to say how somebody or something looks, 6 My boss tells the same jokes all the time and we
behaves, etc. always laugh as if we
e.g. He sounds as if /as though he's got a cold. (never/ hear) them before.
(It's possible that he has a cold.) 7 Emma was wearing a beautiful dress last night. She
She looks as if /as though she is a model. looked as if she (go) to a party.
(It’s possible that she is a model.) 8 Jack is only twenty-two years old, but sometimes he
behaves as though he (be)
We use as If/as though + past tense when we much older.
are talking about an unreal present situation. 9 There was a lot of noise last night. It sounded as if
Were can be used instead of was in all persons. the people next door (have)
e.g. He speaks about the royal family as if /as a party.
though he was a good friend of theirs. 10 They must have had an argument because they acted
(He is not a friend of the royal family.) as if they (not/like) each other.
She behaves as if she were the boss, (were is 11 It’s very cold outside today. In fact, it feels as if it
more formal than was) (snow).
Note: We can use like instead of as if /as though in 12 James has been very selfish recently. He has been
behaving as though he (not/want)
spoken English.
to help anyone out.
e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain. It looks like it
13 Helen didn’t study science at university, but sometimes
is going to rain, (informal spoken English)
she talks about it as if she
(be) an expert on the subject.

95
UNIT 7
Clau
IN OTHER WORDS Prepositions
Study these examples. The second sentence aim at sb/sth react to
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. crash into sb/sth save from
regard sb/sth as suffer from
1 Although she is rich, she never gives to the poor. depend on sth think about sb/sth
spite She never gives to the poor in spite of fail in sth head for
(her) being rich. hope for sth take advantage of
2 The game was cancelled because it was raining
heavily.
as The game was cancelled as it was Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs
28L
raining heavily.
3 She had no money, so she didn’t go on holiday.
therefore She had no money, and therefore she
didn’t go on holiday.
4 He studied hard because he wanted to be top of
the class.
so He studied hard so as to be top of the
class.
1
2
3
4
I’m
suitable preposition.

The crew were

the lifejackets they wore.
.........
.....
from the list in the correct form and a

Emma is ...regarded ae... the best singer in the choir.

Every summer I hay fever.
getting a new car.
drowning by

5 We didn’t know how Kevin would

that He studied hard so that/in order that

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .
the news.
he could/would be top of the class. After the heatwave, everyone
6 rain.
5 Take some money because you might need it. 7 She the sale and did a lot of
case Take some money in case you need it. shopping.
6 It was foggy, so all flights were delayed. 8 The archer the target, but missed.
of All flights were delayed because of the 9 I my radio for all the latest news.
fog.
The army their attempt to take

.......
10
7 The film was sad, so we all cried at the end. control of the city last night.
such It was such a sad film that we all cried 11 In the summer I the beach.
at the end. 12 She lost control of the car and a tree.

L Complete each sentence with two to Phrasal Verbs

five words, including the word in bold.
look after: take care of sb/sth
1 They left work early today because the meeting was look for: search for
cancelled. took forward to: anticipate with pleasure
as They left work early today ...ae the look into: investigate
•••meeting wae cancelled. look out (for): watch for
2 She has a car, yet she walks to work every day. look through: read
spite She walks to work every day look up: look for an address, name, word, etc.
a car in a book, list, etc.
3 Take a book with you because you might get bored.
case Take a book with you
bored
4 She is a happy child, so everyone loves her. 29* Fill in the correct particle.
such She is
everyone loves her 1 The police are looking •••into... a series of rob-
5 There was lots of traffic, so we were late for work. beries.
therefore There was lots of traffic, and 2 She looked the TV guide to see if there
for work was a good film on.
6 It was cold, so we turned on the heating. 3 You can look the meanings of words in
because We turned on the heating a dictionary.
cold 4 My mum is looking my dog while I am
7 I put the money in the safe because I didn’t want to on holiday.
lose it. 5 I’m looking the party next weekend.
that I put the money in the safe 6 Sam spent half an hour looking his keys.
lose it. 7 Look jellyfish when you swim in the sea.

96
 UNIT 7
nuses
OKA L
sion Box Activity
Mr Thomson is an office manager. Yesterday, he failed
to have some reports ready because three members
Complete each sentence with two to of staff had problems. Look at the prompts given and
30, five words, including the word in bold. make sentences, as in the example.
e.g. Julie had a headache, so she couldn’t work. OR
1 It isn’t necessary for you to write that report today. Because Julie had a headache, she couldn't work.
have You ...don't have to write... that report
today. Julie Smith so / because - when
2 Let’s have a short break before we go on.
can We
before we go on.
a short break <5 •Julie / a headache /
Vi not work
3 You aren’t allowed to talk during the exam.
mustn’t You during the exam.
•talk to manager /
give her / the day off
4 I advise you to go to bed early.
should You early.
5 Perhaps she missed the train. Mary Doyle so / because - while
may She the train.
6 It is possible that they were lying to us.
•Mary’s babysitter/ ill
X
Ak / take / baby to office
could They to us. A
•the baby / cry /
7 It wasn’t necessary for me to go to work, but I did. ( VA Mary / work
needn’t I to work. » | •the baby / keep /
8 Let’s stay in and watch the film on TV this evening. l
can We
this evening if you like.
the film on TV It [M
cry / Mary / ask /
manager for a day off

9 I advise you to spend more time studying. Tony Braxton so / because - after - by the time
should You
10 I’m sure he has gone on holiday.
studying. 9 •Tony /get up /late /miss the
bus
must He on holiday.
11 It is possible that it will snow this week. •he miss / bus / call manager
to say he would be late
may It this week. he get / to the office / be an
12 It wasn’t necessary for Emma to do the ironing hour late
but she did.
have Emma the ironing.

Rewrite the following sentences in the 1T I

I 31 passive.
'"'ÿActivity
1 My favourite author wrote this novel. Mr Thomson is writing a memo to Mr Ericson who is
w el w3€> written by my avC Li the general director of the company. In his memo, he
to
•• / i I i/O Li 1/ f / O I 0 ••

2 I don’t like people shouting at me. explains why he was unable to have all the reports
ready at the end of the day. Begin like this:
3 Who organised the party?
To.- Mr Ericson (General Director)
4 People say that he has won a lot of money. From: Mr Thomson (Manager)
5 He caught the fish with a fishing rod.
The reports you had asked me to prepare are not
ready because three members o/ sta/J had
problems today. Julie Smith asked /or the day o/f
6 He hasn’t published the book yet. because she had a headache. Mary Doyle
7 Will they build an office block here next year?

97
UNIT 8
Conditio 4 I $ f.T
ishes -Would Rather/Had Better Unreal Ra -
CTo LILILUO LlLuS
Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. There are three types of conditional clause: Type 1, Type 2 and
Type 3. There is also another common type, Type 0.
Type 0 Conditionals Type 1 Conditionals
They are used to express something which is always They are used to express real or very probable
true. We can use when situations the
(= whenever) instead & i. Cÿ_ present or future.
of if. *»

i
m, If /When the sun |L
If he doesn ’t study
hard, he won’t pass
«r shines, snow melts. his exam.
ij U
Type 2 Conditionals Type 3 Conditionals
They are used to express imaginary situations which 4 i They are used to express
are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are imaginary situations which are
unlikely to happen in the present or future. i i* contrary to facts in the past.
Bob is daydreaming. * L They are also used to express
regrets or criticism.
If I won the lottery, V

I would buy an John got up late, so he missed

expensive car and
the bus.
I would go on
If John hadn’t got up late, he
holiday to a tropical
wouldn’t have missed the bus.
island next summer.

If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result) Use

Type 0
if + present simple present simple
general truth
If the temperature falls below 0 °C, water turns into ice.
if + present simple, present
continuous, present perfect
future/imperative -
real likely to happen in the
can/may/might/must/should/ present or future
Type 1 or present perfect continuous could + bare infinitive
real present
If he doesn’t pay the fine, he will go to prison. If you have finished your work, we can have a break.
If you need help, come and see me. If you’re ever in the area, you should come and visit us.

if + past simple would/could/might imaginary situation contrary to

or past continuous + bare infinitive facts in the present;
Type 2 also used to give advice
unreal present
If I had time, I would take up a sport, (but I don ’t have time untrue in the present)
If I were you, I would talk to my parents about it. (giving advice)

if + past perfect or would/could/might + have imaginary situation contrary to

past perfect continuous + past participle facts in the past; also used
Type 3 to express regrets or criticism
unreal past
If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test.
If he hadn’t been acting so foolishly, he wouldn’t have been punished.

98
 UNIT 8
- -
Conditionals Wishes Would Rather/HadISSHo•Wia I Past
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the If We can omit If in the if - clause. When If is
•
clause (hypothesis) and the m clause (result).
> omitted, should (Type 1), were (Type 2), had
When the if - clause comes before the main (Type 3) and the subject are inverted.
clause, the two clauses are separated with a e.g. a) Should Peter come, tell him to wait. (=lf
comma. When the main clause comes before the Peter should come, ...)
-
if clause, then no comma is necessary. b) Were I you, I wouldn't trust him. (=lf I were
you, ...)
a) I see Tim,
e.g. If I'll give him his book.
c) Had he known, he would have called. (=lf
b) I'll give Tim his book if I see him.
he had known, ...)
We do not normally use or should in
-
an if clause. However, we can use will or would
after if to make a polite request or express insis¬
/
1 . Look at the pictures and the prompts
and make Type 1 conditional sentences,
as in the example.
tence or uncertainty (usually with expressions e.g.
such as don’t know,I I doubt, I wonder, etc.). change.
We can use should after if to talk about some¬ F I 9

thing which is possible, but not very likely to 1 jrN

3
i
L 2
happen.
e.g. a) If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go
I "
i'T/v s
camping.
youb)will
If (NO the..we
will T: fino
If fill in this form, I 'll process your
.)
5KU
—
R Wk -
a ?

4
• (

i mm as
kli

5*5
application. (Will you please fill in ••• polite
6ÿa a

I
request) L s, X
c) If you will not stop shouting, you 'll have to Vi
leave. (If you insist on shouting ... - insistence)
d) I don ’t know if he will pass his exams.
m w
(uncertainty) 1 cut down / all forests / world’s climate / change
e) If Tom should call, tell him I’ll be late. (We 2 not stop /use / aerosols /destroy / ozone layer
do not think that Tom is very likely to call.) 3 find / alternative sources of energy / solve / some of
our environmental problems
We can use unless instead of if • not in the if
mm - 4 temperatures / go up / by a few degrees / sea levels / rise
clause of Type 1 conditionals. The verb is 5 recycle / waste / save / natural resources
always in the affirmative after unless. 6 population / continue to increase / not be enough food
e.g. Unless you leave now, you’ll miss the bus. for everyone
(=lfyou don’t leave now, you'll miss the bus.) Usa is trying to decide where to go on holiday.
/
•* •
\ She would like to go to one of these places. In
pairs, ask and answer questions using
We can use were instead of was for all persons the prompts below, as in the example.
-
in the if clause of Type 2 conditionals.
e.g. If Rick was/were here, we could have a party. SPAIN FOR A WEEK

We use •• when we want to give

£180 all inclusive!! «2,T
advice. beach l
|
SOUTH OF FRANCE
ONLY £280 per person
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn ’t complain about it.
: 'm >
Se

4 The following expressions can be used instead

of if: provided/providing that, as long as, sup¬
pose/supposing, etc. _ J?-1*
* Call: 01823
UK
4e9287
e.g. a) You can see Mr Carter provided you have an ~
1 How long / be away / choose / Spain?
appointment. (If you have an appointment ...) SA:
b) We will all have dinner together providing SB:
Mary comes on time. (... if Mary comes ...) 2 Where / go / like / camping?
c) Suppose/Supposing the boss came now, 3 How much / pay / go to / France?
what would you say? (If the boss came ...) 4 What / do / go to / Spain?
5 Where / go / want / cheap holiday?

99
UNIT 8
Conditio,rTiols-Wishes-Would Rather/Had Better Unreal Rost -
Qi Study the situations, then make Type 2
conditional sentences, as in the example. di Read the story below and make Type 3
conditional sentences, as in the example.
I don’t have a car, so I have \
oO e.g. 1) ...If Sally been In a hadnt
hurry, ehe
o to wait for the bus every day. >
have left eome important notes at home
1 If I ...had... (have) a car, I ...wouldn’t
have to... (not/have to) wait for the bus
every day. Sally had a terrible day yesterday. She was in a hurry, so she left J
some important notes at home. She wasn’t prepared for her /
never
I do my home¬ meeting with a new client, so the meeting was a disaster. The client y
work, so my teacher always
gets angry with me.
was disappointed, and as a result he refused to do business with \
\
the company. The boss shouted at Sally, so she got upset. )
2 If I (do) my home¬
work, my teacher
(not/get) angry with me.
Match the items in column A with those in
I live in a small
< p
column B in order to make correct Type 0
house, so I can conditional sentences, as in the example.
invite friends over. J
oO
3 If I (live) in a
-
e.g. 1 c ...If you add sugar to a cup of coffee, the cof¬
fee tastes sweeter
V o fees

bigger house, I
ves I (be able to) invite friends over. A B

i Inever get up early, so I 1 Add sugar to a cup v a The apple floats.

J am always late for school. of coffee. b Your skin turns red.
O 2 Throw salt onto snow. c The coffee tastes
4 If I oO 3 Put an apple in a
(get up) earlier, I
*18 sweeter.
bowl of water.
(not/be) late for school. \ 4 Water plants regularly.
5 Lie in the sun too long.
d You feel healthy.
e The plants grow.
6 Take regular exercise. f The snow melts.

Q. Complete the sentences to make Type 3

conditional sentences, as in the example.

Van Gogh tzi Put the verbs in brackets into the

correct tense.

Fleming
-V
<f
•

V-
am*}
#V
(

*r-r
_
n w
Vr
1
vV

A-/
1 A: What time will you be home tonight?
B: I’m not sure. If I ...have to... (have to) work late
• •’ll call ... (call) you.

2 A: I felt very tired at work today.

V>1

........
Streisand K B: Well, if you . (not/watch) the
Keller N. Campbell late film, you (not/feel) so tired.
1 If he ...hadn t noticed... (not/notice) the mould in 3 A: Should I buy that car?
one of his glass dishes, Alexander Fleming ...would B: Why not? If I (have) the
never have discovered... (never/discover) penicillin. money, I (buy) it myself.
2 If he (sell) some of his 4 A: If you (pass) a chemist’s
paintings, Van Gogh (you/get) me some cough medicine?
(get) some recognition during his lifetime. B: Yes, certainly.
3 If Barbara Streisand 5 A: My sister seems very upset at the moment.
(change) the shape of her nose, her career B: Were I you, I (talk) to
(never/be) the same. her about it.
4 If Anne Sullivan 6 A: Unless you (hurry), you
(not/teach) her, Helen Keller ... (be) late again.
(not/be able to) communicate.
B: No, I won’t. There's plenty of time.
5 If Naomi Campbell
7 A: Oh! I forgot to ask Sarah over for dinner.
(not/be) so beautiful, she
(never/become) a supermodel.
B: If I .... (speak) to her today, I
(ask) her for you.

100
 UNIT 8
Conditionals -Wishes-Would Rather/Hac a I Past
8 A: May I join the club, please? 11 ‘John crashed his car yesterday.’
B: Provided you (be) over eighteen, ‘I know, but if he hadn’t been changing the cassette,
you can join the club.

......
he
9 A: What a lovely restaurant! I’m glad we came here. A won’t crash B wouldn’t crash
B: If you .... (not/burn) the dinner, C wouldn’t have crashed
we (not/come) here! 12 ‘Can I have some chocolate, please?

.......
10 A: Just think. If I (not/move) to ‘If you behave yourself, I ... you some later.’
York , I (never/meet) you. A would buy B might buy C buy
B: I know, wasn’t it lucky?
11 A: Jo doesn’t spend enough time with me. 13 ‘Should you see Colin and tell me.’
B: Well, if she (have) the time, ‘I will.’
I’m sure she (try), but she’s very busy. A come B to come C will come
12 A: Did you give Bill the message? 14 ‘If we were rich, we expensive clothes.
B: No, but when I (see) him, I ‘Well, unfortunately we aren’t rich!’
(tell) him the news. A could afford B can afford C afford

Choose the correct answer. Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.

2 ‘ .........
1 ‘If you ...C... that plate, you’ll burn your fingers.
‘Why? Has it been in the oven?
A would touch B will touch
you’re busy, we’ll talk now.’
‘That’s fine. I’m not busy at the moment.’
A If B Provided
3 ‘If you watch the news, you
C touch

C Unless
a lot.
1 If I ...were... (be) you, I wouldn’t drive in the snow.
2 Peter
was here.

4 I
5 Had I known him, I
(be able to) help you if he

3 If I had closed the window, the cat

(not/jump) out.
(call) for help if I got stuck in a lift.

‘I know. I watch it every day.’ (talk) to him.

A learn B were learning C would learn 6 John (may/lose) his job if he
is rude to the boss.
4 you wear warm clothes, you won’t get 7 -If you (save) some money,
cold.’ you would have been able to go on holiday last year.
‘I’ll wear an extra jumper.’ 8 You may win if you (take) part in
A Unless B Providing C Supposing the contest.
5 ‘Shall I invite John to the party? 9 If I had toothache, I
‘Well, were I you, I him.’ (go) to the dentist.
A would invite B will invite C am inviting 10 They would have helped us move house if we
(ask) them.
6 ‘ the teacher comes back now, what will
11 If Jane (be) older, she could live by
you do?’
herself.
‘I don’t know.’
A When B Providing C Supposing 12 We would have changed our plans if we
(hear) the weather forecast.
7 ‘Could I see the menu, please?’ 13 Emma (send) a card
‘Yes, sir. If you a seat, I will fetch it for you.’ if she had remembered it was their anniversary.
A take B had taken C have taken 14 Robert (feel) better
8 ‘Don’t cry. Everything will be alright.’ if you talked to him.
‘Yes, but if I the bus, I wouldn’t have been 15 If Sam was still living nearby, you
late for school.’ (can/invite) him for dinner.
A didn’t miss B hadn’t missed C don’t miss 16 If you (put) your money in
your wallet, you will not lose it.
9 ‘When water boils, it steam .’ 17 If you (like) chocolate, you
‘Yes, I know; and the steam is hot, too.’
will love this cake.
A would produce B produce C produces 18 If Bill (come) home early
10 ‘Can you help me, please? he will eat dinner with us.
‘Well, if I wasn’t studying, I you. 19 Sandra will join us later unless she
A would help B help C will help (have) a lot of work to do.

101
UNIT 8
Conditi $-
f?
isHes 'Would Rather/Hod Better •Unreal fctt
[I WliJu I
®fo LlQLilO LlLUfc
We use If to say that something might happen. All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense
combination is possible if the context permits it.
We use to saywhen
that something will defi¬
nitely happen.
e.g. If you see Mark, will you give him the message? -
If clause Main clause
(You might see Mark.)
When you see Mark, will you give him the Type 2 Type 1
message? (It is certain that you will see Mark.) If nobody paid the bill, the electricity will be cut
off.
Type 2 Type 3
If he had money, he would have bought
10 Fill in the gaps using when or if.
her a gift.
1 A: Have you phoned Paul yet? Type 3 Type 2
B: No, I’ll phone him ••• I get home.
•• If he had won the lottery, he wouldn’t be asking
2 A: I get a new job soon, I may have a party. for money now.
B: That’s a good idea.
3 A: I really liked that dress we saw.
B: Well, you can buy it you get paid.
4 A: Shall we go somewhere this weekend?
B: Yes. it’s sunny, we could go to the beach.
5 A: Did you make this cake yourself? Rewrite the sentences, as in the
B: Yes. you like it, I’ll give you the recipe.
12 example.
6 A: Is Jane still asleep?
1 He doesn’t know her. That’s why he didn’t speak to her.
B: Yes. she wakes up, I’ll tell her you’re here.
••
I*-
ave evwou\ A tVl Vy £> r*
m * *

7 A: Have you done your homework?

2 He lost his job. He’s unemployed now.
B: No. I’ll do it we’ve finished dinner. 4/ in ni 'in h/>
r jr n£>

8 A: We’ve run out of milk. 7<9IV....

B: Well I go to the shops, I’ll buy some more. 3 His pet died. That’s why he’s unhappy now.

4 She doesn’t have a mobile phone. That’s why she

couldn’t be contacted yesterday.
11 Choose the correct answer.

2 ..........
1 If you are bored •• • • something else.
A you would do B you will do

A Would be
3 I
B Were
C do
I you, I would look for a new job.
C Had been
you if I had known you were in hospital.
A would visit B would have visited C will visit
5 Tom didn’t see the boss earlier. He’s waiting for him
now.

6 He is allergic to seafood. That’s why he didn’t eat

paella last night.

7 I lost my map. That’s why I’m asking for directions now.

4 If you ... well, lie down for a while. 8 She doesn’t speak French. She didn’t have a good
A hadn’t felt B don’t feel C didn’t feel time in Paris.

5 Ice if the temperature rises above 0°C. 9 He lost the race. He is not a champion now.
A will melt B would melt C melts
6 Had I known about the meeting, I it. 10 She didn’t go to the bank yesterday. That’s why she
A would have attended B attended C will attend hasn’t got any money now.
7 If he in the garden, he would have heard
11 They went to a party last night. That’s why they are
the doorbell. tired now.
A isn’t B was C hadn’t been
8 I to the bank manager if I were you. 12 I crashed my car. That’s why I’m taking the bus today.
A would talk B will talk C talked

102
 UNIT 8
Conditionals -Wishes-Would Rather/Had Bn?W«!iTiva I Past
W tSlibl IP

I wish it would
%

/ wish hadn'tI stop raining.

I wish I could
r understand what spent all that
v
0% L he 's saying. / money.
H4
*
J

i
7 f
r

We use the verb wish and the expression if only to express a wish. If only is more emphatic than I wish.
wish/if only + past simple/past continuous: when we want to say that we would like something to be different
in the present.
e.g. I only If a room of my own. (But I don't have a room of my own.)
I had
wish/
wish/if only -I- past perfect: to express regret that something happened or did not happen in the past.
e.g. I wish I had got your message earlier. (But I didn't get it earlier.)
If only I had talked to him. (But I didn 't talk to him.)
wish/if only + would: a) for a polite imperative e.g. I wish you would stop shouting. (Please, stop shouting.)
b) to express our wish for a change in a situation or someone’s behaviour because we are annoyed by it.
e.g. I wish the wind would stop blowing, (wish for a change in a situation)
If only John would stop insulting people, (wish for a change in someone ’s behaviour)
After the subject pronouns I and we, we use could instead of would.
e.g. I wish we m m m

Note: We can use were instead of was after wish or if only.

e.g. I wish she were/was more sensitive.

Wendy has just started university. It isn 't what Jason has been for an interview. He didn ’t get
she expected, and she is disappointed. Read the job. Read what he says and make
what she says and make sentences, as P sentences, as in the example.
in the example.
e.g. e.g.

•My room is so small. •I didn’t know much about

the company. I
•I have to share the bathroom. was nervous.
•The kitchen is such a mess.
•My tutors are strict. •I didn’t shake hands with my /
interviewer. If
M
•The classes are so hard to •I forgot what I wanted to say.ÿi
understand.
•The people are not friendly. •I didn't answer the interviewer’s
questions properly.
•I can’t visit my family and •My letter of application was -1
friends because they are so
far away.
•I don’t have any friends.
badly typed. 19
•I spilt the cup of tea I was givenÿ
i
i.
105
UNIT 8 r
Conditi $*Wishe$ •'Would Rattar/Had Better •Unreal Past
i5>
Elise a famous is singer. These are some of
the things she finds annoying. Read what
she says and make sentences, as in the
example.
JL Rewrite the sentences using the correct
conditional type, as in the examples.

1 I wish Jack were here, (he/help us)

e.g. wish people wouldn’t stare at me everywhere I go. •••If Jack were here, he would help •••

2 I wish we hadn’t got stuck in traffic, (we/be late for

'ÿÿ"I

•People stare at me work)

* everywhere I go.
•People always ask me to
•••If we hadn’t got stuck in traffic, we wouldn’t

have been late for work••••

r sing at parties.
•Magazines print false
3 I wish you paid more attention in class, (you/under¬
stand everything)
stories about my private
life. 4 I wish they had called before they came, (l/cook
I • Photographers take photos something)
of me all the time.
• People make me sign 5 I wish Tim weren’t so selfish, (he/make friends much
autographs wherever I go. more easily)
• People never give me any
4 privacy. 6 I wish Sandra hadn’t got up late today, (we/go
shopping together)

7 I wish you hadn’t left the door unlocked, (thieves/

H Put the verbs in brackets into the

correct tense.
break in)

1 A: I wish I play...a musical instrument.

...could (play) Look at the pictures and complete the
B: You should take lessons. wishes. Also make correct conditional
2 A: If only the wind (stop) sentences, as in the example.
blowing so hard.
Yes, it’s very windy today, isn’t it? 1 / ve got to get up.
B:
3 A: I wish John (come) with us.
I I wish / didn’t have to get up.
B: So do I. He would have really enjoyed it.
4 A: Paul, I wish you (stop)
v
V
X £
l' i
(stay in bed for another hour)
If I didn’t have to get up, I would
making so much noise.
stay in bed for another hour.
B: Sorry, I’ll try.
5 A: I wish I
I was at school.
(study) more when 2
m I should have been
more careful.
B: It doesn’t matter now. You’ve got a good job.
6 A: I wish I (be) young again. I wish
B: So do I. We had some good times back then. (not crash into the wall)
7 A: I wish I (not/speak) to
Jane like that. 7
B: Don’t worry. I’m sure she’ll forgive you.
8 A: If only Bob (call) me. 3 She 's always
B: Well, he promised to call today.
i > N shouting at me.
9 A: I’m exhausted. I wish I (do) ’

some of the housework yesterday. I wish

B: Sorry I wasn’t here to help you. r (concentrate on my work)
10 A: I wish you (make) less
noise when you come in.
B: It’s not my fault. The door squeaks when you 4 He hasn
open it. X
called me yet.
11 A: Are you going to your school reunion party next
week? I wish
B: No. I wish I (go) because (stop worrying)
I would like to see everyone again.

104
 UNIT 8
Conditionals -Wishes-Would Rather/Hac wa I Past
la" hUTTpr/ W o u Id llai liti ; Study the ways in which we can express preference:
Hx-.a.'t ,g fcm a4 .i— in HI .«n i*. i i .i.i.OMi im n~
----
r~ > 1 1—i I .Ml ‘ n -
1 1 I mt _ . < *
-

ou had better
ly to a university 11 HEBl study near home.
a) prefer + gerund + to + gerund (general pref¬
erence) jogging to cycling.
I prefere.g.

wr
abroad. r
b) prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare
(
i. , infinitive (general preference)

r
<
e.g. I prefer to go out rather than stay at home.
\ % c) prefer + noun + to + noun (general preference)
e.g. She prefers orange juice to apple juice.
*
A
T1 d) would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + (bare
./A infinitive) (specific preference) e.g. I’d prefer to

0
(t'm

f r
1 pay in cash rather than (pay) by credit card.
e) would rather + bare infinitive + than (+ bare
1
infinitive) e.g. She’d rather have a salad than
(have) a steak.

We use had better -i- bare infinitive to give advice

or to say what the best thing to do in a particular
situation is.
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
e.g. You hadI’d better take some warm clothes with the prompts below, as in the example.
you. ( = You should/ought to take ...) The choice of answer is yours.
I d better not call him now; he’ll be busy.
Had better is stronger than should/ought to, but SA: r rl
4
L4
4
L4
pi
1
LA
KI 3 K*
t 3 tionaav 1st i/Vf
SB: ratht -f
va\r\ t ham IT a—
it is not as strong as must. IV a

e.g. You must call a doctor, (strong advice)

1 go on holiday to Spain or Italy?
You had better call a doctor, (less strong than 2 eat pizza or spaghetti for dinner?
must) 3 play cards or chess this evening?
You should/ought to call a doctor, (less 4 work in a bank or a school?
strong than had better) 5 have a dog or a cat as a pet?
We use > ra her (= would prefer to) to 6 learn French or German at school?
express preference.
e.g. I'm busy. I’d rather not take a break now.
/rs Complete the sentences, as in the
When the subject of would rather is also the sub¬
ject of the following verb, we use the following
20* example.

constructions: 1 I’ll cook dinner if you really want me to, but ...Id
a) would rather -I- bare present infinitive (present/ rati er \ >u < ?c k.ed i t ....
future) e.g. I'd rather stay at home tonight. 2 i’ll go to the supermarket if you really want me to 1

but •• •
b) would rather + bare perfect Infinitive (past)
3 I’ll wash the dishes if you really want me to, but •••
e.g. I'd rather have gone on holiday to Italy last
4 I’ll empty the rubbish bin if you really want me to 1

summer. but •••

5 I’ll iron all the clothes if you really want me to, but ••
When the subject of would rather is different 6 I’ll clean the bathroom if you really want me to, but • • •

from the subject of the following verb, we use

the following constructions:
a) would rather + past tense (present/future)
21k Fill in the gaps with would rather, prefers

....
e.g. I’d rather Tim did the shopping today. or (would) prefer.
b) would rather + past perfect (past)
e.g. I’d rather Kate hadn’t spent so much money 1 Do you ••• * * reading magazines or books?
yesterday. 2 She .... go to a disco than go to the
theatre.

107
UNIT 8
Conditi $-
?!
tshfts -Would Rather/Hod Better Unreal Post-
3 Jack
television.
4 He
5 I
6 you
or steak for dinner tonight?
7 I
. . .. . . .
listening to music to watching

study History than Maths.

the piano to the violin.
to have spaghetti

see a comedy film than an adventure

live U ui;(rCiL
C L l (* L: CL S V

The past simple can be used to talk about imag¬

inary, unreal or improbable situations which are
film. contrary to facts in the present (unreal present).
8 you going to the cinema The past perfect can be used to refer to imaginary,
or going to the theatre? unreal or improbable situations which are contrary
to facts in the past (unreal past).
The past simple is used with:
&R Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form. • Type 2 Conditionals
e.g. If he knew the truth, he would be very angry.
1 A: Did you enjoy the party last night?
• suppose/supposing
e.g. Suppose/Supposing they didn’t invite you,
B: No, I’d rather ...have etayed... (stay) at home.
what would you do?
2 A: Shall I dust the computer, Tom?
B: I’d rather you • wish/if only
e.g. I wish /If only I had a lot of money.
(not/touch) it, actually. I’ll do it myself.
3 A: I’ve got a terrible cold. • would rather (present)
e.g. I’d rather Lisa went to the market.

..............
B: You’d better (not/go)
to work today, then. • as if/as though
4 A: I’m going to work now.
e.g. Jim behaves as iflas though he were the boss.
B: I think it’s going to rain today. You’d better • it’s (about/high) time
(take) your umbrella with you. e.g. It’s (about/high) time they did something
5 A: I didn’t enjoy Ben’s party. I would rather he about it.
(invite) more people. The past perfect is used with:
B: Oh! I enjoyed it.
6 A: You had better . (study) hard
• Type 3 Conditionals
e.g. If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
this weekend for the exam on Monday.
B: I will, but I would prefer • suppose/supposing
e.g. Suppose/Supposing you had lost your money,
(go out) with my friends.
what would you have done?
7 A: My parents prefer (spend)
their holidays in the mountains. • wish/if only
e.g. I wish /If only I hadn’t invited them to my
B: Do they? I like to be by the sea.
party.
8 A: We’d better
(not/book) a taxi to bring us home tonight. • would rather (past)

.........
B: You’re right. We might want to stay late. e.g. I’d rather you hadn’t said anything about it.
9 A: They’re organising a party for Susan’s birthday. • as if/as though
B: I know, but it’s a secret, so we’d better e.g. He hadn’t seen her before, but he acted as
(not/talk) about it in case she hears. if /as though he had known her for years.
10 A: I’d rather you
(not/leave) your shoes in the kitchen every time
you come home from school.
B: Sorry, I keep forgetting. Underline the correct tense.
11 A: I didn’t enjoy my lunch today. I’d rather
(eat) something else. 1 It’s about time she learnt/had learnt how to cook.
B: I’ll make you some sandwiches tomorrow then. 2 I’d rather you didn’t touch/had not touched my
12 A: Did you enjoy the film last night? favourite vase. You may break it.
B: Not really. I would rather we 3 If she heard/had heard the news, she would have
(see) a comedy instead. called us by now.
13 A: Shall we stay in tonight? 4 They would have opened the door if they knew/had
B: Well, if you don’t mind I would prefer known who was there.
(visit) my parents. 5 It’s high time they made/had made some changes.

106
 "4
UNIT 8
Conditionals -Wishes -Would Rather/Hac fwinn'jTrÿa I Past
6 I wish I saved/had saved some money last month. IN OTHER WORDS
7 Ben would have taken up sport earlier if he
realised/had realised how much fun it was. Study these examples. The second sentence
8 Tom speaks to everyone as if he knew/had known has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
everything.
1 If you don’t follow the instructions carefully, you
9 He would rather you didn’t opened
may make a mistake.
the letter. He wanted to do it himself.
unless You may make a mistake unless you
10 Suppose you met/had met him, what would you
follow the instructions carefully.
say to him?
2 If you go near the house, the dog will chase you.
11 If only he called/had called me last night, we could
else Don’t go near the house or else the dog
have gone out.
will chase you.
12 I’d rather Mary spent/had spent the night with us.
3 I don’t think it’s a good idea to go to that party.
It's snowing too heavily for her to drive home.
were If I were you, I wouldn’t go to that party.
13 If you knew/had known what she did yesterday,
4 I want to go on holiday, but I haven't got enough
you would be very surprised.
money.
14 Supposing she were seen/had been seen leaving
wish I wish I had enough money to go on hol¬
early, what would have happened?
iday.
5 Sam wishes he hadn’t told Kate about his plans;
Look at the pictures and complete the now everyone knows.
24> following sentences. told If Sam hadn’t told Kate about his plans,
no one would know.
6 You shouldn't borrow any more money; you won’t
1 Your friend wants to go skating,
vt / but you want to go bowling. What
be able to pay it back.
better You had better not borrow any more
do you say? money; you won’t be able to pay it back.
% 7 Helen would prefer to become a teacher rather
I would prefer ...to a
b PI
P ¥
than become a doctor.
Helen would rather become a teacher
*00

rather
Your friend likes staying in hotels, than become a doctor.
2
but you think camping is more fun.
What do you say?

I prefer 25V Complete each sentence with two to

five words, including the word in bold.

\ 1
1 You should ask someone to help you with your proj-
3 Your parents want you to take the

J
>
% dog for a walk. You want your
brother to do it. What do you say?
ect.
better You
H
M /}/7
F
ffl as

r7Pfi PI*
r Ur rV(

you with your project.

a ek... someone to help

2 I don’t think it’s a good idea to invest all your money

V I’d rather in stocks.
4 7.
were If I
V ]
invest all my money in stocks.
4 •• \
Your brother has bought a guitar. 3 I ate too much ice cream and now I don't feel well.
A A You want him to stop playing. What wish SO
do you say?

ft
much ice cream.
(
j; 4 Tom wishes he hadn’t lied to his parents; now they
V I’d rather you are angry with him.
lied If Tom to his
parents, they wouldn’t be angry with him.
Your friend is very tired. You think 5 If you don’t start studying, you’ll fail your exams.
5 she should go to bed. What do you else Start studying
say? your exams.
6 Tina would prefer to eat out rather than cook.
You’d better
rather Tina than
cook.

107
UNIT 8
Conditio s-Wishes -Would Rather/Had Better Unreal Post -
m P Choose the correct answer.
patient with sb
keen on sth
Prepositions
terrified of sb/sth
tired of sb/sth
1 ‘Suppose you ...3... some money, what would you pleased with sth similar to sth
do with it?’ ‘I’d probably go on holiday.’ kind to sb suspicious of sb/sth
A win B won C would win responsible for sth mean to sb
2 ‘I’ve got Jim’s book. Can you give it to him, please? satisfied with sth hopeless at sth
‘Well, if I ., ... him, I’ll give it to him.’
A will see B saw C see
3 ‘I have to get up early tomorrow. Fill in the gaps with one of the adjectives
to bed early tonight. from the table above and a suitable
Then you’d better
B to go C go
P preposition.

........
A be going
4 ‘Can I go out tonight, Mum? 1 Teachers should be ...patient with... children.
‘I’d rather you at home and did your home- 2 Parents are their children.
work.’ 3 My baby brother is the dark.
A stayed B stay C will stay 4 Roger is very basketball and
5 ‘It’s high time you a job, Trevor. wants to play for his country one day.
‘I know. I’ve got an interview next week, actually.’ 5 The police are the butler.
A have got B will get C got They think he murdered the owner of the club.
6 Diane’s car is Elaine’s.
6 ‘It’s getting cold.
7 Martin is always other people.
‘We’d better our jackets on.
He’s always ready to help.
A to put B putting C put
8 She was so her new dress
7 ‘Is Jill coming to the party tonight? that she put it on immediately.
‘Well, if nobody invited her, she to the 9 If you are not a product you
party.’

...
can return it.
A will come B won’t come C is coming 10 Anna was doing her homework.
8 ‘Let’s have a party this weekend. 11 He is maths.
‘I’d rather we it this weekend. I’m busy. 12 The other students were Toby
A didn’t have B don’t have C haven’t because he was small; they teased him all the time.
9 ‘I’ve just passed my driving test.
‘Congratulations. I wish I a car.
A will drive B could drive C can drive Phrasal Verbs
10 ‘I’ve lost my keys again, Dad.’ make out: 1) see sth with difficulty (in distance)
‘If you had put them on the table, you them. 2) understand
A wouldn’t have lost B won’t lose C didn’t lose make up: 1) invent
11 ‘I wish I had more money.’ 2) put cosmetics on
Then it’s about time you spending 3) become friends again after a quarrel
everything you earn.’ make up
A will stop B stopped C stop one’s mind: decide
12 ‘Suppose you lost, what would you do?
‘I’d go to a police station.’
A got B will get C would get
13 ‘I’ve got a terrible headache.
* P Fill in the correct particle.

