2009
2009
2009
Editor’s Foreword
The Military Balance 2009 is a comprehensive and independent There have been calls for an enhanced international presence
assessment of the military capabilities and defence economics to supplement the existing UN force, which has proven ill-
of 170 states; it also functions as a reference work on develop- equipped to address the challenges in the east of the country.
ments in global military and security affairs. Meanwhile, the UN–African Union Hybrid Mission in the
As in recent editions there is focus on remaining opera- Darfur Region of Sudan continued to be under strength, as
tions in Iraq, notably the impact of the ‘surge’ of US troops and did the AU force further east in Somalia. Ethiopian forces
the Status of Forces Agreement signed by the US and Iraq in remained in Somalia in support of the Transitional Federal
November 2008. The number of coalition partners in Iraq is due Government and, as of late 2008, insecurity prevailed in large
to fall further towards the end of 2008. Some are considering portions of the country. Piracy has dominated international
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whether to boost participation in Afghanistan. The Military perceptions of Somalia in the last year. While a number of
Balance discusses counter-insurgency efforts in that country warships have been despatched to the region to try to ensure
and the drive to improve the capacity of its security forces. The free passage for shipping, the coordination of such deploy-
activities of the NATO-led International Security Assistance ments, their rules of engagement and the legal environment
Force (ISAF) have expanded in the year, and ISAF troops are governing actions against pirates remained uncertain.
now tasked with interdicting drug traffickers and the destruc- In the United States, the incoming Obama administration
tion of opium factories. After defeats in open combat, insur- faces a raft of defence issues. While Afghanistan and Iraq will
gents established bases in areas where there was a smaller undoubtedly preoccupy the administration, other matters will
international presence and have continued to target perceived be pressing, such as decisions on equipment programmes, the
areas of weakness, such as the Afghan National Police. With a issue of force readiness and the strain on personnel of eight
presidential election scheduled to take place in 2009, delivering years of combat. Furthermore, it will be up to the new admin-
the security necessary to enable a credible election process will istration to set the Pentagon’s long-term priorities, such as
be of importance for the international forces. whether counter-insurgency and other missions contributing
As NATO marks its 60th anniversary in 2009, tensions remain to the ‘long war’ on terror will be at the centre of planning.
over burden-sharing in Afghanistan. Although the Alliance has The Pentagon, still led by Robert Gates, will have to consider
been able to secure increased commitments from its members such issues within the context of an economic crisis that will
during 2008, there is a growing need for Allies to collectively inevitably call into question the level of defence spending.
improve their efforts to define mission objectives, and criteria The effects of the banking crisis (that developed into an
for success. Meanwhile, 2008 also forced NATO to re-examine economic crisis) will have an impact on defence establish-
its expansion programme in the light of the sharp conflict ments around the world, not just in the US. Nations that
between Russia and aspirant-member Georgia. The conflict have spent considerable sums on foreign operations and
highlighted a number of capability gaps among the Russian expensive equipment programmes will find future mili-
forces deployed to Georgia, as well as obvious strengths. tary budgets pressured by the need to spend more on other
In East Asia, China’s military focus during 2008 was domestic priorities; nations that had funded defence expen-
on dealing with natural disasters, safeguarding the Beijing ditures through buoyant commodity export prices will
Summer Olympic Games and assisting in containing internal witness a fall in available revenues; and nations that based
unrest. The responses to the January storms and May earth- their public finances on other export sectors will also see a fall
quake in Sichuan province demonstrated that the PLA’s efforts in revenues as customer demand tails off. However, a poten-
to transform itself into a force capable of mobility and rapid tial positive aspect of these stringencies is that nations may
response clearly had some way to go. The PLA’s reputation be more willing to cooperate on operational deployments
was enhanced by positive and extensive media and Internet and procurement programmes, in a bid to reduce duplica-
coverage of its role in these crises; the PLA introduced a media tion. If 2008 is a guide, it is unlikely that the range of missions
spokesperson for the first time during the earthquake-recovery nations undertake, or the multiplicity of threats they face will
operations. However, there continued to be concern, especially diminish; while the long-term consequences of the banking
in the United States, about a general lack of transparency and crisis on public finances are not yet clear, how governments
the consequent difficulty in assessing PLA developments. move to balance these competing priorities will be of prime
Conflict continues to dominate the defence and secu- importance in the year ahead.
rity debate in Africa. Violence in the Democratic Republic of James Hackett
Congo has led to the displacement of over 250,000 civilians. Editor, The Military Balance
The Military Balance 2009
Preface
The Military Balance is updated each year to provide an accu- The data presented each year reflect judgements based on
rate assessment of the military forces and defence expen- information available to the IISS at the time the book is compiled.
ditures of 170 countries. Each edition contributes to the Where information differs from previous editions, this is mainly
provision of a unique compilation of data and information because of changes in national forces, but it is sometimes because
enabling the reader to discern trends through the examina- the IISS has reassessed the evidence supporting past entries.
tion of editions back as far as 1959. The data in the current An attempt is made to distinguish between these reasons for
edition are according to IISS assessments as at November change in the text that introduces each regional section, but care
2008. Inclusion of a territory, country or state in The Military must be taken in constructing time-series comparisons from
Balance does not imply legal recognition or indicate support information given in successive editions.
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for any government. In order to interpret the data in the country entries
correctly, it is essential to read the explanatory notes begin-
General arrangement and contents ning on page 7.
The Editor’s Foreword contains a summary of the book and The large quantity of data in The Military Balance has been
general comment on defence matters. compressed into a portable volume by the extensive employ-
Part I of The Military Balance comprises the regional trends, ment of abbreviations. An essential tool is therefore the
military capabilities and defence economics data for coun- alphabetical index of abbreviations for data sections, which
tries grouped by region. Thus North America includes the appears at the back of the book.
US and Canada. Regional groupings are preceded by a short
introduction describing the military issues facing the region. Attribution and acknowledgements
There are essays on UN peacekeeping and defence industries The International Institute for Strategic Studies owes no alle-
in the Asia-Pacific region. There are tables depicting aspects giance to any government, group of governments, or any
of defence activity including selected major training exer- political or other organisation. Its assessments are its own,
cises, non-UN and UN multinational deployments, total US based on the material available to it from a wide variety of
aircraft holdings, international defence expenditure, and the sources. The cooperation of governments of all listed coun-
international arms trade. tries has been sought and, in many cases, received. However,
Part II contains information on selected non-state groups some data in The Military Balance are estimates.
with an essay detailing trends in non-state activity in 2008. Care is taken to ensure that these data are as accurate and
Part III comprises reference material. free from bias as possible. The Institute owes a considerable
There are maps showing selected deployments in Iraq, debt to a number of its own members, consultants and all
Afghanistan, Chad and the Central African Republic, as well those who help compile and check material. The Director-
as Georgia, NATO’s membership and partnership and coop- General and staff of the Institute assume full responsibility
eration arrangements, and anti-piracy activities off Somalia. for the data and judgements in this book. Comments and
The loose Chart of Conflict is updated for 2008 to show suggestions on the data and textual material contained
data on recent and current armed conflicts, including fatali- within the book are welcomed and should be communicated
ties and costs. to the Editor of The Military Balance at: IISS, 13–15 Arundel
Street, London WC2R 3DX, UK. Suggestions on the style and
Using The Military Balance method of presentation are also much appreciated.
The country entries in The Military Balance are an assess- Readers may use data from The Military Balance without
ment of the personnel strengths and equipment holdings applying for permission from the Institute on condition
of the world’s armed forces. Qualitative assessment is that the IISS and The Military Balance are cited as the source
enabled by relating data, both quantitative and economic, to in any published work. However, applications to repro-
textual comment. The strengths of forces and the numbers duce portions of text, complete country entries, maps or
of weapons held are based on the most accurate data avail- complete tables from The Military Balance must be referred
able or, failing that, on the best estimate that can be made. to the publishers. Prior to publication, applications should
In estimating a country’s total capabilities, old equipment be addressed to: Taylor and Francis, 4 Park Square, Milton
may be counted where it is considered that it may still be Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, with a copy to the Editor
deployable. of The Military Balance.
The Military Balance 2009
Explanatory Notes
stated; billion (bn) signifies , million (m). Footnotes The ‘Active’ total comprises all servicemen and women
particular to a country entry or table are indicated by on full-time duty (including conscripts and long-term
leers, while those that apply throughout the book are assignments from the Reserves). When a gendarmerie
marked by symbols (* for training aircraft counted by or equivalent is under control of the MoD, they may
the IISS as combat-capable, and † where serviceability be included in the active total. Under the heading
of equipment is in doubt). A list of abbreviations for ‘Terms of Service’, only the length of conscript service
the data sections appears in the reference section (page is shown; where service is voluntary there is no entry.
!). ‘Reserve’ describes formations and units not fully
manned or operational in peacetime, but which can
COUNTRY ENTRIES be mobilised by recalling reservists in an emergency.
Unless otherwise indicated, the ‘Reserves’ entry
Information on each country is shown in a standard includes all reservists commied to rejoining the armed
format, although the differing availability of informa- forces in an emergency, except when national reserve
tion and differences in nomenclature result in some vari-
service obligations following conscription last almost
ations. Country entries include economic, demographic
a lifetime. The Military Balance bases its estimates of
and military data. Population aggregates are based on
effective reservist strengths on the numbers available
the most recent official census data or, in their absence,
within five years of completing full-time service, unless
demographic statistics taken from the US Census
there is good evidence that obligations are enforced for
Bureau. Data on ethnic and religious minorities are also
longer. Some countries have more than one category of
provided in some country entries. Military data include
‘Reserves’, often kept at varying degrees of readiness.
manpower, length of conscript service where relevant,
Where possible, these differences are denoted using the
outline organisation, number of formations and units
and an inventory of the major equipment of each service. national descriptive title, but always under the heading
This is followed, where applicable, by a description of of ‘Reserves’ to distinguish them from full-time active
the deployment of each service. Details of national forces forces.
stationed abroad and of foreign forces stationed within
the given country are also detailed. Other forces
Many countries maintain paramilitary forces whose
training, organisation, equipment and control suggest
ARMS PROCUREMENTS AND DELIVERIES
they may be used to support or replace regular military
Tables at the end of the regional texts show selected arms forces. These are listed, and their roles described, after
procurements (contracts and, in selected cases, contracts the military forces of each country. Their manpower is
involved in major development programmes) and deliv- not normally included in the Armed Forces totals at the
eries listed by country buyer, together with additional start of each entry. Home Guard units are counted as
information including, if known, the country supplier, paramilitary. Where paramilitary groups are not on full-
cost, prime contractor and the date on which the first time active duty, ‘(R)’ is added after the title to indicate
delivery was due to be made. While every effort has that they have reserve status.
8 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
then alphabetically. This year the IISS has added to its detail deployments of troops and military observers and,
analysis by producing a brief essay on trends in non- where available, the role and equipment of deployed
state activity. units; tables %! and %& in the country-comparisons
section constitute fuller listings of UN and non-UN
Equipment deployments, including of police and civilian personnel.
Quantities are shown by function and type, and represent In these tables, deployments are detailed by mission, by
what are believed to be total holdings, including active region, and with the largest troop contributing country
and reserve operational and training units and ‘in store’ at the head of the list.
To aid comparison between fleets, the following definitions, which do not necessarily conform to national definitions,
are used:
Submarines. All vessels equipped for military operations and designed to operate primarily below the
surface. Those vessels with submarine-launched ballistic missiles are also listed separately under
‘Strategic Nuclear Forces’.
Principal Surface Combatant. This term includes all surface ships with both , tonnes full-load
displacement and a weapons system for purposes other than self-protection. All such ships are
assumed to have an anti-surface-ship capability. They comprise aircraft carriers (defined below);
cruisers (over 0, tonnes) and destroyers (less than 0, tonnes), both of which normally have an
anti-air role and may also have an anti-submarine capability; and frigates (less than 0, tonnes),
which normally have an anti-submarine role. Only ships with a flight deck that extends beyond two-
thirds of the vessel’s length are classified as aircraft carriers. Ships with shorter flight decks are shown
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as helicopter carriers.
Patrol and Coastal Combatants. These are ships and craft whose primary role is protecting a state’s sea
approaches and coastline. Included are corvees (!–,! tonnes with an aack capability), missile
craft (with permanently fied missile-launcher ramps and control equipment) and torpedo craft (with
anti-surface-ship torpedoes). Ships and craft that fall outside these definitions are classified as ‘patrol’
and divided into ‘offshore’ (over ! tonnes), ‘coastal’ (!–! tonnes), ‘inshore’ (less than ! tonnes)
and ‘riverine’. The prefix ‘fast’ indicates that the ship’s speed can be greater than % knots.
Mine Warfare. This term covers surface vessels configured primarily for mine laying or mine counter-
measures (such as mine-hunters, minesweepers or dual-capable vessels). They are further classi-
fied into ‘offshore’, ‘coastal’, ‘inshore’ and ‘riverine’ with the same tonnage definitions as for ‘patrol’
vessels shown above.
Amphibious. This term includes ships specifically procured and employed to disembark troops and their
equipment onto unprepared beachheads by such means as landing craft, helicopters or hovercraft, or
directly supporting amphibious operations. The term ‘Landing Ship’ (as opposed to ‘Landing Craft’)
refers to vessels capable of an ocean passage that can deliver their troops and equipment in a fit
state to fight. Vessels with an amphibious capability but not assigned to amphibious duties are not
included. Amphibious craft are listed at the end of each entry.
Support and Miscellaneous. This term covers auxiliary military ships. It covers four broad categories:
‘underway support’ (e.g., tankers and stores ships), ‘maintenance and logistic’ (e.g., sealift ships),
‘special purposes’ (e.g., intelligence-collection ships) and ‘survey and research’ ships.
Merchant Fleet. This category is included in a state’s inventory when it can make a significant contribu-
tion to the state’s military sealift capability.
Weapons Systems. Weapons are listed in the following order: land-aack missiles, anti-surface-ship
missiles, surface-to-air missiles, guns, torpedo tubes, other anti-submarine weapons, and helicopters.
Missiles with a range of less than !km, and guns with a calibre of less than &mm, are not included.
Exceptions may be made in the case of some minor combatants with a primary gun armament of a
lesser calibre.
Aircraft. All armed aircraft, including anti-submarine warfare and maritime-reconnaissance aircraft, are
included as combat aircraft in naval inventories.
Organisations. Naval groupings such as fleets and squadrons frequently change and are often temporary;
organisations are shown only where it is meaningful.
10 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
Different countries often use the same basic aircraft in different roles; the key to determining these roles lies mainly
in aircrew training. In The Military Balance the following definitions are used as a guide:
Helicopters
Armed Helicopters. This term is used to cover helicopters equipped to deliver ordnance, including for
anti-submarine warfare.
Aack. Helicopters with an integrated fire-control and aiming system, designed to deliver anti-armour,
air-to-ground or air-to-air weapons.
Combat Support. Helicopters equipped with area-suppression or self-defence weapons, but without an
integrated fire-control and aiming system.
Assault. Armed helicopters designed to deliver troops to the balefield.
Transport Helicopters. The term describes helicopters designed to transport personnel or cargo in support
of military operations.
Military formations
GROUND FORCES
The manpower strength, equipment holdings and
The national designation is normally used for army organisation of formations such as brigades and divi-
formations. The term ‘regiment’ can be misleading. It sions differ widely from country to country. Where
can mean essentially a brigade of all arms; a grouping possible, the normal composition of formations is given
of baalions of a single arm; or a baalion group. The in parentheses. It should be noted that where both divi-
sense intended is indicated in each case. Where there sions and brigades are listed, only independent or sepa-
is no standard organisation, the intermediate levels of rate brigades are counted and not those included in
command are shown as headquarters (HQ), followed divisions.
by the total numbers of units that could be allocated to
them. Where a unit’s title overstates its real capability, NAVAL FORCES
the title is given in inverted commas, with an estimate
given in parentheses of the comparable unit size typical Categorisation is based on operational role, weapon
of countries with substantial armed forces. For guide- fit and displacement. Ship classes are identified by the
lines for unit and formation strengths, see p. 0. name of the first ship of that class, except where a class
Explanatory Notes 11
is recognised by another name (such as Udaloy, Petya). cial defence budgets for the current year and previous
Where the class is based on a foreign design or has been two years are shown, as well as an estimate of actual
acquired from another country, the original class name defence expenditures for those countries where true
is added in parentheses. Each class is given an acronym. defence expenditure is thought to be considerably higher
All such designators are included in the list of abbrevia- than official budget figures suggest. Estimates of actual
tions. The term ‘ship’ refers to vessels with over , defence expenditure, however, are only made for those
tonnes full-load displacement that are more than &m countries where there are sufficient data to justify such a
in overall length; vessels of lesser displacement, but of measurement. Therefore, there will be several countries
&m or more overall length, are termed ‘craft’. Vessels listed in The Military Balance for which only an official
of less than &m overall length are not included. The defence budget figure is provided but where, in reality,
term ‘commissioning’ of a ship is used to mean the true defence-related expenditure is almost certainly
ship has completed fiing out and initial sea trials, and higher.
has a naval crew; operational training may not have All financial data in the country entries are shown
been completed, but otherwise the ship is available for both in national currency and US dollars at current year,
service. ‘Decommissioning’ means that a ship has been not constant, prices. US-dollar conversions are generally,
removed from operational duty and the bulk of its naval but not invariably, calculated from the exchange rates
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crew transferred. Removing equipment and stores and listed in the entry. In a few cases, notably Russia and
dismantling weapons, however, may not have started. China, a US-dollar purchasing power parity (PPP) rate is
Where known, ships in long-term refit are shown as used in preference to official or market exchange rates.
such.
Definitions of terms
AIR FORCES Despite efforts by NATO and the UN to develop a stan-
dardised definition of military expenditure, many coun-
The term ‘combat aircraft’ refers to aircraft normally tries prefer to use their own definitions (which are often
equipped to deliver air-to-air or air-to-surface ordnance. not made public). In order to present a comprehensive
The ‘combat’ totals include aircraft in operational picture, The Military Balance lists three different measures
conversion units whose main role is weapons training, of military-related spending data.
and training aircraft of the same type as those in front-
line squadrons that are assumed to be available for oper- • For most countries, an official defence budget
ations at short notice. Training aircraft considered to be figure is provided.
combat capable are marked with an asterisk (*). Armed • For those countries where other military-
maritime aircraft are included in combat-aircraft totals. related outlays, over and above the defence
Operational groupings of air forces are shown where budget, are known, or can be reasonably esti-
known. Squadron aircraft strengths vary with aircraft mated, an additional measurement referred
types and from country to country. to as defence expenditure is also provided.
Defence expenditure figures will naturally be
DEFENCE ECONOMICS higher than official budget figures, depending
on the range of additional factors included.
Country entries in Part I include defence expenditures, • For NATO countries, an official defence budget
selected economic performance indicators and demo- figure as well as a measure of defence expen-
graphic aggregates. There are also international compar- diture (calculated using NATO’s definition) is
isons of defence expenditure and military manpower, quoted.
giving expenditure figures for the past three years in per
capita terms and as a % of GDP. The aim is to provide an NATO’s definition of military expenditure, the most
accurate measure of military expenditure and the alloca- comprehensive, is defined as the cash outlays of central
tion of economic resources to defence. All country entries or federal governments to meet the costs of national
are subject to revision each year, as new information, armed forces. The term ‘armed forces’ includes stra-
particularly regarding defence expenditure, becomes tegic, land, naval, air, command, administration and
available. The information is necessarily selective. support forces. It also includes paramilitary forces such
Individual country entries show economic perfor- as gendarmerie, the customs service and the border guard
mance over the past two years, and current demographic if these forces are trained in military tactics, equipped
data. Where these data are unavailable, information from as a military force and operate under military authority
the last available year is provided. Where possible, offi- in the event of war. Defence expenditures are reported
12 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
in four categories: Operating Costs, Procurement and obtain. This is the case in a few former command econ-
Construction, Research and Development (R&D) and omies in transition and countries currently or recently
Other Expenditure. Operating Costs include salaries involved in armed conflict. The Gross Domestic Product
and pensions for military and civilian personnel; the (GDP) figures are nominal (current) values at market
cost of maintaining and training units, service organisa- prices. GDP growth is real, not nominal, growth, and
tions, headquarters and support elements; and the cost inflation is the year-on-year change in consumer prices.
of servicing and repairing military equipment and infra- Dollar exchange rates relate to the last two years plus the
structure. Procurement and Construction expenditure current year. Values for the past two years are annual
covers national equipment and infrastructure spending, averages, while current values are the latest monthly
as well as common infrastructure programmes. It also value.
includes financial contributions to multinational military
organisations, host-nation support in cash and in kind, Calculating exchange rates
and payments made to other countries under bilateral Typically, but not invariably, the exchange rates shown
agreements. R&D is defence expenditure up to the point in the country entries are also used to calculate GDP
at which new equipment can be put in service, regard- and defence budget and expenditure dollar conver-
less of whether new equipment is actually procured. sions. Where they are not used, it is because the use of
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Foreign Military Aid (FMA) contributions of more than exchange rate dollar conversions can misrepresent both
US$ million are also noted. GDP and defence expenditure. For some countries, PPP
For many non-NATO countries the issue of transpar- rather than market exchange rates are sometimes used
ency in reporting military budgets is fundamental. Not for dollar conversions of both GDP and defence expendi-
every UN member state reports defence budget data tures. Where PPP is used, it is annotated accordingly.
(even fewer real defence expenditures) to their elector- The arguments for using PPP are strongest for Russia
ates, the UN, the IMF or other multinational organisa- and China. Both the UN and IMF have issued caveats
tions. In the case of governments with a proven record concerning the reliability of official economic statistics
of transparency, official figures generally conform to the on transitional economies, particularly those of Russia,
standardised definition of defence budgeting, as adopted some Eastern European and Central Asian countries.
by the UN, and consistency problems are not usually a Non-reporting, lags in the publication of current statis-
major issue. The IISS cites official defence budgets as tics and frequent revisions of recent data (not always
reported by either national governments, the UN, the accompanied by timely revision of previously published
OSCE or the IMF. figures in the same series) pose transparency and consis-
For those countries where the official defence budget tency problems. Another problem arises with certain
figure is considered to be an incomplete measure of total transitional economies whose productive capabilities are
military-related spending, and appropriate additional similar to those of developed economies, but where cost
data are available, the IISS will use data from a variety and price structures are often much lower than world
of sources to arrive at a more accurate estimate of true levels.
defence expenditure. The most frequent instances of PPP dollar values are used in preference to market
budgetary manipulation or falsification typically involve exchange rates in cases where using such exchange rates
equipment procurement, R&D, defence industrial invest- may result in excessively low dollar-conversion values
ment, covert weapons programmes, pensions for retired for GDP and defence expenditure data.
military and civilian personnel, paramilitary forces and
non-budgetary sources of revenue for the military arising Arms trade
from ownership of industrial, property and land assets. The source for the data for the global and regional arms
The principal sources for national economic statistics trade is the US Congressional Research Service (CRS). It
cited in the country entries are the IMF, the Organisation is accepted that these data may vary in some cases from
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), national declarations of defence exports which is due in
the World Bank and three regional banks (the Inter- part to differences in the publication times of the various
American, Asian and African Development Banks). sets of data and national definitions of military-related
For some countries basic economic data are difficult to equipment.
Chapter One
North America
North America
THE United States run their services, the actions of commanders on the
ground and the willingness of service members to
To observers accustomed to the activities of the Donald keep enlisting and re-enlisting.
Rumsfeld years, with visible changes in doctrine,
overseas-basing plans, defence-resource alloca- Doctrine and policy
tions, or actual military operations seemingly every Nonetheless, the secretary of defense has made his
year of his six-year term as secretary of defense, the policy priorities clear through both formal statements
tenure of Dr Robert Gates (secretary of defense since and his shaping of Pentagon leadership. Traditional
December 2006) may seem relatively anti-climatic. issues of nuclear policy were addressed in October
However, during his period in office the United 2008, when Gates, noting air-force proposals to
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States, along with Iraqi allies and coalition partners, tighten its handling of nuclear issues, spoke of his
has arguably turned around the security situation in belief that the Renewable Replacement Warhead
Iraq. There have also been changes in the senior lead- (RRW) programme needed ‘urgent attention’;
ership of both the US Army and US Air Force, with Congress has refused funding beyond the concep-
resignations arising from issues of management and tual stage. (President-elect Obama was reported as
competence on matters ranging from military health saying he was against a ‘premature’ decision to build
care to nuclear-weapons security. Furthermore, the an RRW.) Meanwhile, developing interagency coop-
secretary has publicly advocated larger diplomatic eration in a bid to leverage non-military instruments
and aid budgets, all the while underscoring that the of power has been a key and well-reported theme:
Department of Defense (DoD), too, must play its part in November 2007 Gates made the case for strength-
in nation-building missions and view operations such ening and better integrating soft-power capacities
as counter-insurgency and peacekeeping as top-tier with hard power and that ‘one of the most important
priorities for planning and budgeting purposes. lessons of … Iraq and Afghanistan is that military
Of course, the leadership of General David Petraeus success is not sufficient to win’. This was followed by
(formerly commander of Multi-National Force-Iraq the plea to expand funding for non-military foreign-
(MNF-I) and now commander of Central Command affairs programmes.
(CENTCOM)), General Raymond Odierno (formerly Meanwhile, Gates has emphasised the centrality of
Petraeus’s deputy and now successor as MNF-I the counter-terrorist campaign, with the August 2008
commander), and US Ambassador to Iraq Ryan National Defense Strategy saying that ‘for the fore-
Crocker undoubtedly helped to redefine America’s seeable future, winning the Long War against violent
role in Iraq, while other new ideas that the Pentagon is extremist movements will be the central objective of
now pushing, such as Africa Command (AFRICOM), the U.S.’. Some analysts report that the document may
have long been in gestation. Furthermore, while have met resistance in some quarters of the military,
firing service secretaries and chiefs of staff shows with willingness to support large standing forces, and
decisiveness and creates a culture of greater account- the purchase of systems like mine-resistant ambush-
ability, it does not necessarily produce a more effec- protected vehicles (MRAPs) over longer-term more
tive DoD, at least not immediately. But moves such established programmes perhaps being less than
as the October 2008 announcement of a new air-force wholehearted. Gates pushed back against such ideas.
command specifically to manage its nuclear assets A September 2008 speech at the National Defense
show that substantial organisational changes, as well University saw him focus on, among other key issues,
as personnel changes, are now being made. Now that ‘the shifts required for the US defense establishment –
Gates has been retained as the defence secretary in in priorities, procurement and institutional culture – as
the new Obama administration, there may be further we assess and balance future risk’; a speech that was,
developments in policy and organisation. Also he assured the audience, about hard power. Within an
important, however, will be the way military leaders overall framework of seeking ‘balance’ in US strategy
14 The Military Balance 2009
(such as addressing present as well as future conflicts be the planning focus and budgetary priority of the
and balancing traditional and ‘non-traditional’ mili- Pentagon. In the meantime Gates has, together with
tary capabilities), Gates considered the nature of the service chiefs, kept military readiness in respect-
future threats and future conflicts, the limits of mili- able shape; this is no mean feat in the current opera-
tary force and the need to consider the ‘psychological, tional environment, given that the US ground forces
cultural, political, and human dimensions of warfare’. together averaged 22 brigades deployed overseas at
He saw frustration over the ‘defense bureaucracy’s any given time throughout 2007 and 2008.
priorities and lack of urgency when it came to the
current conflicts’, saying that the US should ‘not be so Military readiness
preoccupied with preparing for future conventional Given the high tempo of US military operations, and
and strategic conflicts that we neglect to provide both the long tours and short rest times that many personnel
short-term and long-term all the capabilities neces- have to cope with, the US Army and US Marine Corps
sary to fight and win conflicts such as we are in today’. are holding up, though under severe strain. While
Noting the ever-rising cost and dwindling numbers most indicators are not worsening year on year, they
of platforms, Gates said that ‘resources are not unlim- are less healthy than in most periods of the 1980s and
ited [and] the dynamic of exchanging numbers for 1990s. Furthermore, the readiness of the US military
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capability is perhaps reaching a point of diminishing is fragile, not indefinitely sustainable, and is exacting
returns’. Conventional modernisation programmes a heavy toll on many individuals even if it seems, at
deserved support, and the need for state-of-the-art present, to be reasonably good across the force.
systems would not fade, but he wondered whether
specialised, lower-cost, low-tech equipment suited to Personnel
stability and counter-insurgency operations were also In recent years, the military has accepted more
needed, in light of the contingencies US forces are recruits with general equivalency degrees (GEDs)
likely to face in the future and considering the diffi- rather than high-school diplomas to which they are
culties encountered in fielding MRAPs, up-armoured considered academically equivalent, has enlisted a
HMMWVs and ISR in Iraq. Ensuring that there was higher percentage of applicants scoring very low
also institutional support (in procurement terms, for on its aptitude tests, and has taken on more recruits
instance) for such programmes was necessary, so that aged over 40. These trend-lines on age and GEDs
in future the US would not have to ‘bypass existing have recently begun to cause concern, as noted in
institutions and procedures to get the capabilities we The Military Balance 2008 (p. 14). While figures for the
need’. other services have remained healthy, the army has
Such statements provide a backdrop for the new experienced some problems and, according to anal-
administration should it wish to challenge the services ysis by the National Priorities Project, the high-school
over some of their major weapons-modernisation graduation figure – which had been 83.5% in 2005,
plans and other priorities. So far, Gates has not made continued its decline to just over 70% in 2007.
major changes to these plans. Rather, he has used a Meanwhile, West Point graduates have been
combination of powerful rhetoric, doctrinal innova- remaining on active duty beyond their initial five-
tion, hirings and firings, and supplemental appropri- year commitment in substantial numbers, countering
ations from Congress to push his ideas and to set the suggestions that an unprecedented number of young
agenda. Gates’s term in the Obama administration graduates were leaving the service. The last year for
may see more fundamental debates take place over which data were available at time of writing (the
long-term Pentagon resource allocation. class of 2002, eligible to leave in 2007), showed a 68%
Under Gates’s leadership, the DoD has continued re-enlistment rate, only 4 percentage points below
to build on some of Rumsfeld’s better ‘transforma- the 1990s average. Company-grade officers (first and
tion’ ideas while scaling back plans that seemed too second lieutenants as well as captains) have not been
radical. But, notwithstanding the National Defense leaving at a greater-than-normal rate either, with the
Strategy, it will be up to the next administration to average rate during the Iraq War less than the average
consider the kinds of choices that will really set the of the late 1990s. Nonetheless, as has been noted by
long-term priorities of the department – deciding, the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the
most notably, whether counter-insurgency and other army is short of several thousand officers in aggre-
missions contributing to the ‘long war’ on terror will gate. This is largely because the army is increasing the
North America 15
number of officers needed as it enlarges the number Afghanistan have caused no major crisis. No more
North America
of brigades in its force structure, while not enough than 20% of the total inventory of most weapons has
young officers were recruited in the early 1990s, been in the Central Command theatre at any given
meaning that the current pool from which to recruit time, according to Congressional Budget Office
for mid-level positions is too small. (CBO) data published in 2007. For most major fighting
Moral waivers for matters such as criminal history vehicles and helicopters, there was no shortage of
have also increased substantially in recent years, with useable equipment for forces based in the US. There
a total of 860 soldiers and marines requiring waivers were, however, notable shortfalls of up-armoured
from convictions for felony crimes in 2007, up by 400 HMMWVs, MRAPs, Strykers and two of seven types
from the year 2006. Meanwhile, a 6 April 2008 New of truck. For the trucks, since there were substantial
York Times report focusing on operational stresses surpluses in some of the other five categories of truck,
noted that for one group of soldiers surveyed in 2008, there was probably little major problem. For the
among those who had been to Iraq on three or four armoured vehicles, however, there would clearly be
separate tours, the fraction displaying signs of post- great difficulty in finding a way to deploy many to a
traumatic stress disorders was 27% (in contrast to rapidly developing new crisis. The army equipment-
12% after one tour and 18.5% after two). As of early readiness issue is thus quite specific – potentially
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2008, among the 513,000 active-duty soldiers who serious for some scenarios, much less so for others.
have served in Iraq, over 197,000 had served more On balance, however, while Iraq and Afghanistan
than once, and over 53,000 had deployed three or have taxed the equipment inventories of US ground
more times. forces in particular, the real strain now is on people,
not weaponry.
Training
The key training issue relates to the Army and Marine The services: acquisition programmes and
Corps. Most soldiers and marines have little time to other developments
do anything other than deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan, Gates has stressed that the ‘war on terror’ must be
return, rest and then prepare to go back. Generalised the Pentagon’s top priority. While this may be taken
training in other types of combat besides the counter- to mean that other things are lower on the priority
insurgency and counter-terrorism efforts pursued in list, the secretary and the administration have gener-
Iraq and Afghanistan is by necessity being neglected. ally left that observation implied rather than explicit,
The assumption is that forces which performed so notwithstanding Gates’s recent comment concerning
well in ‘traditional’ combat in 2003, and which have the need to institutionalise procurement procedures
been hardened by ongoing combat of a different type for capabilities, such as MRAPs, recently fielded in
since then, will remain proficient for the full range Iraq and Afghanistan. Moreover, major weapons
of possible missions for the foreseeable future, even programmes have not seen many cancellations or
without the full range of training as required by offi- reductions. This may be something for the Obama
cial doctrine. This can be periodically tested by asking administration, depending on its degree of concern
that troops be subjected to assessments of their skills over the size of the federal fiscal deficit and the US
in other types of combat on the training ranges (time defence budget.
and resources permitting), but it is hard to elimi- The US Air Force, prior to the replacement of
nate a level of uncertainty in measuring readiness. its chief of staff and top civilian in spring 2008,
On balance, current US soldiers and marines are so noted a shortfall of $20 billion in its annual budget,
battle hardened that, though their technical skills in largely due to its proposals to buy more fighter
some areas of high-intensity, large-scale manoeuvre aircraft in coming years. The plans on the books call
warfare have likely waned to some degree, their for replacing essentially all of its 20 tactical combat
overall readiness is good; however, this is not indefi- wings with ‘fifth generation’ aircraft, and the F-22 is
nitely sustainable. now equipping an increasing number of front-line
air-force squadrons. Since a wing typically includes
Equipment close to 100 planes, and since those next-generation
For most major types of vehicles – all classes of heli- aircraft (the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II) are esti-
copters, Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting vehi- mated by the CBO and GAO to cost an average of
cles, medium-weight trucks – the wars in Iraq and at least $150m and $95m respectively, the price tags
16 The Military Balance 2009
will rise considerably once costs such as R&D are also types may be countered by the need to upgrade to
included. There are, in addition, all the other costs match emerging technologies deployed by poten-
associated with manned and unmanned assets in air tial adversaries: a generational shift, therefore, may
and space – not to mention ongoing costs of opera- be just as cost-effective. Meanwhile, according to an
tions and people. October 2007 report by the Congressional Research
But the plans underpinning those budgetary Service (CRS) (‘F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter
calls have been questioned. Throughout much of the (JSF) Program: Background, Status, and Issues’),
post-Cold War era, some defence commentators and ‘program officials are also counting on the availability
budget hawks counselled the air force to reconsider of funding to procure the aircraft at efficient rates of
its modernisation plans. Analysts such as Lane Pierrot production … and now that the F-35 has reached
at the CBO, former Pentagon analyst Chuck Spinney, its production period, some would suggest that
and numerous think-tank specialists suggested that significant cost growth is less likely’. What is in less
buying all F-22s and F-35s was too expensive. Critics doubt, according to the same CRS report, is a general
called for cheaper approaches, such as buying new consensus that ‘the issue of the United States’ ageing
F-16 aircraft with modern avionics and stealthy coat- fighter fleet must be addressed’.
ings that could reduce the radar cross section (even if Meanwhile, the Air Force remains without a
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not by the 90% or more that an F-35 might provide) – replacement for its ageing fleet of KC-135 tankers.
adequate for fighting the likes of Serbia and Iraq, and The contract for the KC-X project had been awarded
for backing up first-tier aircraft that could handle the to a Northrop-Grumman/EADS consortium, which
heaviest air-defence environments in possible future prompted a protest from rival Boeing. After the
combat against more modern powers. (Meanwhile, GAO overturned the deal, effectively reopening
the defence secretary has raised the possibility, in situ- the bidding, September 2008 saw Gates cancel the
ations where the US has air dominance, of employing competition, saying that the process could not be
‘lower cost, lower-tech aircraft that can be employed completed before January 2009 and that the procure-
in large quantities and used by our partners’.) ment should be deferred until the new administration
One idea that has been discussed is to reassess was in place. This deferred still further the in-service
the numbers of aircraft, particularly F-35s, intended date for the KC-X, due to replace airframes delivered
for purchase. At current levels, the F-35 programme no later than 1965. July 2008 saw the first B-52H stra-
will cost an average of about $14bn a year to 2023 and tegic bomber fly into retirement in a programme that
$10bn a year for several years thereafter. Moreover, it was due to retire 18 of the aircraft. While funding was
is proceeding at speed: according to the GAO, at the cited as one of the factors behind the decision, opera-
start of low-rate production the F-35 had only gone tional requirements for fewer of the aircraft were also
through three months of flight testing and less than cited.
1% of intended flight-test hours, in contrast to figures October 2008 saw the air force announce the
of 48 months and 20% for the F-22. If the F-35 were planned formation of a new command, entitled
scaled back, some analysts assert, the Air Force, Navy, Global Strike Command, following a review of the
and Marine Corps could retain plans to have about air force’s nuclear programmes. The new command
25 tactical combat wings with F-35s, but be expected will include the 8th Air Force (now in Air Combat
to equip at least ten with F-16s/F-18s to save money. Command (ACC) and comprising the B-2 and B-52
Alternatively, some analysts have said, the Air Force’s fleet) and 20th Air Force (currently under Air Force
preferred option of constituting its future tactical fleet Space Command). The B-1B fleet will remain in ACC
only of F-22 and F-35 aircraft could be respected, but while cyber and ISR duties will be transferred out of
the total number of wings cut back. 8th AF.
However, the CBO has pointed out that losing F-35 Since the tenure of General Eric Shinseki as chief
capacity might restrict fixed-wing operations from of staff, the US Army has been committed to a broad-
some navy expeditionary platforms as well as cause based modernisation of its entire force structure,
aircraft with less stealthy capabilities to be retained; known as the Future Combat System (FCS) (see The
the F-35, meanwhile, is not solely a US project, with Military Balance 2008, p. 16), a family of (originally)
eight other countries part of the programme. Those 18 major systems – 11 ground vehicles, 4 unmanned
in favour of the F-35 programme as presently envis- aerial vehicles, and 3 other major capabilities
aged argue that savings through upgrades to older (though in February 2007 four of the 18 systems were
North America 17
‘deferred’, and the fielding rate for brigade combat can begin afresh the process of acquiring a manned,
North America
teams (BCTs) was stretched out over five more years). armed reconnaissance helicopter. Cancellation of the
Estimated costs for procurement to 2025 are esti- programme means that the army will have to invest
mated at around $200bn in constant 2009 dollars. in maintaining and developing the existing Kiowa
The goal of FCS is to use information, networks, situ- Warrior fleet. In the same month, the army awarded
ational awareness, active defence and manoeuvre three contracts for technology development on
to ensure survivability to make ground forces more the Joint Light Tactical vehicle. This vehicle, a joint
efficient and enable manpower reductions. Critics of programme between the army, marines and Special
the programme have argued that pursuing so many Operations Command, will, according to the army,
capabilities at once risks confusion and that FCS has include variants that can carry infantry, carry out
been rushed in a number of technology areas, saying reconnaissance, act as C3 vehicles, carry heavy guns
that add-on capabilities can be as cheap, and nearly and serve as ambulances.
as effective, as creating new vehicle fleets. Moreover, The army has introduced a new Stability Operations
the army is already adding many new vehicles to its field manual (FM 3-07), placing stability operations
fleet, including several thousand Strykers and up to into doctrine, noting that in a contemporary opera-
15,000 MRAPs. The addition of so many new vehicles tional environment, conventional military opera-
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to so many units, as well as the combat environments tions ‘will be conducted simultaneously with stability
in which such equipment is employed, has led some operations’. The manual states that military success
to assert that this equipment should be used and alone will not be sufficient to prevail during a time of
assessed before major new decisions are made. protracted confrontation and ‘during stability opera-
In 2006, the assistant director of the CBO detailed tions, U.S. military forces will partner with different
some alternative approaches that could be taken with U.S. government agencies, non-governmental agen-
FCS – for example, separating out its various strands so cies and coalition partners’.
that network elements would be pursued while vehi- While the US Navy shares with the air force
cles would be cancelled, instead refurbishing existing the challenge of buying the F-35, at least two of its
vehicles for the foreseeable future. The February 2007 various shipbuilding efforts have been seriously
‘restructuring’ of FCS was ‘part of a balancing act troubled to the point of contract reassessment – the
between equipping the current force and modernizing small Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) and the DDG-1000
the future force’ and the army intends to change the destroyer (which could in turn provide the hull for
near-term focus of FCS by fielding available capabili- the navy’s next-generation cruiser; in effect three ship
ties to Infantry BCTs in Iraq and Afghanistan, rather programmes are in jeopardy). Beyond the specific
than to Heavy BCTs. According to the US Army, problems with individual programmes the CBO has
while there is no FCS equipment in Afghanistan or pointed to a wider budgetary problem: the navy has
Iraq, ‘surrogate’ equipment such as micro air vehicles been buying ships at a slow pace in recent years, and
and pacbot robots is in-theatre. to make up for that it will need to increase its annual
FCS remains the army’s major procurement shipbuilding budget by as much as $15bn.
programme in the near term, and the Defense The navy has recently introduced new concepts,
Authorization Act for FY 2009 included over $3bn including a cheaper and smaller ship in the LCS (a
in funding for FCS programmes. In October 2008, crew of 75 instead of the more usual 200–300 and
Army Vice Chief of Staff General Peter Chiarelli said displacement of about 3,000 tonnes, less than half the
that the army needed to better ‘explain the revolu- common value), and retains a vision of a larger fleet.
tionary potential of these vehicles’. Chiarelli said that However, the cost of naval platforms continues to rise
current army vehicles were designed for the Cold – the navy appears likely to spend $500m per LCS,
War, and not for ‘full spectrum operations and asym- for example, more than twice the originally predicted
metric warfare’, and urged the army to accelerate FCS cost. But the navy has also, in recent years, become
modernisation. more innovative in how it uses its fleet. It has moved
October saw the army terminate the Armed to a strategy of ‘surging’ ships to key theatres over-
Reconnaissance Helicopter programme, which had seas rather than maintaining a constant, predictable,
been awarded to Bell Helicopter, after development constraining presence in each. The navy also rotates
costs tripled to $942m. The army will re-examine crews while vessels are deployed – a practice known
the planned capability of the helicopter so that it as ‘sea swap’ – where it needs to maintain a more
18 The Military Balance 2009
consistent geographic presence and lengthen vessel In August 2008, Minister of Defence Peter MacKay
deployments. announced new acquisition proposals designed to
In April, the chief of naval operations announced meet operational needs in Afghanistan as well as
the re-establishment of the US Fourth Fleet, headquar- build on current helicopter lift capability and re
tered in Mayport, FL. Fourth Fleet will be responsible instate a Chinook fleet. In the short term, Canada was
for navy ships, aircraft and submarines operating in to lease six commercial helicopters to meet short-term
the Caribbean and Central and South America. The operational requirements in Afghanistan as well as
commander of the Fourth Fleet is also the commander purchase six CH-47D Chinook helicopters from the
of US Naval Forces Southern Command and, as the US. Coupled with this was an announcement of an
command has operational responsibility for assigned intent to purchase CH-47Fs to meet Canada’s future
assets from east- and west-coast fleets operating in tactical medium-to-heavy lift requirements as well as
the SOUTHCOM AOR, the Pentagon reported that the procurement of Scan Eagle UAVs as a short-term
the new command would not lead to an increase in requirement and the two-year lease of a Heron UAV
forces assigned to Mayport. system. Upgrades to the surveillance suite of the
The navy has also assumed the lead role in US stra- CP-140 Aurora aircraft were also announced. Earlier,
tegic engagement with Africa. The navy’s principal in January, the government announced a contract
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instrument here is the Africa Partnership Station for 17 C-130J Hercules aircraft to address fixed-wing
(APS) (part of the Global Fleet Station programme – tactical aircraft requirements and replace Canada’s
see The Military Balance 2008, p. 17). APS completed its older C-130Es. For the army, December 2007 saw an
first six-month exercise in the Gulf of Guinea in April agreement with the Netherlands for the purchase
2008, led by USS Fort McHenry and three other vessels, by Canada of 100 Leopard II MBTs (with 40 believed
having visited 12 countries and provided shipboard available for deployment); as an interim measure,
and shore-bound training for many regional naval 20 Leopard IIMs were loaned by Germany. Earlier
personnel. The navy has consolidated plans for announcements noted eight Arctic offshore-patrol
another six-month deployment and made the APS vessels, upgrades and service-life extensions for
a continuously operating concept. (See Sub-Saharan the Halifax frigates. Meanwhile, 2008 saw the last of
Africa, p. 280, and ‘The Africa Partnership Station’, Canada’s C-17s arrive at Trenton airbase.
IISS Strategic Comments, vol. 14, issue 6, August 2008.) After it had been outlined in a series of speeches,
Meanwhile, AFRICOM was declared active on 1 Ottawa published the Canada First Defence
October 2008 (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 16). Still Strategy. In an introductory note, the Prime
headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, after unsuc- Minister Stephen Harper said that rebuilding the
cessfully trailing Africa for potential locations, the Canadian forces was a fundamental requirement to
command has nonetheless been active in pursuing protect Canadians, defend sovereignty and ensure
military-to-military and diplomatic activities on the ‘that Canada can return to the international stage
continent and remains keen to stress its light footprint as a credible and influential country’. The docu-
and employment of activities designed to assist ‘active ment established a level of ambition for Canadian
security’ (See Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 280). 1 October forces: defend Canada; defend North America; and
also saw the activation of US Air Forces Africa, to contribute to international peace and security. The
be designated 17th Air Force – the air component of military can deliver, the document continued, by
AFRICOM. maintaining an ability to conduct six core tasks, at
times simultaneously: daily domestic and continental
Canada operations, including in the Arctic and through
NORAD; support for a major event in Canada,
The Harper administration, which in its defence-policy such as the 2010 Winter Olympics; response to a
pronouncements has emphasised both sovereignty major terrorist attack; support for civilian authori-
protection and expedition-oriented military activity, ties during a crisis in Canada, such as a natural
has continued to build Canadian military capabilities disaster; leadership or conduct of a major interna-
with announcements of new equipment acquisitions, tional operation for an extended period; and deploy-
building on the announcements – and inventory addi- ment of forces in response to crises elsewhere in the
tions – seen in recent years (see IISS Strategic Survey world for shorter periods. Force capacity would be
2008, pp. 91–2; The Military Balance 2008, pp. 24–5.) enhanced by investing in four ‘pillars’: personnel,
North America 19
equipment, readiness and infrastructure. To achieve (IMF) confirmed that, with a US recession virtually
North America
this, the document noted a desire to: certain, the key question was how long the downturn
would last and how deep it would be. Key determi-
• Increase force size to 100,000 (70,000 regular nants over the short term will be the effectiveness of
and 30,000 reserve) recent government initiatives to stabilise financial
• Replace core equipment fleets (15 ships market conditions and restore the flow of credit, as
to replace current destroyers and frigates; well as the behaviour of US households in the face
10–12 maritime patrol aircraft; 17 fixed- of their deteriorating balance sheets – falling house
wing search-and-rescue aircraft; 65 next- prices and weak equity markets have resulted in a
generation fighters; a fleet of land-combat 10% drop in household net wealth relative to Gross
vehicles and systems) Domestic Product (GDP). The drop in US house
• Strengthen readiness to deploy and the prices – up to 17% over the past year, depending on
ability to sustain forces once deployed the index used – is unprecedented since the Great
• Improve and modernise defence infrastruc- Depression and, although there are tentative signs of
ture stabilisation, a further decline is likely before a floor
appears, possibly in 2009.
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While this 20-year programme is ambitious and On the fiscal front, the US government was
will require substantial funds, it does indicate that already heading for a budget deficit of 4.5% of GDP
lessons of Canada’s recent overseas military activi- in 2009, the highest among the G7, before the impact
ties are being studied. There is a clear statement of measures to rescue the banking and mortgage
that the government intends to continue overseas sectors filter through. Furthermore, in the medium
operations, and some of the key shortfalls that and long term the fiscal challenges associated with
operations in Afghanistan have identified (such as the retirement of the baby-boomer generation, who
tactical rotary-wing airlift) are being addressed. This will begin collecting Social Security and Medicare
is a response to the Manley Panel’s findings on the benefits in increasing numbers from 2008, will have
Afghanistan mission. This independent grouping to be balanced with adjustments in other spending
recommended continuing with the mission – which areas. This negative fiscal background suggests that
remains a matter of contention in Canada – contin- spending on discretionary sectors, mainly defence
gent on allied nations contributing an additional and security, will come under increasing pressure.
battlegroup to Kandahar and the acquisition of airlift
and UAV capacity. The panel’s recommendations FY2009 National Defence Budget
were approved in parliament through a compro- Request
mise motion which extended Canada’s mission in
Afghanistan until 2011. In February 2008, President George W. Bush submitted
his FY2009 defence budget request to Congress.
DEFENCE ECONOMICS – UNITED STATES The president asked for a total of US$611.1bn in
national-defence funding, of which the Department
Over the past year, the United States economy has of Defence (the so-called base budget) would receive
been buffeted by the deepening crisis in financial US$518.2bn. Defence-related nuclear programmes
markets, a major correction in the housing market and of the Department of Energy were earmarked
surging commodity prices in early 2008. The financial US$17.1bn and other agencies involved in defence
crisis that erupted in August 2007 after the collapse activities were allocated US$5.6bn. The request also
of the US subprime mortgage market entered a new, included ‘bridge funding’ of US$66bn for operations
tumultuous phase in summer 2008 with the demise of associated with the ‘global war on terror’. However,
the investment bank Lehman Brothers and the subse- given that spending on Iraq and Afghanistan reached
quent rescue of US mortgage giants Fannie Mae and US$189.3bn in FY2008, further supplemental requests
Freddie Mac. for the current fiscal year will have to be submitted.
Not surprisingly, forecasts for US economic Budget documents released with the request illustrate
growth and the government’s fiscal position deterio- the medium-term pressure building on US defence
rated as the year wore on. In their October 2008 World spending, even before the global financial crisis
Economic Outlook, the International Monetary Fund damaged the government’s fiscal manoeuvrability.
20 The Military Balance 2009
Department of Energy (defence-related) 17,189 16,371 17,167 17,067 17,295 16,945 17,081
Other (defence-related) 5,696 6,325 5,673 5,703 5,851 5,823 5,851
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Total National Defense (inc. GWOT funding) 625,851[1] 693,215 [2] 607,129 549,774 556,292 565,135 575,643
[1]
incl a total of US$164bn in supplemental funding
[2]
incl a total of US$190bn in supplemental funding
Adjusted for inflation, the Future Years Defense In light of the future deterioration in the govern-
Plan indicates that the base budget will fall from ment’s fiscal position, the debate over viable levels
US$518bn in FY2009 to US$501bn in FY2013, which of national-defence funding is likely to become ever
raises significant questions about the affordability of more urgent. In a speech to the National Defense
the DoD’s future equipment programme and adds University, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates recog-
to concern that the Pentagon’s reliance on massive nised the growing budget problem facing the DoD
annual war-related supplemental funds may be when he said that the US military ‘must set priori-
distorting the true financial position of the US mili- ties and consider inescapable trade-offs and oppor-
tary. Furthermore, as the Iraq operation winds down, tunity costs’ while the Government Electronics &
any ‘savings’ are likely to be seen as a potential means Information Technology Association forecast that
to fund much-needed spending on infrastructure and procurement spending would fall from US$133bn in
efforts to reform America’s dysfunctional health-care 2007 to US$111bn by 2018. In response to growing
system. suggestions that defence spending may be about
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5 3.05 2.97 3.00 3.02 3.33 3.69 3.89 3.98 3.94 3.99
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
North America 21
to decline, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral focus widened from resetting to ‘reconstituting’ the
North America
Michael Mullen moved to pre-empt pressure for force, which effectively covers the purchase of new
cuts, calling for the budget to be kept at a guaran- equipment as well as the repair and replacement
teed minimum of 4% of GDP, approximately the of damaged systems. In 2007, the list of expenses
current level of spending when the base budget and that could be included in the supplemental was
supplemental appropriations are combined. Mullen expanded to include items in the broader war on
argued that this level of funding is needed because terrorism. The mounting lack of clarity in the O&M
of the stresses caused by the Iraq and Afghanistan budget was highlighted by the Congressional Budget
operations, the rising costs of new equipment, the Office (CBO) in April 2008 when it complained that
need to ‘reset’ equipment and forces after the wars supplemental requests do not use the same terms as
and the planned increase in the size of US ground appear in other DoD requests, making it difficult to
forces. determine the exact purpose for which the funding
In April 2008, the US Government Accountability is provided and, as a result, it could not identify the
Office (GAO) reported that the total acquisition costs factors that account for the growth in O&M appro-
for 95 major weapons programmes had increased by priations.
26% between 2006 and 2007, while development costs Congress has recently approved substantial
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increased 40% from original estimates. In a written increases in military pay and benefits. These include
answer to the Senate Armed Services Committee pay increases of 0.5% above civilian pay indices in
(SASC), the GAO claimed that ‘several underlying seven out of the past eight years, three rounds of ‘pay-
systemic problems at the strategic level and at the table reform’ that gave larger rises to middle-grade
programme level continue to contribute to poor personnel, increased housing allowances to elimi-
weapon system outcomes’ and went on to suggest nate on-base and off-base discrepancies, TRICARE
that the Pentagon has failed to establish mean- (the military health-care scheme) for life and health
ingful priorities. Since 2000, the DoD has roughly insurance, adjustments to retired pay and veterans’
doubled its planned investment in new systems disability benefits, and large increases in enlistment
from US$790bn to US$1.6 trillion but the GAO and re-enlistment bonuses and special pay. All told,
pointed out that programmes consistently fail to the Congressional Research Service calculates that
deliver capabilities when promised and that current uniformed personnel now cost 40% more, in real
programmes are delivered an average of 21 months terms, than in 1999. A decision made in 2007 means
late, five months later than in 2000. Examples of cost that the upward pressure on personnel costs will
escalation are not hard to find. Between 1992 and continue as the army and marines are scheduled to
2004 the unit cost of an F-22 increased from $125m increase manpower by a combined 92,500 recruits
to $359m, while in the past few years the unit cost over the next five years, necessitating additional
of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter has risen by 40% to investment in military housing, family services and
US$98m and the cost of the army’s Future Combat medical benefits. The DoD already spends US$39bn
System has jumped from US$100bn in 2005 to as a year on health-care programmes, which the CBO
much as $234bn today. calculates will reach US$80bn by 2025.
As the cost of designing and producing new
weapons has risen dramatically, there has been a The Cost of Operations since
similar increase in the cost of maintaining and ‘reset- 11 September 2001
ting’ equipment, that is, repairing and replacing
worn or damaged equipment. Unfortunately, the With the enactment of the FY2008 Supplemental
combination of base and supplemental budgets Appropriations and FY2009 Bridge Funds on 30 June
has made analysis of these accounts troublesome. 2008, Congress has so far approved a total of about
Beginning in 2005, the DoD asked for funds to reset US$864bn for military operations, base security, recon-
equipment that had been damaged during opera- struction, foreign aid, embassy costs and veterans’
tions but later started to include major upgrades to health care for the three operations initiated since the
the repaired hardware, thus returning it to the field 11 September 2001 attacks: Operation Enduring Freedom
not only repaired but with significantly enhanced (Afghanistan and other counter-terrorist operations),
capabilities; the costs of which arguably should not Operation Noble Eagle (enhanced security at military
be borne by war-related appropriations. In 2006, the bases), and Operation Iraqi Freedom.
22 The Military Balance 2009
Table 3 Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan and other Table 4 FY2008 & 09 Global War on Terror
‘Global War on Terror’ Operations since 11 Supplementals
September 2001 US$ in millions
Iraq US$bn FY2008 FY2009
DoD 620.6 Continuing the Fight
Foreign Aid and Diplomatic Ops 34.2 Operations 76,868 36,360
VA Medical 2.5 Force Protection 30,461 3,555
Total 657.3 IED Defeat 4,269 2,970
Military Intelligence 3,706 1,768
Afghanistan Additional UAV & ISR - 894
DoD 160.1 Iraq Security Forces 3,000 2,000
Foreign Aid and Diplomatic Ops 12.4 Afghan Security Forces 2,700 3,666
VA Medical 0.4 Coalition Support 1,700 600
Total 172.9 CERP 1,219 1,722
Military Construction 1,694 -
Enhanced Security 28.3 Factory Restart 100 -
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these aircraft. However, the FY2008 ‘supplemental’ Table 5 US Agency for International
North America
continued the practice, including as it did US$3.6bn Development: International Affairs
for 15 new C-17 transport aircraft and US$2.5bn for Budget
34 C-130J aircraft. Budget Authority in US$m FY2007 FY2008 FY2009
Similarly, in 2005, Congress agreed to provide Actual Estimate Request
US$5bn in the FY2005 & FY2006 supplementals for Assistance to the New Independent
states of the FSU 452 396 346
converting army and marine corps units into new
Assistance for Eastern Europe and
standard configurations – a process called ‘modu- the Baltics 462 293 275
larity and restructuring’ – on the understanding that Economic Support Fund 5,117 2,989 3,153
DoD would move these funds back to its regular International Military Education and
Training 85 85 90
budget in later years. However, far from eliminating
Foreign Military Financing 4,825 4,550 4,812
this practice, the FY2007 supplemental included an
Global HIV/Aids Initiative 3,246 4,661 4,779
additional US$3.6bn to convert two army brigade
Non-proliferation, Anti-Terrorism,
teams and create a further marine corps regimental Demining 463 483 499
combat team. The FY2008 war request also includes International Narcotics Control and
US$1.6bn to accelerate the process. Studies by the Law Enforcement 724 556 1,202
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CBO and RAND have found that, in fact, modularity Andean Counterdrug Initiative 727 569 442
only marginally improves rotation schedules, the International Disaster and Famine
Assistance 526 429 298
main claim for including the reorganisation in war-
Migration and Refugee Assistance 963 1,023 764
related funding, and that supplemental funds have
Total International Affairs
had the effect of boosting the army’s regular budget. (excluding supplementals) 38,671 36,399 39,498
The whole budget category designated ‘reset’ is
also murky. For example, the DoD’s definition of reset
now includes more than replacing battle losses and Force Protection measures, including a further 63,000
equipment repair. It also includes recapitalisation, sets of body armour and, although there are no funds
which typically means upgrading current equipment for additional mine-resistant ambush-protected
and the repair and replacement of pre-positioned (MRAP) vehicles, there is US$2.6bn for the sustain-
equipment used in the war. However, given that the ment and transportation of vehicles in theatre. There
army was already planning to recapitalise equipment is also a total of US$3bn for continuing work on the
and modernise pre-positioned equipment stocks in Improvised Explosive Device Defeat programme,
line with new modular designs, it is not clear if these comprising US$800m for initiatives that disrupt
expenses are actually strictly incremental wartime IED activity, US$1.6bn for initiatives designed to
requirements. Likewise, in 2007 the GAO attested thwart the impact of IEDs after they are emplaced
that the army was unable to track reset with suffi- and US$500m to train and prepare units prior to and
cient accuracy to determine that funds appropriated during deployments.
for this purpose were being spent in the correct way.
There is also the fact that a lot of equipment currently Army
being repaired or replaced was originally slated for
repair and replacement at a later date. The army requested US$140bn in FY2009, up 7.6%
In FY2009, the DoD requested an initial US$66bn from the previous year, including a 2.5% increase
in bridge funding to continue operations in the ‘global in procurement funding to US$24.6bn. However, as
war on terror’. This is only a partial request, reflecting previously noted, the army is the largest recipient of
largely operational costs, and does not cover the full reset and reconstitution funds from the annual ‘global
cost of repair and replacement, which will be included war on terror’ supplemental, which makes the exact
in a further supplemental. The request supports the level of procurement somewhat difficult to decipher.
continued deployment of approximately 144,000 One clear trend in army procurement is the acqui-
service personnel in Iraq and 30,900 in Afghanistan sition of tactical and support vehicles. This amounted
and partially funds sustained daily operations at the to US$3.6bn in FY2009, including around US$1bn
post-surge level with an average troop strength of 15 each for the acquisition of Humvees, Medium and
Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) in Iraq and four BCTs Heavy Tactical Vehicles. These purchases will be
in Afghanistan. The request includes US$3.6bn for supplemented by ‘global war on terror’ procure-
24 The Military Balance 2009
Table 6 Major US Research & Development ment that has recently seen the fast-track delivery
FY2007–FY2009 of 12,000 14–24 ton heavy MRAP vehicles. With
Estimate Request the delivery of heavy MRAPs drawing to an end,
FY2007 FY2008 FY2009a attention has shifted to the urgent requirement for
Value Value Value
a new, lightweight, 7–10 ton MRAP. In November,
Classification Designation ($m) ($m) ($m)
a request for bids was issued that could pave the
Joint
way for the acquisition of up to 10,000 Mobile All
UAV Global Hawk 224 274 284
Terrain Vehicles (M-ATV) – to be delivered at the
rate of about 1,000 per month, in anticipation of the
Army
planned deployment of an additional 20,000 troops
Warfighter
Information to Afghanistan. However, the purchase of such
Network 119 320 414 huge numbers of essentially unplanned-for, tactical
SAM Patriot/MEADS 322 369 431 wheeled vehicles could upset the army’s longer-term
Future Combat
FCS System 3,348 3,268 3,157
buying plans – in particular, procurement of the
future Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). The JLTV is
Navy a five-year plan that calls for around US$1.3bn to be
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AEA F/A-18G Growler 361 278 128 spent on 1,400 vehicles and 750 trailers for delivery
FGA F-35 JSF 2,109 1,868 1,532 between 2013 and 2015. Following a two-year com-
hel V-22 251 115 68 petition, in October 2008 the army had awarded a
VH-71 Executive two-year contract to three companies to develop new
hel Aircraft 613 225 1,047 technology for the programme; however, soon after
DDG DDG 1000 797 629 678 this decision was revealed, Textron–Boeing–SAIC
Littoral Combat and Northrop Oshkosh challenged the award, with
LCS Ship 663 304 371
the result that work on the programme has been
SSN Virginia 197 244 167
halted until the Government Accountability Office
AEW EC-2 483 791 484
sat MUOS 728 724 652
and an army-led board have reviewed the tender
SAM Standard 177 226 234
process.
Amphibious Having suffered cuts in its budget each year
EFV vehicles 314 247 316 from 2004 to 2008, the Future Combat System (FCS)
Joint Tactical received its full request in FY2009; in fact, an addi-
JTRS Radio 774 835 834
tional US$26m was provided to accelerate unmanned
Multi Mission
MPA Maritime Aircraft 1,099 862 1,132 air and ground vehicle acquisition. However, army
UAV ACAV 97 158 275 leaders say that cuts over previous years amounting
hel CH-53K 338 358 570 to around US$1bn will delay the delivery of spin-
out technologies and are pressing for the injection
Air Force of an additional US$2.3bn into the programme in
bbr B-2 214 295 351 2010 and 2011. A controversial scheme, rejected by
tpt C-17 170 180 236 the DoD comptroller’s office, would have seen the
tpt C-5 137 178 125 army drop plans to upgrade hundreds of Abrams
tpt C-130 185 250 172 tanks, scrap the purchase of 30 new tanks, reduce
FGA F-22 459 607 700 purchases of Bradley fighting vehicles and slash
FGA F-15 134 114 184 purchases of Stryker, before directing these savings
FGA F-16 124 70 123 into the FCS programme. The FCS has been gaining
FGA F-35 JSF 2,074 1,991 1,824 support among lawmakers and army leaders, thanks
hel CSAR -X 200 290 to successful tests demonstrating progress towards
sat AEHF 617 599 388 mobile battlefield networks including UAVs, robots
sat NAVSTAR GPS 291 482 304 and ground sensors to produce images in real time
sat SBIRS 677 583 529 through a high-bandwidth network. Language in the
sat TSAT 700 804 842 FY2009 Appropriations Bill indicates support for the
a
data refers to budget request rather than final appropriations army’s recently announced plan to change the near-
term focus of FCS, switching available capabilities to
North America 25
Table 7 US National Defense Budget Function1 and other selected budgets2 1992,
North America
1999–2009
(US$bn) National Defence Department Atomic Department Veterans Total Total Federal
Budget Function of Defense Energy of Administration Federal Budget
Defense Homeland Government Surplus/
Activities Security Outlays Deficit
FY BA Outlay BA Outlay BA BA (Gross) BA
1992 295.1 298.3 282.1 286.9 10.6 n.a. 33.9 1,381 -290
1999 292.1 274.9 278.4 261.3 12.4 13.0 44.1 1,702 125
2000 304.1 294.5 290.5 281.2 12.2 13.8 45.5 1,789 236
2001 335.5 305.5 319.4 290.9 13.0 16.4 47.6 1,863 128
2002 362.1 348.5 344.9 331.9 14.9 30.5 52.1 2,011 -157
2003 456.2 404.9 437.9 387.3 16.4 30.8 59.1 2,160 -377
2004 490.6 455.9 471.0 436.5 16.8 31.6 60.5 2,293 -412
2005 505.7 495.3 483.9 474.1 17.9 100.7 69.2 2,472 -318
2006 617.1 521.8 593.7 499.3 17.4 32.4 71.0 2,655 -248
2007 625.8 552.5 602.9 529.8 17.2 39.7 79.5 2,730 -162
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2008 est. 693.2 607.2 670.5 583.1 16.4 41.1 87.9 2,931 -410
2009 est. 611.1 675.1 588.2 651.2 17.2 40.1 91.3 3,107 -407
Notes International Security Assistance (under Inter- presents its defence budget to Congress for the
FY = Fiscal Year (1 October–September) national Affairs), the Veterans Administration, next fiscal year, which begins on 1 October.
1
The National Defense Budget Function the US Coast Guard (Department of Homeland The government also presents its Future Years’
subsumes funding for the DoD, the DoE Security), nor for the National Aeronautics and Defense Program (FYDP), which covers the
Atomic Energy Defense Activities and some Space Administration (NASA). Funding for civil next fiscal year plus the following five. Until
smaller support agencies (including Federal projects administered by the DoD is excluded approved by Congress, the Budget is called the
Emergency Management and Selective from the figures cited here. Budget Request; after approval, it becomes the
Service System). It does not include funding for 2
Early in each calendar year, the US government Budget Authority.
Bill agreed the amount, but split the funding between September, however, Secretary of Defense
two ships, with US$1bn for a second vessel. It then Robert Gates terminated the process, suggesting
instructed the navy to complete financing of the split that it had become too compromised by long-
buy in the FY2010 budget. Furthermore, Congress standing disagreements in the defence industry,
is still supporting the funding of older DDG-51 DoD and Congress about the rigour and fair-
destroyers. The bill provides US$200m in advance ness of the process and that a ‘cooling-off’ period
procurement to preserve the option of building addi- would allow the new administration to conduct a
tional DDG-51s and, in effect, keeps both production fair and objective competition.
lines open. Following the cancellation of the KC-X programme,
Other notable developments include US$2.1bn the Appropriations Bill moved $62m requested in
for the procurement of another Virginia-class procurement and $832m requested in R&D for the
submarine and US$1.3bn in advance procurement tanker replacement programme into an already estab-
to facilitate production of two boats per year from lished ‘Tanker Replacement Fund’. This is an account
2010 onwards plus US$2.7bn to continue work on which sets no limit on the number of years for which
the new class of aircraft carriers, the first of which funds remain available and from which funds can be
is due to be delivered in 2015 at a total cost of shifted as needed to other accounts.
