Unit - 2: Advanced Concrete and Composite Reinforcement
Unit - 2: Advanced Concrete and Composite Reinforcement
Unit - 2: Advanced Concrete and Composite Reinforcement
Ar.R. Sangamithirai
ADV ANCED CONCRETE AND
COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT
Types of advanced concrete and its applications.
Workability and mechanical properties, durability and reliability of advanced
concrete materials.
Manufacturing and application in buildings.
Bendable concrete,
Light transmitting concrete,
Translucent concrete,
Pervious concrete,
Eco-cement, etc.,
Introduction to manufacture, types, properties and performance of new
reinforcement (வலுவூட்டல் ) materials in concrete –
Aramid fibres,
Bio-steel,
Carbon (Graphite) Fibres and
Fibre glass etc.
Concrete
Concrete is the most widely-used composite (combination) material in the
construction industry.
A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical
and chemical properties.
It is durable, weather-resistant, environmentally neutral and economicallyaffordable.
Concrete
Cement
Water Aggregate (Portland)
Life Cycle Energy System boundaries for life cycle energy analysis
Role of the concrete industry
Concrete to be the most used construction materials is mainly attributable to the fact
that concrete as awhole, is made based on rocks and minerals that are mostly
abundant and available in sufficient quantity everywhere.
Millions of tons of waste concrete are generated every year around the
world due to following reasons.
Demolition of old structure
Destruction of buildings and structures due to earthquakes and wars.
Removal of useless concrete from structures, buildings, road pavements
etc.
Waste concrete generated due to concrete cube and cylinder cube
and cylinder testing, destructive methods of testing of existing structures
etc.
Cement Substitutes:
Cement is the key component of concrete that binds the other components
together and gives the composite its strength. Some of the substitutes used
are:
Probably the greatest success story in this regard is of condensed silica fume
(a by product of semi- conductor industry)
Types of Advanced Concrete and its application
High PerformanceConcrete
Light Transmitting Concrete
Translucent oncrete
Pervious Concrete
Aerated Concrete
Floating Concrete
Bendable concrete
Eco-cement
What is Ultra High Performance Concrete ?
LIMITATIONS
Manufactured and must be placed carefully
(allowable stress design discourages the use of high-strengthconcrete)
Extended quality control is required (High quality materials must be used)
Experienced supervision. (High-strength concrete must meet high-
performance standards consistently in order for it to beeffective)
WORKABILITY
Very Good
Pumped very well
Without segregation and voids.
SETTING TIME
Depends on application
Water reducing admixtures
DURABILITY
The permeability of concrete is a key factor influencing the durability
of concrete. Concrete permeability is dependent on permeability of each
constituent material and its geometric arrangement.
The permeability of cement paste is primarily related to pore structure,
which includes porosity, pore size and connectivity; while pore structure is a
function of the water to-cement ratio and the degree of hydration.
DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
low permeability
steel protected
abrasion resistance
LA GRANDE ARCH ,PARIS
PETRONAS TOWER
2. LIGHT-TRANSMITTING CONCRETE
Light transmitting concrete(litracon) is a concrete based building material
having light transmissive property.
Light-transmissive property is mainly due to uniform distribution Optical Fibers
throughout its body. It is also known to be transparent concrete.
It is availableas prefabricated building blocks and panels.
HISTORY
In 2001 the idea of transparent concrete was put forward by Hungarian
architect Aron Losonzi.
Successfully produced the first transparent concrete block in2003, named
LiTraCon.
PRINCIPLE
MATERIAL PERFORMANCE
Concrete retains its strength
Frost and de-icing salt resistant.
Fire protection.
Highest UV resistance.
APPLICATIONS :
In furniture
Light sidewalks at night.
Illuminating speed bumps
Energy saving
Good aesthetical view to
the building.
Concrete is verycostly
Skilled labour needed.
4.PERVIOUS CONCRETE:
Pervious pavement is a cement-based concrete product that has a
porous structure which allows rainwater to pass directly through the
pavement and into the soil naturally. This porosity is achieved without
compromising the strength, durability, or integrity of the concrete
structure itself.
The pavement is comprised of a special blend of Portland Cement, coarse
aggregate rock, and water.