15
‘.........
‘You’d better
A to take

A I’d rather not

B take

C I’d rather I didn’t

an aspirin.’

14 ‘Let’s go to the supermarket tonight.’

go tonight. I’m very tired.
C taking

B I’d rather I don’t

Belinda should visit you, please tell her I’ll

1 We often argue, but we always make ...up... quickly.
2 He made a story about having to work
late, but I knew he was lying.
3 It was dark and Pete couldn’t make
4 I can’t make
which shirt to buy for Chris.
the sign.
my mind about

see her tonight.”Okay, I’ll do that.’ 5 When the children were dressed and made
A Suppose B Supposing C If for the party, they looked fantastic.

108
 UNIT 8
Conditionals -Wishes -Would Rather/Had Better- Viivia I Past

Jteÿsion Box
ORAL
Activity
Robin Watts was recently put in prison for robbing a
bank. He is sorry for his crime now. Read the text
29L Choose the correct answer.
below, then make sentences, as in the example.

e.g. S1:
If he hadn't argued with his boss, he wouldn't
have lost his job.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
S2: If he hadn't lost his job, he wouldn’t have
was born on May 29th, 1917,
needed money.
in Massachussets, USA.
S3: If he hadn 't ••
He studied at Harvard
e

University, then (1) ...A... the

\
.. . .. .. .. ..
US Navy in 1941 where he
served until 1945.

(2)
John F. Kennedy planned
a journalist and his
older brother, Joe, planned to be
a politician, but when Joe (3) •* ••

in the war, the family

*

ft
expected John to follow a career
in politics instead. He was a suc¬
cessful politician (4) he cared about his country and its people.
On September 12th, 1953, John F. Kennedy married Jacqueline
Lee Bouvier. They were happy together and had two children.
Jackie Kennedy was (5) ... beautiful and glamorous that the
J

.....
whole of America loved her.
John F. Kennedy became the 35th President of the USA in 1 960 Robin argued with his boss, so he lost his job. He
the youngest man ever (6) . He worked very hard, and needed money, so he robbed a bank. The police
(7) was very popular at home and abroad. arrested him, so he went to court. There, the
judge sentenced him to ten years in prison.
On Friday, 22nd November, 1963, however, John F. Kennedy
was shot and killed (8) he and Jackie were travelling through That’s where he is now. r ff
Dallas in an open top car. The people of America will never forget him.

1 A joined B had joined C was joining

2
3
A
A
being
had been killed
B
B
to be
has been killed
C
C
be
was killed o »I»
4 A because B although C so
5 A such B such a C so
6 A to elect B to be elected C being elected Robin has been keeping a diary in prison. Look at the
7 A as a result B whereas C however Oral Activity again and complete the entry in the diary
8 A as B after C until below.

Monday, March 1st

b>L Cross out the unnecessary word.
Dear Diary,
1 She had better to spend the night with us. I’m in prison now and I regret everything that
2 They had worked on this project last December. has happened over the past Jew months. I’ve made
3 Unless you not pay attention, you won’t understand. some big mistakes. Now I wish I hadn’t argued
4 That piece of furniture was been made by a French with my boss. I hadn’t argued
designer.
If with him, I
wouldn’t have lost my job. If I hadn’t lost
5 Despite of the traffic, I got to the office on time.
6 You can to open your presents now if you want.
7 Take some money in case you will get hungry.
8 If you will have a cough, you must take some medicine.

109
 Revision 2 (Units i - 8)
to go shopping today. I’ll go
<& Choose the correct answer.
20 There isn’t
tomorrow.
A too time B enough time C time enough

A are putting B put

2 That exercise is
A too
3 We
......
1 First, we ...&.. up the tent, then we lit a camp fire.
C were putting
difficult for the children.
B enough C not enough
get up early this morning, so we slept
21

22
Steve
A has to
work last Sunday. His boss asked him to.

A will travel
C are travelling
B must
By the time we get home, we
C had to
for six hours.
B will have been travelling

until ten o’clock. 23 I saw Mr Brown the building at two o’clock.

A needn’t B mustn’t C didn’t need to A leave B to leave C having left
4 Gemma Collins superbly in this new 24 I the children to school today if you want.
production. A take B am taking C will take
A dances B is dancing C dance 25 My parents make me to bed early during
5 If you plant seeds in the ground, they the week.
A grow B are growing C grew A go B to go C going
6 He asked me what 26 Who.... in my desk? Things have been moved!
A doing B do C to do A look B has been looking C looks
7 to John today? I want you to give him a 27 She went to bed without goodnight.
message for me. A say B to say C saying
A Do you speak B Will you be speaking
28 The tree ... down last week.
C Are you speaking
A was cut B cut C cuts
8 it was raining, he took his umbrella with him.
A Because of B Due to C Since 29 Peter got presents that he couldn’t fit them
into the cupboard.
9 Tim work by six o’clock this evening. A such a B such a lot of C so much
A will have left B is leaving C leave
30 Mum the breakfast by the time we woke up.
10 I wish I . more spare time in the evenings. A has been making B made C had made
A have B had C was having
11 Our environment more and more polluted
every year.
A become B becomes C is becoming
12 They were bored because they for hours.
<H Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.

A had been waiting B are waiting 1 I advise you to go back to the shop.

........................
C have waited should You to the shop.
go... back...ehou\d
13 If Beth had time, she the tennis club. 2 He turned on the radio. He heard the news.
A would join B is joining C will join sooner He had no
than he heard the news.
14 It is a good idea for everyone to learn how ... a 3 You can’t go out. You have to eat breakfast first.
foreign language. until You can’t
A speaking B to speak C speak have eaten breakfast.
15 ill, Jeff didn’t go to work yesterday. 4 It is possible that Jake had lunch early today.
A Feeling B Feel C To feel could Jake
16 I this necklace since I was ten years old. lunch early today.
A had B am having C have had 5 You aren’t allowed to talk during the exam.
must You
17 you give me a lift to the supermarket, please? during the exam.
A Would B Should C Ought 6 They had no sooner arrived at the station than the
18 We had started the journey than we got a train came.
flat tyre. hardly They had
A the moment that B whenever C no sooner when the train came.
19 Tom was painting the door while Judy the 7 She left early. She didn’t want to be late.
windows. not She left early
A was cleaning B cleaned C is cleaning be late.

no
 Revision 2 (Units 1-8)
8 Mandy read the newspaper during breakfast.
while Mandy read the newspaper
breakfast.
9 I took a jacket with me. I thought it might get cold.
5i Fill in the gaps with the correct particle
from the list.

up, through, out, for, after

case I took a jacket with me
cold. 1 When their supplies gave ...out... they had to search
10 James will have a shower before he calls Emily. for food.
after James will call Emily 2 We looked the address in the directory.
a shower. 3 I’ll go the results this evening, after
11 Perhaps the children are in the garden. work.
may The children in 4 He looked carefully, but he couldn’t make
the garden. the address on the envelope.
12 It isn’t necessary for you to write the instructions down. 5 Those trousers have gone now.
have You You shouldn’t wear them any more.
the instructions down. 6 He made an excuse to explain his late
arrival.
7 Steven has recently given playing
Rewrite the sentences in the passive. football.
8 I looked everywhere my gloves, but I
1 They should have reserved a table last week. couldn’t find them.
A table should have been reserved last week
•* « •••
9 My grandmother is looking my cousins
2 They are judging the competition now. for my aunt today.
10 They had an argument yesterday, but they made
3 Who made these biscuits? this morning.
11 The fire went before the fire brigade
4 They informed Kevin this morning. arrived.
12 He looked ... the book quickly before he
5 How often do they water the plants? bought it.

6 They will have checked the results by Wednesday.

7 Somebody’s broken my favourite plate!

(6ÿ Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.

8 Someone had taken the papers from my desk by the 1 A: I missed a lot of lessons last week.
time I got back. B: Yes, but if you hadn't been ill, you •• wouldnt
•

... (not/miss) them all.

2 A: I wish it (stop) snowing.

a 1
Underline the correct preposition.

We are very proud at/of your achievements.

B: Oh I don’t, I like the snow.
3 A: I’ve got a very important meeting tomorrow
morning.
B: Well, if you don’t go to bed early, you
(be) tired tomorrow.
2 John apologised to Jane with/for shouting at her. 4 A: Tom broke his leg while he was skiing.
3 Mum is hopeless at/to knitting. B: Well, if he hadn’t been acting childishly, the acci¬
4 Sam is regarded at/as the best player in the team. dent (not/happen).
5 Colin was very upset about/for losing his job. 5 A: I’ve got a problem.
6 I wasn’t satisfied with/about my new TV, so I took it B: If I (be) you, I would ask someone
back to the shop. for advice.
7 We’re hoping for/of good weather for the picnic 6 A: If only I (have) John’s phone
tomorrow. number, I’d call him.
8 Tom is clever with/at Maths. B: I’ve got it. I’ll give it to you.
9 The old lady always smiles to/at the postman. 7 A: I wish I (go) on the school trip
10 The cyclist crashed to/into a tree, but he wasn’t hurt. next week.
11 I’m tired from/of standing. I want to sit down. B: You can go. It only costs £2.
12 It was very generous to/of you to buy her a present. 8 A: If you (need) anything, ask me.
B: Thanks. I will.

Ill
UNIT 9
Relate
uMai i v trl l:10 no u u™ We use whose instead of possessive adjectives
(my, your, his, etc.) with people, objects and ani¬
mals in order to show possession.
a) That’s the woman -. henhouse caught fire yesterday.
V
That’s the woman whose house caught fire
day.
b) That’s the house -.its.entrance is guarded.
I Y
That's the house whose entrance is guarded.
We usually avoid using prepositions before
relative pronouns.
a) The boat in which the oil was transported is owned
A racing driver is someone who/that drives
by an American company, (formal English - unusual
racing cars and whose job is very dangerous.
A kangaroo is an animal which/that lives in Australia. structure)
A book is something which/that people read. b) The safe which/that we keep the money in is in the
basement, (usual structure)
Relative pronouns (who(m), which, whose, that) intro¬ c) The safe we keep the money in is in the basement.
duce relative clauses. A relative clause tells us which
(everyday English)
person or thing the speaker means.
e.g. The an actor.
man, who lives in the flat above, is We can use which to refer back to a whole clause.
e.g. He lent me some money. , This , was generous of
relative clause him. I
(The relative clause identifies which man the speaker He lent me some money, which was generous of
is talking about.) him. (Which refers to the fact that he lent the
We use who/that to refer to people. speaker some money. That is, it refers back to the
whole clause.)
We use which/that to refer to objects or animals.
Who/Which/That cannot be omitted if it is the su - A relative pronoun is not used with another pronoun
ject of the relative clause; that is, when there is not (I, you, me, him, etc.).
a noun or subject pronoun between the relative a) I know a girl who works in a library.
pronoun and the verb. (NOT: I know a girl who works ...)
a) I know a man., He, is a lawyer. b) The people we spoke to are from Italy.
I (NOT: The people we spoke to fiyqfn are from Italy.)
I know a man who/that is a lawyer.
(The relative pronoun is the subject.) Note: who’s = who is or who has
—T
b) The dog jh ran away — mine. =
whose possessive
e.g. ‘Who’s (Who is) on the phone?’ ‘It’s Peter.’
The dog which/that ran away is mine. ‘Who’s (Who has) got the keys?' ‘Kim.’
(The relative pronoun is the subject.) Jim is the boy whose cousin is a doctor.
Who/Which/That can t om d when it is the
object of the relative clause; that is, when there is who/that subject - cannot be omitted
a noun or subject pronoun between the relative (people)
pronoun and the verb. We can use whom instead
of who when it is the object of the relative clause. who/whom/that object - can be omitted
Whom is not often used in everyday English. (people)
a) I spoke to a man. I had met .him. before.
spoke Ito a man (whom/who/that) I had met before. which/that subject - cannot be omitted
(The relative pronoun is the object.) (objects, animals) object - can be omitted
b) That’s the book. I readJh last summer. whose (people, possession - cannot be omitted
That’s the book (which /that) I read last summer. objects, animals)
(The relative pronoun is the object.)

112
 UNIT 9
stives
In pairs, ask and answer questions using Fill in the gaps with , which or ,
1 the prompts below, as in the example. 4 then answer the questions.

SA: octi A J 4
r 1 What is the name of the woman ...who... became the
SB: Thai l +
J M iA
r a A si V
A rwl A *• a first female Prime Minister of Britain?
j >t (A) Margaret Thatcher B Diana Spencer
2 What is the name of the artist most
1 Beth gave you those gloves, didn’t she? famous painting is the Mona Lisa?
2 Jack fixed your fridge, didn’t he? A Leonardo da Vinci B Giotto
3 Stan tidied your garden, didn’t he? 3 What is the name of the river flows
4 Simon bought your bike, didn’t he? through London?
5 Ruth decorated your living room, didn’t she? A The Tyne B The Thames
6 Laura did your shopping last week, didn’t she?
4 What is the name of the drug .. was dis-
covered by Alexander Fleming?
Mr Giles is showing his niece around his farm A Penicillin B Aspirin
2 and telling her about the different things and 5 What is the name of the man was the
animals. Make sentences using the prompts
first to walk on the moon?
below, as in the example.
A Neil Armstrong B Elvis Presley
6 Who was the American president name
. At %
*
K- *

f was given to a New York airport?

*
\

in
V A Richard Nixon B John F. Kennedy
•
14 V* 111 7 What is the name of the film stars Glenn

I IV
>ÿ

Close as Cruella De Vil?

A 101 Dalmatians B Mary Poppins
1
8 What is the name of the football team
home ground is Old Trafford?
0
*
A Manchester City B Manchester United
9 What is the name of the Australian animal
carries its young in its pouch?
* A Kangaroo B Elephant
produce milk
1 cow / animal / 10 What is the name of the actor played
A cow is an animal which Jack in the film ‘Titanic’?
milk. A Leonardo DiCaprio B Mel Gibson
/ be used to pull
2 tractor / machine
,or i,s
s
4 pitchfork / tool / be used to move wo°: 5 Fill in the correct relative pronoun. If it
can be omitted, put it in brackets.
and straw
hay
bird / lay eggs 1 Have you spoken to the man ...whi rbi o •• sent you
T

5 hen /
<•

flowers?
2 Bob is looking at the photographs ••• r*l
• •

he took on holiday.
3 Did you give John back the money
Helen is talking to Jane, a new student, about you borrowed from him?
3 some of the students in her class. Make 4 Is that the couple house was
sentences using the prompts below, as destroyed by fire?
in the example.
5 Is that the man reads the news on TV?
e.g. *•
nnt ii/n
nr f I
A \A/r* f 4
i.
i. rl
r w/ » 6 Where is the letter I gave you?
7 When did she buy the car she
1 John’s father writes novels. is driving?
2 Susan’s brother is in a famous pop group. 8 This is the necklace I got for
3 Terry’s ambition is to walk on Mars. my birthday.
4 Claire’s exam results were the best in the school. 9 What is the name of the man
5 Tom’s birthday is tomorrow. I saw you with yesterday?

11?
UNIT 9
Relatj $

& Complete the pairs of sentences, as in

the example. Lelcii L v cf
i
\ •»

1 Joey is talking to a woman. The woman is his aunt.

a) The woman ••• hom/who/th,a 4/
•r taikina t L/L,
Where, when and why are relative adverbs and
un
I I Kf
••«
introduce relative clauses.
b) The woman •rjoev \e
a a '
rin/i \C\
A f fit • •
l/l a

2 They took me on a tour. It was very boring.

Where is used to refer to place, usually after
a) The tour
nouns like place, house, street, town and country.
b) The tour
3 Emma had lunch with a woman. The woman was It can be replaced by which/that + preposition
her client. and, in this case, which/that can be omitted.
a) The woman e. The g. street where we used to play is very busy
b) The woman now.
4 Jenny is looking for a book. The book belongs to The street (which/that) we used to play in is
her mother. very busy now.
a) The book
b) The book en is used to refer to t me , usually after nouns
5 Todd is playing with his toy. The toy is very expen¬ like time, period, moment, day and summer.
sive. It can either be replaced by that or can be omitted.
a) The toy e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I first met him.
b) The toy I’ll never forget the day (that) I first met him.
6 Oliver has gone to a meeting. The meeting is very
important. Why is used to give reason, usually after the
a) The meeting word reason.
b) The meeting
It can either be replaced by that or can be omitted.
7 Rachel went to the park with a girl. The girl is her
e.g. The reason why I can’t meet you tonight is
best friend.
that I’m working overtime.
a) The girl
The reason (that) I can meet you tonight is
b) The girl
that I 'm working overtime.
8 Lydia is looking at a painting. The painting is very
famous.
a) The painting
b) The painting

8>
a
Fill in the correct relative adverb.

1
2
Cross out the incorrect subject or
object pronoun in each sentence.

I like the necklace I gotXfor Christmas.

The boots Ann gave them to me are very comfortable.
.............
1 I’ll always remember the day •••• . e .... I graduated.
2 This is the house I was born.
3 You lost my favourite jacket. That’s the reason
I am angry with you.
3 The man who designed our house he is an architect. 4 Kate often thinks of the time she
4 The nicest city I’ve visited it is Paris. met her favourite actor.
5 The car which it is parked outside belongs to me. 5 Is this the shop you bought your
6 The children who they are eating the sandwiches new dress?
are in my class. 6 The reason he is happy is that he’s
7 The man you met him last week is an author. just got a new job.
8 The story she told you it is true. 7 That is the place Tim bought his
9 The chocolates which they are in that box came new car.
from Belgium. 8 Do you remember the weekend
10 The actress you admire her is only twenty years old. we went camping in the woods?
11 The house they live in it is very big. 9 The reason the party was good was
12 The girl who she won first prize is from India. that there were lots of people there.

114
 UNIT 9
stives

04 Fill in who, where or ,why.

which
whose,
'4
Join each item from column A to the
corresponding one from column B using
which.
!
e.g. 1 a fA

m
Tv I (A w§ <r • V v

by
1/ L LA ww

A B
1 I knew you would be a That is why I’m wear¬
hungry. - ing a jumper.
;
2 It’s very cold today. b This was very kind of
nr
him.
wir
3 They got stuck in c That’s why the river
My favourite place is York, a city in the North East of a traffic jam. burst its banks.
England, 1) ... whore- the rivers Ouse and Foss meet. 4 He gave me a present. d That’s how I knew
It is a beautiful city 2) also has an inter- about the party.
esting history. 5 I forgot to go to the e This made them late
The city wasn’t always called York. In 71AD it was bank. for work.
named Eboracum by the Romans 3) lived 6 It rained a lot f It meant I couldn’t go
there. Then, the city was conquered by the Vikings, yesterday. shopping.
4) gave it the name Jorvik. Only later did 7 She sent me an g That is why I bought
the city become known as York. invitation. some sandwiches.
Visitors to York can go to the Castle Museum,
5) an amazing collection of objects is on
show, or the National Railway Museum, 6) IN OTHER WORDS
is the only national museum outside London.
Famous people 7) . were born in York Study these examples. The second sentence
include Guy Fawkes, 8) attempt to blow up has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
the Houses of Parliament led to his execution, and Dick
1 The boy talking to Sarah is my brother, Kevin.
Turpin, 9) was an 18th century highway-
man! However, most people 10) live in who The boy who is talking to Sarah is my
York today are kind and friendly, and that’s the reason brother, Kevin.
11) I love it so much. 2 The information contained in this booklet is useless.
which The information which is contained in
this booklet is useless.

H Fill in who, which, whose, when, where or

why. Say whether they can be omitted
or not.
3 He lives in a flat overlooking the park.
that He lives in a flat that overlooks the park.

1 A: This is the shop • whicl . has just opened. (It

mm m •

can't be omitted.)
B: Oh good. I want to look in here.
2 A: Which of those men was your uncle?
6 Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.

B: He was the one was carrying 1 The wall surrounding the castle is made of stone.
a briefcase. that The wall •• a ••• the castle
3 A: Is this the cafe you met Sarah? is made of stone.
B: Yes, this is the one.

...................
2 She comes from a small village located at the foot of
4 A: Who was the girl .., said hello to us?
the mountain.
B: She’s the girl car I bought last week.
5 A: Did you ask Joanne to the party? which She comes from a small village
B: Yes. I asked her on the day she phoned. at the foot of the mountain.
6 A: It’s very cold outside today. 3 The people standing in the queue are all immigrants.
B: I know. That’s the reason ... m wearing who The people
my coat. in the queue are all immigrants.
7 A: What’s in that bag? 4 The jewellery displayed in the exhibition belongs to
B: Just some clothes I’m taking with me. the royal family.
8 A: Have you seen my glasses? that The jewellery in the
B: They’re on the table, you left them. exhibition belongs to the royal family.

11$
UNIT 9
Relatji/T

klcf-Liiiry inc: / Keni-kltf-iiiiiy

mm
—•<* M~m
LLie*
-— — —
. -i*4
Clctuscr
i«m - mm *
- *. - «£• •* 4tJ ,'#b. >4* %» £» *- .- ,
-

There are two types of relative clause: identifying relative clauses and non-identifying relative clauses.

An identifying relative clause gives necessary A non-identifying relative clause gives extra infor¬
information and is essential to the meaning of the mation and is not essential to the meaning of the
main sentence. The relative pronouns can be main sentence. In non-identifying relative clauses,
omitted when they are the object of the relative the relative pronouns cannot be omitted and
clause. The relative clause is not put in commas. cannot be replaced by that. The relative clause is
e.g. People are fined. (Which people? put in commas.
We don’t know. The meaning of the sentence e.g. The Jeffersons live next door. (The meaning of
is not clear.) the sentence is clear.)
People who/that park illegally are fined. The Jeffersons, who own a Jaguar, live next door.
(Which people? Those who park illegally.) (The relative clause gives extra information.)
The film was boring. (Which film? We don’t know. My cat is called Monty. (The meaning of the
The meaning of the sentence is not clear.) sentence is clear.)
The film (which/that) I watched yesterday My cat, which I found on the street,
was boring. (Which film? The one I watched is called Monty. (The relative clause gives extra
yesterday.) information.)

,3L Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put

commas where necessary. Write I for
identifying, Nl for non-identifying and say
whether the relative can be omitted or
€4> Choose the correct answer.

not. 1 John is a boy ...C... studies hard every day.

A when B which C who
1 The dress ...which/that... she bought was too big.
(I, can be omitted) 2 This is the bicycle I used to ride to school on.
2 Mrs Stewart was the school’s head¬ A whom B whose C which
mistress for ten years has retired now. 3 I remember the time I fell and broke my arm.
3 This is the kitten ... I found in my garden. A where B when C which
4 Martin Reeds ... was born the same year
4 The reason he is happy is that he has just
as I was is a distinguished author.
was in my class at passed his exams.
5 Pauline Smith
school is a very successful lawyer now. A why B which C when
6 The library they knocked down yesterday 5 Where’s the bread . I bought this morning?
was in very bad condition. A who B when C that
7 The car
Ferrari.
8 Have you read the book
I bought last year is a red

by one of the professors from my university?

9 That’s the man
my vegetable garden.
was written
dog buried a bone in
6 That’s the woman
A whose B who’s
7 Paul is holding the prize
competition.
A where B who
..............
best friend is a film star.
C which
he won in the

C which
10 My garden

every winter.
12 Jane
good at her job.
I like very much looks
beautiful when all the flowers bloom.
11 I know a girl goes skiing in Switzerland

I don’t know very well is very

8 The chair
A when
9 The woman
A which
10 The book
...
... she is sitting on is an antique.
B where C which
lives in that house is very rich.
B who C where
I borrowed from the library is
13 The woman we spoke to is called very interesting.
Claire. A that B whose C who’s

116
 UNIT 9

15
Fill in the gaps with the correct relative
pronoun or adverb and say whether they
can be omitted or not.
j

'
_ adverb or pronoun.
stives
Fill in the gaps with the correct relative

A The book 1) •• which/tha •• at

• * umitt
K L/ I
borrowed from the library was about a girl 2)
works in Africa 3) there are many people
starving. It is a very sad story.
B John is a man 1) only ambition is to be \

rich. That’s the reason 2) he works 1

so hard. He doesn’t listen to people 3) .

tell him to slow down. The day 4) he
i n (
becomes a millionaire will be the day 5) v
he has a rest.
C Home is the place I like best. I am a person 1)
needs time to myself. The thing 2) .
to do is relax in my living room, 3)
I most like
I am free
Vf
from stress and 4) there are no interruptions.
The Lion King is a film 1) ...which •• everyone will

...... ......
D The moment 1) . I met Peter is a moment
2) I will always remember. He is someone enjoy. The story is set in Africa, 2) there
3) .... I will always admire for his courage,
are many wild animals, and the hero of the story is
Simba, 3) father is the king of the lions.
4) has seen him through some diffi- Simba’s evil uncle Scar, 4) wants to
cult times. That’s the reason 5) I liked be king, kills Simba’s father and sends Simba away.
him straight away and 6) we became

. . . . . ..........
Years pass, and Simba grows up. One day, he meets
good friends 7) understand and a lioness, Nala, 5) was his childhood
respect each other. friend. She tells him that Scar, the king, is causing

....
E Tom likes classical music, unlike Graham, 1) problems and that’s the reason 6)
only listens to pop music and 2) she has come to find him and take him back. Simba
favourite band is the Backstreet Boys. Tom likes music and his friends form a plan 7) will
3) relaxes him, but Graham goes to put an end to Scar’s wickedness. The film has char-
nightclubs 4) he can dance to loud music. acters 8) you will love, and the
music, 9) was written by Elton John, is
moving and dramatic. Disney, 10) films
Write the correct relative pronoun or have entertained children and adults alike for years,
16 adverb in the appropriate place in the have excelled themselves this time.
sentences below.
who
1 The woman A opened the door was wearing a uni¬ A

form.
2 The man mother lives next door won a lot of money
18> Correct the mistakes.

last year. 1 That’s the man who’s dog I look after in the summer.
3 This ring, was a present from my husband, is very 2 The reason which I’m tired is that I didn’t sleep well
valuable. last night.
4 My father, is a policeman, really enjoys his job. 3 Tim is someone which I’ve known since I was very
5 The house I used to live has been knocked down now. young.
6 The book was given to me for my birthday is very 4 The moment who I realised my mistake I was very
old. embarrassed.
7 That teacher, is very good at his job, is popular with 5 The town which Shakespeare was born is called
all his students. Stratford-upon-Avon.
8 Martin, sister has travelled the world, is a very inter¬ 6 Simon, whose lives near me, is learning to play the
esting person. guitar.
9 The office the boss works is very luxurious. 7 Tom, who party we went to last month, has just
10 Jane, mother is my hairdresser, is getting married bought a speedboat.
next month. 8 She’s rich. That’s she doesn’t work.
11 The building is on the corner of the street is falling 9 There’s the place which Sam’s car broke down.
down. 10 That exam, who was very difficult, was written by our
12 Richmond, I was born, is a very nice place to live. teacher.

117
UNIT 9
Relate $
IN OTHER WORDS Prepositions
Study these examples. The second sentence blame sb/sth for sth disadvantage of sth
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. put the blame on sb/sth hear about sth/sb
deal with sth hear from sb
1 This is Andrew. He is studying medicine at Harvard. decide on sth hear of sb/sth
who This is Andrew, who is studying med¬
icine at Harvard.
2 That’s Bob. His father is an astronaut. Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs/
whose That’s Bob, whose father is an astronaut. 20L nouns from the list in the correct form
and a suitable preposition.
3 That’s the hotel we stayed at last summer.
where That’s the hotel where we stayed last 1 Policemen have to ...deal with... all kinds of problems.
summer. 2 He couldn’t a name for his
which That’s the hotel at which we stayed new puppy.
last summer. 3 Claire had never
That’s the hotel which we stayed at Mel Gibson until she watched ‘Ransom’.
last summer. 4 Don’t Paul the accident.
4 She gave me a lift. That was kind of her. 5 It’s easy to put the others
which She gave me a lift, which was kind of her. when something goes wrong.
5 I read a book. It was called The Riverside’. 6 The having a credit
which The book which I read was called The card is that it is easy to spend too much money.
Riverside’. 7 I Jill yesterday. She is in Norway.
that The book that I read was called The 8 Have you the new Disney
Riverside’. film? It’s meant to be fantastic.

Phrasal Verbs
Complete each sentence with two to five
19> words, including the word in bold. put down:
put forward:
write
propose
1 The man delivered the parcel. He was very friendly.
put off: postpone
who The man •••who d vered the parcel •
£>! I
L>
put on: 1) dress oneself in
•

was very friendly. 2) increase in (weight)

2 She rented a flat. It was on the second floor. put out: extinguish (a fire, cigar, etc.)
that She rented on put through: connect by phone
the second floor. put sb up: provide a place to stay
3 Applefield is the village he lived in until he was 18.
where Applefield is the village
until he was 18. 2,L Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal
verb.
4 This is Erica. Her parents work for Unicef.
whose This is Erica 1 Fut down... all your suggestions on paper and
•••
work for Unicef. we’ll discuss them, (write)

............
5 She’s afraid of heights. That explains why she has 2 It took the firemen three hours to the
never been on a plane. fire, (extinguish)
which She’s afraid of heights, 3 I my new dress, but it was too
she has never been on a plane. big for me. (dressed myself in)
6 Laura babysits for me. She’s going on holiday next 4 Nick will us for the night.
week. (provide a place to stay)
who Laura, for me 5 Sue looks better now that she’s
is going on holiday next week. a bit of weight, (has increased in weight)
7 This is the cafe we went to when we were young. 6 Mike the idea that they should have a
which This is the cafe Halloween party, (proposed)
when we were young. 7 I phoned the company, but the receptionist said she

118
that
......
8 This is the CD player. My parents gave it to me on
my sixteenth birthday.
This is the CD player
to me on my sixteenth birthday.
couldn’t

8 We had to
(postpone)
me to the director
because his line was busy, (connect by phone)
the wedding until next year.
 UNIT 9
stives

Jteÿsion Box
QRAj,
Activity
Inspector Sparkes is investigating the theft of a paint¬
ing from Ralph Carter’s home at 9, Seaview Road. He
has collected some information about the burglary.
Look at the pictures and the prompts below and make
22 Choose the correct answer. sentences using relative pronouns and adverbs, as in
the example.
1 I • • •• about your news! Congratulations!’
• • e.g. The room
dining was the room where the painting
Thank you! I’m very happy!’ was hanging.
A hear B am hearing C heard
2 ‘Where are you going?’
Tm going a drive in the countryside. t
B as

mm
A to C for
* \

3 ‘What shall we do tomorrow?’ i I

‘We go to the flower exhibition if you want.’
A mustn’t B could C needn’t •dining room / room / the
painting was hanging
•the
maid /person /realised
painting was missing
4 If Brian , please tell him I’ll call later.
Alright. I’ll tell him.’
A had phoned B phoned C should phone %
*
5 ‘Are you working late tonight?’
‘I’ll stay .. ... I finish the report I’m writing.’

.......
A before B until C by f l *
6 ‘Oh no! I forgot to pay the electricity bill this •five o’clock / time / she •axe / tool / the burglar
morning.’ entered the dining room had used to break in
Don't worry. I it for you at lunch time.’
A will pay B am paying C will have paid
7 ‘Emily plays the piano very well.’
Yes, she’s talented musician that she’s
won many competitions.’
A so B such C such a •the gloves/the burglar had worn/ •footprints/the burglar had made
8 ‘I went to a Mexican restaurant last week.’ were found at the scene the
of were found in the
garden
‘Really? I Mexican food.’ crime
A am eating B haven’t been eating
C have never eaten
9 Did you make dinner last night?’
‘No. By the time I got home, Alice it.
A had already made B already made Activity

11
C has already made

A brought
.........
10 ‘I left my umbrella at your house last night.
‘Did you? I it back for you tomorrow.’
B am bringing C will bring
I help you with the housework?’
Inspector Sparkes has to write a report about the
investigation for his boss. Look at the Oral Activity
again and use your notes to complete the report below.
To: Detective Superintendent Briggs
From.- Inspector Sparkes
I
I
Yes, please. That would be nice.’
Subject: Burglary at 9, Seaview Road I
A Did B Will C Shall The the/t of a valuable painting took place at 9, I
Seaview Road on Sunday afternoon. The following I
12 Did you pass the exam?’
Yes. I got a good grade, ..
in/ormation has been collected. The dining room I
I didn't study was the room where the valuable painting was I
much.’
A even though B despite C in spite of
hanging J

119
UNIT 10

I m very happy with your

c results in the History exam.

T’
V
What did Mr Reed tell his class yesterday?

/ said to the class, ‘I’m very happy with your results in the
He
History exam.’
OR
He told the class (that) he was very happy with their results
r in the History exam.

We can report people’s words by using direct speech or reported speech.

Direct speech is the exact words someone used. We use quotation marks (‘ ’) in direct speech.
e.g. ‘It’s nice to be home, ’ Tom said.
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use
quotation marks in reported speech. We can either use the word that after the introductory verb (say, tell,
etc.), or we can omit it. e.g. Tom said (that) it was nice to be home.

L* Ve11 1
Fill in the gaps with say or tell in the
correct tense.

We can use the verbs say and tell both in direct

and reported speech. A Katie (1) •••cbld •• Dave that she had met a set of
ii

twins at a party. They looked exactly the same

Tell is always followed by a personal object (told
me).
she (2) . ‘I couldn’t (3) the
difference between them.’ ‘I’ve got a twin brother
Say is used with or without a personal object. too,’ (4) Dave. ‘Are you (5) ..
When used with a personal object it is always me the truth?’ asked Katie. ‘(6) me his
followed by the preposition to (said to me). name.’ ‘His name is Stephen,’ Dave (7) .
Study the following examples: her. ‘I’ll take you to meet him tomorrow.
direct speech reported speech
to me,’ Tara (1) Jim.
B ‘You never listen
He said, ‘I’m Ted.’ He said (that) he was Ted. good morning to
I (2)
He said to me, ‘I’m Ted. He said to me (that) he you three times today and you didn t answer she
was Ted. (3) ‘To (4) you
He told me, ‘I’m Ted. He told me (that) he was the truth, it makes me really angry. Why don’t you
Ted. listen to me?’ ‘Oh, hello Tara,’ said Jim. ‘Did you
just (5) something?’

Say and tell are also used with the following C ‘Claire (1) me that she and John are
expressions: getting married,’ (2) Sue. ‘She
(3) that they’re going to have a big
say good morning/afternoon, etc., something/nothing,
etc., one’s prayers, so, a few words wedding with lots of guests.’ ‘That will be expensive,’
(4) Tom. ‘I thought John (5)
tell the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, the time, the dif¬ that they couldn’t afford a big wedding.’ ‘Well that’s
ference, sb one’s name, sb the way, one from what Claire (6) me,’ (7) Sue.
another, one’s fortune ‘I don’t think she would (8) a lie.

120
 UNIT 10
Reported
h .Liee i
SioAeiuCrLiiÿ ;
U02K *r%
-- J

In reported speech personal pronouns, possessive adjectives/possessive pronouns change according to the
meaning of the sentence.
Sam said, ‘I'm leaving for Germany with my family tomorrow.
e.g.
Sam said (that) he was leaving for Germany with his family the following day.
We can report someone’s words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date-reporting) or a short time
after they were said (up-to-date-reporting).

out-of-date reporting
We usually report someone’s words a long time after they were said. In this case the introductory verb is in the
past simple and the tenses change as follows:

direct speech reported speech

present simple past simple

7 want
to go to bed early, he said. He said (that) he wanted to go to bed early.
present continuous past continuous
‘She 'a feeding the baby, ' he said. He said (that) she was feeding the baby.
present perfect past perfect
Tve bought a new dress, ’ she said. She said (that) she had bought a new dress.
past simple past simple or past perfect
7 finished work early, ' Alex said. Alex said (that) he (had) finished work early.
past continuous past continuous or past perfect continuous
7 was planning to call you later, ' she said. She said (that) she was
planning to call me later.
future (will) conditional (would)
Til talk to you tomorrow, ’ she said. She said (that) she would talk to me the
next day.

e The past perfect and past perfect continuous remain the same.
direct speech: ‘The film had finished by the time I got home, ' he said.
reported speech: He said (that) the film had finished by the time he got home.

Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence as follows:
now then, at that time, immediately last week > the week before, the previous week
today, tonight that day, that night next week the week after, the following week
yesterday the day before, the previous day two days ago > two days before
tomorrow the next day, the following day here there
this week that week come go

When this/these are used in time expressions, they change to that/those.

e.g. this week that week, these days those days
When this/that/these/those are not used in time expressions, they change as follows:
a) as adjectives, that is, when they are followed by a noun, they change to the.
e.g. This cake is delicious, ' Pam told me. Pam told me (that) the cake was delicious.
b) as pronouns, that is, when they are not followed by a noun, they change to it or they/them.
e.g. a) ‘This is a brilliant idea, ' Debbie said. Debbie said (that) it was a brilliant idea.
b) He said, Those are the men who helped me. ' > He said (that) they were the men who (had) helped
him.

121
UNIT 10
Repozi peech
up-to-date reporting
When we report someone’s words a short time after they were said, the tenses can either change or
remain the same in reported speech.
direct speech: ‘I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, Jack said to us.
reported speech: Jack told us (that) he is seeing/was seeing the manager tomorrow.
4 Certain modal verbs change in reported speech as follows:
will/shall
may
can
-
>
would
might
could
can
must -* must/had to (obligation)
(future reference)

shall -*• should (asking for advice)

4 Would, could, might, should, ought, had better and mustn’t do not change in reported speech. Must does
not change in reported speech when it expresses a logical assumption.

direct speech reported speech

He said, ‘I’ll have some tea. He said (that) he would have some tea.
He said, ‘She can type fast. He said (that) she could type fast.