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Canada – defence economics these or new C-130J aircraft. Then, in August 2008,
North America
the government announced that it was cancelling
Despite several years of rising defence expenditure, two of its major procurement programmes: the acqui-
Canada’s Department of National Defence (DND) sition of three Joint Support Ships (JSS) and a fleet
is still struggling to achieve all its operational and of 12 new Coast Guard patrol vessels. Plans for the
equipment ambitions. In 2006 the Conservative three multifunctional support ships have been on the
government committed to increase defence spending drawing board for nearly 15 years. The project was
by C$5.3bn over five years, with additional funds finally given the go ahead in 2006, and a budget of
to be made available for operations in Afghanistan C$2.1bn was allocated to the programme, although
and for major equipment purposes. In the 2008–09 this was calculated on the basis of costs prevailing in
budget round, the finance minister reaffirmed the 2005. In announcing the cancellation the government
commitment to increase defence spending by 1.5% a revealed that both teams contesting the bid had deliv-
year until 2011 after which he pledged that spending ered proposals ‘significantly over the established
would rise at 2% a year until 2020; however, analysts budget provisions’, suggesting that the initial budget
suggested that the impact of Canada’s operations in may have failed to take into account the escalation
Afghanistan (now extended until 2011) together with in the cost of shipbuilding materials (primarily steel
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the rising costs of major platforms, would put pres- and copper) that has occurred since the budget was
sure on the DND’s ability to move ahead as outlined set. Although the government has not committed to
in the 2006 Canada First defence plan. In early 2008 restart the either the JSS or Coast Guard programmes,
the air force reported that it was facing a budget short- it has stated that the vessels remain a key priority,
fall which could force it to ground a range of aircraft particularly the JSS which were due to replace two
including CF-15 Hornets, C-130 transporters, Aurora 40-year-old steam-driven auxiliary oiler replenish-
patrol aircraft and Sea King helicopters; furthermore, ment vessels that, due their single-hulled design, will
although the government has allocated funds for the find their range of movements more limited after
purchase of four new C-17 transport aircraft, there is 2010 when many nations ban this type of vessel from
currently no budget to build appropriate hangers for their waters.
28 The Military Balance 2009
FORCES BY ROLE
Canada Ca 1 Task Force HQ
Command 3 bde gp HQs to form national or cadre of a
Canadian Dollar $ 2007 2008 2009
multi-national TF HQ or a Land Component
GDP CS$ 1.53tr Command (LCC) of a joint op.
US$ 1.43tr Mech Inf 1 Canadian Mechanised Brigade Group (1
per capita US$ 42,8521 CMBG) with 1 armd regt, (two Leopard 1C2
Growth % 2.7 0.7 sqns and 1 armd recce sqn), 2 mech inf bn, 1 lt
Inflation % 2.1 1.3 inf bn, 1 arty regt, 1 AD bty, 1 cbt engr regt);2
bde gp (2 CMBG and 5 CMBG) with 1 armd
Def exp CS$ 19.8bn
recce regt , 2 mech inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1 arty
US$ 18.4bn regt, 1 AD bty, 1 cbt engr regt
Def bdgt CS$ 18.7bn 18.8bn 19.4bn AD 1 indep regt
US$ 17.5bn 15.9bn Spt/Engr 1 indep regt
US$1= CS$ 1.07 1.18 Cbt Spt 3 MP pl, 3 MI coy
Population 33,212,696 Logistic 3 Svc bn
Med 3 Fd Amb bn
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 6%
MBT 86: 20 Leopard 2 A6M on lease; 66 Leopard 1C2
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 7% RECCE 203 LAV-25 Coyote
APC 1,364
Capabilities APC (T) 428: 78 Bv-206; ε 289 M-113; 61 M-577
ACTIVE 64,371 (Army 33,711 Navy 10,960 Air 19,700) APC (W) 936: 684 LAV-III Kodiak (incl 33 RWS); 167
MILLAV Bison (incl 25 EW, 32 amb, 32 repair, 32 recovery
CIVILIAN 9,350 (Coast Guard 9,350) and 10 C2)
MRAP 85: 75 RG-31 Nyala; 5 Cougar; 5 Buffalo
RESERVE 60,072 (Army 28,153 Navy 4,167 Air ARTY 296
2,317 Supplementary Ready Reserve 27,693 Primary TOWED 172 105mm 160: 34 C2 (M-101); 98 C3 (M-101);
Reserve List 2,742) 28 LG1 MK II; 155mm 12 M-777
Canadian Forces operations are organised with four joint MOR 81mm 100
operational commands. Canada Command (CANADACOM), SP 81mm 24 Bison
is responsible for all domestic and continental operations AT
through six regional sub-commands, Canadian Expeditionary MSL 608
Force Command (CEFCOM) is responsible for all international SP 33 LAV-TOW
operations. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command MANPATS 575: 435 Eryx; 140 TOW-2A/TOW-2B
(CANSOFCOM) is responsible for generating all Special RCL 84mm 1148 Carl Gustav; M2/M3
Forces operations and has forces permanently assigned to it. RL 66mm M-72 LAW
Canadian Operational Support Command (CANOSCOM) UAV • TACTICAL 19 Sperwer; Skylark
has responsibility for generation and employment of the AD
operational-level support to CANADACOM and CEFCOM SAM • SP 34 ADATS
(and if required CANSOFCOM) for logistics, movements, MANPAD Starburst
general engineering, health services, communications,
human resource management and military police support
Reserve Organisations
either through its permanently assigned forces or through Canadian Rangers 4,180 Reservists
augmented force generation. CANADACOM and CEFCOM The Canadian Rangers are a Reserve sub-component of
normally have no permanently assigned forces allocated the Canadian Forces, which provide a limited military
for operations but receive them from force generation presence in Canada’s northern, coastal and isolated
commands, Maritime Command (MARCOM), Land Forces areas. It is a volunteer, part-time force
Command (LFC) and Air Command (AIRCOM) each have Ranger 5 (patrol) gp (163 patrols)
forces normally assigned to them for force generation by
the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) who has full command. Militia 24,700 reservists
Canadian Forces are expanding and the expected strength Army 10 (bde gp) HQ
will be increasing to 70,000 Regular Force members and Armd 8 regt
30,000 Reserve Force members.
Armd Cav 2 regt
Armd Recce 6 regt
Organisations by Service Inf 43 regt
Fd Arty 14 regt, 2 indep bty
Army (Land Forces) 33,711 ADA 2 regt
North America 29
Engr 3 regt, 8 sqn air roles (AD, AT, SAR, trg) while remaining under direct 1
North America
Cbt Engr 1 regt Cdn Air Div control.
MP 5 coy 13 Wgs: 1 Wg (Kingston); 3 Wg (Bagotville); 4 Wg (Cold
Log 19 bn Lake); 5 Wg (Goose Bay); 8 Wg (Trenton); 9 Wg (Gander);
12 Wg (Shearwater); 14 Wg (Greenwood); 15 Wg (Moose
Medical 11 coy
Jaw); 16 Wg (Borden); 17 Wg (Winnipeg); 19 Wg (Comox);
22 Wg (North Bay). In addition, an Air Expeditionary Wg
Navy (Maritime Command) 10,960 (AEW) at Bagotville (up to 550 personnel) will train and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE deploy together, and will comprise a cmd element, an ops
SUBMARINES SSK 4: support flt and a mission support flt.
4 Victoria (ex-UK Upholder) each with 6 single 533mm
FORCES BY ROLE
TT each with Mk48 Sea Arrow HWT, (1 hull currently
operational) Strategic 1 (NORAD Regional) HQ located at
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 15 Surveillance Winnipeg; 1 Sector HQ at North Bay with
DESTROYERS • DDG 3 mod Iroquois each with 1 Mk 10 North Warning System Long Range;
41 VLS with 29+ SM-2 MR SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) 36 North Warning System Short Range; 4
each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, 2 CH-124 (SH-3) Sea Coastal; 2 Transportable (total of 52 Radar
King ASW hel stn)
FRIGATES • FFG 12 Halifax with 2 quad (8 eff.) with 8 Ftr/FGA 4 sqn with CF-18AM/CF-18BM Hornet (1
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RGM-84 block II Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 octuple (16 eff.) sqn with 30 at Bagotville and 2 sqns with
Mk 48 Sea Sparrow with 16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 30 at Cold Lake (incl 19 with Ops & Trg
Mk 46 LWT, 2 Twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) with 24 Mk 46 unit, 1 at Tech Trg Unit))
LWT, (capacity either 1 CH-124 (SH-3) Sea King ASW hel MP 3 sqn (2 in Greenwood, 1 in Comox) with
or 1 CH-124 Sea King CH-124 (SH-3) ASW) 18 CP-140 Aurora*)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12 SAR 5 sqn (Comox – CC115 and CH149;
MCDV 12 Kingston Winnipeg – CC130; Trenton – CC130 and
FACILITIES CH146; Greenwood – CC130 and CH 149;
Gander – CH149) with 14 CH-149 and 3
Bases Located at Esquimalt (Pacific), Halifax (Atlantic),
CC-130 dedicated to SAR
Ottawa (National HQ), Quebec City (Naval
Reserve HQ). Commanders for MARPAC and Mar Hel 3 sqn (2 Shearwater, 1 Victoria) with 28
MARLANT directly or through their respective CH-124 Sea King
at-sea fleet commander, act as the MCC for the ISR 1 CU-170 Heron UAV detachment with 3
operational commands of CANADACOM and/or ac. 1 School (contracted) in Suffield with 2
CEFCOM.) CU-170 Heron
Tpt/SAR 1 sqn with 4 CC-17; 5 tpt/SAR sqns with 29
Logistic Support CC-130; 1 tpt/SAR sqn with 6 CC-115; 1 utl
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 16 sqn with 4 CC-138; 1 tpt sqn with 5 CC-150
AOR 2 Protecteur each with 3 CH-124 (SH-3)Sea King Polaris; 1 tpt sqn with 6 CC-144 Challenger
ASW hel Tkr 1 sqn with 5 CC-130; 1 sqn with 2 CC-150
YDT 8: 2 MCM support; 6 diving tender/spt less than (A-310 MRTT)
100 tonnes Hel 6 tac avn sqns (Edmonton, Petawawa,
TRG 6 Orca (2 additional vessels expected by 2010) Borden, Valcartier, St Hubert, Cagetown)
with 71 CH-146 Griffon; 3 cbt spt sqns
Reserves 4,167 reservists (Cold Lake, Bagotville, Goose Bay) with 8
HQ 1 HQ located at Quebec CH-146 Griffon
Navy 24 div (tasks: crew 10 of the 12 MCDV; harbour Trg 1 pilot trg school in Moose Jaw with
defence; naval control of shipping)
CT-155 Hawk, CT-156 Harvard II; 1 pilot
trg school in Southport with Grob 120A,
Air Force (Air Command) 19,699 (plus 2,344 Jet Ranger/Griffon and King Air; 1 pilot trg
reservists integrated within total Air Force school in Cold Lake with CT-155 Hawk; 1
structure) nav trg school in Winnipeg with CT-142
Flying hours 104,939 planned for the year Dash-8; 1 SAR trg school in Comox
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 Cdn Air Division (1 Cdn Air Div), HQ Winnipeg, is AIRCRAFT 111 combat capable
responsible for all CF air op readiness, combat air-spt, FGA 93: 61 CF-18AM Hornet, 18 CF-18BM Hornet (plus 14
air tpt, SAR, MR and trg. This HQ is the ACC HQ for CF-18A/B flying until 2009)
CANADACOM and CEFCOM. 1 Cdn Air Div wgs directly MP 18 CP-140 Aurora
support land forces (tac avn and UAV), maritime forces TPT/TKR 7: 2 A-310MRTT; 5 KC-130H
(maritime hel and long range MP), and Special Forces (hel) TPT 47: 4 CC-17; 24 C-130E/H (16 –E, 8–H, of which 3
with OPCOM status. Other wgs undertake directly related grounded though could be fitted with new wings); 6
30 The Military Balance 2009
CC-115 Buffalo; 4 CC-138 (DHC-6) Twin Otter; 6 CC-144B Sigs (Cdn Forces Joint Sig Regt) regt (strategic
Challenger; 3 CC-150 Polaris and operational signals and information
TRG 79: 19 CT-155 Hawk Mk-115; 26 CT-156 Harvard management)
II (T-6A-1 Texan II); 11 G120A Grob; 7 King Air C90B; 7 MP 1 (close protection ) coy
CT-139 Jet Ranger; 9 CT-146 Outlaw; (all contract owned); NBC 3 (3 Cdn support and 4 Cdn movement units)
4 CT-142 Dash 8 Nav Trainer coy (1 supply, 1 postal, 1 movement)
AIR DEMO 26 CT-144 Tutor Medical 1 (1 Cdn Forces Field Hospital) bn
HELICOPTERS
SAR 14 CH-149 Cormorant Canadian Coast Guard 4,554 (civilian)
ASW 28 CH-124 (SH-3) Sea King Incl. Department of Fisheries and Oceans; all platforms are
UTL 94: 9 CH-139 Jet Ranger; 85 CH-146 Griffon (incl 10 designated as non-combatant.
spec ops) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 60+
UAV 6 CU-161 Sperwer; 5 CU-170 Heron (leased for 3 yrs) PSO 4 Type-600
RADARS 53 PCO 6: 1 Tanu; 2 Louisbourg; 1 Quebecois; 1 Arrrow Post; 1
AD RADAR • NORTH WARNING SYSTEM 47: 11 Gordon Reid;
Long Range; 36 Short Range PCI 9: 4 Type-400; 3 Post Class; 1 Cumella Class; 1 Type 200
STRATEGIC 6: 4 Coastal; 2 Transportable PB 41: 10 Type 300-A; 31 Type-300B (SAR Lifeboats)
MSL LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 54
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ACV 4 Penac
AAM AIM-7M Sparrow; AIM-9L Sidewinder; AIM-120C
AGB 6
AMRAAM
HEAVY ICEBREAKER 2: 1 Gulf class Type 1300; 1
ASM AGM-65 Maverick
Terry Fox class Type 1200
BOMBS
MEDIUM RIVER ICEBREAKER 4: 1 Modified R
Conventional: Mk 82; Mk 83; Mk 84 class+ Type 1200; 3 R class Type 1200
Laser-Guided: GBU-10/ GBU-12/ GBU-16 Paveway II; AGOR 10 (nearshore and offshore fishery vessels)
GBU-24 Paveway III AGOS 7
Navaids 24 (incl specialist vessels)
NATO Flight Training Canada Trg 3
AIRCRAFT HELICOPTERS
TRG 45: 26 CT-156 Harvard II/T-6A Texan II; 19 Hawk 20: 14 Bo-105; 3 Bell 206L Longranger; 3 Bell 212
MK115 (advanced wpns/tactics trg)
Deployment
Contracted Flying Services – Southport
AIRCRAFT Afghanistan
TRG 34: 11 Grob G120A; 7 King Air C90B; 7 CT-139 Jet NATO • ISAF • Operation Athena 2,500; Army: 1 lt inf bn
Ranger; 9 CT-146 Outlaw HQ; 2 lt inf coy; 1 armd sqn; 1 armd recce sqn; 1 arty bty;
1 UAV flt; 1 cbt engr sqn; 1 MP coy; 20 Leopard C2 MBT;
Canadian Special Operations some LAV III Kodiak; some LAV-25 Coyote; 6 M-777; some
Forces Command 1,500 Sperwer UAV
Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan (Op Archer)12
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNAMA (Operation Accius) 2 obs
Comd 1 HQ
SF 1 regt (3rd Bn Royal Canadian Regt; Bosnia-Herzegovina
expanding from 1 to 4 Coy with comd NATO • NATO HQ Sarajevo (Operation Bronze) 8
and spt elms) located at CFB Petawawa OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
Counter- 1 (JTF-II) bn (Domestic or specialist
Cyprus
Terrorist foreign ops) located at Dwyer Hill
UN • UNFICYP (Operation Snowgoose) 1
Special Ops 1 sqn located at CFB Petawawa, with
CH-146 Griffon Democratic Republic of Congo
NBC 1 coy located at CFB Trenton eqpt. with 4 UN • MONUC (Operation Crocodile) 10 obs
MILLAV Bison Egypt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MFO (Operation Calumet) 28
RECCE LAV Bison (NBC)
Europe
HEL • UTL CH-146 Griffon
NATO (ACO) 292
Canadian Operational Support Command HAITI
2,000 UN • MINUSTAH (Operation Hamlet) 5 obs
Comd 1 HQ Israel
Engr 1 (1 engr support unit) coy USSC (OperationProteus) 3
North America 31
North America
NATO • Active Endeavour 1 FFG
Middle East US Strategic Command
UN • UNTSO (Operation Jade) 7 obs Combined Service 1 HQ located at Offutt AFB (NE)
Five missions US nuclear deterrent; missile defence;
SERBIA
global strike; info ops; ISR
OSCE • Kosovo 3
Sierra Leone US Navy
IMATT (Operation Sculpture) 11 SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 14 Ohio (mod)
SSBN 730 each with up to 24 UGM-133A Trident D-5
Sudan strategic SLBM
UN • UNAMID (Operation Saturn) 5
UN • UNMIS (Operation Safari) 8; 22 obs US Air Force • Air Combat Command
Bbr 5 sqn (incl. 1 AFR) at 2 AFB with 76 B-52H
Syria/ISRAEL Stratofortress each with up to 20 AGM-86B nuclear
UN • UNDOF (Operation Gladius) 2 ALCM and/or AGM-129A nuclear ACM; 2 sqn
United states at 1 AFB with 19 B-2A Spirit each with up to 16
free-fall bombs (or up to 80 when fitted with Small
US CENTCOM (Operation Foundation) 8
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located at Mountain Home AFB (ID); 1 non- Armd Cav 1 heavy regt (3rd ACR) with 3 cav sqn (each: 3
operational located at Maine (ME) cav tps, 1 tk coy, 1 arty bty), 1 air cav sqn with
STRATEGIC 2 Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (3 atk tps, 1 lift coy), 1 chemical coy, 1 engr
BMEWS located at Thule, GL and Fylingdales Moor, coy, 1 MI coy; 1 regt (11th ACR) – OPFOR
UK; 1 (primary mission to track ICBM and SLBM; Armd Inf 1 bde (172nd) with (1 armd bn, 2 armd inf bn,
also used to track satellites) located at Clear (AK) 1 armd recce tp, 1 SP arty bty, 1 cbt engr bn,
SPACETRACK SYSTEM 11: 8 Spacetrack Radar 1 BSB)
located at Incirlik (Tu), Eglin (FL), Cavalier AFS (ND), Mech Inf 6 Stryker (SBCT) (each: 1 HQ coy, 3 Stryker
Clear (AK), Thule (GL), Fylingdales Moor (UK), Beale bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 recce sqn, 1 AT coy, 1 engr
AFB (CA), Cape Cod (MA); 3 Spacetrack Optical coy, 1 sigs coy , 1 MI coy ,1 BSB)
Trackers located at Socorro (NM), Maui (HI), Diego
Inf 8 IBCT (each: 2 inf bn, 1 recce sqn, 1 fd arty
Garcia
bn, 1 BSB, 1 BSTB)
USN SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM NAV
SPASUR 3 strategic transmitting stations; 6 strategic Air Aslt 4 BCT (each: 2 air aslt bn, 1 RSTA bn, 1 arty
receiving sites in southeast USA bn, 1 BSB, 1 BSTB (1 MI coy, 1 engr coy, 1
sigs coy))
PERIMETER ACQUISITION RADAR ATTACK
CHARACTERISATION SYSTEM PARCS 1 at AB 6 BCT (each: 2 para bn, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bn, 1
Cavalier AFS, (ND) BSB, 1 BSTB (1 MI coy, 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy))
PAVE PAWS 3 at Beale AFB (CA), Cape Cod AFS Arty 6 (Fires) bde (each: HQ coy, 1 MLRS bn, 1 atk
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(MA), Clear AFS (AK); 1 (phased array radar 5,500km UAV coy , 1 TA coy, 1 BSB bn)
range) located at Otis AFB (MA) Engr 5 bde
DETECTION AND TRACKING RADARS AD 5 bde with MIM-104 Patriot
Kwajalein Atoll, Ascension Island, Antigua, Kaena
Cbt Avn 11 CAB (6 heavy, 3 medium, 2 light) (each: 1
Point (HI), MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MA)
aslt hel bn, 2 atk hel bn, 1 avn spt bn, 1 gen
GROUND BASED ELECTRO OPTICAL DEEP
spt avn bn); 1 (theatre avn) bde
SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM GEODSS
Socorro (NM), Maui (HI), Diego Garcia Spt 13 (Sustainment) bde (each: 1 BSTB, 2 Cbt Spt
STRATEGIC DEFENCES – MISSILE DEFENCES bn, 1 Sigs coy)
SEA-BASED: Aegis engagement cruisers and destroyers Cbt Spt 3 (Manoeuvre enhancement) bde (each: 1 spt
in Pacific Fleet bn, 1 sigs coy)
LAND-BASED: 21 ground-based Interceptors at Fort Surv 3 BfSB (each: 1 reconnaissance and
Greeley, AK; 3 ground-based interceptors at Vandenburg, surveillance sqn, 1 BSTB bn, 1 MI bn) forming
CA. WMD / 1 (CBRNE) comd (1 Chemical bde (2
NBC / EOD chemical bn), 1 asymmetric warfare regt
US Army 538,128; 67,048 active ANG; 27,069 (initially under direct FORSCOM C2), 2 EOD
active AR (total 632,245) gp (each: 2 EOD bn))
FORCES BY ROLE SF See US Special Operations Command
The US Army continues its accelerated transition pro- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
gramme. The aim at present is to have an Active Component MBT 7,620+ M1-A1/M1-A2 Abrams
of 19 Heavy Brigade Combat Teams (HBCT),(including 3 RECCE 96 Tpz-1 Fuchs
ACR), 23 Infantry BCT (IBCT) and 6 Stryker BCT (SBCT). AIFV 6,452 M-2 Bradley/M-3 Bradley
The Reserve is planned to comprise 6 HBCT, 21 IBCT and APC 28,574
1 SBCT. The SBCT has 3 manoeuvre bn instead of 2, as in APC (T) 13,943 M-113A2/M-113A3
the HBCT and IBCT. The HBCT has 2 combined arms bn, APC (W) 14,631: 4,131 Stryker
an armed recce sqn, an armd fires bn, a Brigade Support Bn MRAP 10,500
(BSB) and a Bde Special Troops Bn (BSTB). The IBCT has 2 ARTY 6,763+
inf bn, a Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisi- SP 155mm 2,087 M-109A1/M-109A2/M-109A6
tion (RSTA) squadron, a Fires bn, a BSB and a BSTB. The TOWED 1,780: 105mm 434 M-102; 416 M-119; 155mm
SBCT has three Stryker infantry bn, a RSTA sqn, a fires bn, 697 M-198; 233+ M-777 ( replacing M-198)
a BSB , and engr, sigs, MI and anti-armour coys. The army MRL 227mm 830 MLRS (all ATACMS-capable)
currently projects 18 division headquarters in the total force MOR 2,066: 81mm 990 M-252; 120mm 1,076 M-120/M-121
(10 Active and 8 National Guard). All were programmed to AT
convert to modular design by FY09, fully standardising the MSL 21,955
division headquarters across the force. The army is devel- SP 2,005: 1,379 HMMWV TOW; 626 M-901
oping plans to grow to include 76 BCTs (48 AC BCTs and 28 MANPATS 19,950: 950 Javelin (fire and forget); 19,000
RC BCTs) and approximately 225 support brigades. M47 Dragon
Comd 6 army HQ; 3 corps HQ 10 div HQ RL 84mm M136 (AT-4)
Armd 17 HBCT (each: 2 (combined arms) armd / AMPHIBIOUS 124+
armd inf bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 LCU 45: 11 LCU-1600 (capacity either 2 M1-A1 Abrams
BSTB bn, 1 BSB bn) MBT or 350 troops); 34 LCU-2000
North America 33
LC 79+: 6 Frank Besson (capacity 32 Abrams MBT); 73+ Engr 8 bde (40bn)
North America
LCM-8 (capacity either 1 MBT or 200 troops) Avn 2 (heavy) cbt avn bde; 6 (air expeditionary)
AIRCRAFT cbt avn bde (each: 1 aslt hel bn, 1 atk hel
RECCE 60: 2 O-2 Skymaster bn, 1 gen spt avn bn, 1 avn spt bn, 1 spt/sy
ARL 9: 3 Dash-7 ARL-M (COMINT/ELINT); 3 Dash-7 hel bn (each: 3 spt/sy coy – to become 4)); 5
ARL-1 (IMINT); 3 Dash-7 ARL-C (COMINT) theatre avn bde (transforming)
RC-12 49: 37 RC-12D Guardrail/RC-12H Guardrail/ WMD 32 WMD-CST (Weapons of Mass
RC-12K Guardrail; 12 RC-12P Guardrail/RC-12Q Destruction Civil Support Teams)
Guardrail AD 4 indep bn with MIM-104 Patriot;
EW• ELINT 9 RC-7 Dash 7 FIM-92A Avenger
TPT 208: 46 C-12C Huron/C-12R Huron; 90 C-12D Huron/
Spt 9 spt bde, 17 regional spt gps
C-12F Huron/C-12J Huron; 3 C-20 Gulfstream; 47 C-23A
Sherpa/C-23B Sherpa; 11 C-26 Metro; 2 C-31 Friendship; 2 Cbt Spt 14 (Manoeuvre enhancement) bde
C-37; 2 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1 U-21 Ute; 4 UV-18A Twin (transforming)
Otter Sigs 2 bde
UTL 27: 26 UC-35 Citation; 1 UV-20A Chiricahua
TRG 3 T-34 Turbo Mentor
Army Reserve 195,000 reservists (27,069 active)
HELICOPTERS Inf 5 div (exercise); 7 div (trg)
OBS 463 OH-58A Kiowa/OH-58C Kiowa Avn 1 theatre avn bde with (air aslt hel, atk hel
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RIM-7M/RIM-7P, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42 RIM-116 RAM 4 LCU; 100 tanks; 1,900 troops) each with 2 Mk 49
SAM (Decommissioning planned ‘09) RAM with 42 RIM-116 RAM SAM
CRUISERS • CG • TICONDEROGA 22 Aegis Baseline LPD 9:
2/3/4 (CG-52-CG-74) each with, 1 comd and control, 6 Austin (capacity 6 CH-46E Sea Knight spt hel; 2
2 quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 2 61 LCAC(L) ACV/LCU; 40 tanks; 788 troops)
cell Mk 41 VLS (122 eff.) each with SM-2 ER SAM/ 3 San Antonio (capacity 1 CH-53E Sea Stallion hel or
Tomahawk LAM, 2 127mm gun 2 SH-60B Seahawk 2 CH-46 Sea Knight or 1 MV-22 Osprey; 2 LCAC(L);
ASW hel, (Extensive upgrade programme scheduled 14 AAAV; 720 troops) (additional 5 hulls in build;
from 2006-2020, to include sensors and fire control current programme totals 9 units)
systems, major weapons upgrade to include Evolved LSD 12:
Sea Sparrow (ESSM), SM-3 / SM-2 capability and 2 MK 4 Harpers Ferry (capacity 2 LCAC(L) ACV; 40 tanks;
45 Mod 2 127mm gun) 500 troops) each with 1–2 Mk 49 RAM with 21–42
DESTROYERS • DDG 52 RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 hel landing platform (for 2
28 Arleigh Burke Flight I/II each with Aegis comd and CH-35)
control, 1 32 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) with ASROC 8 Whidbey Island (capacity 4 LCAC(L) ACV; 40
tactical/ASSM SSM/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, 1 tanks; 500 troops) each with 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42
64 cell Mk 41 VLS (64 eff.) with ASROC/ASSM SSM/ RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 hel landing platform (for 2
SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, 2 quad (8 eff.) each CH-53)
with RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42 AMPHIBIOUS CRAFT 282+
RIM-116 RAM SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with LCU 32 LCU-1600 (capacity either 2 M1-A1 Abrams
Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 hel landing platform MBT or 350 troops)
24 Arleigh Burke Flight IIA each eq. with Aegis comd LCVP 8
and control, 1 32 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) with ASROC LCPL 90
tactical/ASSM SSM/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, LCM 72
1 64 cell Mk 41 VLS (64 eff.) with ASROC/ASSM SSM ACV 80 LCAC(L) (capacity either 1 MBT or 60 troops;
tactical/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, 2 quad (8 (undergoing upgrade programme))
eff.) each with RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 2 triple ASTT SF EQUIPMENT 6 DDS opcon USSOCOM
(6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 2 SH- FACILITIES
60B Seahawk ASW hel, (Ongoing programme for 10
Bases 1 opcon EUCOM located at Naples, It,
additional ships)
1 opcon EUCOM located at Soudha Bay, Gr,
FRIGATES 22
1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Yokosuka,
FFG 22 Oliver Hazard Perry each with 2 triple 324mm
J, 1 opcon EUCOM located at Rota, Sp, 1
ASTT (6 eff.) with 24 Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun,
opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Sasebo, J
(capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel)
LCS 1: Naval 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet (plus naval comms
1 Freedom with RIM-116 RAM, MK-15 Phalanx CIWS, 1 airbases facility) located at Andersen AFB, 1 opcon
57mm gun, (standard capacity either 2 MH-60 Seahawk US Pacific Fleet located at Diego Garcia,
hel or 1 MH-60 with 3 Firescout UAV) (1st of class BIOT
undergoing Sea Trials) SEWS 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Pine Gap,
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16 Aus
PFC 8 Cyclone Comms 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at NW Cape,
PCI 8 facility Aus
North America 35
SIGINT stn 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Pine Gap, Strategic Sealift Force
North America
Aus (At a minimum of 4 days readiness)
Support 1 opcon EUCOM located at Ankara, Tu, LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 25:
facility 1 opcon EUCOM located at Izmir, Tu, T-AOT 4 Champion
1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Diego T-AK 2
Garcia, BIOT, 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet T-AKR 19:
located at Singapore, Sgp FSS T-AKR 8 Algol
LMSR T-AKR 11: 7 Bob Hope; 2 Gordon; 2 Shughart
Combat Logistics Force Special Mission Ships
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17:
AOE 5: 4 Sacramento (capacity 2 CH-46E Sea Knight spt HSV 1
hel); 1 Supply (capacity 3 CH-46E Sea Knight spt hel) T-AG 1 Hayes
T-AGM 3; T-ARC 1
Navy Reserve Surface Forces T-AGOS 4: 1 Impeccable; 3 Victorious
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS
T-AGS 7: 1 John McDonnell; 6 Pathfinder
FFG 8 Oliver Hazard Perry in reserve each with 2 triple
324mm ASTT (6 eff.) with 24 Mk 46 LWT, 36 SM-1 MR US Maritime Administation Support • National
SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW Defense Reserve Fleet
hel) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 49:
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MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 15: T-AK 42: 39 T-AK (breakbulk); 3 T-AK (heavy lift)
MCM 5 Avenger in reserve each with 1 SLQ-48 MCM T-AO 7
system, 1 SQQ-32(V)3 Sonar (mine hunting)
MHC 10 Osprey in reserve each with 1 SLQ-48 MCM Ready Reserve Force
system, 1 SQQ-32(V)2 Sonar (mine hunting) Ships at readiness up to a maximum of 30 days
INSHORE UNDERSEA WARFARE 45 HDS/IBU/MIUW LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 56:
T-ACS 10 Keystone State
Navy Stand-by-Reserve 2,500 reservists T-AK 9: 3 T-AK (breakbulk); 6 T-AK (heavy lift)
T-AKR 31
Naval Reserve Force 123,711 T-AOT 6
Naval Inactive Fleet Augmentation Force • Active
Under 60–90 days notice for reactivation
Cargo handling 1 bn
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 20
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 5 CV Reserve
BATTLESHIP 1 BB
Cargo handling 12 bn
CRUISERS 3 CG
DESTROYERS 12: 4 DD; 8 DDG Naval Aviation 98,588
AMPHIBIOUS Operates from 11 carriers, 11 air wings (10 active 1 reserve).
LS 5 LKA Average air wing comprises 8 sqns: 4 each with 12 F/A-18
CRAFT 5 LCT (2 with F/A-18C, 1 with F/A18-E, 1 with F/A18-F) 1 with 8
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7: 5 AG; AO 2 S-3B, 1 with 6 SH-60, 1 with 4 EA-6B, 1 with 4 E-2C.
Military Sealift Command (MSC) FORCES BY ROLE
Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force Air wing 10 wg
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 43 COMD 2 sqn with E-6B Mercury
AFH 5: 3 Mars; 2 Sirius FGA 9 sqn with F/A-18E Super Hornet; 10 sqn
AEH 5 Kilauea with F/A-18F Super Hornet; 15 sqn with
ARS 2 Safeguard F/A-18C Hornet; 1 sqn with F/A-18A+
AH 2 Mercy eqpt. with 1 hel landing platform ASW 1 sqn with S-3B Viking; 9 sqn with SH-60B
ATF 4 Powhatan Seahawk; 10 sqn with HH-60H Seahawk;
HSV 1 SH-60F Seahawk; 1 sqn with MH-60R
T-AO 14 Henry J. Kaiser Seahawk
T-AOE RAS 4 Supply class ELINT 2 sqn with EP-3 Orion
T-AKEH 6 Lewis and Clark ELINT/ECM 13 sqn with EA-6B Prowler; EA-18G
Maritime Prepositioning Program Growler
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 32
MP 12 (land-based) sqn with P-3C Orion*
T-AK 6
AEW 10 sqn with total of E-2C Hawkeye
T-AKR 24:
LMSR T-AKR 11: 3; 8 Watson MCM 2 sqn with MH-53E Sea Dragon
T-AKRH 13 Spt 7 sqn with MH-60S Knight Hawk
T-AVB 2 Tpt 2 sqn with total of 37 C-2A Greyhound
36 The Military Balance 2009
North America
Marine 1 div (1st) with (3 inf regt (each: 4 inf bn) 1 arty VIP 1 sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight; CH-53E Sea
regt (4 arty bn), 1 armd bn, 2 (LAV-25) lt armd Stallion; VH-60N Presidential Hawk; VH-3D
recce bn, 1 recce bn, 1 amph aslt bn, 1 cbt engr Sea King
bn) AD 2 bn with FIM-92A Avenger; FIM-92A
1 div (2nd) with (3 inf regt (each: 4 inf bn) 1 arty Stinger (can provide additional heavy
regt (4 arty bn), 1 armd bn, 1 lt armd recce bn, calibre support weapons)
1 recce bn, 1 amph aslt bn, 1 cbt engr bn,);
1 div (3rd) with (1 inf regt ( 3 inf bn), 1 arty regt UAV 3 sqn with RQ-7B Shadow
(2 arty bn), 1 recce bn, 1 cbt spt bn (1 lt armd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
recce coy, 1 amph aslt coy, 1 cbt engr coy))
AC 370 combat capable
Spec Ops 3 MEF recce coy
FGA 354
Log 3 gp F/A-18 225: 46 F/A-18A/F/A-18 A+ Hornet 2 F/A-18B
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Hornet; 82 F/A-18C Hornet; 95 F/A-18D Hornet; 129
MBT 403 M1-A1 Abrams AV-8B Harrier II
RECCE 252 LAV-25 Coyote (25mm gun, plus 189 variants EW 26 EA-6B Prowler
excluding 50 mor, 95 ATGW see below) TKR 33+: 30+ KC-130J Hercules; 3 KC-130R Hercules
AAV 1,311 AAV-7A1 (all roles) TPT 3
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Tiger II each on call for 120 days every 20 months. At least 2 of the
10 AEFs are on call at any one time, each with 10,000–15,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE personnel, 90 multi-role ftr and bbr ac, 31 intra-theatre
AC 25 combat capable refuelling aircraft and 13 aircraft for intelligence,
FTR • F-5 13 surveillance, reconnaissance and EW missions.
1 F-5E Tiger II / F-5F Tiger II; 12 F-5N Tiger II
FGA 12 F/A-18A/A+ Hornet Air Combat Command (ACC) 96,000 active-
TKR 28 KC-130T Hercules duty members and civilians. (When mobilised,
UTL 7 over 57,000 ANG and AFR personnel, with
UC-12: 2 UC-12B Huron / UC-12F Huron about 859 ac, are assigned to ACC)
UC-35: 3 UC-35C Citation Ultra / UC-35D Citation ACC (Langley AFB, Va.), is the primary US provider of
Encore air combat forces. ACC operates ftr, bbr, recce, battle-
HELICOPTERS 18 attack helicopters management, and electronic-combat aircraft and in
ATK • AH-1 18: 18 AH-1W Cobra total, ACC and ACC-gained units fly more than 2,000
SPT 40 aircraft. It also provides C3I systems, and conducts global
24 CH-46E Sea Knight; 6 CH-53E Sea Stallion information operations. ACC numbered air forces (four
UTL 9 UH-1N Iroquois are active-duty) provide the air component to CENTCOM,
SOUTHCOM and NORTHCOM, with HQ ACC serving
Marine Stand-by Reserve 700 reservists as the air component to Joint Forces Commands. ACC also
Trained individuals available for mobilisation augments forces to EUCOM, PACOM and STRATCOM,
and the recently established AFRICOM.
US Coast Guard 40,698 (Military); 7,396
(civilian) ACC organisation
Two Area Commands: Pacific (Alameda, California) and First Air Force (Tyndall AFB, Fla.) provides surveillance
Atlantic (Portsmouth, Virginia), supervising 9 districts (4 and C2 for AD forces for CONUS in support of NORAD.
Pacific, 5 Atlantic). 2 (1 Atlantic, 1 Pacific) Maintenance and It provides forces necessary for US national defence.
Logistics Command Atlantic (MLCA). Assigned units include the CONUS Regional Air
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 161 Operations Centre, NORAD System Support Facility and
PSOH 41: 1 Alex Haley; 13 Famous; 12 Hamilton; 14 Reliance, the Southeast, Northeast and the Western Air Defence
1 Legend Sectors. Ten ANG ftr wg are assigned.
PSO 1 Eighth Air Force (Barksdale AFB, La.) provides C2ISR;
PFC 5 Cyclone long-range attack; and information operations forces.
PBC 114: 73 Marine Protector; 41 Island It provides conventional forces to US Joint Forces
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 92 Command and provides nuclear capable bombers,
ABU 16 Juniper specified Global Strike assets, and C2ISR capabilities to
AGB 4: 1 Mackinaw; 1 Healy; 2 Polar Icebreaker US Strategic Command. Eighth Air Force also supports
Trg 2 STRATCOM’s Joint Force Headquarters - Information
WLI 5 Operations and serves as the command element for air
WLIC 13 force-wide computer network operations.
WLM 14 Keeper Ninth Air Force (Shaw Air Force Base, S.C.) controls
WLR 18 ACC fighter forces based on the US east coast, and serves
WTGB 9 Bay Class as the air component for a 25-nation area within the
YTM 11 CENTCOM AOR.
North America 39
Tenth Air Force (NAS Joint Reserve Base, Fort Worth, Mission 25 sqn with F/A-22A Raptor; F-16 Fighting
North America
Tx.), directs more than 13,300 reservists and 900 civilians trg Falcon; F-15 Eagle; A-10 Thunderbolt II; OA-10
at 28 locations throughout the US. It currently commands Thunderbolt II; TU-2S; MC-130 Hercules;
Air Force Reserve Command units gained by five other HC-130 Hercules; KC-135 Stratotanker; C-130
major commands, including ACC. Hercules; C-135 Stratolifter; C-17 Globemaster;
Twelfth Air Force (Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.) controls C-21 Learjet; C-5 Galaxy; HH-60 Seahawk;
ACC’s conventional ftr and bbr forces based in the UH-1N Huey
western US and has the warfighting responsibility for Trials and Units with 2 B-1 Lancer; B-2 Spirit; B-52
SOUTHCOM as well as the US Southern Air Forces. testing Stratofortress; F-22 Raptor; F-117 Nighthawk;
Each numbered air force is composed of air wings; F-16 Fighting Falcon; F-15A Eagle/F-15B
allocated to these air wings are role-specific squadrons. Eagle/F-15C Eagle/F-15D Eagle; A-10
FORCES BY ROLE Thunderbolt II; U-2; EC-130E Commando
HQ (AF) 1 HQ located at Langley AFB (VA) Solo; E-3B Sentry; AC-130 Spectre; KC-135
Bbr 4 (non-STRATCOM mission capable) sqn with Stratotanker; C-135 Stratolifter; C-17
B-1B Lancer; 4 sqn opcon US STRATCOM Globemaster; T-38C Talon; NC-130 Hercules;
with B-52 Stratofortress; 2 sqn opcon US HH-60 Seahawk; UH-1N Huey
STRATCOM with B-2A Spirit (16 combat
ready) Reserve Organisations
Ftr 5 sqn with F/A-22A Raptor; 15 sqn with F-16C
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Tac tpt 10 sqn with C-130E Hercules/C-130J TKR 512 (241 Active Force; 65 Reserve; 206 Air
Hercules National Guard): 59 KC-10A Extender DC-10 (tkr/tpt);
Tkr 7 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker (+2 sqn 182 KC-135 A/E/R/T Stratotanker (plus 65 Reserve, 206
personnel only); 4 sqn KC-10A Extender Air National Guard)
(personnel only); TRG 1,609 (all Active Force): 179 T-1A Jayhawk; 454
Weather recce 1 sqn with WC-130H Hercules/WC-130J T-6A Texan II1; 419 T-37B Tweet; 546 T-38A Talon; 11
Hercules T-43A
Mission trg 3 sqn with F-16 Fighting Falcon; A-10 TILT-ROTOR 6: 2 CV-22 Osprey (testing); 4 CV-22A
Thunderbolt II; C-130 Hercules Osprey (SOC)
UAV 1 sqn with RQ-4A (personnel only), 1 HELICOPTERS 189 (148 Active Force; 23 Reserve; 18 Air
sqn with MQ-1 (personnel only) National Guard): 64 HH-60G Pave Hawk (plus 23 Reserve;
18 Air National Guard); 62 UH-1N Huey (TPT); 2 MH-53J
Civil Reserve Air Fleet Pave Low III (SOC); 20 MH-53M Pave Low IV (SOC)
Commercial ac numbers fluctuate UAV Large: 11 RQ-4A Global Hawk; Medium: 10 MQ-9
AIRCRAFT • TPT 37 carriers and 1,376 aircraft enrolled, Reaper; 110 MQ-1 Predator;
including 1,273 aircraft in the international segment (990 Small/micro UAV: 1 Scan Eagle; some RQ-11; some Desert
long-range and 283 short-range), plus 37 national, 50 Hawk; some Battlefield Air Targeting Micro Air Vehicles
aeromedical evacuation segments and 4 aircraft in the (BATMAV).
Alaskan segment.
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MSL 41,422+
Air Force Stand-by-Reserve 16,858 reservists ASM 26,422+: 1,142 AGM-86B ALCM; 460 AGM-
Trained individuals for mobilisation 129A Advanced Cruise Missile; 400+ AGM-130A; 150+
AGM-142 Popeye; 17,000+ AGM-65A Maverick/AGM-
US AIR FORCE INVENTORY
AIRCRAFT 2,693 combat capable 65B Maverick/AGM-65D Maverick/AGM-65G Maverick;
LRSA 160 (151 Active Force; 9 Reserve; 0 Air National 70+ AGM-84B Harpoon; 700+ AGM-86C CALCM; 6,500+
Guard): 65 B-1B Lancer; 19 B-2A Spirit; 67 B-52H AGM-88A HARM/AGM-88B HARM
Stratofortress (plus 9 Reserve; 18 in store) AAM 15,000+: 5,000+ AIM-120A AMRAAM/AIM-120B
TAC 2,622 (1,766 Active Force; 135 Reserve; 711 AMRAAM/AIM-120C AMRAAM; 3,000+ AIM-7M
Air National Guard): 122 F/A-22A Raptor (183 on Sparrow; 7,000+ AIM-9M Sidewinder
order); 396 F-15A/B/C/D Eagle (plus 126 Air National BOMBS
Guard); 217 F-15E Strike Eagle; 738 F-16C/D Fighting Conventional: BLU-109/Mk 84 (2,000lb); BLU-110/Mk
Falcon (plus 69 Reserve; 473 Air National Guard); 143 83 (1,000lb; BLU-111/Mk 82 (500lb)
A-10A Thunderbolt II (plus 46 Reserve; 84 Air National Laser-guided: Paveway II, Paveway III (fits on Mk82,
Guard); 70 OA-10A Thunderbolt II* (plus 6 Reserve; 18 Mk83 or Mk84)
Air National Guard); 25 AC130H/U* Spectre (SOC); 14 INS/GPS guided: JDAM (GBU 31/32/38); GBU-15
EC130H Compass Call; 6 EC130J Commando Solo (SOC) (with BLU-109 penetrating warhead or Mk 84); GBU-
(Air National Guard); 16 MC-130E/H Combat Talon I/II 39B Small Diameter Bomb (250lb); Enhanced Paveway
(SOC) (plus 14 Reserve); 23 MC-130P Combat Shadow III
(plus 4 Air National Guard); 12 MC-130W Combat
Spear US Special Operations Command 31,496;
RECCE 65 (55 Active Force; 10 Reserve; 0 Air National 3,376 (civilian); 11,247 reservists (SOF) (total
Guard): 5 TU-2S; 28 U-2S; 10 WC-130J Hercules (Reserve); 42,743 plus 3,376 civilians)
3 OC-135B Open Skies; 13 RC-135V/W Rivet Joint; 2 RC- Commands all active, reserve, and National Guard Special
135U Combat Sent; 2 WC-135 Constant Phoenix; 2 E-9A Operations Forces (SOF) of all services based in CONUS
TRIALS & TEST 8 (Active Force): 1 B-2 Spirit; 2 B-1B
FORCES BY ROLE
Lancer; 4 B-52 Stratofortress; 1 E-3 Sentry
COMD/AEW 54 (37 Active Force; 0 Reserve; 0 Air Combined Service 1 HQ located at MacDill AFB (FL)
National Guard): 33 E-3B/C Sentry; 17 E-8C J-STARS;
4 E-4B US Army
TPT 841 (460 Active Force; 156 Reserve; 225 Air SF 5 gp (each: 3 SF bn)
National Guard): 27 C-5A Galaxy (plus 32 Reserve); Ranger 1 regt (3-4 Ranger bn (QDR increased
47 C-5B Galaxy; 2 C-5C Galaxy; 3 C-5M Galaxy; 158 each bn by one coy))
C-17A Globemaster III (plus 8 Reserve; 8 Air National Sigs 1 bn
Guard); 151 C-130E/H/J Hercules (plus 103 Reserve; 181
Air National Guard); 5 C-20B Gulfstream III; 2 C-20H Avn 1 regt (160 SOAR) (4 Avn bn)
Gulfstream III; 35 C-21 Learjet (plus 21 Air National Psyops 1 gp (5 Psyops bn)
Guard); 4 C-32A; 9 C-37A; 2 C-40 B/C (plus 3 Reserve, Civil Affairs 1 bn (5 Civil Affairs coy)
2 Air National Guard); 2 VC-25A (Air Force One); 13
HC- 130P/N Hercules (plus 10 Reserve, 13 Air National EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Guard) UAV 57: 15 Tern; 14 Mako; 28 Snowgoose
North America 41
Reserve Organisations entire fleet of HH-53 Pave Low helicopters over the next
North America
two years with CV-22s, but not on a one-for-one basis as
Army National Guard USSOCOM presently plans to procure only 50 CV-22s by
SF 2 gp (total: 3 SF bn) 2017. USSOCOM would like to increase its MC-130 fleet
to 61 aircraft to accommodate the growth of army and
Army Reserve marine corps special operations forces.
Psyops 2 gp
Civil Affairs 12 (4 comd, 8 bde) HQ; 36 (coys) bn Reserve Organisations
US Navy 5,400 Air National Guard
The Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) is organ- Special Ops 1 sqn with EC-130J Commando Solo; 1 sqn
ised around eight SEAL Teams and two SEAL Delivery with MC-130P Combat Shadow
Vehicle (SDV) Teams. These components deploy SEAL
Teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams, and Special Boat
Air Force Reserve
Teams worldwide to meet the training, exercise, contin- Special Ops 1 sqn with MC-130E Combat Talon
gency and wartime requirements of theater command-
ers. Operationally up to two of the eight SEAL Teams are
Deployment
deployed at any given time.
FORCES BY ROLE Afghanistan
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NSWC 1 comd; 8 SEAL team (48 pl); NATO • ISAF 20,600 • 2 lt inf IBCT
US Central Command • Operation Enduring Freedom –
2 SDV team
Afghanistan 11,100+ • 1 div HQ; 1 cbt avn bde; 1 spt bde; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ARNG lt inf IBCT
SF 6 DDS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (ISAF and OEF-A)
Naval Reserve Force AH-64 Apache, OH-58 Kiowa, CH-47 Chinook, UH-60 Black
Hawk, M119, M198, 1,122 MRAP, F-15E Strike Eagle, A-10
Delivery veh 1 det
Thunderbolt II, EC-130H Compass Call, C-130 Hercules,
Naval Special Warfare 6 (Gp) det; 3 det; 1 det HH-60 Pave Hawk, MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper
Special Boat 2 unit; 2 sqn
Antigua and Barbuda
HQ 1 (CINCSOC) det
US Strategic Command • 1 Detection and Tracking Radar
SEAL 8 det located at Antigua Air Station
FACILITIES ARabian gulf and indian ocean
Navy Special Warfare Command (NSWC), Coronado US Central Command • Navy • 5th Fleet • (5th Fleet’s
CA operating forces are rotationally deployed to the region
from either the Pacific Fleet or Atlantic Fleet.);
US Air Force
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE 1 CVN; 2 CG; 4 DDG; 1 FFG; 1 LHD; 1 LPD; 1 LSD; 2
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) PFC
includes about 13,000 active and reserve personnel. Maritime Security Operations • 1 DDG; 4 MCM
AFSOC HQ is at Hurlburt Field, FL, along with the 1st
Special Operations Wing (SOW), the 720th Special Tactics Ascension Island
Group, the 18th Flight Test Squadron, and the USAF US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar
Special Operations School. The 27th SOW is at Cannon AFB located at Ascension Auxiliary Air Field
NM. AFSOC plans to activate the 1st SOW at Hurlburt Atlantic OCEAN
Field using elements of the 16th SOW. The 352nd Special US Northern Command • US Navy • 2nd Fleet
Operations Group is at RAF Mildenhall, England, and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
the 353rd Special Operations Group, is at Kadena Air
5 SSBN; 1 SSGN; 27 SSN; 3 CVN; 8 CG; 20 DDG; 17
Base, Japan. Reserve AFSOC components include the
FFG; 5 PFC; 8 MCM; 3 LHD; 1 LHA; 6 LPD; 4 LSD
193rd Special Operations Wing, ANG, stationed at
Harrisburg, PA, the 280th Combat Communications Australia
Squadron, ANG, stationed at Dothan, AL, and the 919th US Pacific Command • US Army 27; US Navy 24; USAF 62;
Special Operations Wing, AFR, stationed at Duke Field, USMC 16 • 1 SEWS located at Pine Gap; 1 Comms facility
FL. AFSOC’s three active-duty flying units have over 100 located at Pine Gap; 1 SIGINT stn located at Pine Gap
fixed and rotary-wing aircraft.
Bahrain
2 wgs and 17 sqns with CV-22A; AC-130H Spectre/ AC-
US Central Command • US Army 22; US Navy 1,136; USAF 21;
130U Spectre*; MC-130E/H Combat Talon II; MC-130W/MC-
USMC 145; 1 HQ (5th Fleet)
130P Combat Shadow; C-130E Hercules; MH-53J Pave Low
III/MH-53M Pave Low IV: U-28A; MQ-1 Predator UAV Belgium
The first CV-22 tilt rotor squadron is expected to be US European Command • US Army 698; US Navy 102; USAF
combat ready in 2009. USSOCOM plans to replace its 475; USMC 26
42 The Military Balance 2009
USMC 23 Guam
Cuba US Pacific Command • US Army 42; US Navy 1,093; USAF
US Army 311; US Navy 456 located at Guantánamo Bay; 1,791; USMC 9 • 1 air base; 1 naval base
USMC 136 located at Guantánamo Bay EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
3 SSN; 1 MPS sqn (MPS-3 with equipment for one MEB)
Djibouti
eqpt. with 4 Logistics and Support vessels
United States Africa Command • US Army 500; US Navy 700;
USAF 300; USMC 400 • 1 naval air base located at Djibouti Haiti
UN • MINUSTAH 4
Ecuador
United States Southern Command • US Army 12; US Navy 2; Honduras
USAF 22; USMC 6 • 1 Forward Operating Location (due to United States Southern Command • US Army 223; US Navy
close 2009 - Military, DEA, USCG and Customs personnel) 2; USAF 289; USMC 7 • 1 avn bn with CH-47 Chinook; UH-60
Egypt Black Hawk
MFO 687; 1 inf bn; 1 spt bn Iraq
EL SALVADOR NATO • NTM-I 10 to 20
US Southern Command • US Army 7; US Navy 1; USAF 1; US Central Command • Operation Iraqi Freedom 143,000
USMC 11 • 1 Forward Operating Location (Military, DEA, FORCES BY ROLE
USCG and Customs personnel) 1 corps HQ; 3 div HQ; 6 armd HBCT, 1 armd cav regt;
2 mech inf SBCT; 3 lt inf IBCT; 4 ARNG lt inf IBCT; 1
Georgia
USMC MEF HQ; 2 USMC RCT
OSCE • Georgia 4
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNOMIG 2 obs
M1 Abrams, M2 Bradley, M3 Bradley, Stryker, M109,
Germany M198, 9,341 MRAP, AH-64 Apache, OH-58 Kiowa, UH-60
US Africa Command • 1 HQ located at Stuttgart Black Hawk, CH-47 Chinook, F-16D Fighting Falcon; A-10
US Africa Command • USAF • 1 HQ (17th Air Force) located Thunderbolt II; C-130 Hercules; C-17 Globemaster III; HH-
at Ramstein AB; 100 pers. 60G Pave Hawk; RQ-1B Predator
US European Command • 1 Combined Service HQ
israel
(EUCOM) located at Stuttgart–Vaihingen
US European Command • US Army 40,018 (reducing; some US Army 8; US Navy 3; USAF 15; USMC 25 • 1 AN/TPY-2
deployed to Iraq) X-band radar located at Nevatim,
FORCES BY ROLE Italy
1 HQ (US Army Europe (USAREUR)) located at US European Command • US Army 3,264 • 1 AB IBCT
Heidelberg; 1 mech inf SBCT, 1 (hvy) cbt avn bde; 1 US European Command • US Navy 2,724
armd inf bde (1 armd HBCT currently deployed to 1 HQ (US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR)) located at Naples;
Iraq) 1 HQ (6th Fleet) located at Gaeta
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US European Command • USAF 3,934
M-1 Abrams; M-2/M-3 Bradley; Stryker, M109; MLRS; 1 ftr wg with 2 ftr sqn (with 21 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-
AH-64 Apache; CH-47 Chinook UH-60 Black Hawk 16D Fighting Falcon) located at Aviano; 1 MR sqn with 9
US European Command • US Navy 269 P-3C Orion located at Sigonella
US European Command • USAF 14,588 US European Command • USMC 43
North America 43
North America
United States Pacific Command • US Army 2,544 • 1 HQ (9th US European Command • US Navy • 6th Fleet
Theater Army Area Command) located at Zama EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US Pacific Command • US Navy • 7th Fleet 3,725 • 1 HQ (7th 1 CG; 1 DDG; 1 LCC
Fleet) located at Yokosuka; 1 base located at Sasebo; 1 base NATO • Operation Active Endeavour • 1 FFG
located at Yokosuka Middle East
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNTSO 3 obs
1 CVN; 2 CG; 7 DDG; 1 FFG; 1 LCC; 2 MCM; 1 LHD; 1
LPD; 2 LSD moldova
US Pacific Command • USAF • 5th Air Force 12,504 OSCE • Moldova 2
FORCES BY ROLE Netherlands
1 HQ (5th Air Force) located at Okinawa - Kadena AB; 1 US European Command • US Army 268; US Navy 23; USAF
ftr wg located at Okinawa – Kadena AB with (2 ftr sqn 246; USMC 15
with total of 18 F-16 Fighting Falcon located at Misawa
AB); 1 ftr wg located at Okinawa – Kadena AB with (1 Netherlands ANTILLES
AEW sqn with 2 E-3B Sentry,1 SAR sqn with 8 HH-60G US Southern Command • 1 Forward Operating Location
located at Aruba
Pave Hawk, 2 ftr sqn with total of 24 F-15C Eagle/F-15D
Eagle); 1 airlift wg located at Yokota AB with 10 C-130H Norway
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Hercules; 2 C-12J; 1 Special Ops gp located at Okinawa – US European Command • US Army 22; US Navy 4; USAF 40;
Kadena AB USMC 13 • 1 (APS) SP 155mm arty bn set
US Pacific Command • USMC 14,183
Pacific OCEAN
FORCES BY ROLE US Pacific Command • US Navy • 3rd Fleet
1 Marine div (3rd); 1 ftr sqn with 12 F/A-18D Hornet; 1 tkr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
sqn with 12 KC-130J Hercules; 2 spt hel sqn with 12 CH- 9 SSBN; 3 SSGN; 23 SSN; 5 CVN; 1 CV; 10 CG; 20 DDG;
46E Sea Knight; 1 spt hel sqn with 12 MV-22B Osprey; 3 spt 11 FFG; 1 PFC; 2 LHD; 2 LHA; 4 LPD; 5 LSD
hel sqn with 10 CH-53E Sea Stallion
philippines
Korea, Republic of US Pacific Command • US Army 14; US Navy 5; USAF 9; USMC
US Pacific Command • US Army • 8th Army 17,130 84
FORCES BY ROLE
Portugal
1 HQ (8th Army) located at Seoul; 1 div HQ (2nd Inf)
US European Command • US Army 26; US Navy 26 ; USAF 733;
located at Tongduchon, 1 armd HBCT; 1 (hvy) cbt avn
USMC 7 • 1 Support facility located at Lajes
bde, 1 arty (fires) bde; 1 AD bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Qatar
M-1 Abrams; M-2/M-3 Bradley; M-109; AH-64 Apache US Central Command • US Army 202; US Navy 5; USAF 197;
CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk; MLRS; MIM-104 USMC 40 • Elm 1 (APS) HBCT set
Patriot/FIM-92A Avenger; 1 (APS) HBCT set Saudi Arabia
US Pacific Command • US Navy 254 US Central Command • US Army 145; US Navy 27; USAF 83;
US Pacific Command • USAF • 7th Air Force 7,857 USMC 32
FORCES BY ROLE
1 (AF) HQ (7th Air Force) located at Osan AB; 1 ftr Serbia
wg located at Osan AB with (1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 1,492; 1 ARNG cbt spt
Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon, 1 ftr sqn with 12 bde
OSCE • Serbia 5
A-10 Thunderbolt II, 12 OA-10 Thunderbolt II); 1 ftr wg
OSCE • Kosovo 17
located at Kunsan AB with (1 ftr sqn with total of 20
F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon); 1 Special Singapore
Ops sqn US Pacific Command • US Army 9; US Navy 85; USAF 16; USMC
US Pacific Command • USMC 133 54 • 1 log spt sqn • 1 spt facility
kuwait SPAIN
US Central Command • Troops deployed as part of Op Iraqi US European Command • US Army 91; US Navy 688; USAF
Freedom • 2 AD bty eqpt with total of 16 PAC-3 Patriot; 315; USMC 144 • 1 air base located at Morón; 1 naval base
Elms 1 (APS) HBCT set located at Rota
Liberia Turkey
UN • UNMIL 6; 7 obs US European Command • US Army 60; US Navy 7; USAF 1,489;
USMC 14 • 1 air base located at Incirlik; 1 support facility
Marshall Islands located at Ankara; 1 support facility located at Izmir
US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar US Strategic Command • 1 Spacetrack Radar located at
located at Kwajalein Atoll Incirlik
44 The Military Balance 2009
North America
AIR FORCE ARMY MARITIME
Marine
Air Air Air Naval Marine Corps
AIRCRAFT Active Force National Force US Naval Aviation Corps Aviation Coast Type
(fixed wing & rotary) Force Reserve Guard Total Army Aviation Reserve Aviation Reserve Guard Store Total
LRSA 151 9 0 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 178
B-1B Lancer 65 65 65
B-2A Spirit 19 19 19
B-52 Stratofortress 67 9 76 18 94
TAC 1776 135 711 2622 9 1333 80 403 25 44 13 4529
A-10 Thunderbolt II 143 46 84 273 273
AC-130H/U Spectre (SOC) 25 25 25
AV-8B Harrier II 0 152 152
E-2C Hawkeye (AEW) 0 68 6 74
EA-6B Prowler (EW) 0 113 4 26 143
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WC-130J Hercules 10 10 10
WC-135 Constant Phoenix 2 2 2
COMD / AEW 54 0 0 54 0 84 6 0 0 0 0 144
E-2C Hawkeye (AEW) 0 68 6 74
E-3B/C Sentry (AWACS) 33 33 33
E-4B 4 4 4
E-6B Mercury 0 16 16
E-8C Joint Stars 17 17 17
TPT 460 156 225 841 235 99 92 18 6 37 0 1328
C-2A Greyhound 0 37 37
C-5A Galaxy 27 32 59 59
C-5B Galaxy 47 47 47
C-5C Galaxy 2 2 2
C-5M Galaxy 3 3 3
C-9B Nightingale 0 16 2 18
C-12C/R Huron 0 46 4 50
C-12D/F/J Huron 0 90 90
C-17 Globemaster III 158 8 8 174 174
C-20A Gulfstream III 0 1 1
C-20B Gulfstream III 5 5 3 8
C-20D Gulfstream III 0 2 2
C-20G Gulfstream IV 0 5 1 6
C-20H Gulfstream III 2 2 2
C-20A/D/G Gulfstream III/IV 0 7 7
C-21A Learjet 35 21 56 56
C-23A/B Sherpa 0 47 47
C-26 Metro 0 11 11
C-26D Metro III 0 7 7
C-31 Friendship 0 2 2
C-32A (Air Force Two) 4 4 4
C-37A 9 9 2 1 1 1 14
C-130E/H/J Hercules 151 103 181 435 435
C-37B 0 3 3
C-40A Clipper 0 9 9
North America 47
North America
AIR FORCE ARMY MARITIME
Marine
Air Air Air Naval Marine Corps
AIRCRAFT Active Force National Force US Naval Aviation Corps Aviation Coast Type
(fixed wing & rotary) Force Reserve Guard Total Army Aviation Reserve Aviation Reserve Guard Store Total
C-40B/C 2 3 2 7 7
C-130J Hercules 0 6 6
C-130T Hercules 0 19 19
C-143A Challenger 0 1 1
Cessna 182 Skylane 0 2 2
CN-235-200 0 2 2
CT-39G Sabreliner 0 1 1
DC-9 0 8 8
HC-130P/N Hercules 13 10 13 36 36
MC-130H Hercules (SAR) 0 27 27
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LC-130F Hercules 0 2 2
LC-130R Hercules 0 1 1
U-21 Ute 0 1 1
U-6A Beaver 0 2 2
UC-12B Huron (UTL) 0 26 26
UC-12B/F Huron (UTL) 0 0
UC-12M Huron (UTL) 0 0
UC-35 Citation (UTL) 0 26 7 33
UC-35D Citation Encore 0 1 1
UC-35C/D Citation Ultra/Citation 0 6 4 10
Encore
UP-3A Orion 0 4 4
UV-18A Twin Otter 0 4 4
UV-20A Chiricahua (UTL) 0 1 1
VC-25A (Air Force One) 2 2 2
VP-3A Orion 0 5 5
TKR 241 65 206 512 0 5 0 33 27 0 577
KC-10 A Extender (tkr/tpt) 59 59 59
KC-130F Hercules 0 5 5
KC-130J Hercules 0 30 30
KC-130R Hercules 0 3 3
KC-130T Hercules 0 28 28
KC-135 A/E/R/T Stratotanker 182 65 206 453 453
TRG 1609 0 0 1609 3 689 0 19 0 0 2320
T-1A Jayhawk 179 179 179
T-2C Buckeye 0 104 104
T-34C Turbo Mentor 0 3 308 3 314
T-37B Tweet 419 419 419
T-38A Talon 546 546 9 555
T-39D Sabreliner 0 1 1
T-39G Sabreliner 0 8 8
T-39N Sabreliner 0 15 15
T-43A 11 11 11
T-44A Pegasus 0 55 55
48 The Military Balance 2009
MV-22A Osprey 0 5 20 25
MV-22B Osprey 0 47 47
V-22 Osprey 0 4 4
HELICOPTERS 148 23 18 189 4099 591 35 625 57 145 0 5741
AH-1W Cobra 0 146 18 164
AH-1Z Viper 0 4 6 10
AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird 0 36 36
AH-64A/D Apache 0 634 634
CH-46E Sea Knight 0 170 24 194
CH-47D Chinook 0 324 324
CH-47F Chinook 0 50 50
CH-53D Sea Stallion 0 9 34 43
CH-53E Sea Stallion 0 9 146 6 161
HH-1N Iroquois 0 23 12 35
HH-46D/E Sea Knight 0 4 2 6
HH-60G Pave Hawk 64 23 18 105 105
HH-60H Seahawk 0 38 10 48
HH-60J Jayhawk (SAR) 0 42 42
HH-60L Black Hawk 0 15 15
HH-65C (AS-366G1) Dauphin II 0 95 95
(SAR)
MH-47E Chinook 0 10 10
MH-47G Chinook 0 43 43
MH-53E Sea Dragon 0 28 8 36
MH-53J Pave Low III (SOC) 2 2 2
MH-53M Pave Low IV (SOC) 20 20 20
MH-60K/L Black Hawk 0 60 60
MH-60R Strike Hawk 0 8 8
MH-60S Knight Hawk 0 85 5 90
MH-68A (A-109E) Power (UTL) 0 8 8
N-SH-60B (TEST) 0 3 3
OH-58A Kiowa 0 0
OH-58A/C Kiowa 0 463 3 466
OH-58D Kiowa Warrior 0 375 375
North America 49
North America
AIR FORCE ARMY MARITIME
Marine
Air Air Air Naval Marine Corps
AIRCRAFT Active Force National Force US Naval Aviation Corps Aviation Coast Type
(fixed wing & rotary) Force Reserve Guard Total Army Aviation Reserve Aviation Reserve Guard Store Total
SH-60B Seahawk 0 148 6 154
SH-60F Seahawk 0 72 72
TH-57B Sea Ranger 0 44 44
TH-57C Sea Ranger 0 82 82
TH-67 Creek (TRG) 0 154 154
TH-6B 0 6 6
UH-1H/V Iroquois 0 447 447
UH-1N Huey (tpt) 62 62 62
UH-1N Iroquois 0 1 77 9 87
UH-1Y Iroquois 0 4 13 17
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North America
Estimate Request
FY2007 FY2008 FY2009
Classification Designation Units Value ($m) Units Value ($m) Units Value ($m)
AIR FORCE
FGA F-35 JSF 2 478 6 1,289 8 1,673
FGA F-22 20 2,719 20 3,131 20 3,054
FGA F-16 Upgrades 367 332 273
Bbr B-2 Upgrades 62 212 330
tpt C-17 22 4,332 258 367
tpt C-130J 14 1,076 9 681
tpt C-5 Upgrades 147 254 485
Tilt rotor V-22 3 305 5 450 6 409
UAV Global Hawk 5 391 5 510 5 658
AAM AMRAAM 59 114 148 193 281 294
ASM JASSM 163 156 115 160 260 240
Sat Wideband GS 1 361 1 322 22
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C-130J Super Tpt ac 17 USD1.4bn US Lockheed 2007 2010 To replace current CC130 E. Final delivery
Hercules Martin due 2013
CH-148 Tpt Hel 28 USD5bn US Sikorsky 2004 2008 (H-92 Superhawk). Incl USD1.8bn 20-year
Cyclone parts/training package. Deliveries subject
to delay
CH-47D Tpt Hel 6 CAD292m US Boeing 2008 _ Ex-US stock. For use in Afg until delivery of
Chinook 16 CH-47F+ (not signed for by Nov 2008)
CH-47F+ Tpt Hel 16 CAD4.7bn US Boeing _ _ Incl 20 year spt contract. Contract awaiting
Chinook signature as at Nov 2008
Heron UAV 2 CAD95m Il MDA 2008 2009 2 year lease. Maufactured by IAI
Scan Eagle UAV 1 CAD14m US Boeing 2008 2009 For use in Afg
Chapter Two
Caribbean and Latin America
Caribbean and
Latin America
DEVELOPMENTS IN REGIONAL awareness and patrol capabilities; discussions about
COOPERATION a possible regional defence council; nations signing
up to the Proliferation Security Initiative; and the
Governments in the Caribbean and Latin America Mérida Initiative (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 55).
continue to explore mechanisms designed to promote The summit’s final declaration noted other coopera-
defence and security cooperation as well as the estab- tive mechanisms, including the Inter-American Naval
lished dialogues on political and economic coopera- Conference (IANC); the Conference of American
tion (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 55). The VIII Armies (CAA); the System of Cooperation among
Conference of the Defence Ministers of the Americas the American Air Forces (SICOFAA); the CARICOM
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(CDMA), which took place in Banff, Canada, from Standing Committee of Military Chiefs and the
2–6 September 2008 had as its theme ‘Hemispheric, Regional Security System (RSS). Meanwhile, August
Regional and Sub-regional Defence and Security 2008 saw defence ministers and representatives meet in
Enhancement: Confidence Building Through Buenos Aires to enact the Asociación Latinoamericana
Cooperation and Collaboration’. Although the de Centros de Mantenimiento de la Paz (Association of
meetings are primarily focused on defence matters, Latin American Peacekeeping Centres, or ALCOPAZ).
they seek to broaden cooperation on a set of multi- ALCOPAZ is intended to make it easier for member
dimensional security issues that affect the region, nations’ forces to share experiences of operations;
including drug and arms trafficking, people smug- enable standardisation of training and education;
gling, health care, pandemics, terrorism and natural and improve the capacities of personnel with regard
disasters. to peacekeeping operations. Argentina will hold the
The agenda focused on the region’s increasing role presidency of the organisation until July 2009.
in worldwide peacekeeping and disaster-response Another example of military cooperation can be
operations. Ministers agreed to explore the possi- seen in the Unidad de Operaciones de Mantenimiento
bility of establishing an inventory of capacities, and de Paz (Peacekeeping Operations Unit, or UMOP),
the creation of a civilian working group in support announced on 27 June by the presidents of Honduras,
of civilian relief agencies and organisations, with El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua – all members
the aim of improving response to natural disasters. of the Central American Armed Forces Conference
They also supported efforts by the Organisation (CFAC) – at the XXXII summit of the SICA (Central
of American States (OAS) to respond to disasters American Integration System). This unit (of battalion
through the Inter-American Committee on Natural strength) is intended for use in peacekeeping and
Disaster Reduction and reaffirmed the role of the humanitarian relief operations, particularly within
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian a UN remit. The Dominican Republic has since
Affairs in coordinating military and civil assets at its announced it will join the group. Each country has
disposal. Further, the final declaration noted a desire pledged an infantry company. UMOP is unique in
to encourage member states to ‘improve their capaci- that it is intended to have a dual role for peacekeeping
ties to participate voluntarily in peace operations and humanitarian relief after natural disasters.
in accordance with UN standards and procedures’, Meanwhile, MINUSTAH – the UN force in Haiti –
condemned terrorism and illegal armed groups and continues to be the region’s main collaborative effort.
pledged to fight transnational organised crime. As of 30 September 2008, the force consisted of 7,012
The meeting outlined a number of defence and troops from 17 countries and 1,868 police officers
security cooperation initiatives under way in the from 39. Brazil heads the mission and provides 1,212
hemisphere. US Defense Secretary Robert Gates troops, and Uruguay deploys 1,143. Both countries
noted existing cooperation, such as the Caribbean recently procured a number of systems that could
Community’s (CARICOM) improving domain- be useful in supporting their peacekeeping commit-
54 The Military Balance 2009
ments. Uruguay acquired 40 LAV-25 armoured The force will include an air group of eight helicop-
personnel carriers (APCs) from Canada and ten ters (two from each army and air force); a maritime
armed fast patrol boats, and modified a C-212 for the group composed of a missile frigate and an amphib-
surveillance role over Haitian waters; Brazil acquired ious vessel from Chile and two Meko 140 corvettes,
a dozen MOWAG Piranha APCs for its marine corps, a replenishment ship and four Dabur patrol boats
as well as logistic support ships for its navy. from Argentina; and a land group with two mecha-
Discussions within the region over a broader nised infantry battalions (one from each country),
South American defence identity progressed during each composed of a mix of army and marine units. A
the year, and were spurred by the diplomatic crisis general staff to coordinate the force was set up in 2006
arising from Colombia’s cross-border raid into and moves between Santiago and Buenos Aires each
Ecuador in March (see below). While Venezuela year (in March 2008 the staff moved to Santiago). In
proposed the creation of a NATO-style organisation August 2008, the Aurora Austral II exercise took place
(President Hugo Chávez reportedly wondered why, in Comodoro Rivadavia in Argentina, involving
given NATO’s existence, there could not be a ‘South around 270 Argentine troops from the Eighth Infantry
Atlantic Treaty Organisation’) linking the partici- Regiment as well as Chilean military personnel; the
pating countries’ armed forces, national guards and exercise tested planning, coordination and command
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intelligence agencies to counter perceived threats, it and control for the Cruz del Sur force. Argentina also
seems that a Brazilian proposal – a defence council as collaborates with Brazil in joint production of the
part of the Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (Union Gaucho military vehicle (see The Military Balance 2008,
of South American Nations, or UNASUR) – has p. 56) and this year sent assistance to Bolivia (as did
gained most traction. (The treaty enacting UNASUR other American nations) following the floods in that
was signed in May 2008 in Brazil by leaders of 12 country in the early part of the year.