Pervious concrete sometimes referred to as “no-fines concrete,” is a mixture
of hydraulic cement, coarse aggregate of smaller size, admixtures and
water.
Pervious concrete allows the water to percolate through the concrete
into the sub-base and recharge the underground water level.
Typically, pervious concrete does not contain any sand and its air void
content varies between 15 and 30%.
Typical composition of Pervious Concrete:
AP P L I CAT I O N S :
Environmental
• Reduces the size and sometimes the need for stormwater runoffs
• Recharges the ground water level
• Allows for the natural treatment of polluted water by soil filtration
• Reduces risk of flooding and top soil wash away
• Improves the qualityof landscaping and reduces the need for watering.
S afety
Economics
Residential Constructions
Commercial Constructions
Institutional Constructions
Hotels and Hospitals
Multi-storied Constructions
Industrial Constructions
Other properties :
Low weight results in easy handling and rapid laying by the mason
Pest Resistant
Water resistance
Speed construction
Does not rot, warp and rust
6. FLOATING CONCRETE:
PROPERTIES
AP P L I CAT I O NS
Earthquake resistance building:
Concrete canvas(USED IN MIITARY AREAS)
For roads & bridges: (NO NEED OF JOINTS)
Concrete
canvas
Concrete sets in 24
hours, Durable for 10
years.
Concrete Canvas Ltd
costs around $23-60
per square meter,
The flexible concrete has the ability to bend like a metal.
It is more Stronger, more durable, and lasts longer than conventional
concrete.
It has a self-healing property that is it can heal itself by using carbon dioxide
and rainwater.
It is not brittle like a glass.
It is more resistant to cracking.
It does not emit that amount of harmful gases as compared to conventional
concrete.
The flexible concrete is approx. 20-40 percentlighter.
The use of steel reinforcement is reduced and can be eliminated.
It reduces the cost of the project.
It can be used as precast concrete.
•Produces cement appropriate for a variety of uses due to its stable quality,
•Makes contaminants in municipal waste harmless,
•Is an excellent Zero-Emission production process.
•Is equipped with a perfect environmental protection system including heavy metal
recovery and flue gas purification.
•Prolongs the life of precious landfill sites and greatly contributes to the Resources
Recycling Society.
Process flow
To prevent cement clinker(residues) from heavy metal contamination,
heavy metals contained in municipal incineration ash are maximally
separated from the chimney gas stream in the form of metal chloride.
Separated metal chlorides are concentrated and purified to the extent
that they can be reprocessed as useful metals in refineries.
In this way, the Ecocement process saves precious metal resources
and at the same time, realizes enhanced environmental protection.
Traces of residual heavy metals are melted into clinker, but are harmless
because they are all fixed in clinker crystals
9. Aramid Fibers
Fibers are often the only reinforcement choice for
thin members or members that are too
complicated for rebar.
Fibers are a great tool to reduce cracking and
increase toughness.
Aramid fiber
Chemical properties: All aramids contain amide links that are hydrophilic.
(having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water).
However, not all aramid products absorb moisture the same.
Also, the aromatic nature of para-aramid is responsible for oxidative
reactions when exposed to UV light, that leads to a change in color
and loss of some strength.
Thermal properties: Aramid fibers do not melt in the conventional
sense but decompose simultaneously.
Aramids show high crystallinity which results in negligible shrinkage
at high temperature.
Mechanical properties: High strength is a result of its aromatic and amide
group and high crystallinity.
Aramid retains strength and modulus at temperatures as high as 300
degrees Celcius. It behaves elastically under tension. When it comes to
severe bending, it shows non-linear plastic deformation.
Aramid general characteristics are:
High strength
Resistance to absorption
Resistance to organic solvent, good chemical resistance
No conductivity
No melting point
Low flammability
Excellent heat, and cut resistance
Sensitive to acids and ultraviolet radiation
APPLICATIONS Aramid fiber applications are divided into two categories:
Reinforcement in composites like sport goods, aircraft,
military vehicles and many other.
Fabrics in clothing such as fire protection clothes or
bullet proof vests.
Although every application meets its own
requirements, almost all of them share aramid's major
characteristics:
High strength, high modulus, high toughness, thermal
dimensionality stability, low creep and light weight
ARAMID IN COMPOSITES
In a world where lightweight and durable
composites are increasingly replacing
conventional materials, aramid and para-aramid
fibers play an important role.