He said, ‘I can talk to you tomorrow.’ He said (that) he could/would be able to talk
to me the next day. (it refers to the future)
He said, They may come home.’ He said (that) they might come home.
He said, ‘What shall I tell her?’ He asked what he should tell her.
He said, ‘You must stay in.’ He said (that) I must/had to stay in.
He said, ‘She must be exhausted. He said (that) she must be exhausted.

4 In Type 1 conditionals tenses change in reported speech as follows: the present simple becomes past simple
in the if-clause and will becomes would in the main clause.
direct speech: ‘If I have the time, I’ll come round, Lisa said.
reported speech: Lisa said (that) if she had the time, she would come round.
4 Type 2 and Type 3 conditionals do not change in reported speech.
direct speech: ‘If she knew, she would help us, ’ Tony said.
reported speech: Tony said (that) if she knew, she would help us.
4 The verb tenses and time expressions change in reported speech:
a) when reporting someone’s words a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting).
b) when we consider what the speaker says to be untrue.
direct speech: 7 like Shakespeare’s plays a lot,’ he said to us.
reported speech: He told us (that) he liked Shakespeare’s plays a lot, but he didn't know the name of any.

4 The verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech:
a) when reporting someone’s words a short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting).
b) when reporting a general truth or law of nature.
direct speech: ‘The sun sets in the west, ' the teacher said.
reported speech: The teacher said (that) the sun sets/set in the west.

4 The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech:

When the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect.
direct speech: The singer says, 7 enjoy cycling. ’
reported speech: The singer says (that) she enjoys cycling.

122
 UNIT 10
Report P.-ieech
Fill in the gaps with the correct Turn the following sentences into
pronoun or possessive adjective. reported speech.

1 James said, ‘My boss wants me to go to London 1 He said, I'm going to the station.’
tomorrow.’ ••
M
••

James said . •ni&% .. boss wanted

m to go to 2 Tina said, You should exercise regularly.
London the following day.
2 Mary said, ‘I’m waiting for my son to come out of 3 They said, ‘We had booked the room before we left.’
school.’
Mary said that was waiting for 4 Tom said. ‘This meal is delicious.’
son to come out of school.
3 George said, ‘I’ve bought a new car for my mum.’ 5 I’ve written you a letter,’ she said to her friend.
George said . had bought a new car for
6 ‘We’ve decided to spend our holidays in Jordan,
mum.

........
they told us.
4 Julie said to me, ‘I need you to help me with the
shopping.’ 7 Jill said, ‘I’ll go to the bank tomorrow.’
Julie told me that needed to help
with the shopping. 8 She said to him, We’ve been invited to a wedding.’
5 John said, I’d like to take you out to dinner.’
John said ’d like to take out to 9 She told me, You must leave early tomorrow.
dinner.
6 Helen said to Jane, ‘I think your new haircut is lovely.’ 10 ‘They’ve gone out for the evening,’ Jessie said to me.
Helen told Jane that thought new
haircut was lovely. 11 They said, ‘We may visit Joe tonight.

12 She said. ‘I can meet you on Tuesday.’

& Turn the following sentences into

reported speech.
13 Keith said. There is a letter for you on the table.

14 We won’t be visiting Tom this evening,’ Sam told us.

1 Robin said, These biscuits taste delicious.'
...Robin said r+i i&l ng Di&cm PS vas L/i
15 Eric said. They had been talking on the phone for
aencio Lii ZS
v
an hour before I interrupted them.’
2 ‘I can’t see you this afternoon because I’ve got a lot
to do,’ Ann told me. 16 ‘I haven’t spoken to Mary since last week,’ Gloria said.

3 She came into the room holding some letters in her 17 They delivered the letters this morning,’ she said.
hand and said, I found these while I was tidying the
desk drawers.’ 18 He said. ‘I’d like to buy this jumper.’

4 Fiona said, That picture was painted by my great¬ 19 They aren’t going on holiday this year,’ he said.
grandfather.’
20 Jane said. ‘I haven't finished my homework yet.
5 Those were good times for my family.’ Jack said.
21 I'm going to bed early tonight,' Caroline said.
6 ‘I received a parcel this morning, but I haven’t opened 22 ‘My mother is coming to visit us,’ I said.
it yet,’ Tom said.
23 ‘We don’t want to watch a film tonight,’ the children said.
7 ‘You mustn’t do that again,’ Mum said to Bob.
24 ‘He's playing in the garden now,’ his mother said.
8 These shoes are worn out. You'd better throw them
away,’ Mum said to me. 25 She said, ‘You must do your homework now.'

12?
UNIT 10
Rep or peech
1 Look at the pictures and make 5 ‘He broke the window,’ they said.
5 sentences, as in the example.
We’ve never been on holiday abroad,’ they said.
(

6
Sorry, I can ’t meet
7 Mum says, ‘Dinner is ready. 5

you because I 'm

very busy. /

I 8 ‘I’ll start cooking at six o’clock,’ she said.

1
w
I I 9 ‘We went to the supermarket yesterday,’ he said.
4
9

10 Mrs Jones says, ‘My daughter is going to have a

3
baby.

__-f
)

/I
/ 3
>

vV
J I'm 17.
2
11

12
(

t
You’re never going to get a job,’ Dad always says.

Fish live in water,’ he said.

13 ‘We went to the beach last weekend,’ they said.

9L I 'm typing
\V
14 ‘He showed me his photographs,’ she said.

15 1
I’m working on my project now,’ Billy said.
V

»
that report now.
,/
3
Turn the following sentences into
7 Jt reported speech.

1 ‘Seaweed grows in the sea,’ the teacher said to the

I
students.
9
f r t l
>
l

A t
I haven 't eaten \ vv

2 I saw Amanda at the cinema,’ she said.

(

anything all day. y/

Q
(up-to-date reporting)
S3 4
l
3 They don’t live here any more,’ he said to me.
1 N
(out-of-date reporting)
<

\
\ «lSr5 4 ‘Canada is a large country,’ he said.
»s. ;
5 ‘The Statue of Liberty is in America,’ she said to us.
Turn the sentences into reported speech.
6 In which of the following sentences do 6 ‘I’ll help you with your homework,’ he said.
t

the tenses not change? In which do they (out-of-date reporting)

not have to be changed? Why?
I would go on holiday if I had enough money,’ Bill
(

1 The article says, The artist only uses oil paints.’ 7

V
said, (up-to-date reporting)

••

> f
t Af
> r A
8 ‘If l m free, I’ll call you,’ Tom said.
t

r (up-to-date reporting)
2 They are working hard today,’ he said.
9 ‘You should make a decision,’ he said to us.
3 ‘I’ve done the things you asked me to do,’ Mary said.
10 ‘You can ask John for advice,’ she said.
4 The sun rises in the east,’ she said. (up-to-date reporting)

124
 UNIT 10
Report Speech

llIB: L icf-p. Q u erne Lis

<a. Turn the following into reported questions.

Have you had

any experience? Mf
Ad Why do you
want this job 9
1 Where do you live?’ I asked her.
I a eked
•••

asked me.
M t • where ehe ved. •

2 ‘How old will you be on your next birthday?’ he

3 ‘Where is your umbrella?’ she asked her daughter.

f
4 ‘Do you like playing football?’ John asked us.

i 5 The boss asked, ‘What time are you going home

today?’

6 ‘Will you take the children to school today?’ he

asked.

7 ‘Who called you today?’ she asked.

8 ‘When will you decorate the kitchen?’ Martha asked.

Yesterday, Eric had a job interview.
The manager asked Eric he had had 9 ‘Who broke my vase?’ I asked.
any experience.
He also asked him why he wanted the job. 10 Father asked, ‘Will you help me lift these boxes
please?’
Reported questions are usually introduced with
the verbs ask, Inquire, wonder or the expres¬
11 ‘Can you speak a foreign language?’ she asked her.
sion went to know.
When the direct question begins with a question 12 ‘Where is the tourist information centre?’ we asked.
word (who, where, how old, how long, when,
why, what, etc.), the reported question is intro¬
duced with the same question word.
e.g. ‘What do you want to know?’ she asked me. Yesterday, Marion met a couple who were on
holiday in London. They were looking at a
She asked me what I wanted to know. map. She asked them some questions. Turn
When the direct question begins with an auxili¬ them into reported questions.
ary (is, do, have) or a modal verb (can, may,
1 ‘Are you lost?’
etc.), then the reported question begins with if
or •••Marion asked X r?/*?rnI V I-/ If I VI# * they were • •

2 ‘Can you speak English?’

e.g. Have you seen this man before?' he asked me.
He asked me if /whether I had seen the man
before. 3 ‘Where are you from?

In reported questions, the verb is in the affirm¬ 4 ‘Is your hotel near here?
ative. The question mark and words/expres¬
sions such as please, well, oh, etc. are omitted. 5 ‘Where do you want to go?
The verb tenses, pronouns and time expres¬
sions change as in statements. 6 ‘Were you looking for Big Ben?’
e.g. ‘Can you hold the door for me, please?' the
man asked me. 7 ‘Have you been to the British Museum?’
The man asked me if /whether I could hold the
door for him.
8 ‘Have you visited Buckingham Palace?
‘Where are you going?' Sam asked her.
Sam asked her where she was going.
9 ‘Do you like London?

125
UNIT 10
Re pox peech
I EE 71 Fill in the gaps with the introductory
10J
1 verbs in the list in the correct form.

L C!vrS‘Uelli£
:>% order, tell, ask, beg, suggest

Please visit me in hospital,’ Joan said to Colin.

(

1
Let’s fly the kite. Joan Colin to visit her in hospital.
...aeked...
Pull the strings harder! 2 <
Let’s eat out this evening,’ Paul said to her.
Unroll more string, please. Paul eating out that evening.
3 Please, please be careful,’ she said to him.
(

V
Don ’t let go of the kite! /W
She him to be careful.
* -
. ..
•
'Jh
A: wk
4 ‘Don’t go near the fire,’ Dad said to us.
Dad us not to go near the fire.
mS / •- Be quiet!’ the commander said to the troops.
t

j
5
5? The commander the troops to be quiet.
m
*»
- «
to

<•>
"to
A
#-

to »*.
11il Turn the following sentences into
reported speech.

1 ‘Let’s try the exercise again.’

Keith suggested flying the kite. ...The ballet teacher
He told Paul to pull the strings harder. euggeeted trying the
He asked Paul to unroll more string. exerciee again....
He also told him not to let go of the kite. 2 ‘Lift your leg higher please,
Rachel.’
To report commands or instructions in reported
speech, we use the introductory verbs order or
tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive. 3 Turn your head a little more.’
e.g. ‘Put the gun down!’ he said to him.
He ordered him to put the gun down.
‘Don’t look down!’ he said to us. 4 ‘Don’t lean back.’
He told us not to look down.
‘Put the shopping in the kitchen,’ she said to
her.
She told her to put the shopping in the kitchen.
Turn the following sentences into
To report requests, we use the introductory reported speech.
verbs ask or beg + sb + (not) to-infinitive. The
direct sentence usually contains the word 1 The doctor said to the patient, ‘Come back to see
‘please’. me again next week.’
e.g. ‘Help me, please, ’ Jean said to Tom. ...The doctor told the patient to go back and eee
Jean asked Tom to help her. him again the following week/the week after.
toe/ to/

2 The guard said to the driver, ‘Stop!

1

‘Please, please don ’t call the police, ’ he said to

Colin.
3 He said, ‘Shall we go for a walk?
1

He begged Colin not to call the police.

To report suggestions, we use the introductory 4 She said to him, ‘Please, please don’t leave me!
verb suggest + -ing form/that sb (should) +
bare infinitive. 5 Jenny said to Dave, ‘Please help me with this.’
e.g. ‘Let’s go outside, ’ I said to them.
We can/could go outside, ’ I said to them. 6 She said to him, ‘Open the window, please. I

‘Shall we go outside?’ I said to them.

7 Mother said, ‘How about going for a drive?
1

‘How
I about going outside?’ I said to them.
7
/ suggested going/that we (should) go outside. 8 She said, ‘Let’s eat now.’

126
 UNIT 10
Reportedfc?.neech
Veil: v: .

introductory verb direct speech reported speech

agree -l- to-M Yes, I’ll give you a lift.’ She agreed to give me a lift.
offer ‘Shall I carry the boxes?’ He offered to carry the boxes.
promise ‘I promise I’ll help you.’ He promised to help me.
refuse ‘No, I won’t buy you a car.’ She refused to buy me a car.
•threaten Stop talking or I'll send you out.’ He threatened to send me out if I didn't stop talking.

•advise + sb + to-M You should see a doctor.’ He advised me to see a doctor.

ask ‘Could you do something for me?’ She asked me to do something for her.
beg ‘Please, please call the police.' She begged me to call the police.
command ‘Drop your weapons!’ He commanded them to drop their weapons.
invite ‘Will you come to my party?’ She invited me to (go to) her party.
order ‘Get out of the house!’ She ordered me to get out of the house.
* remind Don’t forget to write to Paul.’ She reminded me to write to Paul.
•warn ‘Don’t go near the oven.’ She warned me not to go near the oven.

•admit (to) + gerund ‘Yes, I stole the plans.’ He admitted (to) stealing/having stolen the plans.
accuse sb of ‘You lied to me.’ She accused me of lying/having lied to her.
apologise for I’m sorry I shouted at you.’ He apologised for shouting/having shouted at me.
* boast about/of ‘I’m the cleverest of all.' He boasted of/about being the cleverest of all.
complain to sb of ‘I have a headache.’ She complained to me of having a headache.
deny ‘I didn’t take your bag.’ He denied taking/having taken my bag.
* insist on ‘You must do your work.’ She insisted on me/my doing my work.
suggest ‘Let’s visit Jane.’ She suggested visiting Jane.

complain ‘You’re always late.’ She complained that I was always late.
deny ‘I didn’t take the money.’ She denied that she had taken the money.
explain ‘It’s a difficult situation.’ He explained that it was a difficult situation.
exclaim/remark ‘What a beautiful baby he is!’ She exclaimed/remarked that he was a beautiful baby.
promise ‘I promise I’ll call you.’ She promised that she would call me.
suggest You’d better go home.’ He suggested that I (should) go home.

* Note: admit, advise, boast, insist, threaten, warn, remind can also be followed by a that-clause in reported speech.

Fill in the gaps with one of the intro¬

5 He never buys me flowers,’ she said.
13
\ ductory verbs from the list below in the She that he never bought her flowers.
past simple. 6 ‘Let’s go for a picnic,’ he said.
He going for a picnic.
agree, invite, warn, accuse, boast, complain, 7 ‘You stole the money,’ Tom said to Jim.
insist, explain, exclaim, remind, suggest, promise
Tom Jim of stealing the money.
8 ‘Don’t forget to hang out the washing,’ she said to me.
1 ‘Will you come to the ball?’ he said to her.
She me to hang out the washing.
He ••• tod... her to go to the ball. 9 ‘I promise I’ll write to you,’ she said to him.
2 ‘I’m the best student in the school,’ he said. She to write to him.
He about being the 10 ‘You must finish the report,’ she said to him.
best student in the school. She on him finishing the report.
3 ‘Yes, I’ll lend you some money,’ he said to Jane. 11 ‘Don’t touch the wet paint,’ Dad said to us.
He to lend Jane some money. Dad us not to touch the wet paint.
4 ‘What a beautiful dress she is wearing!’ he said. 12 There’s nothing else I can do,’ he said.
He that she was He that there was nothing else
wearing a beautiful dress. he could do.

127
UNIT 10
Repcv; peecn
14 First, choose an appropriate introduc¬
tory verb, then report the sentences. Lvei* O L i L L i y e at
La 'W'*! Ill
,*

1 ‘Please, please don’t go.’

}
•• •
In dialogues we use a mixture of statements,
9

She •m •
s 4 4
> ao.
questions, commands, requests, etc. In reported
2 ‘Yes, I’ll do the shopping.’
speech we use: and, at, addtog that, and (ha/sha)
Paul added that, because, but, since, and than (he/she)
3 ‘Everyone sit down!
) want on to say (that), whMo, than, etc. to link the
sentences in a dialogue. We can also use introduc¬
The teacher tory verbs in the present participle form (offering,
4 ‘Could I borrow your pen?’ begging, explaining, etc.). Words or exclamations
such as Oh, Oh dear, WeM, etc., are omitted in
She reported speech.
5 ‘It was me who made the mistake.’
a ‘Oh, this is a delicious cake!’ he said. ‘Who made it?'
Mary He that it was a delicious cake
exclaimedIremarked
6 ‘You should speak to the manager.’ and asked who had made it.

Jill b He picked up the heavy bag and said, ‘Can I carry

<
7 No, I won’t type the letter for you.’ it for you?’
He picked up the heavy bag, offering to carry it
Bob for me.
8 ‘I promise I’ll take you home. 1

c Jill: Oh! I love your dress. Is it new?

Jack Ann: Well, actually it is.
9 ‘Fire at the enemy!
1
Jill: Where did you buy it? I Ve been looking for
one like that for ages!
The sergeant Jill exclaimed that she loved Ann ’s dress and
10 ‘I’ll send you to your room if you’re naughty.’ asked her if it was new. Ann replied that it was.
Jill wanted to know where Ann had bought it,
Mum explaining that she had been looking for one like
11 ‘No, I didn’t call you.’ it for ages.

Kim
12 ‘Let’s go for a walk.’
Turn the following sentences into
15 reported speech.
Tom
13 ‘I’m sorry I broke your glasses.’
1 i
Don’t be late tonight,’ said Dad. ‘You have to get up
early tomorrow’.
Ted 4 4 Pi it 4
••
14 ‘Don’t forget to pay the bills.’ \C*CA W/ (AZ/\
t*
ovk ri/i

2 ‘Let’s go out tonight,’ he said. ‘We haven’t been out

i

Sam for ages. 1

15 ‘Don’t go near the river. 1

3 I’m exhausted,’ he said. ‘I’ve been working hard all

(

Dad week. 1

16 ‘You broke the window.’

4 ‘You’re late,’ she said to Tom. ‘I was about to go
Peter home.’
17 ‘Children, be quiet!’
5 ‘Are you busy?’ he asked me. ‘I need to talk to you. 1

Miss Black

128
 UNIT 10
Reporte f/ieech
6 ‘Have you had your hair cut?’ he asked Jessie. ‘It
looks great.’
l:L' lid U clie U in
7 ‘I’m bored,’ Peter said. ‘This film is terrible.’ LvlK-d £ ffejjfii ....
8 ‘I’m going shopping,’ Linda said. ‘I’ll be back in an
hour.’ We put the speaker’s words in quotation marks
and we capitalise the first word of the direct
speech, isn'te.g.
at home.’‘He
9 ‘Bill wants to talk to you,’ Tina said to the boss. ‘He’s
waiting outside.’
• We mention the speaker before or after the
direct speech. When the speaker is mentioned
10 ‘Are you ready?’ Mother said to the children. ‘It’s before the direct speech, we put the comma
time to go.’ outside the quotation marks. When the speaker
is mentioned after the direct speech, we put the
11 ‘I’m going to bed,’ Emma said. ‘I’m tired.’ comma inside the quotation marks.
e.g. She said, He isn’t at home.’
12 ‘Wait for me,’ I said. ‘I’m coming with you.’ OR: ‘He isn 't at home, ' she said.
If the direct speech is a question and the person
13 ‘Open the window,’ he said. ‘It’s hot in here.’ being spoken to comes after it, we put a question
mark and not a comma.
14 ‘Go away,’ she said to them. ‘I want to be alone.’ e.g. ‘Do you know him?’ she asked me.
OR: She asked me, ‘Do you know him?’
15 ‘What time is it?’ Bob asked. ‘My watch has
stopped.’
Punctuate the following, making any
16 ‘Are you leaving now?’ Sam said. ‘I’ll give you a lift.’ other necessary changes.

17 ‘I’m sorry I’m late. I lost my way,’ she said to us. 1 shall we meet again next Thursday Roger asked
••• we meet again next Thureday? Roger
‘Shall
18 ‘Who’s there?’ she asked. ‘Come in.’ a eked•
a e

2 Jack said don’t touch the wire

19 ‘Did you miss the bus?’ he said. ‘You’re late.’
3 where have you been Tina asked
20 ‘Have you got an umbrella?’ Liz asked. ‘It’s raining.’
4 basketball is my favourite sport Sam said to me
21 Ben: I’ve joined a gym. I want to get fit.
Tom: Which gym have you joined? 5 Rita told me I have no time to spare
Ben: The Star Gym. It’s close to my house.
6 did you phone your uncle Mother asked

7 Sandra said I don’t want to stay here any longer

22 George: Tim isn’t here. He’s playing football.
John: Where is he playing? 8 the children are in the garden Dorothy said
George: At the school. I’m going there now.
9 why did you do that Bob asked

10 Linda said close the window please

23 Eric: Are you busy? I need some help.
Sonia: What’s wrong? 11 Paul said I don’t like horror films
Eric: There’s a problem with my computer. I
can’t get it to work. 12 they asked where are you going

13 we’re lost they said to me

129
UNIT 10
Rep peech
s, Turn the following into reported speech.
Use appropriate introductory verbs.

Ben
•I:

-
I.

f
rI

ww A

1 Ben: ‘I didn’t do very well in the test.’

±I§

4I

-
wm
a

__ _ Study the speech bubbles, then complete

the sentences below using reported
speech, as in the example.

Turn it down!
I

Would you like to

come to my party?

Can you help me

with my homework,
please?
s You don 't need to
V
cook for me
tonight, Mum.,

Could you close

the door, please,
» Sarah?

I’ll call you back

later, Mark.
Sen remarked that he hadn't done very well in the
eee

test•• ee
1 James was playing his music very loudly, so I
2 Joe: ‘We won’t get the results until next week.’ •told him to turn ft down.
ee

2 It was Tom’s birthday, so he

3 Tania: ‘I’ll be very disappointed if I fail.’
3 Tony was having difficulty with his studies, so he
4 Meg: ‘I had done a lot of revision.’
4 Janet was planning to eat at her friend’s house, so
5 Ben: ‘Let’s talk about something else.’ she
5 It was very cold, so I
6 Joe: ‘Does anyone want to come to the cinema
with me this afternoon?’ 6 Sue was busy when the phone rang, so she
7 Tania: ‘My roommate is having a party at the
weekend. You’re all invited.’

8 Meg: ‘I’d love to come to the party. Count me in.’ 20L Turn from direct into reported speech or
vice versa.

1 I have a lot of work to do today,’ she said.

t

She said that- she had a lot of work to do that day •••

<4
*

Turn the following text into direct 2 He asked her to phone him later that evening.
speech.
3 ‘Where are you going in such a hurry?’ he asked her.
The boss said that an important client was arriving .
'
) the next day. He asked us to be at work on time. < 4 Sue begged her friend not to tell anyone what she
He explained that the client was going to stay for a had done.
week. He pointed out that he owned several large <
.
I
t
*
\
)
companies and that he was the most important 5 ‘Are you ready to go to school?’ Mum asked us.
I
we ever
)

\ client had had.

•• ‘An important client is arriving tomorrow.
1 6 Tom said he was nervous because he had never
i
been on a plane before.
t
\

7 ‘Can you pass me the newspaper, please?’ Jane

i

I I
t
) i

t
asked Toby.
iI
/
i
I I
t
8 John suggested that they go to Italy on holiday.
} f

>
»

t 9 ‘We could
(

go for a picnic tomorrow if you *

like said
t
f
i Jack.
)

150
 UNIT 10
Reported
IN OTHER WORDS 8 ‘No, I won’t do your homework for you,’ Danny said.

.......................
refused Danny for me.
Study these examples. The second sentence
9 ‘You must come to the theatre with me,’ said Jane.
has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
on Jane
1 ‘You opened my letters,’ he said to his wife. to the theatre with her.
of He accused his wife of opening his 10 ‘I’m sorry I broke your favourite cup,’ said Sam.
letters. for Sam
He accused his wife of having opened my favourite cup.
his letters. 11 ‘Will you come to dinner with me?’ said Paul.
2 ‘I didn’t tell Brian your secret,’ she said. invited Paul
denied She denied telling/having told/that to dinner with him.
she (had) told Brian my secret. 12 ‘What a beautiful dress!’ said Julie.
3 ‘I was the one who organised the party,’ Peter said. exclaimed Julie
admitted Peter admitted organising/having organ¬ a beautiful dress.
ised/ that he (had) organised the party. 13 ‘I feel very tired,’ she said to me.
4 ‘I’ll phone your parents if you don’t do as I say,’ feeling She very tired.
she said to the student. 14 ‘I promise I’ll visit you next week,’ he said to her.
threatened She threatened to phone/that she promised He next week.
would phone the student’s parents if
he didn't do as she said.
5 ‘Don’t forget to invite Miss Green to dinner,’ she L Turn the following sentences into direct
said to her sister. 44
4 speech, as in the example.
reminded She reminded her sister to invite
Miss Green to dinner. 1 Jack complained that I was always interrupting him.
6 ‘Why don’t we go away for the weekend?’ she said. •••You’re always Interrupting met Jack said.

going She suggested going away for the 2 We insisted on them staying for dinner.
weekend.
go She suggested that we (should) go 3 She apologised for forgetting my birthday.
away for the weekend.
4 He accused her of stealing his wallet.

Complete the sentences with two to five 5 He agreed to help me organise the party.
* words, including the word in bold.
6 They warned the children to stay away from the water.
1 ‘I will fire you if you arrive late again,’ he said to her.
threatened He ... ... her if she 7 She promised to write every week.
arrived late again.
2 ‘Why don’t we buy Emma a present?’ Jane said. 8 He threatened to tell the teacher if we misbehaved.
should Jane
Emma a present. 9 I advised him to study hard for the exam.
3 ‘You ate my bar of chocolate!’ Sarah said to Mike.
of Sarah
10 She suggested going for a walk.
her bar of chocolate.
4 ‘I borrowed your favourite jumper,’ David said.
11 He explained that it wasn’t his fault.
admitted David
my favourite jumper.
12 They denied opening my letters.

...............
5 ‘Don’t forget to lock all the doors and windows,’
Mum said to me.
reminded Mum 13 She offered to help me with the housework.
all the doors and windows.
6 ‘I didn’t leave the garden gate open!’ she said. 14 He complained that she was always tired.
denied She
the garden gate open. 15 They invited me to their party.
7 ‘Let’s meet for lunch,’ he said.
meeting He 16 She threatened to call the police if they did it again.
for lunch.

m
UNIT 10
Repoj peech
Prepositions
sentence sb to sth
sion Box
remind sb of sth
prevent sth/sb from doing condemn sb to sth
sth cruel to sb/sth
translate sth into sth cruelty towards/to sb/sth
accuse sb of sth take care of sb/sth
Complete each sentence with two to five
delighted with sth dissatisfied with sth words, including the word in bold.
astonished at/by sth
1 I’ve never seen such a pretty girl.
ever She’s the prettiest ...girl I’ve ever... seen.

23> Underline the correct preposition. 2 I haven’t finished cooking the dinner yet.
still I
the dinner.
1 This music reminds me of /to my country. 3 He’s never watched a horror film before.
2 They were delighted with/from their presents. first It’s the
3 It is wrong to be cruel in/to other people. watched a horror film.
4 He was sentenced to/at nine years in prison. 4 When did you leave school?
5 She locked the car to prevent it from /by being stolen. since How long is it ... school?
6 Beryl was astonished by/with the number of cards 5 They didn’t go to bed until the film had finished.
she received. before They waited until the film
7 My mother is taking care about/of our dog. to bed.
8 This organisation is trying to end cruelty to/in animals. 6 This tea is so sweet that I can’t drink it.
9 The professor translated the poem in/into Russian. too This tea
10 He was dissatisfied with/by his new stereo, so he

.........
for me to drink.
returned it to the shop. 7 My mother made me tidy my room before I went
11 He was accused at/of robbing the bank. out.
12 He was condemned in/to life imprisonment. made I
my room before I went out.
Phrasal Verbs 8 Talking during the exam is not allowed.
talk No one the exam.
run across: find sth/sb by chance
9 Although he was tired, he went to bed late.
run away (from): leave a place due to unhappiness spite He went to bed late
run down: 1) hit and injure sb with a vehicle tired.
2) say bad things about sb/sth 10 I missed the bus, so I was late for my lesson.
run into: meet sb unexpectedly result I missed the bus, and
late for my lesson.
run out (of): reach the end of a supply of sth 11 If you don’t wear warm clothes, you may catch a
run up against: to start to experience problems cold.
unless You may catch a cold
warm clothes.

................
12 You should do your homework, or the teacher will
H.
2 Richard was run
hospital.
3 We ran
ning of our project.
........
Fill in the correct particle.

1 He ran ...Into... an old school friend at a party.

by a car and taken to

a lot of problems at the begin-

be angry.
better

wish I
You
or the teacher will be angry.
13 I want to go to Sue’s party, but I’m too ill.

well enough to go to Sue’s party.

14 That’s the girl I met on holiday.
4 Oh no! We’ve run . of coffee again. who That’s the girl
5 He refused to listen to her as she ran his on holiday.
friends. 15 I bought a jacket. It was very cheap.
6 I ran this book as I was cleaning out the attic. which The jacket
7 Tim decided to run from the horrible was very cheap.
boarding school.

152
 UNIT 10
Report*

Jteÿsion Box
ORAL
Activity
The pupils of Walker Primary School recently cleaned
up a long stretch of the beach near their school. After

m Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

they had finished, the mayor visited the pupils at their
school and asked them some questions. Look at the
questions and answers below and then report what
was said, as in the example.
1 A dog bit Angela.
Angela
••• bitten by a dog
was e.g. The mayor asked one of the pupils why they had
2 They covered the table with a cloth. decided to do it.
The pupil answered that the beach was very dirty
3 Who wrote the book? and children couldn 't play there.

4 People say that she is very clever.

5 Martin sold the car.

6 Cathy wants people to like her.

7 We expect that the letter will arrive soon.

8 Did Andy make these decorations?

9 They say that Rick gave Julie a ring.

M: Why did you decide to do this?
10 Sheila read the children a story. P: The beach was very dirty and children couldn’t play
there.
11 Dora ate the pie. M: Have you ever done anything like this before?
P: No, this was the first time.
12 Who painted the fence?
M: Do you do anything else to take care of the
13 They think that he left the country. environment?
P: I try to recycle as many things as possible.
14 They have bought me a bicycle. M: Will you do this again in the future?
P: Yes, we’re planning to do it again next month.
15 I don’t like people asking me questions.

Cross out the unnecessary word.

'ÿJ3J_LLÿG
1 Who’s has opened the door? A reporter for the local newspaper was present while
the mayor visited Walker Primary School. Look at the
2 Monica lost her purse while was shopping.
Oral Activity again and complete the newspaper
3 Unless they not call soon, we’ll be worried about article below.
them.
4 That’s the house whose its roof collapsed yesterday CHILDREN CLEAN UP BEACH
in the earthquake. Yesterday, the pupils of Walker Primary School
5 Were if I you, I wouldn’t lend him the money. cleaned up a long stretch of the beach near their
6 My parents let me to watch a horror film last night. school. Later, the mayor visited the school and spoke
7 The dogs on the farm are being taken for a walk to some of the pupils. He asked one of them why they
twice a day. had decided to clean the beach. The pupil said
8 Despite of feeling unwell, Tom attended the meeting.

15?
UNIT 11
Have, omething
V
u:
1ÿ vM
m: A-
ilMi v -
II i JP

w~ '
•
I \
r/

L
r
\-
\
m il
K
\ iur.;/#.
i i
k. *-
*•- ;
9r%**
<
’
•-
i&r*
*<ÿ »,*
4 f•
*!
Jane Silver is painting a picture. Anne Taylor is having her portrait painted.

We use have + object + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us.
e.g. Sandra is having her car repaired at the moment (Sandra is not repairing it herself - somebody else is repairing it.)

present simple He fixes the tap. He has the tap fixed.

present continuous He is fixing the tap. He is having the tap fixed.
past simple He fixed the tap. He had the tap fixed.
past continuous He was fixing the tap. He was having the tap fixed.
future simple He will fix the tap. He will have the tap fixed.
future continuous He will be fixing the tap. He will be having the tap fixed.
present perfect He has fixed the tap. He has had the tap fixed.
present perfect cont. He has been fixing the tap. He has been having the tap fixed.
past perfect He had fixed the tap. He had had the tap fixed.
past perfect cont. He had been fixing the tap. He had been having the tap fixed.
infinitive He must fix the tap. He must have the tap fixed.
-ing form It’s no use fixing the tap. It’s no use having the tap fixed.

Questions and negations of the verb have are formed with do/does in the present simple and did in the
past simple, e.g. Do you have your hair cut every month? Did she have the house cleaned?
We can also use have something done to express that something unpleasant happened to somebody.
e.g. Mary had her purse stolen yesterday. (= Mary’s purse was stolen. This sentence shows that this unpleas¬
ant incident happened to her.)
We can use the verb get instead of the verb have only in informal conversation.
e.g. We must get the fridge repaired soon. (= We must have the fridge repaired soon.)

A Something unpleasant happened to

F J Make sentences using the prompts
v 1 i
below, as in the example.
each of these people last week. Make
sentences using have something done.
1 The grass needs cutting. 1 Mark (his bike/steal) from outside the grocer’s.
i
know. I’m getting it cut tomorrow. Mark had hie hike etolen from outeide the grocer'e.
2 The windows need cleaning. 2 Little Jenny (her hair/pull) at school.
3 The fence needs painting. 3 My uncle (his garage/break into) by car thieves.
4 The report needs typing. 4 Tara (her bag/steal) in a restaurant.
5 The car needs servicing. 5 Steve (his downstairs window/smash) by a falling tree.

154
 UNIT 11
Have Somethin?•ÿDone

1
Tick the correct sentence for each
picture. a Study the situations, then write the
answers using have something done.

1 Tony is going to the dentist’s for a check-up tomor¬

Ruth
<
row. What’s he going to do?
••• ie He
going to have hie teeth checked •••
m
\a
K 1 2 Their house is very cold. Installing central heating
would help. What should they do?

3 James has written some songs and they’re going to

be recorded. What is James going to do?
a Ruth is filling her car a Mary is filling her car
with petrol. with petrol. 4 Sarah is at the hairdresser’s. The hairdresser is
b Ruth is having b Mary is having her cutting her hair. What is Sarah doing?
her car filled with car filled with petrol.
petrol. 5 The baker has made a special cake for Joan. What
has Joan done?
Mr Walker Mr Hill
6 Their windows are very dirty. What should they have
done?

N:
7 Claire’s shoes are made by hand especially for her.
What does Claire do?
% 8 Sam has paid the plumber for repairing his washing
a Mr Walker is taking his a Mr Hill is taking his machine. What has he done?
blood pressure. I I blood pressure.
b Mr Walker is having b Mr Hill is having his 9 Simon’s arm was X-rayed yesterday. What hap¬
his blood pressure blood pressure taken. pened at the hospital?
taken.

Julie
0
o Sandra s> Rewrite the sentences using have
something done.

h 1 The money was deposited in his bank account by

Jm V
the company.
He had the money depoelted in hie hank account •••
2 Sarah’s new fridge will be delivered tomorrow.
a Julie is doing her hair. a Sandra is doing her
hair. 3 Tim’s car was serviced last week.
b Julie is having her hair b Sandra is having her
done. hair done. 4 Mrs Scott’s cat was examined by the vet yesterday.

a Tom -BiU-1*
5 Paul’s house will be painted next weekend.

6 Mr Brown’s book has just been published.

45 7 Becky’s hair is done every week.

8 Edward’s dinner was cooked by his mother yesterday.

)
1
a Tom is repairing the a Bill is repairing the TV. 9 Jane’s living room is going to be redecorated next month.
TV.
b Tom is having the TV
n b Bill is having the TV 10 My eyes are tested by the optician.
repaired. I I repaired.

155
UNIT 11
r
Have omething Done
Barbara is talking to Annette about her house. Prepositions
6 What suggestions does Annette make to
ashamed of sb/sth impressed by/with sth
Barbara? Using the prompts given, com*
plete the sentences, as in the example. crowded with people introduce sb to sb
waste of sth photograph of sb/sth
1 My carpet doesn’t match the walls.’ ‘You could frightened of sb/sth solution to sth
•••have the walls painted... (the walls/paint).’
furious about sth use of sth
2 ‘The kitchen floor is a mess.’ ‘How about furious with sb for doing sth provide sb with sth
(it/retile)?’
3 The bathroom is too small for a bath.’ ‘What about
(a shower/put in)?

5
4 ‘The water pipes are rusty.’ ‘Why don’t you
(them/replace)?
The garage is falling down.’ ‘You could
4 Fill in the correct preposition.

(a new one/build).’ 1 The room was crowded •• ... people.

2 Tim was furious Jake forgetting his
birthday.

.....
Look at the prompts and answer the 3 He was later ashamed . his bad behaviour.
7 questions using have something done. 4 He wanted a photograph . .his hotel to show
his friends.
5 My sister is frightened thunder.

.. .. .. .. . .
OPEN Q / 6 She introduced her friends her parents.
{ IS 7 My brother was furious .... ... losing his job.
'/ m 8 John was impressed David’s cooking.
J

I \ I 9 I have the use my friend’s car this week.

/
•\ //r/ \ 10 We need to find a solution ... the problem.
i 11 School provides children a basic education.
/;v
J 11
lUmmm 12 ‘Playing the lottery is a waste
Helen.
time,’ said
What did Tom do? What is Ann doing?
he / his jacket / dry-clean she / a wedding dress/
make
f /u I / Cn f 1 1 J&L/hC'L' Phrasal Verbs
L iry-cleaned.
fall behind (with): fail to keep up with
fc A

C fall for: 1) be deceived by sth

2) become strongly attracted to sb
fall in with: agree with a plan/decision, etc.
fall through: fail to happen
fall out (with): quarrel

What is Rick going to do?

he / his eyes / test
What has Tim done?
he / his car / service 4 Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal
verb.