Latin American nations; the body is intended to boost There has been a resurgence in US defence cooper-
regional economic and political integration and will ation in the region, notwithstanding US involvement
have its headquarters in Quito, Ecuador and a parlia- in many of the regional defence groupings noted
ment in Cochabamba, Bolivia). earlier; in January 2008 US SOUTHCOM announced
In a side meeting during the CDMA conference that under the $300m Regional Aircraft Modernisation
in Banff, UNASUR defence ministers agreed that Program (RAMP) it would fund the acquisition of
the first meeting of the South American Defence tactical helicopters, light transports and light combat
Council would be take place during a UNASUR (designated air sovereignty) aircraft for the air forces
meeting in Viña del Mar, Chile, from 21–22 October of Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua.
2008, though this was later postponed until later in Another major event was the re-establishment,
the year. Initiatives mooted in advance of the meeting after 58 years, of the US Navy’s Fourth Fleet on 12
included seminars analysing defence policies, as well July (see US text, p. 18). Headquartered in Mayport,
as a UNASUR strategic studies centre. While it is Florida, the fleet has command over ships, aircraft
believed that the council will enable some coopera- and submarines operating in the Caribbean, Central
tion over training and doctrinal concepts, and some and South America. In light of the acknowledged
analysts assert that there may in the future be some multi-dimensional security threats facing the region,
cooperation over procurements, it is unlikely that the the re-established fleet will have broader roles, such
council will lead to a formal military alliance. as humanitarian relief and anti-narcotic activities,
However, while many activities and initiatives besides the normal patrol and conventional warfare
are taking place on the multilateral level, defence operations entrusted to the US Navy.
ties in the region – organisational contacts as well as
procurement – are, of course, also established bilat- Mérida Initiative
erally. A significant example is the joint Argentine– In Mexico, the adminstration of President Felipe
Chilean Cruz del Sur (Southern Cross) peacekeeping Calderón declared a war on organised crime just
force (see The Military Balance 2007, p. 52). A memo- days after taking office in December 2006, mobilising
randum of understanding was agreed in December 10,000 troops from the army, navy and federal police
2006, and it is believed that officials are now working to take back what were considered ungoverned and
towards standing up the force in 2009 and that it will ill-governed spaces (see The Military Balance 2008,
operate under the UN’s Standby Force arrangement. p. 55). In March 2007, US President George W. Bush
Caribbean and Latin America 55
and Calderón met in Mérida, Yucatán, and agreed ideological divides. The raid scored Colombia’s most
to intensify their cooperation efforts against narco- significant victory to date against FARC, killing the
trafficking and organised crime. After several months guerrillas’ second-in-command, Raúl Reyes, and
of joint planning, the Mérida Initiative – a multi-year obtaining much information of intelligence value
package designed to help combat illicit narcotics and from captured documents and computers.
reduce organised crime in the United States, Mexico The success of this mission came at considerable
Caribbean and
Latin America
and Central America – took shape in the form of a cost to Colombia’s hostage-release efforts and its
$1.4bn programme submitted to the US Congress in relations with its neighbours, as detailed in Strategic
October 2007. The initiative not only responded to Survey 2008, pp. 98–9. Reyes had been the guer-
a huge (generally believed to be more than $14bn a rillas’ point man in hostage negotiations. Although
year) north-bound narcotics trade route, but also a Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa’s initial response
southbound (US–Mexico) route composed of billions to the raid was rather muted, when he was informed
of narco-dollars and thousands of weapons destined by Ecuadorian officials that, contrary to Colombia’s
for the cartels. On 13 May 2008, the US Congress representations, it had initiated the action, Correa
approved the Mérida Initiative. The financing will hardened his stance and accused Colombian President
help modernise the security forces in Mexico and Álvaro Uribe of either being ‘poorly informed’ or
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Central America, giving them additional capabilities ‘having brazenly lied’. On 2 March, Correa broke off
through the introduction of new surveillance tech- diplomatic ties with Colombia, sent 3,200 troops to the
nologies, training and improved mobility. Evidence border and began a six-nation tour to build support
of the escalation in this security threat facing Mexico for his demand that the OAS condemn Colombia’s
can be seen in the increase in firepower found in the violation of Ecuadorian sovereignty.
cartel’s inventories: rocket launchers, heavy machine In turn, Venzuelan President Hugo Chávez, an ally
guns and grenade launchers. Thus far, Congress has of Correa, ordered ten battalions to the Colombian
authorised $470m for Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 to the border, held a minute of silence for Reyes on his weekly
Mexican government, to be followed by $490m in FY radio and television broadcast, and accused Uribe of
2009 and $150m in FY 2010. One of the declarations in being a pawn of the ‘imperialist’ United States, which
the Mérida Initiative document notes that ‘the Mérida sought to foment conflict with Venezuela. At the Rio
Initiative reflects the belief that Mexican military Group Summit on 7 March 2008, Latin American
involvement is required in the short term to stabi- presidents urged the three Andean leaders to norma-
lise the security situation, but that most aspects of lise their relations. Uribe subsequently pledged not to
this problem fall into the realm of law enforcement’. breach the Ecuadorian border and to drop his legal
Funds allocated for the armed forces have therefore threats against Chávez. On 18 March, the crisis offi-
been limited to $334m ($205m in 2008, $120m in 2009 cially ended when the OAS issued a compromise reso-
and $9m in 2010). It is believed that radars, air surveil- lution ‘rejecting’ but not ‘condemning’ Colombia’s
lance and non-intrusive detection equipment, tactical violation of Ecuadorian sovereignty while reiter-
transport helicopters with night-operating capabili- ating the commitment of its member states to work
ties, surveillance aircraft and related maintenance together against insurgents and criminal organisa-
and training will be included in this funding. tions. But the underlying issues of border spillover
However, the initiative is not exclusive to Mexico. and the need for a multilateral counter-insurgency
Several Central American countries have stepped up approach remain. As noted earlier, these events acted
their commitment to the war against organised crime as a spur for development of the concept of a South
and about $385m has been earmarked for the region, American Defence Council.
mainly for law enforcement and public-security However, the diplomatic and security crisis
modernisation. stemming from the 1 March attack was, for Bogota,
perhaps balanced by the death of Raúl Reyes and
Colombia, FARC and regional reactions the reported information haul that resulted from the
On 1 March 2008, a purportedly retaliatory Colombian raid. During 2008, Colombia recorded a number of
cross-border raid into Ecuador touched off the region’s other successful operations against FARC. On 2 July
most serious diplomatic conflict in decades, exacer- Colombian forces mounted a notable, and successful,
bated by long-standing tension spilling over from the hostage-rescue mission when they freed the former
Colombian conflict and inflamed by Latin America’s presidential candidate and six-year captive Ingrid
56 The Military Balance 2009
Betancourt, along with three American contractors Colombia (an operation reportedly already costing
and other hostages. The obvious long-term infiltra- more than $100m a year) was also stepped up. It
tion of FARC by Colombian security forces, as well remains unlikely that the lease on the US Forward
as the audacious deception operation that made Operating Location (FOL) in Manta will be renewed
the rescue possible (segments of the operation were and US forces will have to vacate during 2009.
recorded and broadcast on television), cannot have Mexico’s forces have continued to be used increas-
helped the morale or internal cohesion of FARC, in ingly in anti-narcotics activities, with up to 45,000
a year when the organisation had already lost some deployed during the peak of operations in 2007–08;
of its senior leadership. As well as the death of Reyes, the Federal Forces Support Corps was dissolved
FARC’s leader Manuel ‘Tirofijo’ Marulanda Velez after Mexico’s Congress failed to provide funding
was reported to have died on 26 March, apparently for this de facto anti-narcotic force. Meanwhile, the
of natural causes. But FARC still retains considerable navy has continued to field locally built Polaris II
capacity and it engaged in more kidnappings after interceptor patrol craft and has announced orders for
the Betancourt rescue. Meanwhile, the Uribe admin- two CN-235MPA maritime patrol aircraft and two
istration remains burdened by the so-called ‘para- AS-565MB Panther helicopters for about $136m; the
politics’ scandal linking the government’s domestic air force will field a new ISR capability through the
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supporters with paramilitary groups and, while Hermes 450 UAV in 2009.
the president remains popular at home, the allega- Guatemala has stepped up its participation in the
tions have tarnished his personal credibility among regional anti-crime war and its president announced
many in Washington, providing fodder for some in the acquisition of up to ten EMB-314 Super Tucano
Washington who have wanted to change US policy aircraft and ten fast patrol boats from Brazil.
towards Colombia (see Strategic Survey 2008, pp. After a year that saw an order to deploy ten battal-
100–101). Colombia’s next presidential election is due ions to the border with Colombia in response to that
in 2010 and if Uribe is to seek a third term he will have country’s attack on a FARC grouping inside Ecuador,
to secure a constitutional amendment. and continuing rhetoric directed against Washington,
Meanwhile, expansion of the armed forces has 7 September saw Venezuela’s President Chávez
continued, and in late August 2008 the Colombian declare his country a major strategic ally of Russia.
MoD announced that its force levels had reached Russia announced it would deploy long-range ASW
400,000 troops (the paramilitary National Police aircraft, a nuclear-powered cruiser, a destroyer
reports to the MoD). The air force announced a $200m and supporting vessels to hold joint exercises with
programme to acquire a further 13 Kfir fighters from Venezuelan forces before the end of 2008 (see Russia
Israel and upgrade the entire 24-aircraft fleet to the text, p. 208.) Two days after this announcement, two
Kfir C.10 standard. A single Boeing 767ER multi-role Russian Tu-160 Blackjack strategic bombers landed in
tanker/transport has also been acquired. The air force Venezuela to conduct a number of joint exercises with
is also receiving eight UH-60L Black Hawk helicop- Venezuelan forces. Venezuela has continued moves
ters, four C-295M medium transports and a variety of to boost procurement, as detailed on p. 52.
ISR platforms. The army received more UH-60 Black Late in the year, regional governments and
Hawks, but the bulk of the expansion was channelled regional political organisations were watching polit-
into new infantry brigades. ical developments in Bolivia with concern. Following
a proposed referendum on constitutional changes, the
Other developments president’s desire to redistribute wealth and provin-
For Ecuador, Colombia’s 1 March cross-border raid cial demands for greater autonomy, political differ-
against FARC provoked a shake-up of the entire ences between some of that nation’s regions and the
defence and intelligence community. Departures administration of President Evo Morales erupted into
included Defence Minister Wellington Sandoval, the violence and threatened stability. Morales declared a
joint forces chief and the three service commanders. state of emergency in Pando province and despatched
Following this, a number of the military’s long-time troops to the area, and there were anti-government
requirements were funded, including 24 EMB-314 protests in Beni, Santa Cruz and Tarija.
Super Tucano CAS aircraft, seven HAL Dhruv medium In 2008 Brazil finished an acquisition programme
lift helicopters and new Heron and Searcher UAVs. intended to fill short- and medium-term operational
Ecuador’s military presence on the border with requirements. This included the acquisition of a dozen
Caribbean and Latin America 57
second-hand Mirage 2000 fighters from France, a pair the slowdown in the world’s advanced economies,
of logistic ships from the UK and 11 F-5E/F Tiger II sustained growth in other emerging economies has
fighters from Jordan. It also announced the launch (or kept commodity prices at elevated levels and this will
in some cases re-launch) of a number of requirements provide further support.
for its armed forces. The most important of these is In the wake of Venezuela’s high-profile arms
the FX2, a $2.2bn programme for the acquisition of purchases, primarily from Russia, several other coun-
Caribbean and
Latin America
up to 36 new-generation fighters, which could lead tries in the region, in particular those enjoying wind-
up to a 120 aircraft requirement by 2025. Funding for fall revenues derived from commodity exports, have
development of a nuclear submarine has also been increased their military budgets and embarked on
approved and some helicopter requirements have modernisation programmes. Countries such as Brazil
been converted into orders. The land forces continue and Colombia are poised to enter the market for new
development of the Urutu III family of vehicles which fighter aircraft and air-defence equipment. Although
are scheduled to replace most of the current light press coverage has often suggested that develop-
armoured fleet from 2011. ments to date constitute the emergence of a regional
‘arms race’, it should be remembered that much of
Latin America – Defence Economics the equipment currently in service dates from the
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1.5
% of GDP
1.0
0.5
1.49 1.42 1.42 1.49 1.42 1.35 1.29 1.33 1.26 1.30
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
58 The Military Balance 2009
cial central government budget allocation, the which was not forthcoming. Spain had to cancel plans
Venezuelan military has long been the recipient of to sell ten C-296 transport aircraft and two CN-235
additional funding provided under a government maritime patrol aircraft for the same reason, whilst
financing arrangement known as the Ley Paraguas, the French government withdrew the potential sale of
or ‘Umbrella Law’. In recent years, the Ley Paraguas three Scorpene submarines in response to US concerns
has provided significant additional resources to the that the acquisition would create a significant imbal-
armed forces: US$640m in 2005; US$279m in 2006; ance among the navies of the region.
and around US100m in 2007. However, from 2008 The impact of Venezuela’s military developments
this financing arrangement is thought to have been on the rest of the region is well illustrated by the
withdrawn, which helps explain the relatively large trend in Brazilian defence spending. Between 2000
increase in the official budget. and 2004 the defence budget fell from 2.0% percent
Following his visit to Russia in 2007, President to 1.4% of GDP; however, since 2005 the budget has
Hugo Chávez demonstrated the growing relation- increased by around 10% a year, and in 2008 reached
ship between the two countries with another visit to R42.7bn (US$20.1bn) compared to US$9.6bn in 2004.
Moscow in July 2008 during which a number of mili- The government has announced that the increase
tary purchases were discussed. Since Chávez came to in funds is driven primarily by the need to upgrade
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office, Venezuela has purchased a significant amount and modernise parts of its ageing military inventory
of military hardware from Russia, including 100,000 and not a reaction to developments elsewhere in the
Kalashnikov rifles, more than 50 Mi-17V transport region. This will be a challenge given the unbalanced
and Mi-35M fire support helicopters, 12 Tor-M1 air- nature of the budget. In 2008, for example, only 8%
defence missile systems, 24 Su-30MKV multi-role of the budget (US$1.7bn) was made available for new
fighter aircraft and an extensive armaments package procurement and only US$122m was allocated to
comprising beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles, research and development.
precision-guided air-to-surface weapons, spare parts The two main programmes to benefit so far are
and crew-training programmes. During the 2008 the FX-2 fighter aircraft and the navy’s ambitious
summit, the two countries called for a strategic part- nuclear-submarine programme. In 2005, the air
nership in oil and defence, which Chávez suggested force’s intention to acquire 12 next-generation aircraft
would ‘guarantee Venezuela’s sovereignty’. Russian was cancelled due to lack of funds, and instead a
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin indicated that the dozen second-hand Mirage 2000s and a number of
two countries would also cooperate in areas such as second-hand F-5s were purchased from Saudi Arabia.
transport, space and high technology. It is thought In November 2007, however, the project was resur-
that the next phase of military procurement will see rected, with an initial budget allocation of US$2.2bn
Venezuela purchasing additional Su-30s, Il-76 trans- to go towards the acquisition of a first batch of 36
port aircraft, Il-78 aerial tankers, three improved Kilo- aircraft due to be delivered by 2013 – a total of 120
class submarines and a number of Mi-28 helicopters. supersonic fighters by 2025. Of particular interest
There is also speculation that Venezuela will diversify to Brazil in deciding which aircraft to buy will be
its supplier base and acquire a number of Karakorum the scope of technology transfer offered by bidding
8 multi-purpose planes from China in a deal which countries and it would appear that leading the field
could be worth around US$500m. in that area are France’s Rafale and Russia’s Su-35. In
Venezuela’s burgeoning relationship with Russia terms of industrial cooperation, it is thought France
was prompted by a US weapons embargo in the 1990s has offered Brazil a role in the development of a new
which made it impossible for the Venezuelan air force unmanned combat vehicle while Russia has held out
to maintain its fleet of American F-16 aircraft. Since the chance of participation in its new fifth-generation
then, Brazil, France and Spain have all had to cancel PAK-FA T-50 programme.
proposed weapons sales to Venezuela following Budget strains in recent years had forced the navy
pressure from the US. Brazil’s aerospace company, to scale down some of its long-held ambitions, partic-
Embraer, had intended to sell AMX-T trainer jets ularly the introduction of an indigenously designed
and Super Tucano light attack turboprop aircraft nuclear-powered submarine. However, the discovery
to the Venezuelan air force. However, because the of large oil reserves in Brazilian waters has focused
aircraft contain some US-manufactured parts, the sale attention back on the requirement. In February 2008,
required endorsement from the US State Department, the government announced that it would develop,
Caribbean and Latin America 59
jointly with Argentina, a nuclear reactor for the been in service for nearly 50 years – the government
programme. France will provide the basic design has proposed a major overhaul of its armed forces.
of the platform, and the first vessel is due in service In February 2008 Colombia’s defence minister visited
around 2020. In the meantime, the navy will procure Israel and signed a contract for the delivery of 24 Kfir
three Scorpene-class submarines from French supplier C10 fighter aircraft, which will join the air force’s
DCN. Further evidence of the growing defence collab- nine C7s currently in service. Later in the year, the air
Caribbean and
Latin America
oration between the two countries was provided when force confirmed that it had ordered four CASA C-295
Eurocopter announced that it will build an expanded transport aircraft and indicated that it was looking at
facility in Brazil for the manufacture of its helicop- acquiring Boeing 767 transport, Beechcraft King Air
ters. The terms of the agreement require Brazil to 350 and Cessna 208 light transport aircraft as well as
buy up to 50 Super Cougar helicopters from Helibras, upgrading its fleet of UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters.
Eurocopter’s subsidiary in Latin America. Meanwhile As the world’s largest copper exporter, Chile
Eurocopter will spend up to US$500m expanding its continued to benefit from high commodity prices and,
existing production facilities. despite a drought and domestic-energy shortfalls, the
Increased tensions between Colombian govern- economy grew by 4.5% in 2008. In its 2008 Article IV
ment forces and FARC, which resulted in the Consultation with Chile, the IMF congratulated the
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Colombian army crossing the border into Ecuador government on its prudent macroeconomic policy
in March 2008, once again resulted in a boost to the framework and strict adherence to the structural fiscal
defence budget. In 2008, the budget was pC12.6tr surplus rule, which have helped deliver beneficial
(US$ 5.5bn), 13.5% higher than the previous year, social and economic rewards and been instrumental
and despite an announcement in June 2008 that the in successfully managing the copper boom of recent
government had decided to reduce its total budget years. In 2008, the government is expected to record
expenditure for the fiscal year, in an effort to stem a budget surplus of 8% of GDP, whilst the country’s
the appreciation of the peso, military spending was two sovereign wealth funds now hold a combined
unaffected. Once spending on the National Police is 12% of GDP in assets, all invested abroad.
included, total military-related expenditure in 2008 Supported by the government’s healthy budget
amounts to pC18.7tr (US$8.23bn), some 4% of GDP, position, defence spending has increased at a steady
32% higher than the previous year and the highest rate in recent years. In 2008 the official budget of
in the region. As elsewhere in Latin America, the the Ministry of Defence was increased by a further
military in Colombia is also known to benefit from 8.3% to pCH1.43tr (US$2.3bn). However as noted in
additional funding derived from municipal govern- previous editions of The Military Balance, the armed
ments and from revenues from the armed forces’ own forces also receive funds derived from other sources,
security-related business activities, although no reli- including the military’s own business interests and
able estimates as to the scale of these extra funds money from Chile’s copper exports as legislated
exists. On top of these additional sources of funds, under the Copper Law, as well as funds from the
the military and National Police also benefit from social-security budget to cover the pensions of retire
regular ‘wealth taxes’ levied on the country’s wealthy military personnel. Taking these additional sources
residents, due to raise pC8.6tr between 2007 and of funding into account suggests that total national
2010. The new tax is thought to be specifically aimed defence-related expenditure in 2008 could have
at funding the expansion of the military and police been as high as pCH2.9tr (US$4.7bn), of which the
by 40,000 personnel, procuring pC3.6tr of new equip- Copper Law provided at least US$600m, although it
ment and pC1.5tr in logistical improvements. In FY is possible that up to US$1bn could have come from
2008, US President Bush requested US$56.4m in mili- this source. The status of the arcane Copper Law
tary equipment and training and US$244m under has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years
the Andean Counterdrug Initiative to be allocated as the high price of copper on international markets
to the Colombian government, all of which suggests has boosted revenues at CODELCO (the state mining
that total military-related expenditure probably company). For many years the law, under which 10%
approached US$11bn in 2008. of the value of CODELCO’s exports are allocated
Given the advanced age of much of its conven- to the military, resulted in additional funds for the
tional equipment – the navy’s frigates are more than armed forces of only $100–200m. However, as copper
20 years old and some of the artillery systems have prices have risen, so have payments to the military
60 The Military Balance 2009
and several MPs have expressed concern that such 2008 by the Air Force Commander-in-Chief General
a substantial part of defence funding is now not Ricardo Ortega. Chilean officials have hinted that
debated in Congress. Furthermore, CODELCO’s they want to avoid becoming too dependent on a
management has made it clear that it would like single supplier for their advanced fighter aircraft and,
to eliminate the mandatory payment and use the having taken delivery of 28 F-16 aircraft since 2005,
money for other projects and investments within the are looking further afield. During the visit, the Chilean
copper industry itself. As a result, the government delegation expressed a preference for the acquisition
has indicated that it will introduce new legislation of a European-built aircraft and spent time at an air
during 2008 which will rescind the law and lay out base viewing the Spanish Air Force’s 11th Combat
a four-year plan to fully fund the armed forces from Wing, equipped with Eurofighter Typhoons, as well as
within the state budget. visiting a Spanish assembly line where the aircraft is
Following several years of high-profile procure- produced.
ment orders, including F-16 aircraft, Scorpene subma- Mindful of developments elsewhere on the conti-
rines and second-hand frigates, the only major new nent, and in light of the deteriorating condition of
equipment order in 2008 was the announcement by much of its armed-forces equipment, in December
the air force that it had chosen Embraer’s EMB-314 2007 the president of Peru announced that a new
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Super Tucano turboprop as its new basic trainer. ‘defence fund’ amounting to US$1.3bn would be
Under the contract, Embraer, which was in compe- made available to the military over and above the
tition with Switzerland’s Pilatus PC-21 aircraft, will regular annual defence allocation from the state
supply 12 aircraft together with training support and budget. The additional funds will be generated from
logistics equipment. As part of an associated indus- higher hydrocarbon revenues, the sale of surplus mili-
trial cooperation agreement, the Chilean aerospace tary property and austerity measures in other areas of
firm ENAER will be invited to join the development government spending. During the first three years of
of Embraer’s new C-390 transport aircraft. Other the ten-year plan the military will receive US$650m,
confirmed orders include a contract under which the with the rest of the funds spread over the following
navy will acquire an initial batch of three CASA C-295 seven years. While all three services are in desperate
maritime patrol aircraft to replace the ageing fleet of need of modernisation, the air force is of particular
P-3A Orions and a deal with EADS for the purchase of concern, with only around 30% of its aircraft in a
an Earth-observation satellite, 40% of the use of which serviceable condition, and the government is thought
will be available to the MoD. However, a contract to be keen to remedy this by acquiring second-hand
originally signed in 2007, under which the air force A-37 light attack aircraft from South Korea. Other
was due to acquire two second-hand A310 multi-role priorities include the overhaul of 12 Mirage 2000
tanker transport aircraft, was cancelled in May 2008, fighters, a number of MiG-29s, An-32 transport
leaving the long-range transport and tanker require- aircraft and attack helicopters. In the longer term, the
ment still unfulfilled. Ministry of Defence has expressed interest in over-
Signs that the air force has begun to consider the hauling its missile inventory, buying new air-control
future replacement of its fleet of F-5 Tiger fighter radars, installing an upgraded air-defence system
aircraft were evident during a visit to Spain in July and obtaining a command-and-control aircraft.
Caribbean and Latin America 61
Caribbean and
Latin America
Growth % 6.1 2.1 Growth % 8.7 6.5
Inflation % 1.4 3.0 Inflation % 8.8 9.1
Def bdgt EC$ ε14m ε14m Def bdgt P 6.46bn 6.37bn
US$ 5.2m 5.2 US$ 2.09bn 1.99bn
US$1=EC$ 2.7 2.7 US$1=P 3.09 3.20
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 14% 4% 4% 4% 23% 2% Male 13% 4% 4% 4% 19% 4%
Female 14% 4% 4% 4% 23% 3% Female 12% 4% 4% 4% 19% 6%
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Capabilities Capabilities
ACTIVE 170 (Army 125 Navy 45) ACTIVE 76,000 (Army 41,400 Navy 20,000 Air
(all services form combined Antigua and Barbuda Defence 14,600) Paramilitary 31,240
Force)
RESERVE none formally established or trained
RESERVE 75 (Joint 75)
Organisations by Service
Organisations by Service
Army 41,400
Army 125 A strategic reserve is made up of Armd, AB and Mech bdes
normally subordinate to corps level.
Navy 45 FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Comd 3 corps HQ (mob def)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCI 3: Mobile 1 Northeast force (1 jungle bde, 1 armd bde,
1 Dauntless; 1 Point; 1 Swift; (All vessels less than 100 Defence 1 trg bde); 1 Northern force (1 AB bde (1
tonnes) cdo coy), 1 mech inf bde, 1 mtn inf bde); 1
FACILITIES Patagonia and Southern Atlantic force (1 mtn
Base 1 located at St Johns inf bde, 1 armd bde, 3 mech inf bde)
Rapid 1 (rapid deployment) force (includes AB bde
Foreign Forces Reaction from corps level) (1 cdo coy)
Mot Cav 1 regt (presidential escort)
United States US Strategic Command: 1 detection and
Mot Inf 1 bn (army HQ escort regt)
tracking radar located at Antigua
Arty 1 gp (bn)
ADA 2 gp
Engr 1 bn
Avn 1 gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 213: 207 TAM, 6 TAM S21
LT TK 128: 112 SK-105A1 Kuerassier; 6 SK105A2 Kuerassier;
4 Patagón
RECCE 81: 47 AML-90; 34 M1114 HMMWV
AIFV 263 VCTP (incl variants); 114 M-113A2 (20mm
cannon)
APC (T) 294: 70 M-113 A1-ACAV; 224 M-113A2
ARTY 1,103
SP 155mm 37: 20 Mk F3; 17 VCA 155 Palmaria
TOWED 179: 105mm 70 M-56 (Oto Melara); 155mm
109: 25 M-77 CITEFA/M-81 CITEFA; 84 SOFMA l-33
62 The Military Balance 2009
MRL 105mm 4 SLAM Pampero 6 Espora (Ge MEKO 140) 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
MOR 883: 81mm 492; 120mm 353 Brandt MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm
SP 38: 25 M-106A2; 13 TAM-VCTM each with A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun,(capacity either 1
AT SA-319 Alouette III utl hel or 1 AS-555 Fennec utl hel)
MSL • SP 3 HMMWV with total of 18 TOW-2A PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 15
MANPATS msl PFT 2:
RCL 150 M-1968 1 Interpida (Ge Lurssen 45m) with 2 single 533mm TT
RL 385+ 66mm 385 M-72 LAW; 78mm MARA each with SST-4 HWT
AIRCRAFT 1 Interpida (Ge Lurssen 45m) with 2 single each with
PTRL/SURV 10: 10 OV-1D Mohawk (6 with SLAR) 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm TT each
TPT 16: 1 Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 CASA 212-200 Aviocar; with SST-4 HWT
2 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 3 G-222; 1 Gaviao 75A (Rockwell PCO 7:
Sabreliner 75A); 3 SA-226 Merlin IIIA; 5 SA-226AT Merlin 3 Irigoyen (US Cherokee AT)
IV/IVA 2 Murature (US King) (trg/river patrol) each with 3
UTL 3 Cessna 207 Stationair 105mm gun
TRG 5 T-41 Mescalero 1 Sobral (US Sotoyomo AT)
SURVEY 1 CE-500(survey) Citation 1 Teniente Olivieri (ex-US oilfield tug)
HELICOPTERS PCI 6: 4 Baradero less than 100 tonnes (Dabur); 2 Point
ARMED 6 UH-1H less than 100 tonnes
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Marine 1 (fleet) force (1 arty bn, 1 AAV bn, 1 TRG 55: 29 B-45 Mentor; 19 EMB-312 Tucano; 7 SU-
cdo gp, 1 ADA bn, 1 marine inf bn); 1 29AR (aerobatic team)
(fleet) force (2 marine inf bn, 2 navy det) HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE VIP 2: 1 S-70 Black Hawk, 1 S-76
RECCE 52: 12+ ERC-90F Sagaie; 40 M1097 HMMWV UTL 35: 6 Bell 212; 15 Hughes 369*; 4 MD-500D*; 3 SA-
APC (W) 24 Panhard VCR 315B Lama; 7 UH-1H Iroquois
AAV 25: 15 LARC-5; 10 LVTP-7 TRG 3 MD-500
Caribbean and
Latin America
ARTY 100 MSL
TOWED 105mm 18: 6 M-101; 12 Model 56 pack ASM Martin Pescador (ASM-2 Type-93)
howitzer AAM 6 AIM-9L Sidewinder; 30+ R-550 Magic; 150+
MOR 82: 70 81mm; 12 120mm Shafrir IV
AT AD
MSL • MANPATS 50 Cobra/RB-53 Bantam SAM 3 Roland; 50 SA-7 (170 msl)
RCL 105mm 30 M-1974 FMK-1 GUNS 88: 20mm: 86 Oerlikon/Rh-202 with 9 Elta
RL 89mm 60 M-20 EL/M-2106 radar; 35mm: 2 Oerlikon GDF-001 with
AD Skyguard radar
SAM 6 RBS-70 RADAR 6: 5 AN/TPS-43; 1 BPS-1000
GUNS 30mm 10 HS-816; 35mm GDF-001
Paramilitary 31,240
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Serbia
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 46 Barbados Bds
UN • UNMIK 1 obs Barbados Dollar B$ 2007 2008 2009
Western Sahara GDP B$ 6.9bn 7.7bn
UN • MINURSO 3 obs US$ 3.5bn 3.9bn
per capita US$ 12,280 13,654
Foreign Forces
Guyana Navy: Base located at New Providence Island
Caribbean and Latin America 65
Caribbean and
Latin America
Growth % 1.2 4.0 Growth % 4.6 5.9
Inflation % 2.3 4.6 Inflation % 8.7 14.3
Def bdgt BZ$ ε36m ε38m Def bdgt B 1.27bn 1.80bn
US$ 18m 19m US$ 162m 257m
US$1=BZ$ 2.0 2.0 US$1=B 7.85 7.00
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2% Male 18% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2% Female 18% 6% 5% 4% 16% 3%
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Capabilities Capabilities
ACTIVE ε1,050 (Army ε1,050) ACTIVE 46,100 (Army 34,800 Navy 4,800 Air 6,500)
RESERVE 700 (Joint 700) Paramilitary 37,100
AT • MSL• MANPATS 50+ HJ-8 (2 SP on Koyak) TPT 33: 2 MA-60; 1 DC-10; 3 Beech 90 King Air; 7 RC-
RCL 106mm M-40A1; 90mm M-67 130A/C-130B/C-130H Hercules; 1 Cessna 152; 1 Cessna
RL 200+: 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm RPG-7V Knout; 89mm 210; 1 CV-440; 1 CV-580; 3 F-27-400 Friendship; 1 Aero-
200+ M-20 Commander 690; 4 IAI-201 Arava; 2 Learjet 25B/ 25D
AIRCRAFT (secondary VIP role); 1 PA-32 Saratoga; 3 PA-34 Seneca; 1
TPT 1 PA-34 Seneca Beech-1900; 1 BAe-146-100
UTL 1 Cessna 210 Centurion UTL 21: 19 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna 212; 1 Cessna 402
AD • GUNS • TOWED 37mm 18 Type-65 TRG 56: 1 Beech F-33 Bonanza; 9 Cessna 152; 2 Cessna
172; 28 A-122; 6 T-25; 10 T-34B Beech Turbo Mentor
Navy 4,800 HELICOPTERS
FORCES BY ROLE ARMED HEL 15 UH-1H Huey
Organised into 6 naval districts with Naval HQ located at UTL 2:1 AS-532AC Cougar; 1 HB-315B Lama
Puerto Guayaramerín AD•GUNS 18+: 20mm Oerlikon; 37mm 18 Type-65
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 54:
Paramilitary 37,100+
PCR 1 Santa Cruz National Police 31,100+
PBR 53
Frontier 27 unit
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19:
AH 2 Paramilitary 9 bde; 2 (rapid action) regt
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ARTY 1,813+
Brazil Br SP 108: 105mm 71 M-108/M-7; 155mm 37 M-109A3
TOWED 367
Brazilian Real R 2007 2008 2009
105mm 272: 224 M-101/M-102; 40 L-118 Light Gun; 8
GDP R 2.55tr 2.83tr Model 56 pack howitzer; 155mm 95 M-114
US$ 1.31tr 1.33tr MRL 20+: 70mm SBAT-70; 20 ASTROS II
per capita US$ 6,939 6,961 MOR 1,318: 80mm 1,166: 79 Royal Ordnance L-16, 1,087
Caribbean and
Latin America
Growth % 5.4 5.2 M936 AGR; 120mm 152: 77 K6A3; 75 M2
AT
Inflation % 3.6 5.7
MSL • MANPATS 30: 18 Eryx; 12 Milan
Def exp R 39.88bn
RCL 343: 106mm 194 M-40A1; 84mm 149 Carl Gustav
US$ 20.55bn RL 84mm 540 AT-4; ALAC
Def bdgt R 41.71bn 42.72bn HELICOPTERS
US$ 21.49bn 20.15bn SPT 64: 19 AS-550U2 Fennec (armed); 8 AS-532 Cougar; 4
US$1=R 1.94 2.12 S-70A Black Hawk; 33 AS-365 Dauphin
TRG 16 AS-350 LI Ecureuil
Population 191,908,598 UAV 3 FS-01 Watchdog
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD
MANPAD 39 SA-18 Grouse (Igla) (grouped in pairs)
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LWT, 1 114mm gun, 1 Lynx MK21A (Super Lynx) utl SPT 33: 7 AS-332 Super Puma; 18 AS-350 Ecureuil
hel (armed); 8 AS-355 Ecureuil (armed); (17 EC-725 Super
1 Barroso with 2 single with 4 MM-40 Exocet tactical Cougar on order)
SSM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 TRG 18 TH-57 Sea Ranger
114mm gun, 1 Lynx MK21A (Super Lynx) utl hel MSL • ASM: AM-39 Exocet; Sea Skua
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 33:
PCO 14: 12 Grajau; 2 Imperial Marinheiro with 1 76mm
Marines 15,520
gun FORCES BY ROLE
PCC 10: 4 Bracui (UK River); 6 Piratini (US PGM) Amph 1 (Fleet Force) div (1 comd bn, 1 arty gp, 3 inf
PCI 4 Tracker (Marine Police) bn)
PCR 5: 2 Pedro Teixeira; 3 Roraima SF 1 bn
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • Marine 8+ (Regional) gp; 3 bn
MSC 6 Aratu (Ge Schutze) Engr 1 bn
AMPHIBIOUS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LSD 2: LT TK 18 SK-105 Kuerassier
2 Ceara (capacity either 21 LCM or 6 LCU; 345 troops) RECCE 6 EE-9 Cascavel
(US Thomaston) APC 35
LS • LST 1: APC (T) 30 M-113
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1 Mattoso Maia (US Newport) (capacity 3 LCVP; 1 LCPL; APC (W) 12 Piranha IIIC
400 troops) AAV 25: 13 AAV-7A1; 12 LVTP-7
LSLH 1 Garcia D’Avila (UK Sir Galahad) (capacity 1 hel; 16 ARTY 49+
MBT; 340 troops) TOWED 41: 105mm 33: 18 L-118 Light Gun; 15 M-101;
CRAFT 46: 3 LCU; 35 LCVP; 8 LCM 155mm 8 M-114
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 37: MOR 18 81mm
AOR 2: 1 Gastao Motta; 1 Marajo AT
ASR 1 Felinot Perry (No Wildrake) MSL• MANPATS RB-56 Bill
AG 2: 1 (troop carrier); 1 (river tender) RCL 106mm 8 M-40A1
AH 3 RL 89mm M-20
AK 5 AD • GUNS 40mm 6 L/70 (with BOFI)
AGOR 2: 1 Ary Rongel (Ice-strengthened hull, used for
polar research); 1 Cruzeiro do Sul (reaserch) Air Force 69,435
AGHS 1 Sirius COMDABRA (aerospace defence), plus three general cmds
AGS 4: 1 Antares; 3 Amorim Do Valle (UK Rover) – COMGAR (operations), COMGAP (logistics), COMGEP
ABU 6: 1 (lighthouse tender); 5 (personnel).
ATF 5 Brazilian air space is divided into 7 air regions, each of
TPT 2 (river transport) which is responsible for its designated air bases.
TRG 4 Air assets are divided among five designated air forces
for operations (one temporarily deactivated).
AXL 3 Nascimento
I Air Force (HQ Natal) operates 3 avn gps (1º/5th, 2º/5th
AXS 1
and 1º/11th GAV) and a Tactical Training Group (GITE)
Naval Aviation 1,387 providing Air Combat Training for A-29A/B Super Tucano
and A-27 Tucano aircraft. I Air Force also operates AT-26
FORCES BY ROLE
Xavante, C-95 Bandeirante and UH-50 Esquilo helicopters.
FGA 1 sqn with 20 A-4 Skyhawk/A-4MB Skyhawk/
II Air Force (HQ Rio de Janeiro) has some 240 aircraft
TA-4 Skyhawk; 3 TA-4MB Skyhawk
organised into 3 Aviation Groups (7th, 8th and 10th GAVs).
ASW 1 sqn with 4 SH-3G Sea King/SH-3H Sea King 7th GAV, responsible for Coastal Patrol, operates P-95A/B
Utl 1 sqn with 7 AS-332 Super Puma; 4 sqn with Bandeirulhas armed for ASV and ASW from 4 air bases. 8th
18 AS-350 Ecureuil (armed); 8 AS-355 Ecureuil and 10th GAVs, with H-60L Blackhawk, H-1H, Super Puma
(armed) and Esquilo helicopters, are dedicated to SAR/utility, tpt
Atk Hel 1 sqn with 12 Mk21A Lynx ops and spec ops.
Trg 1 sqn with 18 TH-57 Sea Ranger III Air Force (HQ Brasilia) 1st Air Defence Group is
equipped with F-5EM/F-5BR Tiger II, AT-27 Tucano armed
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE trainers and Mirage 2000B/C. The main light attack/armed
AIRCRAFT 23 combat capable recce force, with anti-narcotic and anti-terrorist roles,
FGA 20 A-4 Skyhawk FGA/A-4MB Skyhawk FGA/TA-4 comprises 5 air groups with A-29 Super Tucano, AT-26
Skyhawk Trg* Xavante and A-1A/B; 6th GAV, with 5 EMB-145 AEW, 3 EMB-
TRG 3 TA-4MB Skyhawk* 145RS and 5 R-95 electronic recce aircraft, is responsible for
HELICOPTERS electronic surveillance, AEW and reconnaissance.
ASW 16: 12 Mk21A Lynx; 4 SH-3G/SH-3H Sea King; (4 V Air Force (HQ Rio de Janeiro) operates some 160 air
S-70B Seahawk on order) transport and flight refuelling aircraft from 5 air bases. Two
Caribbean and Latin America 69
Caribbean and
Latin America
Recce 1 sqn with A-1A/B; 1 sqn with RT-26 Timor Leste
AWACS 1 sqn with R-99A/B UN • UNMIT 4 obs
MP 4 sqn with P-95A/ P-95B Haiti
Tkr 1 sqn with KC-130, 1 sqn with KC-137 UN • MINUSTAH 1,212; 1 inf bn(+); 1 engr coy
Tpt 1 sqn with VC-1A, VC-99A/B, VU-35; 1 sqn
Liberia
with VC-97, VU-9; 2 sqn with C-97; CH/VH-55,
9 sqn with C-95A/B/C and R-95; 1 sqn with UN • UNMIL 3
R-35A; 1 sqn with C-99, 3 sqn with C-130H/E, 2 NEPAL
sqn with C-98; 1 sqn with C-105A UN • UNMIN 6 obs
Hel 4 sqn with H-1H; 1 sqn with H-34 (VIP); 2 sqn
with H-50/H-55; 1 sqn with H-60L SUDAN
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Trg 1 sqn with T-25, 3 sqn with T-27 ( incl. 1 UN • UNMIS 24 obs
aerobatics sqn); A-1B; U-19 WESTERN SAHARA
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • MINURSO 10 obs
AIRCRAFT 313 combat aircraft
FTR 71: 12 F-2000 (Mirage 2000B/C); 52 F-5EM/FM; 4 F-5E;
3 F-5F Chile Chl
FGA 204: 40 A-1 (AMX); 50 A-29A Super Tucano; 50 A-29B
Super Tucano (75 in service by by mid 2008) ; 10 AT-26A Chilean Peso pCh 2007 2008 2009
(Impala Mk.2); 2 AT-26B (Impala Mk.1); 28 AT-26 Xavante, GDP pCh 85.6tr 96.4tr
24 AT-27 Tucano US$ 164bn 156bn
RECCE: 12: 4 RA-1 (AMX)*; 4 RT-26 Xavante*; 4 RC-95
per capita US$ 10,074 9,495
MP: 19: 10 P-95A Bandeirulha (EMB-111)*; 9 P-95B
(EMB-111)*; 9 P-3AM Orion (delivery pending) Growth % 5.1 4.5
ELINT 22: 4 EU-93A (Hawker 800XP); 3 R-99B (EMB- Inflation % 4.4 8.9
145S); 3 R-35A (Learjet 36); 2 EU-93 (HS-125), 1 EC-93 Def expa pCh 2.73tr 2.90tr
(HS-125), 9 EC-95 (EMB-110B Bandeirante) US$ 5.23bn 4.70bn
AEW 5 R-99A (EMB-145RSA)
Def bdgt pCh 1.30tr 1.42tr
SAR 5: 4 SC-95B, 1 SC-130E
TKR 5: 2 KC-130H, 3 KC-137 (1 stored) US$ 2.51bn 2.31bn
TPT 121: 1 VC-1A (Airbus ACJ); 12 C-105 Amazonas US$1=pCh 522 617
(C-295M); 13 C-130H; 7 C-130E; 10 C-99A (ERJ-145); a
Including estimates for military pensions, paramilitary and Copper
59 C-95A/B/C; 4 VC-97 Brasilia; 7 C-97 Brasilia; 8 VU-9 Fund
Xingu; (2 EMB-190 on order) Population 16,454,143
UTL 55: 14 C-98 (Cessna 208) Caravan I; 13 U-7 (PA-34)
Séneca; 6 L-42, 22 U-42 Regente; 5 U-19 Ipanema Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 121: 11 A-1B (AMX-T)*; 22 T-25A/C; 42 T-26 Xavante; Male 13% 4% 4% 4% 21% 3%
41 T-27 Tucano Female 12% 4% 4% 4% 21% 5%
HELICOPTERS
UTL 87: 32 H-50 (AS-350B); 8 H-55 (AS-355); 9 H-34
(AS-332M Super Puma); 32 H-1H; 6 H-60L Blackhawk;
Capabilities
(EC-725 Super Cougar on order) ACTIVE 60,560 (Army 35,000 Navy 17,800 Air 7,760)
MSL • AAM MAA-1 Piranha, Python III, Super 530F, Magic 2 Paramilitary 41,500
Terms of service Army 1 year Navy and Air Force 22
Paramilitary 395,000 opcon Army months. Voluntary since 2005
Public Security Forces 395,000 RESERVE 40,000 (Army 40,000)
State police organisation technically under army control.
However the military control is lessening with authority
reverting to the individual states. Organisations by Service
UAV 3 Heron deployed by Federal Police for Amazon
and border patrols Army 22,000; 13,000 conscript (total 35,000)
70 The Military Balance 2009
Caribbean and
Latin America
FORCES BY ROLE AEW 1 B-707 (IAI Phalcon)
Amph 1 bn ELINT 3 Beech 99 Petrel Alfa; 2 Beech 99 Petrel Beta
Marine 4 gp (total: 1 SSM bty (Excalibur Central TKR 1 B-707 TanqueroSP
Defence System), 2 Trg bn, 4 inf bn, 4 ADA TPT 66: 1 B-737-300; 1 B-737-500; 1 B-767ER; 1 C-130B
bty, 4 fd arty bty), 7 security det (one per naval Hercules; 2 C-130H Hercules; 4 CASA 212 Aviocar; 5
zone) DHC-6-100 Twin Otter; 8 DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; 1
Gulfstream IV; 31 PA-28-140 Cherokee; 3 Beech 99A; 6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cessna 0-2A; 2 Learjet 35A
LT TK 23 Scorpion TRG 44: 1 Mirage IIIBE; 38 T-35A/T-35B Pillan; 5 Cessna
APC (W) 25 MOWAG Roland 525 Citation CJ-1
LV 40 M1097 HMMWV with Avenger HELICOPTERS
ARTY 82 UTL 23: 1 Bo-105CBS-4; 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey (delivery
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TOWED 32: 105mm 8 KH-178; 155mm 24 G-5 in progress); 10 UH-1H Iroquois; 1 S-70A-39 Black Hawk;
MOR 50 81mm 3 Bell 206B (trg)
RCL 106mm ε30 M-40A1 AD
AD • SAM • MANPAD Blowpipe SYSTEMS Mygale
SAM Mistral
Coast Guard
SP 5 Crotale
Integral part of the Navy
GUNS • TOWED 20mm M-163 Vulcan SP/M-167
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 61
Vulcan; 35mm GDF-005 Oerlikon
OPV 1 Piloto Pardo (OPV-80) (expected ISD ’09;
MSL • AAM AIM-9B Sidewinder/AIM-9J Sidewinder;
additional vessel in build)
Python III; Shafrir; BVR Derby
PCC 18 Alacalufe (Protector WPB class)
PCI 37: 8 Grumete Diaz (Dabor class); 18 Rodman; 11
(LMP, LSR class)
Paramilitary 41,500
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 5 Defender class; 1 Archangel Carabineros 41,500
class Ministry of Defence
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Force 7,300; 460 conscript (total 7,760) 13 Zones
Flying hours 100 hrs/year
Paramilitary 39 district; 174 comisaria
FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ftr /FGA 1 sqn with F-5E Tigre III; F-5F Tigre III; 1 sqn
APC (W) 20 MOWAG Roland
with Block 50 F-16C/F-16D Puma; 1 sqn with
F-16AM/F-16BM; MOR 60mm; 81mm
AIRCRAFT
Recce 1 (photo) unit with Beech A-100 King Air;
TPT 10: 4 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1 Cessna 550 Citation V;
DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; Learjet 35A
5 PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II
AEW ELINT B-707 Phalcon with Tpt gp. Beech 99 Petrel UTL 5: 2 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna 208; 2 Cessna 210
Alfa/Beta Centurion
CCT 2 gps with A-37B Dragonfly; A-36CC Halcon; HELICOPTERS • UTL 16: 2 BK-117; 10 Bo-105; 2 Bell
T-36BB; B-707 Tanquero 206 JetRanger; 2 EC-135
Tpt Liaison 3 gps with B-737-500 (VIP); B-737-300;
B-767ER; C-130B Hercules; C-130H Hercules;
Non-State Groups
CASA 212 Aviocar; DHC-6-100 Twin Otter;
DHC-6-300; Gulfstream IV; Learjet 35A; see Part II
PA-28-140 Cherokee; Beech 99A7; Cessna O-2A
Trg 1 gp with T-35A/B Pillan; CJ-1 Citation; Deployment
Mirage IIIBE, T-36 Halcon, Bell 206A
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Hel 3 gps with UH-1H; Bo-105CBS-4; Bell 412;
S-70A-39 Black Hawk; Bell 206B (trg) EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 21
AD 1 regt (5 AD gp) with Mygale; Mistral; M-163 Haiti
Vulcan/M-167 Vulcan; GDF-005; Oerlikon; UN • MINUSTAH 499; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; elm 1 engr
Crotale coy
72 The Military Balance 2009
Def exp a pC 14.14tr 18.76bn 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde
US$ 6.80bn 8.27bn (6th) (2 lt inf bn,1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1
cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde
Def bdgt pC 11.1tr 12.6tr 12.1tr
(13th) (2 cav recce bn, 1 airmob inf bn, 2 lt inf
US$ 5.35bn 5.55bn bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 Fd arty bn, 1
FMA US$ 85.5m 55.0m 66.4m engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 2 MP bn);
US$1=pC 2,078 2,270 1 div (6th) with 1 bde (12th) (2 lt inf bn, 1 mtn
a
including paramilitaries inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 (26th) jungle bde
Population 45,013,674 (1 lt jungle inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
coast guard det); 1 (27th) bde (2 lt inf bn, 1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus COIN bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)
Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 19% 2% 1 div (7th) with 1 bde (4th) (1 cav recce bn, 3
Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 20% 3% lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, fd 1 arty bn, 2 engr bn, 1
cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp, 1 SF (anti-
Capabilities terrorist) coy); 1 bde (11th) (1 airmob inf bn, 1
lt inf bn, 2 COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn);
ACTIVE 267,231 (Army 226,352, Navy 30,729 Air 1 bde (14th) (3 lt inf bn, 2 COIN bn, 1 engr bn,
10,150) Paramilitary 144,097 1 cbt spt bn); 1 bde (17th) (2 lt inf bn, 1 COIN
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)
RESERVE 61,900 (Army 54,700 Navy 4,800 Air 1,200 EOD 6 EOD gp (bn)
Joint 1,200) SF 2 SF gp (bn); 1 SF anti-terrorist bn
Spt/Logistic 1 bde (1 spt bn, 1 maint bn, 1 supply bn, 1 tpt
Organisations by Service bn, 1 medical bn, 1 logistic bn)
Avn 1 bde (1 hel bn (2 cbt hel sqn), 1 avn bn)
Army 43,013; 183,339 conscript (total 226,352) Counter- 1 indep bde (1 spt bn, 3 counter-narcotics bn)
Narcotics
FORCES BY ROLE
Mech 1 (1st) div with (1 bde (2nd) (2 mech inf bn, EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 COIN bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 MP bn, RECCE 137: 123 EE-9 Cascavel; 6 M-8 (anti-riot vehicle); 8
1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp);1 bde M-8 with 1 TOW
(10th) (1 mech inf bn, 1 (med) tk bn, 1 mech APC 194
cav bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 2 fd arty bn, 2 engr bn, APC (T) 54 TPM-113 (M-113A1)
1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 EOD
APC (W) 140+: 80 BTR-80; 56 EE-11 Urutu; 4 RG-31
gp
Nyala
COIN 1 div (2nd) with (1 bde (5th) (3 lt inf bn, 1 fd
ARTY 584
arty bn, 1 AD bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde (18th) (1 airmob TOWED 101: 105mm 86 M-101; 155mm 15 155/52 APU
cav bn, 4 lt inf bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn);1 SBT-1
bde (30th) (1 cav recce bn, 2 lt inf bn, 1 COIN MOR 483: 81mm 125 M-1; 107mm 148 M-2; 120mm 210
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)) Brandt
Caribbean and Latin America 73
AT AGS 1
MSL• SP 8+: 8 TOW; Nimrod ABU 1
MANPATS 10+: 10 TOW; SPIKE-ER FACILITIES
RCL 106mm 63 M-40A1 Bases Located at Puerto Leguízamo, Buenaventura,
RL 15+: 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm RPG-22, 89mm 15 M-20; (Pacific) Málaga, (Main HQ) Catagena,
90mm C-90C; 106mm SR-106 Barrancabermeja, Puerto Carreño, Leticia, Puerto
AIRCRAFT Orocue, Puerto Inirida
Caribbean and
Latin America
EW • ELINT 2 B-200 Super King Air
TPT 9: 2 CASA 212 Aviocar (Medevac); 1 CV-580; 2 PA-34 Naval Aviation 146
Seneca; 2 Rockwell Turbo Commander; 1 Beechcraft C-90; 1 AIRCRAFT
Antonov AN32 MP 3: CN-235MPA Persuader (Additional 2 ordered);
UTL 2 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan 1 PA-31 Navajo (upgraded for ISR)
TRG 5 Utva-75 TPT 7: 3 PA-28-140 Cherokee; 1 C-212 (Medevac); 2
HELICOPTERS Cessna 208 Caravan, 1 Gavilan 358
SPT 18: 8 Mi-17-1V Hip; 6 Mi-17-MD; 4 Mi-17-V5 Hip UTL 3: 2 Cessna 206; 1 PA-31 Navajo
UTL 101: 30 UH-1H-II Huey II; 31 UH-1N Twin Huey; 35 HELICOPTERS
UH-60L Black Hawk; 5 K-Max ASW 2 AS-555SN Fennec
AD UTL 9: 2 Bo-105; 4 Bell 412; 1 Bell 212; 1 BK-117
SAM • TOWED 3 Skyguard/Sparrow
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(CSAR); and is dedicated to SAR, tpt, and heavy hel TPT 37: 7 UH-1P Huey II; 12 Bell 212 Twin Huey; 2 Bell
support operations. 412HP/SP; 8 UH-60A Blackhawk; 8 UH-60L ordered
CACOM 6. (Capitán Ernesto Esguerra Cubides Air Base) TRG 16: 12 Bell 206B; 2 H500C; 1 H500ME; 1 Bell 212
operates 2 sqn with 5 Schweizer SA-2-337, 5 Cessna IV, 4 MSL•AAM Python III; R530
Fairchild C-26B, 1 Ce-208 and 1 B-300 Super King Air; and is
dedicated to anti-insurgency opearations. Paramilitary 144,097
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr/FGA/ 1 sqn with Kfir C-7; 1 sqn with Mirage-5COAM, National Police Force 136,097
Recce Mirage- 5CODM (used as command post); AIRCRAFT
1 sqn with AC-47T, Hughes 369; 1 sqn with 1 King 300; 2 King 300; 2 Caravan 208; 1 Caravan 208B;
A-37B/OA-37B; 1 sqn with OV-10; 1 sqn with 3 Cessna C-152; 5 Cessna 206; 2 Twin Otter; 1 C-99; 1
EMB-312 Tucano*; 2 sqn with EMB-314/A-29 DC-3; 2 C-26SA227-AC; 1 Turbo Truck
Super Tucano HELICOPTERS
Elint/EW 2 sqn with Schweizer SA-2-337, Cessna IV, UTL 67: 7 Bell 206L LongRanger; 12 Bell 212; 3 Bell
Fairchild C-26B, Ce-208, B-300 Super King Air 206B; 1 Bell 412; 2 MD 500D; 1 MD-530F; 34 UH-1H-II
SAR/ MP 1 sqn with Bell 212, C-95, Queen Air, T-41D* Huey II; 7 UH-60L
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130B, C-130H; 1 sqn with CN-
235M, Arava, C-212, King Air C90, Do-328; 1
Rural Militia 8,000
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Capabilities Capabilities
Paramilitary 9,800 ACTIVE 49,000 (Army 38,000 Navy 3,000 Air 8,000)
Paramilitary 26,500
Organisations by Service Terms of service 2 years
Caribbean and
Latin America
1,120,000
Ready Reserves (serve 45 days per year) to fill out Active
Civil Guard 4,500 and Reserve units; see also Paramilitary.
Police 1 (tac) comisaria
Provincial 6 comisaria
Organisations by Service
Spec Ops 1 unit
Paramilitary 7 (Urban) comisaria (reinforced coy) Army ε38,000
Border Police 2,500 FORCES BY ROLE
3 Regional comd HQ, 3 army comd HQ
Sy 2 (Border) comd (8 comisaria)
Army 1 (frontier) bde; 14 (reserve) bde
Coast Guard Unit 400 Armd up to 5 bde
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Mech Inf 9 bde (each: 1 armd regt, 1 arty regt, 1 ADA regt,
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20+ 3 Mech inf regt)
PFC 1 Isla del Coco (US Swift 32m) AB 1 bde
PCC 1 Astronauta (US Cape) ADA 1 regt
PCI 8: 5 less than 100 tonnes; 3 Point less than 100 SAM 1 bde
tonnes
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 10 (various)
MBT ε900 T-34/T-54/T-55/T-62
FACILITIES LT TK PT-76
Bases Located at Golfito, Punta Arenas, Cuajiniquil, RECCE BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Quepos, Limbe, Moin AIFV ε 50 BMP-1
APC • APC (W) ε500 BTR-152/BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60
Air Surveillance Unit 400 ARTY 1,730+
AIRCRAFT SP 40 2S1 Carnation 122mm/2S3 152mm
TPT 10: 1 DHC-7 Caribou; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 2 Cessna TOWED 500 152mm D-1 /122mm D-30 /152mm M-1937/
T210 Centurion; 1 PA-34 Seneca ; 4 Cessna U-206G 122mm M-30 /130mm M-46/ 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942
Stationair MRL SP 175 140mm BM-14/122mm BM-21
HELICOPTERS MOR 1,000 120mm M-38 /82mm M-41/120mm
UTL 2 MD-500E M-43/82mm M-43
STATIC 15 122mm 15 JS-2M (hy tk)
Rural Guard 2,000 AT
Ministry of Government and Police. Small arms only
MSL • MANPATS AT-1 Snapper; AT-3 9K11 Sagger
Paramilitary 8 comd
GUNS 700+: 100mm 100 SU-100 SP; 85mm D-44; 57mm
600 M-1943
AD
Cuba C SAM 200 SA-13 Gopher SP/SA-14 Gremlin; SA-16 Gimlet
Cuban Convertible MANPAD/SA-6 Gainful SP/SA-7 Grail MANPAD/SA-8
2007 2008 2009
Peso P Gecko SP/SA-9 Gaskin SP (300–1800 eff.)