They are essential for reinforcing composites
where weight reduction and excellent damage
tolerance are required.
Many different kinds of composite goods are
reinforced with aramid because of the strength,
stiffness and dimensional stability of laminates that
contain it..
• Aramid main advantages are high strength and low weight.
• Like graphite, it has a slightly negative axial coefficient of thermal
expansion, which means aramid laminates can be made thermally stable
in dimensions.
• Unlike graphite, it is very resistant to impact and abrasiondamage.
• It can be made waterproof when combined with other materials like epoxy.
• It can be used as a composite with rubber retaining its flexibility.
• High tensile modulus and low breakage elongation.
Spider silk incredibly tough and its stronger by weight than steel {five
times stronger steel of the same diameter}.
Spider silk is a strong and the toughest man made polymer.
Finer than the human hair.
Spider silk – very elastic and capture silk {sticky silk for catching prey}
remains unbroken after being stretched 2 to 4 times its original length.
Water proof than silkworm silk.
Fiberglass comes in various forms to suite various applications, the major ones
being:
Fiberglass Tape:
Fiberglass tapes are made up of glass fiber yarns and are known for their
thermal insulation properties. This form of fiberglass finds wide applications in
wrapping vessels, hot pipelines, and the likes.
Fiberglass Cloth:
Fiberglass cloth is smooth and is available in various variants like glass fiber
yarns and glass filament yarns. It is widely used as heat shields, in fire curtains
and others.
Fiberglass Rope:
Ropes are braided (edged) from glass fiber yarns and are used for packing
purposes.
APPL IC ATION OF FIBRE G L A S S
Beverage industry:
Fiberglass grating is used in many areas like bottling lines and in brew houses.
Car washes:
Recently, fiberglass grating is greatly used for rust resistance and to give a
contrast color to areas that previously looked forbidden. It brightens the
inside of the carwash tunnel making the car look cleaner than it was.
Chemical industry:
In this industry, the fiberglass grating is used for anti-slip safety feature of the
embedded grit surface and the chemically resistant feature of different resin
compounds. The chemicals being used are matched with the resins.
Cooling towers:
Since cooling towers are always wet, they have to be protected from rust,
corrosion, and other safety issues. Due to the excellent properties of
fiberglass, it is used in these towers as screening to keep people and animals
away from the danger zones.
Food processing:
In the chicken and beef processing plants, fiberglass grating (HARSH) is used
for slip resistance and for holding up to blood which is corrosive. Most of the
areas of food processing also use fiberglass as other grating materials are not
suitable.
Manufacturing :
The embedded grit surface of fiberglass grating ensures slip resistance in the
areas that are wet or in places where hydraulic fluids or oils are present.
Fountains and aquariums:
All sizes of fountains and aquariums use fiberglass to support rocks to help in
circulation and filtering from under the rocks. In large public fountains,
fiberglass grating is used to protect spray headers and lights from getting
damaged. This also keeps people from drowning in the fountains.
Glass Fiber reinforced
concrete
Metals and mining :
Fiberglass grating is used in electronic refining areas prone to chemical
corrosion. Other grating materials cannot be used here.
Power generation :
Many areas of the power generation industry like tank farms, scrubbers, and
others use fiberglass. The reason for this is the non- conductive property of
fiberglass.
Plating plants :
This application uses fiberglass grating due to the anti-slip property of the
surface.
Automotive industry:
Fiberglass is extensively used in automobile industry. Almost every car has
fiberglass components and body kits.
Aerospace & Defense:
Fiberglass is used to manufacture parts for both military and civilian
aerospace industry including test equipment, ducting, enclosures, and
others.
12. CARBON FIBRE:
Carbon fibers (alternatively CF, graphite fiber) are fibers about 5-10
micrometers in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.
The strongest demand for carbon fiber come from aircraft and aerospace,
wind energy, as well as the automotive industry with optimized resin systems.
Carbon fiber can have higher cost than other materials which has been one
of the limiting factors of adoption. In a comparison between steel and
carbon fiber materials for automotive materials, carbon fiber may be 10- 12x
more expensive.
Composite materials Carbon fiber most notably used to reinforce composite
materials, particularly the class of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite
reinforced polymers.