1 If you don’t study you will ... • your

<* a

school work, (fail to keep up with)

;.W 2 Our plans for the picnic ...
weather, (failed to happen)
because of the bad

3 It would be easy to
. someone as handsome as Mel Gibson, (become
strongly attracted to)
?
v4 n 4 Tom hates with his
sr(
best friend, (quarrelling)
What will Jane do? What should Paul do? 5 He was so convincing that she
she/washing machine/repair he / his hair / cut his lies, (was deceived by)
6 I will whatever you decide, (agree)

176
 UNIT 11
Have Somethini•fcJDone

Jteÿsion Box
QKAf
Activity
The Jones’ garden used to be very untidy. Recently,
they have had a lot of work done. Look at the pictures
and the prompts below and make sentences, as in the
Choose the correct item. example.
e.g. They have had the grass cut.
/

>
)
Guy Fawkes was a British soldier (1) ...A... is remem- <
bered for his role in the Gunpowder Plot. The object of his »»
; I
I.
"THI.
> !•
•I

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . w
,I plan was to blow up the parliament buildings (2) l I •i
I
V

V the King and the government were inside. Other members \ M W vjli IV
i •t I

( of the gang who were involved in this plot rented a cellar I ElJ
<
\
ll r; Vh
\ »
i
/it f

%
l
>4J
s
i

(3) went under the parliament buildings. Then I J

1 \ \
'J
$ \
i’ I
they (4) Guy Fawkes there with 20 barrels of i

I gunpowder. (5) the plot was discovered .IC'AAM %*

•*

> and Fawkes was arrested on 4th November, 1605. He i \%

(6) until he revealed the names of the other

kik.
-

V| m %*

f people in the gang. A trial (7) and he was found 1%. A

guilty of his crimes on 27th January, 1606. On 31st I

) January, 1606, Guy Fawkes was executed in London. ! I

\
) Today, people in Britain (8) Guy Fawkes’ Day
} on 5th November every year with fireworks. r$

I il-m V
I

1 51
t J l- i I I
i
I
1 \
'
II L L* I
l<
vr I
) 1 A who B which C whose
‘J I
I 7

2 i A during B while C until i

m sailin' (
!
i

/ 3 i
A who B whom C which \
t

. V,
y

i. .I
i

4 A sent B had sent C were sending \

#V5
) \
5 A Therefore B However Because
C I

\\ %
was tortured B

m
I
6 A has been C
is tortured t
tortured 4

\
\
)

y 7 A held B was held C had been held i

1

K
i 8 A celebrated B are celebrating C celebrate
\ •thepond
grass /cut •some trees and flowers
•a / make / plant
•the shed / fix •a path / lay
Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.
•the fence / repair
1 I fell asleep early last night as I was very tired. > T I <Vr>
SO was •Ofd \&a r ight that • • fell
Activity
9 9 9
A «

asleep early.
2 The instructions were very complicated and, as a Now, Mrs Jones is writing a letter to her sister, telling
result, I couldn’t follow them. her about their garden. Look at the Oral Activity again
such They were and complete the letter below.
I couldn’t follow them.

................
3 There was ice on the road. As a result, the driver lost
control of his car.
Dear Beverley,
due The driver lost control of his car Now that the work on the garden is Jinished, I
that there was ice on the road. thought I’d write and tell you all about it. I’m very
4 Mary was too young to enter the swimming compe¬ pleased with the result. It looks really beauti/ul!
tition. First, we had the grass cut. Now it’s nice and short.
enough Mary Then,
to enter the swimming competition. *»«r
«*» •

157
UNIT 12
Nouru rticles
r H j, , H pH M BHq PH| w- H S > - H *

L1COjU 11 OjJ l ll£/

k*. /5 *1
r *

M?3

or* :>
u
%
There is an egg.
There are some peppers.
4 •*, g * There is also some chocolate.
What else is there in the
picture?

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.

+ Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms.
e.g. a key, two keys, three keys
The plural is formed as follows:

Regular Plurals Irregular Plurals

jacket jackets child children mouse mice

watch watches man men sheep sheep
tomato tomatoes But radio radios woman women ox oxen
baby babies But toy toys foot feet deer deer
leaf leaves But cliff cliffs tooth teeth fish fish
goose geese louse lice

Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They do not have different plural forms.
Uncountable nouns include:
many types of food: spaghetti, yoghurt, cheese, flour, butter, meat, etc.
liquids: water, coffee, soda, lemonade, oil, petrol, tea, etc.
materials: silver, wood, crystal, plastic, porcelain, etc.
abstract nouns: freedom, love, justice, beauty, help, education, knowledge, etc.
others: news, advice, information, weather, furniture, luggage, baggage, hair,
accommodation, behaviour, equipment, fun, research, rubbish, litter, etc.

Countable nouns: Uncountable nouns:

+ can take singular or plural verbs. 4 always take singular verbs.
e.g. The book is on the table. e.g. Sugar is fattening.
The books are on the table. Honey comes from bees.
always go with a/an/the/my, etc. in the singular. 4 do not go with a/an/one, two, etc.
e.g. I bought an umbrella. bought umbrolla.) e.g. I like to drink milk. to drink milk.)
4 can be used alone or with someIanyImanyHew in 4 can be used alone or with / /much
the plural. the/my, etc.
e.g. I love carrots. e.g. Remember to buy (some) cheese.
I’m going to buy some carrots.
Note: We can use a/an, one/two, etc. with uncountable
nouns such as coffee, tea, lemonade, etc. when we are
referring to a cup, glass, bottle, etc. of a certain liquid:
e.g. Can we have two coffees and two teas, please?
(= two cups of coffee and two cups of tea)

158
 UNIT 12
Nouns A
tides
Some nouns can be used as countable or uncount¬
able, with a difference in meaning. Study the exam¬ K SrSÿuX U Lul (2 oJujliT. * V*

ples below:
Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two or
•/ want a glass of water. more parts and are formed as follows:
•That statue is made of glass, (the material) noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by
•She found a hair on his jacket. adding -s/-es to the second noun.
•He combed his hair, (all the hair on his head) e.g. bus driver bus drivers
•I’ll go and buy a paper, (newspaper) -Ing form/adjective + noun. The plural is formed
•I want some paper, please, (the writing material) by adding -s/-es to the noun.
•We've got to buy an iron, (for ironing clothes) e.g. rocking-horse rocking-horses
•The table is made of iron, (the material) dining room dining rooms
•We Ve got a spare room in our house. darkroom darkrooms
•Sit here. There’s plenty of room for all of us. (space)
noun + In-law. The plural is formed by adding -s
to the noun. e.g. brother-in-law brothers-in-law

1
2
3
.........
......
Fill in the gaps with a, an or some.

some, paint
apple
flowers
4
5
6

We can use both uncountable nouns and plural

chair
. rose
bread
7
8
9
•••• umbrella
... lemon
cherries
noun + adverb. The plural is formed by adding -s
to the noun. e.g. passer-by

adding -s to the word.

e.g. breakdown breakdowns
passers-by
verb + adverb particle. The plural is formed by

countable nouns after phrases of quantity such as:

a jar/bottle/piece/loaf/cup/bar/glass/kilo/carton/
bowl/can/jug/slice/pot/tin/packet, etc. + of
e.g. He drank a bottle of water. I need a kilo of potatoes. & Match the items in column A to the
ones in column B to make compound
nouns. Then, form the plural.
1 i keyhole - keyholes
(4 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate noun
+ of to indicate quantity.
f #
Column A Column B
//
1 key a glove
JL ir4 BESS
2
3
light
swimming
b box
c away
4 push d hole
ESS) 5 sailing e up
6 get f bulb
r*
7 compact g print
D 8 8 foot h pool
9 rubber I disc
10 letter j boat
11 break k in
12 let I down
1n MILK 12
Q

§
>1
Q. Write the plural of the following nouns.

1 wife 7

.....
1 a ...jar of «
•• jam 7 a ketchup wives dictionary
2 a rice 8 a .. bread 2 stepmother . 8 teapot
3 a . tuna 9 a cheese 3 father-in-law 9 mouse
4 a soda 10 a milk 4 safe 10 brush
5 a butter 11 a .. bread 5 workbook ... 11 parking space
6 a water 12 a .. coffee 6 sister-in-law 12 watch

159
UNIT 12
Noun; rticles
biuuulo.i / L-lu LO.I Veil: be i juS
We use singular forms with:
7 Her
8 The Eiffel Tower is made of
9 He decided to buy
the train.
10 I have got
.....
hair is long and blonde.
iron.
paper to read on

iron, but it is very old.

nouns which end in -/cs such as athletics,
economics, electronics, gymnastics, mathematics
Underline the correct word.
(maths), physics, politics, etc.
e.g. Mathematics is my favourite subject at school.
nouns which describe illnesses (flu, pneumonia, 1 A: How many biscuits was/were there in the tin?
etc.), including those which end in -s (measles, B: I don’t know.
mumps, etc.). 2 A: These trousers is/are too long.
e.g. Pneumonia is a serious illness. B: You must have bought the wrong size.
3 A: My hair is/are a mess today.
plural nouns when we talk about an amount of B: Don’t be silly. You look lovely.
money, a time period, distance, weight, etc. 4 A: I need some new socks.
e.g. A hundred thousand dollars was paid for an B: There is/are a new pair in that bag for you.
18th century painting. (We refer to the total amount 5 A: What happened to that escaped criminal?
of money.) B: The police is/are still looking for him.
Two years is a long time to be unemployed. 6 A: Did you see Steve at the party?
group nouns such as family, team, group, crowd, B: No. There was/were too many other people there.
class, company and government, when we mean 7 A: Do you like my new shoes?
the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when B: Oh yes. My shoes is/are very similar, actually.
we mean the individuals that make up the group. 8 A: I can’t stand people who never do/does
anything for themselves.
e.g. My family is very important to me. (We mean the
B: Nor can I. No one should depend totally on others.
family as a unit.)
9 A: My shorts is/are dirty.
My family are going away next weekend. Well, you’ll have to wear a skirt.
B:
(We mean the individual members of the family.)
10 A: The stairs in the cathedral was/were very steep.
B: Yes. I was exhausted when I reached the top.
We use plural forms with:
the nouns people, police, clothes and stairs.
e.g. The police are looking for the bank robbers. 7 Fill in is or are.
nouns which refer to objects that consist of two
parts, such as
trousers, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights,
glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc.
1
2
3 The police
These trousers
......
Be careful! Those scissors ...are... very sharp.
Maths John’s favourite subject at school.
investigating the crime.
too big for me.

......
4
We do not use a/an or a number with these words. 5 The stairs in my house made of wood.
We use the phrase pair of... instead. 6 His new furniture .. very modern.
e.g. Where are my glasses? 7 The weather .... going to be bad this weekend.
I need a new pair of glasses.
8 My advice that you get a new job.
His new clothes

. . .
9 very fashionable.
10 The team all training hard for Saturday’s
Fill in a, an or some where necessary.

...................
match.
11 The money in the jar for this week’s shopping.
1 We booked ...a... room in the Grand Hotel. 12 My pyjamas not on my bed. Where they?
2 The police found
window on the ground.
3 There is
4 She usually drinks
the morning.
5 There was
6 I need
. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .
glass from the broken

room for five people in my car.

glass of orange juice in

hair in my soup.
paper to write my letters on.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Mumps
My luggage .
Your hair
Tom’s gloves
The class
Athletics
My shoes ....
...................
a childhood disease.

..................
in the car already.
very long again.
made of soft leather.
all working on a project together.
my favourite sport.
too small for me now.

140
 UNIT 12

Vtie lueeiiiiiitr
Ail tele- 7v / LA L
I.
5 A: That’s
B: I know. It’s ....
6 A: Did you get ..
B: Yes, I got him
Nouns
.... iticles
unusual ring.
antique.
card for Bob?
. present, too.

a + oonaonant sound (/b/, /d/, Igl, /V, HI, Ip/, etc.) O I W O ueb-
an + vowel sound (/a/, /e/, /i/, /ex/, /A/, etc.)
We use one in the singular and ones in the plural to
a/an is used:
avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we
4 with singular countable nouns after the verb to mean.
be to say what someone/something is. e.g. My new car is much faster than my old one. (=my old
e.g. He’s a pilot. It’s a torch. car)
4 with the verb have (got). I don 't usually wear silver earrings. I wear gold ones.
e.g. Mary has (got) a car. (=gold earrings)

4 in certain expressions when we want to show

how often we do something.
e.g. She goes shopping twice a month.

a/an is not used: 4 We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing. It

means any one.
4 with uncountable nouns or plural countable e.g She bought a blouse. (We are not talking about a
nouns. We use some instead of a/an. specific blouse.)
e.g. We need some flour and some sugar. We use one when we are counting, to put emphasis
They bought some stamps. on number.
4 before an adjective if it is not followed by a e.g.She bought one blouse. (She didn't buy two
noun. However, if the adjective is followed by a blouses.)
noun, we use a if the adjective begins with a 4 We use a/an + adjective + one.
consonant sound and an if the adjective begins e.g. I’m looking for a flat. I want a big one.
with a vowel sound. (NOT: I want aTpn$.)
e.g. It's a house. It's big. It's a big house.
This is John's car. It’s new. It’s also an expen¬ 4 We use one with the words night/morning/day/time,
sive car. etc., usually in narration.
e.g. One night there was a terrible storm.

........
We use one or one of ... when we mean one
4
.......
Fill in the gaps with a or an. person/thing out of many. It usually contrasts with
other.
open door computer
e.g. One book was about history, but the others were
1 an 6
about geography.
2 apple 7 unusual picture
3 . large box 8 cat One of my friends is a vet.
4 ... building 9 ... elephant 4 We use a/an or one with no difference in meaning
5 ... old man 10 tall woman when counting or measuring time, distance, weight,
etc.

& Fill in the gaps with a, an or some.

e.g. He paid a /one
hundred pounds for the ring.
We need a/one kilo of potatoes.
Sandra will be away for a/one year.
1 A: I saw ...eome...
nice trousers and
lovely dress in a shop today.
B: Did you buy anything?
2 A: Would you like
B: Yes, please. I’ll have
.... fruit?
orange.
WP Fill in a, an, one or ones.

3 A: Can you give me advice? 1 I’m looking for ...a •• book about animals. Do you
•

B: Yes. You should take holiday. have any?

4 A: What’s that? 2 There was book about animals, but the
B: It’s old diary I found. others were adventure stories.

141
UNIT 12
Nour?; ides
3 They saw old film at the cinema yesterday.
4 I don’t like these boots, but I really like the
C3i Look at the table. In pairs, ask and
answer questions using a suitable
verb from the list, as in the example.

..........
you’re wearing.
5 Tom found mouse in the kitchen, so he mine, produce, grow, find
put mousetraps everywhere.
6 morning there was a power cut. e.g. SA: Are diamonds mined in China?
7 I’m looking for bag. I need a large SB: . ; Th yV i li i n ith . i.

8 There were two dresses in the shop I liked, but I only

bought

CL e*
Fill in the gaps with a, an or some.

A: It’s your birthday soon. What would you like as

1) ...a... gift?
B: Actually, there are lots of things I want, so I’ll give
ter
1
2
6

diamonds/South Africa
Edam cheese/Holland
5
6
•i
bananas/West Indies
timber/North America
you 2) list.
A: Alright, I’ll write it down. 3 tea/India 7 pandas/Tibet
4 silk/China 8 olive oil/Italy

........
B: First, I need 3) new bike. I would also
like 4) clothes and 5) money.
A: A bike is 6) expensive gift, and we
14JS Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

. ne
bought you 7) good one two years ago.
B: Well, you could buy me 8) guitar instead!
A: But you can’t play the guitar!
B: I know, but I want to learn. A lof of experience is •••

A: So, you mean you want me to pay for 9)

lessons too? My hair
B: Yes, please! 3 Paul’s mother bought him some trousers.
A pair of trousers
4 Many children catch measles.
Fill in a, an or one. Measles

.............
A I bought 1) ...a... set of plates yesterday, but I have
5

6
They gave me very good advice.
The advice
They paid a hundred pounds for the table.

......
broken 2) of them already. I can’t have A hundred pounds
3) dinner party without 4) full 7 All children study mathematics at school.
set of plates. Mathematics
B 1) day, I will buy 2) cottage in 8 It is reported that the weather is fine in London today.
the country. It will have 3) big garden so The weather
I will be able to keep 4) dog. 9 They called the police when they discovered the
C I need 1) car. I want 2) with burglary.
power steering and 3) sun roof. I can The police
afford 4) second hand car, but I’d rather buy 10 He showed us the accommodation before we booked
5) new 6) it.

........
D Suddenly there was 1) knock at the door. The accommodation
2) . old man stood outside. He was wearing 11 They gave us some good news.
3) suit and carrying 4) suitcase in The news
5) hand and 6) umbrella in the other. 12 We do research in this laboratory.

.................
E There were 1) dozen people in the room Research

.......................
and not 2) of them knew how to use 13 The porter took their luggage to their rooms.

......
3) computer. Their luggage
F ‘I have 1) . terrible headache. I think I 14 Where do you keep the scissors?
will take 2) tablet and lie down for Where
half 3) hour.’ ‘I hate headaches. I had 15 The policeman directed the traffic past the accident.
4) yesterday at work.’ The traffic

142
 UNIT 12
Nouns
Vlu_- L'eviuUe /uiiele the
The definite article the is used with countable and uncountable nouns.
e.g. the the woman, the trees
music,

Ifh'd iij 'Jiyj'Ji, 1lusts LlClULLgtajLt I

4 with nouns when we are talking about something with uncountable and plural countable nouns
specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a when talking about something in general, that is,
second time or is already known. In other words, when we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or
when we can answer the question ‘Who?’ or Which?’.
Which?’. e.g. Trees produce oxygen. (Which trees? Trees in
e.g. I received a letter and a postcard on my birth¬ general.)
day. 4 with proper nouns, e.g. This is Tom.
The letter was from my parents and the post¬ 4 with the names of countries (Egypt), cities (Rome),
card was from my friend. streets (Oxford Street), parks (Hyde Park), moun¬
4 with nouns which are unique (the sun, the moon, tains (Mont Blanc), railway stations (Victoria Station),
the Earth, etc.). bridges (Tower Bridge), individual islands (Rhodes),
4 with the names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the lakes (Lake Ontario) and continents (Asia).
Black Sea), oceans (the Indian Ocean), mountain 4 with the names of sports, games, activities, days,
ranges (the Pyrenees), deserts (the Gobi), groups months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and
of islands (the Canary Islands) and countries languages (when they are not followed by the
when they include words such as state, kingdom, word ‘language’).
republic, etc. (the United States). e.g. I speak French, but: The French language is
spoken in some parts of Canada.
4 with the names of musical instruments (the
piano, the saxophone) and dances (the tango). 4 with the words this/that/these/those
(this bag, those cars) NOT: ftoe this bag
4 with the names of hotels (the Sheraton Hotel),
4 with possessive adjectives or the possessive
theatres/cinemas (the Odeon Theatre), ships (the
Queen Mary), organisations (the UN), newspapers case. e.g. That isn’t my car it’s Keith s.
(The Times) and museums (the Louvre). 4 with titles when the person’s name is mentioned
(Prince Charles, President Reagan).
4 with nationality words (the Belgians) and names
of families (the Johnsons). 4 with two-word names when the first word is the
4 name of a person or place (Luton Airport) but: the
with titles when the name of the person is not
White House.
mentioned (the Duchess of Kent, the Queen) but:
Queen Mary. 4 with names of pubs, shops, banks and hotels
named after the people who started them and
4 with the words morning, afternoon and evening. end in -s or -’s. Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Emma ’s pub
e.g. He goes home in the evening. but: the Black Bull (pub) (because ‘Black’ is not a
4 with the words station, shop, cinema, pub, name of a person or place)
library, city, village, etc. 4 with the words school, church, bed, hospital,
e.g. She went to the station to meet Jim. college, university, court, prison or home when
4 with historical periods/events (the Stone Age, the we refer to the purpose for which they exist.
Middle Ages, the First World War) but: World War I. e.g. Jack was in prison. (He was a prisoner.)
4 with the words only, last, first (used as adjec¬ Jack’s mother went to the prison to see him.
(She went to the prison as a visitor.)
tives).
e.g. He was the last person to arrive. 4 with the words home, father/mother when we
talk about our own home/parents.
4 with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form. Father is at home.
e.g. She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever
4 with means of transport: by bus/car/train/plane,
met.
Bob drives the most carefully of all. etc. e.g. She travelled by plane.
4 with the names of illnesses, e.g. He’s got malaria.
but: flu/the flu, measles/the measles, mumps/
the mumps

14?
UNIT 12
Noun; rticles
Look at the pictures and the prompts
15 We use the -i ad (without a noun) to refer
and write the names of the nationali¬
ties, as in the example. to a group of people usually with these
adjectives: poor, rich, sick, injured, elderly,
unemployed, homeless, disabled, young, old,
ft dead, blind, deaf, handicapped, mentally ill.
V.

fM
irt’ e.g. We should respect the elderly.
i When we want to refer to a group of people,
i
v J animals or things, we can use:
m 1 a/an or the with singular countable nouns.
..Hi MM
W r e.g. A/The lion is a wild animal. (We mean all lions.)
¥
l« l \ 2 plural countable nouns without a/an or the.
e.g. Uons are wild animals.
Mexico India Brazil Japan Saudi Arabia
(NOT: liono wildThe
anirmlo.etre
)
n

3 t o

4
Fill in the gaps with the and one of the
7\ 17 adjectives from the list.
\

Egypt
A- Spain Scotland
disabled, poor, sick, injured, young, rich, blind,
unemployed, elderly, homeless

1 In my opinion, the government do not do enough to

1 r \ A
5 help ...th( nn >r •• . They should provide more help
*

2 6 for those who don’t have much money.

3 7 2 Sometimes, can’t find food
4 8 and shelter and often have to sleep in the streets.
3 The government gives money to ,
providing they are looking for a job.
16 Fill in the where necessary. 4 I would like to work as a nurse in a hospital and look
after
5 Life must be easy for , as they can
1) Europe is
the second small¬ o buy whatever they like without worrying about how
much they spend.
est continent in 6 Paramedics took to hospital
2) world and is where they were treated.
Q.
home to one seventh 7 There are many choices these days for ,
of 3) world’s as education has improved so much over the years.
population. 4)
longest river there ; /
is 5) River rh Europe
8

............ are often helped through daily life

by trained guide dogs.
9 There are many charities which provide care for

...
Volga and 6) largest by visiting them, taking them out
freshwater lake is 7) .. Lake Lodoga, and bringing them meals.
in 8) north-western 9) Russia. 10) 10 Town planners should give more thought to the
highest mountain peak is 11) .... Mount Elbrus in needs of

.......
12) Caucasus Mountains. 13)
bordered towards the north by 14) ....
the south by 15)
Europe is
Arctic Ocean,
Mediterranean Sea and 16)
Black Sea, the west by 17) Atlantic 18 Fill in the where necessary.

...........
Ocean and the east by 18)

......
Asia. 19)
Europeans are 20) people who live in 1 I wanted to do a degree, so I went to ...1 • umver-
•

21) Europe. 22) . association which sity to ask for some information.
has been formed to unite 23) countries of 2 Kevin is eighteen years old and goes to
24) Europe is called 25) .... European Union. university. He is studying History.

144
 UNIT 12
Nouns Nicies
3 In my country, all children over the age of five go to
Look at the map and the prompts below
school.
4 His father went to school to see his teacher.
21 and, in pairs, ask and answer questions,
as in the example. Use the where nec¬
5 The Prime Minister visited prison and essary.
spoke to some of the prisoners there.
6 The man was sent to prison because he e.g. SA: r? )

had robbed a bank. SB:

7 People with serious injuries are taken to
hospital in an ambulance.
8 Amanda went to hospital to visit Paul.
St Patrick's
School
INI II
Central
Station City Library
19 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.
King's Arms
i
Public House
Yesterday was 1) ••• j... terrible day. I woke up 2)
hour later than usual, so I was late for 3) work. St. Mary's
0 0 Church
4) manager was angry with me and said I was (/)

5) bad employee. On the way home that <

evening, I missed 6) bus and had to take 7) St. William's
LU College
taxi. When I got home, I found 8) invitation to i
i
j
9) party. I went to 10) party, but it was 3 3 313
3333 Theatre
. disaster. I didn’t know any of 12)

......
11) peo- Royal tm
pie there and I felt bored. I went home again, but I had .
left 13) keys to my house at 14) party, so
9 :31:9 3
I had to climb in through 15) open window. I went ifflilf °S
Premiere STR££
to 16) bed in 17) very bad mood. Cinema
QueenAnne
m
Hospital | Post
1+1] Office

20 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.

1 City Library 6 Theatre Royal

. . . . . . . .....
1 A: Can you tell me the way to ...tr •• nearest post
office, please?
»

B: Of course. Turn left here and you’ll find it on

Maple Street.
2 A: Would you like ice cream?
2 St Mary’s Church
3 St William’s College
4 Premiere Cinema
5 Central Station
7
8
9
10
Queen Anne Hospital
King’s Arms Pub
St Patrick’s School
Post Office

....
B: No, thanks. I’d rather have sandwich.
3 A: What shall we have for
B: Don’t make dinner. I’ll take you to
4 A: Where’s
B: I think there's
dinner tonight?

nearest phone box?

restaurant.

phone box on the corner.

.... theatre yesterday.
22
A D
Fill in a, an or the where necessary.

life is hard for 2)

Sometimes they need 3)
elderly.
help to get
......
. . . .
5 A: We went to ...
B: Really? What was the name of play you about and do 4) things that 5)
younger people take for granted.

.. .. .. .. ......
saw?
6 A: Shall we go to Paris for the weekend? B We went to 1) London by 2) train.
B: Oh, yes. I’d love to have weekend away 3) train was late, so 4) we had to
from home. wait at 5) station for 6) .... .... hour. I

....... .
7 A: Can I have apple, please?
magazine to read and we sat in
bought 7)

.............
B: Yes. There are some apples on .... table.
8) waiting room.

.....
8 A: Is this Peter’s book?
B: No. book over there is Peter’s. C I can’t remember 1) name of 2)
9 A: What time does train leave? hotel, but it was 3) large building by
B: It leaves in few minutes. 4) sea. It had 5) . .. swimming pool and
10 A: I heard amazing story yesterday. 6) restaurant. 7) staff were friendly
B: What was ... story about? and we had 8) lovely holiday.

145
UNIT 12
Noun; rtktos
D She went to 1) doctor’s because she had Prepositions
2) pain in her stomach. She was given
3) .. tablet to take and 4) next day damage to sth pay sb for sth
5) pain had gone. She thinks 6) demand for sth rely on sb/sth
modern medicine is wonderful, now. fed u p with sth reaction to sth
fond of sb/sth reason for sth
E I live on 1) .. top floor of 2) new block nice to sb scared of sb/sth
of flats in 3) . city centre. There is 4) increase in sth rise in sth
lift to all floors and 5) security guard at
6) ... entrance. I have 7) view of
8) fields beyond 9) ... city. In winter,
though, 10) flat is very cold. 24J, Underline the correct preposition.

F It was 1) sunny day, so 2)

...... children 1 My dentist is always niceJo/w/t/i me.

....
decided to go to 3) beach. They packed 2 What was the reason about/for his behaviour?
4) bag full of 5) food and drinks 3 The damage at/to his car could not be repaired.
and they took 6)
7)
ball to play with. At
lunchtime, they had 8) picnic
4
5
I’m fed up to/with staying in — let’s go out.
His reaction about/to the news was surprising.
and in 9) evening, they arrived 10) 6 There has been an increase to/in temperature.
home, tired and happy.
7 I rely to/on my friends if I have a problem.
8 There will be a rise in/of school fees next year.

.......
G Mary is at 1) .... university, studying 2)
art. In 3) .... ... morning, she goes to lectures 9 Janet was scared at/of her French teacher.
10 How much did you pay Jason the bike?
and in 4) ... afternoon, she spends 5)
11 She was very fond of /to her niece and nephew.
hour or two painting or drawing. She painted 6)
12 There is very little demand for/about typewriters
picture of 7) horse yesterday. She
these days, now that computers are so popular.
is going to give it to her friend as 8) present.
Mary hopes to be 9) famous artist one
day, so she practises all 10) time, even Phrasal Verbs
on 11) Saturdays and 12) . Sundays.
set aside: save money or reserve a specific time for
sth

<£& Underline the correct word(s).

set sb back: to cause a delay
set off:
set out:
begin a journey; set out
1) begin a journey; set off
1 Katie speaks Spanish fluently.
Spanish /the 2) (+ to-inf) start trying to do sth
2 All clothes/the clothes in that bag need to be washed. set up: 1) start a business
3 Life/The life will be very different in a hundred 2) put together a temporary structure
year’s time.
4 Swimming/The swimming is a good way to keep
fit.
5 Jane has gone to library/the library to do some
work.
6 He was only/the only person who remembered my
25> Fill in the correct particle.

birthday. 1 My father set ...up • his business in 1978.

9 9

7 Potatoes/The potatoes grow underground. 2 As they set for their picnic, it started to rain.
8 I always have a cup of coffee in morning/the morn- 3 Luke was happy. He had done what he set
ing. to do.
9 Her children bought her those flowers/the flowers. 4 We’ll set early to avoid the traffic.
10 I have been playing piano/the piano since I was 5 The police had set roadblocks to prevent
eight years old. the criminals leaving the area.
11 Our plane leaves from Gatwick airport/the 6 If I set ten pounds every week I will be able
airport at six o’clock. to afford a holiday next year.
12 Her husband is in hospital/the hospital, having an 7 The problems set us so we didn’t finish the
operation. project till the following March.

146
 UNIT 12
Nouns

v
Rgÿsion Box
QRAf,
Activity
Hans recently went on holiday to Switzerland. While
he was there, he visited three different places and
bought some souvenirs. Look at the pictures and the
“V There are fourteen unnecessary words
in the text below. Cross them out.
prompts below and say what Hans did, using a, an,
some or necessary.
wherethe

1 On 8th August 1963, a man was named Bruce e.g. Hans went to Lake Thun.
2 Reynolds and fourteen of his friends were held up
3 a mail train which it was on its way to Glasgow.
4 They stole 120 mailbags which containing
5 £2,600,000, and took them to a one secret
6 house in the country. They had shared out k
7 the money and then separated. Six of other
8 men were being paid to burn down the country J taste / Swiss cheese
9 house for to destroy any evidence, but they go / Lake Thun
10 didn’t succeed. The police were found

—
11 the fingerprints of the train robbers and managed
12 to catch twelve of the fifteen men.
13 The men were sent to the prison, but one 0*9
«fe
14
15
of them (a man who named Ronnie Biggs)
escaped in 1965. He had a plastic surgery
J v*Si
I s

16 and moved to the Brazil.

wv
M. «?

buy / Swiss chocolate look round / Chilton

Castle on Lake Geneva

rk Change the following into reported

speech . r u
i

'
1 Anne said to me, ‘I’m having a party on Saturday. 9 1 *
*V
I
M
i' l/J rr1/ kl
&I rt C W33 u3\ na 3 lnarivT
I f |/i L

z?3t 4/3 ir •«

2 ‘I’ll speak to you later,’ she said to me. I take photos of /

Bernese Alps
3 ‘Where have you been?’ he asked her. buy / antique clock

4 They said to us, ‘Don’t go near the water. 9

5 ‘Don’t be late,’ the man said to them.

6 ‘Are you feeling better?’ he asked me.

'ÿActivitySs'
Hans is writing a letter to his friend. He is telling him
7 ‘Let’s go out,’ she said. what he did on his holiday. Look at the Oral Activity
again and complete the letter.
8 He said to me, ‘You should go to bed early.’
Dear Max,
9 The boss asked Mary, ‘Can you type? I’ve just come back/rom Switzerland and I had a
10 ‘I might go to Spain next year,’ he said to Bill.
/abulous time. I visited three different places and I
bought some souvenirs.
I went to Lake Thun, which was beautiful
11 ‘Do you need any help?’ he asked her.

12 Mother said to me, ‘Go to bed. 9

%

147
 Revision 3 (Units l 12)
V
1
1 Danny •
A have
Choose the correct answer.

• ••• a party at nine o’clock tonight.

B has C is having
22 I
A said
23 Sharon
party.
A is staying
..........
Adam to help me with the project.
B wondered C asked
at Kim’s house last night after the

B stayed C stays
2 Kate pretended when her father came into 24 The girl at that desk is my best friend.
the room. A sit B to sit C sitting
A studying B to be studying C study 25 Terry had difficulty in foreign languages at
3 It’s no use for Mr Green. He isn’t here. school.
A to wait B wait C waiting A learning B learn C to learn
4 The patient for his illness and recovered. 26 I ask you a personal question, please?
A was treated B treated C treats A Could B Must C Should
5 I’ll take my umbrella it rains later today. 27 If people exercise regularly, they fit.
A so that B in case C in order to A would get B gets C get
6 They for an hour now, so they’re tired.
A have been exercising
C are exercising
B exercise
28

29
Would you like
A
You should always .............
.......
B an
omelette for dinner?
C a
the doors at night.

.. . . .. .. .. .. . .
7 The office I work is very large. A to lock B lock C locking
A where B which C that 30 Mother Teresa a lot of poor people.
8 You get up early tomorrow. You don’t have A helped B was helping C helps
to go to work. 31 That’s the boy father is my teacher.
A can’t B mustn’t C needn’t A whose B who’s C who
9 Jack whether he was late for the meeting. 32 I think I my hair cut next Saturday.
A said B asked C told A have B have had C will have
10

11

12 We
This time next week, I
A am lying

A An
B lie
on a sandy beach.
C will be lying
River Nile flows through Egypt.
B C The
the lock fixed before we went on holiday.
33

34 She
day.
A The

A asked
......
Dead Sea is very salty.
B A C An
them that she was leaving the following

B told C said
A had had B will be having C have had
35 I wish I buy a computer of my own.
13 The bank into during the night. A can B would C could
A was broken B broken C broke
14 They can’t afford house this year.
A moving B move C to move Turn the following sentences into
15 My brother .... eighteen years old next year. 2 reported speech.
A will be B is being C was
16 We may to the beach at the weekend. 1 The policeman said to the man, ‘Don’t move!’
A to go B go C going ••• The ordered the man not to move.
policeman • •

17 I can ride a bicycle, but I drive a car yet. 2 Jim said, ‘Are you coming to my party tonight?’
A could B couldn’t C can’t
money under my bed this morning. 3 Dad said, ‘I’m leaving for work now.
18 I found
A an B a C some
4 Helen said, ‘Let’s go for a walk in the country.
19 The manager .. his coffee made for him every
morning. 5 The commander said to the soldiers, ‘Listen to me!
A has B had had C is having
20 I met a woman I found very interesting. 6 Jeff said to me, ‘I’ve got a lot of work to do.
A whose B whom C which
21 he was tired, Andy went to the party. 7 She asked him, ‘Did you make the sandwiches?
A Although B Despite C However

148
 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 12)
8 Steve said, ‘Please, come with me.’
Fill in the gaps with the correct particle
5 from the list.
9 Colin said to Tom, ‘Bring those boxes, please.
across, off, through, on, into, down, out, for
10 Edna said, ‘How about getting a taxi home?
1 You shouldn’t run people ••• ion •• • . Nobody’s
«

perfect.
2 They put the meeting till a later date
Rewrite the sentences using have
3 something done.
because the reports weren’t ready.
3 The plans for the surprise party fell
1 We must mend the lawnmower. because very few guests could attend.
17. H awnmow m t/ *
4 They set late and so they got caught in
vvc
•••
Co
I Lf w/ £tv c *>K iff •••
traffic.
2 She will make the cake.
5 Put your suggestions on paper and I’ll
look at them later.
3 We deliver the newspapers.
6 The secretary fell her boss and they got
married.
4 They were recording a cassette.
7 By the end of the day, Anna had done everything
she had set to do.
5 I have changed the telephone number. 8 Jake looked great when he put . his
costume for the party.
6 You will iron the clothes. 9 They aren’t friends now. They fell a
month ago.
7 She has cut her hair. 10 I ran an old school friend when I went to
the meeting.
8 We prepare the meals. 11 Tom ran a valuable book at an antiques
fair yesterday.
9 You must write the report today. 12 The secretary answered the phone and put me
to the manager.
10 I was checking my contract.

6 Underline the correct word(s).

G» Underline the correct preposition.

1 You mustn’t/needn’t leave. I’m not busy right now.
2 They needn’t/didn’t need to pay for the water. It was
1 That girl reminds me of /for my older sister. free.
2 The children were delighted in/with their test results. 3 The children are sleeping. They can’t/shouldn’t be
3 They couldn’t decide for/on which car to buy. making a noise.
4 There has been an increase on/in the price of these 4 Sarah can’t/could run very fast when she was
cars recently. young.
5 I have to translate this letter to/into French for my 5 After studying hard, Lisa was able to/could pass
teacher. the exam.
6 There is no reason for/of leaving early. Let’s stay. 6 I didn’t need to/shouldn’t go shopping, so I went
7 Dad was furious in/about the cancellation of the home instead.
football match. 7 Finally, George could/was able to reach the top of
8 Everyone blamed Tony with /for crashing the car. the mountain.
9 I haven’t heard from/of my cousins in America for 8 I could/can climb trees when I was young, but I
months. can’t now.
10 There is no demand on /for big cars in this country now. 9 You were at work. You needn’t/can’t have watched
11 We took photographs of /at the animals at the zoo. the match.
12 The main disadvantage to/of this plan is that it is expen¬ 10 Sally needn’t/couldn’t bring anything with her. I’ve got
sive. everything we may need.

149
 i

Adje r
Adverbs nsons
%

.
Is
A UlCrCVlVe >•
Fill in the gaps with the correct
H •111 .» . >« - - - Jt. y» |i
.-4*
adjective from the list.

loud, warm, narrow, dark, hot, strong, tired,

rw'4& \
%
old, comfortable, bright, long

lm
ev.
r

*
It was a cold, 1) ...dark... night. There was a 2)
i wind blowing and it was starting to rain. James was driv¬
ing home after a 3) day at work and he was
/ •
y >/ very 4) . The road he was driving along was
wi 5) and winding, but it was the quickest way
home. Suddenly, there was a 6) flash of
lightning and a 7) crash of thunder as the
storm broke. James’ car was 8) but he put
)

his foot down because he wanted to get home quickly.