GDP P 50.2bn 55.0bn GUNS 400
US$a 45.6 49.5 SP 57mm ZSU-57-2 SP/ 23mm ZSU-23-4 SP/ 30mm
per capita US$a 3,994 4,333 BTR-60P SP
Growth % 6.5
TOWED 100mm KS-19/M-1939 /85mm KS-
12/57mm S-60 /37mm M-1939/30mm M-53/23mm
Inflation % 3.1
ZU-23
Def exp a US$
a
PPP estimate Navy ε3,000
Population 11,423,952 FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 (HQ Western Comd) located at Cabanas;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 (HQ Eastern Comd) located at Holquin
Male 10% 4% 3% 3% 25% 5%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Female 10% 4% 3% 3% 25% 6% PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
76 The Military Balance 2009
PFM 6 Osa II† (FSU) each with 4 single each with SS- Paramilitary 26,500 active
N-2B Styx tactical SSM (missiles removed to coastal
defence units) State Security 20,000
PFC 1 Pauk II† (FSU) with 1 x4 Manual with SA-N-5 Grail Ministry of Interior
SAM, 4 single ASTT, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 76mm gun
MINE WARFARE AND MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 Border Guards 6,500
MSC 2 Sonya† (FSU) Ministry of Interior
MHC 3 Yevgenya† (FSU) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 ABU; 1 TRG PFI 20: 2 Stenka less than 100 tonnes (FSU); 18 Zhuk
FACILITIES
Youth Labour Army 70,000 reservists
Bases Located at Cabanas, Havana, Cienfuegos, Holquin,
Nicaro, Punta Movida, Mariel Civil Defence Force 50,000 reservists
Coastal Defence Territorial Militia ε1,000,000 reservists
ARTY • TOWED 122mm M-1931/37; 130mm M-46;
152mm M-1937
MSL• SSM 2+: Bandera IV (reported); 2 SS-C-3 Styx
Foreign Forces
United States US Army: 311; US Navy 456 (located at
Naval Infantry 550+ Guantánamo Bay); USMC 136 (located at Guantánamo Bay)
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Amph aslt 2 bn
Caribbean and
Latin America
TOWED 105mm 16: 4 M-101; 12 Reinosa 105/26 National Police 15,000
MOR 88: 81mm 60 M-1; 107mm 4 M-30; 120mm 24 Expal
Model L
AT Ecuador Ec
RCL 106mm 20 M-40A1
Ecuadorian Sucre ES 2007 2008 2009
GUNS 37mm 20 M3
HEL GDP ES 1,075tr
OBS 8: 4 OH-58A Kiowa; 4 OH-58C Kiowa US$ 43.0bn
UTL 6: 4 R-22; 2 R-44 per capita US$ 3,126
Growth % 2.5 3.0
Navy 4,000 Inflation % 2.1 8.5
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FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt ES 19.3tr 22.9tr
Marine Sy 1 unit
US$ 773m 918m
Navy 1 HQ located at Santo Domingo
US$1=ES 25,000 25,000
SEAL 1 unit
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Population 13,927,650
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
PCO 4:
2 Balsam Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
2 Tortuguero (US ABU) Female 16% 5% 5% 4% 17% 3%
PCI 8: 2 Canopus; 2 Swift (35mm); 4 Bellatrix (US
Sewart Seacraft) All less than 100 tonnes Capabilities
PBR 4 Damen Stan 1505
AMPHIBIOUS 1 Neyba (US LCU 1675)
ACTIVE 57,983 (Army 46,500 Navy 7,283 Air 4,200)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5: Paramilitary 400
AG 2 Draga Contencion Terms of Service conscription 1 year, selective
AT 3
RESERVE 118,000 (Joint 118,000)
FACILITIES Ages 18–55
Bases Located at Santo Domingo, Las Calderas
HELICOPTERS
UAV 6: 4 IAI Searcher Mk.2; 2 IAI Heron
ATK 18 SA-342 Gazelle (13 w/ HOT)
SPT 14: 3 AS-332B Super Puma; 3 AS-350 Ecureuil; 5 Mi- Marines 2,160
17-1V Hip; 3 SA-330 Puma (in store) Cdo 1 unit (no hy wpn/veh)
UTL 2 SA-315B Lama
Marine 5 bn (on garrison duties)
AD
SAM • MANPAD 203+: 75 Blowpipe; 18 Chaparral; 20+ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SA-7 Grail; 90 SA-18 Grouse (Igla) ARTY
GUNS 240 MOR 32+ 60mm/81mm/120mm
SP 44 M-163 Vulcan AD
TOWED 196: 14.5mm 128 ZPU-1/-2; 20mm 38: 28 SAM • MANPAD 64 Mistral/SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
M-1935, 10 M-167 Vulcan; 40mm 30 L/70/M1A1
Air Force 4,200
Navy 7,283 (incl Naval Aviation, Marines and
Coast Guard) Operational Command
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2: Air 2 wg
2 Shyri† (Ge T-209/1300, undergoing refit in Chile) each Ftr 1 sqn with Mirage F-1JE (F-1E); Mirage F-1JB
with 8 single 533mm TT with 14 SUT HWT (F-1B)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
FGA 3 sqn (1 with A-37B Dragonfly; 1 sqn with Kfir
FRIGATES • FFG 2:
CE; Kfir C-2; Kfir TC-2; 1 sqn with BAC-167
1 Presidente Eloy Alfaro† (ex-UK Leander batch II) each
Strikemaster); 2 sqn with Super Tucano (on order)
with 4 single each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 3
twin (6 eff.) each with Mistral SAM, (capacity 1 Bell 206B CCT 1 sqn with A-37B; BAC-167 Strikemaster
JetRanger II utl hel)
1 Condell (mod UK Leander; under transfer from Chile) Military Air Transport Group
with 4 single each with 1 MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 FORCES BY ROLE
triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 x 114mm SAR/Liaison 1 sqn with Bell 206B JetRanger II;
gun, (capacity 1 Bell 206B JetRanger II utl hel) SA-316B/SA-319 Alouette III; ALH
CORVETTES • FSG 6: Tpt 4 sqn with B-727; C-130B Hercules,
6 Esmeraldas (4†) each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with C-130H Hercules; DHC-6 Twin Otter; F-28
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) with Aspide Fellowship; Sabreliner 40/60
SAM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm each with A244 LWT, 1 Liaison Beech E90 King Air; Gaviao 60; HS-748
76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform (upgrade programme
TAME 1 mil controlled airline with Airbus
ongoing)
A-320; EMB-170; EMB-190
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3
Trg units with Cessna 150; T-34C Turbo
PFM 3 Quito (Ge Lurssen TNC-45 45m) each with 4
Mentor; T-41 Mescalero; MXP-650
single each with 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm
gun (upgrade programme ongoing) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 1: AIRCRAFT 57+ combat capable
1 Hualcopo (capacity 150 troops) (US LST-512-1152) FTR 13: 12 Mirage F-1JE; 1 F-1BJ
Caribbean and Latin America 79
Caribbean and
Latin America
HEL 14: 4 SA-316B Alouette III / SA-319 Alouette III Utl Hel; Growth % 4.7 3.0
8 Bell 206B JetRanger II; 1 HB-315B Gaviao; 1 ALH (6 more
Inflation % 3.9 7.6
on order)
MSL •AAM 60 Python III; 50 Python IV; R-550 Magic; Def bdgt C 974m 1.0bn
Super 530; Shafrir US$ 111m 115m
AD FMA US$ 7.2m 4.7m 4.8m
SAM 7 M-48 Chaparral US$1=C 8.75 8.75
SP 6 SA-8 Gecko
MANPAD 185+: 75 Blowpipe; SA-7; 20 Igla-1 (SA-16) Population 7,066,403
Gimlet; 90 SA-18 Grouse Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
GUNS
Male 19% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2%
SP 28 M-35 with 20mm
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TOWED 82: 23mm 34: 34 ZU-23; 35mm 30: 30 Female 18% 5% 5% 4% 16% 3%
GDF-002 (twin); 37mm 18: 18 Ch
Capabilities
Paramilitary
ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 13,850 Navy 700 Air 950)
Police Air Service Paramilitary 17,000
2 B206B Jet Ranger, 1 R-22; 1 AS-350B Ecureuil Terms of Service conscription 18 months voluntary
AMPHIBIOUS LEBANON
LCM 3 UN • UNIFIL 46
FACILITIES Liberia
Bases Located at La Uníon UN • UNMIL 26; 3 obs
Minor Bases Located at La Libertad, Acajutla, El Triunfo,
Meanguera Is, Guija Lake SUDAN
UN • UNMIS 5 obs
Naval Inf (SF Commandos) 90 Western Sahara
SF 1 coy UN • MINURSO 6 obs
Quetzal q
Cessna 210 Centurion; C-47; Cessna 337G GDP q 323bn 391bn
Trg sqn with Rallye 235GT; T-35 Pillan; T-41D US$ 42.1bn 52.1bn
Mescalero; TH-300
per capita US$ 3.309 4,010
Hel armed sqn with UH-1M Iroquois
Growth % 5.7 4.5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Inflation % 6.8 10.6
AIRCRAFT 19 combat capable
Def bdgt q 1.27bn 1.36bn
FGA 5 A-37B Dragonfly
US$ 166m 181m
RECCE 14: 10 O-2A O-2A/B Skymaster*; 4 OA-37B
Dragonfly* US$1=q 7.67 7.50
TPT 4: 3 Basler Turbo-67; 2 C-47R Skytrain; 1 Cessna Population 13,002,206
337G Skymaster; 1 SA-226T Merlin IIIB; IAI-201 Arava
UTL 2 Cessna 210 Centurion Age 0–14 15 –19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 13: 5 Rallye 235GT; 5 T-35 Pillan; 1 T-41D Mescalero; Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
2 CM-170 Magister Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
HELICOPTERS
UTL 39 : 1 Bell 407; 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 7 MD-500; 22 Capabilities
UH-1H Iroquois (incl 4 SAR); 5 UH-1M Iroquois *
TRG 6 TH-300 ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 13,444 Navy 986 Air 1,070)
MSL • AAM Shafrir Paramilitary 19,000
Paramilitary 17,000 RESERVE 63,863 (Navy 650 Air 900 Armed Forces
62,313)
National Civilian Police 17,000 (National Armed Forces are combined; the army provides
Ministry of Public Security log spt for navy and air force)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS •PBR 10
River Boats
AIRCRAFT • RECCE 1 O-2A Skymaster Organisations by Service
HELICOPTERS • UTL 3: 1 MD-500D; 1 MD-520N; 1
UH-1H Iroquois Army 13,444
The cavalry regts have a strength of 118, 7 AFV. The arty gp
non-state groups is 3 bty of 4 guns.
See Part II FORCES BY ROLE
15 Military Zones
Armd 6 sqn
DEPLOYment Cav 2 regt
Côte D’Ivoire Inf 1 (strategic) bde (2 inf bn, 1 SF pl, 1 recce sqn, 1
UN • UNOCI 3 obs (lt) armd bn, 1 arty gp); 5 (regional) bde (each:
3 inf bn, 1 cav regt, 1 arty gp,); 1 (frontier) det
Iraq SF 1 bde (1 trg coy, 1 SF coy)
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 200; 1 inf bn AB 2 bn
Caribbean and Latin America 81
Engr 1 bn HELICOPTERS
MP 1 bde (3 bn) UTL 20: 9 Bell 206 JetRanger; 7 Bell 212 (armed); 1 Bell 412
Trg 1 bn Twin Huey (armed); 3 UH-1H Iroquois
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tactical Security Group
RECCE 7 M-8 in store Air Military Police
APC 52 Armd 1 sqn
APC (T) 15: 10 M-113; 5 in store
Caribbean and
Latin America
CCT 3 coy
APC (W) 37: 30 Armadillo; 7 V-100 Commando
ARTY 161 AD 1 bty (army units for air-base sy)
TOWED 105mm 76: 12 M-101; 8 M-102; 56 M-56
MOR 85: 81mm 55 M-1; 107mm 12 M-30 in store; Paramilitary 19,000 active (incl. Treasury Police)
120mm 18 ECIA
AT
National Police 19,000
Army 1 (integrated task force) unit (incl mil and
RCL 120+: 105mm 64 M-1974 FMK-1 (Arg); 106mm 56
treasury police)
M-40A1; 75mm M-20
SF 1 bn
RL 89mm M-20 in store (3.5in)
AD• GUNS • TOWED 32: 20mm 16 GAI-D01; 16 M-55 Paramilitary 21 (departments) region
Reserves
Inf ε19 bn
non-state groups
Navy 986 See Part II
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 36: DEPLOYment
PCI 10: 6 Cutlass less than 100 tonnes; 1 Kukulkan less
than 100 tonnes (US Broadsword 32m); 2 Sewart less than Côte D’Ivoire
100 tonnes; 1 Dauntless less than 100 tonnes UN • UNOCI 5 obs
PCR 20 Democratic Republic of Congo
PBI 6 Vigilante
UN • MONUC 105; 5 obs; 1 SF coy
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Santo Tomás de Castilla, Puerto Quetzal Haiti
UN • MINUSTAH 118; 1 MP coy
Marines 650 reservists lebanon
Marine 2 bn under strength UN • UNIFIL 2
NEPAL
Air Force 1,070) UN • UNMIN 1 obs
3 air bases – Guatemala City, Santa Elena Petén, Retalhuleu
SUDAN
FORCES BY ROLE UN • UNMIS 1; 7 obs
Serviceability of ac is less than 50%
FGA/Trg 1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly; 1 sqn with PC-7
Turbo Trainer Guyana Guy
Tpt 1 sqn with Basler Turbo-67; Beech 100 King Air;
Beech 90 King Air; F-27 Friendship; IAI-201 Guyanese Dollar G$ 2007 2008 2009
Arava; PA-31 Navajo GDP G$ 217bn
Liaison 1 sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 206 US$ 1.1bn
Trg some sqn with Cessna R172K Hawk XP; T-35B
per capita US$ 1,411
Hel 1 sqn with Bell 206 JetRanger; Bell 212 (armed);
Growth % 5.6 4.6
Bell 412 Twin Huey (armed); UH-1H Iroquois
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Inflation % 12.2 8.6
AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable
FGA 4 A-37B Dragonfly US$1=G$ 200 200
TPT 14: 4 Basler Turbo-67; 1 Beech 100 King Air; 1 Beech
90 King Air; 1 Cessna 310; 2 F-27 Friendship; 4 IAI-201 Population 770,794
Arava; 1 PA-31 Navajo Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UTL 2 Cessna 206
Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 19% 2%
TRG 15: 5 Cessna R172K Hawk XP; 6 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*;
4 T-35B Pillan Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 20% 3%
82 The Military Balance 2009
Capabilities Haiti RH
ACTIVE 1,100 (Army 900 Navy 100 Air 100) Haitian Gourde G 2007 2008 2009
Paramilitary 1,500 GDP G 226bn
Active numbers combined Guyana Defence Force
US$ 6.1bn
RESERVE 670 (Army 500 Navy 170) per capita US$ 702
Growth % 3.2 2.5
Organisations by Service Inflation % 9.0 14.5
US$1=G 36.8 39.1
Army 900
Population 8,924,553
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 1 bn Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
SF 1 coy Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 11% 2%
Engr 1 coy Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 2%
Spt 1 (spt wpn) coy
Presidential Guard 1 bn
Capabilities
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Navy 100
Foreign Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5 Argentina 558; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital
PCC 1 Orwell (ex-UK) Bolivia 217; 1 inf coy
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 4 boats Brazil 1,212; 1 inf bn(+); 1 engr coy
FACILITIES Canada 5 (Operation Hamlet)
Bases Located at Georgetown, New Providence Island (Bs) Chile 499; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; elm 1 engr coy
Croatia 3
Air Force 100 Ecuador 67; elm 1 engr coy
FORCES BY ROLE France 1
Tpt unit with; 1 Y-12 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey ; 1 Rotorway Guatemala 118; 1 MP coy
162F Jordan 754; 1 inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Nepal 1,079; 2 inf bn
AIRCRAFT Paraguay 31
TPT 1 Y-12 Peru 205; 1 inf coy
HELICOPTERS Philippines 157; 1 HQ coy
UTL 2: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 1 Rotorway 162F Sri Lanka 959; 1 inf bn
United States 4
Paramilitary 1,500+ Uruguay 1,143; 2 inf bn; 1 avn unit
Guyana People’s Militia 1,500+
DEPLOYment
Navy Base located at New Providence Island, Bahamas
Caribbean and Latin America 83
Caribbean and
Marines 830
Latin America
Growth % 6.3 4.2
Marine 3 indep coy
Inflation % 6.9 11.2
Def bdgt L 1.43bn 1.80bn Air Force 2,300
US$ 76m 95m FORCES BY ROLE
US$1=L 18.9 18.9 FGA 1 sqn with 8 A-37B Dragonfly; 1 sqn with 8
F-5E Tiger II
Population 7,693,327
Tpt sqn with 1 C-130A Hercules; 2 C-47 Skytrain
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Trg/COIN some sqn with 2 Cessna 182 Skylane; 5
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2% T-41B/D; 9 EMB-312
Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
Liaison some sqn with 4 Cessna 185; 1 Cessna 401; 1
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Navy 1,400
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 31
PFC 3 Guaymuras (Swift 31m)
PFI 1 Copan less than 100 tonnes (US Guardian 32m)
84 The Military Balance 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Jamaica Ja AIRCRAFT
TPT 1 BN-2A Defender
Jamaican Dollar J$ 2007 2008 2009
UTL 1 Cessna 210M Centurion
GDP J$ 747bn 925bn TRG 2 DA-40-180FP Diamond Star
US$ 10.6bn 12.5bn HELICOPTERS
9 per capita US$ 3,806 4,469 SPT 4 AS-355N Ecureuil
UTL 6: 3 Bell 407; 3 Bell 412EP
Growth % 1.2 0.7
Inflation % 9.3 12.2
Def bdgt J$ 7.61bn
DEPLOYment
US$ 108m Sierra Leone
US$1=J$ 71.0 73 IMATT 1
Population 2,804,332
US$ 1.02tr
Capabilities per capita US$ 9,433
ACTIVE 2,830 (Army 2,500 Coast Guard 190 Air 140) Growth % 3.2 2.1
(combined Jamaican Defence Force) Inflation % 4.0 4.9
RESERVE 953 (Army 877 Navy 60 Air 16) Def bdgta NP 43.4bn 48.2bn
US$ 3.98bn 3.79bn
Organisations by Service US$1=NP 10.9 12.7
a
Excluding paramilitaries
Army 2,500 Population 109,955,400
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 2 bn Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Engr 1 regt (4 engr sqn) Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 17% 2%
Spt 1 bn Female 15% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 4 LAV-150 Commando
Capabilities
MOR 81mm 12 L16A1 ACTIVE 255,506 (Army 188,000 Navy 55,961 Air
Reserves 11,545) Paramilitary 30,700
Inf 1 bn Reserve 39,899 (Armed Forces 39,899)
Coast Guard 190
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Organisations by Service
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
PFC 1 Fort Charles (US 34m) Army 188,000
PFI 1 Paul Bogle less than 100 tonnes (US-31m) FORCES BY ROLE
PCI 6: 4 Dauntless; 2 Point less than 100 tonnes 12 regions (total: 45 army zones (total: 24 mot cav regt, 17
PBF 3 armd regt, 8 arty regt, 101 inf bn, 8 arty gp, 25 indep inf
PB 3 Cornwall (Damen Stan 4207) coy))
FACILITIES Strategic 1 corps (1 cbt engr bde, 1 armd bde, 3 rapid
Bases Located at Port Royal, Pedro Cays Reserve reaction bde)
Minor Base Located at Discovery Bay Inf 1 corps (Pres Gd) (1 SF gp, some spt units, 1
mech inf bde, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 log bde, 1 MP
Air Wing 140 bde)
Plus National Reserve SF 1 corps (11 SF bn, 2 para bde, 1 logistic bde, 1
FORCES BY ROLE amph bde (4 SF bn))
Tpt/MP 1 flt with 1 BN-2A Defender; 1 Cessna 210M Para 1 bde
Centurio; 2 DA-40-180FP Diamond Star (trg) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SAR/Tpt 2 flt with 4 AS-355N Ecureuil; 3 Bell 407; 3 RECCE 245: 124 ERC-90F1 Lynx (4 trg); 40 M-8; 41 MAC-1;
Bell 412EP 40 VBL (8 with Milan)
Caribbean and Latin America 85
Caribbean and
Latin America
14 M-3; 13 NORINCO M-90 TRG 4: 1 Manuel Azuela; 2 Huasteco (also serve as troop
MOR 1,267: 81mm 400 M-I, 400 Brandt, 300 SB transport, supply and hospital ships); AXS 1
120mm 167: 75 Brandt; 60 M-65; 32 RT61 FACILITIES
AT Bases Located at Vera Cruz, Tampico, Chetumal,
MSL • SP 8 Milan (VBL) Ciudad del Carmen, Yukalpetén, Lerna, Frontera,
RL 1,187+ 64mm RPG-18 Fly 82mm B-300 73mm RPG-16 Coatzacoalcos, Isla Mujéres, Acapulco, Ensenada,
GUNS 37mm 30 M3 La Paz, Guaymas, Mayport (FL), US, Salina Cruz,
AD Puerto Madero, Lazaro Cádenas, Puerto Vallarta,
GUNS 80
TOWED 12.7mm 40 M-55; 20mm 40 GAI-B01 Naval Aviation 1,250
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 55,961
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Caribbean and
MBT 127: 62 T-55; 65 in store
Latin America
LT TK 10 PT-76 in store Growth % 11.5 8.3
RECCE 20 BRDM-2 (12 with AT-3 9K11 Sagger) Inflation % 4.2 9.2
APC (W) 166: 102 BTR-152 in store; 64 BTR-60 Def bdgt B ε200m 226
ARTY 800 US$ 200m 226m
TOWED 42: 122mm 12 D-30; 152mm 30 D-20 in store
US$1=B 1.0 1.0
MRL 151: 107mm 33 Type-63: 122mm 118: 18 BM-21; 100
GRAD 1P (BM-21P) (single-tube rocket launcher, man Population 3,292,693
portable)
MOR 607: 82mm 579; 120mm 24 M-43: 160mm 4 M-160 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
in store Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 19% 3%
AT Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 18% 3%
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Caribbean and
Latin America
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Growth % 8.9 9.2
AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable Inflation % 1.8 5.6
FGA 4: 2 AT-33A Shooting Star; 2 in store
Def bdgt NS 3.82bn 4.15bn
TPT 20: 1 B-707; 1 Beech 55 Baron (army co-op); 1 C-47
Skytrain; 5 CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 Cessna 310 (army US$ 1.22bn 1.35bn
co-op); 2 Cessna 402B; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 PA-32R US$1=NS 3.12 3.06
Saratoga; 1 Beech 33 Debonair; 2 Beech A36 Bonanza; 1
Population 29,180,899
Cessna 210 Centurion; 1 EMB-720D Minuano; 1 EMB-
721C Sertanejo; 1 EMB-810C Seneca; Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UTL 6: 1 Cessna 206 (army co-op); 3 Cessna U-206
Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 18% 2%
Stationair 2 PZL-104 Wilga 80
Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 18% 3%
TRG 21: 3 EMB-312 Tucano*; 5 EMB-326 Xavante*; 3
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Caribbean and
Latin America
PCC 5 Rio Nepena
M-2000DP (M-2000ED) Mirage; 1 sqn with
PCI 16: 3 Dauntless less than 100 tonnes; 13 various
A-37B Dragonfly; 3 sqn with Su-25A Frogfoot
AIRCRAFT
A†; Su-25UB Frogfoot B†*
TPT 2 F-27 Friendship
RECCE 1 (photo-survey) unit with Learjet 36A; C-26B
Tpt 3 gp; 7 sqn with An-32 Cline; B-737; DC-8-62F; Rondas Campesinas ε7,000 gp
DHC-6 Twin Otter; FH-227; L-100-20; PC-6 Peasant self-defence force. Perhaps 7,000 rondas ‘gp’, up
Turbo-Porter; Y-12(II); 1 (Presidential) flt with to pl strength, some with small arms. Deployed mainly
F-28 Fellowship, Falcon 20F in emergency zone.
Tkr KC-707-323C
Liaison 1 sqn with PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II; UH-1D
Iroquois
Non-State Groups
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Population 1,047,366
Def bdgt pU 6.99bn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus US$ 304m
Male 11% 5% 6% 4% 22% 4% US$1=pU 23.0 21.9
Female 10% 5% 5% 4% 20% 5% Population 3,447,778
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES
ACTIVE 25,382 (Army 16,891 Navy 5,491 Air 3,000) FFG 3:
2 Uruguay (Port Joao Belo) with 2 triple 550mm ASTT (6
Paramilitary 920
eff.) each with L3 HWT, 2 single, 2 100mm gun
1 Artigas (Ger Freiburg) with HB-355 med hel
Organisations by Service PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 26
Caribbean and
Latin America
PCC 3 (Fr Vigilante 42m)
Army 16,891 PCI 3: 2 Colonia less than 100 tonnes (US Cape); 1
Uruguayan units are sub-standard size, mostly around Paysandu less than 100 tonnes
30%. Div are at most bde size, while bn are of re-inforced PBR 20: 4 UPF-Class; 16 Vigilante 27’
coy strength. Regts are also coy size, some bn size, with the MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
largest formation being the Armd Cav Regt ’2 Regimento MSC 3 Temerario (Kondor II)
Tnte. Gral Pablo Ganarza de Caballeria Blindado‘ with 20 AMPHIBIOUS 4: 2 LCVP; 2 LCM
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7:
M-41A1UR and 14 M-113 A1. Each tank regt (sqn size) has
ARS 1 Vanguardia
only 7 T-55s, while 5 of the 6 Mech Cav Regts have only 6
AR 1 Luneburg (ex-Ge, general spt ship)
M-64/-93 on strength.
AG 1 Maldonado
FORCES BY ROLE AGHS 2: 1 Helgoland; 1 Triestre
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APC (W) 46: 36 Dragoon 300; 10 TPz-1 Fuchs PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6:
ARTY 370 PFM 3 Federación (UK Vosper 57m) each with 2 single
SP 155mm 12 (AMX) Mk F3 each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM
TOWED 92: 105mm 80: 40 M-101; 40 Model 56 pack PCO 3 Constitucion (UK Vosper 37m) each with 1 76mm gun
howitzer; 155mm 12 M-114 AMPHIBIOUS
MRL 160mm 20 LAR SP (LAR-160) LST 4 Capana (capacity 12 tanks; 200 troops) (FSU
MOR 246+: 81mm 165; 120mm 60 Brandt Alligator)
Caribbean and
Latin America
SP 21+: 81mm 21 Dragoon 300PM; AMX-VTT CRAFT 4: 1 LCM-8; 2 Margarita LCU (river comd); 1 LCVP
AT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4
MSL • MANPATS 24 IMI MAPATS AORH 1
RCL 106mm 175 M-40A1 AGOR 1 Punta Brava
RL 84mm AT-4 AGHS 2
GUNS 76mm 75 M-18 Hellcat ATF 1
AD TRG • AXS 1
SAM 8 Tor M1 FACILITIES
MANPAD RBS-70; Mistral Bases Located at Puerto Caballo (SS, FF, amph
GUNS and service sqn), Caracas, Punto Fijo
SP 40mm 6+ AMX-13 Rafaga (patrol sqn)
TOWED 40mm M-1; L/70
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AD
ship)
SAM 14+: 4 Tor-M1 (further 8 on order); 10+ Barak
FACILITIES MANPAD RBS-70
Minor Base 1 (operates under Naval Comd and GUNS
Control, but organisationally separate) TOWED 228+: 20mm: 114 TCM-20; 35mm; 40mm 114
located at La Guaira L/70
RADARS • LAND Flycatcher
Air Force 11,500 MSL ASM AM-39 Exocet
Flying hours 155 hrs/year AAM AIM-9L Sidewinder; AIM-9P Sidewinder
R530
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr/FGA 1 gp with Mirage 50V/DV; 1 gp with CF-5; 2 National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de
gp with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon; 1 gp with Su- Cooperacion) 23,000
30MKV (Internal sy, customs) 8 regional comd
COIN 1 gp with OV-10A/E Bronco*; AT-27* APC (W) 44: 24 Fiat 6614; 20 UR-416
ECM 1 sqn with Falcon 20DC, C-26B MOR 50 81mm
Tpt 3 gp and Presidential flt with A-319CJ, B-737; PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
Gulfstream III/Gulfstream IV; Learjet 24D; BOATS/CRAFT 52 boats/craft
B-707; C-130H Hercules; G-222; HS-748 AIRCRAFT
TPT 13: 1 Beech 200C Super King Air; 1 Beech 55 Baron; 2
Liaison Beech 200 Super King Air; Beech 65 Queen Air;
Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 Beech 90 King Air; 2 Cessna 185; 4
Beech 80 Queen Air; Ce-182/206/208; Shorts 360;
IAI-201 Arava; 2 Cessna 402C
Cessna 500 Citation I; CE-550 Citation II; Cessna
UTL/TRG 21: 5 Cessna U-206 Stationair; 11 M-28
182 Skylane
Skytruck; 3 Cessna 152 Aerobat; 1 PZL 106 Kruk; 1 PLZ
Hel sqns with AS-332B Super Puma; AS-532 Cougar, M-26 Isquierka
UH-1B/H/N: Bell 212/ 412 HELICOPTERS • UTL 44+: 4 A-109; 1 AB-212 (Bell 212);
Trg 1 gp with 15 EMB-312 Tucano*; 12 SF-260EV; 12 Bell 206B/L JetRanger; 6 Mi-17; 10 Bell 412; AS-350B; 9
AD 1 bty Tor-M1 (3 bty planned); Barak AS-355F Ecureuil; 1 Enstrom F-28C/1 F-280C
Caribbean and Latin America 97
Table 12 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Caribbean and Latin America
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Argentina (Arg)
OPV 80 OPV Up to 5 USD125m Dom / Ge – 2009 2010 Based on Fassmer OPV 80 design
Caribbean and
Latin America
UH-3H Sea King Hel 6 See notes US – 2007 2008 Ex-US stock. 4 at USD4.5m each
plus 2 for spares. Navy ISD 2008. 2
delivered by Aug 2008
Brazil (Br)
Leopard 1A5 MBT 270 EUR8m Ge – 2006 2008 Ex-Ge stock. 30 for trg and 20 engr
role. To replace M-41C and M-60A3
NAPA 500 PCO 2 – Fr / Dom INACE/ CMN 2006 2009 To be commissioned 2009
(Vigilante 400
CL 54)
CASA C-295 Tpt ac 12 USD298m Sp EADS CASA 2005 2006 To replace BAF C-115 Buffalo.
Deliveries ongoing
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P-3A Orion MPA 8 USD401m Sp EADS CASA 2005 2008 Upgrade to P-3AM. Option on a 9th
Upgrade ac
EC725 Super Tpt Hel 50 USD2bn Dom EADS Brazil 2008 2010 Included as part of a new hel
Cougar manufacturing plant
Derby BVRAAM – – Il Rafael 2006 2006 For F-5M ftr. Delivery status uncertain
A-Darter AAM – ZAR1bn RSA / Denel 2007 – In development
(USD143m) Dom
Chile (Chl)
Satellite Sat 1 USD72m Fr / Ge EADS 2008 2010 Role incl border surv and military
uses. Financed by military
Leopard 2A4 MBT 140 USD125m Ge – 2006 – Ex and refurbished Ge MBT
Piloto Pardo OPV 2 See notes Dom/Ge ASMAR – 2008 Part of USD54m Maritime Zone Patrol
Vessel (PZM). Vessels: Piloto Pardo and
Capitán Toro. Option for 2 more OPV
Harpoon Block II ASSM 10 – US McDonnell 2006 2007 Mk 631
AURS Douglas
C-295 MPA 3 USD120m Sp EADS CASA 2007 – For navy. Cost incl ASM and torp.
Option for a further 5 MPA
EMB-314 Super Trg ac 12 USD120m Dom Embraer 2008 2009 –
Tucano
AS 365F Hel 4 USD24m Irl Rotor 2008 – Ex-Irish Air Corps. For navy
Dauphin 2 Leasing
Bell 412 Hel 12 – US Bell 2007 – 4 rotor blade version
Colombia (Co)
OPV 80 OPV 1 – Dom COTECMAR 2008 – Based on Fassmer design
Shipyard
Scanter 2001 SURV 4 – Da Terma 2008 2008 For Almirante Padilla FF. For maritime
Radar security. Final delivery due 2013
767-200ER MRTT 1 USD50m - US Boeing 2007 2009 –
USD65m
C-295 Tpt ac 4 EUR100m Sp EADS CASA 2007 2009 Final cost depends on additional
(USD160m) equipment supplied
EMB-314 Super Trg/light 12 USD110m- Br Embraer 2008 – Contract value estimated
Tucano atk ac 130m
Table 12 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Caribbean and Latin America
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Ecuador (Ec)
Shyri (Type SSK SLEP 2 USD120m Chl ASMAR/ 2008 2012 SLEP. To extend service life by 20
209/1300) DCNS years
Heron, Searcher UAV 6 USD23m Il IAI 2008 2009 2 Heron, 4 Searcher, plus radar,
control stations, spares and trg
Peru (Pe)
Clavero-Class PCI 2 – Dom Sima – 2008 First of class (CF-16) launched Jun
2008
MiG-29S/UB FGA 8 – RF MiG 2008 – SLEP: avionics, sensors, comms and
(‘Fulcrum-C/B’) SLEP airframe
Uruguay (Ury)
3-D Lanza Radar 2 USD25m Sp Indra 2007 2008 3-year contract. One fixed, one
portable. Final delivery due end-2008
IA 58 Pucará FGA 3 – Co – 2008 – Ex-Co stock. For spares
Venezuela (Ve)
JYL-1 Radar 9 USD150m PRC – 2005 2007 Incl C2 centre, spares, trg, tech spt
and lease of satcom system. First 3
systems delivered Nov 2007
Tor-M1 AD 3 bty Undisclosed RF Rosoboron- 2006 2007 First battery delivered Dec 2007
export
BVL type PBC 4 See notes Sp Navantia 2005 2008 EUR1.2bn (USD1.5bn) incl 4 FS. To
replace 6 Constitution-class PCF. Final
delivery due 2011
POV FS 4 See notes Sp Navantia 2005 – EUR1.2bn (USD1.5bn) incl 4 PBC
Project 636 (Imp SSK 1 – RF – 2008 – Varshavyanka (Original procurement
Kilo) plan of 3 SSK reduced for financial
reasons
Griffon 2000TD ACV 9 – UK Griffon 2008 2009 Domestically assembled
Su-30MK2V FGA 24 See notes RF Sukhoi 2006 2007 Total contract USD1.5 bn (est.
USD30m -USD45m per unit).
Delivery completed Aug 2008.
Option on a further 12 in doubt
Il-76 Tpt ac 4 – RF Ilyushin 2008 2008 Two due Nov 2008, two 2009. Ve may
order up to 12 Il-76
JL-8 Nanchang Ftr/trg 24 Undisclosed PRC Hongdu 2008 2009 –
(K-8 Karokorum)
Mi-28N Night Hel 4 – RF Rosoboron- 2008 2009 To replace OV-10 Bronco ac
Hunter export
Mi-17V5 Hel 14 See Notes RF Rosoboron- 2006 2008 Part of USD484m order with 2
export Mi-35M and 2 Mi-26T (delivered).
Reports suggest possible order of 20
further Mi-17-V5. Civil or military use
is unclear
Chapter Three
Europe
NATO AT 60 ally ensure the rule of law. This included training and
equipment support for the Afghan National Army
A series of divisive issues confront NATO as it and also involved a progressive transfer of respon-
approaches its 60th anniversary in 2009. There is a sibility away from ISAF towards Afghan forces.
growing need for Allies to improve their efforts to Thirdly, NATO stressed the need for a ‘comprehen-
define a common understanding of their objectives sive approach’ to the counter-insurgency operation,
Europe
in Afghanistan, given that the continuing absence of combining all aspects of governance, reconstruction,
any clear strategic success threatens the long-term development and security. Fourthly, NATO leaders
sustainability of the NATO mission. Indeed, a debate pointed to the need to engage Afghanistan’s neigh-
is underway over how the international community bours, particularly Pakistan, to help combat violent
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should define ‘success’ in Afghanistan. 2008 also saw extremism and narcotics trafficking.
the Alliance examine its expansion programme and In the months preceding Bucharest, tensions over
the ambitions for it, in the light of the sharp conflict burden-sharing ran high. US Secretary of Defense
between Russia and NATO-aspirant Georgia. On the Robert Gates wrote to his European counterparts
margins of NATO’s informal ministerial meeting in asking them to make more troops and equipment
London in September 2008, some analysts questioned available. The Canadian government let it be known
NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer that it would withdraw from the Afghanistan mission
about whether the Alliance needed to rethink the unless Allies sent at least an additional 1,000 soldiers
balance between expeditionary missions and the in support of the operation. France announced that
traditional task of collective defence. Others have it would send an extra battalion (some 800 troops),
urged caution over expansion, saying that this should Poland pledged an additional 400, the Czech Republic
follow NATO’s strategic interests, and not be an insti- around 120 special-forces personnel and Romania,
tutional priority in itself. Portugal and soon-to-be-member Croatia also prom-
In the face of a strengthening insurgency in ised small increases. Non-NATO member Georgia
Afghanistan, NATO has increasing problems in also announced an extra 500 troops, while Germany
forging a common understanding of objectives for said it would make available an additional 1,000
its mission in Afghanistan and, despite the declared troops from late 2008. The German parliament passed
intention to adopt a comprehensive approach, coun- a corresponding resolution on 16 October 2008 which
tries contributing troops to ISAF – each of which had also extended Germany’s overall contribution by 14
responsibility for a specific area of the country – were months. It was also reported that some 18 additional
likely to continue to adopt their own approaches to helicopters were made available by Allies for opera-
security and development in those areas (see IISS tions in Afghanistan. But while NATO was able to
Strategic Survey 2008, p. 300). Meanwhile, disputes secure increased commitments, the wider debate over
over burden-sharing and the restrictions, or ‘caveats’, force generation continued.
placed by some governments on the activities of their At Bucharest, there was disagreement among Allies
forces continue to simmer (see The Military Balance about the question of whether Georgia and Ukraine
2008, p. 102). At the Alliance’s Bucharest Summit in should be admitted to NATO’s Membership Action
April 2008, NATO leaders sought to counter concerns Plan (MAP), a key step on the road to membership.
over mission cohesiveness by publishing ‘ISAF’s Washington put strong pressure on Allies to admit
Strategic Vision’, which detailed four guiding prin- both countries. However, several members, including
ciples for NATO activities. Firstly, it was underlined France and Germany, opposed extending MAP
that NATO was committed for the long term and status to these two aspirants for a variety of reasons,
that this was a shared commitment. Secondly, NATO including territorial disputes in Georgia, an uncertain
would work to enhance Afghan leadership so that political situation in Ukraine, and less openly because
Afghan security forces and institutions could eventu- of vocal Russian opposition to such a move. Unable to
100 The Military Balance 2009
CANADA
UNITED STATES
FINLAND
ICELAND NORWAY SWEDEN
ESTONIA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
NETHERLANDS
DENMARK
UNITED KINGDOM POLAND
BELARUS RUSSIA
IRELAND CZECH REP.
GERMANY
BELGIUM SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY UKRAINE
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KAZAKHSTAN
LUXEMBOURG AUSTRIA MOLDOVA
FRANCE GEORGIA ARMENIA
SWITZERLAND ROMANIA
AZERBAIJAN
SLOVENIA BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN
SPAIN ITALY
PORTUGAL GREECE TURKEY TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN
MALTA
TUNISIA ISRAEL
MOROCCO FYR
ALGERIA CROATIA MACEDONIA JORDAN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ALBANIA
EGYPT
MONTENEGRO SERBIA
MAURITANIA
Founder members (1949) Individual Partnership Action Membership Action Plan (MAP): Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
Plan (IPAP): Armenia – December Albania – signed April 1999 (July 2008, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and
From 1952 United Arab Emirates
From 1955 2005; Azerbaijan – May 2005; signed accession protocols; ratification ongoing)
Georgia – October 2004; Kazakhstan Croatia – signed May 2002 (July 2008, PfP ‘Partnership
From 1982 for Peace’ countries
– January 2006; Moldova – May 2006 signed accession protocols; ratification ongoing)
From 1999 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mediterranean
Contact countries: Australia, Japan,
From 2004 (FYROM) – signed April 1999 Dialogue countries
New Zealand, South Korea
This map does not mark out those countries engaged in intensified dialogue with NATO (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, Montenegro, Ukraine) Source: NATO
© IISS
bridge the divide, Allies did not grant MAP status to about its name with Greece before it could receive an
either country. However, a compromise was reached invitation to join the Alliance.
under which the summit declaration stated: ‘NATO
welcomes Ukraine’s and Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic NATO AFTER THE RUSSIA–GEORGIA
aspirations for membership in NATO. We agreed CONFLICT
today that these countries will become members of
NATO.’ This phrasing was reportedly inserted into While the dust has not yet completely settled after the
the declaration directly by the leaders after protracted short but intense war between Georgia and Russia,
negotiations. However, the two countries still awaited the perception that Georgia’s leaders are at least
MAP status. Meanwhile, Albania and Croatia were partially to blame for the violence, as well as Russia’s
invited to join NATO, and signed the accession proto- willingness to employ armed force, will likely have
cols on 9 July 2008. The Former Yugoslav Republic of a significant impact on policy debates in NATO as
Macedonia (FYROM), which like Albania and Croatia the Alliance moves towards its anniversary summit
had MAP status and was a candidate for member- in spring 2009 and works on a new strategic concept.
ship, was told that it would need to resolve a dispute As was suggested during meetings of NATO defence
Europe 101
Europe
NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer potential decisions on a missile-defence system to
argued that the capabilities needed for both these protect NATO territory and population centres, and
major contingencies are broadly the same; in other cooperation on theatre missile defence with Russia.
words the Georgia war should not distract NATO ALTBMD, to which Allies have allocated some €700m,
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from its focus on transformation. Nonetheless, some is scheduled to reach initial operating capability by
NATO countries, including the Baltic states, have 2010 with full operating capability planned for 2015.
expressed the need for better contingency planning, It is mainly designed to protect deployed NATO
in particular with regard to Russia. It is likely that forces against ballistic missiles but could also be used
NATO will respond to such concerns with increased as part of a territorial missile-defence system. Thus,
exercise activity in the Baltic states. ALTBMD could potentially function as a bolt-on to
While some analysts argue that NATO will likely the US system, possibly providing complete coverage
enter an enlargement pause after the Balkans expan- of European NATO territory. An important mile-
sion currently underway (and those NATO govern- stone was reached in February 2008 when an inte-
ments who at Bucharest argued that Georgia’s gration test bed opened in the Netherlands ahead of
unsettled territorial disputes represented an unac- schedule. The facility will test designs to allow US
ceptable liability will see their thinking confirmed), and European technology to work together and will
NATO did strengthen its ties to Georgia with the thus provide insights into whether and how technical
creation of the NATO–Georgia Commission on integration of the different elements can be achieved.
15 September 2008. The commission will seek to Meanwhile, July 2008 saw the US and Czech
deepen political dialogue and cooperation, support governments sign an agreement following lengthy
Georgia’s progress towards NATO membership negotiations on the proposed emplacement of the
(including democratic and institutional reforms), mid-course radar for the Europe-based components of
and serve as a framework to coordinate Allied assis- the US missile-defence system. This was followed by
tance to Georgia as it seeks to recover from the recent a second agreement, signed in September, governing
conflict. At the time of writing it remained unclear the status of US forces deployed to the base. At time
what form NATO assistance to Georgia would take. of writing both agreements were still awaiting parlia-
Assessment teams travelled to Tbilisi in September mentary approval in the Czech Republic. Parliament
and the US Congress approved an aid package did not begin deliberations until after the US presi-
that could total up to $1bn over the next two years. dential elections in November and it was not clear
Allies will seek to assist with the reconstruction of whether the government could muster a majority to
infrastructure and the economy in general but will pass the agreements. Public opinion and many parlia-
also make an effort to help Georgia rebuild its shat- mentarians remained sceptical.
tered armed forces. For Georgia, a crucial question is Negotiations with Poland, the proposed site of the
whether it would seek to rebuild a military mainly ten-interceptor field, were difficult up to the summer.
geared towards making a contribution to expe- Warsaw presented a list of demands as it hardened
ditionary missions, a direction in which defence- its position from that of the previous government
reform plans pre-August pointed, or whether to reflect the perception that the interceptors would
territorial defence will again become the structuring make Poland a target for hostile strikes and that it was
purpose of the military. owed something for supporting the US in Iraq and
102 The Military Balance 2009
Afghanistan. US officials repeatedly baulked at the size aircraft (two through the Foreign Military Sales process
of the assistance package for armed-forces moderni- and one as a US contribution). Flown and maintained
sation that Poland seemed to demand. However, by international crews, the C-17s will form a Heavy
the conflict in Georgia accelerated the process and, Airlift Wing, initially under US command. Based at
on 14 August, Poland and the US signed a prelimi- Papa air base in Hungary, the crews will conduct
nary agreement allowing for the interceptor site to missions based on national requirements and can
be located by the Baltic Sea. While the agreement is be employed on NATO, EU or UN missions. But the
awaiting ratification at time of writing, Warsaw has delivery schedule for the C-17s has slipped slightly,
indicated that it will insist on the permanent deploy- with delivery of the first aircraft now expected in
ment of US Patriot missile systems to upgrade Polish spring 2009. The remaining two are to follow in
air-defence capability. summer 2009. Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania,
the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovenia
Capabilities: tactical and strategic lift and the United States signed the SAC MoU, as did
Tactical and strategic airlift continue to be two the two Partnership for Peace countries Finland and
pressing shortfalls plaguing EU and NATO missions Sweden. However, the Czech Republic, Italy and
alike, with support helicopters in particular Latvia, despite being signatories to the SAC letter of
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remaining scarce. However, there is some movement intent, have not signed the memorandum of under-
by Europe’s leaders towards addressing these issues. standing and thus have, at least for the time being,
An effort to increase the deployability of helicopters, dropped out of the initiative.
discussed in NATO since late 2007, gained some trac- Meanwhile, Europe’s other major airlift
tion when British Prime Minister Gordon Brown programme, the A-400M, has slipped further behind
and French President Nicolas Sarkozy announced in schedule. The A-400M is planned to replace the
March 2008 that they would set up a fund to address C-130 and C-160 in many European air forces. While
the issue. The trust fund would make money avail- airframe assembly proceeds and in mid 2008 the
able to NATO members and NATO Partnership for first complete airframe was rolled out in Seville, the
Peace countries to invest in upgrading helicopters, project has been hampered by difficulties stemming
for instance so that they can operate in more varied from the chosen power plant. The first full power test
environments, and in advanced training. While took place in early September 2008 and ground testing
precise details of this initiative remained unclear at and flight testing on board another aircraft will have
time of writing, it emerged that the UK made more to take place before the first A-400M engine integra-
than €7m available and other NATO Allies pledged tion tests, ground tests and eventually flight tests take
an additional €5–6m to the fund at NATO’s Bucharest place. EADS announced in September that the first
Summit. While SHAPE would administer, although flight of the A-400M, planned for before the end of
not control, the fund, countries would be able to 2008, had been postponed. According to the Defence
access it for NATO, EU or UN missions, but are Select Committee in 2007, delays to this programme
likely to have to commit to a sustained contribution have resulted in the extension of C-130K service lives
to multinational operations for funds to be released. for the UK’s Royal Air Force. (The original out-of-
Given that both NATO and the EU recognise the service date had been 2010.)
urgent need to improve helicopter deployability, this
initiative might prove a constructive way to focus on EUROPEAN UNION
a specific capability need but bypass bureaucratic and
political hurdles that continue to block more effective Operational update
NATO–EU cooperation. Of course, even with this, the The European Union continued to expand its oper-
fundamental hurdle of persuading governments to ational activity under the heading of its European
offer their helicopters for operations will remain. Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). The most ambi-
NATO’s Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC) initia- tious EU military mission to date, a UN-mandated
tive (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 103) took a major bridging operation in Chad and the Central African
step forward on 1 October 2008 when 12 nations Republic (CAR), was launched on 28 January 2008
signed a memorandum of understanding. This after initial delays. The operation, EUFOR Tchad/
agreement activates the NATO Airlift Management RCA, was scheduled to last for 12 months before
Organisation, which will acquire three C-17 transport being replaced by a follow-on UN force (see The
Europe 103
EUFOR Force headquarters Airlift includes: On 5 November 2008 the EU Force strength by
Special Forces and Russia signed an agreement nation (current as
SF French SA330 Puma – 4
on Russian participation in EUFOR of October 2008):
LOG Rear logistical support AS341 Gazelle – 4
Tchad/RCA, which will involve Albania 63
Polish Mi-17 Hip-H – 3 (1 kept 120 troops and 4 helicopters.
Forward base Austria 186
in reserve)
Belgium 62
Unit boundary Leased Mi-8 Hip – 2 Iriba (Pol) Bulgaria 2
Russian Mi-8 Hip – 4
Croatia 15
NIGER Cyprus 2
EUFOR Czech Republic 2
SF European Union 1
Finland 61
Lake Chad France 1,669
Europe
QRF
Forchana (Fr, Slovenia) Germany 4
Abéché
(Fr, Swe, Alb, Fin) Greece 4
NIGERIA LOG SUDAN Hungary 3
N’Djamena CHAD Ireland 419
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Italy 99
Lithuania 2
Goz Beïda (Ire, Neth)
Luxembourg 2
Netherlands 73
Poland 404
SF Portugal 2
CAMEROON
Romania 2
Birao (Fr) Slovakia 1
Slovenia 15
Spain 91
Sweden 77
United Kingdom 4
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
© IISS
Military Balance 2008, p. 104). Deployments began people are in the area of operations, which spans
in February 2008 and initial operating capability some 280,000 square kilometres. One problem in
(which formally triggered its 12-month mandate) force generation was obtaining enough transport
was reached on 15 March 2008. The force, set to reach helicopters able to operate in the environment. At
some 3,700 personnel, numbered 3,419 in theatre as time of writing the EU was trying to finalise arrange-
of October 2008, with the largest contingents coming ments with Russia to secure four transport helicop-
from France (1,669), Poland (404), Ireland (419), ters. While this had become politically awkward after
Austria (186) and Italy (99). EUFOR was deployed in Russia’s war with Georgia, EU officials insisted that
a rear force headquarters in N’Djamena, a force head- the mission was not dependent on the Russian contri-
quarters at Abéché and had three battalions deployed bution, though it remained hard to see how shortfalls
to eastern Chad in Iriba, Forchana and Goz Beïda. could otherwise be fixed. General Nash summed up
It also deployed a detachment to Birao in CAR. The persistent force-generation problems: ‘I had a shop-
death of a French soldier in March 2008, who had ping list. I didn’t get everything I needed.’ Further
inadvertently crossed the border with Sudan, was non-EU member-state contributions came from
the first fatality on an ESDP mission. While major Albania and Croatia. (See Sub-Saharan Africa text,
hostile incidents had not occurred by autumn 2008, p. 272.)
EUFOR patrols have come under fire from unidenti- As Kosovo declared itself independent in February
fied armed groups. 2008, the EU formally launched a Civilian Rule of
Force Commander Lt-Gen. Patrick Nash, from Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo), intended
Ireland, repeatedly underlined the logistical chal- to support the building of a legal system and initially
lenges: the size of the area of operations, the austere mandated for two years (see IISS Strategic Survey 2008,
terrain, a harsh climate and lack of existing infrastruc- pp. 169–73). However, the failure of Kosovo to win
ture. Furthermore, an estimated 500,000 displaced widespread international recognition complicated the
104 The Military Balance 2009
mission, since the UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) requirements were viewed as a high priority – it was
continued to have authority. By July 2008 EULEX intended to mark a significant increase in operational
still had just 400 staff, and deployments of interna- capabilities.
tional experts only increased at the end of September. To this end, more resources were promised in
EULEX announced that initial operational capability areas such as intelligence, satellite surveillance, UAVs
would be declared by December. and special forces. The White Paper also indicated a
Launched in June 2007, the EU’s police mission switch in the areas in which French forces expected
in Afghanistan, EUPOL Afghanistan, was as of to have to intervene in large numbers for strategic
September 2008 some 275-strong, of which around effect, with emphasis on the troubled arc from North
90 were local staff, and consisted of police, law Africa through the Middle East and the Indian Ocean
enforcement and justice experts, deployed at central, at the expense of former African colonies. It was in
regional and provincial levels. The three-year mission this region that there was greatest risk of a ‘strategic
is intended to assist the Afghan government with the shock’ demanding urgent intervention, and in this
creation of civilian policing arrangements. This was context France’s bases at Réunion and Djibouti, as
the first time that the EU had sent civilian personnel well as a planned base at Abu Dhabi, would take on
into an active conflict zone. Shortly before full deploy- heightened importance. Meanwhile, plans to stream-
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ment was reached in June 2008, the Council of the line France’s defence establishment, trimming some
European Union announced its intention to double 54,000 uniformed and civilian personnel, reducing
the original numbers of international experts, a move combat-aircraft numbers and eliminating a large
that has yet to be implemented. Meanwhile, in a bid to number of military facilities, were due to be put into
help stabilise the situation, the EU launched a civilian effect. Defence spending was expected to be held at
monitoring mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia) on approximately 2% of GDP while France attempted
15 September. On 10 October, the mission confirmed to reduce spending on personnel and insert more
that Russian forces had withdrawn from the zones money into investment, in particular in equipment.
adjacent to South Ossetia and Abkhazia. EUMM is Military spending on space was also set to increase
initially mandated for 12 months with a scheduled sharply. Overall, the key thrust of the White Paper
review after six months. was to define a way to make French armed forces
more useable for modern operations and to tightly
Other developments integrate internal and external security instruments.
France’s White Paper on defence and security policy, Meanwhile, France continues to be heavily
published in June 2008, introduced a new element involved at the sharp end of fighting in Afghanistan,
into reforms of Europe’s armed forces by seeking having a total of over 3,000 personnel deployed in
to set integrated force goals for both foreign inter- the country and supporting areas. On 18 August, a
vention and national defence. The document took reconnaissance force of French and Afghan troops
the view that the same flexibility, deployability and was ambushed east of Kabul near Sarobi; ten French
interoperability were necessary to deal with both soldiers died and 21 were injured during this engage-
missions abroad and domestic security contingen- ment, with fighting continuing long after the Quick
cies. Therefore the document, setting goals for the Reaction Force from Kabul had arrived. Earlier
next 15 to 20 years, put renewed emphasis on having in the year France had increased its personnel in
highly flexible capabilities that would be useable in Afghanistan, and French leaders have stressed the
the widest range of eventualities. To four existing importance they attach to the mission in Afghanistan.
strategic-policy goals – deterrence, intervention Meanwhile, 1 October saw France deploy three Mirage
(previously called projection), prevention and protec- 2000-5 aircraft to Al-Dhafra airbase in the United
tion – was added a new one: connaissance et anticipa- Arab Emirates, following on from a memorandum of
tion, or ‘knowledge-based security’. The ‘operational understanding signed between the two countries in
contract’ specifying how many ground troops the January. It is believed that the French presence will
forces were expected to be able to commit to opera- include a naval support facility and army personnel.
tions was adjusted to 30,000 plus an additional 10,000 March saw the last Le Triomphant-class SSBN rolled
for internal-security missions. While this was a reduc- out at Cherbourg. Le Terrible is due to undergo trials
tion from the previous theoretical level of 50,000 – set and testing over the next two years before joining
in 1994 when national defence and NATO Article V the fleet. In mid year it was reported that France had
Europe 105
decided to scale back the proposed number of hulls to Effects System (FRES) programme (designed to
be acquired through the Frégates Européennes Multi- replace the Saxon, FV430 and CVR(T) vehicles). It is
Mission (FREMM) programme being jointly pursued intended that the FRES ’family’ will comprise Utility,
with Italy; the first vessels are due in service in 2011. Reconnaissance, Medium Armour, Manoeuvre
It was also announced that a decision on the devel- Support and Basic Capability Utility vehicles.
opment of the aircraft-carrier programme had been Following other force relocations from Germany in
delayed until 2011–12, with cited reasons including recent years, it was announced in May that the head-
the need to concentrate on current requirements and quarters of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
a possible reassessment of the propulsion system. and the UK’s 102 Log Bde and 1 Sig Bde would relo-
The United Kingdom, meanwhile, indicated to cate to the UK. More than 4,000 personnel under
industry in May 2008 that it intended to proceed with the command of 20 Armoured Brigade were due to
plans to build two new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft take over the UK’s presence in Southern Iraq from
Europe
carriers, displaying the UK’s desire to maintain an November 2008. Earlier in the year, UK Prime Minister
expeditionary-warfare capability. It was announced Gordon Brown said that he expected a ‘fundamental
that the first of the class would enter service in 2016, change of mission’ for UK forces in Iraq from 2009
and the year saw a raft of contracts issued for systems and that ‘just as last year we moved from combat to
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associated with the vessels; all of which will make it “overwatch”, we would expect a further fundamental
more problematic to substantially amend or cancel change of mission in the first months of 2009 as we
the contract. While the aviation strike package is due make the transition to a long term bilateral partner-
to comprise the F-35 Lightning, Harrier may fly from ship with Iraq, similar to the normal relationships
the first of class unless there are further delays in the which our military forces have with other important
project. Meanwhile, HMS Daring, the first Type-45 countries in the region’. The UK also planned to sign
destroyer, was still undergoing weapons trials in late the Convention on Cluster Munitions in December
2008 with the second of class, HMS Dauntless, due to 2008; it was stated by the FCO that UK forces had
begin its sea trials around that time. The total number ceased to use the two cluster munitions retained by
of Type-45 hulls has, however, been lowered from the UK and had started the procedure to withdraw
eight to six. The Royal Navy also announced that it them from service.
was exploring with industry a new main gun fit for
the warship, with a 155mm weapon being exam- Europe – Defence Economics
ined. Meanwhile, it was reported that three Type-42
destroyers had been placed into ‘extended readiness’ Even before the financial crisis rocked the world’s
ahead of their scheduled out-of-service dates; this money markets in September 2008, the outlook for
would reduce the navy’s available escort fleet from defence spending in most European countries was
25 to 22 vessels. (In 1998, the Strategic Defence Review constrained. While the long-term consequences of
had advocated a reduction from 35 to 32 vessels.) the banking crisis on the real economy are not yet
September saw the UK’s First Sea Lord list, among clear, it is obvious that the cost of the various rescue
his priorities for the navy, the need to ‘conduct the packages together with the likelihood of a significant
phased regeneration of the amphibious entry capa- recession will have a negative impact on govern-
bility’. This is an indication of the stresses that have ment finances and that this will result in reduced
been placed on the commando regiments by their outlays on discretionary sectors such as defence. The
operations in Afghanistan and Iraq and the need fiscal positions of Western European countries differ
to renew training in amphibious operations. Early widely and, although some countries have made
October 2008 saw 3 Cdo Bde take over from 16 Air significant progress towards consolidation since the
Assault Bde in Helmand province (1 Rifles, from the previous economic downturn in 2001, France, the
British Army, have been placed under 3 Cdo for oper- UK, Greece, Portugal, Ireland and Italy are still far
ational purposes); UK forces continue to be involved from their medium-term objectives and are likely to
in combat, stabilisation and reconstruction activities once again breach the Maastricht deficit limit of 3%
in Afghanistan, and there are around 8,000 personnel of GDP. Although the rules of the revised Stability
in-theatre (see Central and South Asia, p. 332) and Growth Pact provide room for fiscal objectives to
Meanwhile, May saw the Piranha 5 selected as be adjusted in response to changing economic condi-
the utility-vehicle variant in the army’s Future Rapid tions, the IMF has warned that governments should
106 The Military Balance 2009
only use this flexibility to stabilise the financial sector cles; and in the second phase a total of 275 4×4 wheeled
and that, given the challenges associated with an AFVs and 80 6×6 wheeled AFVs will be procured. One
ageing population, fiscal policy should be consistent of the financial difficulties facing the MoD, according
with achieving medium-term objectives. Under these to budget documents, is estimating in advance the
circumstances it is likely that defence spending will costs of peace missions being carried out by Spanish
come under scrutiny. forces. Spain has hundreds of personnel deployed
The consequences of the economic slowdown are in Bosnia and Kosovo and has suggested that both
illustrated by the proposed 2009 Spanish defence missions should be reappraised, possibly converting
budget. Following several years of growth in Spanish the EUFOR Althea mission in Bosnia into an ‘essen-
defence spending, during which time expenditure has tially civilian operation’.
jumped from €7.6bn in 2000 to €12.7bn in 2007, the Despite concern by the EU that France has not
Ministry of Defence faces a 3.9% cut in spending in been doing enough to address its fiscal deficit and
2009. Defence is one of the three ministries most signif- bring it back in line with conditions attached to
icantly affected by the government’s austerity budget membership of the European single currency, the
and the MoD acknowledges it is facing a ‘restrictive deteriorating economy has forced the government
budgetary year’. With personnel costs rising by at least to postpone its effort to achieve a balanced budget
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2% in 2009, cuts are likely to be most widely felt in by 2010. In 2008, the government released its long-
investment accounts. Indeed, the Ministry of Science anticipated new Defence White Paper before the full
and Innovation (where military R&D is financed) has impact of the global financial crisis had developed
already revealed that it will be cutting defence R&D in Europe, and the budget assumptions included in
by around 12%, and it seems likely that procurement the document may prove to be optimistic. Central to
spending will also fall, particularly for the Scorpene the White Paper were decisions that France would
submarine and Tiger attack helicopter programmes. fully integrate itself within NATO’s command struc-
The defence minister has, however, made it clear that, ture, maintain its nuclear deterrent, focus on home-
despite its smaller budget, the MoD will go ahead land security and significantly reduce manpower.
with its plan to equip the army with a new fleet of According to the document, 54,000 personnel will be
mine-protected armoured fighting vehicles replacing cut from the armed forces, with the air force facing
the current fleet that are unable to withstand attacks the steepest cuts, of 24% of its staff, while the army
from improvised explosive devices. The programme will lose 17% of its personnel and the navy 11%. In
is due to be carried out in two phases: under the first terms of financing, the White Paper provides a total
phase the army will receive 120 4×4 wheeled Lince of €377bn (excluding military pensions) between 2009
light multipurpose vehicles, 220 wheeled armoured and 2020 and stipulates that defence spending will be
fighting vehicles and 100 RG-31 armoured 4×4 vehi- held constant in real terms until 2012, after which it
3.0
2.5
2.0
% of GDP
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.06 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.84 1.83 1.80 1.73
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Europe 107
will increase annually to 2020 by 1% above the rate tional outlays in Chad, push spending on foreign
of inflation. It suggests that the significant reduc- military operations, having been as low as €600m in
tion in manpower will generate substantial savings 2006, to over €1bn in 2009.
that will be subsequently reinvested in the procure- Having been forced to peg its defence budget
ment budget, which will receive an average of €18bn (excluding military pensions) at around €24bn between
a year until 2020, although if the savings resulting 2000 and 2005, Germany has managed to make modest
from the restructuring process are less than forecast annual increases in spending since then, although a
the procurement budget will no doubt come under change in the composition of the budget in 2006 makes
some strain. direct comparisons with previous years difficult. The
Whilst the White Paper provides broad outlines of budget for 2009 and 2010 has been set at €31bn. With
French defence policy and a funding schedule for the elections in 2009 no changes in defence funding are
coming years, an associated procurement document likely to be made until 2011 – barring a significant dete-
Europe
covering the period 2009–14 has yet to be completed. rioration in economic conditions – after which the new
The delay in issuing a new six-year equipment government will set out its medium-term plans for the
programme appears to be a result of the government’s defence budget (the second biggest government outlay
intention, as outlined in the White Paper, to channel after the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment).
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funds in new directions such as space and intelli- The 2009 defence budget includes an 11% jump
gence at the expense of spending on more traditional in procurement spending to €5.27bn and is substan-
platforms like warships and aircraft. As a result of tially higher than the 2008 budget had projected. The
new spending priorities, the MoD is having to nego- increase is due in particular to extra money neces-
tiate stretch-outs and cuts in the delivery of big-ticket sary for ongoing shipbuilding and higher payments
items, including new FREMM multi-mission frigates, towards the A-400M transport aircraft. An extra €220m
Rafale fighter aircraft and Tiger combat helicopters. will be needed to fund the ongoing construction of
The White Paper included a reduction in the number Class-125 frigates and a second batch of 212A-class
of FREMM frigates from 17 to 11 and the delivery submarines, whilst payment towards the A-400M
schedule was stretched from one vessel every eight will more than double to €375m in 2009. Payments
months to one every 12–14 months. Defence Minster towards NH90 helicopters, and other support heli-
Hervé Morin has repeatedly warned that the coming copters, will be cut; but research and development
six-year plan will include a range of equipment cuts funding is unchanged at €1.16bn. As outlined in the
and delays, saying that investment would need to Bundeswehrplan 2009, over the coming four years
increase by more than 40% in order to pay for all the the German armed forces’ equipment priorities will
programmes currently planned and that, as such an be strategic transport, theatre and global reconnais-
outcome is ‘impossible, … priorities will need to be sance, command-and-control systems and strategic
defined and choices made’. air defence. However, the plan also recognises that, as
With the 2009–14 plan yet to be finalised, the there are likely to be insufficient funds to fulfil all the
choices and priorities that Morin identified appear proposed programmes on schedule, legacy systems
to have escaped the 2009 defence budget, which currently in use will have to remain in service longer
includes €17bn in capital investment, up 7% from than anticipated, causing a potential jump in future
€15.9bn the previous year. This funding will maintenance costs. As a result, the air force is already
include final payments on the delivery of 14 Rafale preparing for a fall in its number of flying hours and
aircraft, eight Tiger helicopters, 34 Caesar 155mm a drop in operational readiness; both of which have
self-propelled artillery systems, 96 VBCI armoured been cited by pilots as reasons they are planning to
vehicles and more than 2,700 FELIN future infantry leave the service.
soldier systems. Major new orders to receive initial Tight budgetary conditions have also led to
funding in the budget include 150 naval cruise concerns that Germany may pull out of its partner-
missiles, three FREMM frigates, 60 Rafale aircraft, 332 ship with Italy and the US in working towards a new
VBCI armoured vehicles and a second Barracuda-class Medium Extended Air Defence System (MEADS).
nuclear-powered submarine. The cost of France’s The Bundestag (parliament) originally approved
involvement in overseas operation continues to the acquisition of 17 MEADS systems in 2005, allo-
grow. The significant increase in troops deployed cating a budget of €800m to replace the existing
in Afghanistan will, together with unexpected addi- HAWK systems by 2014. However, in May 2008 the
108 The Military Balance 2009
defence secretary told parliament that completing included a pledge to increase defence spending by a
the programme in the planned time and cost enve- modest annual rate of 1.5% above the rate of inflation.
lope would generate severe risks and that if the However, with consumer-price inflation reaching
development did not get back on track ‘we should over 5% in 2008, it remains to be seen how generous
consider abandoning it’. In a written briefing, seen the Treasury will be. Furthermore, given that infla-
more as a warning to industry than a realistic threat, tion within the defence sector is generally acknowl-
he reported that industry had underestimated the edged to be higher than inflation within the economy
technological and financial expenditure needed for at large, the UK defence budget will remain under
the project and that corrective measures taken by considerable pressure and will place even more
project managers had yet to show any success. More emphasis on the ‘value for money’ reforms outlined
positive progress was made in the quest for a new in the CSR, which are intended to produce savings of
real-time reconnaissance capability, after the govern- £2.7bn a year by 2010. At the time of writing, details
ment opened a competitive bid for the requirement. of the 2008 Planning Round had yet to be made avail-
Under the plan, Germany will acquire five medium- able, but it is likely that when a final budget does
altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles. emerge it may include cuts amounting to as much as
At present the choice appears to be between General £2bn. An illustration of the ongoing financial difficul-
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Atomics Aeronautical Systems MQ-9 Predator B and a ties facing the MoD emerged in June 2008 when it was
joint venture between Rheinmetall Defence and Israel announced that plans to order two additional Type-45
Aerospace Industries, which will jointly market the air-defence destroyers had been abandoned, reducing
IAI Heron aircraft. the class to just six in total. Announcing the decision,
In contrast to many European members of NATO, Armed Forces Minister Bob Ainsworth said it was a
Poland has maintained steady annual increases in matter of investment and ‘the reality is that we do
defence spending whilst also reducing the govern- not have unlimited resources’, even though the Royal
ment budget deficit to below 3% of GDP in prepara- Navy has long argued that a force of eight vessels
tion for membership of the euro. Since joining NATO would be necessary to generate sufficient numbers for
in 1999, Poland has attempted to fix its spending on a simultaneous carrier task group and an amphibious
defence at 1.95% of GDP. During this time the armed task group. Commenting on the problems in funding
forces have reduced manpower levels, sold military the MoD’s full equipment programme, the House of
installations and bases and withdrawn large amounts Commons Defence Committee reported in March 2008
of obsolete equipment, with the aim of having one- that the MoD would need to take ‘difficult decisions’
third of their number organised, equipped and trained in order to compile a realistic and affordable equip-
to NATO standards by 2008. These moves were made ment programme, and cautioned that this may mean
in line with a shift in security strategy that replaced ‘cutting whole equipment programmes, rather than
an emphasis on territorial defence with prioritising just delaying orders or making cuts to the number of
participation in NATO and EU international opera- platforms ordered’. Particular comment was directed
tions. Following Russia’s conflict with Georgia in towards the ongoing Nimrod MRA.4 programme,
summer 2008, Poland announced that, alongside an which is now some £800m (25%) over budget and 92
increase in spending in 2009, the MoD would begin months behind schedule. The committee urged the
a new z60bn (US$22.7bn) ten-year modernisation minister of the newly created Defence Equipment
phase to run from 2009 to 2018. Perhaps not surpris- and Support organisation to look closely at the
ingly given the Polish decision to site parts of the US programme and assess whether it is ever likely to
missile-defence system on its territory, air defence is deliver the capability required during the timescale
viewed as a priority over the coming decade. needed and, if not, they recommended that the MoD
Of all the major economies in Europe, the UK ‘should withdraw for the programme’ altogether.
found itself at the forefront of the global financial There was a noticeable difference in the develop-
crisis and, with the government providing signifi- ment of two of the armed forces’ flagship programmes
cant levels of support to the domestic banking during 2008. In February, it emerged that the MoD
industry at the same time as a recession looms, the had delayed launching full-scale production of
UK’s fiscal position is set to deteriorate. In theory, the its Future Rapid Effects System (FRES) armoured
three-year Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) vehicle, citing budget shortfalls, and delayed main
published in 2007 and covering the period 2008–10 gate status until 2010. As well as a delay to the
Europe 109
production schedule it now appears likely that the Reaper armed UAVs that were brought into service
size of the programme will also be radically reduced, within 15 months. However, many UOR projects
from an original requirement for 3,300 vehicles to are in fact filling capability gaps that were identi-
possibly as few as 1,300 units of all variants. Progress fied many years ago but could not be met due to
in the second half of the year included the selection of funding reduction in the core defence budget. In
General Dynamics UK as the ‘provisional winner’ of the case of armoured vehicles, the MoD has spent
the competition to produce the utility-vehicle version upwards of £500m on various programmes over the
of FRES, although no contract has yet been signed, years – FFLAV, TRACER, Boxer and FRES – but as
and the role of systems integrator is still unclear. each neared production the MoD and the Treasury
Despite the fact that Thales UK was selected for this baulked at funding the manufacture of the vehicles.
role, Atkins (which ran the Initial Assessment Phase) The result is that until the current UOR programme,
is still thought to have a significant contract with the the army had not taken delivery of a new armoured
Europe
FRES Integrated Project Team. fighting vehicle for ten years. Although the UOR
More positive news came with the final signing of mechanism has now provided hundreds of new
a contract to build two 65,000-tonne aircraft carriers mine-protected vehicles, this method of procure-
for the Royal Navy. First outlined in the 1998 Strategic ment makes the vehicles more expensive to support,
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Defence Review, the future carrier programme had creates interoperability problems with legacy equip-
been delayed for several years, not least due to the ment and offers limited technology growth paths.
reorganisation of the UK maritime industry in line
with proposals made in the 2005 Defence Industrial Non-NATO Europe –
Strategy. Contracts so far authorised include £1.32bn Defence Economics
for the construction of super-modules of both ships
by BVT Surface Fleet; £300m of the construction of For several years, Sweden has been in the process
super-modules at the BAE Systems yard at Barrow- of implementing major cuts in both troops numbers
in-Furness; £675m for the bow section and final and its military spending. Under a 1999 plan titled
assembly by Babcock Marine; £425m for design and ‘The New Defence’, the Swedish armed forces have
engineering for Thales UK; and £275m for design carried out the largest, most extensive reform in their
and supply of Missions Systems for BAE Systems history, switching from a focus on territorial defence
Integrated Systems Technologies (Insyte). to smaller, more flexible units capable of undertaking
The cost of the UK’s role in Iraq and Afghanistan overseas peacekeeping missions in conjunction with
continues to mount. In February 2007, the govern- allied nations under UN mandates. Alongside reduc-
ment revealed that spending on the two operations tions in manpower have been demands from the
in FY2007/08 would almost double to £3.2bn – a 72% government that all elements of the defence system
increasing to £1.64bn in Iraq and a 112% increase to become more transparent, reduce costs and optimise
£1.64bn in Afghanistan, much higher than previous defence platforms and procurement funds. In line
predictions made by the Ministry of Defence. MPs on with the reorganisation, defence spending has fallen
the Commons Defence Select Committee expressed from 2.0% of GDP in 2000 to 1.5% of GDP in 2007. As
their concern that MoD forecasts were so inaccu- part of the forthcoming 2010–14 military development
rate, and they demanded to be provided with more plan it was envisaged that spending would full even
detail on how the money was being spent, adding further. In June 2008, Defence Minister Sten Tolgfors
that they were particularly surprised that costs revealed that cost-cutting measures in the new devel-
in Iraq had surged when the number of deployed opment plan would include the reduction of the air
troops had fallen. A total of £990m in FY2007/08 force’s Gripen fleet, the phasing out of some ground-
will be spent on ‘Capital Additions’, the bulk of based air-defence units and a considerable cut in the
which will be in the form of equipment supplied number of tanks. These cuts would be balanced by
under the Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) a broader and deeper level of Nordic cooperation,
mechanism. Since 2001, more than £3.5bn has been joint Baltic surveillance and participation in NATO’s
spent on UORs and government ministers have air-situation picture. Other highlights emphasised
pointed to the success of the MoD in delivering Sweden’s capacity to carry out missions at brigade
a huge range of urgently needed pieces of equip- level, measures to strengthen the armed forces’
ment, 204 in 2007, including the acquisition of MQ-9 capability to work in coastal areas, and improved
110 The Military Balance 2009
helicopter capabilities. However, even before these implemented. Although no specific budget details
aspects of the proposed plan became public there are available, it was thought that the new plan would
was a clash over the level of existing defence funding include cuts of anything from SEK2bn to SEK5bn a
between the government and the Ministry of Defence, year during the lifetime of the plan.
which claimed that it was facing a shortfall of at least Unlike its neighbour, Finland has maintained
US$250m in its 2008 budget. In light of the shortfall, defence spending at a constant level, around 1.4%
Supreme Commander Haken Syren outlined a number of GDP, for the past decade and has kept territorial
of areas, such as manpower recruitment, air-force defence high on its agenda. A new White Paper is
flight operations and land-forces exercises, that could imminent and it had been anticipated that it would
be streamlined to bring operational costs into line contain long-term plans to reconcile funding limi-
with the US$5.2bn 2008 budget. In response, Tolgfors tations and future capability goals by reducing the
made it clear that the proposed measures were unac- armed forces’ mobilisation strength and creating
ceptable and had the appearance of emergency cuts. a smaller but better-equipped and -trained force.