He wanted to sit in his 9) chair by the
10) fire and drink a cup of 11)
It’s a pleasant warm day. There is a woman coffee.
sitting on a wooden bench. She is young.
i
4 Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same
form in the singular and plural.
V 2> Put the adjectives in the correct order.

e.g. a cheap watch - cheap watches e.g. an old piacK toiepnc IL

4 Adjectives go:
a) before nouns.
e.g. a clever child 4
b) after the verbs: be, look, smell, sound, feel,
taste, seem, appear, become, get, stay, etc.
e.g. She is thin. He seems tired.
4 There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives.
Opinion adjectives such as smart, bad, etc.
l
show what a person thinks of somebody or
something. Fact adjectives such as short, big,
old, etc. give us factual information about age, r
size, colour, origin, material, etc. .

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
4 Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives. **

e.g. a handsome young man /

4 When there are two or more fact adjectives in a

sentence, they usually go in the following order:
Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Noun 1 a(n) black / old telephone
a big old round white French china plate 2 a rectangular / brass / lovely picture frame
3 two white / porcelain / pretty statues
4 We do not usually use a long list of adjectives 4 some English / old / valuable books
before a single noun. A noun is usually described 5 a(n) antique / interesting clock
by one, two or three adjectives at the most. 6 a wooden / traditional rocking chair
e.g. an expensive Italian leather bag 7 a glass / small / blue dish
8 a(n) English / wooden / old desk
9 a(n) china / oval / lovely plate

150
 UNIT 13

(A
-
Adjectives Adverbs * Comoo
raisons

A.d V l -> v;
aw- I' -
Some adverbs have either a totally different
form or the same form as the adjective.

m Adjective
good
Adverb
well
Vets work hard. * fast fast
They treat animals gently J
L> hard hard
and examine / i early early
them carefully. late late

rr
/v9i
Order of Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary verbs
and the verb to be, but before main verbs.
e.g. She has always been loyal.
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other Tim is usually prepared.
adverbs. Helen often goes to the cinema.
An adverb can be one word (slowly) or a phrase Adverbs of manner go before the main verb,
(in the street). after the auxiliary or at the end of the sentence.
Adverbs can describe manner (how), place e.g. He quickly ran up the stairs.
(where), time (when), frequency (how often), She is anxiously waiting for an answer.
degree (to what extent), etc. They responded politely.
e.g. He speaks slowly. (How does he speak? Slowly.
- adverb of manner) Adverbs of degree (absolutely, completely, totally,
-
Your hat is there. (Where is it? There. adverb extremely, very, quite, rather, etc.) go before an
of place) adjective, an adverb or a main verb but after an
They'll come tomorrow. (When will they come? auxiliary verb in a sentence.
-
Tomorrow. adverb of time) e.g. He was extremely helpful.
She seldom visits us. (How often does she visit We quite enjoyed the trip.
-
us? Seldom. adverb of frequency) I didn 't quite understand what you said.
Adverbs usually go after verbs. They can also Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end
go before verbs (adverbs of frequency). of the sentence.
e.g. Simon always drives carefully. e.g. Shall I wait outside? I met him last year.
Adverbs go before adjectives, other adverbs
Adverbs of time such as soon, now and then, go
and past participles.
e.g. The test was surprisingly easy. before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb
He speaks Incredibly quickly. or the verb to be.
English is widely spoken. e.g. He soon realised that he was wrong.
She is now ready to talk to you.
Formation of Adverbs
We can put an adverb at the beginning of a sen¬
We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the
tence if we want to emphasise it.
adjective.
e.g. Carefully, he opened the letter, (manner)
e.g. soft - softly
In Paris we fell in love, (place)
e.g. probable - probably
-•
Adjectives ending in -le drop the and take -y. Tomorrow I'll sign the contract, (time)

Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the When there are two or more adverbs in the
same sentence, they usually come in the follow¬
-y and take -lly.
e.g. heavy - heavily
Adjectives ending in -I take -ly.
ing order: mann
— —time.
e.g. He worked quietly at his desk all day long.
e.g. careful carefully
* If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come,
Adjectives ending in -lc usually take -ally.
e.g. tragic - tragically
But: public - publicly
— —
leave in the sentence, then the adverbs come in
the following order: place manner time-
e.g. She went home by taxi last night

151
Adje $ Adverbs = Comparisons
Write the adverbs of the adjectives in Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives.
the list in the correct box. These include: hard, fast, high, low, deep, early,
cheerful, dramatic, quiet, probable, systematic, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong.
easy, noisy, quick, possible, lazy, simple, happy, e.g. This is a fast car. (adjective)
hopeful, pretty, energetic George drives fast, (adverb)

L/ neem j i
There is a difference in meaning between the
-ly following pairs of adverbs:
• She tried hard but she failed, (hard = with effort)
He can hardly see without his glasses.
(hardly = scarcely)
• Jessica lives quite near, (near = close)
consonant -ily They nearly missed the bus. (nearly = almost)
• Tim arrived late, (late = not early)
She’s been going out a lot lately, (lately = recently)
-ic -ally
• The kite rose high in the sky. (high = at a high
level)
A
He 's highly respectable, (highly = very)
Identify the adjective or the adverb in •You can visit the museum free, (free = without
4A each sentence, as in the example. charge)
EU citizens can travel freely within Europe.
1 Tom is very clever. 4 I
(freely = without restraint)
2 He slowly left the room.
3 The exam was difficult. The following words end in -ly, but they are
4 Sue’s house is always tidy. adjectives: friendly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely,
5 Laser beams are used extensively in surgery. silly, ugly.
6 Sarah smiled happily. e.g. He’s a friendly person.
7 The teacher was angry. We use the word way/manner to form their
8 Sad songs make me cry. adverbs.
9 She quietly closed the door. e.g. He talked to me in a friendly way/manner.
10 It’s easy to make mistakes.
He gave a silly laugh.
The adverbs loud(ly), cheap(ly), quick(ly) and
5> Underline the correct item.
slow(ly) are often used without -ly in everyday
English.
i
«Qi
m PI % •

W'- 0 9
e.g. Don 't talk so loud/loudly.

14- f .TO K
«v
!>
i
*
•

6 Underline the correct item.

is*
1 She lives very near/nearly to the school.
2 Jack near/nearly crashed his car yesterday.
The house was 1) It had been snow¬
quiet/quiet 3 The prisoners can move around free/freely.
ing 2) heavy/heavily all day and the ground was cov¬ 4 I got this pen free/freely with a magazine.
ered in a 3) soft/softly white blanket. 4) Sudden/ 5 His story sounds high/highly unlikely.
Suddenly, there was a 5) loud/loudly knock at the 6 We could see the bird’s nest high/highly up in the
door. I jumped up 6) nervous/nervously. ‘Who is it?’ I tree.
called 7) anxious/anxiously. There was no reply. I 7 Roger was late/lately for work every day last week.
8) slow/slowly opened the door and looked outside. 8 I haven’t been feeling very well late/lately.
A rush of 9) cold/coldly air entered the house. I 9 He tried hard/hardly to solve the problem, but he
10) quick/quickly shut the door and turned around, couldn’t do it.
then I saw the most 11) creature hI 10 The music was so loud that I could hard/hardly hear
had ever seen standing in front of me.
what he was saying.

152
 UNIT 13
- Uxiikei -
Adjectives Adverbs Compm
Nisons

7 For each gap, choose an adjective from

the list given and turn it into an adverb.
Quite -
Quite and rather are adverbs of degree.
soft - immediate - sad
Quit* goes before a/an.
A I was passing the pet shop when I saw the e.g. She is quite a pretty woman.
most beautiful kitten in the window. She looked
1) ...Badly... up at me with her big green eyes and J We usually use quite in favourable comments
mewed 2) . I knew 3) meaning ‘less than very.’
<
that I had to buy her. e.g. This watch is quite cheap. (It’s not very cheap.)
t We use quite before adjectives such as horrible,
dreadful, ridiculous, brilliant, perfect, amazing,
- -
quiet loud cheerful
extraordinary, useless, impossible, right, true,
B Claire called to her mum 1) as she sure, exhausted, certain, false, wrong, alone, dif¬
ferent, etc. meaning ‘completely’/‘totally’.
ran into the house. The door slammed 2) J e.g. The idea was quite extraordinary, (totally
behind her. ‘Why do you have to make so much |
noise?’ shouted her mum. ‘Sorry,’ said Claire, and j extraordinary)
3) crept upstairs. «
Rather goes before or after a/an.
e.g. I’m afraid it is rather a boring story.
I’m afraid it is a rather boring story.
We usually use rather in unfavourable comments.
8 Fill in good, , bad, badly
welland ill. e.g. Those clothes are rather old.
We can also use rather in favourable comments
A: Did you get your exam results? when it means ‘to an unusual degree’.
B: Yes. I didn’t do very 1) we though. I got a very
••a
e.g. I didn't know Peter could cook. The meal was
2) mark in History. rather good. (The meal was better than we
A: Your History exam didn’t come at a 3) expected.)
time though, did it? Rather can be used with comparative forms.
B: No. I was very 4) when I had that e.g. The second exercise was rather more difficult
exam. I’m sure I wouldn’t have done so 5) than the first.
if I had been 6)
A: Never mind, perhaps they will let you do the exam
again if you explain what the problem was.
10 Fill in quite or rather.
Say the sentences in as many ways as
9 possible, using the adverbs in brackets. 1 A: What was their new house like?
B: It was ...quite... perfect.
1 They will clean the house, (tomorrow) 2 A: Have you had a busy day?
Tomorrow they will clean the hou&e. / They wi B: Yes, I have. I’m exhausted.
clean the h u 5C
i
tomorrow. 3 A: What’s the weather like in England at the moment?
2 Fiona has been making cakes with her mum. (all B: Actually, it’s warm.
morning) 4 A: Do you believe in life on other planets?
3 They have been talking, (for an hour / quietly / in the B: No, I think the existence of aliens is
office) impossible.
4 She read the paper, (on the train / carefully) 5 A: I heard that David was going to emigrate to
5 I bought some bread, (today / in the supermarket) Australia.
6 James has been playing on his computer. B: It’s true. He’s been planning it for
(all evening / in his room) some time.
7 They arrived, (safely) 6 A: How much was your new car?
8 She ran. (quickly / out of the house / after dinner) B: Well, it was more expensive than I
9 He knew he had made the right choice, (then) had expected.
10 His plan was brilliant, (absolutely) 7 A: Do you like this red skirt?
11 She was confused, (totally) B: I’m not sure it’s short.
 i
Adje -
« Adverbs Comparisons -
2 aLLS'O LlS

/ \

; 3
$)! r
**- tel
mb
Price: £2,000 Price: £8,000 Price: £18,000
People: 4 People: 6 People: 2
Top Speed: 80 mph Top Speed: 100 mph Top Speed: 130 mph
Age: 1 5 years old Age: 5 years old Age: 1 year old

This car is cheap. This car is more expensive than This car is the most expensive of all.
It is also old. the first car. It is also faster. It is also the fastest of all.
For comparison, adjectives have got two forms: the comparati and t h< superlative.
We use the compara foi m than to compare two people or things.
e.g. Alec is taller than Jim. My house is more attractive than yours.
We use the + superlative form + of/in to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing
in the same group. We use in when we talk about places.
e.g. Alec is the tallest of all. New York is the most exciting city in the USA. (NOT: the USA)
Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives
The comparative of one-syllable and two-syllable adjectives is formed by adding -er, and the superlative
by adding -est. e.g. small - smaller - smallest
The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formed with more and the superlative with most.
e.g. difficult - more difficult - most difficult
The comparative and the superlative of some two-syllable adjectives, such as clever, stupid, narrow, gentle,
friendly, etc. are formed either with -er/-est or with more/most.
e.g. friendly - friendlier - friendliest friendly - more friendly - most friendly

kTHImTl kmEW Compare the following items, as in the

example.

One-syllable adjectives ending in -e take -r in 1 a pebble / a stone / a rock (big)

the comparative form and -st in the superlative. ...A stone is bigger than a pebble
form, nice - nicer - nicest A rock is the biggest of all
•••'

2 cotton / wood / iron (heavy)

Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y turn the -y
into -i and then take -er/-est. 3 bronze / silver / gold (expensive)
busy - busier - busiest
Adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between 4 a bicycle / a car / a train (fast)
two consonants double the final consonant and
5 a cheetah / a cat / a snail (slow)
take-<
big - bigger - biggest 6 a sheep / a horse / a giraffe (tall)
but: strong - stronger - strongest
7 steel / wood / wool (soft)

154
 UNIT 13

Coiii[:eielive eue bu[:eilel ive-

-
Adjectives Adverbs •Comp
h l <£-ÿ u ial fic jn[: el el i v es eii£ I
iisons

iSTuuS et A.eV c-ibb' SuL\eileliveb' 0O

The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs

are formed in the same way as those of adjectives. adjective comparative superlative
Adverbs which have the same form as the good/well better best
adjective usually take -er in the comparative bad/badly worse worst
and -est in the superlative. much/many/
fast- fastest early - earlier - earliest
e.g. - faster more most
a lot of
Adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjective little less least
take more in the comparative and most in the far further/farther furthest/farthest
superlative form.
e.g. smartly - more smartly - most smartly Note: further/farther (adv) = a longer distance
e.g. His house is further/farther away from the
post office than ours.
& Write the comparative and superlative
forms of the following adverbs. =
further (adj) more
e.g. Don't hesitate to ask me if you need any
1 efficiently 9T/V
7W\
yy*
K t/f 9 IL/IL/I f k
a further information.
2 hard
3 quietly
4 peacefully
5 early Put the adjectives in brackets into the
6 satisfactorily p comparative or superlative form, adding
any necessary words.
We use adjectives or their comparative or 1 A: Why are you crying?

.. .. .. .. .. ..
superlative forms with the following words: B: I’ve just read ...the saddest... (sad) book ever
very + adjective written.
e.g. This is a very expensive gift. 2 A: Do you like crisps?
much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative B: Yes, but I think chocolate is much
e.g. It's much hotter today than yesterday. (tasty) crisps.
by far + superlative 3 A: This must be (hot) day of the year.
e.g. He's by far the best student in the class. B: I agree. Let’s go swimming.
4 A: Kate is a lot (pretty) Anne.
B: Yes. She’s ... (pretty) girl I know.

H Fill in the gaps with the correct form of

the adjective/adverb in brackets.
5 A: Is this ladder
B: They look the same to me.
6 A: That was by far
(long) the other one?

1 That house is too small for our family. We need (good) cake you’ve ever made.
something much ... bigger... (big). B: I’m glad you enjoyed it.
2 I can’t understand you. Could you speak a bit

4 That dress is very

I can’t afford to buy it.
5 Fiona is by far
...
(slowly), please?
3 This coffee is bitter. I prefer to drink it a little
(sweet).
(expensive).

(intelligent)
7 A: Do you like this dress?
B: Oh, yes. It’s
(beautiful) dress I’ve ever seen.
8 A: Mount Everest is
(high) mountain in the world.
B: Everyone knows that!
9 A: Mr Smith is (old) Mr Jones.
girl in the class. B: Well, he looks good for his age.
6 It was very cold yesterday, but it’s slightly 10 A: Did that coat cost a lot of money?
(warm) today. B: Yes, it was by far
7 I don’t go to that supermarket any more. This one is (expensive) coat in the shop.
far (cheap). 11 A: Thank you for your help.
8 I like living near the city. It’s a lot B: That’s okay. If you need any
(convenient). (far) advice, come and see me.

155
m 13
STVis * Adverbs
Adjerii
Fill in the gaps with the comparative or
- Comparisons
15> superlative form of the adjectives in
brackets, adding any necessary words.
Vy i: esr_ ov Co Lui: ciL
/V 41
M

f'j
4# .I%
-*•* *
•/
:..V >•
r r

-R
I

« -4

.......
Yesterday was 1) ...the coldeet... (cold) day of the
year. It had been snowing all night and everything
was white. The children woke up 2)
(early) usual. They were excited because the
snow was 3) (deep) ever before
and they wanted to go outside and play. We dressed The sofa is as comfortable as the armchair.

............
them in 4) (warm) clothes we
could find, then they went out into the garden. We
watched from the window as they built 5)
The stool is not as/so big as the sofa.
The armchair is less expensive than the sofa.

.........
(big) snowman I have ever seen. As
We use to show that two
the snow was falling 6) (hard)
people or things are similar in some way. In
ever, the children soon came inside to warm up. They
negative sentences, we use not as/so as.
were laughing as if they had heard 7)
9 0V

e.g. Paul is as old as Richard.

(funny) joke ever told. They said that they
Alison is not as/so clever as Cynthia.
thought winter was 8)
(good) season of all. We use less + adjective + than for two people
or things. It is the opposite of more...than.
e.g. This film is less exciting than the other one we
saw. (= The other film we saw was more exci¬
(i4 Put the adjectives in brackets into the
comparative or superlative form, adding
any necessary words.
ting than this one.)
We use the least + adjective + of/in for more
than two people or things. It is the opposite of
A: Well Mr Jones, we’ve interviewed the three 1) .

................
likely... (likely) candidates. Who do you think would
be 2)

Peters was a little 4)

(good) person for the job?
B: I have to say, I thought Mrs Shaw was 3)
(intelligent) of the three, but Mr

A: That’s true, and we do need someone who can

work with people. However, I thought Miss Brown
(nice) her.
e.g. The game we played yesterday was the least
interesting of all we Ve played so far.
We use comparative + and + comparative to
show that something increases or decreases.
e.g. He tried harder and harder until he opened
the door.
would be 5) (popular) the others As time went by, he got more and more
with our clients. impatient.
B: I also thought that she was by far 6)
(responsible) candidate. We use the + comparative the + comparative
A: Good. Thank you for your help, Mr Jones. Choosing to show that two things change together or that
who to employ is 7) (difficult) one thing depends on another thing.
part of my job. It’s always 8) e.g. The longer he talked, the more confused they
(easy) when I hear someone else’s views. became.
B: I’m glad I could help.

156
 UNIT 13

Complete the sentences, using one of the

-
Adjectives Adverbs CompS
Nisons -
Put the adjectives in brackets into the
adjectives from the list and comparative 20, comparative or superlative form.
+ and + comparative.
hot, hard, heavy, tired, cold, tall, pretty
•4

1 As I ran, my legs got ...more and more tired... . % j ,•

2 Over the years, the trees grew

i %

3 As we lay on the beach, we got

4 Emma’s work is improving because she’s studying

i
5 While I was walking in the snow, I got
so I decided to go home.
6 As she did her shopping, her bags got ...

7 As Jane grows up, she just gets

Dear Leo,
I’m writing to tell you about my new house. It’s 1) ...the
biggest... (big) house I’ve ever lived in, but also 2)
Complete the sentences using the + (expensive). Still, it’s much
comparative, as in the example. 3) (nice) than my last house.

..............
Although the garden is a little 4)
1 The children got noisy. The teacher got angry. (small), the rooms are much 5)
••• ... the children got, ... ... the (spacious) and there is much 6)
teacher got. (little) noise. The area I live in now is 7)
2 We worked hard. We earned lots of money. (peaceful) place I’ve ever lived in. The
we worked money neighbours are 8) (quiet) here than
we earned. anywhere else, and they are 9)
(friendly) people you will ever meet.

..........
3 I pushed the swing high. The little boy laughed a lot.
I pushed the swing There are lots of flowers here, so it’s much 10)
the little boy laughed. (colourful) than my previous
4 If you eat lots of chocolate, you’ll get fat. home, and there is a bus stop near my house, so it’s
chocolate you eat, you’ll get. 11) (convenient) than before
5 If a car is new, it is valuable. because I don’t have to take my car to work. All in all, I
a car is it is. can say that finding this house is 12)
6 It grew dark. I became scared. (good) thing that’s ever happened to me! I hope you will
it grew I became. visit me here soon.
Love,
Helen
Compare the following pets using the
adjectives from the list.

noisy, quiet, expensive, cheap, playful, messy,

obedient, easy to look after, loyal
<L Cross out the unnecessary word.

1 Mark’s voice is very much louder than Alan’s.

2 Mrs Garrison is the most oldest teacher in the school.
3 This village is by far quieter than the one we live in.
4 Playing golf isn’t as more tiring as playing football.
5 As time went by, it got darker and the darker.
6 The more you study, the better than your marks will be.
e.g. The dog Is the noisiest of all. **
7 This task is the less difficult than the others.
The cat Isn't as/so noisy as the dog. 8 He drives the far fastest of all.
9 Jane is as much tall as Sarah.
10 It was a quite an exciting film.

157
UNIT 13
Adje
IN OTHER WORDS
$ - -
Adverbs Comparisons
Prepositions
Study these examples. The second sentence cheque for shocked at/by sth
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. clever of sb to do sth talk to sb about sth
contact with sb live on
1 Alan is friendlier than Brian. jealous of sb/sth throw sth at sb/sth
as Brian isn’t as/so friendly as Alan. know of/about sth throw sth to sb
less Brian is less friendly than Alan. protect sb/sth from/against (no) hope of sth
2 I’ve never seen such a beautiful painting.
the It’s the most beautiful painting I’ve

many
ever seen.
3 Ellen has got the same number of CDs as Peter.
Ellen has got as many CDs as Peter.
4 Can’t you sing any louder than that?
m P Fill in the correct preposition.

1 At the fair, John threw a ball ...at... a coconut to win

loudest Is that the loudest you can sing? a prize.
5 As he grows older, he becomes more mature.
2 He threw the car keys Alan.
the The older he grows, the more mature
3 I always talk my best friends
he becomes.
my problems.
6 Susan behaved very kindly to her guests.
4 We were shocked the damage caused
kind Susan behaved in a kind way/manner
to her guests. by the storm.
5 She wears a hat protect her hair
the rain.
6 Cathy was jealous .... her sister, who was

m
............
...
Complete the sentences with two to five very pretty.
p words, including the word in bold. 7 She didn’t know anything the surprise party.
8 I lost contact my friend after she emigrated.
1 Jeff has read the same number of books as Carol. 9 I wrote a cheque ... £100.
many Jeff has read b ..
Carol. 10 It was clever Sam to find this restaurant.
2 As she works harder, she gets more tired. 11 I manage to live .... about £50 a week.
the The harder she works 12 There was no hope escape for the
she gets. terrified prisoners.
3 Amanda is wealthier than James.
as James Phrasal Verbs
Amanda.
4 I’ve never heard such beautiful music. stand by sb: support sb, esp in a difficult situation
the It’s stand for: hold an opinion
I’ve ever heard.
5 Colin spoke very politely to his boss. stand in (for): replace sb temporarily
polite Colin spoke stand up: rise to one’s feet
to his boss. stand up to: defend oneself against sb
6 Gary talks more quietly than Anne.
less Anne talks
Gary.
Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal
7 Can’t you run any faster than that?
fastest Is that .*
you can run?
8 As it gets later, it gets darker. 1 It takes courage to ...stand up to •• a bully, (defend
t

the The later it gets yourself against)

....................
it gets. 2 That group animal rights, (represents)
9 Tony has eaten the same number of cakes as Ben. 3 I know that my parents always
many Tony has eaten me. (will support me in a difficult situation)
Ben. 4 Claire me while I was on holiday.
10 I’ve never seen such a pretty child. (replaced me temporarily)
the It’s 5 The children when their teacher
I’ve ever seen. enters the room, (rise to their feet)

158
 UNIT 13
-
AdjwtivM Adverb* * Comp•>vjsons
QRAt
sion Box Activity
You are doing some research for your boss concern*
ing women’s magazines. Look at the information

(5Ji Choose the correct answer.

below and make comparisons using the adjectives in
the list, as in the example.
cheap, expensive, thick, thin, old, popular
1 ‘Where’s Melanie?’
‘She .3 in her bedroom, I think.’
• •

A studied B is studying C studies Price: 75p

2 ‘Did you see James yesterday?
Yes. He
Saturday.
me that he’s having a party on * > No. of pages: 55
First published: 1975
.
-A Sales per issue: 9 million
A says B said C told
•A
3 ‘I think I’m getting a cold.’
You take plenty of vitamin C.
The best since 1975! k’j
••
; =-J 11 i it II 1 1
November
A ought to B can C may Price: £1.50
4 ‘Who’s that? No. of pages: 120 vL
‘It’s the man
A which
I asked to fix my TV.’
B who C whose
First published: 1990
Sales per issue: 7 million
3
5 ‘That’s an unusual tablecloth.’
‘Yes. It by my grandmother.’ o''
A makes B is made C was made sÿ<*

6 ‘Where is Dad? Price: £2.50

‘He’s in the garden, some apples from the No. of pages: 200
tree.’ First published: 1960
A picking B pick C to pick Sales per issue: 8 million
7 ‘What are your plans for the future?’
‘Well, by the time I’m thirty, I hope I . my own
house.’ e.g. SI:
Woman’s World is the cheapest of all.
A will have been buying B will have bought S2: Internationale is more expensive than Modem Woman.
C have bought
8 They have finished building the new theatre.
1 know. It by the mayor next month.’ VNJR
' 1

A after
.....
A will be opened B is opened C is opening
9 ‘When did you call Simon?
‘I called him

10 ‘I wish I
I had put the shopping away.
B by the time C while
to buy a new car.’
Your boss has asked you to write a report for him,
comparing the three magazines. Look at the Oral
Activity again and complete the report below.

11 ‘I .......
You ought to save some money then.’
A afford

A can
B would afford C could afford
finish that computer game yesterday.’
‘Well done. It’s a really difficult game.’
B was able to C could
To.- Mr P, Collins
From: Mrs J. Harper
Date: 2 1 st November
I studied three magazines /or my research:
Woman’s World, Modern Woman and Internationale.
Woman’s World is the cheapest o/all. It costs only 75
12 ‘You look nice today. What’s different? pence. Internationale is more expensive than Modern
‘Actually, I .. my hair cut. Woman
A was having B have C have had

159
UNIT 14
PronoM
r
ossessi ves Demonstratives - - Quantifiers
L-l i LlO U LLST 1 Fill in the gaps with the correct subject
or object pronoun.

1 A: Do your brothers play football?

B: Yes, •• hay... play all the time.
think s a brilliant game.
i ** |i This is Emma and Bob. 2 A: Does Susan eat chocolate?
£ Emma loves romantic B: Yes eats all the time.
r Lv
films, but Bob can 't
stand them.
says s her favourite food.
3 A: Do your parents know Mr Jones?
rj She likes classical B: Yes, know very well.

f A
music, but he hates it.
They both love their
dog and they take
lives next door to
4 A: Does Claire like David?
B: No doesn’t like very much.
good care of him. says s too noisy.
5 A: Do you listen to rock music?
Personal Pronouns B: Yes listen to all the time.
Personal pronouns are divided into think s fantastic.
(I, you, he, etc.), which go before verbs as subjects 6 A: Does Tony enjoy fishing?
and object pronouns (me, you, him, etc.), which go B: Oh, yes. enjoys very much.
after verbs or prepositions as objects. says relaxes him.
e.g. I like him a lot.
subject pronouns: I , you, he, she, it, we, you, they 2 Fill in the gaps with there or it.
object pronouns: me, you, him, her, It, ue, you, them

......
We do not use a noun and a personal pronoun 1 By the time I got home, • t... was nearly ten o’clock.
• •

.........
together. 2 ‘Is your birthday today?’ ‘No
e.g. Laura went out with Richard. was last week.
(NOT: Louro oho went out with Richard.) 3 Come here, Simon. is someone here to
We use there + be to mention something for the
see you. I think is your friend, Rod.
4 wasn’t warm enough to go to the beach,
first time or to say that something or someone
so we went to the cinema.
exists. We use it + be to give more details about
5 wasn’t very much money left after I had
something or someone that has already been
paid for the shopping.
mentioned.
e.g. There is a letter for you. It is from Tom.
We can use It as the subject to talk about
weather, distance, temperature and time.
3 Fill in the gaps with one or it.
e.g. It’s windy today. It’s a long way to the airport.
1 A: I need a loaf of bread.
It’s hot in here. It’s Monday.
B: I’ll buy •• this afternoon.

We use It to talk about something that has 2 A: Is the phone ringing?

already been made clear. We use one when it is B: I can’t hear
not clear which thing in particular we are talking 3 A: ‘Titanic’ is an amazing film.
about. B: I know. I’ve seen twice.
e.g. I can’t find the newspaper. Where did you put 4 A: When was the last time you read a book?
it? (We use it because it is clear which news¬ B: I haven’t read for months.
paper we are talking about.) 5 A: Have you got a car?
‘Can I have a dictionary?' ‘I’m sorry. I haven’t B: No. I can’t afford
got one. ' (We use one because it is not clear 6 A: Do you like the new Rolling Stones CD?
which dictionary in particular we are talking B: I haven’t heard yet.
about.) 7 A: I need a dress for the party.
B: I’ll lend you

160
 UNIT 14
-
Pronouns Possessi ves - DemonstratiIffSfif if i e r s
L-
I'L'O LlO U LlS
/ÿ[CrCUVCrrS7 & Fill in the correct possessive adjective
or pronoun.

1 A: Have you met ...your • new neighbours yet?

••

B: No. I’ve seen . children in the garden,

Ifaisq though.
2 A: You took coat home last night.
\
\
i B: I know, I’m sorry. I thought it was
/ i. . *
because they’re both black.
i 3 A: What’s wrong with Rosie?
B: Oh, she’s been having problems with
back recently.
• %
Ls'* 4 A: James is doing well at school.
B: I know. teacher says he’s very
advanced for his age.
*
*
This is the Smith family. They are in their living room.
5 A: Is this bag ?
B: Oh, yes, thank you. I nearly forgot it.
Their daughter, Tina, is watching her favourite TV 6 A: Julie and Frank are so lucky house
programme. is beautiful.

......
B: Yes, and it’s so much bigger than
Both possessive adjectives (my, your, etc.) and
I envy them.
possessive pronouns (mine, yours, etc.) can be 7 A: I like shirt. It’s like Sandra’s.
used to talk about ownership or the relationship B: Actually, it is I borrowed it from
between people. Possessive adjectives are fol¬ her yesterday.
lowed by nouns, whereas possessive pronouns 8 A: Why did you lend Tom car?
are not. B: Because is being repaired at the
e.g. This is your pen. It's yours. moment.
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

. . . .... .. .. ..
my our mine ours
your your yours yours S, Fill in its or it’s.

his their his theirs

her hers 1 The car is nice to drive, but I don’t like ...its ... colour.
its 2 This town is wonderful got lots of shops!
3 I’m staying at home today because cold outside.
4 Let’s go in here. , my favourite restaurant.
Its = possessive adjective
e.g. I saw a lovely dress in the shop window yester¬ 5 A bird has built nest in our garden.
day, but I didn 't see its price. 6 The company I work for has changed name.
it’s = It is or it has
e.g. It’s (it is) playing with the ball.
It's (it has) got a hole in it.
We use the instead of a possessive adjective
& Fill in a possessive adjective or the.

with prepositional phrases and verbs such as hit, 1 A dog bit him on ...the... leg.
punch, slap, bite, touch, pat, sting, etc. when we 2 I banged head on the cupboard door.
refer to parts of the body. 3 Karen put arm around Jane’s shoulder.
e.g. The ball hit him on the head. 4 Don’t put feet on the table!
(NOT: The ball hit him on-his head.) 5 You shouldn’t have punched Tom in stomach.
but She 's got a key in her hand. (NOT: in the hand) 6 Paul patted Lisa on shoulder.
We use the word own in the following structures
to emphasise the fact that something belongs to
someone.
noun + of + my/your, etc. + own
7V Fill in the gaps with of where
necessary, and my, your, etc. own.

my/your, etc. + own + noun 1 John doesn’t live with his parents any more. He’s
e.g. I don't need to borrow my father’s car because got a flat ...ot h s own... .
I’ve got a car of my got my own car. 2 She doesn’t travel by bus any more because she’s
got car.

161
 3 I don’t need to borrow your umbrella. I’ve got one
8 Connect the nouns using -’s, or ...of m mm m

4 Haven’t you got pen? You’re always

borrowing mine.
5 My job includes doing research in
1 car/Helen ...Hi r i K

time. 2 the manager/the restaurant

6 Sam is tired of using his friend’s computer, so he is 3 shoes/women
going to buy one 4 the results/the test
7 The couple moved into house after 5 bicycles/my daughters
they got married. 6 secretary/the assistant manager
8 Don’t let the dog sleep on your bed. It’s got a bed
7 the corner/the room ....
8 house/their parents
9 the back/the classroom
10 shoes/William
11 walk/an hour
12 partner/Jim
The possessive case can be used to talk about owner¬ 13 Rome/the streets
ship or the relationship between people. It is formed in 14 UN/headquarters
two ways:
1. with ’s/’ for people or animals
Rewrite the sentences using the correct
•singular nouns + ’s e.g. Jim’s pen 9 possessive form.

•plural nouns ending in -s + ’ 1 Nobody went to the meeting last week.

e.g. the boys’ hats, the cats’ tails
:K M tit
•plural nouns not ending in -s + s
••a VV

2 The drive to the airport takes two hours.

•a •

e.g. the children’s toys

•compound nouns + ’s e.g. my father-in-law’s house 3 They will get their exam results six weeks from now.
•We use ’s after the last of two or more names to
show common possession.
e.g. John and Helen’s house. (The house belongs to
4 I look after James
— Karen — children.

•
both of them.)
We use ’s after each name to show individual pos¬
5 I received the letter in the post
— yesterday.

session. e.g. Mary’s and Diana’s bags. (Each girl

has her own bag.)
-
6 It’s autumn. The tree the leaves are falling off.

2. with of for inanimate things 7 Graham never listens to his doctor the advice. -
•of + inanimate thing or abstract noun -
8 Are you going to Jane Paula the party? -
e.g. the windows of the house
the cost of living 9 He has never done a hard day of work in his life.
•a/the/this/that + noun + of + possessive
e.g. He's a friend of Jack’s. That friend of yours. 10 At the moment I’m staying with a friend - my.
Note: When we refer to a certain place or time, the
possessive case is formed as follows: 11 I think I’ll order the special of today.
• phrase of place (shop/home/business, etc.) + ’s
e.g. at the baker’s (we mean the shop) /at Dave's (flat) 12 The man knocked on the house the door. -
•phrase showing length of time/specific moment or
event + ’s/’
e.g. an hour’s delay/two days’ work
13 The ticket inspector looked at the people
tickets.
- the
last Sunday’s paper
•We can use either ’s or of when we talk about - -
14 Mrs Jones Miss Smith cars are being serviced.
places or organisations.
e.g. NASA’s headquarters or the headquarters of NASA 15 The sales target this month is two million pounds.

162
 UNIT 14
-
Pronouns - Possessi ves DemonstratifflSSPiliratifiers
Uep&Mvfe l/Tououus ; 2) The verbs dress, wash and shave are not
normally followed by a reflexive pronoun.
However, we can use a reflexive pronoun
*
with these verbs when we want to show that
someone did something with a lot of effort.
e.g. First Peter shaved and then dressed.
Although Mrs Harrison’s arm was ban¬
daged, she managed to wash herself.
But we always say dry myself.
*Z -3§

L
'V Each other means one another. Study the
following examples:
fcW - V
CL.
Ken grew these flowers
himself.
They are enjoying
themselves.
*
Beth it
Reflexive Reflexive b
I -*ÿ
myself it itself
you -*• yourself we * ourselves Janet J
he -*• himself you -*ÿ
yourselves
she -*ÿ
herself they -* themselves Janet and Beth are They are looking at each
looking at themselves other.
in the mirror.
We use
with verbs such as behave, burn, cut, enjoy,
hurt, Introduce, kill, look at, teach, etc., or with
prepositions when the subject and the object of Fill in the gaps with the correct reflexive
the verb are the same person. 10 pronoun.
e.g. Jill (subject) has burnt herself, (object) r
You (subject) should take care y
/
\
of yourself (object) i I
with the preposition by when we mean alone/
%

% is 4 \

m
j

without company or without help (on one’s own). Y

\
\
\S N \
V

e.g. Ben repaired the car by his own. *

( = Nobody helped Ben repair the car.) th
She likes being by herself/on her own sometimes.
m. f %
(= She likes being alone, without company.)
in the following expressions: enjoy yourself I /
r
C
a
y

(have a good time), behave yourself (be good),

\ <, f
o
help yourself (you are welcome to take some¬
/
L k

thing if you want). 4

** ’;WT”K
to emphasise the subject or the object of a •
*1
T

sentence.
e.g. I myself posted the letter. (= I posted the
letter, nobody did it for me.)
Alice met the President himself. (=She met hereÿif.
1 The girl has hurt
the President, not somebody else.)
2 He put the fire out by
Note: 1) We do not normally use reflexive pronouns 3 She is looking at in the mirror
with the verbs concentrate, feel, meet and 4 They are serving
relax. 5 He cooked the food by
e.g. You need to concentrate. 6 They bought this house for
7 They are enjoying
8 He introduced

16?
UNIT 14
Prono M -
ssessives Demonstratives Quantifiers -
11>
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts, as in the example.
n eLUO LlSl L O-VL v es
SA: i
\D
J» L/U
rh nfisi TOT
I L' I
%/ Uf fc/l LX U I w/ I w' 1/1/ I I
(1 llLS •- *1 lull / llurbHr Vi OKlr -
SB: (VC/,
We use this/these:
1 Did you buy that bag for your sister? i ra*
2 Did Susan paint that picture for Lee? for people or things
which are near us.
3
4
5
Did Mum and Dad book these tickets for us?
Is John making that table for you?
Did you find a dress for Jackie? ( This is a flower, Jimmy. 1
for present or future situations.
Fill in the appropriate reflexive pronoun e.g. I'll talk to the manager this week.
or each other/one another.
to refer to an idea we are about to mention.
e.g. I’m sorry to say this, but you have to leave the
1 A: Shall I prepare Jerry’s lunch? flat.
B: No, it’s alright. He’s preparing it • m met f... . •ml

to introduce people, or to introduce oneself on

2 A: Did Helen have her car repaired at the garage?
the phone.
B: No. She repaired it
e.g. ‘Hello? This is Jack Kerns. '
3 A: What a beautiful dress! Where did you buy it?
‘Helen, this is Jeff and these are his lovely
B: I didn’t buy it. I made it ’
children.
4 A: Who decorated your house for you?
B: No one. We decorated it when the speaker is in or near the place he/she
5 A: Are Beth and Jim working on the same project? is referring to. e.g. This office is very dark.
B: Yes, they have decided to help
6 A: Did you help Lucy and Greg to finish their home¬ that/those are used:
work?
B: No. They finished it for people or things £
7 A: Charles and Bill are always fighting. which are not near us.
I
B: I don’t think they like
8 A: Should I switch off the kettle? Look at that! It’s a deer.
B: No. It will switch off when the
water’s boiled.
for past situations, e.g. We had a bad experience
9 A: Can you iron this shirt for me, please?
that day.
B: Don’t be so lazy! Iron it
10 A: Stuart and I are so happy with the garage we built. to refer back to something mentioned before.
B: I’m glad. I can’t believe you built it i e.g. ‘She got the job. ' That’s great. ’
11 A: Emma and Cath are good friends. when speaking on the phone to ask who the
B: Yes. They phone every day other person is.
12 A: Why are the children shouting? e.g. Who's that speaking?/ Who's that, please?’
B: Oh! They’re just teasing This, these, that and those are not always followed
13 A: Paul is only two years old. by a noun.
B: I know, but he can dress e.g. This is really nice.
14 A: I’m leaving now.
That is all I have to say. '
B: Well, behave at the party
15 A: Sam is pleased to see Alan, isn’t he?
B: Yes. They don’t see very often
1Jk Fill in the gaps with this, that, these or those.