He demanded tighter control over budgetary matters, However, in response to events in Georgia, the Finnish
including a monthly financial report submitted by government called for a 15% increase in the 2009
the military to the government. However, following defence budget, while the defence minister suggested
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Russia’s military incursion into Georgia in August that in future the budget should increase by a fixed
2008, the government is thought to be re-examining amount each year. The White Paper may be amended
several aspects of the draft 2010–14 plan, in particular and cuts to mobilisation strength, for example, may
the serious budget cuts that were likely to have been be put on hold.
1.5
% of GDP
1.0
0.5
1.59 1.46 1.42 1.33 1.30 1.27 1.21 1.16 1.16 1.19
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
NATO Europe 111
Europe (NATO)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2
US$ 3.77bn 3.82bn
FRIGATES
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 FFG 2 Karel Doorman each with 2 quad (8 eff.) Harpoon
including military pensions SSM, 1 16 cell Mk 48 VLS with 16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow
a
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 7% PCR 10
MINE WARFARE 6 • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 6
Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 24% 9%
MHC 6 Aster (Tripartite – Flower class)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8: 1 Stern AG; 1 Belgica
Capabilities AGOR; 4 AT; 1 Spt (log spt/comd, with hel platform); TRG
ACTIVE 38,844 (Army 14,263 Navy 1,628 Air 7,322 1 YDT
Medical Service 1,912 Joint Service 13,719) FACILITIES
Bases Located at Zeebrugge, Ostend
RESERVE 2,040
Naval Aviation
Organisations by Service HELICOPTERS
UTL 3 SA-316B Alouette III (part of the Air Component)
Land Component 14,263 Air Component 7,322
FORCES BY ROLE Flying hours 165 hrs/yr on cbt ac. 500 hrs/yr on tpt ac.
1 Comd HQ (COMOPSLAND) 200 hrs/yr for trg purposes
Comd 2 bde HQ
FACILITIES
Rapid Reaction 1 gp (1 cdo bn, 2 para bn Air bases Located at Coxijde, Kleine-Brogel, Florennes,
Mech 1 bde (1st) (2 inf regt, 1 armd regt, 1 fd Bierset, Beauvechain, Melsbroek
arty regt, 1 lt arty bty, 1 recce regt, 1
FORCES BY ROLE
logistic bn); 1 bde (7th) (2 inf regt, 1
AD/FGA/ 2 (Tac) wg with F-16 MLU Fighting Falcon (4
armd regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 recce regt,
Recce ADX/FBX sqn, 1 AD/FGA/trg unit)
1 logistic bn)
Recce/Psyops 1 unit (CIMIC) SAR 1 unit Sea King MK48
SF 1 gp Tpt 1 wg with A-310-222; C-130H Hercules;
ERJ-135 LR; ERJ-145 LR; Falcon 20 (VIP);
AD 1 regt (2 SAM bty with Mistral)
Falcon 900B
Engr 2 bn
Trg 1 wg (1 trg sqn with SF-260D/SF-260M, 1 Fr/
MP 1 gp
Be trg unit with Alpha Jet)
Logistic 6 bn
Hel 1 wg with A-109 (obs); SA-318 Alouette II
EOD 1 unit
UAV 1 sqn with B-Hunter
FACILITIES
Trg Centre 1 (para); 1 (cdo) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 60 combat capable
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FGA 60 F-16 MLU Fighting Falcon (Mid-Life Update)
MBT 40 Leopard 1A5 TPT 20: 2 A-310-222; 11 C-130H Hercules; 2 ERJ-135 LR; 2
AIFV 47: 32 YPR-765(25mm); 15 YPR-765 (PC) ERJ-145 LR; 2 Falcon 20 (VIP); 1 Falcon 900B
APC 280 TRG 60: 28 Alpha Jet; 32 SF-260D/M
APC (T) 212: 164 M-113; 48 YPR-765 fus HELICOPTERS
APC (W) 68: 60 Pandur; 8 Piranha III (Test) SAR 4 Sea King MK48
ARTY 78 UTL 33: 30 A-109 (obs); 3 SA-318 Alouette II
112 The Military Balance 2009
NATO • ISAF 497; Air Component: 4 F-16 Fighting Falcon Ethnic groups: Turkish 9%; Macedonian 3%; Romany 3%
Central African republic/Chad Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 69
Male 7% 3% 4% 4% 23% 8%
Democratic Republic of Congo Female 7% 3% 3% 4% 25% 10%
EU • EUSEC RD CONGO 10
UN • MONUC 7 obs Capabilities
France ACTIVE 40,747 (Army 18,773 Navy 4,100 Air 9,344
NATO • Air Component • TRG: 29 Alpha Jet located at Central Staff 8,530) Paramilitary 34,000
Cazeaux/Tours Terms of service 9 months
Lebanon
RESERVE 302,500 (Army 250,500 Navy 7,500 Air
UN • UNIFIL 485; Land Component: 1 inf coy; 14 M-113;
8 APV-2 Dingo II; 13 MOWAG Piranha III; 3 Pandur Navy 45,000)
Component: 1 FFG
MIDDLE EAST
Organisations by Service
UN • UNTSO 2 obs
Army 18,773
Serbia
Forces are being reduced in number.
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 195
FORCES BY ROLE
SUDAN Mil District 1 corps HQ
UN • UNMIS 4 obs Armd 1 bde
Armd Recce 1 regt
Foreign Forces Mech Inf 2 bde
NATO HQ, Brussels; HQ SHAPE, Mons Lt Inf 1 bde
United Kingdom Army 180; Navy 80; Air Force 140 SF 1 bde
United States Army 698; Navy 102; USAF 475; USMC 26 Arty 1 arty bde
MRL 1 bde
Engr 1 regt
NBC 1 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 1,474: 400 T-72, 32 in store; 165 T-55, 877 in store
RECCE 18 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 (non-op)
AIFV 214: 81 BMP-1; 19 in store; 114 BMP-2 / BMP-3
APC 2,409
APC (T) 2,169: 626 MT-LB; 1,144 look-a-likes; 399 in
reserve in store
APC (W) 240: 120 BTR-60; 120 in reserve in store
ARTY 1,666
SP • 122mm 692: 358 2S1 Carnation; 334 in store
NATO Europe 113
Europe (NATO)
GUNS 400 100mm KS-19 towed/ 57mm S-60 towed/23mm MSL • TACTICAL • SSM: SS-C-1B Sepal; SS-C-3 Styx
ZSU-23-4 SP/ZU-23 towed GUN • 130mm 4 SM-4-1
RADARS • LAND GS-13 Long Eye (veh); SNAR-1 Long
Trough (arty); SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty); SNAR-2/-6 Naval Guard
Pork Trough (arty); Small Fred / Small Yawn (veh, arty) Gd 3 coy
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MSL
AAM AA-11 Archer; AA-2 Atoll; AA-7 Apex; AA-10 Czech Republic Cz
Alamo
ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-7 Kerry; AS-10 Karen Czech Koruna Kc 2007 2008 2009
MOR 120mm 139: 85 M-1982; 8 SPM-85; 6 trg; 40 in Joint Forces Support Units
store CBRN 2 CBRN bn, 1 CBRN warning
AT• MSL 671 centre
SP 496: 3 9P133 BRDM-2 Sagger; 21 9P148 BRDM-2 Engr rescue 1 bde (1 engr bn, 7 engr rescue bn)
Spandrel; 472 9S428 CIMIC/Psyops 1 (103rd) Centre with (1coy (1
MANPATS 175 9P135 (AT-4 9K111) Spigot CIMIC pl, 1 PSYOPS pl)
RADARS • LAND 3 ARTHUR Logistics 1 bde (1 spt bn; 1 supply bn)
Active Reserve EW 1 Centre
FORCES BY ROLE
Territorial Def 14 comd
Paramilitary 3,100
Inf 14 coy (1 per territorial comd) (each: 1 Border Guards 3,000
logistic pl, 3 inf pl, 1 cbt spt pl)
Europe (NATO)
Internal Security Forces 100
Air Force 4,938 military, 936 civilian (total
5,874) Deployment
The principal task is to secure the integrity of the Czech
Republic’s airspace. This mission is fulfilled within NATO Afghanistan
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Integrated Extended Air Defence System (NATINEADS) NATO • ISAF 415; Army: 19 IVECO DV LMV Panther
and, if necessary, by means of the national reinforced air UN • UNAMA 1 obs
defence system of the CR. In addition, the Air Force pro-
vides close air support for the Land Forces, and performs Armenia/Azerbaijan
tasks associated with the transportation of troops and ma- OSCE • Minsk Conference 1
terial.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Flying hours 100hrs/yr combat ac 150 for tpt ac OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
5 Air bases
cENtral african republic/chad
FORCES BY ROLE
Integrated with Jt Forces EU • EUFOR • Tcahd/RCA 2
Ftr/FGA 1 sqn JAS 39C/ JAS 39D Gripen Democratic Republic of Congo
FGA 1 sqn with L-159 ALCA (Lead-in ftr trg); 1 sqn UN • MONUC 3 obs
L-39ZA
Tpt 2 sqn with Airbus A-319CJ; Tu-154M Careless; Georgia
An-26 Curl; CL-601 Challenger; L-410 Turbolet; OSCE • Georgia 1
Yak-40 Codling UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
Trg 1 Aviation Trg Centre with L-39C; Z-142C;
Iraq
L-410 Turbolet; EW-97 Eurostar
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 17
Hel 2 attack sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind*; 2 aslt/tpt
sqn with Mi-171S; PZL W-3A SOKOL; Mi-8 Hip NATO • NTM-I up to 10
AD 1 (msl) bde Liberia
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNMIL 3 obs
AIRCRAFT 38 combat capable MOLDOVA
FTR/FGA 14: 12 JAS 39C; 2 JAS 39D Gripen
OSCE • Moldova 1
FGA: 24 L-159 ALCA
TPT 20: 2 Airbus A-319CJ (to replace 2 TU-154M Careless); Serbia
2 Tu-154M Careless; 5 An-26 Curl; 1 CL-601 Challenger; 8 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 400; Army: 1 inf coy
L-410 Turbolet; 2 Yak-40 Codling UN • UNMIK 1 obs
TRG 31: 12 L-39ZA*, 8 L-39C Albatros; 8 Z-142C; 2 L-410
Turbolet; 1 EW-97 Eurostar
HELICOPTERS
ATK 24: 18 Mi-35; 6 Mi-24 Hind*
SPT 40: 31 Mi-171S; 1 MI-8; 8 PZL W3A (SOKOL)
UAV 2 Sojka 3
AD • SAM SA-13 Gopher; SA-6 Gainful; RBS-70; (SA-7 Grail
available for trg RBS-70 gunners)
MSL • AAM AIM-9M Sidewinder; AIM-120 AMRAAM
BOMBS
Conventional: GBU Mk 82; Mk 84
Laser-guided: GBU Paveway
116 The Military Balance 2009
Europe (NATO)
Trg 1 flying school with SAAB T-17
NATO • NTM-I 14
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 48 combat capable UN • UNAMI 3 obs
FTR: 48 F-16AM/F-16BM Fighting Falcon Liberia
TPT 7: 4 C-130J-30 Hercules; 3 CL-604 Challenger UN • UNMIL 2 obs
TRG 28 SAAB T-17
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:31 23 March 2009
FACILITIES
Capabilities Bases Located at Tallinn, Miinisadam
ACTIVE 5,300 (Army 4,700 Navy 300 Air 300)
Paramilitary 2,100 Air Force 300
Flying hours 120 hrs/year
Defence League 10,859
FORCES BY ROLE
RESERVE 16,000 (Joint 16,000) FACILITIES
Terms of service 8 months, officers and some specialists 11 Air base 1 air base, 1 surveillance wg
months. EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT
Organisations by Service TPT 2 An-2 Colt
HELICOPTERS • UTL 4 R-44
Army 2,200; 2,500 conscript (total 4,700)
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 2,100
4 Def region; 14 districts. All units except Scouts bn are
reserve based
Border Guard 2,100
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Inf 1 Bde (3 inf bn )
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:31 23 March 2009
FORCES BY ROLE
Recce 1 bn
The maritime element of the Border Guard also fulfils the
Arty 1 bn task of Coast Guard
Peacekeeping 1 bn (Scouts) Paramilitary 1 regt; 3 (rescue) coy
Air Defence 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Engineer 1 bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 57
PCO 2: 1 Ko; 1 Valvas
Defence League 10,859 PCC 7: 1 Vapper; 1 Maru; 3 KBV-100; 1 Pikker; 1 Storm
15 Districts PCI 48: 37 less than 100 tonnes; 11 (PVK type)
AIRCRAFT • TPT 2 L-410UVP Turbolet; 1 Cessna 172
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS • SPT 2 Mi-8 Hip; 2 AW-139; 1 Schweizer
APC (W) 89: 7 Mamba; 58 XA-180 Sisu; 20 BTR-80; 3 300C
BTR-70; 1 BTR-60
ARTY 293
TOWED 62: Deployment
105mm 38 M 61-37; 155mm 24 FH-70
Afghanistan
MOR 231:
NATO • ISAF (RC S UKTF Helmand) 120; 1 mech inf coy
81mm 51: 41 B455; 10 NM95; 120mm 179: 14 2B11; 165
41D with 4 Mamba; 12 XA-180 Sisu; 1 mor det with 3 81mm; 1
AT EOD team
MANPAT Milan Bosnia-Herzegovina
RCL 160 EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 2
106mm: 30 M-40A1; 90mm 130 PV-1110
AD Georgia
MANPAD SAM Mistral OSCE • Georgia 1
FACILITIES Iraq
Centre 1 (peace ops)
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 35; Army: 1 inf pl
NATO • NTM-I 3
Navy 300 (inclusive of a platoon size conscript
unit) Middle East
Lat, Ea and L have set up a joint Naval unit BALTRON UN • UNTSO 2 obs
with bases at Liepaja, Riga, Ventspils (Lat), Tallinn (Ea),
MoLDOVA
Klaipeda (L).
OSCE • Moldova 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES NATO AOR
• FS 1 Admiral Pitka with 1 76mm gun NATO • NRF 1 MCM (2008 to be 1 EOD team and 1
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 MCM in 2009 )
MHC 4: 2 Lindau; 2 Admiral Cowan (ex-UK Sandown)
(additional unit expected early ‘09) Serbia
MSI 2 Frauenlob (Kalev) OSCE • Serbia 2
ML 1 Lindormen NATO • KFOR • 30; Army: 1 inf pl
NATO Europe 119
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
France Fr AIRCRAFT 60 combat capable
FGA 60 M-2000N Mirage
Euro € 2007 2008 2009
TKR 14: 11 C-135FR; 3 KC-135 Stratotanker
GDP € 1.86tr 1.98tr
US$ 2.55tr 2.67tr Gendarmerie 41
per capita US$ 41,869 41,791
Growth % 2.2 0.8
Army 134,000; 25,000 (civilian)
FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % 1.6 3.5
regt normally bn size
Def exp a
€ 44.28bn
Army 4 (task force) HQ; 1 (land) comd HQ; 5 region HQ
US$ 60.66bn Armd 1 bde (Fr/Ge bde 2,500 personnel) (1 mech inf
Def bdgtb € 36.2bn 30.38bn 32.02bn regt, 1 armd cav regt); 2 bde each (1 armd regt,
Europe (NATO)
US$ 49.5n 41.1bn 2 armd inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 Lt Armd 2 bde with (2 armd cav regt, 2 mech (APC) inf
a
including military pensions b budget presentation changed regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
Mech Inf 2 bde (each: 1 armd regt, 1 armd inf regt, 1 mech
Population 64,057,790 inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
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Gazelle (all variants) 2 single ASTT each with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun, each
RECCE 24: 24 AS-532 Horizon with 1 AS-565SA Panther ASW hel
SPT 106: 106 SA-330 Puma 7 Georges Leygues each with 1 Mk 46 LWT, 8 MM-40
UAV 50: 35 CL-289 (AN/USD-502); 15 SDTI/Sperwer Exocet tactical SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 26 Crotale
AD • SAM 455+ SAM, 2 single ASTT each with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun,
TOWED 26+ MIM-23B; I-HAWK MIM-23B each with 2 Lynx utl hel
MANPAD 882 Mistral 2 Forbin each with 1 48-cell VLS with Aster 15 SAM /
RADAR • LAND 74: 10 Cobra; 64 RASIT/ RATAC Aster 30 SAM, 2 Sadral sextuple each with Mistral
SAM, 2 twin TT (4 eff.) each with MU-90, 2 76mm, each
Gendarmerie 103,376, 1,925 civilians. 40,000 with 1 NH90 TTH utl hel, (both vessels undergoing
reservist acceptance trials)
3,193 (Headquarters); 4,092 (Administration); 2,051 1 Suffren (Duquesne) with 4 single with 4 MM-38 Exocet
(Maritime Air (personnel drawn from other departments)); tactical SSM, 4 single ASTT each with 1+ L5 HWT, 1
16,754 (Mobile); 4,999 (Republican Guard, Air Tpt, Arsenals); twin (2 eff.) with 48 Masurca SAM, 2 100mm gun
5,444 (Schools); 63,162 (Territorial); 1,925 (civilians); 3,640 2 Tourville each with 6 single with MM-38 Exocet tactical
(Overseas); 41 opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces SSM, 2 single ASTT with Mk 46 LWT/MU-90, 2 100mm
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE gun, each with 2 Lynx Mk4 (Lynx MK3) ASW hel
LT TK 28 VBC-90 FRIGATES 20
APC (W) 153 VBRG-170 FFH 11:
ARTY MOR 157+ 60mm; 81mm 6 Floreal each with, 2 single with 2 MM-38 Exocet
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41 tactical SSM, 1 100mm gun, each with 1 AS-565SA
PCO 1 Fulmar Panther ASW hel
PCC 1 Patra 5 La Fayette (space for fitting 2 x 8 cell VLS launchers
PCR 1 Stellis for Aster 15/30), 2 quad (8 eff.) with 8 MM-40 Exocet
PCI 38 (all less than 100 tonnes) tactical SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with Crotale SAM, 1
HELICOPTERS 100mm gun, (capacity either 1 AS-565SA Panther
SPT 32 AS-350B Ecureuil ASW hel or 1 SA-321 Super Frelon SAR hel)
UTL 17: 8 EC-135; 9 SA-316 Alouette III/SA-319 Alouette FF 9 D’Estienne d’Orves each with 4 MM-40 Exocet
III tactical SSM, 4 single ASTT, 1 100mm gun
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
Navy 43,995; 10,265 (civilian); 2,200 opcon PCO 20: 1 Arago; 1 Grebe; 10 L’Audacieuse; 8 Leopard
Strategic Nuclear Forces (total 46,195 plus (Instruction)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 21
10,265 civilians)
MCCS 1 Loire
FORCES BY ROLE MCM SPT 7: 3 Antares; 4 Vulcain
Navy 1 HQ opcon HRF (N) located at Toulon; 1 HQ MHC 13 Eridan
opcon ALFOST located at Brest AMPHIBIOUS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 8
SUBMARINES 9 LHD 2 Mistral (capacity mixed air group of up to 16
STRATEGIC • SSBN 3: NH-90 or SA-330 Puma utl hel or AS-532 Cougar utl hel
3 Le Triomphant S 616 opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces or AS-665 Tigre atk hel; 2 LCAC or 4 LCM; 60 AVs; 450
each with 16 M-45 SLBM each with 6 TN-75 nuclear troops)
NATO Europe 121
LPD 2 Foudre (capacity 4 AS-532 Cougar; either 2 Edic ASW 74: 16 AS-565SA Panther; 31 Lynx Mk4 (Lynx
LCT or 10 LCM; 22 tanks; 470 troops;) MK3); 27 SA-319B Alouette III
LS • LST 4 Batral (capacity 12 trucks; 140 troops) UTL 9 AS-365 Dauphin 2
(additional 1 in reserve) MSL
CRAFT 19: 4 LCT; 15 LCM ASM AM-39 Exocet; ASMP
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 43: AAM AS 30 Laser; MICA; R-550 Magic 2
AORH 4 Durance (capacity either 1 SA-319 Alouette III utl
hel or 1 AS-365 Dauphin; 2 utl hel or 1 Lynx utl hel) Marines 2,500
AF 3
AR 1 Jules Verne (capacity 1 SA-319 Alouette III utl hel) Commando Units
AG 1 Recce 1 gp
AGOR 2 Aslt 3 gp
AGI 1 Dupuy de Lome Atk Swimmer 1 gp
Europe (NATO)
AGM 1 Raiding 1 gp
AGS 3 Spt 1 gp
YDT 2
YTM 25 Fusiliers-Marin 1,600
FACILITIES Force 9 units - 14 (Naval Base) gp
Protection
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Europe (NATO)
combined arms BG ; 1 hel bn ; 1 Gendarme sqn Air Force Air Force 1 tpt unit; 2 C-160 Transall; 1 spt hel; 2 AS-555
1 C-160 Transall, 1 CN-235 Fennec
UN • UNOCI 181; 2 obs ; 1 engr coy Gendarmerie 5 coy; 1 SA-319 Alouette III
Democratic Republic of Congo KYRGYZSTAN
UN • MONUC 5 obs NATO • ISAF 1 C-135 tkr
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Djibouti Lebanon
Army 2,850; 1 (Foreign Legion) BG with ( 1 engr coy, 1 UN • UNIFIL 2,177; Army 1 combined arms BG with (2
arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy); 1 (Marine) combined arms mech inf coy, 1 armd sqn, 1 arty tp); 1 engr coy; 13 Leclerc;
regt with ( 1 engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy) 35 AMX-1; 4 155mm Grande Cadence de Tir; 6 Mistral; 2 Cobra
Navy: 1 Atlantique radar Navy 1 FF 1 PC
Air Force: 1 Air unit with 10 M-2000C/D Mirage; 1 C-160 Liberia
Transall; 3 SA-342 Gazelle; 7 SA-330 Puma; 1 AS-555 Fennec; UN • UNMIL 2
1 SA-319 Alouette III
Martinique
Egypt Navy 1 naval base located at Fort de France
MFO 17; Air Force: 1 CN-235M
Middle East
French Guiana UN • UNTSO 2 obs
Army 1,500 1(Foreign Legion) inf regt; 1 (Marine) inf regt;
1 SMA regt MOLDOVA
Navy 150; 2 PCI (P 400) OSCE • Moldova 2
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 4 SA-330 Puma; 3 AS-555 Fennec New Caledonia
Gendarmerie 3 coy; 1 AS-350 Ecureuil Army 1,000; 1 (Marine) mech inf regt; 2 SMA coy; 6 ERC-
90F1 Lynx
French Polynesia
Navy 510; 1 base with 1 Floreal FFH; 1 Albatros OPV; 2
Army 700 (incl Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique); 1
Gardian located at Nouméa
(Marine) inf regt; 3 SMA coy
Air Force some air det; 1 tpt unit; 3 CASA 235 MPA; 5
Navy 710; 1 HQ located at Papeete; 1 FFH with 1 AS-565SA
SA-330 Puma; 2 AS-555 Fennec
Panther ASW hel; 2 PCI (P-400); 1 LSM; 1 AOT; 3 Gardian
Gendarmerie 4 coy; 2 AS-350 Ecureuil
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 2 CN-235M; 1 AS-332 Super Puma; 1
AS-555 Fennec Senegal
Army 610; 1 (Marine) inf bn with (1 recce sqn with ERC-
French West Indies
90F1 Lynx)
Army 1,000; 2 (Marine) inf regt; 2 SMA regt Navy 230; 1 Atlantique
Navy 450; 1 FFH; 1 PCI; 1 LSM Air Force 1 C-160 Transall; 1 AS-555 Fennec
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 3 CN-235M; 2 SA-330 Puma; 1 AS-
555SN Fennec Serbia
Gendarmerie 4 coy; 2 AS-350 Ecureuil NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 1,830 ; Army: 1 inf bn; 1
Gendarmerie regt; some spt units (incl atk hel)
Gabon OSCE • Serbia 1
Army 800; 1 recce pl with ERC-90F1 Lynx; 1 (Marine) inf
OSCE • Kosovo 7
bn; 3 SA-330 Puma Air Force 2 C-160 Transall; 1 AS-555
Fennec sudan
UN • UNAMID 2
Georgia
OSCE • Georgia 4 Tajikistan
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs NATO • ISAF 160; 1 C-130 Hercules; 2 C-160 Transall
124 The Military Balance 2009
Europe (NATO)
Aladin; 28 LUNA X-2000; 60 KZO AOT 2 Spessart Type 704
AD AFH 2 Berlin Type 702 (capacity either 2 NH-90 utl hel
SAM 148+ or 2 Sea King MK41 SAR hel; 2 RAMs)
SP 120 Roland AE (AMMO) 1 Westerwald Type 760
TOWED 28 PAC-3 Patriot AG 6: 3 Schwedeneck Type 748; 3 Stollergrund Type 745
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger (incl some Ozelot SP) AGOR 1 Planet Type 751
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Europe (NATO)
Falcon); 1 airlift wg located at Ramstein AB with 16 C-130E AD 3 bn (2 I-HAWK, 1 TOR M1)
Hercules; 2 C-20 Gulfstream; 9 C-21 Learjet; 1 CT-43 Boeing Avn 1 bde ( 1 avn regt (2 atk hel bn), 1 spt hel bn,
737; USMC 270 3 avn bn)
Log 2 div (4 bde)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Greece Gr
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National Guard 34,500 reservists 4 Votsis (Fr La Combattante IIA) each with 4 MM-38
Internal security role Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Inf 1 Div 5 Roussen (Super Vita) with 8 MM-40 Exocet tactical
Para 1 regt ASSM
PFT 4 Andromeda (No Nasty) each with 4 single 533mm
Fd Arty 8 bn
TT each with SST-4 HWT
ADA 4 bn PC 2 Stamou with 4 single SS 12M tactical SSM
Avn 1 bn PCO 8: 2 Armatolos (Dk Osprey); 2 Pirpolitis; 4 Machitis
PCC 2 Tolmi
Navy 16,000; 4,000 conscript; (total 20,000) PCI 4
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MINE COUNTERMEASURES 11
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 10: MHC 4: 2 Evropi (UK Hunt); 2 Evniki (US Osprey)
8 Glavkos (Ge T-209/1100) each with 8 single 533mm TT MSC 7Alkyon (US MSC-294)
each with UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW, SUT HWT AMPHIBIOUS
2 Papanikolis (Poseidon class) (Ge T-214) (two more in LS • LST 5:
build; 3rd in trials expected to commission mid ‘09.) with 5 Chios (capacity 4 LCVP; 300 troops) each with 1 hel
8 single 533mm TT each with UGM-84C Harpoon tactical landing platform (for med hel)
USGW, SUT HWT CRAFT 59: 2 LCT; 4 LCU; 31 LCVP; 11 LCM; 7 LCA
ACV 4 Kefallinia (Zubr) (capacity either 3 MBT or 10
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Europe (NATO)
ASSM AM 39 Exocet see Part II
ARM AGM-88 HARM
BOMBS
Conventional: GBU-8B HOBOS
Deployment
Laser-guided: GBU-12/ GBU-16 Paveway II; GBU-24 Afghanistan
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Paveway III NATO • ISAF 137; Army: 1 engr coy Air Force: 1 C-130
Air Defence ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
FORCES BY ROLE Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG
SAM 6 sqn/bty PAC-3 Patriot with 36 launchers Bosnia-Herzegovina
[MIM-104 (A/B SOJC/D GEM)]; 2 sqn/bty with EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 45
S-300 PMU-1 with 12 launchers; 12 bty Skyguard
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
with Sparrow RIM-7/GUNS; 9 Crotale NG/GR; 4
SA-15 Gauntlet (Tor-M1) Central African Republic/CHAD
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 15
AD Cyprus
SAM TOWED 61+: 36 PAC-3 Patriot; 12 S-300 Army 950 (ELDYK army); ε200 (officers/NCO seconded to
PMU-1; 9 Crotale NG/GR; 4 SA-15 Gauntlet (Tor-M1); Greek-Cypriot National Guard) (total 1,150)
some Skyguard/Sparrow 1 mech bde (1 armd bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn)
GUNS 35+ 35mm MBT 61 M-48A5 MOLF
APC (T) 80 Leonidas
Air Support Command ARTY 24
FORCES BY ROLE TOWED • 155mm 12 M-114
CSAR 1 sqn with S-332 Super Puma SP 12: 175mm 6 M-107; 203mm 6 M-110A2
Tpt 3 sqn with C-130B Hercules; C-130H Hercules;
Georgia
YS-11-200; C-47 Skytrain; Do-28; 1 sqn with C-27J
Spartan (8 AT and 4 AAR); 1 sqn with EMB-135; OSCE • Georgia 1
Gulfstream V UN • UNOMIG 4 obs
Hel 1 sqn with AS-332 Super Puma (SAR); AB-205A LEBANON
(Bell 205A) (SAR); AB-212 (Bell 212) (VIP, tpt); UN • UNIFIL 192; Navy: 1 Elli FFG; 1 PB
Bell 47G (liaison)
Serbia
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 744 (128 more on
AIRCRAFT • TPT 39: 5 C-130B Hercules; 10 C-130H
standby in Greece); Army: 2 mech inf bn
Hercules; 12 C-27J Spartan (8 AT and 4 AAR) – being
OSCE • Kosovo 6
delivered; 2 C-47 Skytrain; 6 Do-28; 2 EMB-135; 1
Gulfstream V; 1 YS-11-200 SUDAN
HELICOPTERS UN • UNMIS 3 obs
SPT 10 AS-332 Super Puma
Western Sahara
UTL 17: 4 AB-212 (Bell 212) (VIP, tpt); 13 AB-205A (Bell
UN • MINURSO 1 obs
205A) (SAR),
TRG 7 Bell 47G (liaison)
Foreign Forces
Air Training Command United States US European Command: Army 8; Navy: 275;
FORCES BY ROLE USAF 62; USMC 13; 1 naval base located at Makri; 1 naval
Trg 5 sqn with T-2C/E Buckeye; T-41 D; T-6A/B Texan II base located at Soudha Bay; 1 air base located at Iraklion
130 The Military Balance 2009
Ethnic groups: Romany 4%; German 3%; Serb 2%; Romanian 1%; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
Slovak 1% Trg 1 sqn with L-3970; Yak-52
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Atk hel 1 (cbt) bn with Mi-24 Hind
AD 1 radar regt; 1 (mixed) regt with Mistral; SA-6
Male 8% 3% 3% 4% 23% 6%
Gainful
Female 8% 3% 3% 4% 25% 9%
NATO AT 3 ‘Strategic Airlift Capability’ C-17 based at
Papa air base
Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ACTIVE 25,207 (Army 10,936,Air 5,664 Joint 8,607) AIRCRAFT 27 combat capable
Paramilitary 12,000 MULTIROLE 14 JAS-39 Gripen (12 -C, 2 -D)
FTR 11 MiG-29B Fulcrum
RESERVE 44,000 (Army 35,200 Air 8,800)
TPT 4 An-26 Curl
Terms of service 6 months. Reservists to age 50.
TRG 21: 10 L-39ZO Albatros; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum*; 9
Yak-52
Organisations by Service HELICOPTERS
Hungary’s armed forces have reorganised into a joint ATK 12 Mi-24 Hind
force. SPT 17: 10 Mi-8 Hip; 7 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
AD • SAM 61
Joint Component 8,607 SP 16 SA-6 Gainful
FORCES BY ROLE MANPAD 45 Mistral
Comd 1 (HDF) HQ RADAR: 3 RAT-31DL, 6 P-18: 6 SZT-68U; 14 P-37
CS 1 Bde MSL
EOD 1 Riverine ptrl bn AAM AIM 120C AMRAAM on order; 84 AA-10 Alamo;
210 AA-11 Archer; 60 AIM-9 Sidewinder
Land Component 10,936 (incl riverine ASM 20 AGM-65 Maverick: 150 AT-2 Swatter; 80 AT-6
element)
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 12,000
Armd 1 bn
Border Guards 12,000 (to reduce)
Lt inf 2 bde (total: 5 Lt inf bn)
Ministry of Interior
SF 1 bn
FORCES BY ROLE
Engr 1 bde
Paramilitary 1 (Budapest) district (7 Rapid Reaction
CBRN 1 bn
coy); 11 (regt/district) regt
Log 1 regt
Sigs 1 regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 68 BTR-80
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 120: 35 T-72, 85 in store
AIFV 164 BTR-80A Deployment
APC (W) 304 BTR-80
ARTY 219+ Afghanistan
SP 122mm 153+ 2S1 Carnation in store NATO • ISAF 240; Land Component: 1 lt inf coy
NATO Europe 131
Europe (NATO)
MFO 26 (MP) Base Located at Reykjavik
Georgia
OSCE • Georgia 4
UN • UNOMIG 7 obs Italy It
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Icelandic Krona K 2007 2008 2009 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
GDP K 1.26tr 1.51tr Male 7% 2% 3% 3% 25% 8%
US$ 20.0bn 13.5bn Female 7% 2% 3% 3% 25% 10%
per capita US$ 66,189 44,266
Growth % 4.9 0.3 Capabilities
Inflation % 5.1 9.8
ACTIVE 292,983 (Army 108,000, Navy 34,000, Air
Sy Bdgt a K ε3.57bn ε3.87bn
43,016 Carabinieri 107,967) Paramilitary 142,933
US$ 55.8m 34.6m
US$1=K 64 112 Terms of service all professional
Iceland has no armed forces. Budget is mainly for coast guard.
RESERVES 41, 867 (Army 38,633 Navy 3,234)
a
Population 304,367
Europe (NATO)
CRAFT 26: 17 LCVP; 9 LCM
FORCES BY ROLE
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 96
AORH 3: 1 Etna (capacity 1 EH-101 or 1 NH-90); 2 Diving 1 op
Stromboli Navy SF 1 op
AOT 7 SF 1 comd
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ARS 1 FACILITIES
AKSL 6 Centre 1 (Research)
AWT 7
School 1
AGOR 3
AGHS 1
AGS 2
Air Force 43,016
ABU 5 4 Commands – Air Sqn Cmd (air defence, attack, recce,
ATS 7 mobility, support, force protection, EW ops); Training;
Logistics; Operations (national and international exercises)
AT 9 (coastal)
TRG 9: 7 AXS; 2 FORCES BY ROLE
Trial Ship 1 Ftr 2 sqn with F-2000A Typhoon; 3 sqn with
TRV 1 F-16A/ F-16B Fighting Falcon on lease; 1 sqn
with MB-339CD* (slow mover interceptor)
YDT 2
YTM 32 FGA 3 sqn with Tornado IDS; 3 sqn with AMX
Ghibli (50% of 1 sqn devoted to recce)
FACILITIES
Bases Located at La Spezia (HQ), Taranto (HQ), Brindisi, ECR/SEAD 1 sqn with Tornado ECR*
Augusta MR 1 sqn opcon Navy with BR 1150 Atlantic*
EW 1 sqn with G-222VS
Naval Aviation 2,200 CSAR 4 sqn with HH-3F Pelican* ; 1 sqn with AB-212
FORCES BY ROLE ICO
FGA Fixed wing strike unit with AV-8B Harrier II SAR 3 det with AB-212
ASW 5 sqn with AB-212AS (Bell 212 ASW/ASUW); Tkr/Tpt 1 sqn with B-707-320C (being replaced by
EH-101; SH-3D Sea King; EH-101 B-767 MRTT from 2009); MB-339A RM; 1 sqn
Aslt hel some sqn with SH-3D Sea King; AB-212 (Bell with G-222TM
212) Cal/Tpt 1 sqn with P-180; P-166-DL3
Trg Flight with 2 TAV-8B Harrier Tpt 2 sqn with C-130J Hercules; 1 sqn with C-27J
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Liaison 2 sqn (VIP tpt) with A-319CJ; Falcon 50; Falcon
900EX; Falcon 900 Easy; SH-3D Sea King.
AIRCRAFT 17 combat capable
FGA 15 AV-8B Harrier II Trg 1 sqn with F-2000 Typhoon; 1 sqn with MB-
TRG 2 TAV-8B Harrier 339A (aerobatic team); 1 sqn with NH-500D; 1
HELICOPTERS 41 attack helicopters sqn with AMX-T Ghibli; 1 sqn with MB-339A;
1 sqn with MB-339CD*; 1 sqn with SF-260M
ASW 41: 27 AB212 ASW ASuW; 8 EH-101 ASW; 6 SH-
3D ASW/ASuW Sea King AD 7 bty with Spada towed SAM
SPT 18: 8 EH-101 ASH; 6 SH-3D ASH Sea King; 4 EH-101 UAV 1 sqn with RQ-1B Predator
EW EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UTL 6 AB-212ASH (Bell 212) AIRCRAFT 249 combat capable
MSL FTR 56: 27 F-2000A Tranche 1 Typhoon (8 -T, 19 -S); first
ASM AGM-65 Maverick; some Marte Mk 2 of 52 F-2000 Tranche 2 being delivered; 25 F-16A/4 F-16B
AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9L Sidewinder Fighting Falcon on lease to 2010
134 The Military Balance 2009
STRIKE/FGA 138: 70 Tornado IDS; 68 AMX Ghibli APC (T) 25: 10 VCC-1 Camillino; 15 VCC-2
ECR/SEAD 16 Tornado ECR* APC (W) 12 Puma
MP 10 BR 1150 Atlantic* AC: 1 P180 Avant
TPT 90: 3 A-319CJ; 1 B-707-320C; 4 B-767MRTT from HELICOPTERS 88: 88 A-109;/AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger/
2009; 22 C-130J Hercules; 7 C-27J; 9 G-222; 2 Falcon 50 AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey
(VIP); 3 Falcon 900EX (VIP); 2 Falcon 900 Easy; 6 P-166-
DL3; 15 P-180 ; 20 SIAI-208 20 (liaison) Training
TRG 143: 23 AMX-T Ghibli; 55 MB-339A (18 aero team, 37 FORCES BY ROLE
trg); 29 MB-339CD*; 36 SF-260M Trg 1 HQ
HELICOPTERS FACILITIES
SAR 26 HH-3F Pelican (of which 6*) School 5
UTL 34: 32 AB-212 (Bell 212) (6 ICO, 26 SAR); 2 SH-3D
Center of Excellence 1
Sea King (liaison/VIP)
TRG 50 NH-500D
UAV • RECCE 3 RQ-1B Predator. Some Sky-X under test. Paramilitary 142,933
AD • SAM
Customs
TOWED Spada
(Servizo Navale Guardia Di Finanza)
MSL
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 83:
AAM AIM 120B/C AMRAAM; AIM-7E Sparrow; AIM-
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Europe (NATO)
US$ 445m 513m
UN • UNMOGIP 7 obs
FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 1.5m 3.0m
Iraq
US$1=L 0.51 0.52
NATO • NTM-I Training Mission 72
Population 2,245,423
Lebanon
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UN • UNIFIL 2,420; 3 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 FF; 1 PB Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Malta Male 7% 4% 4% 3% 22% 6%
Air Force 16; 2 AB-212 (Bell 212) Female 7% 4% 4% 3% 25% 11%
Armed Forces
49 MIATM cbt Sp (Missione Italiana d’Assistenza Tecnico Capabilities
Militare)
ACTIVE 5,187 (Army 1,526 Navy 700 Air 480 Central
Middle East Support 782 Administration and Command 1,055
UN • UNTSO 7 obs Other Forces (TRADOC) 644) Paramilitary 11,034
Serbia (National Guard 11,034)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 2,192; Army: 1 combined RESERVE 11,204 (Army 11,204)
arms BG; 1 mtn inf coy; 1 engr unit; 1 hel unit; 1 sigs unit;
1 CSS unit Carabinieri: 1 regt
OSCE • Serbia 4 Organisations by Service
OSCE • Kosovo 15
Army 1,526
United States
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Force 38 (flying trg)
Inf 1 bde (2 inf bn)
Western Sahara SF 1 unit
UN • MINURSO 5 obs
National Guard 10,483 part-time soldiers
Inf 14 bn
Foreign Forces
Fd Arty 1 bn
Germany 3 MP ac (in ELMAS/Sardinia); 200
AD 1 bn
United States US European Command: Army 3,264; 1
AB IBCT; some M-119; some M-198; Navy 2,724; 1 HQ Engr 1 bn
(US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR)) located at Naples; 1 NBC 1 bn
HQ (6th Fleet) located at Gaeta USAF 3,934; 1 ftr wg with EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(2 ftr sqn with 21 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting MBT 3 T-55 (trg)
Falcon located at Aviano); 1 MR Sqn eq. with 9 P-3C Orion
RECCE 2 BRDM-2
located at Sigonella USMC 43
ARTY 121
TOWED 100mm 26 K-53
MOR 95: 71mm40; 82mm 5; 120mm 50
AT
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 84mm AT-4; 90mm
GUNS 143: 76mm 3; 90mm 140
AD
SAM • MANPAD 5 Strela 2M (SA-7) Grail
GUNS • TOWED 52: 14.5mm 2 ZPU-4; 20mm 10 FK-20;
23mm 16 GSH-23; 30mm 2: 1; 1 AK-230; 40mm 22 L/70
136 The Military Balance 2009
SPT 1 Varonis (C3 and support ship, ex- Buyskes) Ethnic groups: Lithuanian 84.6%; Polish 6.3%; Russian 5.1%;
YDT 1 Belarussian 1.1%
FACILITIES Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Bases Located at Liepaja, Daugavgriva (Riga)
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5%
Female 8% 4% 4% 3% 24% 9%
Air Force 480
AIRCRAFT Capabilities
TPT 3: 2 An-2 Colt; 1 L-410 Turbolet
HELICOPTERS • SPT 6: 4 Mi-17; 2 PZL Mi-2 ACTIVE 8,850 (Army 7,380 Navy 470 Air 1,000)
Paramilitary 14,600
Administration and Command 759; 296 Terms of service 12 months.
conscript (total 1,055) RESERVE 6,700 (Army 6,700)
Other Forces (TRADOC) 457; 187 conscript Army 2,590; 220 conscript; 4,570 active
(total 644) reserves (total 7,380)
FORCES BY ROLE
Paramilitary 11,034 1 mil region
Reaction 1 bde (Iron Wolf) (2 mech inf bn, 2 mot inf bn, 1
National Guard 551 (full time); 10,483 (part- Force arty bn)
time) (total 11,034) Engr 1 bn
Security 1 MP bn
Trg 1 regt
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Afghanistan RECCE 10 BRDM-2
NATO • ISAF 70 APC (T) 187 M-113A1
ARTY 133
Bosnia-Herzegovina TOWED 105mm 72 M-101
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 2 MOR 120mm 61 M-43; 60mm
AT • MSL 28
GEORGIA SP 10 M1025A2 HMMWV with Javelin
OSCE • Georgia 1 MANPATS 18 Javelin
RCL 84mm 273 Carl Gustav
Iraq
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 3 (withdrawal by 2008) Reserves
Moldova National Defence Voluntary Forces 4,570 active
OSCE • Moldova 1 reservists
Territorial Def 5 regt; 36 bn (total: 150 Def coy)
Serbia Trg 1 bn
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 19 Avn 1 sqn
NATO Europe 137
Europe (NATO)
NATO • NTM-I 4
1 76mm gun, (2 additional vessels due on transfer from
Da) Serbia
PFB 2 Storm NATO • KFOR • Joint Guardian 34 • OSCE • Kosovo 2
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
MHC 2 Suduvis (Lindau) FOREIGN FORCES
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NATO • ISAF 9 Logistic Sp 1 bde (3 maint coy, 2 tpt / supply bn, 1 med
Bosnia-Herzegovina bn)
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 60 Leopard 2A6
central african republic/chad
RECCE (W) 148 Fennek
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 2
AIFV 224 YPR-765; CV9035 (deliveries from 2009)
LEBANON APC • APC (W) 70: 70 XA-188 Sisu
UN • UNIFIL 1 LFV 49 Bushmaster IMV; 188 Aslt SV
ARTY 357:
Serbia SP 155mm 24: 24 PzH 2000
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 23 TOWED 155mm 113: 13 FH-70 (trg); 20 M114; 80
M114/M-139
Netherlands Nl MOR 179: 81mm 113 L16/M1
TOWED 120mm 68 Brandt
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 AT
SP 96 Fennek MRAT
GDP € 567bn 599bn
MANPATS 906+: 72 MR Spike (Gill); 834 Pzf
US$ 777bn 809bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6: 3 PBR; 3
per capita US$ 46,873 48,630 PCC
Growth % 3.5 2.3 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 tpt (tk)
Inflation % 1.6 2.4 UAV 43: 30 Sperwer; 5 Aladin; 8 MALE
Def exp € 8.13bn AD
SAM
US$ 11.14bn
SP 18 Fennek with FIM-92A Stinger (delivery complete
Def bdgt € 8.36bn 8.09bn 8.06bn
2009); 18 MB with FIM-92A Stinger
US$ 11.46bn 10.93bn MANPAD 18 FIM-92A Stinger
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 GUNS• SP35mm 60 Gepard (in store for sale)
RADAR • LAND 6 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor);
Population 16,645,313
WALS; Squire
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Reserves 3,005 reservists
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 25% 6%
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 25% 7% National Command
Cadre bde and corps tps completed by call-up of
Capabilities reservists (incl Territorial Comd)
Inf 5 bn (Could be mob for territorial defence).
ACTIVE 40,537 (Army 21,483 Navy 9,468 Air 9,586 )
Paramilitary 5,953 Navy 9,468 (incl 2,598 Marines)
RESERVE 3,339 (Army 3,005 Air 296, Paramilitary 38) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Men to age 35, NCOs to 40, officers to 45 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:
NATO Europe 139
4 Walrus each with 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea CSS 1 bn (2 CSS units, 1 Sea Based Support Group,
Arrow HWT/UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW (equipped 1 Role 2 medical facility)
for Harpoon but not embarked) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 6 ATV 74 BVS-10 Viking
DESTROYERS • DDG 4: ATV/S 153 BV-206D
4 Zeven Provinciën each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad APC (W) 20 XA-188 Sisu (Patria)
(8 eff.) each with 8 RGM-84F Harpoon tactical SSM, 1
ARTY • MOR 32: 81mm 18; 120mm 14 Brandt
40 cell Mk 41 VLS (40 eff.) with 32 SM-2 MR SAM, 32
AT • MSL • MANPATS • MRAT Gill
enhanced Sea Sparrow SAM (quad pack), 2 twin ASTT
RL 84mm SRAT Pantserfaust III Dynarange 2000
(4 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Otobreda 127mm gun,
AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
(capacity 1 Lynx MK86 ASW hel)
FRIGATES • FFG 2:
2 Karel Doorman each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8
Air Force 9,586
Europe (NATO)
Flying hours 180 hrs/year
eff.) each with RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon,
1 Mk 48 VLS with 16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin FORCES BY ROLE
324mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT 1 76mm Comd 1 logistics HQ; 1 Tac Air HQ; 1 Education
gun, (capacity 1 Lynx ASW hel) HQ
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • Ftr/FGA/ 5 (multi role) sqn with F-16 MLU AM/15
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some ISTAR, CS and CSS units, where the majority of the Mistral SAM, 1 twin 533mm ASTT (2 eff.) with 2 T-61
soldiers are volunteers on short term contracts after their HWT (Hauk Class phased decommissioning from 2009)
initial compulsory service. 3 mod Hauk each with 6 single each with 1 RB 12 Penguin
Joint Command is exercised from The Norwegian tactical SSM, 1 SIMBAD (2 eff.) manual with 2 Mistral
National Joint Headquarters. SAM, 1 twin 533mm ASTT (2 eff.) with 2 T-61 HWT
FORCES BY ROLE (Hauk Class will be decommissioned in 2008)
Army 1 HQ 6 Skjold each with 8 NSM ASSM; 1 twin (2 eff.) with
Mech inf 1 bde (2 mech inf, 1 mot inf, 1 arty, 1 engr Mistral Naval SAM; 1 76mm gun (3 units expected ISD
HQ, CIS, ISTAR coy, MP coy and CSS units) 2009, 2 units expected ISD 2010)
SF 1 bn MINE WARFARE 6
ISTAR 1 bn (EW, MI, LR recce, UAV(2009)) MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MSC 3 Alta MHC 3
Inf 1 bn (His Majesty the King’s Guards) Oksoy
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 20
1 lt recce bn (HQ and garrison coy,
Europe (NATO)
Border Guard LCP 20 S90N
border control coy, training coy)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 18
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AS 1 Horten
MBT 72: 52 Leopard 2A4; 20 Leopard 1A5NO (for trg only) ATS 1 Valkyrien
AIFV 104 CV9030N AGI 1 Marjata
APC 598 AGS 5
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UTL 18 Bell 412SP Twin Huey (12 tpt, 6 SF) Command. Several of these elements do not provide forces
ASW/ SAR Coastguard: 6 Lynx Mk86 (to be replaced by as such, but others do, and they are are responsible for
8 NH-90TTH from 2012 onwards) logistics and CIS in support of all forces in Norway and
AD abroad.
SAM
TOWED NASAMS
MSL
Deployment
09 AAM AIM-120B AMRAAM; AIM-9L Sidewinder Afghanistan
BOMBS NATO • ISAF 455; Army: 1 mech inf coy; 1 spt coy
Laser-guided: EGBU-12 Paveway II
UN • UNAMA 2 obs
INS/GPS guided: JDAM
FACILITIES Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bases: Rygge, Bodo, Orland, Bardufoss, Sola, EU • Operation Althea 8
Gardemoen
Egypt
MFO 9
Home Guard 425; 325 conscripts (total 750 –
bn
45,000 with reserves) Georgia
Joint Command - Norwegian National Joint Headquarters OSCE • Georgia 1
The Home Guard is a separate organisation, but with
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LEBANON
close co-operation with all services. The Home Guard
UN • UNIFIL 5
can be mobilised on very short notice for local security
operations. The main body of the Home Guard is land Middle East
us forces, but it also includes smaller elements for naval and UN • UNTSO 11 obs
air operations support. The Home Guard partly leans on
recruitment and basic training conducted in the services, Serbia
and partly operates its own schools. NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 25
OSCE • Serbia 4
Land Home Guard 40,700 with reserves UN • UNMIK 1
13 Home Guard Districts with mobile Rapid Reaction
Sudan
Forces (4,550 troops in total) as well as reinforcements
and follow-on forces (36,150 troops in total). The UN • UNMIS 6; 17 obs
reinforcements and follow-on forces are organised in
company size ‘Home Guard Areas’, mainly intended for Foreign Forces
local security operations. United States US European Command: Army 22; Navy 4;
Naval Home Guard 1,800 with reserves USAF 40; USMC 13; 1 (APS) 155mm SP Arty eqpt. set
Consisting of 4 Rapid Reaction Forces (Coy size), with
a total of 450 troops, and 17 ‘Naval Home Guard Areas’
with a total of 1300 troops. From 2009, the Naval Home
Poland PI
Guard will be equipped with 2 vessels of the Nornen class Polish Zloty z 2007 2008 2009
and 12 smaller vessels, deployed along the Norwegian GDP z 1.16tr 1.27tr
coastline. In addition, a number of civilian vessels can be
US$ 421bn 481bn
requisitioned as required.
per capita US$ 10,930 12,505
Air Home Guard 2,500 with reserves Growth % 6.6 5.2
Provides force protection and security detachments for Inflation % 2.5 4.5
air bases. Def exp z 22.03bn
US$ 7.98bn
Central Support, Administration and
Command 5,400; 1,600 conscripts (total 6,000 Def bdgt z 20.15bn 22.55bn 24.86bn
– 6,350 with reserves) US$ 7.30bn 8.54bn
Joint Command - Norwegian National Joint Headquarters FMA (US) US$ 28.5m 27.0m 27.0m
(NJHQ) US$1=z 2.76 2.64
Central support, administration and command includes
Population 38,500,696
military personnel in all joint elements, including among
Ethnic groups: German 1.3%; Ukrainian 0.6%; Belarussian 0.5%
others the Ministry of Defence, the NJHQ, Regional HQ
North (to be replaced by the NJHQ in 2009), the Defence Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Command and Staff College, the Norwegian Defence
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 23% 5%
Logistics Organisation (DLO), the Norwegian Armed
Forces Logistics Training Command and the CIS Training Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 23% 8%
NATO Europe 143
HELICOPTERS
Capabilities ATK 54: 32 Mi-24D Hind D; 22 PZL Mi-2URP Hoplite
ACTIVE 121,808 (Army 62,762, Navy 10,864, Air SPT 91: 37 PZL W-3A Sokol/PZL W-3W Sokol; 17 Mi-8T
Hip spt/Mi-8U Hip trg; 24 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; 13 Mi-17T
23,327, Joint 24,855) Paramilitary 21,400
Hip spt/Mi-17U Hip H trg
Terms of service 12 months (to be 9 months from 2005)
UAV• TACTICAL 7 MALE on order
RESERVE 222,003 (Army 102,310 Navy 9,132 Air AD
30,834Joint 79,727) SAM 971
SP 144: 80 GROM Poprad; 64 OSA-AK
MANPAD 827: 465 Strzla 2; 362 GROM
Organisations by Service GUNS 399
SP 23mm 32 ZSU-23-4
Land Forces Command 33,329; conscript TOWED 23mm 367 ZU-23-2
29,433 (total 62,762)
Europe (NATO)
RADAR • LAND SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty)
Land Forces Command directly controls airmobile bdes
and their avn. Transition to lighter forces is continuing Navy 6,592 conscript 4,272 (total 10,864)
but is hampered by lack of funds. The military police are Comd Navy HQ
directly under the Minister of National Defence and are 1 Surface Combatant Flotilla
transforming with 15% (1,540 personnel) forming special 1 Coastal Defence Flotilla
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units of bn size to enable their support to counter-terrorism, 1 Naval Aviation bde (3 Naval Sqn)
VIP protection and NATO operations.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 5
Comd 1 (2nd) Mech Corps HQ; MNC NE Corps SSK 5:
HQ 4 Sokol with 8 single 533mm TT
Armd 1 armd cav div (11th) (2 armd cav, 1 mech 1 Orzel (ex-Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT with 12
bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty,2 AD regt 1 engr bn) T-53/T-65 HWT
Mech 1 div (1st) (1 armd ,1 mech, 1 mtn bde, 1 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
recce bn, 1 arty, 1 AD regt, 1 engr bn); FRIGATES 3
1 div (12th) (3 mech, 1 coastal bde, 1 arty, 2 FFG 2 Pulawski (US Oliver Hazard Perry class) each with
AD regt , 1 engr bn); 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 36 SM-1 MR SAM, 4 RGM-84D/F
1 div (16th) 1 Armd, 3 mech bde , 1 recce Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 triple 3x 324mm ASTT (6 eff.)
bn, 1 arty, 1 AD regt, 1 engr bn) each with 24 A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-
Airmob 1 aslt bde (6th) (2 aslt, 1 para bn), 1 air 2G Super Seasprite ASW hel)
cav bde (25th) (2 spt hel bn, 2 air cav bn, 1 FF 1 Kaszub with 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with
Casevac Unit) SET-53 HWT, 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2
Recce 2 regt RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 1 76mm gun
Arty 2 bde CORVETTES • FSG 5:
2 Tarantul each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 4 SS-N-2C
Engr 2 bde
Styx tactical SSM, 1x4 manual with SA-N-5 Grail SAM,
Avn 1 cbt regt (49th) with (3 attack sqn with
1 76mm gun
Mi-24, 1 recce sqn with Mi-2) ;
3 Orkan (GDR Sassnitz. Refit programme in progress)
1 combat regt (56th) (1 atk sqn with Mi-
each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RBS-15M tactical
24V, 2 recce sqn with Mi-2, 1 spt sqn with
SSM, 1 x4 Manual with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 1 76mm
Mi-2)
gun
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 20
MBT 949: 128 Leopard 2 2A4; 232 PT-91 Tward; 589 T-72 MSC 13 Goplo
MBT/T-72M1D/T-72M1 MHC 7: 3 Krogulec; 4 Mamry
RECCE 459 BRDM-2 AMPHIBIOUS 8
AIFV 1508: LS • LSM 5 Lublin (capacity 9 tanks; 135 troops)
AIFV (T) 1,297 BMP-1 CRAFT • LCU 3 Deba (capacity 50 troops)
AIFV (W) 211 Rosomak (Patria) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 33
APC 693 Type variants AORL 1
MRAP 40 Cougar AOL1
ARTY 946 MRV 1 Project 890
SP 484: 122mm 373 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 111 M-77 ARS 4
Dana AGI 2 Moma
MRL 122mm 225: 195 BM-21; 30 RM-70 Dana AGS 8: 2; 6 (coastal)
MOR 237: 98mm 99 M-98; 120mm 138 M-120 ATF 3
AT • MSL • MANPATS 327: 129 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 77 TRG 6: 1 AXS
AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 18 AT-5 9K113 Spandrel; 7 AT-7 9K115 YDG 2
Saxhorn; 96 Spike LR YTM 5
144 The Military Balance 2009
FACILITIES MSL
Bases Located at Kolobrzeg, Gdynia (HQ), Swinoujscie, AAM AA-8 Aphid; AA-3 Anab; AA-11 Archer, AIM-9
Hel Peninsula (Spt), Gdynia-Babie Doly Sidewinder, AIM 120C AMRAAM
ASM AS-7 Kerry; AGM-65J/G Maverick
Naval Aviation 1,560
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 21,400
ASW / 1 sqn with MI-14PL Haze A; MI-14PS Haze C;
SAR PZL W-3RM Anakonda; PZL MI-2; SH-2G Super
Border Guards 14,100
Ministry of Interior and Administration
Seasprite
Tpt /Utl 1 sqn with An-28B1R; An-28E Maritime Border Guard
1 sqn with An-28; An-28TD; PZL W-3T; PZL PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19:
W-3RM; Mi-17; PZL MI-2 1 PSO; 2 PCO; 1 PCC; 2 PCI; 7 PBF; 6 PB
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT Prevention Units of Police 6,300; 1,000
TPT 3: 1 An-28; 2 An-28TD conscript (total 7,300)
UTL 10: 8 An-28B1R; 2 An-28E OPP–Ministry of Interior
HELICOPTERS
ASW 14: 10 MI-14PL; 4 SH-2G Super Seasprite Deployment
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Europe (NATO)
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 ARTY 350+
SP 155mm 20: 6 M-109A2; 14 M-109A5
GDP € 161bn
TOWED 135: 105mm 97: 21 L-119; 52 M-101; 24 M-56;
US$ 222bn 155mm 38 M-114A1
per capita US$ 20,851 COASTAL 21: 150mm 9; 152mm 6; 234mm 6 (inac-
tive)
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Europe (NATO)
US$ 3.14bn 2.76bn Navy 6,500
FMA (US) US$ 14.4m 11.1m 15.0m Navy HQ with 1 Naval Operational Component, 1 Fleet
Command, 1 Frigate Flotilla, 1 Riverine Flotilla (Danube
US$1=lei 2.43 2.73
based)
Population 22,246,862 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
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(Alouette III)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 150
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE OSCE • Kosovo 3
AIRCRAFT 72 combat capable UN • UNMIK 3 obs
FTR 20 MiG-21 Lancer C
Sudan
FGA 52 MiG-21 Lancer A/B
UN • UNMIS 14 obs
TPT 10: 1 C-130H; 4 C-130B Hercules; 4 An-26 Curl; 1
An-30 Clank
TRG 43: 21 IAR-99 Soim; 12 IAK-52; 10 An-2 Slovakia Slvk
HELICOPTERS
SPT 60: 23 IAR-330 Puma SOCAT; 37 IAR-330 (SA-330) Slovak Koruna Ks 2007 2008 2009
Puma GDP Ks 1.85tr 2.04tr
UTL 7 IAR-316B (SA-316B) Alouette III
US$ 81.5bn 91.0bn
UAV 65 Shadow 600
per capita US$ 14,969 16,595
AD • SAM 9 SA-2 Guideline, 8 HAWK PIP III
MSL Growth % 10.4 7.4
AAM R-550 Magic 2; Python 3; AA-8 Aphid; AA-11 Inflation % 1.9 3.9
Archer; AA-2 Atoll Def exp Ks 30.7bn
ASM SPIKE-ER US$ 1.35bn
Def bdgt Ks 28.5bn 31.2bn 31.5bn
Paramilitary 79,900 US$ 1.25bn 1.38bn
Border Guards 22,900 (incl conscripts) FMA (US) US$ 3.7m 1.0m 2.0m
Ministry of Interior US$1=Ks 22.7 22.6
Europe (NATO)
APC (T) 108 OT-90
Afghanistan
APC (W) 24: 17 OT-64; 7 Tatrapan (6x6)
NATO • ISAF 70
ARTY 338
SP 193:122mm 1 2S1 Carnation; 45 in store; 152mm Bosnia-Herzegovina
131: 119 M-77 Dana; 12 in store; 155mm 16 M-2000 EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 40
Zuzana
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AD
Capabilities SAM 138
ACTIVE 7,200 (Army 7,200) Paramilitary 4,500 SP 6 Roland II
MANPAD 132: 36 SA-16 Gimlet; 96 SA-18 Grouse
RESERVE 3,800 (Army 3,800) (Igla)
CBRN 1 bn
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 34
MP 1 bn OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
MBT 70: 40 M-84; 30 T-55S1
EU •EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 15
APC (W) 124: 85 Valuk (Pandur); 39 Patria
ARTY 140 IRAQ
TOWED 18: 155mm 18 TN-90 NATO • NTM-I 2
MOR 116: 82mm 60; 120mm 56: 8 M-52; 16 M-74; 32
Lebanon
MN-9
AT • MSL • SP 24: 12 BOV-3 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 12 BOV-3 UN • UNIFIL 14
AT-4 9K111 Spigot Middle East
MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111Spigot UN • UNTSO 2 obs
Reserves Serbia
Mtn Inf 1 bn (6 Coy) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 360; Army: 1 inf bn HQ;
Tk 1 bn 2 mot inf coy; 1 CSS coy
OSCE • Serbia 2
Army Maritime Element 47
FORCES BY ROLE
Maritime 1 bn (part of Sp Comd) Spain Sp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Euro € 2007 2008 2009
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1 Super GDP € 1.05tr 1.11tr
Dvora MKII
US$ 1.43tr 1.50tr
FACILITIES per capita US$ 35,560 37,045
Base Located at Koper
Growth % 3.7 1.4
Europe (NATO)
4 Area Defence Forces. The principal deployable elements
are 1 mech div consisting of 3 mech bde, and the rapid MBT 404: 164 Leopard 2A4; 56 Leopard 2A5E; 184
reaction force (FAR) consisting of 1 legion, 1 AB and 1 M-60A3TTS;
airmob bde; with arty, cav and sigs regts in support. Spain RECCE 297: 69 B-1 Centauro; 228 VEC-3562 BMR-VEC
provides one of the NATO High Readiness Force (Land) AIFV 135 Pizarro (incl variants)
HQ which provides the Land Component Command of the APC 1,465
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NATO Rapid Response Corps Spain NRDC-SP. APC (T) 966 M-113 (incl variants)
FORCES BY ROLE APC (W) 499: BMR-600 / BMR-600M1
Infantry regiments usually comprise 2 bn. Spain deploys ARTY 2,037
its main battle tanks within its armd/mech inf formations, SP 214: 105mm 56 M-108; 155mm 96 M-109A5 203mm
and its armd cav regt 62 M-110A2
Comd 1 corps HQ (NRDC-SP) (1 HQ bn, 1 shell TOWED 290
bn); 2 div HQ (coordinative role) 105mm 226: 56 L-118 light gun; 170 Model 56 pack
Armd 1 bde (12th) (1 HQ bn, 1 armd inf regt, 1 howitzer
mech inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 recce bn, 1 engr 155mm 64: 52 M-114; 12 SBT-1
bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy) COASTAL 50:
Armd Cav 1 bde (2nd) (1 engr bn, 1 HQ bn, 1 armd cav 155mm 8 SBT 52; 305mm 3; 381mm 3; 6in 36
regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 logistic bn, 2 light armd MRL 140mm 14 Teruel
cav regt, 1 sig coy) MOR 1,469:
Mech Inf 2 bde (10th and 11th) (each: 1 HQ bn, 1 mech SP 556: 81mm 446; 120mm 110 SP
inf regt, 1 mech inf bn, 1 recce bn, 1 SP arty 81mm 594; 120mm 319
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy) AT
Air Mob 1 bde (7th) (1 HQ bn, 1 inf regt, 1 inf bn, 1 MSL
recce bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic SP 174: 106 Milan; 68 TOW
bn, 1sig coy) MANPATS 718: 260 Spike (of 600 being delivered); 28
Mtn Inf 1 bde (1st) (1 engr unit, 1 HQ bn, 1 logistic HOT; 298 Milan; 132 TOW
bn, 1 fd arty bn, 2 mtn inf regt) RCL 106mm 507
Lt inf 1 div HQ; 1 bde (La Legion) (1 HQ bn, 1 inf HEL
regt, 1 recce bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logis- ATK AS-665 Tiger
tic bn, 1 sig coy, 1 light mech inf regt); 1 bde OBS 9 OH-58 Kiowa
(5th) (1 HQ bn, 2 lt inf regt, 1 armd inf bn, 1 fd SPT 17 HT-17D (CH-47D) Chinook
arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy) HU.21 (AS-332) Super Puma
SF 1 comd (1 HQ bn, 3 Spec Ops bn, 1 sig coy) UTL 103: 28 BO-105; 6 HU.18 (Bell 212); 15 AS-532UC
Cougar; 16 AS-532UL Cougar; 38 HU-10B (UH-1H)
AB 1 bde (6th) (1 HQ bn, 1 para bn, 1 air aslt bn,
1 air mob bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logis- Iroquois
tic bn, 1 sig coy) AD
SAM 249
Fd Arty 1 comd (3 fd arty regt)
SP 18 Roland
Coastal Arty 1 comd (1 sig unit, 1 coastal arty regt)
TOWED 51: 36 I HAWK Phase III MIM-23B; 13
ADA 1 comd (5 ADA regt, 1 HQ bn, 1 sig unit) Skyguard/Aspide; 2 Spada
Engr 1 bde (1 NBC regt, 1 engr bridging regt, 1 MANPAD 180 Mistral
engr regt, 1 railway regt) GUNS • TOWED 267: 20mm 175 GAI-B01; 35mm 92
Sig / EW 1 bde (2 EW regt, 2 sig regt) GDF-002
Avn 1 comd (FAMET) (1 atk hel bn, 1 logistic unit RADAR
(1 spt coy, 1 supply coy), 1 sig bn, 2 spt hel AIRBORNE Sentinel RMK1
bn, 1 tpt hel bn, 1 avn bde HQ) LAND 2 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor)
152 The Military Balance 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TPT 106: 2 A-310; 6 B-707 (incl EW & tkr); 7 C-130H
MBT 16 M-60A3TTS /C-130H-30 Hercules; 57 CASA 212 Aviocar; 7 CASA
APC (W) 18 Piranha C-295 (9 on order to replace some CASA 212); 14 CN-235
AAV 19: 16 AAV-7A1/AAVP-7A1; 2 AAVC-7A1; 1 AAVR- (12 tpt, 2 VIP); 2 Cessna 550 Citation V (recce); 3 F-27
7A1 Friendship (SAR); 5 Falcon; 20 (3 VIP, 2 EW); 2 Falcon 900
ARTY 18 (VIP); 1 Beechcraft C90 King Air
SP 155mm 6 M-109A2 SPT/Firefighting 16: 15 Canadair CL-215; 1 CL-415
TOWED 105mm 12 M-56 (pack) TRG 126: 46 CASA C-101 Aviojet; 21 DO-27 (liaison/trg);
AT • MSL • MANPATS 24 TOW-2 22 Beech F-33C Bonanza (trg); 37 E-26 (T-35) Pillan
RL 90mm C-90C HELICOPTERS
AD • SAM • MANPAD 12 Mistral SPT 17: 5 AS-330 (SA-330) Puma; 12 HU-21 (AS-332)
Super Puma
Air Force 27,300 (of whom 6,006 civilian) UTL 25: 15 EC-120 Colibri; 2 AS-532 (VIP); 8 S-76C
Europe (NATO)
Flying hours 120 hrs/year on hel/tpt ac; 180 hrs/year on AD
FGA/ftr SAM Mistral; R-530
TOWED Skyguard/Aspide
FORCES BY ROLE MSL
Ftr/OCU 2 sqn with EF Typhoon; 1 EF Typhoon OCU; AAM AIM-120B/C AMRAAM; AIM-9L/ AIM-9M/ AIM-
2 sqn with F-1CE (F-1C) Mirage/F-1EDA/ 9N/ AIM-9P Sidewinder; AIM-7F/M Sparrow, R-530
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Deployment Capabilities
Afghanistan ACTIVE 510,600 (Army 402,000 Navy 48,600 Air
NATO • ISAF 780 60,000) Paramilitary 102,200
NATO Europe 155
Terms of service 15 months. Reserve service to age of 41 for UAV 215+: AN/USD-501 Midge; Falcon 600/Firebee; CL-89;
all services. Active figure reducing 19 Bayraktar
RECCE • TAC 196 Gnat 750 Harpy
RESERVE 378,700 (Army 258,700 Navy 55,000 Air AD
65,000) Paramilitary 50,000 SAM • MANPAD 935: 789 FIM-43 Redeye (being
withdrawn); 146 FIM-92A Stinger
Organisations by Service GUNS 1,664
SP 40mm 262 M-42A1
Army ε77,000; ε325,000 conscript (total TOWED 1,402: 20mm 439 GAI-D01; 35mm 120
GDF-001/GDF-003; 40mm 843: 803 L/60/L/70; 40 T-1
402,000)
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor)
FORCES BY ROLE
4 Army HQ; 10 corps HQ Navy 14,100; 34,500 conscript (total 48,600
Armd 17 bde
Europe (NATO)
inclusive Coast Guard 2,200 and Marines 3,100)
Mech inf 15 bde
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 2 div; 11 bde HQ 1 (Ankara) Naval Forces Command HQ (1
Trg/inf 4 bde (Altinovayalova) Training HQ, 1 (Gölcük) Fleet HQ
SF 1 comd HQ with (4 Cdo bde) HQ, 1 (Istanbul) Northern Sea Area HQ, 1 (Izmir)
Southern Sea Area HQ)
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Cbt hel 1 bn
Avn 4 regt; 3 bn (total: 1 tpt bn, 2 trg bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Trg/arty 4 bde SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 14
SSK 14:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 6 Atilay (Ge Type 209/1200) each with 8 single 533mm
MBT 4,205: 2,876 M-48A5 T1/M-48A5 T2 (1,300 to be ASTT each with 14 SST-4 HWT
stored); 170 Leopard 1A1; 227 Leopard 1A3; 274 M-60A1; 658 8 Preveze/Gur (Ge Type 209/1400) each with 8 single
M-60A3 533mm ASTT each with UGM-84 Harpoon tactical
RECCE 250+: ε250 Akrep; ARSV Cobra USGW, Tigerfish HWT
AIFV 650 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 23
APC (T) 3,643: 830 AAPC; 2,813 M-113/M-113 A1/M-113A2 FFG 23:
ARTY 7,450+ 2 Barbaros (MOD Ge MEKO 200 F244, F245) each with
SP 868+: 105mm 391: 26 M-108T; 365 M-52T; 155mm 222 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C
M-44T1; TU SpH Storm (K-9) Thunder; 175mm 36 M-107; Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with
203mm 219 M-110A2 24 Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm TT each with Mk
TOWED 685+: 105mm M-101A1; 155mm 523: 517 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 AB-212 utl hel
M-114A1/M-114A2; 6 Panter; 203mm 162 M-115 2 Barbaros (MOD Ge MEKO 200 F246, F247) each with
MRL 84+: 70mm 24; 107mm 48; 122mm T-122; 227mm 12 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C
MLRS (incl ATACMS) Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 8 cell Mk 41 VLS with 24 Aspide
MOR 5,813+ SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT each with Mk 46
SP 1,443+: 81mm; 107mm 1,264 M-30; 120mm 179 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 AB-212 utl hel
TOWED 4,370: 81mm 3,792; 120mm 578 6 Burak (Fr d’Estienne d’Orves) each with 2 single each
AT with 4 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 twin Manual with
MSL 1,283 SIMBAD twin, 4 single ASTT each with 4 L5 HWT, 1
SP 365 TOW 100mm gun
MANPATS 918: 186 Cobra; ε340 Eryx; 392 Milan 8 Gaziantep (ex-US Oliver Hazard Perry-class) each with
RCL 3,869: 106mm 2,329 M-40A1; 57mm 923 M-18; 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 36 SM-1 MR SAM, 4+ RGM-84C
75mm 617 Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm each with
RL 66mm M-72 LAW 24 Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 S-70B Seahawk
AIRCRAFT ASW hel)
TPT 7: 4 Beech 200 Super King Air; 3 Cessna 421 1 Muavenet (ex-US Knox-class) each with 1 Mk16 Mk
UTL 98 U-17B 112 octuple with ASROC/RGM-84C Harpoon SSM
TRG 63: 34 7GCBC Citabria; 25 T-41D Mescalero; 4 T-42A (from ASROC launcher), 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.)
Cochise each with 22+ Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1
HELICOPTERS AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel)
ATK 37 AH-1P Cobra/AH-1W Cobra 4 Yavuz (Ge MEKO 200 F244, F245) each with 2 Mk 141
OBS 3 OH-58B Kiowa Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon
SPT 50 S-70B Black Hawk tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 24
UTL 162: 2 AB-212 (Bell 212); 10 AS-532UL Cougar; 12 Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm each with Mk 46
AB-204B (Bell 204B); 64 AB-205A (Bell 205A); 20 Bell 206 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel
JetRanger; ε45 UH-1H Iroquois; 9 Bell 412 Twin Huey PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 43
TRG 28 Hughes 300C PSO 8: 1 Trabzon; 6 Karamursel (Ge Vegesack); 1 Hisar
156 The Military Balance 2009
AMPHIBIOUS
Air Force 60,000
LS 5
2 tac air forces (divided between east and west)
LST 5:
Flying hours 180 hrs/year
2 Ertugrul (capacity 18 tanks; 400 troops) (US
Terrebonne Parish) FORCES BY ROLE
1 Osman Gazi (capacity 4 LCVP; 17 tanks; 980 Ftr 3 sqn with F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting
troops;) Falcon; 2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 2 sqn with
2 Sarucabey (capacity 11 tanks; 600 troops) F-5A Freedom Fighter/F-5B Freedom Fighter
CRAFT 41: 24 LCT; 17 LCM FGA 5 sqn with F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 49: Falcon; 3 sqn with F-4E Phantom II
AORH 2 Recce 1 sqn with RF-4E Phantom II
AORL 1 AEW Sqn forming with B-737 AEW&C
AOT 2
SAR sqn with 20 AS-532 Cougar (14 SAR/6 CSAR)
AOL 1
Tpt 1 (VIP) sqn with C-20 Gulfstream; CN-235; UC-35
AF 2
Citation; 2 sqn with CN-235; 1 sqn with C-160
ASR 1
Transall; 1 sqn with 13 C-130B Hercules/C-130E
ARS 1
Hercules
AWT 13: 11; 2 (harbour)
Tkr sqn with 7 KC-135R Stratotanker
ABU 2
ATF 3 Liaison 10 base flt with CN-235 (sometimes); UH-1H
TPT 1 Iroquois
TRV 3 OCU 1 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 1 sqn with F-16C
YTM 17 Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn with
F-5A Freedom Fighter/F-5B Freedom Fighter
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Gölcük, Erdek, Canakkale, Eregli, Bartin, Trg 1 sqn with T-37B Tweet/T-37C Tweet; T-38A
Izmir, Istanbul, Foka, Aksaz, Antalya, Mersin, Talon; 1 sqn with 40 SF-260D; 1 sqn with 28 T-41
Iskanderun Mescalero
SAM 4 sqn with 92 MIM-14 Nike Hercules; 2 sqn with 86
Marines 3,100 Rapier; 8 (firing) unit with MIM-23 HAWK
Arty 1 bn (18 guns) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Marine 1 HQ; 1 regt; 3 bn AIRCRAFT 435 combat capable
FTR 87 F-5A/F-5B Freedom Fighter; (48 being upgraded as
Naval Aviation lead-in trainers)
FORCES BY ROLE FGA 348: 213 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (all being upgraded
ASW some sqn with AB-204AS (Bell 204AS); AB-212 to Block 50 standard (further 30 F-16 Block 52+ on order);
(Bell 212); S-70B Seahawk 135 F-4E Phantom II (88 FGA, 47 ftr (52 upgraded to
Trg 1 sqn with CN-235; ATR-72 Phantom 2020))
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE RECCE 35 RF-4E Phantom II (recce)
AIRCRAFT • MP •ASW 7: 6 CN-235; 1 Alenia ATR-72 AEW 1 B-737 AEW&C (first of 4)
(additional ac on order) TKR 7 KC-135R Stratotanker
NATO Europe 157
Europe (NATO)
MSL Cyprus (northern)
AAM AIM-120A/B AMRAAM; AIM-9S Sidewinder; Army ε36,000
AIM-7E Sparrow, Shafrir 2 1 army corps HQ; some air det; 1 armd bde; 1 indep mech
ARM AGM-88A HARM
inf bde; 2 inf div; 1 cdo regt; 1 arty bde; 1 avn comd; 8
ASM AGM-65A/G Maverick; Popeye I
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Europe (NATO)
management of the Fleet HQ, programming, planning,
APC (W) 835: 649 AT105 Saxon (being phased out, except
corporate communications, civilian management, corporate
for Northern Ireland); 186 Mastiff
governance and performance management. Below the
TYPE VARIANTS 1,675 AIFV/APC
Fleet HQ, RN surface and sub-surface units are structured
CPV 100: 100 Jackal administratively into three Flotillas based in Portsmouth,
ARTY 877 Devonport and Faslane. Aircraft are split between two
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SAM, 1 Goalkeeper CIWS, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 2 ASW/Atk hel 1 sqn with Lynx MK3 / Lynx MK8; Lynx
Lynx utl hel) MK3 (in indep flt)
13 Norfolk (Type-23) each with 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 AEW 3 sqn with Sea King AEW MK7
eff.) each with Sting Ray LWT, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad
SAR 1 sqn and detached flt with Sea King HAS
(8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1
MK5 utl
32 canister Sea Wolf VLS with Sea Wolf SAM, 1 114mm
Spt 3 sqn with Sea King HC MK4; some
gun, (capacity either 2 Lynx utl hel or 1 Merlin HM
(Fleet) sqn with Beech 55 Baron (civil
MK1 ASW hel)
registration); Cessna 441 Conquest (civil
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 23
registration); Falcon 20 (civil registration);
PSOH 1 River (mod)
Grob 115 (op under contract); 1 sqn with
PSO 3 River
Lynx AH MK7 (incl in Royal Marines
PCI 16 Archer (trg)
entry)
PBF 2 Scimitar
Trg 1 (operational evaluation) sqn with
ICE PATROL 1 Endurance (RN manned)
Merlin HM MK1*; Sea King HC MK4; 1
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 16
sqn with Jetstream T MK2/TMK3; 1 sqn
MCC 8 Hunt (incl 4 mod Hunt)
with Lynx MK3
MHO 8 Sandown
AMPHIBIOUS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 7 AIRCRAFT 13 combat capable
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LPD 2 Albion (capacity 2 med hel; 4 LCVP; 6 MBT; 300 FGA 13 Harrier GR8/9A
troops) TPT 21: 1 Beech 55 Baron (civil registration); 1 Cessna
LPH 1 Ocean (capacity 18 hel; 4 LCU or 2 LCAC; 4 441 Conquest (civil registration); 19 Falcon 20 (civil
LCVP; 800 troops) registration)
LSD 4 Bay (capacity 4 LCU; 2 LCVP; 1 LCU; 24 CR2 TRG 29: 5 Grob 115 (op under contract); 2 Harrier T10;
Challenger 2 MBT; 350 troops) (RFA manned) 12 Hawk T MK1 (spt); 10 Jetstream T MK2/T MK3
CRAFT 47: 13 LCU; 34 LCVP HELICOPTERS 119 atk hel
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5 ATK 6 Lynx AH MK7 (incl in Royal Marines entry)
AGHS 3: 1 Scott; 2 Echo; ASW/ASuW 113: 71 Lynx MK3/Lynx MK8; 42 Merlin
AGS 2: 1 Roebuck; 1 Gleaner (inshore/coastal) HM MK1
MSL • STRATEGIC 48 SLBM opcon strategic forces UTL/SAR 15 Sea King HAS MK5 Utility
(Fewer than 160 operational warheads) AEW 13 Sea King AEW MK7
FORCES BY ROLE SPT 37 Sea King HC MK4 (for RM)
Navy/Marine 1 party located at Diego Garcia, BIOT MSL
FACILITIES ASM Sea Skua
Bases Located at Portsmouth (Fleet HQ), Faslane, AAM AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-120C AMRAAM
Devonport, Gibraltar
Royal Marines Command 7,500 (incl RN and
Naval Located at Prestwick, Culdrose, Yeovilton Army elements)
airbases
FORCES BY ROLE
LCA 3 sqn opcon Royal Navy; 1 sqn (539
Royal Fleet Auxiliary Aslt Sqn RM)
Support and Miscellaneous vessels are mostly manned
Sy 1 Fleet Protection Group, opcon Royal
and maintained by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA),
Navy
a civilian fleet owned by the UK MoD, which has
Navy Naval Parties. Various Royal Marines
approximately 2,500 personnel with type cmd under
det opcon to RN
CINCFLEET.
SF 4 sqn
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 18
AORH 4: 2 Wave Knight; 2 Fort Victoria Cdo 1 (declared to NATO) bde (3 cdo
AOR 2 Leaf regt, 1 lt inf bn (army) 1 cdo arty regt
AORLH 2 Rover (army))
AFH 2 Fort Grange Cdo AD arty 1 bty (army)
AR 1 Diligence Cdo engr 2 sqn (1 army, 1 TA)
AG 1 Argus (Aviation trg ship with secondary role as Logistic 1 bn
Primarily Casualty Receiving Ship) Cdo lt hel 2 sqn opcon Royal Navy
RoRo 6 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (T) 150 BvS-10 Viking
Naval Aviation (Fleet Air Arm) 6,200 MOR 81mm
FORCES BY ROLE AMPHIBIOUS 28
FGA 1 sqn with 13 Harrier GR9A; 1 T10 Harrier ACV 4 Griffon 2000 TDX (M)
ASW/ASUW 4 sqn with Merlin HM MK1 LC 24 RRC
NATO Europe 161
Europe (NATO)
an RAF presence in Cyprus, Gibraltar, Ascension Island 203(R) sqn) with Sea King HAR-3; Beech 200
and the Falkland Islands. Super King Air; Dominie T1; Grob 115E Tutor;
Air Cmd operations are delegated to two operational Hawk T MK1A/Hawk T MK1W/Hawk T MK1;
groups. No 1 Group, the Air Combat Group, controls the Tucano T MK1 (Shorts 312); T67M/M260
RAF’s combat fast jet aircraft (Typhoon, Tornado and Harrier), Firefly; Sea King HAR-3A
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and has eight airfields in the UK plus RAF Unit Goose Hel 3 sqn with CH-47 Chinook; 2 sqn with Merlin
Bay in Canada. No 2 Group, the Combat Support Group, HC MK3; 2 sqn with SA-330 Puma; 1 sqn
controls Air Transport and Air-to-Air Refuelling (AT/AAR); Griffin; 3 sqn with Sea King HAR-3
Intelligence Surveillance, Targeting and Reconnaissance
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(ISTAR); and Force Protection (FP) assets. No 22 (Training)
Gp recruits RAF personnel and provides trained specialist AIRCRAFT 343 combat capable
personnel to the RAF and other two Services. FTR 128: 57 Typhoon (incl 2 Tranche 2); 71 Tornado F-3
RAF Expeditionary Air Wings, designed to generate a STRIKE/FGA 176: 114 Tornado GR4; 62 Harrier GR7/
readily identifiable structure that is better able to deploy GR7A/GR9
discrete units of agile, scaleable, interoperable and capable RECCE 29: 24 Tornado GR4A*; 5 Sentinel RMK1
air power, operate from RAF Main Operating Bases as MP 15 Nimrod MR2*
follows: ELINT 3 Nimrod R1
RAF Waddington – No 34 EAW (ISTAR); RAF Lyneham AEW 7 E-3D Sentry
– No 38 EAW (Air Transport); RAF Coningsby – No 121 TPT 66: 6 C-17A Globemaster; 19 C1/C3 (3 C-130K; 16
EAW (Multi Role); RAF Cottesmore – No 122 EAW (Fighter C-130K-30 Hercules); 24 C4/C5 (14 C-130J-30; 10 C-130J
/Ground Attack); RAF Leuchars – No 125 EAW (Fighter); Hercules); 6 BAe-125 CC-3 5; 2 BAe-146 MKII; 7 Beech 200
RAF Leeming – No 135 EAW (Fighter); RAF Marham – No
Super King Air on lease; 2 BN-2A Islander CC2/3
138 EAW (Fighter/Ground Attack); RAF Lossiemouth – No
TPT/TKR 25: 3 Tristar C2 (pax); 2 Tristar K1 (tkr/pax); 4
140 EAW (Fighter/Ground Attack); RAF Kinloss – No 325
Tristar KC1 (tkr/pax/cgo); 10 VC-10C1K (tkr/cgo); 4 VC-
EAW (Maritime Patrol & Surveillance). The deployable
elements of each station form the core of each EAW, 10K3; 2 VC-10K4
reinforced by assigned Capability-based Module Readiness TRG 359: 38 Firefly M260 T67M; 9 Dominie T1; 99 Grob
System (CMRS) personnel and elements of the Air Combat 115E Tutor; 112 Hawk T MK1/1A; 95 Tucano T1; 6 Harrier
Support Units (ACSUs). EAWs enable the RAF to train as T10/T12
cohesive Air Power units which are capable of transitioning HELICOPTERS
quickly from peacetime postures and deploying swiftly on SPT 140: 40 CH-47 HC2/2A Chinook; 28 HC MK3 Merlin;
operations. 43 SA-330 Puma HC1; 25 Sea King HAR-3A; 4 Bell 412EP
Flying hours 210/yr on fast jets; 290 on tpt ac; 240 on Griffin HAR-2
support hels; 90 on Sea King TRG 43: 31 AS-355 Squirrel; 12 Bell 412EP Griffin HT1
FORCES BY ROLE UAV • RECCE/ATK 5: 2 MQ-1 Predator A; 3 MQ-9 Predator B
Strike/ 5 sqn with Tornado GR4; 2 sqn with Tornado MSL
attack GR4A AAM AIM-120B/AIM-120 C5 AMRAAM; AIM-132
Multirole 4 sqn (incl 1 Op Eval Unit) with Typhoon; 2 ASRAAM; Skyflash; AIM-9L / AIM-9L/I Sidewinder
sqn with Tornado F-3 ARM ALARM
Off support 2 sqn with Harrier GR7/ GR7A/GR9/ T10/T12; ASM Brimstone; Storm Shadow; AGM-65G2 Maverick
ASSM AGM-84D Harpoon; Stingray
ELINT 1 sqn with Nimrod R1
BOMBS
MR 2 sqn with Nimrod MR2*
Conventional Mk 82; CRV-7; BL/IBL/RBL755 (to be
ISTAR 2 sqn with E-3D Sentry; 1 sqn with Sentinel withdrawn from service by end- 2009);
RMK1; 1 sqn with Predator A/B UAV Laser-Guided/GPS: Paveway II; GBU-10 Paveway III;
SAR 2 sqn with Sea King HAR-3A/Sea King HAR-3 Enhanced Paveway II/III; GBU-24 Paveway IV
162 The Military Balance 2009
Kenya Serbia
Army trg team 52 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 164; Army: 1 inf coy
OSCE • Serbia 4
Kuwait
OSCE • Kosovo 5
Army 35
Air Force 10 Sierra Leone
IMATT 63 (incl trg team, tri-service HQ and spt)
LIBERIA
UN • UNIOSIL 1 obs
UN • UNMIL 3 obs
SUDAN
MOLDOVA
UN • UNAMID 1; 1 obs
OSCE • Moldova 1
UN • UNMIS 3
NATO Maritime AOR
United States
NATO • SNMCMG-1 • 1 MCM /MCMV
Europe (NATO)
Army/Navy/Air Force ε700
Nepal
Army 280 (Gurkha trg org) Foreign Forces
Netherlands United States US European Command: Army 337; Navy
Air Force 120 405; USAF 8,794; 1 ftr wg located at RAF Lakenheath with
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Albania Alb MBT 3
APC (T) 11: 5 VM 90 Protedo; 6 Type 5310
Albanian Lek 2007 2008 2009
ARTY
GDP lek 981bn 1.97tr TOWED 18 152 mm
US$ 10.9bn 21.6bn MOR 81: 82mm 81
per capita US$ 3,014 5,973 AD
Growth % 6.0 6.1
GUNS 42 37mm M-1939 /S 60
Inflation % 2.9 4.0 Navy Element
Def bdgt lek 17.9bn 21.3bn FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 198m 233m The Albanian Navy Brigade under the command of
FMA (US) US$ 3.0m 2.1m 4.0m JFC is organised into two naval flotillas with additional
US$1=lek 90.4 91.4 hydrographic, logistics, auxiliary and training support
services. The first Flotilla is located in Durrës; the other
Population 3,619,778 is located in Vlorë.
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 14% 5% 4% 4% 20% 4%
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 32
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(Non-NATO)
Georgia
Europe
SP Arty 1 regt
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs
AT 1 regt
Iraq Engr 1 regt with Demining centre
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 240 AD 1 SAM bde; 2 regt; 1 (Radiotech) regt
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 110: 102 T-72; 8 T-54
Foreign Forces
AIFV 104: 80 BMP-1; 7 BMP-1K; 5 BMP-2; 12 BRM-1K
Italy 2 (HQ Tirana); 24 DIA APC (W) 136: 11 BTR-60; 100 look-a-like; 21 BTR-70; 4
BTR-80
ARTY 229
Armenia Arm SP 38: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 28 2S3
TOWED 121: 122mm 59 D-30; 152mm 62: 26 2A36; 2
Armenian Dram d 2007 2008 2009 D-1; 34 D-20
GDP d 3.23tr 3.80tr MRL 51: 122mm 47 BM-21; 273mm 4 WM-80
MOR 120mm 19 M-120
US$ 9.4bn 12.4bn
AT • MSL 22
per capita US$ 3,178 4,184
SP 13 9P149 MT-LB Spiral
Growth % 13.8 10.0 MANPATS 9 AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
Inflation % 4.4 9.4 AD • SAM
Def bdgt d 101bn 121bn 132bn SP SA-4; SA-6
US$ 296m 395m TOWED SA-2; SA-3
FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 3.0m 3.0m
Air and Defence Aviation Forces 2,220
US$1=d 342 306
AD/Air 1 (Joint) comd; 2 air bases, 1 avn sqn
a
= ppp estimate
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Population 2,968,586 AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable
FTR: 1 MiG-25 Foxbat
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus FGA: 15 Su-25 Frogfoot
Male 12% 5% 5% 4% 17% 4% TPT : 2 Il-76 Candid
Female 11% 5% 5% 4% 22% 6% TRG: 4 L-39 Albatros
HELICOPTERS
ATK: 8 Mi-24P Hind*
Capabilities RECCE: 2 Mi-24K
ACTIVE 42,080 (Army 38,945 (Air/AD Aviation CBT SPT 14: 2 Mi-24R; 10 Mi-8MT; 2 Mi-9
TPT: 9 PZL MI-2
Forces (Joint) 915, other Air Defence Forces 2,220))
GUNS
Terms of service conscription 24 months. Reserves some mob SP ZSU-23-4
reported, possibly 210,000 with military service within 15 TOWED 23mm ZU-23-2
years. RADAR • LAND 4 SNAR-10
Paramilitary 4,748
Organisations by Service
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Army 13,840; 25,105 conscripts (total 38,945) FORCES BY ROLE
5 Army Corps HQ Paramilitary 4 bn
166 The Military Balance 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Air Service forms part of the army. Some 66,000 reservists
AIFV 55: 5 BMD-1; 44 BMP-1; 1 BMP-1K; 5 BRM-1K a year undergo refresher trg, in tranches.
APC (W) 24 BTR-152/BTR-60/BTR-70 Terms of service 6 months recruit trg, 30 days reservist
refresher trg for volunteers; 90–120 days additional for
Border Troops officers, NCOs and specialists.
Ministry of National Security
AIFV 43: 5 BMD-1; 35 BMP-1; 3 BRM-1K Organisations by Service
APC (W) 23: 5 BTR-60; 18 BTR-70
Joint Command - Army 15,700; 12,500
Deployment conscript (total 28,200)
BOSNIA-herzegovina 25,000 conscripts trainedper year.
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 FORCES BY ROLE
Mech Inf 2 bde (1 tk bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 inf bn, 1 SP
Serbia arty/ recce bn, 1 engr bn, 1 spt bn)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 34 Inf 2 bde (3 inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 recce/arty bn 1
OSCE • Kosovo 1 spt bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Foreign Forces
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 59 combat capable Azerbaijan Az
FTR 15 single-seat Typhoon Tranche 1, Block 5
Azerbaijani Manat m 2007 2008 2009
TPT 16: 3 C-130K Hercules; 13 PC-6B Turbo Porter
TRG 44: 16 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 28 Saab 105Öe* GDP m 27bn 40bn
HELICOPTERS US$ 32bn 50bn
OBS 11 OH-58B Kiowa per capita US$ 3,897 6,069
SPT 9 S-70A Black Hawk
Growth % 23.4 16.0
UTL 58: 23 AB-212 (Bell 212); 11 AB-206A (Bell 206A)
JetRanger; 24 SA-319 Alouette III Inflation % 16.6 22.4
AD Def bdgt m 796m 1.01bn
SAM 34 Mistral (plus 42 in store) with fire control radar US$ 936m 1,258m
GUNS 146: 20mm 72 (all in store); 35mm 50 with 25 FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 2.9m 3.0m
Skyguard (24 35mm and 5 Skyguard in store)
(Non-NATO)
US$1=m 0.85 0.81
RADAR 1 Goldhaube (1 3DLRR in delivery) with
Europe
MRCS-403 Selenia land, RAC 3D land Population 8,177,717
MSL • AAM AIM-9P3 Sidewinder and IRIS-T
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
Male
Deployment 14% 5% 5% 4% 18% 3%
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(Non-NATO)
Mi-6 Hook; Mi-24R Hind G1; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-26
Europe
Mob 1 bde Halo
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
North Western Op Comd AIRCRAFT 175 combat capable
Mech 1 indep bde FTR/FGA 175: 23 Su-27P Flanker-B FTR/Su-27UB Flanker
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Spigot; 51 HJ-8
Population 4,590,310
GUNS 100mm 112 MT-12/T-12
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus AD • SAM
Male 10% 4% 4% 4% 25% 5%
TOWED SA-2 Guideline
MANPAD SA-14 Gremlin; SA-16 Gimlet
Female 9% 4% 4% 4% 24% 6%
GUNS 19+
Capabilities SP 20mm BOV-3 SPAAG
TOWED 19+: 20mm M-55; 23mm 19 ZU-23; 30mm
ACTIVE 8,543 (Joint Operational Command 142 M-53; 57mm S-60
State Joint Staff 193 AFBiH 7,472, AF/AD 736)
Bosnia-Herzegovina established a single State level army Air Wing
in a major reform process from 2003 – 2006. The State FORCES BY ROLE
Forces now consist of three mixed infantry brigades, one Avn 1 Avn regt
tactical support brigade, and an air force /air defence
brigade and a minor reserve component (about 50% of EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
the standing forces) consisting of former professional AC 19 combat capable
soldiers. FGA 13: 6 J-21 (J-1) Jastreb; 7 J-22 Orao 1
Bosnia-Herzegovina may sell the fixed wing elements of its RECCE 2 IJ-21 (RJ-1) Jastreb
air force in the near future TRG 4: 1 N-62 Super Galeb G-4*; 3 NJ-21 Jastreb TJ-1*
HEL 27
Organisations by Service ATK 7 HN-45 GAMA SA-341/SA-342 Gazelle
SPT 4: 3 Mi-8; 1 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
UTL 16: 1 Mi-34 Hermit; 15 UH-1H Iroquois
State Joint Staff 193; State Joint Operational
Command 142 ; AF/AD 736
Deployment
AFBiH 7,472,
Democratic Republic of Congo
FORCES BY ROLE
Op 1 comd UN • MONUC 5 obs
Inf 3 bde Georgia
Cbt Spt 1 comd, 1 bde OSCE • Georgia 1
Trg 1 comd Serbia
Log 1 comd, 4 bn OSCE • Serbia 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Due to the ongoing restructuring processes, inconsistencies Foreign Forces
may exist. Numbers include stored armaments.
MBT 325: 71 M-84; 50 AMX-30; 45 M-60A3; 142 T-55; 12 All countries part of EUFOR – Operation Althea unless
T-54, 5 T-34 otherwise stated.
AIFV 128: 25 AMX-10P; 103 M-80 Albania 13
APC 149 Armenia OSCE 1
Non-NATO Europe 171
(Non-NATO)
established ceilings for holdings of the armed forces of the
Hungary 158; 1 inf coy • OSCE 2
Europe
parties. Terms of service 6 months.
Ireland 43 • OSCE 5
Italy 248 • OSCE 8 RESERVE 21,000 (Army 18,500 Navy 250 Air 2,250)
Kyrgyzstan OSCE 2
Organisations by Service
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Latvia 2
Lithuania 1
Luxembourg 1 Joint 1,860 (General Staff )
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 12; 2 Mi-8
hel Army 11,390
Netherlands 75 • OSCE 3 FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 bde
Poland 204; 1 inf coy
Inf 1 bde
Portugal 51
SF 1 bn
Romania 58 • OSCE 1
MRL 1 regt
Russia OSCE 4 AT 1 regt
Slovakia 40 • OSCE 2 ADA 1 regt
Slovenia 34 • OSCE 1 Engr 1 regt
Spain 376; (1 inf bn HQ; 1 inf coy; 1 recce pl) • OSCE 3 Gd 3 regt (org varies)
Sweden OSCE 3 MP 1 regt
Switzerland 25; Air Force: 2 AS-532 utl hel EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Tajikistan OSCE 2 MBT 261: 72 M-84; 3 T-72M; 186 T55; 30 decommissioning
Turkey 242; 1 inf coy AIFV 103: 103 M80; 1 decommissioning
United Kingdom 12 • OSCE 1 APC 38
APC (T) 16 BTR-50
United States • OSCE 10
APC (W) 22: 9 BOV-VP; 13 LOV OP
ARTY 1,436
Croatia Cr SP 122mm 8 2S1 Carnation
TOWED 416: 105mm 165: 89 M-2A1; 29
Croatian Kuna k 2007 2008 2009 decommissioning; 47 M-56H1 decommissioning;
122mm 95: 53 D-30; 42 M-1938 decommissioning;
GDP k 275bn 304bn
130mm 78: 44 M-46; 34 M-46H1 152mm 41: 20 D-20; 18
US$ 51bn 57bn M-84; 3 M 84H; 155mm 18 M-1H1; 203mm 19 M-2
per capita US$ 11,418 12,722 MRL 222
Growth % 5.6 3.8 SP 42: 122mm 39: 1 SVLR M 96 Typhoon, 7 M91Vulkan
Inflation % 2.9 7.0 31 BM-21 Grad; 128mm 2 LOV RAK M91 R24; 262mm
1 M-87 Orkan
Def bdgt k 4.51bn 5.11bn
MOR 790: 82mm 475: 339 LMB M96; 136
US$ 843m 962m decommissioning; 120mm 315: 310M-75; 5 UBM 52
US$1=k 5.36 5.32 AT • MSL 567
SP 43 POLO BOV 83
Population 4,491,543
MANPATS 560+: 418 AT-3 9K11 Malyjutka (Sagger);
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus 81 AT-4 9K111 Fagot (Spigot); 23 AT-7 9K115 Metis
(Saxhorn); 38 9K113 Konkurs M1; Milan (reported)
Male 9% 3% 4% 3% 23% 6%
RL 73mm RPG-22 Net/RPG-7 Knout; 90mm M-79
Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 24% 10% GUNS 100mm 133 T-12
172 The Military Balance 2009
(Non-NATO)
Population 792,604 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
Europe
PCC 6: 1 Kyrenia (Gr Dilos); 2 Rodman 55; 1 Salamis; 2
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus Cantieri Vittoria
Male 11% 4% 4% 3% 22% 5% MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 3 MM-40 Exocet
Female 10% 4% 4% 3% 22% 6%
Air Wing
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AIRCRAFT
Capabilities TPT 1 BN-2 Islander
ACTIVE 10,000 (National Guard 10,000) TRG 2 PC-9
Paramilitary 750 HELICOPTERS
ATK 16: 12 Mi-35P Hind; 4 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
Terms of service conscription, 25 months, then reserve to age
SPT 2 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite in store
50 (officers 65)
UTL 4: 2 Bell 206C JetRanger III; 2 UH-1H Iroquois
RESERVE 60,000 (National Guard 60,000)
Paramilitary 750+
Organisations by Service Armed Police 500+
FORCES BY ROLE
National Guard 1,300; 8,700 conscript (total Mech 1 (rapid-reaction) unit
10,000) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE APC (W) 2 VAB VTT
Home Guard 1 comd HQ AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 BN-2A Defender
Army 1 corps HQ HELICOPTERS • UTL 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey
Navy 1 comd HQ
Air 1 comd HQ Maritime Police 250
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
Armd 1 bde (3 armd bn)
PCC 7: 5 SAB-12; 2 Cantieri Vittoria
SF 1 comd (regt) (3 SF bn) PFI 3: 2 Evagoras; 1 Shaldag
Lt Inf 2 div HQ; 2 bde HQ
Arty 1 comd (regt)
Deployment
Spt 1 (svc) bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE central african republic
MBT 154: 41 T-80U; 61 AMX-30; 52 AMX-30 B2 EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 2
RECCE 139: 15 EE-3 Jararaca; 124 EE-9 Cascavel LEBANON
AIFV 43 BMP-3 UN • UNIFIL 2
APC 310
APC (T) 184: 16 AMX-VCI; 168 Leonidas
APC (W) 126 VAB (incl variants)
Foreign Forces
ARTY 526+ Argentina UNFICYP 296; 2 inf coy; 1 avn unit
SP 155mm 24: 12 Mk F3; 12 Zuzana Austria UNFICYP 5
TOWED 104: 100mm 20 M-1944; 105mm 72 M-56; Canada UNFICYP 1
155mm 12 TR-F-1 Croatia UNFICYP 4
MRL 22: 122mm 4 BM-21; 128mm 18 M-63 Plamen Greece Army: 1 armd bn; 1 (incl 950 (ELDYK) army) mech
MOR 376+: 81mm 240+: 70+ M-1/M-29 in store; 170 E-44; bde; 2 mech inf bn; 1 arty bn; 61 M-48A5 MOLF MBT; 80
107mm 20 M-2/M-30; 120mm 116 RT61 Leonidas APC (T); 12 M-114 155mm towed; 950 (ELDYK
AT • MSL • MANPATS 67: 22 HOT; 45 Milan army); ε200 (officers/NCO seconded to Greek-Cypriot
RCL 184: 106mm 144 M-40A1; 90mm 40 EM-67 National Guard)
174 The Military Balance 2009
a mobilisation strength of about 300,000. In support Navy 2,000; 3,700 conscript (total 5,700);
of this requirement two cycles each for about 15,000 civilian 500
conscripts and 17,000 reservists take place each year. FORCES BY ROLE
After conscript training, reservist commitment is to the Naval Command HQ located at Turku; with two subordinate
age of 60. Reservists are usually assigneed to units within Naval Commands; 1 Naval bde; 3 Spt elm (Naval Materiel
their local geographical area. All service appointments or Cmd, Naval Academy, Naval Research Institute)
deployments outside Finnish borders are voluntary for all EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
members of the armed services. All brigades are reserve PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
based. Any ‘Reaction Forces’ are regular elements and PFM 8:
volunteers under contract. 4 Hamina each with 2 twin (4 eff.) with 4 15SF (RBS-
Comd 1 Army HQ; 7 Provincial Military HQ`s and 15M) RBS-15 SSM, 1 Sadral sextuple with Mistral SAM
districts 4 Rauma each with 2 single with 2 15SF (RBS-15M)
Rapid 1 regt (Utti)(SF gp, Ab gp, hel Sqn) RBS-15 SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) with 4 15SF (RBS-15M)
(Non-NATO)
Reaction RBS-15 SSM, 1 Sadral sextuple with Mistral SAM
Europe
PCC 2 Kiisla
Armd 1 bde with (3 composite armd bn, 1 Armd
Recce coy, 1 AT coy, 1 Fd arty regt, 1 sigs bn, 1 MINE WARFARE 19
AD bn, 1 Log bn, 1 engr bn,) MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MSI 13: 7 Kiiski; 6
Kuha
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Survey 1 sqn with Learjet 35A (survey, ECM trg, Middle East
target-towing) UN • UNTSO 13 obs
Trg Trg unit with L-70 Vinka
Moldova
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE OSCE • Moldova 1
AIRCRAFT 61 combat capable
FGA 61: 54 F/A-18C Hornet; 7 F/A-18D Hornet Serbia
ASW 1 F-27 Maritime Enforcer (ESM/Elint) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 450
TPT 15: 2 C-295M; 1 F-27 Friendship; 3 Learjet 35A; 3 OSCE • Kosovo 4
(survey; ECM trg; tgt-tow); 6 PA-31-350 Piper Chieftain Sudan
TRG 86: 49 Hawk MK50/Hawk MK51A; 28 L-70 Vinka; 9
UN • UNMIS 1
L-90 Redigo
MSL • AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9 Sidewinder
(Non-NATO)
Austria 2 obs • OSCE 5
Europe
Navy 495 Bangladesh 7 obs
Significant damage sustained to Navy and Coast Guard Belarus OSCE 2
units during military operations against Russian Forces Bosnia-Herzegovina OSCE 1
- August 2008. Bulgaria OSCE 2
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TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT TOWED 66: 88mm 42 25-PDR; 105mm 24 L-118 Light
Gun
DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE CONTROL MOR 471: 81mm 400; 120mm 71
Following the August war between Russia and Georgia, the AT
areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia declared themselves MSL • MANPATS 57: 36 Javelin; 21 Milan
independent. Data presented here represent the de facto RCL 84mm 444 Carl Gustav
situation and does not imply international recognition as RL 84mm AT-4
sovereign states. AD
SAM • MANPAD 7 RBS-70
GUNS • TOWED 40mm 32 L/70 each with 8 Flycatcher
FOREIGN FORCES
Russia Army ε7,600; 2 MR bde; at locations incl Gudauta Reserves 14,500 reservists
(Abkhazia), Djava and Tskhinvali (S. Ossetia); some The Reserve consists of two levels. Of these the
troops may remain from former peacekeeping contingent ‘Integrated’ Reserve would provide nine rifle companies
at Gali. (one per regular infantry battalion, three cavalry troops
(one per regular squadron) and three field batteries (one
per regular field artillery regiment) on mobilisation. The
Ireland Irl three reserve brigades form the ‘Non-Integrated’ Reserve
and unlike the regular infantry battalions their component
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Euro € 2007 2008 2009 battalions have a variable number of rifle companies, five
GDP € 190bn 194bn having four companies each, three having three and one
having only two.
US$ 260bn 262bn
Inf 3 bde (Non Integrated)(each: 1 fd arty regt (2
per capita US$ 63,341 63,079 fd arty bty), 1 fd engr coy, 1 cav recce sqn,1
Growth % 6.0 -1.8 log bn)
Inflation % 2.9 3.4 Inf 9 Coy (integrated ); 9 inf bn (non integrated
Def bdgt € 970m 1,000m 1,036m 31 coy)
US$ 1.32bn 1.35bn Cav 3 Tps (integrated)
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 Arty 3 bty (integrated)
Log 1 bn
Population 4,156,119
AD 3 bty
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
Male 11% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5% Navy 1,110
Female 10% 4% 4% 4% 22% 6% EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
Capabilities PSOH 1 Eithne with 1 hel landing platform (for
Dauphin)
ACTIVE 10,460 (Army 8,500 Navy 1,110 Air 850)
PSO 7: 3 Emer; 2 Orla (UK Peacock) each with 1 76mm
RESERVE 14,875 (Army 14,500 Navy 300 Air 75) gun; 2 Roisin each with 1 76mm gun
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Cork, Haulbowline
Organisations by Service
(Non-NATO)
Democratic Republic of Congo MBT 61: 31 T-72A; 30 T-55A
Europe
UN • MONUC 4 obs RECCE 51: 10 BRDM-2; 41 M-1114 HMMWV
AIFV 11: 10 BMP-2; 1 BMP-2K
Lebanon APC 207
UN • UNIFIL 7 APC (T) 48: 8 Leonidas; 30 M-113A; 10 MT-LB
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Paramilitary Logistic 1 regt (No 3)with (1 HQ coy, 1 elec & mech sqn,
1 ammo & explosives coy, 1 engr sqn) 1 regt (No
Police 7,600 (some 5,000 armed) 4) with ( 1 HQ coy, 1 C3I coy, 1 catering coy, 1
incl 2 SF units security coy ( Revenue Security Corps), 1 band)
APC BTR APC (W)/M-113A APC (T)
HELICOPTERS • UTL 3: 1 AB-212 (Bell 212); 1 AB-206B Maritime Squadron
(Bell 206B) JetRanger II; 1 Bell 412EP Twin Huey The AFM maritime element is organised into 5 Divisions:
Offshore Patrol; Inshore Patrol; Rapid Deployment and
Non-State Groups Training; Marine Engineering and Logistics.
see Part II EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
OPV 1 Diciotti
Deployment PCI 4: 2 Bremse; 2 Swift
PBC 2 Marine Protector
Afghanistan
PB 2 Cantieri Vittoria
NATO • ISAF 135
Bosnia-Herzegovina Air Wing
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 12 Wing HQ, 1 Base Party. 1 Flt Ops Div; 1 Maint Div; 1
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(Non-NATO)
APC 315 UN • UNMIS 2 obs
Europe
APC (T) 64: 9 BTR-D; 55 MT-LB
APC (W) 251: 11 BTR-80; 91 TAB-71; 149 look-a-like Foreign Forces
ARTY 148
TOWED 69: 122mm 17 (M-30) M-1938; 152mm 52: 21 All OSCE unless otherwise stated.
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structures with 400 officers, 900 non commissioned officers, HEL 20: 1 sqn with separate army support, tpt and utlity
900 professional soldiers and 200 civilian administrators. In flts. 15 SA 341/SA 342L Gazelle (only half airworthy) and 5
terms of capacity, 60 percent are planned to serve national Mi-8T (stored awaiting overhaul)
defence purposes and 40 percent international peacekeeping
missions. In addition Montenegro will have to recreate the Paramilitary ε10,100
training facilities that it formerly used in Serbia.
Montenegrin Ministry of Interior Personnel
The current military structure will be transformed
ε6,000
into one in which the command and training structures
would account for 7 percent of manpower; 50 percent of Special Police Units ε4,100
the soldiers would belong to the land forces, 20 percent to
the navy, 10 percent to the air force with 13 percent for the Non-State Groups
logistic elements. The resulting structure will probably be
see Part II
an all arms light mobile infantry battlegroup with aviation
support as well as a small SF unit.
DEPLOYMENT
Navy 1,100; 900 Marines (total 2,000) Liberia
Current organisation and equipment are outlined below.
UN • UNMIL 2 obs
A new armed forces organisational structure is under
SErbia
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(Non-NATO)
Democratic Republic of Congo
Europe
M-65
MRL 128mm 81: 20 M-63 Plamen; 61 M-77 Organj UN • MONUC 6
MOR 631: 82mm 385 M-69; 120mm 246: 41 M-74; 205 GEorgia
M-75 OSCE • Georgia 1
AT • MSL
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voluntary defence organisations; the Military Districts PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
were disbanded in 2005. The army has been transformed PFM 2:
to provide brigade sized task forces depending on the 2 Stockholm each with 4 single ASTT (may not be fitted)
operational requirement. Sweden provides the majority of each with Tp 431 LWT, 4 twin (8 eff.) each with RBS-
forces to the EU Nordic Battlegroup. 15M tactical SSM, 4 Saab 601 mortars
Army 1 Div HQ (on mobilisation) PCR 12 Tapper
Armd 3 regt MINE WARFARE 24
Cav 1 regt MINE COUNTERMEASURES 17
Mech 8 bn MCMV 4: 3 Styrso; 1 Uto
MHC 7: 2 Landsort ; 5 Koster
Arty 2 bn
MSD 6: 5 Sam; 1 Sokaren
AD 2 bn MINELAYERS 7
Engr 3 bn ML 1 Carlskrona
Log 4 bn ML(I) 2
(Non-NATO)
Europe
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MLC 4: 1 Furusund
MBT 280: 120 Strv-122 (Leopard 2); 160 Strv-121 (Leopard 2A4) AMPHIBIOUS
AIFV 372 Strv 9040 (CV 9040) LCM 17 Trossbat
APC 837 LCU 23
LCPL 145 Combatboat
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APC (T) 635: 222 Pbv 401A (56 Ambulance version 4020);
363 Pbv 302; 50 Bv S 10 Viking LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 30:
APC (W) 202 XA-180 Sisu/XA-203 Sisu ARS 1 Furusund (former ML)
ARTY 282 AG 6: 2; 1 Carlskrona with 1 hel landing platform (former
SP 24 Archer (being delivered) ML); 1 Trosso (mostly used as a depot ship for corvettes
TOWED 155mm 50 FH-77B and patrol vessels but can also be used as HQ ship); 2
MOR 120mm 208 Arkosund (former ML); 2 (various)
AT • MSL • MANPATS RB-55; RB-56 Bill AK 1 Visborg
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav AKSL 1
RL 84mm AT-4 AGI 1
AIRCRAFT AGS 2
UAV • TACTICAL 3 Sperwer Trg 3: 2 AXS; 1 Gassten
AD • SAM TPT 1
SP 16 RBS-70 TRV 2
TOWED RBS-90 YDT 1
MANPAD RBS-70 YTM 2
GUNS • SP 40mm 30 Strv 90LV YTL 9
RADAR • LAND ARTHUR (arty); M-113 A1GE Green FACILITIES
Archer (mor) Bases Located Karlskrona, naval det at Muskö
Support base Located at Göteborg
Navy 1,800; 600 (Coastal Defence); 700
conscript; (total 3,100)
FORCES BY ROLE
Coastal Defence 600
Maritime forces restructured FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 2 Surface flotillas Amph 1 bde; 1 bn
Maritime 1 Surveillance and info bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Amphib 1 Amph bde (1 Amph bn) APC (W) 3+ Piranha
SS 1 Submarine flotilla ARTY • MOR 81mm; 120mm 70
AD • SAM RBS-70
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MSL • SSM 96: 6 RBS-15KA; 90 RBS-17 Hellfire
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK4: GUNS 24+: 40mm L-70; 75mm; 105mm; 120mm 24 CD-80
2 Gotland (AIP powered) each with 2 x1 400mm TT with 6 Karin (mobile)
Tp 432/Tp 451, 4 single 533mm TT with 12 Tp 613/Tp 62
2 Sodermanland (AIP fitted) each with 6 single 533mm TT
Air Force 2,700; 900 conscript; (total 3,600)
with 12 Tp 613/Tp 62, 6 Tp 432/Tp 451
Flying hours 110 to 140 hrs/year
SSI 1 Spiggen II midget submarine
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES Units: F 7, Skaraborg Wing in Såtenäs; F 17, Blekinge
FSG 5 Visby with 8 RBS-15 SSM, 4 single ASTT each with Wing in Ronneby; F 21, Norrbotten Wing in Luleå; Heli-
Tp 45 LWT, Saab 601 mortar, 1 Bofors 57mm, 1 hel landing copter Wing in Linköping (also operates in Luleå, Såtenäs
plaform (for med hel); (1st of class assuming interim and Ronneby; Air Combat School (LSS) in Uppsala
operational role ’08; additional vessels ISD expected by FORCES BY ROLE
2010 ) COMD 1 HQ (2 air base bn)
186 The Military Balance 2009
Sudan
TPT 15: 8 C-130E Hercules/Tp-84 (C-130H) Hercules (7
tpt, 1 tkr); 1 Tp-100A (VIP); 1 Tp-102A (Gulfstream IV); UN • UNMIS 2; 3 obs
5 Tp-100A (Saab 340)
TRG 80 SK-60
MSL Switzerland CH
ASM RB-15F; RB-75 (AGM-65) Maverick
Swiss Franc fr 2007 2008 2009
AAM RB-99 (AIM-120B) AMRAAM; RB-74 (AIM-9L)
Sidewinder; RB-71 (Sky Flash) GDP fr 508bn 519bn
BOMB BK-39 US$ 423bn 459bn
per capita US$ 56,036 60,580
Armed Forces Hel Wing (included in Air
Force figures) Growth % 3.3 1.7
FORCES BY ROLE Inflation % 0.7 2.2
Hel 1 bn with 3 HKP-14 (NH 90); 8 HKP-10 (AS-332) Def bdgt fr 4.46bn 4.52bn 4.42bn
Super Puma (SAR); 14 HKP-4 (Boeing Vertol 107) US$ 3.52bn 3.94bn
(ASW/tpt/SAR); 12 HKP-15 (A-109M); 17 HKP-9A US$1=fr 1.20 1.13
(Bo-105CB) (trg)
Population 7,581,520
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
SPT 25: 3 HKP-14 (NH 90); 8 HKP-10 (AS-332) Super
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 25% 6%
Puma (SAR); 14 HKP-4 (Boeing Vertol 107) (ASW/tpt/
SAR) Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 25% 9%
UTL 29: 12 HKP-15 (A-109M); 17 HKP-9A (Bo-105CB)
(trg) Capabilities
Voluntary Auxiliary Organisations 42,000
ACTIVE 22,823 (Joint 3,823, 19,000 conscript)
Deployment RESERVE 218,200 (Army 131,700, Air 33,300,
Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 10,800
Afghanistan
NATO • ISAF 280
Command Support Organisation 12,400) Civil
Defence 85,000
Bosnia-Herzegovina
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Terms of service 18 weeks compulsory recruit trg at age
19–20 (19,000 (2006)), followed by 7 refresher trg courses
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD (3 weeks each) over a 10-year period between ages 20–30.
EU • EUFOR Chad/CAR 79 (189,000 continuation trg (2006))
Democratic Republic of Congo
UN • MONUC 5 obs Organisations by Service
Georgia
OSCE • Georgia 2 Joint 3,823 active; 19,000 conscript; 224,700 on
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs mobilisation; (total 22,600 – 243,400)
Non-NATO Europe 187
Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 10,800 6 air base cmds, 1 flt trg unit, 1 GBAD trg unit, 1 air force
on mobilisation cmd support trg unit
Log 1 bde Flying hours 200–250 hrs/year
FORCES BY ROLE
Command Support Organisation 12,400 on incl AD units, mil airfield guard units
mobilisation Ftr 3 sqn with F/A-18C/-18D Hornet; 3 sqn with F-5E
Spt 1 (comd) bde Tiger II; 1 sqn with F-5F Tiger II/F-5F
Tpt 1 sqn with PC-6 Turbo-Porter; Do-27; Falcon-50;
Land Forces (Army) 131,700 Cessna 560 XL Citation; DHC-6 Twin Otter; Beech
With the exception of military security all units are non- 350 Super King Air; Beechcraft 1900D; PC-12
active – being re-organised Trg 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer; PC-21; 1 sqn with
FORCES BY ROLE PC-9 (tgt towing)
4 Territorial Regions Hel 6 sqn with AS-332 Super Puma; AS-532 Cougar;
(Non-NATO)
Armd 1 bde (1 sigs bn, 3 tk bn, 1 armd recce bn, 1 SA-316 Alouette III; AS365-N1 Dauphin
Europe
engr bn, 2 SP Arty bn, 3 mech inf bn); 1 bde (1 UAV 1 bn with 4 Systems ADS 95 Ranger
armd recce bn, 1 sigs bn, 3 tk bn, 3 mech inf
bn, 1 sp arty bn, 1 engr bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 90 combat capable
Armd/Arty 1 bde (trg)
FTR 57: 45 F-5E Tiger II; 12 F-5F Tiger II
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Population 45,994,287
Western Op Comd Administrative
Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 77.8%; Russian 17.3%; Belarussian 0.6%;
Moldovan 0.5%; Crimean Tatar 0.5% EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 2,984: 6 T-84; 167 T-80; 1,032 T-72; 1,667 T-64; 112
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus T-55
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 21% 5% RECCE 600+ BRDM-2
Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 25% 10% AIFV 3,028: BMD 138: 60 BMD-1, 78 BMD-2; 994 BMP-1;
1,434 BMP-2; 4 BMP-3; 458 BRM-1K
Capabilities APC 1,432
APC (T) 44 BTR-D
ACTIVE 129,925 (Army 70,753 Navy 13,932 Air APC (W) 1,388: 136 BTR-60; 857 BTR-70; 395 BTR-80
45,240) Paramilitary 84,900 ARTY 3,351
Terms of Service Army, Air Force 18 months, Navy 2 years SP 1,226: 122mm 600 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 527: 40 2S19
Farm; 463 2S3; 24 2S5; 203mm 99 2S7
RESERVE 1,000,000 (Joint 1,000,000) TOWED 1,065: 122mm 371: 369 D-30; 2 (M-30) M-1938;
mil service within 5 years
152mm 694: 287 2A36; 185 2A65; 215 D-20; 7 ML-70
GUN/MOR 120mm 69:
Organisations by Service SP 67 2S9 Anona
TOWED 2 2B16 NONA-K
Ground Forces (Army) 70,753 MRL 554: 122mm 335: 20 9P138; 315 BM-21; 132mm 2
FORCES BY ROLE BM-13; 220mm 137 9P140 Uragan; 300mm 80 9A52 Smerch
The three army mechanised corps are now under MOR 120mm 437: 318 2S12; 119 PM-38
command of Army HQ and the territorial commands will AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-4 9K111 Spigot/AT-5 9K113
be disbanded. The transformation of the army is due to Spandrel/AT-6 9K114 Spiral
be completed by 2015. The proposed structure is: a Joint GUNS 100mm ε500 MT-12/T-12
Rapid Reaction Force, a Main Defence Force; and Strategic HELICOPTERS
Reserve. Some units will become subordinate to the Army ATK 139 Mi-24 Hind
HQ namely a msl bde, SF and a NBC protection group. The SPT 38 Mi-8 Hip
Non-NATO Europe 189
(Non-NATO)
Europe
Karantinnaya Bays and also shares facilities jointly with Haze
Ukr warships at Streletskaya Bay. The overall serviceability SPT 5: 5 Mi-6 Hook
of the fleet is assessed as low.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Naval Infantry 3,000
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 1 Foxtrot (T-641)† Naval inf 1 bde
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Europe
A-400M Tpt ac 7 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 –
NH-90 Hel 8 – Int’l EADS 2007 – 4 TTH, 4 NFH. Option on 2 further hel
Bulgaria (Bg)
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Flower-class MHC 1 See notes Be – 2008 2009 Ex Be stock. EUR54m (USD85m) incl
2 Wielingen-class FF. Vessel name:
Myosotis (to be renamed Tsibar)
Gowind FS 2 EUR800m Fr DCNS 2008 2012 Option on a further 2
(USD1.25bn)
C-27J Spartan Tpt ac 5 USD257.7m It Alenia 2006 2007 First ac delivered Nov 2007. To replace
An-26
AS-532 Cougar Hel 12 See notes Int’l Eurocopter 2005 2008 For army. AUR360m (USD460m) incl 6
AS-565. Final delivery due 2009
AS-565 Hel 6 See notes Int’l Eurocopter 2005 2010 For navy. AUR360m (USD460m) incl
Panther 12 AS-532
Denmark (Da)
CV9035 MkIII AIFV 45 DKK1.68bn Swe BAE 2005 2007 Nine delivered by Oct 2008. Final
(USD273m) delivery due 2009
Patrol Frigates FFG 3 DKK4.3bn Nl – 2006 2012 Projekt Patruljeskib
(USD471m)
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium contract for collective
purchase of 294 ESSM
EH101 Merlin Hel 6 – Int’l Agusta 2007 2009 To replace 6 EH101 sold to UK
Westland
Estonia (Ea)
Mistral 2 VSHORAD 25 EUR60m Int’l MBDA 2007 2008 To operate with Giraffe 3D radar. First
(USD79m) batch delivered 2008, second due
early 2009
192 The Military Balance 2009
France (Fr)
Syracuse 3 Sat 3 EUR2.3 bn Dom Alcatel 2000 2003 Second launched 2006. Third due for
(USD2.9 bn) Alenia Space launch 2010
VBCI 8x8 IFV 117 – Dom Nextar 2000 2008 To replace AMX10P. Infantry combat
(VCI) role and command post (VPC)
role. Total requirement of 700
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AMX-10P AIFV 108 EUR50m Dom Nextar 2005 2007 Upgrade. 54 delivered 2007
Upgrade (USD60m)
Buffalo MRAP 5 USD3.5 US Force 2008 2008 –
Protection
VB2L (LAV) 4x4 LAV/recce 91 – Dom Panhard 2006 2007 Delivery status uncertain
Petits Véhicules LAV 314 See notes Dom Panhard 2004 2008 EUR150m (USD239m) if all options
Protégé (PVP) for 933 LAV taken. Thirty delivered by
Apr 2008
CAESAR Arty 72 EUR300m Dom Nextar 2004 2007 Final delivery due 2011
155mm (USD362m)
Eryx ATGW – EUR66.5m Int’l MBDA 2006 2008 Trg and combat msl. Final delivery
(USD86m) due 2011
Horizon DDG/FFG 2 – Dom / It DCNS 1999 2005 Forbin commissioning due Jun 2008,
Chevalier Paul commissioning due 2009
FREMM FFG 8 EUR11.1bn Dom / It DCNS 2002 2012 Multi mission FFG. First-of-class FNS
(USD13.3bn) Aquitaine scheduled for commissioning
2012. 8 ordered, 9 more possible
Barracuda SSN 6 EUR8bn Dom DCNS 2006 2016 One SSN to be delivered every two
(USD10.5bn) years until 2027. First to enter service
2017
Le Triomphant SSBN 1 – Dom DCNS 2000 2010 4th of class. 3 already in service
(Le Terrible, S
619)
M51 SLBM – See notes Dom – 1996 2008 To replace M-45 and equip SSBN Le
Terrible. EUR5.7bn incl upgrade spt
installations. 3 ship-sets of 16 msl
each and spare msl EUR2.8bn
SCALP NLACM 250 EUR910m Int’l MDBA 2007 2013 To be deployed on new SSN and FFG
(USD1.2bn)
Mu-90 Impact Torp 150+ – Int’l Eurotorp – 2008 Deployment initially in Georges
Block 1 Leygues-class and Forbin-class DD,
Atlantique ATL-2 MPA and Lynx
shipborne hel
Black Shark Torp 10 – Dom DCNS 2008 To replace F17 Mod 2 and meet next-
derivative generation HWT requirement
Rafale FGA 120 – Dom Dassault 1984 2006 Final delivery due 2015. Plans for 294,
but may be reduced following 2008
White Paper
A-400M Tpt ac 50 – Int Airbus 2003 2009 In devt. Final delivery due 2010
C-130H Tpt ac 14 EUR43m Dom Lockheed 2008 – Avionics upgrade. To extend service
Hercules upgrade (USD63m) Martin life to 2020–25
Europe 193
Europe
options taken
NH-90 NFH Hel 27 – Int’l NH 2000 2009 For navy. Final delivery due 2019
Industries
EC135 Hel 12 EUR233m Int’l Eurocopter 2007 2008 12 firm orders; 25 options. For
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Germany (Ge)
Phase 2 of Sat – EUR938.7m Dom Astrium 2006 2008 2 comms sat, tac and strat ground
SATCOMBw (USD1.1bn) stations plus network control sys. Due
programme to start regular op 2009
Puma AIFV 405 EUR3 bn Dom PSM 2007 2010 To replace Marder 1A3/A4/A5 AIFVs
(USD4.3 bn)
Bv-206S AFV 81 EUR67m Swe Rheinmetall 2005 2009 Final delivery due 2009
Duro APC 100 EUR84m Swe Rheinmetall 2005 2009 Final delivery due 2009
Dingo 2 APC 54 – Dom KMW 2008 2008 50 in standard ptrl veh config and 4 in
repair veh config
Mungo AFV 388 – Dom KMW 2004 2005 Deliveries ongoing
Boxer (8x8) APC 200 – Dom/Nl ARTEC 2006 2009 135 APC and 65 CP variants. Option
GmbH for 72 heavy armoured ambulances
Fennek ARSV 202 – Dom / Nl ARGE 2001 2003 178 in recce role and 24 in combat
Fennek engineer role
Fennek ARSV 10 EUR31.3 m Dom / Nl ARGE 2007 2009 Joint fire support role (JFSR)
(USD46.1m) Fennek configuration
Wiesel 2 LAV 17 EUR9m Dom Rheinmetall 2006 2007 13 config in ambulance role, 2 Wiesel
(USD11.7m) 2 driver trg vehicles and 2 trg models
plus log spt
Skyshield 35 SHORAD – EUR48m Dom Rheinmetall 2007 2009 To counter rocket, arty and mortar atk.
/ NBS (USD64.1m) For possible use in Afg
IRIS-T SLS AAM – EUR123m Dom Diehl BGT 2007 – Surface-launched variant of infra-red
(USD166m) guided IRIS-T AAM. ISD from 2012.
Secondary msl for Army MEADS
F125 FFG 4 EUR2bn Dom TKMS 2007 2014 Due to displacement and role, may
also be classified as DDG
K-130 FS 5 – Dom TMS 2001 2008- First FS delivered early 2008.
2009 Remaining vessels due early 2009.
Type 212A SSK 2 – Dom HDW 2006 – Due to enter service from 2012.
Systems and propulsion upgrades
underway
194 The Military Balance 2009
PARS 3 LR ATGW 680 EUR380m Dom PARSYS 2006 2014 For 80 army Tiger atk hel
(Trigat) msl (USD486m)
NH-90 TTH Hel 80 – Nl NH 2000 2007 50 for army, 30 for air force
Industries
NH-90 TTH Hel 42 – Nl NH 2007 – Order part of option for 54 hel signed
Industries in 2000. 30 for army air corps and 12
for air force
VFW-Sikorsky Hel 40 EUR520m Dom Sikorsky 2007 2007 Upgrade. Final delivery due 2010.
CH-53G Upgrade (USD684m) Upgraded hel to remain in service
until 2030
Eurohawk UAV 5 EUR430m Int’l EADS/ 2007 2010 Final delivery due 2015
(USD559m) Northrop
Grumman
KEPD 350 ASM 600 EUR570 m Swe/Dom Taurus 1998 2004 For Tornado IDS. 300 delivered by
(USD728.5 m) Systems mid-2007
Greece (Gr)
Leopard MBT 170 – Ge KMW 2003 2006 90 delivered by Jun 2008. Final
2A6/2HEL delivery due 2009
Katsonis- SSK 4 – Ge TMS/ HDW 2000 2005 First of class (Papanikolis) delayed.
classType 214 Second of class (Pipinos) currently
in trials (Nov 2008). Fourth vessel
ordered 2002
Laskos- PCF 4 – Dom Elefsis – 2008 Upgrade/refit. HS Laskos delivered Apr
class (La 2008. HS Ypoploiarchos Mikonios due
Combattante Jul 2008, HS Plotarchis Blessas Sept
III) 2008 and HS Ypoploiarchos Troupakis
Mar 2009
Roussen/Super PFM 2 EUR630m Dom Elefsis/ VT 2003 2007 Further order following delivery of
Vita (USD800m) initial 3
Roussen/Super PFM 2 EUR299m Dom Elefsis/ VT 2008 2010 Further order to bring total to 7
Vita (USD405m) Roussen
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of a USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium for collective purchase of
294 ESSM
F-16 Block 52+ FGA 30 USD1.99bn US Lockheed 2005 2009 Deliveries ongoing. 20 F-16C and 10
Martin F-15D. Option for a further 10. To be
fitted with DB-110 airborne recce
system
M-2000-5 Mk2 FGA 10 – Dom Hellenic – 2007 Upgrade. Modernisation of M-2000EG
Mirage Upgrade Aerospace to M-2000-5 Mk2 standard
Europe 195
Europe
Apache Upgrade 2010
NH-90 TTH Hel 20 EUR657m Nl EADS 2002 2005 16 tac tpt variants and 4 Special Op
variants. Option on further 14
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Iceland (Icl)
– PCO 1 EUR30m Chl 2006 2009 To replace Odinn PCO
(USD39.6m)
Italy (It)
Bv-206 AFV 146 EUR83m UK Alvis 2003 2004 2 orders (first for 112; second for 34).