.................
16 A: What have you done to your finger?
B: I cut .... with a sharp knife
17 A: Help to more orange juice 1 What are you doing ...thie... afternoon?
B: Thanks. I will. 2 Who is man over there?
18 A: Shall I come to the dentist’s with you? 3 I’m really busy days.
B: No, I’d rather go by 4 Hello? is Emily. Can I speak to Joan?
19 A: How did you get my sister’s book? 5 In .... days, people didn’t have cars.
B: She gave it to me i 6 ‘Jim got married last week. s wonderful!’

164
 UNIT 14
-
Pronouns Possessi ves Demonstrati -
k O LllO/ Some and its compounds are also used in inter¬
!
1 /\
/
L Ll\ Vo rogative sentences when we make an offer or a
request.
I#-',* a
V e.g. Would you like some orange juice? (offer)
MS W&ii
Can I say something? (request)
EL?iÿi When any and its compounds are used in affirm¬
rv ative sentences, there is a difference in mean¬
. A•

X
ing. Study the following examples:
\
v\ a) You can take any sweets you like.

mn (It doesn 't matter which.)

- r*
t•

b) Anyone/Anybody can enter this competition.

There is some nice furniture in the room. There are (It doesn 't matter who.)
some books on the table. There is nobody c) I can give you anything you need.
in the room. There isn't anything under the table. (It doesn't matter what.)
d) We can go anywhere you like.
(It doesn matter where.)'t
Every is used with singular countable nouns.
Countable/ some any not any/no
Uncountable
e.g. Every citizen must pay taxes.
The pronouns everyone/everybody, everything
People someone/ anyone/ no one/not and the adverb everywhere are used in affirm¬
somebody anybody anyone ative, interrogative and negative sentences and
nobody/not
anybody
are followed by a singular verb.
e.g. Everybody/Everyone wants to be happy.
Things something anything nothing/ (NOT: •••
not anything Everything is ready for the wedding.
Places somewhere anywhere nowhere/not
anywhere / \
J A In pairs, ask and answer questions
Vj# using the prompts, as in the example.
Some, any and no are used with uncountable
nouns (coffee, sugar, etc.) and plural countable SA: l 1 J 4
44 f
V iaan
nouns (cars, flowers, etc.). SB: No. 4 4
V V V 1PA
i-
rVl * 4 KK1 A i

e.g. some coffee, some cars

1 sugar 2 vegetables 3 fruit 4 envelopes 5 stamps
Some and its compounds (someone/somebody,
something, somewhere) are normally used in 6 coffee 7 milk 8 strawberries
affirmative sentences.
e.g. He's got some friends. There is somebody at In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the door. 115 s the prompts, as in the example.
Any and its compounds are usually used in inter¬
rogative sentences. Not any is used in negative SA: / t A
V
4 f
4 ir *

sentences. SB: Yee 4 / A

4

e.g. Have you got any money? He is not anywhere.

Any and its compounds are also used with neg¬
ative words such as without, never, seldom,
rarely, hardly, etc. e.g. He left without any excuse.
She has hardly any money left.
No and its compounds are used instead of not K
V
*
any in negative sentences.
e.g. They haven’t got any time. /They’ve got no time.
He didn’t say anything. /He said nothing. »

We use a singular verb with compounds of

some, any and no. •plants in the room •furniture in the room
e.g. Someone is calling for help.
•food on the table •women in the room
There is nothing on the table.
•flowers in the vase •armchairs in the room
•books on the table •plates on the table
16?
UNIT 14
Pronoi’, -
ssessi vts Demonstratives - Quantifiers
11 A: Did you enjoy Tom’s party?
H Frank and Kim are having a picnic by a lake.
Read the dialogue and underline the
correct item.
B: No, it was boring. There was hardly
there.
12 A: There were very frightening rides
A: There’s 1) nothing /som I like more
ething
than hav¬ at the fairground.
ing a picnic here by Lake Tahoe. B: Really? I wish I had come with you.
B: Yes, it’s 2) anything/something I really enjoy, too.
It’s great to go 3) anywhere/somewhere where
there is no noisy traffic and 4) anything/nothing to
\

Fill in the gaps with any,

disturb us from our lunch. I can’t think of 5) some¬
where/anywhere I’d rather be than here.
18> anything or anywhere.

A: I know. There’s 6) no one/somebody else here, so 1 A: Shall we sit in the corner or by the window?
we can enjoy the peace and quiet. B: •••
i
A hi
V In*re... you want.
'
W
A

B: Well, I’d like 7) any/some more of that chicken. Is 2 A: Who can I bring to the party?
there 8) no/any left? B: you like.
A: Yes, there’s plenty in this basket. But, there’s 9) some/ 3 A: What do you want to watch on TV?
no mayonnaise, I’m afraid. B: Oh 1 . I don’t really mind.
B: That’s okay. Wait a minute. Did you hear 10) some¬ 4 A: What time shall we go out tonight?
thing/nothing? B: time you like.
A: Don’t be silly. It was 11) anything/nothing. 5 A: Where can I buy this book?
B: No, look! A group of school children are coming for B: At good bookshop in town.
a picnic, too! 6 A: Where shall I sit?
A: Oh no! I can’t think of 12) something /anything B: at this table.
worse! Let’s go home! 7 A: Can I join that club, too?
B: Of course! can join the club.

& Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or one

of their compounds.
19i In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts, as in the example.
1 A: Is ...anything... the matter with Dawn? She
looks upset. 1 Who / stay / at home tonight?
SA: wno i - + /I

B: She had an argument with her friend today. t\na &

2 A: I think is trying to break into that SB r V 1\

tf
4 ra A

house. 2 What / bother / Mary?

B: You’re right. We should call the police. SA: Wl CA l
** nrl KA &
r*> / V w*

3 A: We’ve got time to make a cake SB: Lruf

r~ vtruna c hnf \ K\ t f CA
\ /P r vL
K

before the party! 3 Who / watch / TV at the moment?

B: I’ll go out and buy one then. 4 Who / take / the exam today?
4 A: I’m thinking of moving to London. 5 What / need / to be typed?
B: Really? My boss has a house 6 Who / come / to dinner tomorrow?
near London. 7 What / the matter / with Anne?
8 What / must / be cleaned?
5 A: It was very busy in town today.
B: I know. There was hardly ...to park.
6 A: I suppose I should make for dinner. Fill in the gaps with every or one of its
B: I’ll help you if you like. 20 compounds, and the correct form of the
7 A: What’s on TV tonight? verb in brackets.
B: I looked in the TV guide. There’s hardly 1 The meal is wonderful. ...Everythin ••• (taste)
good on tonight. delicious!
8 A: Do you like living in Brighton? 2 The party is a great success! ....
B: Yes, but will ever mean as much (enjoy) themselves!
to me as my home town. 3 The photograph is lovely because
9 A: Did you have a good holiday in England? (smile) in it.
B: Yes. There was hardly rain all week. 4 My uncle brings me a present time he
10 A: Did you call Sarah this evening? (visit) us.
B: Yes, but was at home, so I left a 5 Yesterday was terrible
message on the answering machine. (go) wrong!

166
 UNIT 14
-
...........
6 The lecture starts in half an hour and
Pronouns - Possessi ves - Demonstratives
(wait) for the guest speaker to arrive.
7 I looked for a hotel to stay at, but
(be) full.
very - crrh '
Vÿntifiers

121* Choose the correct answer. *k -V

1 ‘Did you buy a new skirt?'
‘No. I looked in
A everything
shop in town,...C...
B everywhere
2 ‘Who is coming to your party?'
though.'
C every

»
'••K'T
5£
9 u4 <,v>

‘I’ve invited I know.'

A everything B everyone C everywhere Mary invited every girl from Each girl brought
3 ‘Have you found your keys yet?' the office to her party. her a present.

.........
No. I’ve looked , but I can't find them.'

A everything B everywhere C every Every is used with singular countable nouns. It

4 The children must have been hungry.' refers to a group of people or things and means
on their plates.' all, everyone, everything, etc.
I know. They ate
A every B everywhere C everything e.g. Every citizen has to pay taxes. (All citizens, as
a group.)
5 'Where shall I put the shopping?'
‘Put in the kitchen, please.' Each is used with singular countable nouns. It
A everything B everywhere C everybody refers to the members of a group separately.
e.g. Each member of the football team must sign a
6 ‘How often do you go to the gym?’
‘I usually go
contract. (Each person separately.)
day.'
A everything B everywhere C every Every one and each (one) can be followed by of.
7 Do I have to tidy my room?' We normally use each when we talk about two
Yes. There are clothes and toys ... i people or things. We use every when we talk
A everyone B everywhere C every about three or more people or things.
e.g. She bought two new dresses and she paid £200
8 ‘Is there a problem?'
for each (one) of them. (NOT: ... every one ...)
‘No, don’t worry. is fine.'
Tom has been to a lot of parties this month. He
A Everywhere B Every C Everything
enjoyed every one of them.
9 ‘Has Jim gone out again?
‘Yes. He’s been out night this week.'
A every B everything C everywhere

Fill in the gaps with any, every or one of

23 Fill in the gaps using each or every.

.........
22 their compounds.
1 In a basketball match • * « ... team has five players.
1 He is rich. He can buy he wants. 2 She has a piano lesson Wednesday.

............
2 You can choose dress you like. 3 The Jones’ house has ten rooms and they have a
3 Luckily passed the French exam. television in room.
4 My sister takes her dog she goes. 4 The teacher told us to spend five minutes on
5 can learn to play a musical instrument. question.
6 in this shop is half price. 5 He visits us weekend.
7 I would do for my best friend. 6 My aunt gave .... one of us a present.
8 On New Year's Eve, there was snow 7 I love this group. I’ve got .... record
9 If you have a car, you can go they’ve ever made.
you like. 8 There are three glasses, but one is
10 song I hear reminds me of you. a different shape.
11 I feel nervous. I don’t know here. 9 I think about him moment of the day.
12 Have you got you need? 10 of these two bottles holds one litre.

167
UNIT 14
Prono M Demonstratives
$$e$$ive$ - - Quantifiers

-
Kx lot oil Mud l l do.11} /

24>
Kelly has decided to make a chocolate cake,
but she doesn’t know the quantities of the
ingredients she must use. Fill in the gaps

i \i
w? •
1
2
now much .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .
with how much or how many to complete
Kelly’s questions.

flour do I need to use?

sugar shall I put in?

.............
*

3 eggs do I need to use?

9

t .
A A
I
t 4
5
6
7 .....
cocoa shall I add to the mixture?
butter shall I use?
milk do I need to put in?
tins shall I put the mixture in?

i 25L Fill in many, much or a /of of.

There is a lot of /lots of cake. 1 A: Let’s go for a walk.

Are there many eggs? Yes, there are a lot. B: I can’t. I’ve got ...a lot of... work to do.
Is there much orange juice? Yes, there is a lot. 2 A: Do you want to come in for a while?
B: No, thank you. I haven’t got ... time.
A lot of/lots of are used with both plural count¬ 3 A: Mr Brown looks very happy.
able and uncountable nouns. They are normally B: Yes. He won money last week.
used in affirmative sentences. Of is omitted when 4 A: You’ve got pets!
a lot/lots are not followed by a noun. B: Yes, three dogs and four cats!
e.g. Mary’s got a lot of/lots of dresses. 5 A: I must go to the bank today.
There s a lot of /lots of coffee in the pot. B: I’ll come with you. I haven’t got .
But: Have you got many CDs? Yes, I’ve got a lot. money either.
6 A: Have you got lessons today?
Much and many are normally used in interroga¬ B: No. I’ll be home at three o’clock.
tive and negative sentences. Much is used with 7 A: Have you seen horror films?
uncountable nouns and many with plural count¬ B: No. I don’t like horror films.
able nouns. 8 A: There isn’t coffee left.
e.g. Is there much cheese in the fridge? B: I know. I’ll buy some today.
There isn’t much cheese left. 9 A: Are there children in your class?
Have you got many toys? I haven’t got many toys. B: Yes; about twenty-five.
How much and How many are used in questions
and negations.
/TN
How much + uncountable noun amount 26L Fill in the gaps with too much or too many.
How many + countable noun -+ number
e.g. How much milk do you take in your tea?’ 1 A: Don’t eat ...too much... ice cream before dinner.
‘Just a little. ‘ B: Don’t worry, I won’t.
How many workers were fired?' 2 A: There are books in that bag.
Four. ’ B: Don’t worry. I can carry it.
Too many is used with plural countable nouns. 3 A: I think I bought bread today.
It has a negative meaning and shows that there B: Yes, we’ve already got some at home.
is more of something than is wanted or needed. 4 A; This tea is horrible.
e.g. She’s got too many books. She doesn’t know B: I put milk in it, didn’t I?
where to put them all. 5 A: Can you see David?
B: No, there are people in front of me.
Too much is used with uncountable nouns. It 6 A: I don’t feel very well.
has the same negative meaning as too many. B: Well, I told you not to eat ... chocolates.
e.g. You’ve put too much salt in the soup. We can’t 7 A: Don’t spend time watching
eat it. television.
B: I’ll turn it off after the news.

168
 UNIT 14
-
Pronouns Possessives Demonstratives - - •i'.ÿntifiers

A. lew / lAvv - A [iiiWLiiik k

I
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: y
SB: No, just a little.
SA: OU -
i r ; / nan . -* 9?
to SB: No, juet a few.

1 milk 4 flowers 7 butter

2 eggs 5 magazines 8 napkins
6 coffee
6 i
3 flour 9 bread

8? /
$P Fill in the gaps with a few, very few, a little
or very little.
Jim has got a few stamps. Ben has got (very) few
He can post all the letters, stamps. He can 't post all 1 A: How was your exam today?
the letters. B: Actually, I would have liked ...a little more M
••

time to finish it.

2 A: How do you like your tea?
B: With no sugar and just milk, please.
3 A: Are you ready to take your driving test?
B: No. I think I need more lessons.
4 A: Do you want me to bring anything for the party?
cgar sugar B: Well, I’ve got glasses. Could
\
\\
\ \
V
V-
rx I borrow some of yours?
5 A: Did you get that job?
B: No. I didn’t get it because I’ve got
\
experience.
6 A: Why didn’t Alan’s business succeed?
B: Unfortunately, he had clients.
Alice has got a little sugar. Diana has got (very) little 7 A: Shall we go shopping this evening?
She can make a cake. sugar. She can’t make a B: I’m sorry, I’ve got time today.
cake. 8 A: Have you finished your garden yet?
B: Not yet, but I’ve planted trees.
A few/Few are used with plural countable nouns 9 A: Are you hungry?
(books, plates, etc.). B: Not really. I’ll just have soup for
A few means not many, but enough. lunch.
e.g. We’ve got a few eggs. We can make an omelette. 10 A: How was your first day at work?
B: Not very good, really. I made
Few means hardly any, almost none and can be mistakes.
used with very for emphasis.
e.g. There are (very) few apples in the box. It is
almost empty.
Fill in many, few, much or little.
A little/Uttle are used with uncountable nouns P
(tea, money, etc.).
Elham is a small village and there are not 1) many

.............
••• <ÿ
••

A little means not much, but enough. houses there. There are a 2) shops in
e.g. She’s got a little money. She can go shopping. the village, but they do not sell 3)
Little means hardly any, almost none and can be products. There isn’t 4) to see or do
used with very for emphasis. there, so there is 5) chance of the village
e.g. We’ve got (very) little time. We must hurry. becoming a tourist attraction, but a 6)
people take picnics there and enjoy the peace and quiet
of a village where there is very 7) traffic.

169
UNIT 14
Pronct M -
ssessives Demonstratives Quantifiers -
liotU/ N.(rLiiuM - Ail / ko lie - HtTlCrl *

BOTH / NEITHER ALL / NONE

.9
e
*
*

\
Wk *
k i
••

••
# w

ImftoA
•%
e *
% %
* . #*
%
yz%*
%

J
ZZTn
%

ATT Jr1
4
&&
M«‘»* ,f.
o
‘

£ I
*

/y

J
, *•» >* y
Both of them live in water. All of them are wild animals.
Neither of them makes/make a lot of noise. None of them eats/eat vegetables.
Both the dolphin and the turtle are friendly animals. All of them have got sharp teeth.
Neither the dolphin nor the turtle is dangerous.

4 Both refers to two people, things or groups. It has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb.
e.g. Both cats and dogs are affectionate pets. Both of these books belong to my father. Both of them are typists.
u . refers to two people, things or groups and has a negative meaning. Neither of + plural noun
phrase can be followed by either a singular or plural verb in the affirmative.
e.g. Neither of the teams is/are of them is/are married. Neither of the boys
playing well this year. Neither
is/are short. BUT: Neither candidate is suitable for the job.
4 All refers to more than two people, things or groups. It has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural
verb. e.g. All the students are present. All of them are young. All of these pens are red.
4 None refers to more than two people, things or groups. It has a negative meaning and is followed by
either a singular or plural verb in the affirmative.
e.g. None of these shirts fits/fit me. None of them has/have got a sister.
+ Both/All can go: a) after the verb to be, b) after the auxiliary verb, but before the main verb.
e.g. They are both /all happy. They have passed the test. both /all
+ Either refers to two people, things or groups and is followed by a singular countable noun.
e.g. We could stay at the Plaza Hotel or the Star Hotel. Either place is fine with me.
Either of piu>a! noun p'ii ase can be followed by either a singular or plural verb.
e.g. Either of these two cars is/are suitable for you. BUT: Either car is suitable for you.
Wecanuse not instead of ither (of).
Either can also be used at the end of a negative sentence.
e.g. I looked at two watches, but I did not buy either of them.
John doesn ’t like coffee, and I don ’t either.
+ Both ... and is followed by a plural verb.
e.g. Judy is British. Laura is British. Both Judy and Laura are British.
+ Neither ... nor/Either ... or take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the subject which follows nor
or or.
e.g. Neither Daniel nor Mark drinks coffee. Neither nor don’t drink coffee.)(NOT: Barn
Either my parents or John ’s parents are going to take us to the airport.

170
 UNIT 14
-
Pronoum Possessives - Demonstratives-!fi<i?.ntifiers
Respond to each question using either
30 and both, as in the example. 33„ Choose the correct answer.

1 Shall we watch a comedy or a horror film? 1 ‘Why didn’t you go to the party?’
Well, we Li|
‘Because ...C... of my friends was invited.’
A both B either C none
2 Shall I make tuna or cheese sandwiches?
2 ‘Have you got any brothers?
3 Shall I buy brown bread or white bread? ‘I’ve got two. of them are older than me.
4 Shall I plant roses or tulips in the garden? A Either B Both C All
5 Shall we take flowers or fruit to the hospital?
6 Shall I paint the ceiling or the walls this afternoon? 3 ‘You don’t need to buy a new skirt. You have lots
already.’
7 Shall we have toast or cereal for breakfast?
‘I know, but of them fits me any more.’
8 Shall I get a doll or a puzzle for Kim?
A none B all C both
4 ‘Mum, did you make a chocolate cake today?'
‘Well, I made two cakes, but of them was
31 Fill in the gaps with either or neither.
chocolate.’
A neither B both C either

......
1 I looked at two sweaters, but I didn’t buy ...eiti • •

of them. 5 ‘There are some very nice shoes in that shop.’

2 of my parents wanted to see the film. ‘I know, but of them are very expensive.
3 I’ll buy flowers or chocolates for Mother. A all B neither C either
4 Bill nor Ted has seen this play. 6 ‘How many people do you work with?'
5 I have got two watches, but of them Only two, but .. of them have more experi-
works properly. ence than I do.’
A either B all C both
Fill in the gaps with both, a//, neither, either
32 or none.
A j Rewrite the sentences using both ... and,
neither ... nor or either ... or.
Dear Beth,
*i 1 John hasn’t got any money. Paul hasn’t got any, either.
Thank you for your letter. It was good to hear 1) • •aw •• j
a
••
y f*
has qot any money. ••
CP
au\ •

your news. I get lots of letters, but 2) of < 2 Marion likes swimming. Linda likes swimming, too.
i
them cheer me up as much as yours. i

Bill and I are 3) very tired at the moment. 4 \

I 3 Carol doesn’t go to the gym. Anne doesn’t, either.
He’s very busy because he’s been promoted to man¬ 4
ager of his firm. I’ve started a new job, so I don’t have ) 4 Fiona has got curly hair. Angela has got curly hair, too.
much spare time, 4) . I love my job and <
5) of the people I work with are friendly, ' 5 John will go to the shop, or else I will.
but the long hours seem to take up 6) of',
my energy. t
j 6 Claire is going to pick the children up, or else Simon
My parents are coming to visit us tomorrow. 7) i

is going to.
of them have seen the new house yet, so I’ll have to \
show them 8) around. Bill has decorated i
t 7 Colin doesn’t know how to drive. Jane doesn't, either.
9) of the rooms, so 10) 4
of them looks the way they did when we moved in. I \
hope 11) you and Toby will be able to \ 8 My sister is making dinner, or else my father is.
visit us again soon, then you can see 12) i
the changes. i 9 Ben wants to buy a bicycle. Adam wants to buy one,
r too.
Write soon. I’m looking forward to 13) .. V
4
hearing from you or seeing you soon. l
4
10 Sam cut the grass, or else Paul did.
With love i j
Chloe 4
i 11 Mary is going to take the dog for a walk, or else I will.

171
UNIT 14
-
Prono M -Fossessi ves Demonstratives Quantifiers -
A Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun.
Prepositions
attitude towards/to sb/sth
aware of sth
capable of doing sth
consist of sth
1 A: This food is wonderful. care about sb/sth difference between
B: Yes, but don’t eat so fast. You’ll make ..yourself. care for sb/sth insist on sth
take care of sb/sth cause of sth
2 A: What shall we do tonight?
B: Well, Caroline has invited ... to her
house. Shall go?
3 A: Is that Mary and Alex’s car?
B: No
4 A: Is that bird alright?
is blue. 37>* Underline the correct preposition.

B: No. I think wing is broken. 1 My grandfather is perfectly capable of/at looking

5 A: Is that your sister’s new leather jacket? after himself.
B: Yes. And those black leather trousers are 2 Nobody seems to care for/about good manners
, too. these days.
6 A: Should I leave my job? 3 Nurses care for/about the sick and injured.
B: Well, the decision is but I wouldn’t 4 The difference among/between Carl and Matthew
advise it. is that Matthew has dark hair and Carl has fair hair.
7 A: Has Adam gone out? 5 The cause for/of the fire was a gas leak.
B: Yes. I told not to come home late. 6 I didn’t approve of his attitude in/towards his work.
8 A: Is this David’s jacket? 7 He was not aware of /about the strike.
B: No, it’s . I bought it yesterday. 8 My family consists of/from myself, my parents and
9 A: Do you tidy John’s and Peter’s rooms? my sister.
B: No, they tidy their rooms 9 He insisted in/on having a telephone in his bedroom.
10 A: Where did Emily go yesterday? 10 Martha takes good care of /for her children.
B: I don’t know. didn’t tell me.
11 A: Did you get the cake from the baker’s?
B: No, I made it Phrasal Verbs
12 A: Is that my lunch?
take after sb: look or behave like a relative
B: No is on the kitchen table.
13 A: Where is Adam? take away: remove
B: is playing golf today.
take down: write down
take off: 1) remove an item of clothing (opp: put

m i Fill in the gaps with the correct missing

|word(s).
on)
2) (of aeroplanes) leave the ground

.........
take sb out: take sb to a restaurant, etc.
A: Can I borrow (1) ...some... money, please?
B: Well, I haven’t got (2) money at the take over: fill a position after sb else has left
moment, but I can lend you (3) later on. take up: begin a hobby, sport, job, etc.
A: Thanks, Ruth. I’ll give it back to you in (4)
days.
B: Alright. Actually, can you do (5) for
me?
Fill in the correct particle.
A: Yes, what is it?
B: Well, I’m moving house tomorrow and I’ve got

.. .. .. .. .. . .
(6) of boxes and furniture to move. 1 I’m going to take my parents ...out... tonight.
Could you help me, please? 2 Find some paper and take these details.
A: Yes, we can use my van. How (7) 3 Sarah took jogging in order to lose weight.
boxes are there? 4 Norman takes .... his father in appearance.
B: About twenty, I think. 5 As the plane took all the lights went out.
A: That’s no problem. Is there (8) else I 6 The new manager will take next week.
can help you with? 7 Charlie took his coat and sat down.
B: No, there’s (9) else. Thanks, Andy. 8 The dustmen are coming to take the rubbish.

172
 UNIT 14
-
Pronouns Possessi ves Demonstratives - - i f ie rs

Jteÿsion Box
QRAf,
Activity
Look at the pictures and the prompts given, and com¬
pare the two houses using both/both and, or neither/...
neither nor, as in the example.
9 mm

Choose the correct answer. e.g. Both Oak Cottage and Ivy House are situated in
P the Barham area.

A which
. lives on a farm.
1 I know someone ••• C-.
B whose C who t I
2 We will go to the restaurant .... the play is over.
A while B whenever C when
3
A By the time
4 They left early
A in order that
.....
I got home, the children were already asleep.
B Until

5 I didn’t sleep very well

C By
be late for the competition.
B so as not to C in case
the storm last night.
*
"
uiiium
r«i •*r /[<$*]
•situated in Barham
area
•have large gardens
•have garages
/

/
C as •have four bedrooms /
A because of
6 Take your umbrella
B because
it rains later.
<5: m •are on a main
- road /
A in order not to B so that C in case J*

•have real fireplaces /

7 He had much experience that they gave 1
him the job.
A so B such an C such mi
8 she went to bed late, she wasn’t tired
the next day.
A But B Although C Despite
9 She is
A such a
. pretty child!
B so C such an
xyR > T I Nr
You are an estate agent. You have a customer who

© )
Rewrite the sentences using have
something done.
you think would be interested in the houses above, so
you are writing to tell him about them. Look at the
information in the Oral Activity again and complete the
1 Jane’s shoes were cleaned yesterday. letter.
...Jane had her ehoee cleaned yeeterday .
2 Mr Brown’s house has been decorated recently. Dear Mr Johnson,
I am writing to in/orm you about two attractive
3 Simon’s book is being published next month. properties which have recently come on the
market, Oak Cottage and Ivy House. Both are
4 Cindy's kitchen window was broken in the storm. situated in the Barham area. Both houses

5 Mrs Andrews’ car is being repaired at the moment.

6 Daniel’s new CD will be released soon.

I hope these properties will be of interest to you.
7 Celia’s flat is cleaned every week by Mrs O’Donnell. Yours sincerely,
J. White
8 Anna’s purse was stolen while she was shopping.

17?
UNIT 15
Que/tf ns ana Answers
CÿuemoLiÿ wiiii LKHi <1V L V Cr fed CrSE L j* Ll01
Yey/ ISM /-UisrweLs A
•t
#

3 k

F *V Li S
4
i 4i M PTf
rx 11
TO*
y>
Fÿ

'

/sn’f a lovely place! it

‘Is she a typist?’ ‘Yes, she is.’ Wouldn’t it be nice to come here more often?
‘Does she work fora company?’ ‘Yes, she does.’
‘Has she finished her work?’ ‘No, she hasn’t.’ Negative questions are formed with not, but
there is a difference in the word order between
Questions with Yes/No answers begin with an the full form and the short form.
auxiliary or modal verb (is, are, do, does, can,
Full form: auxiliary + subject + not + verb
etc.) which is followed by the subject. We usually
e.g. Do you not like their new house?
answer these questions with Yes or No.
e.g. ‘Are you tired?’ Yes, / am.’ Short form: auxiliary + n’t + subject + verb
‘Can you drive a car?' ‘No, I can’t.’ e.g. Don’t you like their new house?
4 When the main verb of the sentence is in the 4 We use negative questions in speech
present simple, we form the question with do or a) to ask for confirmation e.g. Didn’t Kim come
does. When the main verb is in the past simple, back yesterday? and b) to express:
we form the question with did. • surprise, e.g. Don’t you know how to boil an egg?
e.g. ‘Does Marie own a house?’ Yes, she does.’ • admiration, e.g. Isn’t he a great cook!
‘Did you post the letter?’ No, I didn’t. ' • annoyance, e.g. Can’t you be quiet for one minute!

<L Write questions and answers for the fol¬

lowing statements, as in the example. 2 Write the short form of the following
negative questions.

1 Paul was tired when he got home. 1 Can they not decide where to go on holiday?
+ 4-1bey decide where to ac on
a a W&& Paul tired whe* Ki 0
aot home? Yee, he was a • •
'j
'CA
kl
J
ha
rl
••

2 They live in London. 2 Did Claire not invite you to her party?

3 She can’t play the piano. 3 Do you not enjoy watching horror films?

4 The film starts at nine o’clock. 4 Have you not finished your homework yet?

5 You had an English lesson last night. 5 Can she not go to town on her own?

6 She has got blue eyes. 6 Does he not know where we live?

7 We didn’t want to go to the beach. 7 Has Sue not done the shopping for you?

8 He should follow the doctor’s advice. 8 Did he not give you any details?

74
 UNIT 15
Questions an swers
m l [ftuCrSi’ LOLlS* • How is used alone or before an adjective/
adverb.
e.g. a) you
Howget here?'
did‘By train.

» i ¥i b) How old is Jane?’ ‘She's twenty. '

c) How fast can you run?' ‘Not very fast. ’
• how long
f e.g. How long have you been studying here?'
‘Three weeks. ’
• ow ong ago
e.g. How long ago did you get married?’
‘Two years ago. '
I 9i • he \ ofte n

\ e.g. How often does Keith go to the gym?'

‘Three times a week.
How many people are there in the picture?' ‘Three.
Where are they?' ‘They’re in the street.' • How much is used with uncountable nouns.
e.g. How much sugar do you need?' ‘Very little.
What are they doing?’ ‘They’re talking. ’
begin with a question word such as
• How many is used with countable nouns.
e.g. How many eggs do you want?' ‘Ten. ’
who, what, where, when, etc. We put the auxiliary
or modal verb before the subject.
question word + auxiliary/modal + subject
/
• Who is used without a noun to ask about people. 3 Fill in the gaps with the correct question
word(s).
e.g. Who do you want to see?' ‘The manager. '
• Whose is used to ask about possession. A: Now for the general knowledge part of the quiz.
e.g. ‘Whose is that coat?’ ‘It's Mary’s. '
1) ..M • is the capital of Egypt?
• What is used alone or before a noun to ask
• •

B: Cairo.
about things. A: That’s correct. 2) can you see the
e.g. ‘What are you looking for?' tin opener. ' Mona Lisa?
What colour hair has he got?’ ‘Brown. ’ B: In the Louvre, in Paris.
What is also used to ask about people, animals A: Well done, that's right. 3) wrote
or things when there is an unlimited choice of ‘Romeo and Juliet’?
answers. B: Charles Dickens.
e.g. What books do you like reading? (There are A: No, that’s incorrect. It was Shakespeare. 4)
many books to choose from. unlimited are the Olympic Games held?
choice) B: Every four years.
• Which is used alone, or before nouns, one/ ones A: Correct. 5) did the Second World War
or of, to ask about people, animals or things. begin?
e.g. Which is your car? Which car is yours? B: I think it was in 1939.
Which one do you like best?' 'The blue one. ’ A: Yes, you’re right. And the final question in this round
Which of these houses is suitable for a family? is: 6) ... players are there in a hockey team?
Which is normally used when there is only a lim¬ B: Eleven.
ited choice of answers. A: Correct. Well, at the end of that round, Contestant 2
e.g. Which shirt do you like best the blue or the has the most points, so he goes through to the final
white one? (There are only two shirts to choose round to play for our star prize.
—
from. limited choice)
• where Fill in who, whose, what, which, where, when,
e.g. Where shall I put these?’ 'On my desk. '

......
how long, how often, what time, why, how
much or how many.
e.g. When are you leaving?' ‘Tomorrow. ’
1 Which
••• i * t is your jacket?’ ‘It’s the red one.’
e.g. ‘Why did they leave?' ‘Because they were tired. ’ 2 is your birthday?’ ‘It’s next week.'
3 is Mary?’ ‘She’s in her bedroom.’

1/7
UNIT 15
Que*i ns and Answers
4 ‘ have you been waiting? 5 The Javan tiger, the Bali tiger and the Caspian
Only five minutes. tiger are extinct.
5 party are you going to tonight?
‘Alison’s. 6 Tigers eat a variety of smaller animals, including
6 ‘ do you go shopping? deer.
Once a week.
7 are you doing at the moment? 7 Tigers can produce young at any time of year.
I’m watching TV.
8 are you writing to?’ ‘Uncle Tom. 8 Tigers usually have two or three cubs at a time.
9 do you start work?’
At nine o’clock in the morning. 9 Tigers live for an average of eleven years.
10 pieces of toast do you want?
Two, please. 10 Tigers are hunted for sport or for their fur.
11 isn’t she at work today?
‘Because she’s ill.
12
‘About £500.
did you spend last month?

a Write questions to which the words in

bold are the answers.

a Fill in the gaps with what, which or how.

1 A: ...What... do you want to do when you leave

ri
school?
B: I’m not really sure. I’d like to be a vet.
2 A: bag do you prefer — the black one
T ft’
M
or the brown one?
B: I like the black one best. }
3 A: old are you?
B: It was my birthday last week. Now I’m fifteen. m m..
&
4 A: did you get my telephone number?
B: I looked in the staff address book.
5 A: shall we do on Saturday?
B: Let’s just stay at home and watch a video. Claudette is 32 years old. She lives in Paris, France, and
6 A:
saw first or second?
—
house did you prefer the one we has lived there since she was 5 years old. Claudette
works as a lawyer for a successful law firm, and she trav¬
B: I didn’t like either. We’ll have to keep looking. els to work by car every day. Claudette is married. Her
7 A: many pairs of shoes did you buy last husband’s name is Jean. They have two dogs. She loves
year? to take the dogs for long walks every evening after
B: Only two. One in the summer and one in the winter. work. Claudette has several hobbies, such as reading
8 A: is your favourite food? and playing the piano, but her favourite hobby is cook¬
B: Roast chicken. ing. Jean thinks this is good, too, because he gets to eat
the wonderful meals she makes.

1 •••How old Is she?

Write questions to which the words in
bold are the answers.
2
P
3
4
1 The tiger is the largest member of the cat family. 5
..Which is the largest member of the cat 6
2 A mature male tiger weighs between 160 and 230 kg. 7
8
3 Tigers are usually orange with black stripes. 9
10
4 Tigers live in Russia, China, India and South-East 11
Asia. 12

176
 UNIT 15
Questions an syvers
7 Dad broke the window.
Subject / Object 8 Dad broke the window.
Questions
9 Mother will make a birthday cake.
Bubjtflt qufMom are questions we ask when
we want to know the subject of the sentence. 10 Mother will make a birthday cake.
These questions usually begin with the words
who, Who! or which- In subject questions, the 11 Robin is going to bake some biscuits.
verb is in the affirmative form.
e.g. gave
Whoyou this ring? 12 Robin is going to bake some biscuits.

What caused it?

subject verb object

<L Write questions to which the words in
bold are the answers.

1 Wendy doesn't agree with her friend’s decision.

Keith knows Pamela. What doesn’t Wendy aaree with?. •
••• •

2 James is listening to some old records.

Who knows Pamela?
3 Sharon is waiting for the bus.
Dbjec are questions we ask when we
want to know the object of the sentence. These 4 The boys were talking about football.
questions usually begin with the words who,
wturt or which. In object questions, the verb is in 5 She has got a letter from her pen-friend.
the interrogative form.
e.g. Who are you going to invite to the party? 6 Martin is thinking about his holiday.
What did he say?
subject verb object 7 This jacket belongs to Stacey.
Keith knows Pamela.
8 Pauline was married to Nigel.
Who does Keith know?