(USD100m) Final delivery due 2009
Cougar MRAP 6 – US Force 2008 2008 –
Protection
Buffalo MRAP/ 4 – US Force 2008 2008 –
MCM Protection
PzH 2000 How 70 – Ge OTO Melara/ 1999 2004 Final delivery due 2009
KMW
ITS Cavour CV 1 EUR900m Dom Fincantieri 2000 2009 Delivered Apr 2008. Due to enter
(USD1.3bn) service Apr 2009
Horizon FFG 2 – It/Fr Orizzonte 1999 2007 Joint It/Fr project. First of class
Sistemi launched 2006. 2nd of class due for
Navali commissioning 2009. Andrea Doria
and Caio Duilio
FREMM FFG 6 EUR1,628m Dom /Fr Orizzonte 2002 2010 Requirement of 10 Multi-Mission FFG.
(USD2,361m) Sistemi Batch 1 ( 2 vessels) in production.
Navali Batch 2 (4 vessels) funding confirmed
Mar 2008 – deliveries due 2014 –
2017
Mu-90 Impact Torp 100+ – Int’l Eurotorp – 2008 For De La Penne-class DD, Maestrale-
Block 1 class FF, ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi and 2
Andrea Doria-class (Horizon) FFG
Eurofighter FGA 121 – Int’l Eurofighter 1985 2004 Tranche 1 ordered 1998 (29 ac).
(Typhoon ) GmbH Tranche 2 ordered 2004 (46 ac).
Tranche 3 order (46 ac) due to be
signed 2009
KC-767 MRTT 4 – US Boeing – 2008 First 2 deliveries due mid 2009
ATR-42MP MPA 1 – Dom Alenia 2008 2010 For maritime security ops
M-346 Trg ac 15 – Dom Alenia 2006 2009 Initial production model first flown
Apr 2008
NH-90 TTH Hel 116 – Nl Agusta- 1987 2007 60 for army; 56 for navy. Deliveries
Westland commenced Dec 2007, 5 IOC versions
delivered by Mar 2008
196 The Military Balance 2009
Latvia (Lat)
Alkmaar MHC 5 EUR57m NI – 2005 2006 Ex Nl stock. First ship delivered Mar
(USD69m) 2007. Final delivery due 2009
Lithuania (L)
Flyvefisken- PCF 3 – Da – 2006 2008 Ex Da stock. LVS Zemaitis (Fmr HDMS
class (Standard Flyvefisken), delivered May 2008. Fmr
Flex 300) HDMS Hajen and Lommen due late
2008
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Luxembourg (Lu)
A-400M Tpt ac 1 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 In development
Dingo 2 ASRV 48 – Ge Thales/ KMW 2008 2010 To meet Protected Recce Vehicle
requirement and be deployed in Afg
Netherlands (Nl)
Boxer (8x8) APC 200 EUR595m Ge / Dom ARTEC 2006 _ 19 cargo/C2, 27 cargo, 55 CP variants,
(USD747m) GmbH 58 ambulances and 41 engr. To
replace YPR 765
Bushmaster LACV 10 Aus Thales 2007 _ 5 to replace those damaged in Afg,
Australia remainder for reserve and trg
Bushmaster LACV 13 AUD17m Aus Thales 2008 2008 _
(USD16m) Australia
CV9035NL AIFV 184 EUR749m Swe Hagglunds 2004 2007 150 in IFV and 34 in CP configuration.
(USD981m Final delivery due 2010
PzH 2000 How 57 _ Ge KMW 2000 2004 Final delivery due 2009
PAC-3 Patriot SAM 32 See notes US Lockheed 2005 2007 Part of 136 msl (USD532m) US FMS
Martin
Stinger SAM 18 EUR23m Ge KMW 2005 2007 Each system incl Fennek 4x4 recce
Weapon (USD27.7m) vehicle with Aselsan turret and 2
Platform banks of Stinger. Final delivery 2008
Walrus-class SSG SLEP 4 EUR50-150m Dom _ 2011 2018 Incl combat systems and nav
(USD77- – see upgrades. Pre-SLEP programme to
232m) Notes commence 2008
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium for collective purchase of
294 ESSM
C-130H Tpt ac 2 EUR54m US _ 2005 2008 Ex-USN EC-130Q being refurbished to
Hercules (USD65m) C-130H standard
NH90 Hel 20 _ Int’l NH 1987 2007 Final 4 due 2013
Industries
Ch-47F Tpt hel 6 USD335m US Boeing 2007 2009 Final delivery due 2010
Chinook
Enhanced LGB 200 _ US Raytheon 2008 _ For F-16AM ac upgraded with Litening
Paveway II ATP
EGBU-12
(GBU-49/B)
500 lb
Europe 197
Europe
SSM – NOK2.2746bn Dom KDA 2007 –
Missile (NSM) (USD466m) Nansen-class FF and 6 Skjold-class fast
strike craft
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium for purchase of 294
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ESSM
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 4 USD608m US Lockheed 2007 2008 First delivered Nov 2008. Final delivery
Hercules Martin due 2010
P-3 Orion MPA SLEP 6 USD95m US Lockheed 2007 2009 SLEP. Final delivery due Mar 2010
Martin
Poland (Pl)
AMV XC-360P APC 690 USD 1.7bn SF Patria 2003 2004 Final delivery due 2014
Cougar 4x4 MRAP 40 – US Force 2008 2009 30 due by Nov 2008, remainder due
Protection early 2009. On loan for ISAF use
AS-90 SP How 72 – UK BAE Systems 1999 2007 For development of 155 mm/52 Krab
Braveheart SP How
Spike-LR ATGW 264 PLN1.487bn Fr Rafael/ ZM 2003 2004 264 launchers and 2,675 msl. Manuf
(USD512m) Mesko in Pl under licence. Final delivery due
2013
BM-21 MRL 36 PLN97m (USD Dom Centrum 2008 2010 Upgrade to WR-40 Langusta MRL
launchers 43.9m) Produkcji standard. Incl option for 5 launchers
Wojskowej
Project FSG 2 Zl 77m Dom SMW 2004 2008 Based on Ge MEKO A100. Option for
621-Gawron (USD24.8m) further 5
RBS 15 Mk 3 ASM 36 PLN560m Swe ZM Mesko 2006 2009 For navy. Incl spares, spt, trg and
(USD178m) simulator
F-16C/D FGA 48 – US Lockheed 2002 2006 36 F-16C and 12 F-16D. 37 delivered
Martin by Mar 2008
M28B-1R/bis ASW/MPA 3/4 – Dom PZL – 2008 First delivered 2008. Remainder
(Bryza-1R/bis) expected by 2010
PZL SW-4 Hel 22 PLN112m Dom PZL-Świdnik 2006 2007 9 due by end of 2008. Final deliveries
(USD37.8) due 2009. Incl trg simulator
Mi-17-1V Tpt hel 7 See notes RF – 2006 2008 Refurbished ex-RF stock. Unit cost:
PLN50 - 60m (USD17 - 21m). 4
delivered Mar 2008. Remainder due
Jul 2008. Further contract possible
Orbiter UAV 4 PLN10m Il Aeronautics 2008 2008 Each system incl 3 UAV,
(USD4.7m) Defense groundstations and datalinks
Systems
Portugal (Por)
Leopard 2A6 MBT 37 EUR80m Nl – 2008 2008 Ex-Nl stock. Incl 2 trg tk. First 8 due
(USD113m) 2008, remaining 29 due 2009
198 The Military Balance 2009
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium for purchase of 294
ESSM
C-295M Tpt ac 12 EUR270m Int’l EADS 2006 2008 To replace C212
(USD326m)
Romania (R)
Piranha IIIC APC 31 EUR38m CH Mowag 2006 2007 To replace TAB vehicles used by army
(USD49m) in Afg and Iraq
C-27J Tpt ac 7 EUR220m It Alenia 2006 2007 –
(USD293m)
IAR-330 Puma Hel 3 – Dom Eurocopter – 2007 Upgraded for maritime ops. First
delivered Jan 2007. 2 for Regina Maria
and Regele Ferdinand. Final delivery
due 2008
Slovakia (Slvk)
Mi-17 SAR Hel 4 – Dom LOTN 2004 2008 Upgrade to SAR role. First delivered
Jun 2008
Slovenia (Slvn)
Patria 8x8 APC 135 SIT66.61bn SF Patria 2007 2007 First APC delivered by end 2007. Final
(USD365.9m) delivery due 2013
Spain (Sp)
Leopard 2E MBT 239 EUR1.94bn Dom/Ge General 1998 2003 Sp version of 2A6. Incl 16 ARV and
(USD2.34bn) Dynamics 4 trg tk. First delivery 2004. Final
SBS deliveries due 2009
Pizarro AIFV 212 EUR707m Dom General 2003 2005 In five variants. Final deliveries due
(USD853m) Dynamics 2010
SBS
IVECO LMV LAV 80 EUR25m Dom IVECO 2008 – 78 standard personnel carriers, 2
(USD38) medevac variant
IVECO LMV LAV 40 EUR14.4m Dom IVECO 2007 2008 Part of project to replace 750 6 x 6
(USD21.3m) BMR (Blindado Medio de Rueda) LAV
ARTHUR Radar Undis- EUR59m Swe SAAB 2006 2007 Final delivery due 2009
closed (USD77.5m) Microwave
Europe 199
Europe
VII
Alvaro de FFG 1 USD117m US Lockheed 2007 2012 Weapons contract: Aegis system for
Bazan F-100 Upgrade Martin Roger de Lauria
Buques PCO 4 EUR340m Dom Navantia 2005 2009 To be named Meteoro, Rayo,
de Accion Relámpago and Tornado. Deliveries
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export components
Rapier Mk 2B SAM 840 – UK MBDA 1999 2000 80 a year for 10 years. Deliveries
ongoing
Ada-class FSG 8 – Dom Istanbul 1996 2011 First of class, TCG Heybeliada launched
Naval 2008, ISD 2011. Part of Milgem project
Shipyard which incl requirement for 4 F-100
class FFG
Kilic PCM 9 – Dom/Ge – 1993 2007 Final 2 PCM to be commissioned 2008
and 2009
Hel-capable PC/SAR 4 USD325m Dom Fincantieri 2006 2010 Based on Comandante-class PCO
patrol vessel design. For Coast Guard. Final
delivery due 2011
56m PB PB 16 EUR402m Dom – 2007 – Final delivery due 2015
(USD545m)
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium contract for collective
purchase of 294 ESSM
F-16C/D Block FGA 30 USD1.78bn US Lockheed 2007 2011 Final delivery due 2014. All to be fitted
50 Martin with Advanced Integrated Defensive
Electronic Warfare Suite (AIDEWS)
F-16C/D FGA 216 USD635m US Lockheed 2006 Upgrade. 216 modernisation kits,
Upgrade Martin flight testing, training, technical spt
and sustainment activities
A-400M Tpt ac 10 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2012 Programme ongoing
B-737 AEW 4 USD1bn US Boeing 2002 2009 Peace Eagle programme. Delivery
delayed due to integration problems
ATR-72 MPA 10 USD210m It Alenia 2005 2010 First five deliveries by 2010. Final
Aeronautica delivery due 2012
KT-1 Woong- Trg ac 40 USD500m Dom / KAI / TAI 2007 2009 To replace T-37 trg ac. Option for 15
Bee ROK further ac
S-70B Seahawk Hel 17 – US Sikorsky 2006 2009 –
Mangusta Hel 30 USD2.7bn Int’l Augusta- 2007 – Option for further 20 hel. Quoted
A129/ T129 Westland contract value is for 50 hel
Heron UAV 10 – II Israel UAV 2005 – Navy to receive 2, army 4 and navy 4
Partnership
AGM-84H ASM 49 USD79.1m US McDonnell 2007 2008 Incl 3 SLAM-ER instrumented
SLAM-ER Douglas recoverable air test vehicles and 59
msl containers. Final delivery due
2011
Europe 201
Europe
Australia
Jackal 4x4 CPV 130 – Dom Babcock – – 100 delivered by Jul 2008
Jackal 4x4 CPV 72 GBP20m Dom Babcock 2008 – –
(USD39.5m)
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EH101- Merlin Hel 30 GBP750m Dom Lockheed 2005 2013 Merlin Capability Sustainment Plus
Upgrade (USD1.3bn) Martin upgrade to sustain capability until
2030. Option for a further 8 upgrades
Sea King AEW Hel 4 USD56m Dom – 2005 2007 2 for conversion from ASW role, 2 to
MK7 replace war losses
Chinook HC.3 Spt hel 8 GBP62m US Boeing 2007 2009 Conversion to HC.2/2A standard
(USD124m)
Hermes 450 UAV – USD110m Int’l Thales 2007 2010 Contract incl trg, log spt and
management services
Paveway IV PGM 2000 – US Raytheon 2003 2007 Deliveries began Aug 2008
Europe 203
Azerbaijan (Az)
BTR-80 APC 70 USD20m RF Rosoboron 2007 2009 _
(est) export
Belarus (Bel)
Europe
L-39C Albatros Trg 10 Ukr – 2005 Option for additional 10–20 ac Delivery
status uncertain
Croatia (Cr)
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Helsinki-class PCF 2 EUR12m SF Patria 2008 2009 Ex-SF stock. Kotka and Oulu
–16m
Patria 8x8 APC 84 EUR112m Dom / SF Patria 2007 2012 Original order for 126 APC reduced to 84
Cyprus (Cy)
Mi-35P Hind-F Atk hel 11 USD26m RF Mil 2007 – Upgrade: refurbishment of airframe and
Upgrade engines
Finland (SF)
CV9030 AIFV 45 EUR120 Dom Patria 2004 2006 Deliveries ongoing
million Hägglunds
(USD148m)
2010 Project MCMV 3 EUR244.8m It / Ge Intermarine 2006 2010 Final delivery due 2012
vessel (USD315m)
Double Eagle UUV 3 EUR8.51m Swe SAAB 2007 2009 For ‘MCMV 2010 Project’ vessels. One
(USD11.4m) UUV in 2010 and one in 2011
C-295 Tpt ac 2 EUR45m Int’l EADS 2006 2007 Option for a further 5. To replace Fokker
(USD57.3m) F-27
Hawk 66 Trg ac 18 EUR40m CH _ 2007 – Ex-CH stock
(USD54m)
NH-90 TTH Hel 20 EUR370m Nl NH 2001 2004 Due to delays, 6 due by end 2008, 6 in
Industries 2009 and final 8 in 2010. First delivered
Mar 2008
Georgia (Ga)
RBS 70 MANPAD – SEK600m Swe Saab Bofors 2006 2008 Final delivery due 2010
(USD85.5m) Dynamics
Ireland (Irl)
Piranha IIIH APC 15 EUR30m CH Mowag 2005 2007 Includes 2 variants
(USD36m)
AW-139 Hel 4 EUR49m It / UK Agusta- 2006 2008 Two delivered Dec 2006. Incl option for
(USD59m) Westland 2 further hel
Sweden (Swe)
RG32M MRAP 98 EUR21m UK / RSA BAE 2007 2007 Final delivery due Dec 2007
(USD28.2m)
AMOS Mor 2 SKR30m Int’l _ 2006 2011 Two prototypes to be mounted on Vv90
120mm (approx tracked chassis
USD4m)
204 The Military Balance 2009
IRIS-T AAM – SEK150m Int’l Diehl BGT 2006 – Integration programme with Gripen FGA
(USD20.8m)
Switzerland (CH)
Leopard 2A4 MBT 134 _ Dom _ 2007 _ Upgrade. To extend service life until at
(Pz 87) Upgrade least 2025
Piranha IIIC APC 26 _ Dom Mowag 2007 2010 Cmd versions and comms variants
Piranha I APC 160 _ Dom Mowag 2006 2008 Re-role of Piranha I tank hunter APC to
protected cmd vehicles. Completion
due 2010
Kodiak Armd 12 CHF100m Dom Rhein- 2006 2009 Contract for 12 AEV modules, 6
Engr (USD82.5m) metall mineclearing modules and log spt.
Vehicle Additional CHF30m spt contract
expected. Final delivery due 2011
Florako AD 1 CHF823m US Raytheon 1999 2008 System upgrade ongoing. Entered
operational service Feb 2004
EC135 Hel 2 _ Int’l EADS 2006 2008 Final delivery due 2010
EC635 Tpt/trg 18 _ Int’l EADS 2006 2008 3 delivered by Aug 2008. Final delivery
hel due 2010
AIM-9X AAM _ CHF115m US Raytheon 2003 2007 To replace AIM-9P Sidewinder. First batch
(GW) delivered Dec 2007
Ukraine (Ukr)
An-70 Tpt ac 5 _ RF Antonov 1991 2008 Limited serial production has begun,
though initial deliveries unlikely before
2010
Europe 205
Table 17 NATO/EU Transport and Air Table 17 NATO/EU Transport and Air
Refuelling Capability Refuelling Capability
NATO/EU North America NATO/EU North America
Aircraft Type Aircraft Type
Type Total
Type Total
Type Total
Type Total
Holding
Holding
Holding
Holding
Country Country Country Country
A-310** Germany 7 7 C-160 France 42 141
A-310/ CC150 Belgium 2 7 Canada 3 3 Germany 83
France 3 Turkey 16
Spain 2 C-160NG** France 15 15
A-319 Czech Republic 2 17 C-17 NATO Europe 3 9 Canada 4 178
Italy 3 UK 6 United States 174
France 2 C-27J Bulgaria 2 24
Europe
A-340 France 2 2 Greece 12
An-124 Netherlands 2 2 Italy 7
An-2 Bulgaria 1 5 Lithuania 3
Estonia 2 C-5 United States 111 111
Latvia 2 CASA 212 Portugal 24 81
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* Tkr
** Tkr tpt
206 The Military Balance 2009
Type Totals
Type Totals
Air Force
Air Force
Others
Others
Naval
Naval
Army
Army
Helicopter Type Helicopter Type
AB-412SP Griffin 3 0 0 20 23 EH101 Merlin 20 0 0 0 20
Italy 12 Denmark 8
Netherlands 3 Portugal 12
Turkey 8 HC MK3 Merlin/HM 28 0 42 0 70
AS-322 Super Puma 37 0 0 4 41 United Kingdom 28 42
Finland 3 Lynx 0 99 71 0 176
France 7 United Kingdom 99 71 6
Greece 10 Mi-17 Hip 55 13 0 0 68
Iceland 1 Croatia 10
Spain 12 Czech Republic 31
Sweden 8 Latvia 4
AS-365 Dauphin 2 0 0 9 5 14 Poland 13
France 9 4 Slovakia 10
Mi-8 Hip 70 20 2 21 113
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Iceland 1
AS-532 Cougar 54 65 0 0 119 Bulgaria 17
Bulgaria 5 Croatia 14
France 3 24 Czech Republic 1
Germany 3 Estonia 2
Netherlands 17 Finland 3
Slovenia 4 Hungary 17
Spain 2 31 Lithuania 9
Turkey 20 10 Poland 11 17 2
Bell 204 0 12 0 8 20 Slovakia 1
Turkey 12 8 Turkey 19
Bell 205 13 124 0 6 143 NH-90 3 3 0 0 6
Greece 13 Finland 3
Italy 60 Sweden 3
Turkey 64 6 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite 46 24 2 0 72
Bell 212 59 26 33 2 120 Latvia 2
Austria 23 Poland 38 24 2
Greece 4 8 Slovakia 6
Italy 32 18 6 PZL W-3 Sokol 25 37 2 0 64
Slovenia 1 Czech Republic 8
Spain 6 8 Poland 17 37 2
Turkey 2 11 1 S-70 Black Hawk 9 50 7 14 80
Bell 412 Twin Huey 31 30 0 6 67 Austria 9
Finland 5 Turkey 50 7 14
Italy 21 S-76C 8 0 0 0 8
Norway 18 Spain 8
Poland 1 SA-330 Puma 141 106 0 0 247
Slovenia 8 1 France 29 106
Turkey 9 Portugal 4
United Kingdom 4 Romania 60
Boeing Vertol 107 14 0 0 0 14 Spain 5
Sweden 14 United Kingdom 43
CH-47 Chinook 51 44 0 0 105 Sea King HAR-3/HC MK4 41 0 43 0 84
Greece 15 Belgium 4
Italy 22 Italy 6
Netherlands 11 Norway 12
Spain 17 United Kingdom 25 37
United Kingdom 40 UH-1 Iroquois 102 301 0 0 403
CH-53G Stallion 93 0 0 0 93 Cyprus 2
Germany 93 Germany 80 118
EH101 0 0 8 0 8 Greece 100
Italy 8 Spain 38
EH-101 EW 0 0 4 0 4 Turkey 20 45
Italy 4 * incl selected cbt spt, aslt and tpt hel
Chapter Four
Russia
The national and international profile of Russia’s 8,000 students study at eight ground-force colleges,
armed forces has risen over the past year. The mili- one naval college, a music college and seven cadet
tary operation in Georgia in August undoubtedly corps.
improved the army’s image within Russia, though
it also revealed structural and technological weak- International military posture
nesses. Meanwhile, the Russian Navy and Air Force The projection of Russian power abroad has largely
have deployed in areas of the world where there has been realised through a more capable navy. In
not been a significant Russian military presence for February 2008, a naval battlegroup from the Northern
some time, though these deployments have more to Fleet led by the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov completed
do with the harder line in Moscow’s dealings with a two-month deployment, which included a period
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the US and its allies than with substantial improve- in the Mediterranean. This was one of the longest
ments to military training or capabilities. While they deployments undertaken by the Russian Navy since
Russia
may be an indication that increased funding is being the Cold War, and it was hailed by military and
made available to the armed forces, overall, prog- political leaders in Moscow as a sign of Russia’s
ress in modernisation and reform remains slow. re-establishment as a global maritime power and
Russia’s declared defence policy remains based on an exhibition of the capacity to defend its interests
traditional notions of national defence and there is abroad. Similarly celebrated was the October 2008
minimal commitment to international peace-support deployment, first to the Mediterranean and then
operations, although President Dmitry Medvedev to the Caribbean, of the nuclear-powered missile
has indicated a desire for a greater focus on this type cruiser Pyotr Veliki (Peter the Great), one of the most
of capability in order to assist in raising Russia’s capable and modern ships in the Russian Navy,
international profile. Defence-budget funding for in the company of the anti-submarine destroyer
peacekeeping was increased in 2008 to reflect this Admiral Chabanenko. The stated objective of this
aspiration. deployment was to carry out joint naval training
National pride in Russia’s military forces, dented with the Venezuelan Navy. The mission exemplified
by the outcome of the Cold War, is being restored, the growing defence cooperation between Moscow
not only by a more prominent international posture and Caracas in a US sphere of influence. In October,
and the victory in Georgia, but also by a raised profile it was announced that a permanent Russian naval
at home. For the first time since the Soviet era, the facility was being constructed in the Mediterranean,
9 May 2008 Victory Parade in Red Square involved a at Tartus on the Syrian coast.
display of Russia’s most up-to-date military equip-
ment by troops of the Moscow Military District. NATO and Europe
The rationale behind the increased salience of the The continuing expansion of US and NATO activi-
military can be seen in opinion polls showing that ties into Russia’s traditional sphere of interest is a
a large proportion of Russians believe their country driving force behind its current military posture.
faces a military threat. Similar polls show that the Certain of these activities are viewed as a direct
army’s standing has improved since it was damaged threat by Moscow. While not assigning Membership
by the wars in Chechnya and reports of poor condi- Action Plan status to Georgia and Ukraine, at its
tions of service within the forces. And, although the Bucharest Summit in April 2008, NATO made clear
population remains divided over whether a wholly that those countries would join the Alliance at some
professional force should replace conscription, there stage in the future. This angered Moscow as much
is increased support for the idea of military service as ongoing plans for two US ballistic-missile defence
more generally. In January it was reported that the sites in Eastern Europe. Statements from the Russian
Ministry of Defence was considering expanding General Staff in January 2008 indicated that Russia
the number of military colleges: currently around was considering strengthening its defence posture in
208 The Military Balance 2009
Kaliningrad in response to the planned installation to boost the capability of Russia’s 201st Motor Rifle
of US interceptor missiles in Poland, which is viewed Division in Tajikistan.
by Moscow as a threat to the Russian strategic nuclear
deterrent. When Warsaw and Washington signed the Policy, reorganisation and reform
agreement relating to the deployment on 20 August Despite the raised profile of the armed forces and a
– in the middle of the crisis in Georgia – a Russian growth in defence spending, the Ministry of Defence
official said that Poland could become a target for a and the General Staff remain on the whole reluctant
Russian nuclear strike. In early November, during to reform and modernise. This reluctance can most
an address to the Federal Assembly, President clearly be seen in the apparent rift between Minister of
Medvedev stated an intention to deploy Iskander Defence Anatoly Serdyukov and senior military offi-
missiles in Kaliningrad. Russian–Ukrainian rela- cers unwilling to accept his reform plans. Serdyukov
tions are another growing concern. Strained by the is carrying out a wide-ranging programme to civil-
NATO aspirations of Ukraine’s President Victor ianise military posts and reduce the overall number
Yushchenko, these relations are complicated by of posts in the Defence Ministry. It was reported in
the issue of the lease of the Sevastopol naval base late 2008 that the ministry’s administration staff was
to Russia for its Black Sea Fleet. The lease is due to to be reduced by 12,500 to 8,500 by 2012, while officer
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expire in 2017 and Kiev has said that it will not grant numbers were to be rebalanced in favour of junior offi-
an extension. cers. Serdyukov’s determination to pursue reform was
The crisis in Russian–Western relations deepened highlighted by his refusal, in June, to allow Chief of
with the suspension of the NATO–Russia Council the General Staff General Yuri Baluyevsky to continue
in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Georgia. in post beyond his 60th birthday, despite earlier indi-
With a virtual cessation of all Russian participation in cations that this would be authorised. Baluyevsky,
the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, possibili- who was subsequently appointed deputy secretary
ties for dialogue between Moscow and Europe over of Russia’s Security Council, was replaced by General
security issues are minimal. However, perhaps in an Nikolai Makarov. In March 2008, Serdyukov was criti-
effort to address this issue, the Russian leadership has cised for his plans to move naval headquarters to St
suggested the creation of a new security arrangement Petersburg and to move the Academy of the Strategic
in Europe, either under the aegis of the Organisation Missile Troops out of Moscow for the first time.
for Security and Cooperation in Europe or under a In late 2007, it was reported that moves to reor-
new structure, as yet unspecified. ganise military structures from divisions to brigade-
level formations had gained momentum: 2007 saw the
Central Asia and the Collective Security deployment of the 33rd and 34th independent motorised
Treaty Organisation (CSTO) mountain brigades. (See The Military Balance 2008, p.
Central Asia is a key geographical element in Russia’s 208.) A large-scale reorganisation of garrisons is also
stronger military posture. President Medvedev has taking place. There are plans for 70 territorial garri-
called for the CSTO to increase its military capability. sons, conforming to regional boundaries, and 109 local
Russia’s hopes for a strong CSTO may stem as much garrisons. Announcing the reorganisation, Director
from a fear that the international community may of Combat Training Lieutenant-General Vladimir
fail in Afghanistan, leaving Russia’s southern perim- Shamanov explained that the chain of command for
eter exposed, as from a desire to increase Russian garrisons would run from the Ministry of Defence to
standing in the region as a counter to US and Western the Military District headquarters, thence through the
influence. On 12 September 2008, CSTO Secretary- territorial garrison headquarters to the local garrison.
General Nikolai Bordyuzha announced an intention The Interior Ministry is also undergoing restruc-
to create a new military formation in addition to the turing. The commander-in-chief of the Internal Troops
existing Collective Rapid Deployment Force (CRDF). of the Interior Ministry (MVD), Army General Nikolai
The CRDF currently numbers around 4,000 personnel Rogozhkin, announced that the these troops, which
from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and number some 200,000, had been reorganised, from
Uzbekistan, grouped in ten battalions. While there seven districts to seven regional commands: Central,
are no details available on the composition of the new Urals, North Caucasus, Volga, Eastern, Northwestern
force, plans to reinforce the CRDF air component and Siberian.
at Kant in Kyrgyzstan are under way, as are plans
Russia 209
that in 2007, Russia had recorded its highest birth re-entry vehicle (MIRV) warheads. The MIRVed Topol,
rate for 25 years, with 1.6 million births, 122,000 known as RS-24, is expected to be deployed in 2009.
Russia
more than in 2006. Furthermore, life expectancy is The long-awaited deployment of the new class
increasing. Nevertheless, the Slavic component of of submarine, the Borey class, began in 2008 with
the population and, by extension, the armed forces the launch of the Yuri Dolgorukiy. The intention is to
is likely to continue to fall. To meet the demographic deploy six Borey-class submarines, each carrying 16
challenge as well as budgetary demands, the armed Bulava submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The
forces are to be reduced from an estimated current aviation element of the Russian strategic nuclear
strength of 1.1m to 1m in 2013. deterrent increased by one Tu-160 long-range bomber
Professionalisation of Russia’s permanent- in 2008. Russia’s aspiration is to have up to 30 Tu-160s
readiness units has continued. The commander- by 2030.
in-chief of Ground Troops, Army General Aleksei Aerospace remains a modernisation priority for
Maslov, has announced that more than 30 extra Russia’s conventional armed forces. Su-27M fighter
permanent-readiness formations and units will be aircraft continue to enter service, with two regiments
established by 2010. The Ground Troops currently due to be operational by the end of 2008. Details of
have around 60 permanent-readiness formations the production of a fifth-generation aircraft under the
and units, manned by 100,000 contract servicemen. Sukhoi Future Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces
Some doubt was however cast over the progress of project have been finalised, and it is believed that the
the Ground Troops professionalisation programme aircraft is due to enter service between 2013 and 2015.
by reports that a number of the troops serving in Meanwhile, the Su-35 multi-role fighter is to enter
the 58th Army units that invaded Georgia were service by 2010; the Su-24M2 tactical bomber is being
conscripted; it had previously been reported that upgraded to give it an all-weather, day-and-night
nearly all those serving in the 58th Army were on capability; and deliveries of the Su-34 continue, with
contract. The Border Guard Service is now reported approximately 70 due to be delivered to the air force
to be fully staffed by contract personnel. In June, by 2015.
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that pay In the ground forces, a new main battle tank
for those serving in permanent-readiness units was (MBT) is to be introduced after 2010. The new tank is
to be increased. A fund is to be set up to enable a due to have a speed of between 50 and 60 kilometres
reported 65,000 roubles to be paid to individuals per hour on good ground, with enhanced protection
monthly. The fund, which is expected to be worth as well as guided missiles with a maximum range
25 billion roubles in 2009, is anticipated to grow to of 6,000–7,000 metres (the current maximum range
45bn by 2011. Greater pay increases were mooted is 4,000m). The T-90 MBT is likely to remain the key
for personnel working on-board submarines and in armoured component of the ground forces until 2025
the Strategic Missile Forces, as well as for those in while the new MBT, as yet publicly unnamed, is being
rapid-reaction units. introduced into service.
210 The Military Balance 2009
The overall forecast for conventional-force the Russian forces that deployed to Georgia, as well
modernisation indicates that, between 2010 and 2015, as obvious strengths.
the armed forces will purchase 116 combat aircraft Russia’s forces, which were mostly drawn from
and a large number of helicopters, some 700 tanks the North Caucasus Military District, were well-
and more than 1,000 armoured personnel carriers rehearsed in the scenario that involved crossing into
(APCs). The navy is due to receive 12 new surface the South Caucasus. Extensive training exercises
ships in the same time frame. According to Admiral under the title Caucasus Frontier 2008 had taken place
Vladimir Masorin, commander-in-chief of the Russian at various levels and with different force elements in
Navy, the aspiration is to be able to deploy six carrier the months leading up to August. The most recent,
groups within the next 20 years, rivalling US mari- in July, had involved units from the 58th Army exer-
time power. cising in different republics in the North Caucasus
Russia is placing increased emphasis on infor- (see the table of exercises, p. 442).
mation warfare. In January 2008, military officials Russia’s military action was launched, according
addressing the tenth ‘Information Solutions for to official sources in Moscow, in response to the 7
Russia’s Security’ forum stressed the need to develop August attack by Georgian forces on Tskhinvali, the
means of suppressing the state and military commu- capital of South Ossetia, and it progressed rapidly,
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nications infrastructure of an adversary in any future with logistical support either pre-positioned or loaded
conflict. In August, during Russia’s military opera- on vehicles. Prior to the Russian attack, Georgia had
tions against Georgia, a number of unattributed cyber amassed forces that included ten light-infantry battal-
attacks on Tbilisi using ‘denial of service’ methods ions, each made up of between two and four infantry
were reported. brigades, special task forces and an artillery brigade.
Armoured units from the 19th Motor Rifle Division
Training exercises of Russia’s 58th Army entered the Roki Tunnel
The number and scale of training exercises and connecting North and South Ossetia on 7 and 8
deployments increased across the services in 2008, August. Their immediate objective was to estab-
with greater emphasis being placed on raising lish a presence in South Ossetia. The main objective
standards and improving training systems. (The was to secure Tskhinvali. This was accomplished on
first deputy minister of defence, Colonel General 10 August, by which time 58th Army units had been
Alexander Kolmakov, who is responsible for training, joined by units from the 76th Airborne Division from
has said that training methods are outdated and that Pskov (part of Russia’s strategic reserve) and the 42nd
a new combat training system needs to be devel- Motor Rifle Division from Chechnya, plus Special
oped.) The major exercises carried out in combined- Forces units, including from the Chechen East and
arms and inter-agency scenarios concentrated on the West battalions. In total, Russian strength had grown
defence of national borders from a variety of threats, to around 10,000 troops, with 150 pieces of armour,
both conventional and asymmetric. The three largest including T-62 and T-72 tanks and BMP-1 and -2
exercises took place in the North Caucasus, where APCs. Russia did not deploy any of its more modern
the 58th Army and the Black Sea Fleet operated in a tanks or APCs. Georgian troops were overwhelmed
joint-force scenario in July; in Chelyabinsk, where by the Russian forces, which captured the Prisskih
Russian forces worked with Kazakh forces in the heights to the south of Tskhinvali, and most of the
Centre 2008 exercise; and in September, when Russian Georgian artillery positions on them, before taking
and Belarusian forces trained together in the Stability control of Tskhinvali.
2008 exercise. (For more information see the table of Meanwhile, Russian forces had opened up a
exercises, p. 442.) second front in Abkhazia with troops of the 7th
Airborne Division from Novorossiysk, units of the 76th
The August war with Georgia Airborne Division from Pskov and marine infantry,
The conflict with Georgia, which began on 7 August which were landed from vessels of the Black Sea
and lasted for five days, was the first time that Fleet. These units moved south to secure the Senaki
Russian forces fought in a conventional operational airfield and the port of Poti. By now the units that had
setting since the end of the Cold War. Although it re-taken Tskhinvali had moved towards Gori. At this
was a battle between two ill-matched opponents, the stage it became clear that Russia intended to deploy
conflict highlighted a number of capability gaps in its strength in Georgia beyond Abkhazia and South
Russia 211
Russia
Km 80 mission confirms Russian attack on Georgian
Railway Highway withdrawal on 10 Oct. IT systems
Buffer
zone (generalised) State border
TURKEY
AZERBAIJAN
Generalised route of advance ARMENIA
Sources: IISS; Moscow Defence Brief
© IISS
Ossetia. In the meantime, the Black Sea Fleet began a defence formations were destroyed by
naval blockade of the Georgian coast. Russian infantry detachments. Russian
On 12 August, President Medvedev announced an pilots had never rehearsed the disabling of
official ceasefire, although Russia continued recon- air-defence systems, largely because this had
naissance and raiding operations to seek and destroy not been required in Chechnya. Moreover,
or remove abandoned Georgian hardware and muni- Russian air forces were unable to provide
tions. At this point, the objective for Russian forces direct fire support to ground troops.
was to deny Georgia the means to threaten its sepa- • Georgian forces were able to operate at night
ratist regions with military force. The destruction of to a greater degree than Russian forces, with
military infrastructure and equipment and the estab- few night-vision devices available to Russian
lishment of ‘buffer zones’ were thus the operational infantry and tank units.
priorities in this phase. On 10 October, the newly • The Russian ability to coordinate forces
deployed EU Monitoring Mission in Georgia ‘verified from different Military Districts and arms of
that Russian armed forces [had] dismantled 12 check- service at short notice showed that command
points and one military base in the zone adjacent to and control at the operational and strategic
Abkhazia and five checkpoints and one signal post in levels was well prepared.
the zone adjacent to South Ossetia’. • At the tactical level, there appeared to be a
There are a number of conclusions that may deficiency in Russia’s C4ISR capability, with
be drawn from the short conflict, including the poor coordination between detachments
following: and difficulty in locating enemy positions.
• Russian forces were well prepared for this • Despite the varying degrees of moderni-
operation, with sufficient logistical support sation in the Russian armed forces, there
and firepower to meet all objectives. seemed to be little to indicate any broad
• Russia miscalculated Georgia’s air-defence change in doctrine. Notwithstanding the
capabilities and failed to suppress its possibly restrictive impact of topography on
air-defence systems, with the result that operations, the sequential character of the
the Russian Air Force lost seven aircraft. operation in Georgia, which showed little
Ultimately, the majority of Georgia’s air- sign of a joint or networked approach, indi-
212 The Military Balance 2009
cated that Russia has not adopted operating and took 11 civilians hostage. Militant jihadist group
practices from twenty-first-century conflicts the Islamic Emirate of the Caucasus (IEC) was behind
in Iraq and Afghanistan. much of the violence, and claimed to have killed 11
• If reports of the use of the ‘cyber’ weapon to Chechen militiamen in a raid in Vedeno. The IEC
shut down key Georgian government and also claimed to have ambushed a Special Forces unit
media sites are correct, this form of asym- on 4 June and to have carried out a bomb attack in
metric warfare may now be judged to be Nazran, the capital of Ingushetia.
part of Russian military doctrine. In Ingushetia, there was an increase in attacks
on security forces and government authorities. On
Trends in violence in the North Caucasus 1 July, Ingushetia’s chief prosecutor stated that
The security situation in the North Caucasus remained during the first five months of 2008 there had been 53
volatile during 2008. On 11 January 2008, the Russian attempts on the lives of law-enforcement officers and
Interior Ministry stated that there were between 500 servicemen, a fourfold increase over the same period
to 700 militants in the region, and the Federal Security in the previous year. There were two attacks on the
Service (FSB) reported that around 500 militants had Presidential Guard. The deputy head of the Supreme
been killed or captured, and at least 200 arms caches Court was assassinated, and there were attempts on
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destroyed, in 2007. High youth unemployment has the lives of the deputy minister of culture, the deputy
contributed to an increase in the number of mili- chief of the Drug Control Department, the mayor
tants. Recognising the transnational activities of of Nazran and the chief criminal investigator of
militant groups and their financing from abroad, the Malgobek. A ‘public warning’ was issued in February
FSB created a special unit aimed at dealing with the by extremist groups stating that gambling and enter-
international and cross-border aspects of militancy. tainment businesses would be ‘punished’ and some
With the Russian Interior Ministry and other law- attacks took place, mostly during the summer. The
enforcement forces retaining the initiative and the violence has been accompanied by growing socio
capability to eliminate militants and prevent any political instability and inter-ethnic tensions, leading
major terrorist attacks, violent militant and crim- to concerns that a broader conflict might flare up in
inal activity took the form of ambushes, skirmishes the republic. On 26 January, there was a public protest
and the widespread use of improvised explosive against Ingushetia’s president, Murat Zyazikov. In
devices. The number of attacks on law-enforcement May and June an estimated 85,000 people (out of a
personnel and civilians in Ingushetia and Dagestan population of 450,000) signed a petition for the reap-
exceeded numbers in Chechnya. Extremist Islamist pointment of former president, Ruslan Aushev.
violence appeared to be spreading, and in Ingushetia In Dagestan, worsening economic conditions led
and Dagestan there was a continuing trend, which to protests, and jihadist elements remained active,
began in 2006, of attacks on Muslim clerics opposed feeding off dissatisfaction with the government.
to Wahhabism. Militant group Shariat Jama’at was responsible for
In Chechnya, President Ramzan Kadyrov stated much of the violence, which included attacks on secu-
on 20 February that he was in favour of offering a new rity forces and government infrastructure. There was
amnesty for members of illegal armed groups. In the an increased number of security operations against
capital, Grozny, security incidents continued despite militants and criminals over the year. In February,
signs of reconstruction. There were also indications 1,500 Interior Ministry and FSB troops carried out an
of rivalry between different official armed factions. operation to eliminate a criminal gang led by Rappani
In April, there was a clash between Kadyrov’s forces Khalilov.
and the Chechen East battalion, which operates under In Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia, mili-
the aegis of the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) tants continued to target key officials and police
of the Russian Federal Defence Ministry. Attacks personnel. The chiefs of the organised crime depart-
on law-enforcement and civil-authority personnel ments of the two republics were both assassinated.
increased during the summer in the poorer and less In Kabardino-Balkaria, the joint information centre
controlled southern areas, particularly Urus Martan, for the republic’s law-enforcement bodies made a
Shali and Vedeno. In one incident, a group of more public appeal to civilians to assist the authorities in
than 25 militants attacked the village of Benoi-Vedeno addressing extremism.
Russia 213
The turmoil may have several long-term implica- period 2009–2011. Under the draft 2009 state budget,
tions. It certainly appears to have demonstrated that a total of R1,278bn was allocated to national defence,
Russia
Moscow is not, as had been thought by some, on the an increase of R225bn over the expected figure
verge of becoming a global financial centre – at least and a substantial 25% increase from the previous
not without major changes to the country’s financial year. Unfortunately, changes made to the presen-
infrastructure. It has also highlighted the fact that tation of state budget documents over recent years
Russia is hardwired into the global economy, and have made the collection and analysis of military
cannot escape the effects of external factors such as spending data more difficult. In 2005, federal budget
dollar- and oil-price shifts. In September, the govern- classifications were revised and the national defence
ment was forced to announce a $100bn package to category was broadened to include certain military-
boost liquidity in the banking sector, but when it related expenditures that had previously been allo-
became clear that this cash was being hoarded by cated elsewhere. Then, in 2006, details of the State
the largest banks instead of being lent, the Kremlin Defence Order were classified, and in 2007, the
stepped up its efforts, with a further commitment government adopted a new three-year budgetary
to pump $37bn in long-term loans into the biggest framework, which many interpreted as an attempt
state banks. It is too early to tell what the longer- by the outgoing Putin presidency to impose limits
term effects of the crisis will be on Russian economic on the freedom of action of its successor. In 2009, out
4
3
2
1
5.25 5.09 4.29 4.49 4.75 4.95 4.23 3.72 4.11 3.90
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
214 The Military Balance 2009
of a total defence budget of R1,278bn, only R712bn with the slow production of Tupolev Tu-160 and Tu-95
is declassified. strategic bombers armed with Raduga Kh-555 and
In spite of the repeated changes to the budgeting Kh-101 extended-range cruise missiles. Conventional
process and the reclassification of various sections of military systems in the current State Defence Order
the budget, it is possible to draw some broad conclu- include 700 T-90 tanks, 1,500 BTR-80 armoured
sions about Russian procurement spending and prior- personnel carriers, BMP-3M infantry fighting vehicles,
ities in recent years. Domestic arms procurement, Su-34 fighter aircraft, Yak-130 advanced jet trainers,
military-related research and development (R&D), 156 new helicopters and S-400 missile systems.
and the repair and modernisation of arms and other The order also outlines ongoing investment in the
military equipment take place within the framework Sukhoi Future Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces
of the State Defence Order, which is agreed annually fifth-generation fighter programme and Borey-class
on the basis of the State Programme of Armaments nuclear submarines. In July 2008, Putin announced
(GPV), a document that covers a ten-year period, the that the modernisation plan was to be speeded up,
first five years of which are covered in detail. The and that around 70% of the national-defence budget
history of GPV implementation is varied, but there was to be spent on weapons procurement, the repair
was significant improvement after Vladimir Putin of existing systems, R&D and testing and evaluation
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came to office as president in 2000: a programme for procedures by 2015, two years ahead of the original
the period 1991–2000 was drawn up but never adopted target date. This would be a striking achievement,
and a successor programme for the period 1996–2005, given that this sector of the budget amounted to only
approved by President Boris Yeltsin, was soon aban- 30% of the total in 2006.
doned after it became clear that it was based on wildly Despite the substantial increase in military
optimistic macroeconomic forecasts. The next arma- spending over the past decade, several problems are
ments programme, GPV-10, was approved by Putin evident. The Russian military has a long way to go to
in 2002 and was based on more realistic assumptions. recover from 20 years of mismanagement and neglect.
At the heart of the programme was the acknowledge- Russia’s strategic-deterrent force has shrunk from
ment that, rather than focusing on buying large quan- 1,398 ICBMs in 1991 to 430 in 2008. Only 12 nuclear-
tities of new equipment, it was important to direct the powered submarines, 20 major surface warships
majority of funds towards extensive R&D and invest and one aircraft carrier remain in service with the
in procurement at a later stage. This strategy has Russian Navy, the last of which is routinely followed
been broadly implemented. In 2002, R&D expendi- by two tugs in case of breakdown. Putin has made
ture amounted to only R31bn, whereas in 2009 it is it clear that he is not satisfied with how the budget
set to reach R164bn before levelling off. Funds are is being spent, observing that, despite the injection
to start to shift from R&D into procurement from of large sums of money into the defence-industrial
2008 onwards, with full-scale procurement resuming base, only a small amount of high-quality equipment
from 2010. is being produced. This is partly a consequence of
The current modernisation phase is based on the ineffective management throughout the system. Over
latest State Programme of Armaments, GPV-2015, the coming years, as more of the budget begins to be
a classified document that covers approximately allocated to procurement, the pressure will mount on
R5,000bn-worth of defence procurement, upgrades Russia’s defence industries to improve their perfor-
and maintenance programmes to 2015. Despite its mance. When output fell during the 1990s, several
classified status, it is known that GPV-2015 will focus enterprises wound down their quality-management
on both the State Defence Order for conventional systems, and currently very few can display the
capabilities and Russia’s nuclear deterrent force. ISO 9001 international quality symbol, with many
Central to the document is the requirement that Russia advanced weapons programmes increasingly reliant
be equipped by 2020 with a compact and modern on imported components. Significant efforts have
nuclear deterrent that would guarantee ‘unsustain- been made in recent years to reform the defence-
able damage’ to any first-strike aggressor. To meet industrial base in preparation for the increased
this requirement, the programme calls for the acqui- production of new equipment due to begin in 2010.
sition of 36 new strategic silos, 66 Topol-M interconti- With the approval of the country’s Anti-Monopoly
nental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and 30 Bulavas, the Service, measures have been introduced to ratio-
submarine-launched variant of the Topol-M, together nalise a defence-industrial sector whose fractured
Russia 215
structure has put pressure on limited resources Table 20 Draft Russian National Defence
and caused in-country competition. In 2002, OPK Expenditure 2009–11 (Rbm)
Oboronprom was created to consolidate the rotary- Chapter 2 ‘National Defence’ 2009 2010 2011
wing sector; in 2006 it took responsibility for elec- Armed forces of the Russian 913.3 1,045.5 1,107.3
Federation
tronic warfare and in 2007 its remit was extended to
Mobilisation of external forces 6.6 6.1 6.1
cover aero engines, while major fixed-wing produc-
Mobilisation of the economy 4.7 4.9 6.3
tion has been consolidated in the state-controlled
Collective peacekeeping 0.12 0.12 0.13
United Aircraft Building Corporation. But although
Military nuclear programmes 22.5 27.5 29.1
progress has been made at the top end, integration
International treaty obligations 2.8 2.9 3.0
and reform at lower levels of the industry have been
Applied R&D 164.8 157.8 153.7
limited, leading the president of the Russian League
Other 163.6 146.7 174.8
of Assistance to Defence Enterprises to conclude
Total Chapter 2 ‘National Defence’ 1,278.5 1,391.8 1,480.5
that the ‘entire work pattern of the Russian defence
industry is obsolete’. Additional defence-related security
Possibly the biggest threat to the future develop- expenditure
ment of the armed forces, however, is posed not by Internal troops 66.3 76.2 82.8
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industrial or organisational problems but by the impact Security organs 185.4 201.2 219.5
of inflation on the real value of the defence budget.
Russia
Border troops 84.4 93.3 83.5
The Russian economy has struggled to absorb the Subsidies to closed towns 18.5 19.3 n.a.
huge growth in revenues from oil and gas exports and Ministry of emergencies 58.0 55.3 54.7
the substantial increase in domestic credit and capital Military pensions 213.4 256.4 273.1
inflows from abroad, with the result that consumer-
price inflation (CPI) rose to 9.0% in 2006 and 9.7% in Total Defence-related Expenditure 1,904.5 2,093.5 2,194.1
2007. On the face of it, the official defence budget has as % of total federal expenditure 21.1 20.2 19.4
risen ninefold since the year Putin became president,
from R143bn in 2000 to R1,278bn in 2009. However,
once inflation is taken into account, the increase is a Georgian Army, which, according to Russian offi-
less spectacular 350%, and Putin has suggested that cial figures, included 44 new T-72 tanks, dozens of
the negative impact of inflation is a factor in the armoured vehicles, artillery systems, air-defence
relatively low level of new weapons procurement. systems and numerous small weapons and ammu-
Another problem facing the Ministry of Defence is the nition. In response to the conflict, Russian military
process under which future budgets are constructed. commanders proposed a new medium-term moderni-
Each year, the Ministry of Finance is obliged to base sation and procurement plan that they suggested
its calculations for the forthcoming three-year state should be implemented alongside the GPV-2015
budget on an inflation forecast provided by the programme. In their review, commanders called for
Ministry of the Economy, but because no specific price 1,400 new and upgraded main battle tanks to consti-
deflator for the defence sector exists, for defence, CPI tute 45 tank battalions, 4,000 infantry fighting vehi-
is used as the benchmark instead. However, anecdotal cles and 3,000 armoured personnel carriers to equip
evidence suggests that inflation in the defence sector 174 motor-rifle and parachute battalions, 60 Iskander
is significantly higher than it is in the wider economy missile systems for five missile brigades and 18
and thus that CPI is not a useful tool for calculating S-400 surface-to-air missile systems to equip nine air-
future military budgets. defence units. The plan also noted the importance of
reconnaissance, electronic warfare, precision-guided
Georgia weapons and the GLONASS satellite network, and
The financial cost of the 2008 war with Georgia has recommended that all Russian military helicopters
not yet been fully calculated, although informed should be equipped with modern missile-protection
observers suggest that operational costs for the five- suites.
day conflict may have amounted to around R12.5bn.
Russian military officials have pointed out, however, Estimating Russian military expenditure
that any costs need to be balanced against the value As ever, estimating the real scale of Russian military
of the large quantities of weapons seized from the spending is fraught with difficulty, not least because
216 The Military Balance 2009
of the various changes made to the presentation of When assessing macroeconomic data from devel-
budget data in recent years. Taken at face value, the oping countries where the exchange rate does not
official national-defence allocation for 2007, R821bn, fully reflect the purchasing power of the domestic
corresponds to 2.48% of GDP, however, as indicated currency, economists use an alternative methodology,
in Table 20, the official budget excludes funds made known as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In 2007,
available for other military-related expenditures Russian GDP measured US$1,293bn when converted
such as pensions and paramilitary forces. With these at market exchange rates; however, the World Bank
taken into account, overall defence-related expendi- calculated that in PPP terms, Russia’s 2007 GDP was
ture reached around R1,216bn, or 3.68% of 2007 GDP. equivalent to US$2,088bn. Therefore, if total defence-
In addition, there is the revenue from arms exports, related expenditure in 2007 amounted to approxi-
approximately US$4.7bn in 2007, a proportion of mately 3.68% of GDP, in PPP terms, defence spending
which is thought likely to find its way into military reached US$76.8bn in that year. With the addition
coffers. of revenue from international arms exports, it is
Translated into dollars at the market exchange possible that the total expenditure was in the region
rate, Russia’s official 2007 national-defence allocation of US$81.5bn.
amounts to $32.2bn – roughly equivalent to Saudi
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Arabia’s annual defence expenditure. The additional Note: Although PPP rates can be a useful tool for comparing
defence-related items listed in Table 20 bring the total macroeconomic data, such as GDP, of countries at different
to US$47.6bn – again, a much lower figure than the stages of development, because there is no PPP rate specific
size of Russia’s armed forces and the structure of to the military sector, its use in this context should be
its military-industrial complex would imply. Thus treated with caution. In addition, there is no definitive
neither figure is especially useful for comparative guide as to which elements of military spending should be
analysis. calculated using the PPP rates that are available.
Russia 217
Russia
Male 7% 4% 4% 4% 22% 4% 32 Tu-95MS6 (Bear H-6) each with up to 6 Kh-55/RKV-
Female 7% 4% 4% 4% 25% 10% 500A (AS-15A Kent) nuclear ALCM; 32 Tu-95MS16 (Bear
H-16) each with up to 16 Kh-55/RKV-500A (AS-15A Kent)
Capabilities nuclear ALCM
Test ac 10: 5 Tu-95, 5 Tu-160
ACTIVE 1,027,000 (Army 360,000 Airborne 35,000
Navy 142,000 Air 160,000 Strategic Deterrent Forces Warning Forces
80,000 Command and Support 250,000) Paramilitary ICBM/SLBM launch-detection capability. Limited
number of satellites serviceable
449,000
RADAR 1 ABM engagement system located at Pushkino
(Estimated 170,000 in the permanent readiness units)
(Moscow). Russia leases ground-based radar stations
Conscription is to be reduced to 12 months in 2008–2009.
in Baranovichi (Belarus); Sevastopol and Mukachevo
RESERVE 20,000,000 (all arms) (Ukraine); Balkhash (Kazakhstan); Gaballa (Azerbaijan).
some 2,000,000 with service within last 5 years; Reserve It also has radars on its own territory at Lekhtusi, (St.
obligation to age 50. Petersburg); Armavir, (southern Russia); Olenegorsk
(northwest Arctic); Pechora (northwest Urals);
Organisations by Service Mishelevka (east Siberia).
MISSILE DEFENCE 2,064: 32 SH-11 Gorgon; 68 SH-08
Gazelle; 1,900 S-300PMU/SA-10 Grumble; 64 S-400 Growler/
Strategic Deterrent Forces ε80,000 (includes SA-21 Triumf;
personnel assigned from the Navy and Air
Force) Space Forces 40,000
Formations and units withdrawn from Strategic Missile
Navy
and Air Defence Forces to detect missile attack on the RF
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 15
and its allies, to implement BMD, and to be responsible for
6 Delta III (1†) (4 based in Pacific Fleet, 2 based in Northern
military/dual-use spacecraft launch and control.
Fleet) (80 msl) each with 16 RSM-50 (SS-N-18) Stingray
strategic SLBM;
4 Delta IV (3 based in Northern Fleet and 1 based in
Army ε205,000 (incl 35,000 AB); ε190,000
Pacific Fleet), (64 msl) each with 16 RSM-54 (SS-N-23) Skiff
conscript (total 395,000)
strategic SLBM; FORCES BY ROLE
2 Delta IV in refit in Northern Fleet (32 msl) each with 16 6 Mil Districts (MD), 1 Special Region; 8 Army HQ, 1 Corps
RSM-52 (SS-N-23) Skiff strategic SLBM; HQ, 7 District trg centre (each = bde – 1 per MD except
2 Typhoon based in Northern Fleet (40 msl) each with 40 NC)
RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic SLBM; 1 Typhoon† Tk 3 div (each: 3 tk regt, 1 MR regt, 1 armd recce
in reserve based in Northern Fleet with capacity for 20 bn, 1 arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units)
RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic SLBM and 1+ Bulava MR 16 div (each: 3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 recce bn,
(SS-N-30) strategic SLBM (trials / testing); 1 arty regt, 1 AT bn, 1 SAM regt, 1 tk bn, spt
1 Yury Dolgoruky (limited OC undergoing sea trials; 2 units); 10 indep bde; 4 indep regt
additional units in build) SF 9 (Spetsnaz) bde
218 The Military Balance 2009
Air Aslt 2 bde MANPAD SA-7 Grail (being replaced by -16/-18); SA-14
AB 4 div (each: 2 para regt, 1 arty regt); 1 bde (trg Gremlin; 9K310 (SA-16) Gimlet; SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
centre); 3 indep bde (2 under GF control) GUNS
Arty 2 div HQ; 16 arty bde ; 3 AT regt SP 23mm ZSU-23-4; 30mm 2S6; 57mm ZSU-57-2
TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 57mm S-60; 85mm M-1939
MRL 2 bde; 11 regt
KS-12; 100mm KS-19; 130mm KS-30
SSM 10 bde each with 18 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka) UAV BLA-06; BLA-07; Tu-134 Reys; Tu-243 Reys/Tu-243
(replacement by Iskander-M began during Reys-D; Tu-300 Korshun; Pchela-1; Pchela-2
2005 with 12 per bde) MSL • SSM ε200+: 200 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka); SS-26
MGA 5 div (all will be converting to motor rifle) Iskander (Stone); FROG in store; Scud in store
SAM 12 bde; 1 regt FACILITIES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bases 2 (each = bde+; subord. to North
MBT 23,000: 250–300 T-90; 4,500 T-80/T-80UD/T-80UM/T- Caucasus MD) located in Georgia,
80U; 9,500 T-72L/T-72M; 3,000 T-72; 4,000 T-64A/T-64B; 150 1 located in Tajikistan, 1 located in
T-62, 350 in store; 1,200 T-55 Armenia
LT TK 150 PT-76 Training centres 6 (District (each = bde – 1 per MD)),
RECCE 2,000+ BRDM-2 1 (AB (bde))
AIFV 15,140+: 1,500+ BMD-1/BMD-2/BMD-3; 8,100 BMP-1;
Reserves
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Russia
STRATEGIC • SSBN 4: 3 and 1 in reserve
TACTICAL 20: 4 SSN/SSGN and 7 in reserve; SSK 6 Baltic Fleet
and 3 in reserve FORCES BY ROLE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 15: 1 CG; 5
1 Navy HQ located at Kaliningrad
DDG 3 in reserve; 9 FFG/FF
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16 PFM FACILITIES
MINE WARFARE 9 MCMV Bases located at Kronstadt and Baltiysk
AMPHIBIOUS 4 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 57 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL SSK 2: 1 (and 1 in reserve)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 5: 2 DDG; 3
Naval Aviation
FFG
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22: 12 PFM;
AIRCRAFT 10 FF
BBR 14 Tu-22M Backfire C MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
FTR 30 MiG-31 Foxhound A MCMV 11: 10 (and 1 in reserve)
ASW 36: 24 Il-38 May; 12 Tu-142 Bear AMPHIBIOUS 4 Ropucha
TPT 10 An-12 Cub (MR/EW); An-26 Curl LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT ε130
HELICOPTERS
ASW 31 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix Naval Aviation
ASLT 6 Ka-29 Helix EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPT 26 Mi-8 Hip (TPT) AIRCRAFT
FTR 23 Su-27 Flanker
Naval Infantry
FGA 26 Su-24 Fencer
Inf 1 div HQ (Pacific Fleet) (1 arty bn, 1 tk bn, 3 inf bn)
TPT 14: 12 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl; 2
An-12 Cub (MR/EW)
Coastal Defence HELICOPTERS
Coastal Def 1 bde
ATK 11 Mi-24 Hind
ASW 19 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix
Black Sea Fleet ASLT 8 Ka-29 Helix
The RF Fleet is leasing bases in Sevastopol and SPT 17 Mi-8 Hip (TPT)
Karantinnaya Bay, and is based, jointly with Ukr warships,
at Streletskaya Bay. The Fleet’s overall serviceability is Naval Infantry
assessed as medium. Naval inf 1 bde with 26 MBT; 220 ACV; 52 MRL
FORCES BY ROLE
1 Navy HQ located at Sevastopol, Ukr Coastal Defence
FACILITIES FORCES BY ROLE
Bases located at Sevastopol, Novorossiysk and Temryuk Arty 2 regt with 133 arty
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SSM 1 regt with 8 SS-C-1B Sepal
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL SSK 2:1 (1 Tango in reserve) AD 1 regt with 28 Su-27 Flanker (Baltic Fleet)
220 The Military Balance 2009
ASR 1 Elbrus
Smerch 2 (12 eff.), 1 76mm gun
ARS 25: 1; 10 Goryn; 14 Okhtensky
1 Scorpion with 2 quad (8 eff.) with SS-N-26 Yakhont
Russia
AR 13 Amur
SSM, 1 100mm gun, (ISD expected 2011)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 73 ARC 8: 4 Emba; 4 Klasma
PFM 40 AG 32: 2 Amga (msl spt ship); 30 Bolva (barracks ship)
16 Nanuchka III each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with ATS 15: 3 Ingul; 6 Katun; 2 Neftegaz; 1 Prut; 3 Sliva
1 SS-N-9 Siren tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) eq. with AH 3 Ob
SA-N-4 Gecko, 1 76mm gun AWT 2 Manych
1 Nanuchka IV with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with SS-N-9 AGOR 4: 2 Akademik Krylov; 2 Vinograd
Siren tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) eq. with SA-N-4 Gecko, AGI 14: 3 Alpinist; 2 Balzam; 3 Moma; 6 Vishnya
1 76mm gun AGM 1 Marshal Nedelin
4 Tarantul II each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with SS-N-2C AGS 61: 8 Biya; 19 Finik; 6 Kamenka; 7 Moma; 8 Onega; 2
Styx/SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM Sibiriyakov; 11 Yug
18 Tarantul III each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with AGB 4 Dobrynya Mikitich
SS-N-22 Sunburn tactical SSM ABU 12: 8 Kashtan; 4 Sura
1 Astrakhan Project 21630 (First of 5–7 on order) ATF 12 Sorum
PHM 6: TRG 12
2 Dergach each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-22 AXL 12: 10 Petrushka (possibly commercially owned);
Sunburn tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) with 1 SA-N-4 2 Smolny
Gecko SAM, 1 76mm gun YDG 27 YDT 130+
4 Matka each with 2 single each with SS-N-2C Styx
tactical SSM/SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM Naval Aviation ε35,000
PHT 6: 4 Fleet Air Forces, each organised in air div; each with
1 Mukha with 2 quad 406mm TT (8 eff.) 2–3 regt with an HQ elm and 2 sqn of 9–10 ac each;
5 Turya each with 4 single 533mm ASTT configured recce, ASW, tpt/utl org in indep regt or sqn
PFC 21: Flying hours ε40 hrs/year
1 Pauk each with 4 single 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 1200
FORCES BY ROLE
(10 eff.)
20 ε Stenka Bbr sqns with 58 Tu-22M Backfire C
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 37 Ftr/FGA sqn with 49 Su-27 Flanker; 10 Su-25 Frogfoot;
MCO 2 Gorya 58 Su-24 Fencer; 30 MiG-31 Foxhound
MSO 9 Natya ASW sqns with 85 Ka-27 Helix; 50 Ka-25 Hormone;
MSC 22 Sonya 20 Mi-14 Haze-A; sqn with 15 Be-12 Mail; 35
MHC 4 Lida Il-38 May; 20 Tu-142 Bear
AMPHIBIOUS: 45+ MR/EW sqns with 5 An-12 Cub; 2 Il-20 RT Coot-A; 8
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD Mi-8 Hip J
1 Ivan Rogov (capacity 4–5 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix ASW Tpt sqns with 37 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl
hel; 6 ACV or 6 LCM; 20 tanks; 520 troops)
ATK hel sqns with 11 Mi-24 Hind
LS 21
LSM 3: Aslt hel 30 Ka-29 Helix; 26 Mi-8 Hip
3 Polnochny† B (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops); (3 in Tpt hel sqns with 22 Ka-25 PS Hormone C, Ka-27 PS
reserve) Helixe D; 10 Mi-6 Hook; 40 Mi-14 PS Haze C
222 The Military Balance 2009
ASM AS-10 Karen; AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler; AS-4 4,000+ ac, 833 in reserve
Kitchen; AS-7 Kerry; KH-59 (AS-13) Kingbolt HQ at Balashikha, near Moscow. The Military Air Forces
comprise Long Range Aviation (LRA), Military Transport
Coastal Defence • Naval Infantry (Marines) Aviation Comd (VTA), 5 Tactical/Air Defence Armies
9,500 comprising 49 air regts. Tactical/Air Defence roles include
FORCES BY ROLE air defence, interdiction, recce and tactical air spt. LRA (2
Naval inf 4 indep bde (total: 1 AT bn, 1 arty bn, 1 div) and VTA (9 regt) are subordinated to central Air Force
MRL bn, 1 tk bn, 4 naval inf bn); 3 indep comd. A joint CIS Unified Air Defence System covers R,
bn; 3 regt; 1 indep regt; Arm, Bel, Ga, Kaz, Kgz, Tjk, Tkm, Ukr and Uz.
Inf 1 div HQ (Pacific Fleet) (3 inf bn, 1 tk bn, 1
arty bn) Long-Range Aviation Command • 37th Air
SF 3 (fleet) bde (1 op, 2 cadre) (each: 1 para bn, Army
1 spt elm, 2–3 underwater bn) Flying hours: 80-100 hrs/yr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
MBT 160 T-55M/T-72/T-80 Bbr 2 heavy bbr div; 4 heavy regt (non-strategic); 4
RECCE 60 BRDM-2 each with AT-3 9K11 Sagger heavy regt (START accountable) with 116 Tu-
AIFV 150+: ε150 BMP-2; BMP-3; BRM-1K 22M-3/MR Backfire C
APC 750+ Tkr 1 base with 20 Il-78 Midas/Il-78M Midas
APC (T) 250 MT-LB
Trg 1 hvy bbr trg centre with 30 Tu-134 Crusty
APC (W) 500+ BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
ARTY 367 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SP 113: 122mm 95 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 18 2S3 AIRCRAFT 116 combat capable
TOWED 122mm 45 D-30 BBR 116 Tu-22M-3/Tu-22MR Backfire C
GUN/MOR 113 TKR 20 IL-78 Midas /Il-78M Midas
SP 120mm 95: 20 2S23 NONA-SVK; 75 2S9 SP TPT 30 Tu-134 Crusty
NONA-S
TOWED 120mm 18 2B16 NONA-K Tactical Aviation
MRL 122mm 96 9P138 Flying hours 25 to 40 hrs/year
AT • MSL • MANPATS 72 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-5 FORCES BY ROLE
9K113 Spandrel
Bbr/FGA 7 regt with Su-25A/SM Frogfoot; 1 regt with
GUNS 100mm T-12
Su-34P Fullback; 1 bbr div plus 13 FGA regt
AD • SAM 320
with Su-24/Su-24M2 Fencer
SP 70: 20 SA-8 Gecko; 50 SA-9 Gaskin/SA-13 Gopher
(200 eff.) Ftr 9 regt with MiG-31 Foxhound; 9 regt with
MANPAD 250 SA-7 Grail MiG-29 Fulcrum (24 being upgraded); 6 regt
GUNS 23mm 60 ZSU-23-4 with Su-27 Flanker (incl Su-27SM); trg units
with MiG-25 Foxbat
Coastal Defence Troops 2,000 Recce 4 regt with MiG-25R Foxbat; 5 regt with Su-
FORCES BY ROLE 24MR Fencer
(All units reserve status) AEW 1 base with A-50 Mainstay/A-50U Mainstay
Coastal Def 2 bde ECM some sqn with Mi-8(ECM) Hip J
Arty 2 regt Trg 2 op conversion centres
Russia 223
SAM 35 regt with 1,900+ S-300 (SA-10) Grumble Air Force Aviation Training Schools
(quad) (7,600 eff.). First SA-20/S-400 (Triumph)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
bn op Elektrostal in Moscow region.