Note: In object questions if a verb is followed by a

preposition, the preposition usually comes at the Complete the questions.
end of the question.
e.g. Who are you talking to? 1 There are two books. The one on the table is Sue’s.
is Sue’s ?’ The one on the table.’
a) ‘Which L/C?k ..b
b) ‘Whose ... .. ?’ ‘Sue’s.’
2 Steven wrote four letters.
(L Write questions to which the words in
bold are the answers. a) ‘Who
b) ‘How many
?’ ‘Steven.’
....?' ‘Four.’
1 The Petersons have bought a dog. 3 Teresa is going to wash the car.
•••Who has bought a dog?• ••
a) ‘Who .?’ ‘Teresa.’
2 The Petersons have bought a dog. b) ‘What ?’ The car.’
•«What have the Fetersons bought?•••
«
4 Kate visited John in hospital yesterday.
3 Rachel is writing a letter. a) ‘Who .?’ ‘Kate.’
b) ‘Who ?’ ‘John.’
4 Rachel is writing a letter. 5 David has taken Frank’s new CD.

......
a) ‘Whose ?’ ‘Frank’s.’
5 Brian likes this car. b) ‘Who ...?’ ‘David.’
6 Alice is going to the cinema tonight.
6 Brian likes this car. a) ‘Who .. ?’ ‘Alice.’
b) ‘Where ?’ The cinema.’

177
UNIT 15
Q u e 75ns and Answers
LicUi ed duesiioLis L VllLLlL SO /
Indirect questions are introduced with: Do you
LI Lll ol'L O-LO. SO L OlOcÿ>

know ...?, Can/Could you tell me ...?, Have you any

idea ...? We use indirect questions when we ask We can use so to avoid repeating a clause after
for information politely. The word order in indirect the following verbs and expressions: be afraid,
questions is the same as in statements (subject + believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose,
verb). think, it seems/appears, etc.
e.g. ‘Will he arrive early?' 7 hope so.
Compare: (=1 hope he will arrive early.)
a) Where is Helen?
We can form negations in two ways:
Do you know where Helen is?
io Helen?) a) negative verb + so
b) Did he phone? e.g. ‘Is she French?’ 7 don’t think so. '
Have you any idea if /whether he phoned? b) positive verb + not
e.g. 'Did you get the job?’ I’m afraid not. ’
The negative of the verbs appear, believe, seem
and suppose is formed in either way.
11 Turn the following into indirect questions. e.g. ‘Will they stay here for long?'
7 don believe so.’’tor 7 believe not. ’
1 Where’s the police station? The negative of the verbs expect, imagine and
Do you know A/rl PrA3Y v
think is usually formed with negative verb+ so.
2 Why are there no buses today? e.g. ‘Is John coming tonight?’ 7 don’t think so.’
Have you any idea
3 Who won the star prize? The negative of the verbs be afraid, guess and
Can you tell me hope is formed with positive verb + not.
4 Did the window cleaner come today? e.g. ‘Do you have to take the test again?’
Do you know 7 hope not. '
5 How much does this vase cost?
Could you tell me
6 How do they know the results already?
Have you any idea Write answers to the questions using
7 What’s the time? 13 the words in brackets and any other
necessary words.
Could you tell me
8 Are the shops open tomorrow? 1 A: Is Jane coming to the party?
Can you tell me B: • •• (No/ think). She’s got flu

2 A: Have you got a spare pen I can borrow?

B: (No/afraid). I’ve only
Turn the girl’s questions into indirect
12 ones.
got one.
3 A: Is it going to snow today?
B: (Yes/believe). It’s very cold.
1 Are there any tickets 4 A: Is Frank coming to work today?
% available? B: (No/think). He would have
been here by now.
L
1
4T, a i r
2 What time does it
start?
5

6
A: Are you going out to dinner on your birthday?
B:
A: Are you ready to leave?
(Yes/expect). I usually do.

1 I
3 How much are the
tickets? 7
B:
A: Is Mary at home?
(Yes/suppose). Let’s go.
*
4 Can I collect the B: (No/suppose). No one is
\
tickets later? answering the telephone.
8 A: Are you going on holiday this summer?
e.g. fA
yyy p •p rp
B: (Yes/hope). I’ve been saving
a Vt money since January.

178
 UNIT 15
Questions an swers
Guesi'LCU V Jill* Lial‘ LO Li

When we are sure of the answer and expect

agreement, the voice goes down in „
the question tag.
e.g. This isn’t a sparrow, is it?
$ ifa
It isn 't a dog, They are peacocks, 4 When we aren’t sure of the answer and want to
is it? aren’t they? check information, the voice goes • *
up in the question tag. i.
msr
4 Question tags are short questions at the end of e.g. This is a turtle, isn’t it?
statements. They are mainly used in speech when
we want to confirm something or when we want to
find out if something is true or not.
4 Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal
Underline the correct answer.
verb from the main sentence and the appropriate P
subject pronoun.
e.g. Karen is learning to drive, isn’t she? 1 A: You haven’t seen my bag anywhere, haven’t you/
Mark can ride a horse, can’t he? have ? you
B: No. You didn’t leave it in the car, did you/didn’t
4 When the verb of the sentence is in the present or you?
past simple, we form the question tag with do/
A: Oh, I remember. I put it under the seat,
does or did and the subject pronoun. I/did I?
e.g. John doesn’t like golf, does he? B: I see. Take the keys and go and get it.
They left for Milan, didn ’t they?
2 A: You know about cars, don’t you/do ?
4 A positive statement is followed by a negative B: I know a little bit, but not very much.
question tag, and a negative statement is followed A: Oh. You haven’t got the phone number of a
by a positive question tag. good mechanic then, haven’t you/have ?
e.g. He won the prize, didn’t he? B: No, I’m sorry. You’ll have to ask someone else.
She didn’t tell the truth, did she?
3 A: I’ll see you at Christmas, Tony.
4 When the sentence contains a word with a negative B: You won’t forget to write, won’t you /will ?
meaning like never, hardy, seldom or rarely, the A: Of course not. I’ve got your address have 1/
question tag is positive. haven’t I?
e.g. They hardly ever go to the theatre, do they? B: Yes. I gave it to you yesterday, I/did ?
4 Some verbs/expressions form question tags differ¬
ently. Study the following examples: Fill in the correct question tags and
I am thin, aren’t I?
p short answers.
I am * aren’t I?
Imperative will/won’t you? Stop talking, will/won’t 1 ‘Diana has got blonde hair, ...haent ehe...?’
you? ‘Yes, ...ehe .’ hae...
Don’t will you? Don 't talk, will you? 2 ‘Don’t be late, r
Let’s shall we? Let’s go out, shall we? No
3 ‘Julie is a hairdresser, .. ?’
I have (got) * haven’t I? She has got a bike, hasn ‘Yes ’
(=1 possess) she? 4 ‘You’ve been to France,
I have don’t I?
* You have lunch at three ‘Yes ’
(other meanings) o'clock, don’t you? 5 ‘She doesn’t work here, r
‘No,
There is/are -*• isn’t/ There is an envelope on 6 ‘They went out, ... r
aren’t there? the desk, isn’t there? 'Yes
This/That is *• isn’t it? This is Pam's shirt, isn’t it? 7 ‘That’s Mike’s car, T
‘Yes,

179
UNIT 15
Q u esiitons ana Answers
8 They’ve gone on holiday 9
Prepositions
No . They’re at home.
9 ‘You don’t like coffee, 9 charge sb for sth conscious of sth
‘No charge sb with sth unconscious of sth
10 ‘Simon lives in Spain 9 connection between die of sth
No . He lives in Italy. speak to sb about sth divide sth into sth
11 ‘Jane doesn’t look happy, 9 in connection with sth grateful to sb for sth
No
12 That film was terrible, 9
‘Yes, ’
13 ‘Beth’s got a new job, 9 17 Fill in the correct preposition(s).
‘Yes, ’
14 ‘She works in a school 9 1 There is no connection ..b ween., the two crimes.
Yes 2 Caroline was very grateful Rob
15 ‘There’s a book on the table 9 helping her with her homework.
‘No, . There’s one on the chair. 3 He charged me two coffees when I

.....
16 ‘She isn’t going out tonight 9 had only had one.
‘Yes . She’s going to the cinema. 4 The men were charged manslaughter.
17 'Sally has got a dog 9 5 They divided the cake .... two pieces.
‘Yes, 6 He was arrested in connection the attack.
18 ‘Your father is a dentist 9 7 The old man died a heart attack.
No . He’s a vet.’ 8 The lecturer spoke to the class art.
19 They used to spend a lot of time together 9 He was unconscious being watched.
?’ ‘Yes ’

Phrasal Verbs
turn down: 1) refuse sb’s offer
Fill in the question tags, then read
2) reduce (volume, heat, etc.)
16 the sentences aloud with the correct
(opp: turn up)
intonation.
turn on: switch on (lights, a radio, etc.)
(opp: turn off)
sure not sure turn to: go to sb for help
turn up: 1) (of an opportunity) arise
1 You haven’t got time to help me
/ 9
2) arrive
••• •••
3) increase (volume, heat, etc.)
2 There’s some milk in the fridge turn sth out: produce sth
/
9

3 She’s finished the report

/ 9
Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal
/ 4 Dad will take me to the airport 18 verb.
9
1 I • my parents in times of trouble, (go to

/
5 They’re coming soon •• ••

9
for help)
2 I waited for an hour, but nobody
6 You go to work by taxi (arrived)
/
9 3 Jim invited me to dinner, but I had to
7 You live in London now him . (refuse his invitation)
/ 4 This company the best
9
equipment on the market, (produces)
/ 8 They got married last year 5 She the lights and saw
9
her husband asleep, (switched on)
9 They know each other already, 6 He is working as a waiter until a better job
/ 9 (arises)
10 That girl’s very tall 7 Jim the volume so
/ he could listen to the news, (increased)
9
8 It’s hot! Can you the heating? (reduce)

180
 UNIT 15
Questionf an ewers

•Rÿlsion Box
OR Aj
Activity
Mrs Peterson is the manager of a large firm. Today,
she is interviewing Miss Lamport for the position of
Put the verbs in brackets into the Accounts Manager. Use question words from the list
19'> correct tense. and the prompts below to ask and answer questions,
as in the example.

...
1 A: If they had been on time we ...wouldnt havt where, how much, which/what, how many, why, when,
mieeed... (not/miss) the play. how long, how
B: Well, there’s no point worrying about it now. e.g. SA: Where did you study?
2 A: If Janet (not/pass) the exam, SB: I studied at Bristol University.
what

3 A: If you
.....(she/do)?
B: She’ll probably take it again next month.
(find) some money, what
(you/spend) it on?
B: Nothing. I would take it to the police station.
l
A
6
ki
1 study? Bristol
University
2 subject/study?

.......
Mathematics
4 A: She wouldn’t have invited me if I
(not/meet) her in town. 3 course/last? three years
B: Well, it’s a good thing you saw her.
4 companies/you/work
5 A: What (we/say) if John

...
(ask) about the party? for? two
B: We’ll pretend we don’t know anything about it. 5 you hear/about this
6 A: If you (not/work) on job9 see an advertise-
Saturday, what (you/do)? in the
B: I would spend the day relaxing at home.
7 A: If I (not/stop) to talk, I 6 want/to work/here? hear/good things about the

...
wouldn’t have missed the bus. company
B: Don’t worry. Another bus is coming soon.
7 you/expect/to be paid? about £20,000 a year
8 A: Politicians have very public lives.
B: Yes. If I (work) as a politician, I 8 you/be able to/start? next month
(want) some privacy.

20 Underline the correct answer.

1 A: How help you, sir?

I may/must
B: I’d like to buy a new sports car, please. Activity
2 A: You needn’t/couldn’t buy any milk today.
Mrs Peterson also asked Miss Lamport a few more
B: I know. There is plenty in the fridge.
questions. Look at the prompts and write out her
3 A: We may/must hurry up. The meeting starts soon.
questions and Miss Lamport’s answers.
B: Okay. I’m coming now.
4 A: Can/Shall I borrow your pen, please? •drive / car? •enjoy doing in your
B: Yes, of course. •speak / foreign spare time?
5 A: You will/mustn’t be late for your interview. languages? •work well under
B: Don’t worry. I’ll be there early. •use / computer? pressure?
6 A: Shall/Will I mow the lawn today? •where / live?
B: Yes, the grass is very long.
7 A: What shall we do tonight?
B: We have to/could go out for dinner.
8 A: Will/Shall you do something for me, please?
B: I’m busy now. I’ll help you in a moment.

181
 V
V

UNIT 16
/f
yV

y
y.r
r
r

Prepr/iTr *j i inking Words

i

r
f
f
/ w

r(30cJj\S\0!\ j
J OS
f
Am* I
osi'l Movesnvn’t S'

1
dentist
i
} •l
* i
tlAPp * 1

l XM>
BUS
STOP
r I
1 /

I
P -i

* m J

There is a vase on the table. There The dentist’s is above/over the travel The bus is going from London to
are some flowers in the vase. The cat agent’s. The travel agent’s is below Heathrow Airport. The bus driver is
is under the table. There are some the dentist’s. A man is walking past leaning against the bus. There is a
books next to/by/beside the vase, the travel agent's. A woman is walking man at the bus stop. He's taking some
The keys are on top of the books. across the street. A boy is cycling money out of his pocket.
along the pavement.
V \

/
V

u J

\
ITT J r \
v l

J J J z‘€
SI
ft I
u
#?
9A

s
#* l

i r k

> I\ ,w
R 329 W -J 1/
* l
f
A

>A car /s go/ng through the gateway. There are some people inside the The man is standing in front of the
The guards are standing opposite restaurant. A man is sitting between woman. The woman is standing
each other. The building is beyond two women. A woman is waiting out- behind the man. The dog is running
the gateway. side the restaurant. towards them.

7 ar '

I
*

1
*<

ry1
n i
V w M
((
7'
m
*
I IV
I %

w L t
>)
/
t? j
>
/

f \N

I
The clown is standing among the The woman is going up the steps and He ’s taking the letters off the trolley
children. They are all running round/ the man is coming down the steps. and putting them onto the desks.
around him.

182
 UNIT 16
Prepositions Linking Words -
At But, we do not use the preposition by when there is an
We use it: article (a/an/the), a possessive adjective (my, your, etc.)
or the possessive case before the means of transport.
when we are thinking about a particular point or on the train (NOT: by-tbe tram)
position. in your car (NOT: by yeuf ear)
e.g. The postman is at the door. on the eight o 'clock bus / in a taxi / on the plane / in
to say where an event takes place. Richard’s car
e.g. There were a lot of people at the party/at the
conference/at the concert/at the theatre.
in the expressions: at
at work, at home, at the top of, at the
lege, Cji. Fill in the gaps with in, at or on.
bottom of, at sea (= on a voyage), at the
station /airport, at the seaside, etc. 1 I have to be ••• t... the airport two hours before my
i i

with addresses when we mention the house flight leaves.

number. 2 Simon called while you were the theatre.
e.g. I live at 18 King Street (But: in King Street) 3 I went to visit Joanne, but she wasn’t home.
4 I wouldn’t like to be sea in weather like this.
to talk about a person’s house or business.
5 There were so many dishes the menu, I
at Joan’s (house), at (he doctor’s, at the newsagent’s couldn’t decide what to have.

.....
In 6 I’d love to stay a beautiful hotel near the sea.

......
We use in: 7 I got several autographs the rock concert.
8 Jason is hospital with a broken leg.
in the expressions: in the middle, in the sea, in the 9 Mum, can I stay Sarah’s house tonight, please?
sky, in bed, in hospital, in prison, in a 10 The weather ... Ireland is often cold and wet.
in a picture/photo, in a street, in
magazine/book, 11 My grandparents live a farm and we often
the world, in the lesson, in the country, in one’s visit them there.
hand, etc. 12 She waited the platform to see the train
with the names of towns, cities, countries and con¬ come in.
tinents. 13 I get off the train Baker Street and then
in Stratford, in Milan, in Egypt, in Asia walk to work.
Note: 14 It must be wonderful to live an island,
surrounded by water.
We use in when we are thinking about the building
15 What did you learn ... school today?
itself. However, we use at when we are thinking
16 Suki is the girl sitting .. my left.
about the normal function of the building.
17 Tony is the dentist’s having a tooth taken out.
e.g. It was very hot in the cinema.
18 After dinner, Grandad fell asleep his armchair.
(Inside the building.)
19 I lived India until I was twelve years old.
My parents are at the cinema.
(They are watching a film.)
On Fill in the gaps with at or in and one of
2
We use on: * m the places from the list.

in the expressions: on the left/right, on a platform/ the cafe, the theatre, the park, the police station,
on a map, on a
page/screen /island/beach /coast, the garage, the library
farm, on a menu, on the first/second, etc. floor
1 My car broke down on the way to work. I’ve left it
on a chair But: in an armchair

.............
• to be repaired.
« r i/ip. 3
• * •
it * *

on/at the corner of a street 2 I fell asleep today as I haven’t been

but in the corner of a room, sleeping so well lately.
go/run, etc. round a corner 3 Jackie loves watching plays. She is
now, watching ‘Romeo and Juliet’.
Note:
4 Tony was buying a coffee when it started to rain. He
When we talk about a means of transport, we use waited until the rain stopped.
the preposition by. 5 The man who stole Jane’s handbag has been
by car / bus / train / taxi / plane / boat found. He is being questioned
But: on foot 6 I hate it when people leave their rubbish
; it looks so ugly.

187
UNIT 16
Prep n ions - Linking Words
C4 Look at the picture and fill in the gaps
with a suitable preposition from the list.
behind, among, down, round, between, up, in,
11 You will see the post office on your right when you
go through /round the corner.
12 She looked along/into her crystal ball and told the
girl her fortune.
under, towards, on

Fill in the gaps with the correct

preposition.

1 There is a man standing ...at... the entrance to the

i
museum.
2 There was a note the top of the page I
was reading which I couldn’t understand.
I i
3 The phone rang the middle of the night,
waking everyone in the house.
4 It’s very tiring to spend eight hours checking infor-
mation a computer screen.
5 Yesterday was a lovely day and we could see child¬

......
ren playing the beach.
6 I can’t find the place you’re talking about
1 A boy is going ...down••• the slide. the map.
2 Two women are sitting the bench. A girl 7 There’s a new shop the corner of the street.
is sitting them. 8 Jenny is coming ... the six o’clock bus. I’m
3 Two children are going on the meeting her the bus station.
roundabout.
4 A cat is climbing ... the tree.
5 There is a dog the bench. Fill in the gaps with opposite, in, on, under,
over, next to, in front of or between.
6 There is a pond .. the park.
7 There is a swan the ducks.
8 A man and a woman are walking
the pond.
9 There is a man standing the bench.
10 There are some ducks . the pond.
u

Underline the correct preposition.

1 The children climbed escape

the wall tounder/ov
from the angry gardener. *
2 She walked quickly past/along the shops without
0
looking in the windows.
a
3 The current is very strong. It would be dangerous to
swim through/across this river.
4 She got dressed quickly and ran up/down the stairs
to the kitchen.
i
5 Fiona is going to come to the party by/in her car. Mrs Shaw has a beautiful living room. There is a

......
6 I saw a man walking from/towards me smiling, but large fireplace 1) ...between... two lamps. 2)
I didn’t recognise him. the fireplace there is a bronze plate. 3) the
7 We tried to push our way through /towards the fireplace there is a low table with a plant 4)
crowds to see our favourite singer. it. There is a colourful rug 5) the
8 There was no way to cross the lake, so we had to table. 6) the long sofa there is a comfort¬
walk through /round it. able armchair. There is another table 7) .
9 The boy got over/out of bed and went to the window. the armchair. There is a fire 8) the
10 I put the bags onto/into the table, then I put the fireplace, so the room is nice and warm.
shopping away.

184
 UNIT 16
-
Prepositions Linking JA/ords
Look at the picture and fill in the gaps
with a suitable preposition from the list. Fill in the correct preposition.

out of, along, below, across, above, at, past,

.. .... . .
A This morning I heard a knock 1) ...on... the door.
from to, ...
against, outside When I went to look, someone had pushed an
envelope 2) the letterbox. I opened it to
see what was 3) it. There was a birthday
m Ul iJJJ card from my friend.
B Tom enjoys going 1) the airport. He loves
0 JJi
4AP

in m Si? juii j standing 2) the window, watching the

ONDON
planes taking off and landing. He would love to trav-
is- 0 M STER

BUS el 3) a plane.
C Susan was standing 1) the street when
the bus came 2) the corner. The driver
drove 3) a puddle and Susan was cov-
ered in water!
D While Terry was tidying his bedroom yesterday he
looked 1) the bed and found his

................
favourite toy. He put it 2) the toy box
I which was 3)
E I sit 1)
the wardrobe and the desk.
my desk every afternoon. I keep all
my papers 2) the drawers, along with

...........
1 There is a man waiting ...at... the bus stop.
2 The bus is going London Manchester. some pens. Hanging from the ceiling 3)
3 Two girls are walking .... the pavement. the desk is a very bright light. The chair that I sit
Two men are walking 4) is soft and comfortable.
4 the street.
5 A woman is coming . ...the post office.
6 The post office is the hairdresser’s.
7 The hairdresser’s is .. ... the post office. Look at the picture and fill in the gaps
8 A man is leaning .... the lamp-post. <0, with a suitable preposition from the list.
9 A girl is standing the shop.
off, through, onto, opposite, next to, in
10 An old woman is walking ....the post office.

4 Underline the correct preposition.

m

1 Put the table among/between the sofa and the TV, i

vV I
please. )> /
2 Mum keeps the saucepans over/in the cupboard b
above/towards the cooker. fV
I -rO Y
3 I’ve already put clean sheets on /above your bed.
4 Someone hid the newspaper in/under the armchair. V ;
I,
5 Spending too much time on/in front of the TV is %
bad for your eyes. V
6 Dinner’s ready. We can all sit to/at the table. I
Vi.
7 I always end up sitting behind/between tall people
at the cinema. That’s why I can never enjoy the film. 1 A lion is jumping ...onto... the trapezium.
8 There’s a newsagent’s in/on the corner of Lowther 2 A woman has fallen the horse.
Street and Simpson Road. 3 There are two children standing each
9 My school is near/through my house. It only takes other.
five minutes to walk there. 4 The lion is jumping the hoop.
10 The train from England to France goes across/ 5 The lion-tamer is standing .. the lion.
through the Channel Tunnel. 6 The lion-tamer has a whip his hand.

18$
UNIT 16
Prepr ions -Linking Words
l:UfL'OS- iiioUb' |»|jp. lljjlg 11i Fill in the gaps with in, on or at and one
of the phrases from the list.

the weekend, the morning, 1066, Easter,

AT Tuesdays, prehistoric times, ten minutes, my
the time: at two o’clock birthday, the moment, lunchtime, eight o’clock,
the 60’s
at Christmas
holidays: at Easter 1 My favourite programme starts ...at am aI
•••

at the weekend every Wednesday night.

in the at the moment 2 I’m having a party
expressions: at present be twenty-five years old.
at dawn 3 I’m going to bed. I have to get up early
at noon/at lunchtime
at night 4 , we eat chocolate eggs
at midnight to symbolise new life.
5 William of Normandy conquered Britain
at the Battle of Hastings.
IN
6 Tim and I are going away
months: in March/July, etc. We’ll be spending Saturday and Sunday in the
mountains.
seasons: in (the) winter/spring/autumn, etc.
7 I have to work late
years: in 1998/2004, etc. because that’s the day we order new stock.
centuries: in the 21st century 8 , the hippies went to
in the in the morning/afternoon/evening peace rallies and wore flowers in their hair.
expressions: in an hour 9 I’ll meet you . Come to
in a minute my office at twelve o’clock.
in a week/few days/month/year 10 The bus leaves and
you’re still not ready!
11 , people lived in caves
ON and hunted wild animals for food.
12 I’m rather busy , but
days: on Monday, on New Year’s Day
I’ll call you later this evening.
dates: on 3rd June
specific part
of a certain day: on Friday morning (& Fill in the gaps with the correct
preposition where necessary.
adjective + day: on a cold day
1 A: It took me half an hour to walk home.
B: What? You shouldn’t be walking home alone
NOTE:
•at... night!
m m

1) We use the prepositions from i to/tlll/until to 2 A: How did you meet Sandra?
show duration. B: We met at a party New Year’s Eve.
e.g. She works from 9 5 every day. 3 A: Where is Paul? We’re supposed to be going out.
2) We use the preposition in when we want to say B: He’ll be here a minute. He’s just gone
how long it takes to do something. to the shops.
e.g. He finished the test in half an hour. 4 A: When shall I visit you next?
Our new flat will be ready in a month. B: Oh any Tuesday will be fine.
3) Prepositions of time are not used: 5 A: When is Terry’s birthday?
a) with the words today, tomorrow, tonight B: I’m not sure. I think it’s ... September.
and yesterday. 6 A: I don’t want to have my tooth taken out.
e.g. I’ll see you tomorrow morning. B: Don’t get upset. It will be over a second.
b) with the words this, last, next, every, all, 7 A: You’ll have to let me know how the meeting
some, each, one and any. goes.
e.g. He has a music lesson every Tuesday. B: Yes. I’ll call you tomorrow evening.
8 A: Are the banks open on Saturdays?
B: Yes. They’re open nine twelve.

186
 UNIT 16
Prepositions Linking Words -
9 A: What’s wrong with Sally? Fill in the gaps with out of, towards,
B: She’s got flu. She’ll be better a few through, along, past, to or over.
days.
10 A: When are you going on holiday?
B: We’re leaving Friday evening.
T

1 Underline the correct preposition. v

f J
u mi

Jeff and Celia are me r

•i
walking 1) in/at the M >
village. They often do
this 2) at/in the week¬
9
end. They walk from
their house 3) against/ t>
Gary and Anita are walking 1) •t t along... the pave-
to the park, and then i ment side by side as they go 2)
they go back again. v
**m the bridge 3) their office. They
Today, it is very are walking 4) .... a man who is
sunny. Jeff and Celia
have stopped to look
at the flowers. They *
u • r

mrnmt
working on his laptop computer. Anita enjoys walking
5) the city, but Gary doesn’t like the
traffic or the noise. He tries to get 6)
are standing 4) under/ the city every weekend and go 7)
over the branches of his house in the country.
a large tree. They
have just walked 5) above/across the small white
bridge 6) in/among the park. There is a wooden
bench 7) near/behind the flowers, which Celia likes 1 k Choose the correct answer.
to sit 8) at/on when she gets tired.
1 My uncle and aunt live . a farm in Norfolk.
•• ...
A in B on C at
2 The girl this picture is my cousin.
1
1 They moved to this town
A at
2 I found my keys
B on
......
Choose the correct answer.

1992.

the sofa.
C in
A in

A in
B on
3 There were many delicious dishes
B on
4 I met some interesting people
last night.
C at

C at
the menu.

the party

A under B between C among A in B on C at

3 It’s very dark when you drive a tunnel. 5 Jim is hospital with a broken ankle.
A onto B down C through A in B on C at
4 The thief climbed the wall and escaped. 6 She lives 37, Millfield Road.
A into B over C near A in B on C at
5 Mr Jones has a meeting three o’clock 7 We stopped a roadside cafe for some-
this afternoon. thing to eat.
A at B in C on A on B at C to
6 They are having a party .... Saturday night. 8 Dad likes to relax his favourite armchair
A at B in C on when he comes home from work.
7 There is a secret door . the bookcase. A in B on C at
A across B at C behind 9 I saw the job advertised today’s newspaper.
8 The woman walked the house and got A in B on C at
into her car. 10 His office is through the door the right.
A out of B over C along A in B on C at

187
UNIT 16
Preo£ ions -Linking Words
Liukiuc! Woie Relatives
who, whom, whose, which, what, that
That’s the ring which once belonged to a member of the
Linking words show the logical relationship Royal Family.
between sentences or parts of a sentence.
Listing Points/Events
Positive Addition to begin: initially, first, at first, firstly, to start/begin with,
and, both •• and, too, besides (this/that), moreover
« first of all
what is more, in addition (to), also, as well as (this/that), First of all, I prepared the menu.
furthermore, etc. to continue: secondly, after this/that, second, afterwards,
He 's both handsome and rich. then, next
Negative Addition Then, I bought the food.
neither ... nor, nor, neither, either to conclude: finally, lastly, in the end, etc.
Neither Helen nor Laura speaks German. Finally, I cooked the meal.

Contrast Summarising
but, although, in spite of, while, whereas, despite, even in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the whole, all
though, on the other hand, however, etc. in all, altogether, in short, etc.
Roger is talented, but not experienced. In conclusion, it is obvious that the environment must
be protected by each and every one of us.
Giving Examples
such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, in
particular, etc.
All the students passed the test, but the girls in parti¬
cular performed well.
© Read the sentences and underline the
correct linking word/phrase, as in the
example.
Cause/Reason 1 She went to bed felt ill.
short shebecause/in
as, because, because of, since, for this reason, due to, 2 It’s John’s birthday, so/for example he is having a
so, as a result (of), etc. party.
She took a taxi because she was late. 3 This car is fast. In addition to/However, it is very
expensive.
Condition
4 She phoned her friend in case/in order to tell her
if, in case, provided (that), providing (that), unless, the news.
as/so long as, otherwise, or (else), etc. 5 All in all/Although Simon is young, he is very sen¬
He took his credit card with him in case he ran out of cash. sible.
Purpose 6 I screamed when /then I saw the spider in the bath.
to, so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, 7 Some animals, such as/moreover bears, hibernate
in case, etc. during the winter months.
Cindy wrote down Mary's phone number so that she 8 Afterwards/In conclusion, I believe that all weapons
could call her the following week. should be banned.
9 I can’t help you, but/as I know someone who can.
Time 10 You can borrow my car apart from/as long as you
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, before, until/till, drive carefully.
after, since, etc. 11 I washed the dishes despite/while Sam made the
Diana did not set up her own business until/till she felt beds.
she was ready for it. 12 We all enjoyed the film, whereas/apart from James,
who was bored.
Place
where, wherever
She couldn’t remember where she had parked her car.
Exception
except (for), apart from
m *
Join or link the sentences using the
word(s) in brackets.

1 Claire cleaned the windows. Lucy washed the car.

We had a lovely holiday, apart from the time we got lost (while)
and had to ask for directions. Claire cleaned the windows while Lucy washed
•••

the car••••

188
 UNIT 16
Prepositions - Linking Words
2 He put on his coat. He went outside, (then) 6 Dogs can be obedient pets. They come to you
when you call them, (for example/whereas)
3 She started to make the dinner. He got home.
(as soon as)

4 They had lunch. They watched television. Join or link the sentences using a
(after that) suitable word or phrase from the list.

5 Susie is very beautiful. She is extremely intelligent. although, because, so, as, before, even though
(what is more) as well as, furthermore

6 Mark missed the bus. He got to work on time. 1 He brushed his teeth. He went to bed.
(although) ••
i He
brushed hie teeth before he went to bed. •••

2 She is very friendly. She is kind.

7 It was cold. We lit a fire, (so)
3 Tom is studying hard. He has to take his exams next
8 Jane works very hard. Carol is lazy, (whereas) week.

9 He went to the doctor s. He had the flu. (because) 4 They were wearing T-shirts. It was cold outside.

10 I like Martin. He can be annoying at times. 5 It was raining. I took my umbrella with me.
(however)
6 Our new house is big. It is very beautiful.

7 He put the kettle on. He wanted a cup of tea.

fL Underline the correct linking word/phrase.

8 She has a lot of problems. She is always cheerful.

Doreen is 77 years old. She has white hair 1) and/also

blue eyes. She is a kind, friendly lady 2) who/which likes
talking to people 3) and/but making new friends. 4) As
well as/ln addition, she enjoys going shopping.
5) However/Moreover, she cannot walk very far 6) as a
w Fill in the correct word/phrase from the
| list.

a) furthermore, finally, first of all, which, and,

result/due to her age, 7) in case/so her daughter takes on the whole
her into town every Saturday. They look in the shops,
8) then/after this go for a coffee together. There are many disadvantages to having a car. 1) •••First
of all •• cars cause pollution, 2)
•

damages the environment. 3) ’

.....
........
Join or link the sentences using the there is so much traffic that the roads are blocked /
20 correct word(s) in the brackets. 4) there is never anywhere
to park. 5) cars are expensive <
1 Jane lives in London. Sue lives in Manchester. to run. 6) , I think that public I
(too/whereas) transport is far more efficient. 1
•• ane lives In LU ndon, whereas Sue lives In

hester....
k jHX-krn

b) and, because, moreover, to begin with

.....
2 We decided to go to the beach. It was a lovely day.
(because/in addition) however, after that

Yesterday was my first day at my new job. 1)

3 I went to work today. I felt ill. (and/even though)

........
I was very nervous 2) I didn’t know
anybody. 3) I had heard that the /
4 Many people own computers these days. They are when I met
boss was very impatient. 4)
very useful machines, (for example/since) was an old school
the boss, I discovered that he
5 Ice hockey is an exciting sport. It can be very dan¬ friend of mine. 5) .
everything went
after
very
all!
well 6) I enjoyed my first day
gerous. (on the other hand/then)

189
UNIT 16
PreD£ ions Linking Words
I
Underline the correct word/phrase. 25 Choose the correct answer.

A There are a number of reasons for moving the busi¬ There are several advantages to owning a dog.
ness. 1) In spite of /Firstit of
the building is in 1) ...3..., dogs are obedient animals. 2)
now is too small for the number of staff working there. they come when called and can be trained to obey their
2) Furthermore/For instance, the new offices are , dogs are
owner’s commands. 3)

...
nearer the centre of town, 3) so/but they are easier very loyal animals. They love their owners and
for customers to find. 4) As a result/ Finally, the new
building is modern and attractive, 5) so that/where¬
4) ....
can be very good company.
.., dogs help their owners to keep
5)
as the offices used now are in need of repair.
fit 6) they need regular exercise.
B The play was not a great success. 1) Although/To 7) keeping a dog can be expensive,
begin with, the actors had not rehearsed properly. as there are frequent vet’s
2) As a result/Afterwards, they kept forgetting their bills. 8) , if
lines. 3) Moreover/After that, we could hardly see you want to go on holiday,
the actors 4) all in all/due to the poor stage light¬ you have to pay to put
ing. 5) Next/To sum up, the whole evening was a
disaster, 6) even though/apart from the interval, r/_ YV,
9)
}
your dog in kennels.
, I believe
when delicious ice creams were on sale.
C 1) Because of/Such as his pleasant nature, John
Rangeley is an asset to the company. 2) In addi-
tion/ln order that, he is both hard-working and
mt 5>
that, 10) dogs
are expensive pets, they
can provide a lot of hap¬
t piness.
ambitious. 3) On the his job isw -:
very demanding, he never complains, 4) because
of/since he is a truly good-natured person. r
1 A So that B Firstly C On the whole
frj. Replace the words in bold with appro¬
priate synonyms from the list.
2
3
A
A
Since B
Besides this B
Such as
In order to
C
C
For example
All in all
for instance, due to the fact that, so long as, 4 A because B wherever C as a result
while, in order that, until, apart from, that, at last, 5 A Apart from B Furthermore C To sum up
in short 6 A because B and C so
1 Jim works hard, whereas his brother, Phil, doesn’t. 7 A Since B In conclusion C On the other hand
•• im n Is I ks hard wh 1 Cs
<
//I#* 1 1 .. 8 A Also B Because C For this reason
2 I’ll help you provided I have enough time. 9 A Although B To sum up C Secondly
10 A moreover B although C due to
3 They were tired because they had been working
hard all day.
*
4 Don’t open the oven door before the cake is cooked. (26L Correct the mistakes in bold.
r T, i
S Finally, they reached the top of the mountain. r* /

A There arefmany reasons why people watch televi¬

6 They all enjoyed the party except for Alice, who had sion. 1) it is very relaxing, 2) but viewers
a headache. don’t have to make an effort. 3) Whereas, television
is entertaining 4) but there are many different shows
7 In summary, the day was a huge success. to watch. 5) Firstly, television provides useful up-to-
date information.
8 That’s the book which you gave me for my birthday.
B The tourist industry has several good points.
9 Jim is very generous. For example, he often gives 1) Then, it brings money to a country and improves
his family presents. its economy. 2) Firstly, tourism creates jobs 3) in
case staff are needed in hotels, restaurants, shops
10 I got some money from the bank so that I could pay and so on. 4) Moreover, tourism can lead to peace¬
the bills. ful areas being destroyed 5) and make space for
hotels or amusement parks.

190
 UNIT 16
Prepositions Linking Words -
amazed at/by sth
bored with sth
disappointed with sth
Prepositions
(un)friendly to sb
change sth for sth
escape from sb/sth
&€ÿsion Box
excited about sth forgive sb for sth
impatient with sb/sth happen to sb/sth
29, Fill in a, an or the where necessary.

Dear Gai I
27 Fill in the correct preposition.

......
How are you? I want to tell you all about 1) ...the... •
trip I took to 2) . London recently with my family. •
1 She was very excited ...about... her holiday. We went to 3) station very early in 4)
2 She wanted to change her car a motorbike. morning and got on 5) first train which was going-'

.....
3 The explorers escaped the savage to London. 6) journey was pleasant because we ;
lions. had 7) lovely view of 8) English countryside. •

......
4 Nobody knows what happened my London is fantastic. We visited 9) Covent •
jacket. It’s just vanished. Garden, which is 10) area full of lovely shops. I
5 My English teacher is very impatient bought 11) old necklace which was very ;
students who don’t do their homework. expensive. We also saw 12) Houses of Parliament ;
6 He was bored his work, so he applied for and 13) Buckingham Palace. We didn’t see ;
a new job. 14) Queen, though! I bought you 15)
7 He was disappointed .. his new computer present too, so I’ll give it to you the next time we meet. I /
game. It was very easy. hope you had 16) enjoyable holiday in Spain.
8 He was amazed the beautiful scenery. Love,
9 Peter couldn’t forgive Tom breaking his Fiona
new toy.
10 My History teacher is very friendly the class.

Phrasal Verbs 30> Choose the correct answer.

call for: require: demand 1 ‘That book is Jane’s.’

call in: visit sb briefly ‘Okay. I’ll give it to ...C... .
call off: cancel A she B hers C her
call out: 1) shout 2 ‘I’m late for work.
2) send for sb in an emergency ‘You apologise when you get there.
call over: ask sb who is not nearby to come closer A would rather B had better C would
3 ‘I cut my hair myself.’
‘Really? How brave! I by a hairdresser.’
A cut mine B have mine cut C am cutting mine
28
V.
Fill in the correct particle. 4 ‘That’s my neighbour, Alice.’
‘Oh, yes. She moved in last week T

2 Owning a pet calls

3 They called
manager couldn’t attend.
....
1 The police were called • t... after the burglary
was discovered.
••
O1

a lot of responsibility.
the meeting because the
A hasn’t she

‘Yes, but only

A a little
B didn’t she
5 ‘Did you put salt in this sauce?

B little
6 ‘The concert was very good, wasn’t it?
C did she

C a few

4 Emma called for help when she fell and ‘Yes. The orchestra played very
hurt her leg. A well B good C nice
5 Brian called on his way home from 7 ‘What did you buy at the market?
work. ‘I got oranges and a cabbage.’
6 Mother called the children saying it A a little B some C an
was time to go home.

191
 Revision 4 (Units l - 16)
Q. Choose the correct answer.
20 John fell
A off
21 There are
his bicycle and hurt his knee.
B around C down
... letters on the table. They’re for
1 At eight o’clock this morning, they ...3... breakfast . you.
A have been having B were having A no B any C some
C have had 22 The sea is ... in this area.
2 You tidy your room more often. A quite a clean B quite clean C clean quite
A didn’t need to B mustn’t C must 23 It’s getting colder. I think it’s going to snow.
3 I often games with my sister when I was a A coldest and B cold and C colder and
child. 24 If you are ready, we can now.
A have played B was playing C played
A leaving B leave C to leave
4 Can I have envelope, please?
25 There are many guests in the hotel. one has
A an B a C their own room.
5 The lesson starts three o’clock this afternoon. A Each B Every C Any
A on B at C in 26 He kicked the ball the field.
6 If you ... the money, where would you go? A between B across C under
A have B had C would have
27 He’s a very man.
7 I’ve got time tomorrow, so I .... the shopping if A interesting old B old interesting
you like. C old and more interesting
A will do B am doing C have done
28 They have gone on holiday, 9
8 Hang the picture on the wall the fireplace. A they haven’t B have they C haven’t they
B under C above

.........
A between
29 Are these keys 9
9 You me!
A criticise always B are always criticising A yours B your C you
C always are criticising 30 Her hair is not Catherine’s.

11 I bought .............
10 The boys are playing football
A on B in C at
Saturday.

bread at the baker’s this morning.

A so long
31 He acts
A as though
B as long as C long as
he were my friend, but he isn’t.
B as C though

....
A an B some C a 32 I’m tired. I’m not going out .. evening.
12 sugar shall I add to the cake mixture? A these B this C that
A How often B How many C How much 33 They playing a game.
13

14

15
A it
I’m not sure
A where
.....
Are these your chocolates? May I have
B ones
David lives.
B wherever
C one

C when
, please?

my bedroom and the bathroom are painted

A said
34 It’s no use
A have
35 This is the man
A whose
B told

B to have
C suggested
.. the hedges cut until next month.
C having
dog I look after sometimes.
B who’s C which
white.
A Both B All C Neither
16 It was a idea to have a party for your Write questions to which the words in
birthday. bold are the answers.
A best B good C well
17 They insisted on their photographs immedi- 1 James has written three letters so far today.
ately. ••• hasthree letters so far today? ••
Who written <i

A developed B be developed 2 We have been waiting for three hours.

C being developed
3 Paul and Tom are going to the bank.
18 James is by far athlete in the school.
A the good B best C the best 4 The baby is six months old.
19 they painted the ceiling, then they did the
walls. 5 The Browns have been to France.
A First of all B Then C Finally

192
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - 16)
6 Sally is in her bedroom. 5 They offered him a job, but he turned it
6 You should take swimming. It's good
7 Jack plays chess on Sunday afternoons.
exercise.
7 The plane took .. an hour ago.
8 Dad listens to the radio in the mornings.
8 Before you leave, take the notes from
the board.
9 Can you turn the oven please because I

0 Underline the correct preposition.

don’t want the meat to burn.
10 The police have called
investigation of the crime.
another

1 Put the bags on/in the floor in the kitchen, please.

2 That train goes for/from Leeds to Liverpool.
3
4
5
My alarm clock is into/beside my bed.
The play begins to/at 7 o’clock this evening.
The man climbed up/on the ladder to the roof.
0 Complete the sentences using two to five
words, including the word in bold.

6 There was a queue of people along/outside the door. 1 ‘Don’t forget to phone Bill,’ she said to Ron.
7 It is very dark when you drive through/behind a reminded She ... winded Rot lrl >...
j
Bill.
tunnel. 2 Joe is happier than William.
8 We are going on holiday in/at August this year. as William
9 Walk over/round the corner and you will see the park. Joe.
10 The bed is between/among the desk and the 3 Yesterday, we wrote the article.
wardrobe. was The article
yesterday.
4 It isn’t necessary for you to help me.

0 Underline the correct preposition.

have You
me.
5 I've never seen such beautiful flowers.
1 The storm was the cause for/of the power cut. the They are
2 We gave the assistant a cheque for/from £60. I’ve ever seen.
3 Mum divided the pie into/to six pieces. 6 I have got the same number of friends as you.
4 I wanted to talk to the teacher of /about my home¬ many I have got
work. you.
5 Pam threw the ball at/to Jim, but he didn’t catch it. 7 I want to become a doctor, but I haven’t got any
6 There is no hope of /for talking to Bill today. He’s too qualifications.
busy. wish I
7 Steve was concentrating so hard that he was the qualifications to become a doctor.
unconscious of/to the phone ringing. 8 Can’t you come to see me any sooner?
8 We were disappointed with/for the results of the soonest Is that really
competition. you can come to see me?
9 I can’t leave him alone. He isn’t capable to/of look¬ 9 As they grow older, they grow taller.
ing after himself. the The older they grow
10 I would like to change this shirt for /to a bigger size, they grow.
please. 10 Take your gloves. It might get cold.
case Take your gloves
gets cold.
k Fill in the gaps with the correct particle 11 He's never flown a plane before.
from the list. first It's the a plane.
12 It’s a long time since we went on holiday.
out, for, up, off, down
have We on
1 They called ...off... the wedding at the last minute. holiday for a long time.
2 This organisation stands the care of the 13 The dishes need washing.
environment. washed The dishes need
3 You must stand ... when you meet your boss. 14 The skirt is so long that I can’t wear it.
4 She called to her brother, but he didn’t too The skirt is
hear her. to wear.

19?
 Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle
be was been let let let
bear bore born(e) lie lay lain
beat beat beaten light lit lit
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
bite bit bitten mean meant meant
blow blew blown meet met met
break broke broken pay paid paid
bring brought brought put put put
build built built
read read read
burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned)
ride rode ridden
burst burst burst rang rung
ring
buy bought bought rise rose risen
can could (been able to) run ran run
catch caught caught say said said
choose chose chosen see saw seen
come came come seek sought sought
cost cost cost sell sold sold
cut cut cut send sent sent
deal dealt dealt set set set
dig dug dug sew sewed sewn
do did done shake shook shaken
draw drew drawn shine shone shone
dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) shoot shot shot
drink drank drunk show showed shown
drive drove driven shut shut shut
sing sang sung
eat ate eaten sit sat sat
fall fell fallen sleep slept slept
feed fed fed smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
feel felt felt speak spoke spoken
fight fought fought spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
find found found spend spent spent
fly flew flown spill spilt spilt
forbid forbade forbidden split split split
forget forgot forgotten spoil spoilt (spoiled) spoilt (spoiled)
forgive forgave forgiven spread spread spread
freeze froze frozen spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
get got got
steal stole stolen
give gave given
stuck stuck
stick
go went gone
sting stung stung
grow grew grown strike struck struck
hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) swear swore sworn
have had had sweep swept swept
hear heard heard swim swam swum
hide hid hidden take took taken
hit hit hit teach taught taught
hold held held tear tore torn
hurt hurt hurt tell told told
keep kept kept think thought thought
know knew known throw threw thrown
lay laid laid understand understood understood
lead led led wake woke woken
learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) wear wore worn
leave left left win won won
lend lent lent write wrote written

194
APPENDICES
 Appendix 1

Present Simple 3) Verbs ending in -I, double the -I and take the -ing
suffix.
1) Most verbs take -s in the third person singular.
travel - travelling
-
I believe he believes
4) Verbs ending in -ie, drop the -ie and take
2) Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -o, take -es.
-y + ing.
- -
kissI he kisses, I blush he blushes, I reach he
lie - Ivina
rea - . I faxI do
faxes. -
he he d J

3) Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and Past Simple

take -ies.
fly -I he flies 1) Verbs ending in -e, take only -d.
4) Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -s. believe - believed
-
I pray he prays 2) Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and
Present Continuous take -ied.
fry - fried
1) Verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and take the -ing 3) Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed.
suffix. -
play played
leave - leaving but see - seeing 4) Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two
2) Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant and take
consonants, double the last consonant and take -ed.
the -ing suffix. -
ban •banned but open opened
put - ope - ope
putting
but 5) Verbs ending in -I, double the -I and take -ed.
-
quarel quarelled

Appendix 2
Present Simple Present Continuous Future Simple

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I study I t study I am studying I’m not studying I study I won’t study

You study You don’t study You are studying You aren’t studying You will study You won’t study
He studies He doesn’t study etc. He is studying He isn’t studying etc. He will study He won’t study etc.
She studies Interrogative She is studying Interrogative She will study Interrogative
It studies It is studying It will study
We study Do I study? We are studying Am I studying? We will study Will I study?
You study Do you study? You are studying Are you studying? You will study Will you study?
They study Does he study? etc. They are studying Is he studying? etc. They will study Will he study? etc.

Future Continuous Future Perfect

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I will be studying I won’t be studying I will have studied I have studied

You will be studying You won’t be studying You will have studied You won’t have studied
He will be studying He won’t be studying etc. He will have studied He won’t have studied etc.
She will be studying Interrogative She will have studied
Interrogative
It will be studying It will have studied
We will be studying Will I be studying? We will have studied Will I have studied?
You will be studying Will you be studying? You will have studied Will you have studied?
They will be studying Will he be studying? etc. They will have studied Will he have studied? etc.

197
 Future Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative

I 1
be« study I won’t have been studying
You will have been studying You won’t have been studying
He will have been studying He won’t have been studying etc.
She will have been studying Interrogative
It will have been studying
We will have been studying Will I have been studying?
You will have been studying Will you have been studying?
They will have been studying Will he have been studying? etc.

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I have studied I haven’t studied I have been studying I haven’t been studying
You have studied You haven’t studied You have been studying You haven’t been studying
He has studied He hasn’t studied etc. He has been studying He hasn’t been studying etc.
She has studied Interrogative She has been studying Interrogative
It has studied It has been studying
We have studied Have I studied? We have been studying Have I been studying?
You have studied Have you studied? You have been studying Have you been studying?
They have studied Has he studied? etc. They have been studying Has he been studying? etc.

Past Simple Past Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I stud I dn’t study I was studying I wasn’t studying

You studied You didn’t study You were studying You weren’t studying
He studied He didn’t study etc. He was studying He wasn’t studying etc.
She studied Interrogative She was studying Interrogative
It studied It was studying
We studied Did I study? We were studying Was I studying?
You studied Did you study? You were studying Were you studying?
They studied Did he study? etc. They were studying Was he studying? etc.

Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I stud I hadn’t studied I had been studying I hadn’t been studying

You had studied You hadn’t studied You had been studying You hadn’t been studying
He had studied He hadn’t studied etc. He had been studying He hadn’t been studying etc.
She had studied Interrogative She had been studying Interrogative
It had studied It had been studying
We had studied Had I studied? We had been studying Had I been studying?
You had studied Had you studied? You had been studying Had you been studying?
They had studied Had he studied? etc. They had been studying Had he been studying? etc.

198
PROGRESS TESTS
 Progress Test 1 (Units 1-2)
Q. Choose the correct answer. G, Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.

1 Computers more and more efficient. 20 She’s never baked a cake before.
A are becoming B become C is becoming first It’s

.....
2 Paul to Tina when I saw him. baked a cake.
A is talking B was talking C talks 21 When did you order the book?
since How long
3 Richard very hard at the moment. ordered the book?
A is working B works C has worked 22 I’ve never heard such a funny story.
4 Sam to school every day. ever It’s the funniest
A was walking B is walking C walks heard.
23 I haven’t eaten fish for a few months.
5 We to Austria last winter. time The last
A have gone B went C go was a few months ago.
6 The bank . by the time I got there. 24 When did he start his training course?
A closes B closed C had closed ago How long
7 Tina while Bob was watering the plants. his training course?
25 She started learning Japanese six months ago.
A cooked B was cooking C has been cooking
been She
8 I Italian for three years now. for six months.
A learn B am learning 26 They haven’t finished playing the game yet.
C have been learning still They the game.
9 Jason Amanda since he was five years old. 27 We didn't start eating until all the people had arrived.
A has known B knows C have known before We waited until all the people
eating.
10 They . for three hours when they stopped for 28 When did you last see Christopher?
a rest. since How long is it
A have been driving B had been driving Christopher?
C were driving
11 World War II broke in 1939.
A out
12 The River Amazon
B up C down
into the Atlantic Ocean.
Q. Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.
A is flowing B flows C flowed
13 Dad •* ito work by the time I woke up. 29 Sam and Fred .. (often/go)
A is going B has already gone fishing together.
30 The team (practise) every day.
C had already gone
31 We (play) on the beach
14 My cousin works a law firm. when it started to rain.
A to B on C for 32 She (take) the exam last year.
15 Fay every day for the last six months. 33 Mr Johnson (open) a
A exercises B is exercising new shop in the village next month.
C has been exercising 34 By the time I arrived, the lesson ....
(already/start).
16 They often . on holiday abroad when they 35 I’m lost. I (drive)
were single. around here for an hour.
A went B go C have gone 36 They (stand) on
17 It's hard to concentrate . your work when the platform for an hour when the train came.
there is a lot of noise. 37 They (show) a new
A in B on C to comedy at the cinema this week.
38 Lilian (seldom/be) late for work.
18 They in that house for five years.
39 The mechanic (repair)
A have lived B are living C live my car at the moment.
19 Mary ... to Singapore at 3:00 tomorrow morning. 40 My parents (just/move)
A flies B was flying C is flying to a beautiful house in the country.

201
 Progress Test 2 (Units 3-4)
di Put the verbs in brackets into the

.......
Choose the correct answer.
correct infinitive form or the form.

1 ‘What are your plans for the summer?’ 15 They managed (open) the door.
‘I with my cousins in the country.’ 16 The boys were too tired .. (play) football.
A will have stayed B will stay 17 You must (listen) carefully.
C am going to stay 18 I fancy . (go) to a nightclub later tonight.
2 ‘Did you see Jason yesterday? 19 (walk) is a good form of exercise.
‘No, but I him this evening. 20 i went to the post office (buy) some
stamps.

.....
A will probably see B will have seen
C will have been seeing 21 Penny mentioned (go) to the cinema
at the weekend.
3 ‘Are you ready to go?'
22 You had better (phone) your parents now.
‘Yes. I in a few minutes.
23 There’s no point in (complain) about it .
A will be leaving B am leaving C will leave
24 They ran outside only .. (find) that
4 ‘What are you thinking about?’ the car had gone.
‘My holiday. This time next week i in the 25 I haven’t decided where (put) the
Seychelles.’ picture yet.
A will be relaxing B will relax C am relaxing 26 They usually go . (shop) on Fridays.
5 ‘I would like
‘That’s a good idea.’
A going B go
for a picnic tomorrow.’

6 ‘Please knock before .

‘I will.’
A to enter B entering
C to go
the room.’

C enter
27
28

29
30

31
She advised us
Joe went to work without
breakfast this morning.
He wants to know how ..
My parents let me
my friends.
They are glad
.. . . .. ..
(speak) to the boss.
(have)

(build) a wall.
(have) a party for

(be) home again.

7 ‘You had better your homework before dinner.
32 Jim would like (start) his own business.
‘Okay. I’ve almost finished it.’
A finish B to finish C finishing
8 ‘Where have you been?’ Complete each sentence with two to five
‘I went to the bank some money.’ words, including the word in bold.
A getting B to get C get
9 ‘How long has Sarah worked for that company?’ 33 Playing football near the road is dangerous.
‘She there for two years by the end of this to It is
month.’ football near the road.
A has been working B will work 34 This coat is too small for me to wear.
C will have been working enough This coat
10 ‘I saw the lightning the tree last night. for me to wear
‘Yes, it was a terrible storm, wasn’t it?’ 35 The exercise is so difficult that I can’t do it.
A hitting B to hit C hit too The exercise is to do
36 The man made us tidy the garden.
11 I’m exhausted.’ made We
‘You’ll soon get used to long hours.’ the garden by the man
A have worked B working C work 37 Talking is not allowed during the exam.
12 ‘The children's party finishes at 6 o’clock. talk Nobody
‘Okay. I them up on my way home.’ • • •• ... during the exam

..........
A will be picking B will pick C pick 38 The house needs tidying.
tidied The house needs
13 'I listen the radio every morning.
39 Saving some money for the future is useful.
‘Do you? I read the newspaper.’ to It is
A in B at C to some money for the future
14 ‘How do I get to the ice-rink from here?’ 40 The teacher made them do the exercise again.
Get a number 7 bus. It will take you there. made They the
A on B from C in exercise again by the teacher.

202
 Progress Test 3 (Units 5-6)
1 Choose the correct answer. 2 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1 They have got a huge house. They be rich. 20 Did Molly paint this picture?
A needn’t B can C must

..........
21 They didn’t buy that house.
2 you open the window, please?

....
A Shall B Can C Must
22 Sophie nas made all of these cakes.
3 The new stadium last month by the mayor.
A was opened B is opened C is opening 23 Must you write those letters tonight?
4 Jim has applied . a new job.
A for B to C from 24 I felt as though someone was watching me.
5 They are giving a CD with that magazine
25 Did someone send you a parcel?
this month.
A away B off C back
26 People say that he is very rich.
6 You walk on the grass in the park.
A needn't B must C mustn’t 27 We won’t tidy the garden this afternoon.
7 They teased Colin his new haircut.
A of B for C about 28 Cathy had bought a present for Mike.
8 Your report must by Friday evening. 29 Have you cut the grass yet?
A have finished B being finished
C be finished
9 They have given me a lift home, but they
did. Complete each sentence with two to five
C must words, including the word in bold.
A should B needn't
10 The windows once a month. 30 You aren't allowed to open this envelope.
A clean B are cleaned mustn’t You this envelope.
C are being cleaned 31 Perhaps Jane has gone out.
11 The fire went ... very quickly last night. may Jane out.
A after B out C off 32 Yesterday, we elected the new chairman.
12 Tom run very fast when he was twenty. was The new chairman
A can’t B could C can yesterday.
33 Tom wrote the poem which won the competition.
13 The bills by Friday. by The poem which won the competition
A will have been paid B are paid Tom.
C are being paid 34 I advise you to go to bed early tonight.
You

.......
14 My teeth by the dentist tomorrow should
A are being checked B are checked early tonight
C will have checked 35 They will fire you if you continue to come in late.
. tidy my room today. My mother said so. be You
15 I
if you continue to come in late
A can B must C have to
36 Eric doesn't like people pointing at him.
16 you help me with the cooking, please? being Eric pointed at
A Should B Shall C Will 37 It’s possible that they left early this morning.
17 I insist on my money immediately. could They
A to be refunded B be refunded this morning
C being refunded 38 I lost my keys while I was shopping.
were My keys
18 We were surprised ... his reaction to the news.
while I was shopping
A of B at C for
39 It isn’t necessary for you to work late tonight.
19 The test papers now. have You late tonight
A were handed out B are being handed out 40 She covered the cake with icing.
C is handed out with The cake icing

205
 Progress Test 4 (Units 7-8)
a Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘Do you like my new jacket?

u\ Underline the correct word(s).

15 I will have made the coffee by the time/no sooner

‘Yes. It’s very similar mine, actually. you’ve cleared the table.
A at B with C to 16 A lot of snow fell by/during the night.
2 ‘Can I go to the park? 17 She called me as soon as/until she got back.
‘You can’t go you have done your home- 18 He phoned to/so that ask me a question.
work.’ 19 They ran in order not to/in case miss the bus.
A while B until C after 20 We took our umbrellas so that/in case it rained.
3 ‘I depend public transport to get to work. 21 They will be in the meeting before/until three o’clock.
You ought to save up and buy a car.’ 22 You must be back by/until nine o’clock tonight.
A on B to C in 23 They opened the window to/for let in some fresh air.
4 ‘You had better to John this week. 24 It started to rain as/during they were walking home.
‘I’ve already written him a letter. 25 They spoke quietly so as not to/in case disturb us.
A write B wrote C to write 26 Check your work carefully before/ago you hand it in.
27 She is training a lot so as to/so that she can win the
5 ‘Did you enjoy your stay in the hotel?
competition.
‘Yes. They were friendly people that we felt
very welcome.’ 28 We went to the cafe to/for a cup of coffee.
A such a B so C such 29 I can’t go out as long as/unless I ask my mum first.
30 I’ll make dinner providing/supposing you do the
6 ‘If I enough time, I would visit you every day.
washing-up.
‘Don’t worry. Once a week is enough.’
A have B had C have had
7 you are tired, I’ll wash the dishes.
Thank you.’
A Because of B Since C Due to
& Rewrite the sentences using the word(s)
in brackets.

8 ‘Paul is ill at the moment.’ 31 She got up early because it was a beautiful day.
‘Yes. He’s suffering a very bad cold. (since)
A of B for C from
32 Were I you, I would ask for some help, (if)
9 ‘I got lost on the way to the theatre.
‘If you had taken the map, you . lost.
A wouldn’t have got B won’t get 33 She laughed because the joke was funny, (as)
C wouldn’t get
34 He was shy and, as a result, he didn’t make friends
10 ‘Do you like your new job?’
easily, (as)
‘Yes. I’m enjoying it it is very tiring.
A whereas B even though
35 If you don’t call me, I’ll get the bus home, (unless)
C despite
11 ‘Let’s have pizza for lunch. 36 It was very cold, so they stayed indoors, (because)
‘Actually, I would rather .... a burger.’
A had B to have C have 37 He was late, therefore he didn’t have time for break¬
12 ‘I can’t find my history textbook. fast. (the reason why)
‘I’ll help you look it.
A for B to C after 38 He couldn’t go to work because he was ill. (due to)
13 ‘What are you doing tonight?
‘I don’t know. I can’t make ... my mind!’ 39 Had he not been late, he would have heard the
A up B out C in news, (if)

14 ‘Suppose you . a million pounds, what would

you do with it?’ 40 She was tired, so she went to bed early, (the reason
‘I’d spend it all! for)
A win B won C had won

204
 Progress Test 5 (Units 9-10)
Q. Choose the correct answer.
d> Change from direct into reported speech.

1 She him that she would be late. 21 Mike said to me, ‘I’m going to a party tonight.’
A tells B said C told
2 He ran . ... the thieves, but they gotaway. 22 Are you busy right now?' Chris asked Terry.
A after B across C away
23 ‘Put your hand down,’ the teacher said to John.
3 Excuse me, could you me the way to the
bank, please?
24 Don’t move!’ the police officer said.
A tell B told C say
4 I can’t decide which outfit to wear. 25 Gillian said, ’Let’s go for a walk.’
A from B of C on
5 They to hit us if we didn’t give them the 26 Give me the box, please,’ Alison said to the girl.
money.
A offered
6 This is the man
A which B who
.......
B threatened C suggested
car was stolen last week.
C whose
27 Barbara said, ‘I’ve booked a table at the restaurant.

28 Why are you hiding?’ the old woman asked her.

7 I good morning to him, but he ignored me. 29 Lisa said, ‘Shall we go out tonight?’
A say B said C told
8 My pen has run ink, so I can’t finish this letter. 30 ‘Please, please let me go,’ he said to them.
A away B into C out of
9 If we can’t find a hotel, I'm sure Bill will put us
A out
10 Mark put
meeting.
B up C down
some good ideas at today’s <a. Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.

..........
A up B back C forward 31 ‘I feel very ill,’ he said to her.
complained He very ill.
11 She was astonished the number of presents 32 The woman sold me the car. She was very helpful.
she received. who The

. ............ .
A about B at C with the car was very helpful
12 He for breaking the window. 33 ‘I’ll punish you if you misbehave again,’ she told me.
A admitted B apologised C accused threatened She
if I misbehaved again
13 The table he bought had been damaged.
34 London is the city he was brought up in.
A who B where C that
where London is
14 He asked her she had any experience in brought up
banking. 35 ‘You took my best dress!’ she said to her sister.
A why B that C if of She
15 The security guards prevented us entering her best dress
the building. 36 This is Michael. His parents run a hotel.
A from B to C of whose This is Michael
a hotel
16 She that he was always taking her things. 37 ‘Don’t forget to take your keys,’ Mum said to me.
A complained B denied C boasted reminded Mum
17 The girl lives next door wants to be a singer. my keys.
A which B who C where 38 He can’t swim. This explains why he is scared of water.
18 The reason he left is that he felt ill. which He can’t swim
A why B who C when scared of water
39 ‘Let’s go for a walk,’ he said.
19 I haven’t heard Katie since she moved away. going He for a walk
A of B to C from 40 This is the book. My friend wants to borrow it.
20 This record reminds me .... my youth. that This is
A of B into C with my friend wants to borrow.

20?
 Progress Test 6 (Units 11-12)
u> Choose the correct answer. Underline the correct word.

1 Tomorrow’s game is very important. 16 My hair is/are too long. I must have it cut as soon
‘I know. The team training hard at the moment. as possible.
A were B is C was 17 My shoes is/are falling apart.
2 ‘I thought you didn’t have any money. 18 These scissors is/are broken.
‘Actually, I found .. money in my jacket pocket.’ 19 Claire speaks —/the Russian very well. She has been
A some B an C a studying it for six years.
3 ‘I don't like to rely other people. 20 Kate’s earrings is/are beautiful. They were given to
‘No. It's important to be independent. her by her sister.
A to B on C at 21 My best trousers is/are in the wash.
4 ‘Why have you taken a second job?
‘I need the money. I’ve fallen with my
—
22 Peter hasn’t been to the/ bank yet.
23 The police is/are questioning the suspect at the
mortgage payments.’ moment.
A out B for C behind 24 The stairs is/are slippery because they have just
been mopped.
5 That was a wonderful meal.’
25 Bob went to the/— Rome last month. He liked it
‘Yes. I’m impressed the quality of the food
because it is an amazing city.
in this restaurant.'
A about B of C by 26 Would you like a/— sandwich?
27 A/The nearest bus stop is at the end of the street.
6 ‘Do you like these trousers? 28 She has just bought a/an amazing outfit. It must
‘No. I prefer the black have cost her a fortune.
A one B ones C an 29 I need a book about the/— animals.
7 ‘I don’t like the shed in our garden.
‘Why don’t you it taken down?'
—
30 The/ moon is very bright tonight. You don’t need to
take a torch with you.
A having B had C have
8 ‘Where would you like to go on holiday?
‘I would love to go to Egypt. Rewrite the sentences using
A the B a C 3L ‘have something done’.
9 ‘Your hair is too long.
‘I know. I it cut tomorrow. 31 Jim’s dog has been treated for fleas.
A will be having B am having C have
10 ‘John is recovering from his injuries.’ 32 Sarah’s clothes have been mended.
‘Yes. I went to hospital to visit him yesterday.
A a B — C the 33 Helen’s wedding dress will be made by a famous
11 ‘Why are you so late?’ designer.
‘I was helping my brother to set his tent in
the garden. 34 The Browns’ new furniture is being delivered this
A out B up C back afternoon.
12 ‘I’m fed up my job.
35 Tom’s computer has just been repaired.
‘Why don’t you find something else, then?
A of B with C for
36 Sam’s teeth are checked twice a year.
13 ‘You are good friends with Sue, aren’t you?’
‘Oh, yes. We’ve never fallen .. about anything.’ 37 My hair is cut every five weeks.
A out B in with C for
14 ‘Yellow my favourite colour. 38 Jason’s house will be painted next week.
‘I prefer blue.’
A is B are C were 39 Caroline’s book was published last year.
15 ‘I’m thinking of a new bath installed.’
‘That’s a good idea. 40 Tina’s car is being serviced at the moment.
A have B to have C having

206
 Progress Test 7 (Units 13-14)
rv
v!> Choose the correct answer. Q. Put the adjectives in brackets into the
comparative or superlative form, adding
any necessary words.
1 By the time they came, was too late to go out. 21 Belgium is one of (small)

............
A they B it C there countries in Europe.
2 The pillows on my bed are very 22 Call me if you need any
A soft B softly C softer (far) assistance, won't you?
23 I’m laughing because Joe has just told me
3 He wrote out a cheque £200.
(funny) joke I’ve ever heard.
A to B of C for 24 That was by far .... (good)
4 Have you seen wallet? I can’t find it film I've ever seen.
anywhere. 25 My sister is (young) me.
A your B my C our 26 I think rock music is much
5 She is always jealous other people. (good) pop music.
A to B of C for 27 That was (boring)
lecture we’ve ever been to.
6 The ball hit me in eye.
28 Julie is a lot (clever)
A my B the C one
Susan.
7 I woke up so late that I had time for break- 29 Is this dress (pretty)
fast. the other one?
A harder B hard C hardly 30 This book is far
8 David is tall as his father. (interesting) the other one.
A much B a lot C as
9 I wore the
A smart
10 I’m standing
away.
A up to
.........
clothes I could find.
B smarter C smartest
the manager while she is

B for C in for
ft Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.

31 James is taller than Anthony.

as Anthony James.
11 Jane is much .... than her sister. 32 Kate likes chocolate. John likes chocolate, too.
A pretty B prettier C prettiest and Both
12 My house is very the post office. chocolate.
A near B nearly C nearest 33 Sam has written the same number of letters as Alan.
many Sam has written
13 , we heard a loud noise.
Alan.
A Sudden B Suddenly
34 Colin is more friendly than Steve.
C More suddenly
less Steve
14 James takes .. his father in looks. Colin.
A after B down C off 35 I've never heard such a silly story.
15 There is a big difference independence and the That’s
selfishness. I’ve ever heard.
A about B of C between 36 She answered the phone nervously when it rang.
nervous She answered the phone
16 The bicycles are in the garden, where they
when it rang.
left them.
37 I’ve never met such an independent girl.
A boys B boy’s C boys’ the She’s
17 She took sewing in order to keep busy. I’ve ever met.
A down B up C off 38 Can’t you shout any louder than that?
18 He made this table loudest Is that
A herself B himself C itself you can shout?
39 As we got closer, we got more scared.
19 James is very the The closer we got
A clever B cleverly C cleverest we got.
20 is someone at the door. 40 Sue doesn’t go to school. Lee doesn’t, either.
A It B He C There nor Neither Sue to school.

207
 Progress Test 8 (Units 15-16)
Q> Choose the correct answer.

1 She’s a very clever woman ?

a Write questions to which the words in
bold are the answers.

21 Paul is riding a bicycle.

A is she B isn’t she C didn’t she
22 Paul is riding a bicycle.
2 The men were walking the street.
A along B towards C over
23 Stuart goes to the dentist’s once a year.
3 She was very excited her birthday party.
A about B with C for 24 Jack stayed at Susan’s house.
4 We all like chocolate David, who hates it.
A although B but C apart from 25 She is writing a letter to her cousin.

5 I turned the volume to hear my favourite 26 I am writing to my cousin because it’s her birthday.
song.
A on B up C down 27 Katie is going to work.
6 you finished that report yet?
A Didn’t B Haven’t C Hasn’t 28 He has been working here for a few weeks.
7 We were disappointed the hotel. It wasn’t
29 That dress cost less than £30.
very nice.
A for B about C with 30 He went home by bus.
8 He was offered a job in America, but he turned it

A down B up C off
9 is Claire talking to? Link the sentences using the correct
word(s) in brackets.
A What B Who C Whose
10 I have got an interview ... Monday afternoon. 31 Jack likes football. Terry likes basketball, (too/ where-
A at B on C in as)
11 Being a parent calls a lot of patience.
A in B for C out 32 Computers are very useful. You can store a lot of
information on them, (for example/whereas)
12 do you go to the cinema?
A How often B How long C How many 33 She wore a coat. It was warm outside, (and/even
13 I was conscious somebody following me. though)
A with B of C for
34 I studied hard. I wanted to pass the exam, (because/in
14 The clothes are the washing machine.
addition)
A in B at C under
15 I will call at the chemist’s on my way home. 35 He locked the doors. He didn’t want to be burgled.
A in B out C over (on the other hand/since)
16 You haven’t seen Paul today ?
36 I love tea. Sarah loves coffee, (too/whereas)
A have you B haven’t you C did you
17 There was no connection ... the two robberies. 37 I had a shower. I went to bed. (but/then)
A of B with C between
18 I went to the doctor’s I felt ill. 38 He didn’t have much money. He bought me a present.
A due to B so C because (because/although)
19 Tony made lunch I cut the grass.
39 Simon is tired. He is ill. (however/as well as)
A while B when C afterwards
20 Dogs are very loyal pets. they can guard 40 We all had a lovely time. Peter was in a bad mood.
your property. (whereas/apart from)
A Because B What is more C Even though

208
Word List
 Grammarway 3 - Word List
A be under way cellar
beard ceremony
achievement
beyond chairman
actually
bill charity
adult
blame chase
afford
blanket cheetah
ahead
blast cherry
alarm
block of flats chess
alien
blow up chestnut
alike
blurred chew
allergic
blush childishly
alternative sources
boil choice
amazing
bomb squad choir
ambassador
book citizen
anniversary
booklet claim responsibility
announce
border client
applaud
boring cloth
appointment
bother coach
archer
bottle coal
argue
brakes collect
arrest
bridesmaid colonise
as a matter of fact
briefcase colony
association
bronze combine
attach
bully commander
attempt
burst its banks commercial
attend
butler companion
attract
by heart complicated
audition
compose
average
c concentrate
award
confused
campsite
congratulate
B cancel
contact
cast
ball contain
castle
ban contest
catering company
band contestant
caterpillar
barrel convenient
cathedral
be aware of conversation
cave

211
 Grammarway 3 - Word List
corridor display explode
cosy distance extensively
cottage distinguished extinct
cough dive extract
council dormant
count sb in doubt F
countryside drug
fabric
courier dry cleaner’s
fabulous
course dust
false
court
faulty
crash of thunder E
female
creature
earthquake fence
credit card
election campaign ferment
creep
emigrate file
crew
empty fill
crops
engaged film
cruise ship
entertain filthy
Crusader
entire fingerprints
crush
entrance fireworks
cub
environmental fishing rod
cure
equip flash of lightning
currently
equipment flat tyre
erupt float
D
eventually for a while
deck evidence fraud
decorate evil fuel
decrease excel
delicious execute G
deposit execution
generous
depressed executive
get in shape
design exhausted
getaway
destruction exhibition
giggle
develop existence
glamorous
diary expand
graduate
disappointed expedition
grin
disaster experiment
guide
disgrace expert

212
 Grammarway 3 - Word List
gunpowder innocence leading
install leading role
H instruction manual lean
instruction lecture
hammer
interrogate lecturer
hand over
interrupt lifejacket
hand in
introduce lifetime
harvest
invest lift
hatch
issue likely
have the use
literature
hay
J litter
hay fever
loan
heart attack jar
logging
heating jellyfish
loss
heatwave jewellery
lost property office
highwayman jog
lottery
hire judge
home ground jumper
M
hook junk food
hopefully mail train
huge K mailbag
human main branch
keep fit
hunt make redundant
keyhole
hurry up make time
kidnapper
manslaughter
kitten
I mature
knit
mayor
icing knock over
mean
imaginative
memo
immigrant L
mess
improve
laboratory message
in advance
landlord messy
in cash
laser beams mew
in horror
last midnight
incredible
lawn mine
ingredients
lawnmower minor
inhabitation
lay misbehave
inherit
lay eggs mission

215
 Grammarway 3 - Word List
missionary P prehistoric
misunderstanding premises
paella
misunderstand pretend
paintbrush
motion picture priceless
parade
mould print
paramedics
mousetrap privacy
pay rise
mow process
payable
muddy product
peacefully
promotion
peak
N props
pebble
protest
nanny penicillin
provide
natural resources per
public
naughty perform
publish
newsreader perfume
pull
note personality
pull down
persuade
pull one’s hair
o pet shop
purify
petrol tank
obey purse
pick sb up
object put in place
pick up
office block put one’s foot down
pie
olive oil
pipe Q
on show
pitch
open top car qualified
pitchfork
operate question
plaster
order queue
plastic surgery
out of breath
plot
out of your sight R
plumber
outdoors
poetry radiator
outstanding
pond raise money
overflow
poorly paid receipt
overlook
pouch reception
oversleep
power cut recognition
overtime
power steering record
overturned
pray recover
ozone layer
prediction rectangular
prefer recycle

214
 Grammarway 3 - Word List
Red Cross scenery spacious
redundancy schedule spare
refer to school report species
regularly scissors speech
reliable script spell
relief scrub spicy
relieved seafood spill
rent seaweed spokesman
replace security guard squeak
report see through staff
representative seed star
rescue sergeant staring
rescuer serve statement
reservation shake hands statue
reserve shed stay up
resident shell steak
response shelter steel
restore shipwreck steep
reunion shoulder still
reveal shower sting
ripe shy stock
roadblock sign store
roommate significantly storm
royal party silk straw
rubbish bin single room stream
run a business site stretch
rush of air skating strict
rusty slavery strike
slow down stuff
s smash stuffing
sneeze submarine
safety
sniff suffer injuries
sales
soapy sulphur dioxide
sample
soil sun roof
Saturn
soldier sunbathe
scared
source superbly
scarf
space surface
scary

215