AIRCRAFT 980+
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FTR MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker; MiG-23 Flogger
AIRCRAFT 1,743 combat capable FGA Su-25 Frogfoot
BBR/FGA 807: 241 Su-25A/SM Frogfoot; 550 Su-24 TPT Tu-134 Crusty
Fencer (up to 7 upgraded to Su-24M2); 16 Su-34P TRG 336 L-39 Albatros
Fullback (Su-27IB)
FACILITIES
FTR 725: 188 MiG-31 Foxhound; 226 MiG-29 Fulcrum
Aviation 5 sqn regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27
(24 being upgraded); 281 Su-27 (18 upgraded to 27SM)
Institute Flanker; MiG-23 Flogger; Su-25 Frogfoot;
incl 40 Su-27SMK Flanker; 30 MiG-25 Foxbat;
Tu-134 Crusty tpt; L-39 Albatros trg ac
RECCE 119: 40 MiG-25R Foxbat*; 79 Su-24MR Fencer*
AEW 20 A-50 Mainstay AEW/A-50U Mainstay
TRG 92: 40 MiG-29 Fulcrum*; 21 Su-27 Flanker*; 15 Kaliningrad Special Region 10,500 (Ground
Su-25 Frogfoot;* 16 Su-24 Fencer* (instructor trg) and Airborne); 1,100 (Naval Infantry) (total
HELICOPTERS 60 Mi-8(ECM) Hip J 11,600)
UAV Pchela-1T; Albatross†; Expert† These forces operated under the Ground and Coastal
AD • SAM • SP 1,900+ S-300 (SA-10) Grumble (quad) / Defence Forces of the Baltic Fleet
S-400 (SA-20) Triumph
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Russia
ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-15 Kent; AS-16 Kickback; AS-4 FORCES BY ROLE
Kitchen; AS-7 Kerry MR 1 div (2 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 SP Arty regt, 1
AAM R-27T (AA-10) Alamo; R-60T (AA-8) Aphid; MRL regt, 1 AT regt,1 SAM regt, 1 indep tk
R-73M1 (AA-11) Archer regt, spt units) (cadre); 1 bde; 1 indep regt
BOMBS (trg)
Laser-guided KAB-500; KAB-1500L SSM 1 bde with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
TV-guided KH-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt); KAB-500KR; Arty 1 MRL regt
KAB-1500KR; KAB-500OD Hel 1 indep regt
INS/GPS/GLONASS guided KH-101; KH-555
SAM 1 regt
Military Transport Aviation Command• FACILITIES
61st Air Army Bases Located at Baltiysk and Kronstadt
Flying hours 60 hrs/year EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE MBT 811
Air 9 regt incl. 5 indep regt; 1 div with 12 ACV 1,239: 865; 374 look-a-like
An-124 Condor; 21 An-22 Cock (Under ARTY 345 ARTY/MOR/MRL
MoD control); 210 Il-76 Candid
Civilian Fleet Some sqn (medium and long-range Navy • Baltic Fleet – see main Navy section
passenger)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Russian Military Districts
AIRCRAFT • TPT 293+: 50 An-12 Cub; 12 An-124
Condor; 21 An-22 Cock (Under MoD control); 210 Il-76M/ Leningrad MD 28,700 (Ground and Airborne);
MD/MF Candid 1,300 (Naval Infantry – subordinate to
Northern Fleet) (total 30,000)
Army Aviation Helicopters Combined Service 1 HQ located at St Petersburg
Under VVS control. Units organic to army formations.
Flying hours 55 hrs/year Army
FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
Atk hel 20 regt/sqn with 8 Ka-50 Hokum; ε620 MR 2 indep bde, 1 naval bde
Mi-24 Hind; 7 Mi-28N Havoc (300 by 2010) SF 1 (Spetsnaz) bde
Tpt/ECM mixed regts with 35 Mi-26 Halo (hy); 8 AB 1 Air Aslt div (2 air aslt regt, 1 arty regt)
Mi-6 Hook; ε600 MI-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/ Arty 1 bde, 1 MRL regt, 1 AT regt
Mi-8 Hip SSM 1 bde with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SAM 2 bde
HELICOPTERS
Reserve
ATK 635: 8 Ka-50 Hokum; 620 Mi-24 Hind D/V/P; 7 Mi-
MR 4 Bde
28N Havoc (300 by 2015)
TPT/ECM ε643: 35 Mi-26 Halo (hy); 8 Mi-6 Hook; ε600 FACILITIES
Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip Spt Training Centre 1 located at Sertolovo (District)
224 The Military Balance 2009
Tu-134
Cbt spt 57 Mi-8 Hip (incl ECM), some Mi- Army
8PPA, 38 Mi-24, 4 Mi-6 1 Army HQ
AD • SAM 525 incl S-300V FORCES BY ROLE
Army 1 HQ
Moscow MD 86,200 (Ground and Airborne) MR 1 div (3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1
Combined Service 1 HQ located at Moscow SAM regt, spt units); 1 div (2 MR regt, 2 tk
regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units);
Army 1 Mil Base (div) (3 MR regt) in Tajikistan; 1
FORCES BY ROLE indep PK bde;
Army 2 HQ SF 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
Tk 1 div (3 tk regt (2 cadre), 1 MR regt, 1 SP arty AB 1 bde
regt, 1 MRL regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units); 1 div Arty 2 bdes, 1 MRL regt
(2 tk regt (cadre), 2 MR regt, (some cadre), SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
arty, MRL SAM, spt units cadre) SAM 2 bde
MR 1 div (3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1
SAM regt, spt units); 1 div (2 MR regt, 2 tk Reserve
regt, 1 SP Arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units); 1 Tk 1 div
indep bde MR 1 div
SF 1 (Spetsnaz) bde; 1 AB recce regt
FACILITIES
AB 2 div (each: 2 para regt, 1 arty regt)
Training Centre 1 located at Kamshlov (district)
Arty 1 div HQ (3 arty bde), 1 arty bde, 1 MRL bde,
1 MRL regt, 1 AT regt) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka) MBT 3,000
ACV 2,300
AT 1 regt
ARTY 2,700 ARTY/MOR/MRL
Trg 1 HQ (1 AD arty regt, 2 tk regt, 2 MR regt)
SAM 3 bde
Navy • Caspian Sea Flotilla see main Navy
Reserve section
Tk 1 div Military Air Force
MR 1 bde 5th AF and AD Army has no ac subordinated, incl
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE storage bases
MBT 2,500 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ACV 3,100: 2,100; 1,000 look-a-like AIRCRAFT •
ARTY 1,300 ARTY/MOR/MRL FTR 34 MiG-31
FGA Su-25 Frogfoot
Military Air Force TPT An-12; An-26
Moscow Air Defence and Air Army has 1 corps. Due COMMS Mi-14
to have additional AD regt (2 bn) equipped with S-400 HELICOPTERS • SPT: Mi-6, 25 Mi-8 Hip (comms);
SAM system. Mi-24, 24 Mi-26
Russia 225
TRG MiG-25U, MiG-29, Su-25, Su-27; 300 L-39 Albatros, MR 3 div(85th,122nd,131st) (each: 3 MR regt, 1 tk
Mi-2 Hoplite regt, 1 indep tk bn, 1 armd recce bn, 1 arty
regt, 1 AT bn, 1 SAM regt, spt units); 1 indep
North Caucasus MD 88,600 (Ground And bde
Airborne); ε1,400 (Naval infantry) (total SF 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
90,000) Air aslt 1 bde
including Trans-Caucasus Group of Forces (GRVZ) Arty 1 div Hq, 3 arty bde, 3 MRL regt
Combined Service 1 HQ located at Rostov-on-Don SSM 1 bde each with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
SAM 2 bde
Army
FACILITIES
FORCES BY ROLE
Training Centre 1 located at Peschanka (district)
Army 1 HQ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MR 1 div (2 MR regt, 1 tk bn, 1 air aslt regt, 1 MBT 4,000
SP arty regt,1 SAM regt); 1 div (4 MR regt,
ACV 6,300
1 tk bn, 1 SP arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt
ARTY 2,600 MOR/MRL
units); 1 div (4 MR regt, 1 SP arty regt); 1
Mil Base (div) 3 MR regt,1 SAM regt, 1 tk
Military Air Force
bn (Armenia) 3 MR, 2 MR Mtn indep bde
14th AF and AD Army (HQ Novosibirsk)
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SF 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
200 cbt ac
AB 1 Air Asslt (mtn) div (2 air asslt regt,1 arty
Russia
FGA/bbr some sqn with 30 Su-25 Frogfoot; 56 Su-
regt)
24M Fencer
Arty 2 bde,1 MRL bde, 1 MRL regt
Ftr some sqn with 39 MiG-31 Foxhound; 46
SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
MiG-29 Fulcrum
CW 1 (flame thrower) bn
Recce some sqn with 29 Su-24MR Fencer-E;
SAM 2 bde; 1 regt MiG-25R/MiG-25U
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tpt sqns with An-12, An-26
MBT 800 Cbt Spt sqns with Mi-8PPA/sMV; Mi-24
ACV 2,000 Utl/Comms sqns with Mi-8
ARTY 900 ARTY/MOR/MRL AD • SAM S-300O
Navy • Black Sea Fleet – see main Navy Far Eastern MD 72,500 (Ground and
section Airborne); 2,500 (Naval infantry) (total 75,000)
Incl Pacific Fleet and Joint Command of Troops and
Military Air Force Forces in the Russian Northeast (comd of Pacific Fleet)
6th AF and AD Army Joint Forces Command 1 HQ located at Petropavlovsk
FORCES BY ROLE Combined Service 1 HQ located at Khabarovsk
390 cbt ac
Bbr 1 div with 62 Su-24 Fencer (some 32 likely to Army
be retired)
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 1 corps (4 regt with 105 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 59
Army 2 HQ (5th and 35th); 1 (68) corps
Su-27 Flanker)
MR 5 div (each: 3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, arty regt, 1
FGA 1 div with 98 Su-25 Frogfoot; 36 L-39
SAM regt, spt units);1 div (formally MGA) (1
Recce 1 regt with 30 Su-24MR Fencer
MR regt, 2 MGA regt, def units, spt units)
ECM 1 sqn with 52 Mi-8(ECM) Hip J
MGA 5 div (Converting MR) most (1 tank regt, 2
Tpt Sqns with An-12, An-24, An-26, Tu-134 MR or MGA regt, arty regt, SAM regt
Cbt Spt regts with 58 Mi-8PPA/SMV, 75 Mi-24, SF 1 bde
Utl 4 Mi-6, 10 Mi-26 AB 1 bde
Trg tac aviation regt Arty 4 arty bde, 3 MRL bde, 1 AT bde)
SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka)
Siberian MD 52,000 (Ground and Airborne)
SAM 3 bde
Combined Service 1 HQ located at Chita
FACILITIES
Army Training Centre 1 located at Khaborovsk (district)
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Army 2 Army HQ (36th and 41st) MBT 3,000
Tk 1 div (3 tk regt, 1 MR regt, 1 armd recce bn, ACV 6,000
1 arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units) ARTY 4,100 MOR/MRL
226 The Military Balance 2009
Navy • Pacific Fleet – see main Navy section AIRCRAFT • TPT ε86: 70 An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/An-72
Coaler/Il-76 Candid/Tu-134 Crusty/Yak-40 Codling; 16 SM-92
Military Air Force HELICOPTERS: ε200 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix ASW/Mi-24
11th AF and AD Army (HQ Khabarovsk) Hind Atk/Mi-26 Halo Spt/Mi-8 Hip Spt
FGA/bbr 1 regt with 23 Su-27SM; 97 Su-24M Fencer
Ftr sqn with 26 MiG-31 Foxhound; ≤100Su-27
Interior Troops 200,000 active
Flanker; FORCES BY ROLE
Recce sqns with 51 Su-24MR Fencer 7 Regional Commands: Central, Urals, North Caucasus,
Volga, Eastern, North-Western and Siberian
Tpt regts with An-12, An-26
Paramilitary 5 (special purpose) indep div (ODON)
Cbt Spt regts with Mi-8PPA/sMV
(each: 2–5 paramilitary regt); 6 div; 65 regt
Comms sqns with Mi-8; Mi-24, Ka-50
(bn – incl special motorised units); 10
UAV 1 sqn with Pchela-1 (Arseniev,
(special designation) indep bde (OBRON)
Primorskyy)
(each: 1 mor bn, 3 mech bn); 19 indep bde
AD • SAM S-300P Avn gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Paramilitary 449,000
MBT 9
Federal Border Guard Service ε160,000 AIFV/APC (W) 1,650 BMP-1 /BMP-2/BTR-80
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active ARTY 35
Directly subordinate to the President; now reportedly TOWED 122mm 20 D-30
all contract-based personnel MOR 120mm 15 PM-38
HELICOPTERS • ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind
FORCES BY ROLE
10 regional directorates Federal Security Service ε4,000 active
Frontier 7 gp (armed)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cdo unit (incl Alfa and Vympel units)
AIFV/APC (W) 1,000 BMP/BTR
Federal Protection Service ε10,000–30,000
ARTY • SP 90: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 120mm 2S12;
active
120mm 2S9 Anona
Org include elm of ground forces (mech inf bde and AB
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 14
regt)
FRIGATES 13
Mech inf 1 bde
FFG 7 Krivak III each with 1 twin (2 eff.) with SA-N-4
AB 1 regt
Gecko naval SAM, 2 quad 533mm TT (8 eff.), 2 RBU
Presidential Guard 1 regt
6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix A ASW
hel; 1 100mm) Federal Communications and Information
FFL 6: 3 Grisha II; 3 Grisha III Agency ε55,000 active
CORVETTES • FS 1 Grisha V
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 180 MOD • Railway Troops ε50,000
PFM 22: Paramilitary 4 (rly) corps; 28 (rly) bde
2 Pauk II each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 Grail
naval SAM, 2 twin 533mm TT (4 eff.), 2 RBU 1200 (10 Special Construction Troops 50,000
eff.), 1 76mm
20 Svetlyak each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 Grail Deployment
naval SAM, 2 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm
PFT 17 Pauk I each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 ARABIAN GULF and INDIAN OCEAN
Grail naval SAM, 4 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG; 1 AOL
PHT 3 Muravey Armenia
PSO 12: 8 Alpinist; 4 Komandor Army 3,214; 1 tk bn; 3 MR regt; 74 MBT; 330 AIFV; 14 APC
PFC 15 Stenka (T)/APC (W); 68 SP/towed arty; 8 mor; 8 MRL; 1 base
PCC 36: 9 Mirazh; 27 Type 1496 Military Air Forces • Tactical Aviation
PCI 12 Zhuk
1 AD sqn with 18 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 SAM bty with
PCR 32: 3 Ogonek; 7 Piyavka; 15 Shmel; 5 Vosh; 2 Yaz S-300V (SA-12A) Gladiator; 1 SAM bty with SA-6 Gainful
PBF 31: 1 A-125; 1 Mangust; 1 Mustang (Project 18623);
15 Saygak; 12 Sobol; 1 Sokzhoi Air Base located at Yerevan
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 24: 1 AO
AK 10 Neon Antonov Belarus
AKSL 6 Kanin Strategic Deterrent Forces • Warning Forces
AGS 2 Yug (primarily used as patrol ships) 1 radar station located at Baranovichi (Volga system; leased)
AGB 5 Ivan Susanin (primarily used as patrol ships) 1 Naval Communications site
Russia 227
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Moldova/Transdnestr
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Army ε1,500 (including ε500 peacekeepers)
Côte D’Ivoire FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNOCI 11 obs 2 MR bn (subord to Moscow MD)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD ACV 100
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 120; 1 hel det with 4 Mi-8MT Military Air Forces 7 Mi-24 Hind atk hel; MI-8 Hip Spt
Hel
Democratic Republic of Congo
UN • MONUC 27 obs Serbia
OSCE • Kosovo 2
Georgia UN • UNMIK 1 obs
Two garrisons (Abkhazia and South Ossetia, each stated
Sierra Leone
to be 3,800 strong [bde-plus]).
UN • UNIOSIL 1 obs
Army ε7,600; Abkhazia 1 MR bde (peacekeeping force) at
loc incl Gudauta; some troops may remain from former SUDAN
peacekeeping contingent at Gali; South Ossetia 1 MR bde UN • UNMIS 123; 13 obs
(peacekeeping force) at loc incl Djava and Tskhinvali; Military Air Forces 1 hel det
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Russia
UN • UNOMIG 5 obs 1 naval facility under renovation at Tartus
Kazakhstan Tajikistan
Strategic Deterrent Forces • Warning Forces Army 5,500; 1 MR div (subord Volga-Ural MD); 54 MBT;
1 radar station located at Balkhash, (Dnepr system; 350 ACV; 190 Mor/MRL; 4 Mi-8 Hip
leased) Military Air Forces 5 Su-25 Frogfoot FGA
Ukraine
Kyrgyzstan
Navy • Coastal Defence • 13,000 including Naval Infantry
Military Air Forces ε500; some Su-27 Flanker; 5+: 5
(Marines) 1,100; Arty: 24; AIFV /APC (T) / APC (W): 102
Su-25 Frogfoot; some Su-24 Fencer FGA; Army Aviation
Navy Black Sea Fleet; 1 Fleet HQ located at Sevastopol:
Helicopters; some Mi-8 Hip spt hel Strategic Deterrent Forces. Warning Forces; 2 radar
Liberia stations located at Sevastopol (Dnepr System, leased) and
Mukachevo (Dnepr system, leased).
UN • UNMIL 6 obs
Western Sahara
Middle East
UN • MINURSO 15 obs
UN • UNTSO 4 obs
228 The Military Balance 2009
Shipyard
Agat-class (Natya MSC 1 Dom 2000 2008 Vitse-Admiral Zakharin. Launched Jan
III) / Project 266M 2008, ISD unclear
Dyugon LCU 1 R200m Dom Volga 2005 2007 Laid down 2006
(USD69m) Shipyard
Project 955 Borey SSBN 3 _ Dom Sevmash 1996 2006 Lead SSBN, Yuri Dolgoruky launched
Shipyard Feb 2008. 2nd SSBN, Aleksandr
Nevesky due 2009. 3rd SSBN, Vladimir
Monomah, ordered 2006 and due
2011
Typhoon SSBN 1 _ Dom _ 1994 _ Dmitriy Donskoy modernised for
Upgrade testing of new Bulava 30 (SS-NX-30)
SLBM and will remain in service until
Borey-class SSBN are operational
Su-34 Fullback FGA 24 USD864 Dom Sukhoi 2006 2006 Delivered in batches; 2 in 2006, 7 in
2007, 10 in 2008 and 5 in 2009–10.
First 2 delivered Dec 2006
Medium Tpt ac 50 _ Dom/In Irkut/HAL 2007 2014 In development. RF obliged to order
Transport at least 50 under deal signed with
Aircraft (MTA) India in 2007
Project
Tu-160 Blackjack Bbr 30 _ Dom UAC 2007 2012 Upgrade of 15 current Tu-160, plus
15 new bbr. 1 new bbr entered
service Apr 2008
Yak-130 AJT Trg ac 200 _ Dom Yakolev 2005 2009 To replace current L-39. Purchase to
(Advanced Jet begin 2009 following flight testing
Trainer)
Mi-28N Night Hel 8 _ Dom Rostvertol 2005 2009 Plans for 45 to 67 Mi-28N. 2 hel
Hunter delivered by Feb 2008
Chapter Five
Middle East and North Africa
IRAQ forts (Joint Security Stations and Combat Outposts)
meant that a visible security presence was established
The security debate in Iraq in late 2008 was domi- in areas that had almost been considered abandoned
nated by the progress of negotiations on the Status and which often suffered from violence. Once areas
of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between Washington had been secured, numerous concrete blast walls
and Baghdad. This agreement, which was backed by to impede insurgent activity constructed and secu-
the Iraqi parliament on 27 November, determines the rity stations staffed, US battalion commanders were
responsibilities and legal status of US personnel in able to use funds allocated under the Commanders’
Iraq after the expiry, in December 2008, of the United Emergency Response Programme to rebuild govern-
Nations mandate. The negotiations took place against mental services in the areas that they controlled. The
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the backdrop of an overall improvement in security in ability of commanders on the ground to identify proj-
Iraq, largely since the start of the ‘surge’ of US troops ects in their localities and rapidly fund reconstruction
(also known as the Baghdad Security Plan) in January activities meant that Iraqis were in many cases able to
2007 (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 13). see material improvements as well as improvements
in security. Against this background of military
North Africa
The surge undoubtedly worked in terms of dramati- troop levels in Iraq. In a testimony to US Congress in
cally reducing civilian casualties and pausing Iraq’s September 2007, he announced that the surge would
previously relentless descent into civil war. In addi- effectively end in July 2008, though he placed caveats
tion to the increase in US troops and their deployment on the drawdown, stating that troop levels should be
among the population of Baghdad, the formation of determined by events on the ground. By May 2008,
‘Awakening Councils’, armed neighbourhood groups the Pentagon had agreed to keep US troop levels at
led by mainly Sunni Iraqis in predominantly Sunni around 140,000 until the end of 2009.
parts of the country (of which more below), was also Although the surge ran counter to the previous US
responsible for the improvement in security, as was military strategy of reducing numbers and transfer-
Shia cleric Moqtada al-Sadr’s order, at the begin- ring responsibility for security to the Iraqis as quickly
ning of the surge, that the Jaish al-Mahdi (JAM) as possible, the Iraqi Ministry of Defence (MoD) and
militia should not seek direct confrontation with US its various security forces remain at the centre of US
forces. Reports from Baghdad pointed to a noticeable transition plans and will be central to any future
improvement in the economic and social environment withdrawal strategy. The provincial elections that
in which ordinary Iraqis went about their daily lives. were originally scheduled for October 2008 and at the
As noted in IISS Strategic Survey 2008 (pp. 205–6), the time of writing had been deferred to 31 January 2009
main architect of the plan, US General David Petraeus will be a key test of the Iraqi security forces’ ability to
(then head of the Multi-National Force-Iraq and since secure urban areas; it is reported that US forces have
appointed to head US Central Command) ‘saw the been directed to absent themselves from the imme-
surge as a temporary palliative designed to facilitate a diate polling areas. Polls are scheduled to take place
long-term political settlement’. Despite the improve- in all provinces bar Kirkuk and the three Kurdish
ments there was little sign, however, that this ‘window provinces.
of opportunity’, conceived to allow Iraq’s politicians A series of attacks in Baghdad in early November
to move towards national reconciliation, had resulted showed that insurgent groups can still penetrate secu-
in such progress and, as a result, questions have been rity screens: among other incidents, 28 were killed in
raised about the longevity of its effects. a Shia area of Baghdad in a triple car bombing on
But the surge did lead to a reduction in violence 10 November and 21 were killed two days later in
in the country. In Baghdad, the stationing of US further attacks in the city. Attacks have been made
troops alongside their Iraqi counterparts in 72 small on checkpoints manned by members of Awakening
230 The Military Balance 2009
Councils. Nevertheless, there has been a general and individuals not included in such arrangements,
improvement in security in Sunni areas in particular, remains an issue. It has been reported that the govern-
in which the Awakening Councils have played a key ment plans to integrate only 20% of the Awakening
role. Security improvements have also seen the influ- groups into the police or armed forces, with the
ence of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia (AQM) diminish. remainder receiving pay until they find other work.
The US has estimated that AQM’s ability to operate
in Baghdad has been drastically reduced, forcing it to Iraq’s army moves south
regroup in and around Mosul. The central reason for Moqtada al-Sadr’s decision to order a rolling ceasefire
AQM’s troubles is its rejection by key members of the for JAM led to a reduction in confrontation with US
Sunni community. As AQM transformed itself into forces. A series of violent incidents led Sadr initially
a largely indigenous Iraqi organisation during 2005 to declare a six-month ceasefire, later extended to
and 2006, the influx of Iraqis into its ranks brought it a year; he then attempted to purge JAM of its most
into greater proximity with the Sunni general popula- violent, corrupt and sectarian members and rebrand
tion in Baghdad and the northwest of the country. The the group as a political movement. However, intra-
strict precepts of the organisation, which ran counter Shia tensions continued, notably between JAM and its
to the more diverse set of approaches to Islam found main rival, the Badr Brigade, over control of southern
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across Sunni Iraq, led to a backlash that resulted in Iraq. The battle between militias in the south came as
the creation of the Awakening movement (known in British influence in the area was deliberately reduced.
Arabic as the Sawah). As noted in IISS Strategic Survey The UK military contingent withdrew from the centre
2008 (p. 209), in 2006, 12 tribal sheikhs in Anbar prov- of Basra in September 2007, with the remaining forces
ince gathered to form the Anbar Awakening Council, based at Basra airport, where their activities consisted
designed to expel AQM from the area. While the mainly of training Iraqi forces. From the British with-
Anbar Awakening was more useful in supplying drawal from central Basra until spring 2008, warring
intelligence and offering support to US troops than in militias and criminal gangs fought for control of
fighting insurgents, its success led Petraeus to try to the city and revenues from oil smuggling. The Iraqi
reproduce it across Iraq. Such ‘local security bargains’ government intervened in March 2008, when it
– essentially deals between neighbourhood mili- moved 30,000 troops to Basra in Operation Saulat
tias and the US military – were placed at the centre al-Fursan (Charge of the Knights). Although the US
of moves to build on the security gains seen under military was informed of the operation shortly before
the surge; and the approach was later broadened to it started, it was not centrally involved. Iraq’s army
include Shia militias in the south of the country. managed to fight for two days in central Basra, faced
with sustained resistance. After 48 hours, it began to
Integration of the Awakening movement run out of munitions and food; this led to US inter-
These local security bargains pose a potential threat vention – to ensure that Iraq’s army was not defeated
to the capacity and coherence of the Iraqi state, and it – in the form of logistical support, special forces and
was recognised early on that the integration of such combat advisers. Finally, US and British airpower
groups into the security forces might be problematic. was employed against JAM positions and, with this
In recognition of this, the creation of ‘neighbourhood added support, Iraqi forces were able to take control
watch’ groups has been coordinated with a committee of Basra and Umm Qasr, Iraq’s only port.
for national reconciliation set up by the government.
However, the Shia-dominated government has been Iraq’s military
reluctant to integrate these predominantly Sunni The Basra operation revealed logistical deficien-
organisations into the mainstream police force, which cies in Iraqi military operations. Such shortcomings
is dominated by militias controlled by national-level are perhaps unsurprising as Iraq’s forces begin to
politicians. The Awakening Council in Diyala prov- operate without the support of Coalition forces, and
ince, for instance, was angry that only 10% of its especially given that the forces are being rebuilt –
members had been admitted to the local police force. and have grown in size and capability – at a rapid
That said, the government did, on 1 October, begin rate. The Iraqi military relies on the Coalition for
paying the wages of over 50,000 members of Baghdad close air support, fire support and many intelli-
Awakening groups (the US had done so previously). gence, surveillance and reconnaissance capacities.
But integration, and the future of those armed groups A September 2008 US report to Congress on Iraq’s
Middle East and North Africa 231
Map 4 Iraq
North Africa
Erbil
Australia MNF-I 350
MULTI-NATIONAL
Azerbaijan MNF-I 88 DIV – NORTH 5 Suleimaniya
Bulgaria MNF-I 156* Kirkuk
Czech Republic MNF-I 17 NINEVA TA’MIM
XX SULEIMANIYA
" NTM-I up to 10 4 IA
Denmark MNF-I 33 SALAHUDDIN
" NTM-I 14 6 XX
Tikrit 12
IA
El Salvador MNF-I 200
Estonia MNF-I 35 7 Samarra XX
XX Balad 5 IA
" NTM-I 3 IRAN
7 IA
Hungary NTM-I up to 10 MULTI-NATIONAL Baquba 8
DIV – BAGHDAD
Italy NTM-I 72 DIYALA
Korea, (ROK) MNF-I 300* Ramadi Falluja
MULTI-NATIONAL XX 9 BAGHDAD
Latvia MNF-I 3* DIV – WEST XX 10
Lithuania NTM-I 4 1 IA
17 IA WASIT
FYROM MNF-I 80* BABIL MULTI-NATIONAL
Karbala DIV – CENTRAL
Moldova MNF-I 20 ANBAR 11 Hilla
Netherlands NTM-I 7 KARBALA Kut
XX
Poland NTM-I up to 10 12 8 IA MAYSAN
Portugal NTM-I 8 Diwaniya 14
Najaf
Romania NTM-I 2 QADISIYA Amara
" MNF-I 499 DHI-QAR
Slovenia NTM-I 2 NAJAF XX
Tonga MNF-I 55* 10 IA Shatra
Samawa
Turkey NTM-I up to 10 Nasiriya
XX
Ukraine MNF-I 37 13 14 IA
" NTM-I 3
MUTHANNA Basra
United Kingdom MNF-I 4,100
BASRA
" NTM-I 10–20
United States MNF-I 143,000 MULTI-NATIONAL
" NTM-I 10–20 DIV – SOUTH-EAST
SAUDI ARABIA
Total MNF-I ε149,213
Totals vary and are subject to force rotation. KUWAIT
*Withdrawal by end 2008
MNF-I = Multi-National Force-Iraq
NTM-I = NATO Training Mission-Iraq
© IISS
232 The Military Balance 2009
security forces noted that the Iraqi MoD was ‘still the legal status of the US military in Iraq, and a
working towards self-sufficiency in maintenance and Strategic Framework Agreement on long-term stra-
logistics’. Improvements to logistics and the sustain- tegic cooperation. Other nations will need to seek
ment of personnel, equipment and infrastructure bilateral agreements with Baghdad if they wish to
have been held back by the fact that MoD acquisi- retain forces inside Iraq.) Several drafts of the Status
tion procedures are, according to the report, ‘slow, of Forces Agreement were discussed; sticking points
antiquated and restrained by centralized decision- are believed to have included draft sentences noting
making’. A contracting committee has been set up to a potential US departure date and also the level of
help establish audit and decision-making procedures legal immunity offered to US forces and contractors.
and to reinforce the authority of the defence minister Negotiating difficulties meant that at points even the
to approve contracts below $50 million without refer- possibility of seeking an extension to the UN mandate
ence to more senior officials; the MoD is also begin- was considered. But the preference in Washington
ning to procure equipment direct from national and and Iraq remained for a state-to-state deal. On 27
international sources. November, the Iraqi parliament approved the agree-
Iraqi forces continue to expand; the MoD decided ment between the US and Iraq dealing with the ‘with-
in 2007 to recruit personnel to fill 120% of its autho- drawal of [US] forces from Iraq and the organisation
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rised positions, and in July 2008, generated army divi- of their activities during their temporary presence in
sions reached 103% of their authorised strength (with Iraq’. Iraq’s government spokesman has said that US
personnel attrition rates of around 2%). In early 2008, troops will need to acquire judicial orders from Iraqi
a new army division, the 17th Division, was directed courts before searching Iraqi homes, and that any such
to be formed, made up of excess forces from the 6th searches must be undertaken in coordination with
Division. According to the US report, in July 2008, the Iraqi government; that by 30 June 2009, US forces
Iraq’s Ground Forces Command assumed control will withdraw from Iraqi towns and cities to speci-
of ‘14 divisions, 52 brigade headquarters, 171 army fied bases; and that US forces will have to complete
battalions, eight infrastructure battalions and six their final withdrawal from Iraq by 31 December
special-operations battalions. Of these planned units, 2011 (it is of course possible for another agreement
two divisions, four brigade headquarters, 18 army to be reached at that time concerning future security
battalions, two special-operations battalions and one and military relationships). The Strategic Framework
infrastructure battalion [were] still being formed.’ The Agreement was also signed.
Iraqi Navy, operating out of its base at Umm Qasr, is As 2008 drew to a close, the Coalition was
continuing to acquire new vessels, with a plan envis- shrinking: Poland and Georgia had left earlier in the
aging 21 new major vessels over the next two years year, and in November, Bulgaria announced that it
and 50 ‘insertion and interdiction’ craft by 2011. The would withdraw by the year’s end. UK Prime Minister
air force, meanwhile, is also increasing its recruit- Gordon Brown, meanwhile, announced that the more
ment of personnel and acquisition of equipment. The than 4,000 British troops whose role had changed in
air force’s training wing, located at Taji air base, is 2007 from combat to ‘overwatch’ would see a ‘further
responsible for basic military and technical training; fundamental change of mission in the first months of
the flight-training wing is in Kirkuk. Airlift capaci- 2009 as [the UK made] the transition to a long-term
ties are under examination: Iraq’s C-130E transport bilateral partnership with Iraq’. US forces numbered
aircraft are based at New al-Muthanna air base, and around 140,000, with this figure projected into 2009.
interest has been shown in obtaining C-130J capacity.
OTHER REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
Status of Forces Agreements
Iraq’s defence ministry and armed forces receive Much analysis and comment on Iran was devoted to
substantial support from Coalition training teams. the ongoing diplomatic situation concerning the coun-
With the expiry of the UN mandate for the foreign try’s nuclear programme (see IISS Strategic Survey
military presence in Iraq on 31 December 2008, much 2008, pp. 216–21). Iran’s role in Iraq also provoked
attention focused on the status of foreign forces in debate, though the wide range of Iranian proxies in
the country after that date, and in particular on the Iraq makes it difficult to discern Tehran’s strategic
negotiations between Baghdad and Washington over aims in that country. Amid the tension, one incident
the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) governing in January 2008 almost led to an exchange of fire in
Middle East and North Africa 233
the Strait of Hormuz, when five Iranian speedboats and long-range ballistic missiles [many] times better
harassed three US Navy ships and were mistakenly than their current radar allows them to’. As noted in
thought to have radioed a threat. last year’s Military Balance (p. 231), Israel’s air force
Levels of confrontation between Iran and the West is engaged in a project to move a number of its bases
over Tehran’s nuclear ambitions were interrupted and units to the south of the country. The air force’s
in December 2007 with the release of the conclusion heavy-transport service is relocating to Nevatim from
of a US National Intelligence Estimate (NIE); this Lod air base, with the last flights leaving Lod in late
concluded that Iran’s nuclear-weapons work had been August. Combat units and intelligence and airborne-
halted in 2003. Israel, France and an unnamed senior supply units are to join the transport elements at the
UK diplomat publicly doubted the conclusion, stated base, which is, according to the Israel Defense Forces
‘with moderate confidence’ by the NIE, that work (IDF), to be the ‘first combined combat and transport
on developing nuclear weapons had not resumed. base in the [Israeli Air Force]’. The move is part of a
Those who suspected Iran’s nuclear intentions have major move to shift sections of Israel’s military to the
pointed to its continuing development of long-range Negev. Defense Minister Ehud Barak has said that,
ballistic missiles. In February 2008, Iran test-launched overall, ‘by 2014, we expect the number of regular
a Kavoshgar-1 rocket, which it said was intended to soldiers and career officers settled in the Negev to
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further the country’s nascent space programme, but exceed twenty thousand’.
which was based on the design of the Shahab-3B missile The impact of the 2006 war in Lebanon continues
and had the potential for weapons use. Further missile to be felt by Israel’s military. Last year’s Military
launches took place in July, though imagery analysis Balance (p. 230) noted the findings of the government-
appeared to indicate that there had been a degree of mandated Winograd Commission, which examined
North Africa
number of launches. November saw Iran test what it sions of the Northern Campaign which started on July
called a new solid-fuelled long-range ballistic missile, 12th 2006’. In January 2008, the IDF responded to the
the two-stage Sajjil. Iranian reports indicated a poten- commission’s report, outlining personnel and organi-
tial range of around 2,000 kilometres. sational changes made in 2007. According to the IDF,
Other developments included Iran’s signature plans and orders have been rewritten and training
in November of a contract with aircraft manufac- exercises run at senior-command, divisional, brigade
turer Antonov for the supply of 50 An-148 transport and combat-support levels, with particular emphasis
aircraft with a possible dual role as military trans- on reserve forces. A programme is also under way to
ports and passenger aircraft; it was reported that restock weapons and ammunition expended during
part-assembly would take place at a state-owned the war, with a further plan aimed at improving the
facility in Isfahan. Earlier, in July, it was reported that equipment held in the IDF’s emergency warehouses.
the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was In January 2008, Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Defence
to undergo structural reorganisation, under which and Aviation ordered three EADS A330 multi-role
its ground forces would be integrated with the Basij tanker transport aircraft equipped with underwing
paramilitary force, extending IRGC control over what pods and the EADS CASA advanced refuelling boom
had previously been an affiliated force; each of Iran’s system. This was in addition to Project Salam, the
provinces were also to have a commander of provin- ongoing programme to acquire 72 Eurofighter Typhoon
cial forces. The same month saw new commanders aircraft, in which Eurofighter partner nations will
appointed to both the IRGC ground forces (Brigadier- supply major aircraft components while a supply chain
General Mohammad Jafar Assadi) and the Basij is established within Saudi Arabia. The first 24 aircraft
(Hojjatoleslam Hossein Taeb). are to be diverted from the UK’s Tranche 2 order, and in
In September, it was reported that the US had October 2008, the first Typhoon with Saudi insignia flew
deployed an AN-TPY-2 X-band radar to Israel’s new at BAE Systems’ Warton facility in the UK, marking the
Nevatim air base southeast of Beersheba in the Negev start of an initial flight-testing programme for the Saudi
Desert. The base was inaugurated on 28 August, aircraft under assembly at Warton.
construction having cost an estimated NIS1.62 billion. On 5 June, Bahrain’s navy completed three
According to a Pentagon spokesman, there are roughly months in command of Combined Task Force 152,
120 US personnel on site at Nevatim, and the radar which is responsible for conducting maritime secu-
deployment ‘will allow the Israelis to track medium- rity operations in the central and southern Gulf.
234 The Military Balance 2009
This was the first time that a Gulf country had for an expanding labour market. Rapid population
commanded a combined task force. On 27 August, growth throughout the region has led to some of the
the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the highest levels of unemployment in the world. It is
UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), to August estimated that Saudi Arabia, for example, will need
2009. UNIFIL is tasked with ‘ensuring that the area to create 3.5 million new jobs over the next decade,
between the Blue Line and the Litani River is free of effectively doubling the current workforce, in order to
unauthorised weapons, personnel and assets’. In mid meet the employment needs of its rising working-age
year, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon remarked population. In an effort to create new jobs, the Gulf
that the presence of ‘unidentified armed elements’ in Cooperation Council (GCC) has devised ambitious
UNIFIL’s area of responsibility, along with restric- investment projects amounting to some US$700bn
tions on the force’s freedom of movement and the between 2006 and 2010.
monitoring of its activities, was cause for concern. Even in non-oil-exporting countries, growth has
been strong, driven by increased regional trade and
Middle East and North Africa – the spillover effects of the growth of oil-exporting
Defence Economics neighbours. Together with domestic economic
reforms, these factors have led to growth of 7.2% in
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Global financial market turmoil has so far had little Egypt and 5.5% in Jordan, and growth in the Maghreb
direct effect on the Middle East, although the depre- is likely to rise from 4.2% in 2007 to 5.5% in 2008.
ciation of the US dollar is complicating policy- Almost all countries in the region have experi-
making in some countries. Regional growth remains enced rising inflation in the past two years, with those
strong: having reached 5.8% in 2007, the 2008 rate oil-exporting countries with currencies pegged to the
is forecast to be at least the same, if not marginally US dollar particularly affected. The IMF has warned
higher. With oil prices remaining high during 2008, that, although the most immediate priority should be
several countries posted healthy budget surpluses, to bring inflation down, this will be difficult to achieve
and many continued the trend established in recent so long as there continues to be monetary easing in
years of repaying debt and investing in the non-oil the US. Countries with a pegged exchange rate have
sector in an effort to create employment in new little flexibility in their monetary policy and, at a time
sectors. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has when the regional economic cycle is moving force-
repeatedly urged oil-producing countries to use the fully ahead, have been unable to set interest rates at
currently favourable economic conditions not only levels that might combat inflation. Current macroeco-
to repay debt but also to implement policies that will nomic conditions suggest that there is little likelihood
address the twin future challenges of diversifying oil- of the GCC achieving its medium-term ambition of a
dependent economies and providing sufficient jobs single currency any time soon, particularly given that
Table 22 Middle East and North Africa Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP
9
8
7
6
% of GDP
5
4
3
2
1
7.52 6.66 6.22 6.54 5.64 6.09 5.83 5.49 5.31 4.96
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Middle East and North Africa 235
one of the central convergence criteria for individual concerns about oil security, Iranian ambitions and
states is that their inflation rates should stay within internal-security issues have led Saudi Arabia to
two percentage points of the average inflation figure increase its defence and security funding, and a
for participating countries. With most countries number of high-value deals have been concluded in
appearing to be more responsive to political pressure the past two years, with future significant contracts
for higher public-sector wages and higher spending likely to follow. The largest of the arrangements for
on social programmes than to the issue of inflation, new military acquisitions was a contract to purchase
the problem is likely to persist. 72 Eurofighter Typhoon fighter aircraft from the
The collapse of the US sub-prime mortgage UK. Known as Project Salam, this deal signalled the
market in 2007 has catapulted the role of sovereign beginning of an enhanced strategic alliance between
wealth funds (SWFs) into the spotlight, particularly the UK and the Saudi kingdom, and a major evolu-
those that have injected significant amounts of new tion in UK–Saudi defence cooperation that will see
capital into a number of – predominantly American Eurofighter partner nations supplying the major
– major investment banks. There is no simple defini- components of the aircraft while a local supply chain
tion of an SWF, but they may be loosely described is built up in the kingdom. At the heart of the deal
as special-purpose government funds that hold and is likely to be the establishment of a joint venture
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manage assets of the economy for long-term objec- between BAE Systems and the Alsalam Aircraft
tives. Although there is evidence that SWFs help to Company within Saudi Arabia to oversee final
avert boom–bust cycles in their home countries and assembly work and long-term logistical support. The
that their long-term investment horizons play a stabi- initial stages of the contract are thought to be worth
lising role in international markets, the transfer by £4.4bn; however, with logistical and training support,
North Africa
banks has raised concerns about funds’ lack of trans- period. From the Saudi perspective, the arrangement
parency and their potential for undertaking trans- will create some 15,000 jobs, in line with the govern-
actions for non-commercial motives. In February ment’s ‘Saudiisation’ policy to boost employment
2008, assets under the management of GCC SWFs while building up an indigenous high-tech indus-
amounted to some US$1.3 trillion. The growing size trial base via an unprecedented degree of defence-
and importance of these funds was recognised by the technology transfer. Under a separate contract,
IMF at a roundtable held in November 2007, where European missile manufacturer MBDA is expecting
it was decided that the Washington-based institution to confirm a sizeable order for a range of missiles –
would collaborate with sovereign asset managers and including Meteor, Storm Shadow, Brimstone, ASRAAM
other stakeholders to develop voluntary best-practice and Paveway IV – to equip both the new Typhoons and
guidelines for the management of SWFs. upgraded Tornado aircraft.
Following several years of growing budget The first 24 Project Salam aircraft will be diverted
surpluses, regional defence spending has been from the UK’s Typhoon Tranche 2 order, meaning that
slowly increasing, although as a proportion of the first aircraft is likely to be delivered during 2008,
national income, total defence spending in 2007 only while the remaining 48 aircraft will be delivered from
measured 4.9% of regional GDP, compared to 6.5% of 2011, when a new assembly facility is due to be up
GDP in 2001. With tensions over Iran’s nuclear ambi- and running in Saudi Arabia. With the Typhoon deal
tion remaining high, a number of new programmes closed, the declared priority objective of BAE Systems
are under way, and announcements that the US will is to turn its in-country presence into a manufac-
increase military aid and support in the region to turing and through-life logistics-support operation
‘bolster forces of moderation’ will keep the spending by developing industrial infrastructure and training
trend firmly up. In August 2007, the Bush administra- Saudi nationals. When the Typhoon production
tion unveiled plans for a significant increase in mili- facility is established, the focus will move to starting
tary assistance to Israel (totalling US$30bn over the a similar arrangement for the assembly of new Hawk
coming decade) and Egypt (US$13bn), while Saudi trainer aircraft to replace the Royal Saudi Air Force’s
Arabia will acquire substantial quantities of new 1980-vintage platforms. In the longer term, it is envis-
weapons systems from the US. aged that the Typhoon logistical-support centre will
Following several years in which it did not make expand to become a regional support centre for
any new weapons purchases, the combination of Hawks.
236 The Military Balance 2009
In a departure from its traditional practice of a budget deficit of around 0.6% of GDP, comfortably
sourcing advanced weapons systems almost exclu- inside its self-imposed target.
sively from the US and other Western nations, Saudi In the aftermath of the war in 2006, the Israeli
Arabia has in recent years forged closer ties with defence establishment suggested that stagnant
Russia, and in July 2006 it announced an agreement defence spending, resulting in a lack of training and
to buy more than US$2bn-worth of Russian military equipment, together with a faulty basic doctrine,
equipment. There have been unconfirmed sugges- were the main reasons for the poor performance
tions that the Saudi government linked the outcome of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the conflict,
of the talks leading up to this deal with Moscow’s and requested an increase in the defence budget of
willingness to hold back on areas of cooperation with NS7bn. In response, the finance ministry set up its
Iran. Although the deal is probably not yet finalised, own commission, the Brodet Committee, to review
to date it is thought to include around 150 Mi-26 and the defence budget and set out a new framework
Mi-35 helicopters, over 100 BMP-3 infantry fighting for future defence funding. The committee judged
vehicles and 150 T-90 main battle tanks, as well as that funding levels were not the root cause of the
mobile air-defence systems. IDF’s problems during the conflict and concluded
The arms deal with Russia was another blow to that the defence budget should be increased by
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
French arms manufacturers who, having lost out to around 1.3% to 2.5% annually, in line with national
Eurofighter for the contract to supply the Saudi Air economic growth. This proposal was accepted by
Force with a fleet of new fighter aircraft, had been the government. However, it emerged in August
expecting to complete a long-delayed sale of 148 of 2007 that Israel had been successful in its negotia-
their own mix of helicopters to the kingdom. In June tions with the US to increase the amount of mili-
2008, French Foreign Minister Hervé Morin visited tary aid it receives under the US Foreign Military
Riyadh in an effort to push bilateral military ties, Financing (FMF) initiative. Under the new agree-
including the sale of further French military equip- ment, the US will provide Israel with a ten-year
ment. In particular, the French government is keen US$30bn FMF package, a 25% increase over the
to explore the possible sale of some of its FREMM previous ten years, starting at US$2.4bn in 2007 and
multi-role frigates, together with combat search- increasing by US$150m a year until 2011, when it
and-rescue helicopters and NH-90 naval helicopters. will be fixed at US$3.1bn.
France had originally intended to procure 17 FREMM Following the publication of the Brodet Review
frigates for itself, but the 2008 Defence White Paper and the conclusion of FMF negotiations, the IDF
indicated that the navy required fewer vessels than published its new five-year plan, covering the period
this. French companies are also lobbying to partic- 2008–12. The plan, known as ‘Tefen 2012’, highlighted
ipate in Saudi Arabia’s massive 12-year border four main threat scenarios: conventional war with
surveillance systems contract that could be worth a Syria, missile attack from Iran, instability in neigh-
total of US$15bn. bouring moderate countries and asymmetric terror
Israel entered the global slowdown with the advan- and rocket attacks. At the heart of Tefen 2012 is the
tage of significant economic momentum behind it and, maintenance and upgrade of nine core capabilities:
despite the 34-day war with Hizbullah in Lebanon in
the summer of 2006, growth in 2007 reached 5.4%. In • Modern main battle tanks
2008, slowing demand from Israel’s export partners • Precision-strike capability (including the
is likely to outpace any increase in domestic demand Joint Strike Fighter aircraft)
and growth is forecast to relent as a result. Higher- • Upgraded F-15s and HALE unmanned aerial
than-expected tax revenues have helped authorities vehicles (UAVs) for air superiority
to make good progress in reducing debt, and war- • Long-reach capabilities, including aerial
related expenditures have been offset by spending refuelling tankers
cuts elsewhere in the budget, with the result that the • Intelligence superiority
central-government budget was balanced in 2007. • The Tsayad digital command-and-control
The 2008 budget proposes real expenditure growth of programme
no more than 1.7%, excluding the last instalment of • Naval supremacy
spending relating to the 2006 war and West Bank and • Anti-missile defence systems
Gaza disengagement, and the government forecasts • Expanded emergency-munition stocks
Middle East and North Africa 237
Before Tefen 2012, the IDF had intended to down- that it would merge with the Libyan Islamic Fighting
size its ground forces, but the 2006 conflict with Group. That said, as several of Libya’s existing military
Hizbullah prompted a reappraisal and this strategy capabilities are reaching obsolescence, a return to the
was reversed, with new priority placed on manpower, international arms market appears immiment. Both
readiness and training. As regards new equip- France and Russia, Libya’s traditional arms suppliers,
ment, the army will receive hundreds of new Namer have agreed some medium-sized deals, but as yet
infantry fighting vehicles (based on the domestic no major contracts have been concluded. Since 2006,
Merkava main-battle-tank platform), hundreds of France has signed contracts to upgrade a number of its
Stryker 8×8 medium-armoured vehicles, additional Mirage F1s (only 12 had been deemed airworthy) and
Merkava-4 tanks and dozens of tactical UAVs. With supply Libya with Milan anti-tank guided missiles
renewed focus on ground forces the air force, tradi- and Tetra communications equipment, and in early
tionally the highest priority in terms of procurement 2007, the two countries signed a framework accord
funding, will be forced to limit its requirements over believed to cover a number of potential big-ticket
the next five years. The most high-profile casualty items. However, a dispute over five Bulgarian nurses
is the Joint Strike Fighter aircraft, with an original and a Palestinian doctor who were accused in Libya
expectation of 100 units reduced to just 25 in the of deliberately infecting children in their care with
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current five-year plan and possibly another 25 in the HIV soured relations between the two countries and
following five years. The air force’s request for an pushed back the prospect of higher-value transac-
additional squadron of AH-64D Apache attack heli- tions. It is thought that negotiations are still continuing
copters has also been limited, to just six, and there are over a major arms deal between France and Libya
no funds for new tanker aircraft, only for the upgrade that could include between 12 and 20 Rafale combat
North Africa
Under Tefen 2012, the Israeli Navy has been allo- artillery and armoured vehicles and upgraded air-
cated US$250m for the acquisition of the first of two defence radars.
multi-purpose missile vessels of 2,000–3,000 tonnes. As negotiations with France have faltered, Russia
Out of an original five designs, the field has been has pushed ahead with its military-cooperation agree-
narrowed to two: a Lockheed Martin design based ment with Libya in the hope that it might regain its
on the US Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship (LCS); and a dominant position in relation to the country’s defence
unique design from Northrop Grumman. The navy sector – at present, nearly 90% of Libyan armaments
has hinted that it favours the LCS design, not least were made in the former Soviet Union. In April 2008,
because it hopes that a large production run in the Russian President Vladimir Putin announced on a visit
US will reduce costs and guarantee the availability to Tripoli that Russia would cancel Libya’s US$4.5bn
of spare parts, an important consideration in view of debt in return for a number of military, energy and
the difficulty it has had obtaining spare parts for its construction contracts, including a military-technical
unique Sa’ar corvettes. cooperation deal. Future arms contracts are likely
Since its decision to forgo its nuclear programme and to see Libya purchase 12 Su-35 multi-role fighter
allow in international weapons inspectors, Libya has aircraft, S-125 and S-300 air-defence systems, a Kilo-
indicated an interest in modernising its armed forces, class submarine and 48 new T-90 main battle tanks,
which are currently mainly equipped with ageing plus the upgrade of 100 T-72 tanks. In a joint declara-
Russian weapons systems. Healthy revenues derived tion, the two countries announced their intention to
from high hydrocarbon prices mean that the govern- enhance cooperation on national security and defence
ment is in a position to implement such a programme. through collaboration on arms-control measures,
Though external security issues have traditionally nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament; boosting
been a major driver of Libyan defence spending, with efforts to turn the Middle East into a weapons-of-
Tripoli viewing Algiers and Cairo as competitors for mass-destruction-free zone; and reducing military
influence in the region, improving economic and secu- operations in the Mediterranean. Other deals signed
rity ties with its neighbours via the Mediterranean include a US$3.5bn contract for Russian Railways to
Union have led to a change in Libya’s security envi- build a railway in Libya using 70% Russian equip-
ronment, with the emphasis now on domestic secu- ment and steel products and an agreement between
rity. This has particularly been the case following the Russian giant Gazprom and Libya’s National Oil
announcement by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Corporation to set up a joint venture.
238 The Military Balance 2009
The status of Algeria’s multi-billion-dollar arms turer Sukhoi successfully delivered two Su-30MKAs,
agreement with Russia, first signed in March 2006, apparently signalling the resumption of the original
appeared by the end of 2008 to be back on track after deal.
a number of setbacks during the year. Algeria had Following the confusion over the Russian contracts,
agreed to purchase 28 Su-30MKA aircraft and 34 Algeria indicated that it was keen to diversify its arms
MiG-29 aircraft under the deal, as well as 16 Yak-130 suppliers. In June 2008, it signed a historic defence
advanced jet trainers, 180 T-90 tanks and various air- accord with former colonial power France, with the
defence systems. However, upon receiving a number French prime minister promising the beginning of a
of MiG-29s from Russia in early 2008, the Algerian ‘new, ambitious and promising era’ of cooperation
government had claimed that some of the aircraft between the two nations. It is thought that France
were second-hand, and put delivery of the rest of is currently negotiating for the sale of, among other
the package on hold. The suspension came after things, up to four FREMM multi-role frigates from its
Algeria had also rejected a strategic alliance between order of 17 ships. France has also offered its Eurocopter,
Gazprom and its national oil company Sonatrach. In which is in competition with the Italian-and-British-
subsequent talks, Russia had indicated that it would produced Super Lynx, to the Algerians, while French
take back the MiG-29 aircraft, but only if Algeria manufacturer Thales continues to negotiate over the
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agreed to buy more modern and expensive aircraft, supply of border-surveillance equipment for use in
such as the MiG-35. In June 2008, however, rela- the Sahara desert, where cells affiliated to al-Qaeda
tions appeared to be thawing, as Russian manufac- are believed to have established training camps.
Middle East and North Africa 239
AT
Algeria Ag MSL • MANPATS 200+: 200 Milan; AT-3 9K11 Sagger;
AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
Algerian Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
RCL 180: 107mm 60 B-11; 82mm 120 B-10
GDP D 9.1tr 10.5tr GUNS 300: 57mm 160 ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 80 D-44:
US$ 131bn 171bn 100mm 50 SU-100 SP (in store); 10 T-12
per capita US$ 3,944 5,067 AD • SAM 288+
Growth % 4.6 4.9 SP 68: ε48 SA-8 Gecko; ε20 SA-9 Gaskin
Inflation % 3.6 4.3
MANPAD 220+: ε220 SA-7A Grail/SA-7B Grail; SA-14
Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet;
Def bdgta D 295bn
GUNS ε875
US$ 4.27bn SP ε225 ZSU-23-4
US$1=D 69.2 61.4 TOWED ε650: 14.5mm 100: 60 ZPU-2; 40 ZPU-4; 20mm
a
Excluding extra-budgetary funding 100; 23mm 100 ZU-23; 37mm ε100 M-1939; 57mm
70 S-60; 85mm 20 M-1939 KS-12; 100mm 150 KS-19;
Population 33,769,669
130mm 10 KS-30
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 15% 6% 6% 5% 17% 2% Navy ε6,000 (incl 500 officers)
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North Africa
civil projects) CORVETTES 6
RESERVE 150,000 (Army 150,000) to age 50 FSG 3:
2 Rais Hamidou (FSU Nanuchka II) each with 4 single
each with 1 SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.)
Organisations by Service with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM
1 Rais Hamidou (FSU Nanuchka II) with 4 quad (16
Army 47,000; ε80,000 conscript (total 127,000) eff.) with 16 SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 twin
FORCES BY ROLE (2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM
6 Mil Regions; re-org into div structure on hold FS 3 Djebel Chenona each with 2 twin (4 eff.) CSS-N-8
Armd 2 div (each: 3 tk regt, 1 mech regt); 1 Saccade tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
indep bde PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
Mech 3 div (each: 1 tk regt, 3 mech regt) PFM 9 Osa II each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2B Styx
Mech Inf/Mot Inf 5 indep bde tactical SSM (3†)
AB /SF 1 div (5 AB regt) PFC 11 Kebir
AMPHIBIOUS • LS 3
Arty 7 regt
LSM 1 Polnochny B (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
AD 5 bn
LST 2 Kalaat beni Hammad (capacity 7 tanks; 240 troops)
Engr 4 indep bn
each with 1 med hel landing platform
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10
MBT 995+: 100+ T-90; 325 T-72; 300 T-62; 270 T-54/T-55 TRG 8: 1 Daxin; AXL 7 EL Mouderrib
RECCE 90: 26 BRDM-2; 64 BRDM-2 each with AT-3 9K11 SPT 1
Sagger TRV 1 Poluchat (Used for SAR)
AIFV 1,040: 680 BMP-1; 260 BMP-2; 100 BMP-3
FACILITIES
APC (W) 750: 300 BTR-60; 150 BTR-80; 150 OT-64; 50 M-3
Panhard; 100 TH 390 Fahd Bases Located at Mers el Kebir, Algiers, Annaba, Jijel
ARTY 1,019
SP 170: 122mm 140 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 30 2S3
Coast Guard ε500
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 15
TOWED 375: 122mm 160 D-30; 25 D-74; 100 M-1931/37;
60 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 10 M-46; 152mm 20 ML-20 PCC 11: 4 Baglietto; 7 Chui- E (PRC)
M-1937 PCI 4 El Mounkid less than 100 tonnes
MRL 144: 122mm 48 BM-21; 140mm 48 BM-14/16; 240mm LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 Spt
30 BM-24; 300mm 18 9A52 Smerch
MOR 330: 82mm 150 M-37; 120mm 120 M-1943; 160mm Air Force 14,000
60 M-1943 Flying hours 150 hrs/year
240 The Military Balance 2009
TOWED 26: 105mm 8 L-118 Light Gun; 155mm 18 M-198 SPT 1 S-70A Black Hawk
MRL 227mm 9 MLRS (with 30 ATACMS) UTL 16: 12 AB-212 (Bell 212); 3 Bo-105; 1 UH-60L Black
MOR 21: 81mm 12; 120mm 9 Hawk
AT • MSL • MANPATS 15 TOW-2A/TOW-2B TRG 6 TAH-1P Cobra*
RCL 31: 106mm 25 M-40A1; 120mm 6 MOBAT MSL
AD • SAM 93 ASM AGM-65D/G Maverick
North Africa
AAM AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9P Sidewinder
TOWED 8 I-HAWK MIM-23B
MSL some TOW
MANPAD 78: 18 FIM-92A Stinger; 60 RBS-70
GUNS 27: 35mm 15 Oerlikon; 40mm 12 L/70
Paramilitary ε11,260
Navy 700 Police 9,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Ministry of Interior
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 3 HELICOPTERS • UTL 5: 1 Bo-105; 2 Bell 412 Twin
FRIGATES • FFG 1 Sabah (US Oliver Hazard Perry) with Huey; 2 Hughes 500
SM-1 MR SAM, 4+ RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2
triple ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1 Bo-105 National Guard ε2,000
utl hel or 2 SH-2G Super Seasprite ASW hel) Paramilitary 3 bn
CORVETTES • FSG 2 Al Manama (Ge Lurssen 62m with
hel deck) each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet Coast Guard ε260
tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 Bo-105 utl hel) Ministry of Interior
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22:
PFM 4 Ahmed el Fateh (Ge Lurssen 45m) each with 2 twin 7 PCC; 15 PBI (less than 100 tonnes)
(4 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 spt
gun
PFC 2 Al Riffa (Ge Lurssen 38m) Foreign Forces
PCI 2 Swift less than 100 tonnes (FPB-20)
United States US Central Commmand: Army 22; Navy
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 5
1,136; USAF 21; USMC 145; 1 HQ (5th Fleet)
LCU 5: 1 Loadmaster; 4 LCU
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • SPT 1
FACILITIES
Base Mina Salman
Naval Aviation
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS • SPT 2 Bo-105 utl hel
APC 4,160
Egypt Et APC (T) 2,600 M-113A2 (incl variants); 500 BTR-50/OT-62
(most in store)
Egyptian Pound E£ 2007 2008 2009 APC (W) 1,560: 250 BMP-600P; 250 BTR-60; 410 Fahd-30/
GDP Ε£ 731bn 910bn TH 390 Fahd; 650 Walid
US$ 132bn 163bn ARTY 4,413
per capita US$ 1,656 1,996 SP 489: 122mm 124 SP 122; 155mm 365: 164 M-109A2;
201 M-109A2/M-109A3
Growth % 7.1 7.2
TOWED 946: 122mm 526: 190 D-30M; 36 M-1931/37; 300
Inflation % 11.0 11.7 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 420 M-46
Def exp Ε£ 24.55bn MRL 498: 122mm 356: 96 BM-11; 60 BM-21; 50 Sakr-10;
US$ 4.64bn 50 Sakr-18; 100 Sakr-36; 130mm 36 Kooryong; 140mm 32
Def bdgt Ε£ 17.4bn
BM-14; 227mm 26 MLRS; 240mm 48 BM-24 in store
MOR 2,480
US$ 3.16bn
SP 100: 107mm 65 M-106A1; 35 M-106A2;
FMA (US) US$ 1.30bn 1.28bn 1.30bn 81mm 50 M-125A2; 82mm 500; 120mm 1,800 M-1943;
US$1=E£ 5.50 5.58 160mm 30 M-160
AT • MSL 2,362
Population 81,713,517 SP 262: 52 M-901, 210 YPR 765 PRAT
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Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MANPATS 2,100: 1,200 AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2);
200 Milan; 700 TOW-2
Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 17% 2%
RCL 107mm 520 B-11
Female 16% 5% 5% 4% 17% 3% UAV R4E-50 Skyeye
AD • SAM 2,096+
Capabilities SP 96: 50 FIM-92A Avenger; 26 M-54 Chaparral; 20 SA-9
Gaskin
ACTIVE 468,500 (Army 340,000 Navy 18,500 Air MANPAD 2,000+: 2,000 Ayn al-Saqr/SA-7 Grail; FIM-
30,000 Air Defence Command 80,000) Paramilitary 92A Stinger
397,000 GUNS 705+
Terms of service 12 months-3 years (followed by refresher SP 205: 23mm 165: 45 Sinai-23; 120 ZSU-23-4; 57mm 40
training over a period of up to 9 years) ZSU-57-2
TOWED 500+: 14.5mm 300 ZPU-4; 23mm 200 ZU-23-2;
RESERVE 479,000 (Army 375,000 Navy 14,000 Air 57mm S-60
20,000 Air Defence 70,000) RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder; AN/TPQ-37
Firefinder (arty/mor)
Organisations by Service MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 42+: 9 FROG-7; 24 Sakr-80; some
(trials); 9 Scud-B
Army 90,000–120,000; 190,000–220,000 Central Zone
conscript (total 280,000–340,000) Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Cairo
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 4 div (each: 2 armd bde, 1 mech bde, 1 arty bde); Eastern Zone
1 (Republican Guard) bde; 4 indep bde Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Ismailiya
Mech 4 indep bde Armd 1 div
Mech Inf 8 div (each: 1 arty bde, 1 armd bde, 2 mech inf bde) Mech Inf 2 div
Air Mob 2 bde
Northern Zone
Inf 1 div, 2 indep bde
Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Alexandria
SF 1 gp
Armd 1 div
Cdo 1 gp HQ (5 cdo gp, 1 Counter-Terrorist unit
Mech Inf 2 div
(Unit 777 (Thunderbolt Force (El Saiqa)), str 300.)
Para 1 bde Southern Zone
Arty 15 indep bde Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Aswan
SSM 1 bde with 9 FROG-7; 1 bde with 9 Scud-B Armd Cav 1 div
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Mech Inf 2 div
MBT 3,505: 755 M1-A1 Abrams; 300 M-60A1; 850 M-60A3;
500 T-62 in store; 260 Ramses II (mod T-54/55); 840 T-54/T-55 Western Zone
in store Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Mersa Matruh
RECCE 412: 300 BRDM-2; 112 Commando Scout Armd 1 div
AIFV 610: 220 BMP-1 (in store); 390 YPR-765 (with 25mm) Mech Inf 2 div
Middle East and North Africa 243
Navy ε8,500 (incl 2,000 Coast Guard); 10,000 CRAFT • LCU 9 Vydra (capacity either 3 AMX-30 MBT
conscript (total 18,500) or 100 troops)
Two Fleets: Mediterranean and Red Sea. Naval LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19:
Organisation: 1 Submarine Bde, 1 Destroyer Bde, 1 Patrol AOT 7 Toplivo
Bde, 1 Fast Attack Bde and 1 Special Ops Bde. AE 1Halaib (Westerwald Class)
FORCES BY ROLE AR 1Shaledin (Luneberg Class)
ATF 4
Navy 1 HQ located at Alexandria; 1 HQ located at Safaqa
TRG 2: 1 Tariq† (UK FF); 1 (also used as the Presidential
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE yacht)
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4 Romeo† each with 8 TRV 2 Poluchat
single 533mm TT with UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW YDT 2
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11 FACILITIES
DESTROYERS • DD 1 El Fateh† training (UK ‘Z’ class) Bases Alexandria, Port Said, Mersa Matruh, Port Tewfig,
with 2 quad 533mm ASTT (8 eff.), 4 114mm gun Safaqa, Hurghada, Suez, Al Ghardaqah
FRIGATES • FFG 10:
2 Abu Qir (Sp Descubierta) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon Coastal Defence
quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, Army tps, Navy control
2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Sting Ray LWT, 1 twin MSL • TACTICAL • SSM SSC-2b Samlet
tube Bofors mortar 375mm (2 eff.), 1 76mm gun
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
LNCHR 3:
2 Damyat (US Knox) each with 1 Mk16 Mk 112 octuple 3 twin each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM
with 8 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, tactical ASROC, GUN 100mm; 130mm SM-4-1; 152mm
2 twin 324mm TT (4 eff.), 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-
2G Super Seasprite ASW hel) Naval Aviation
4 Mubarak (US Oliver Hazard Perry) each with 1 Mk All aircraft armed and operated by Air Force
13 GMLS with 4 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 36 AIRCRAFT • TPT • BEECH 1900: 4 Beech 1900C
North Africa
(Maritime Surveillance)
Seasprite ASW hel) HELICOPTERS
2 Najim Al Zaffer (PRC Jianghu I) each with 2 twin (4 ATK 5 SA-342 Gazelle
eff.) each with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm tactical SSM, ASW 15: 10 SH-2G Super Seasprite each with Mk 46
2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.) LWT; 4 Sea King MK47
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41 UAV 2 Camcopter 5.1
PFM 23:
5 Tiger class each with 2 single each with Otomat Coast Guard 2,000
tactical SSM PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 80+
4 Hegu (Komar type) (PRC) each with 2 single each with PCC 50: 5 Nisr; 9 Swiftships; 21 Timsah; 9 Type83; 6
1 SY-1 tactical SSM Swift Protector Class (Additional vessels on order)
5 October (FSU Komar) each with 2 single each with 1 PCI 12 Sea Spectre MKIII;
SY-1 tactical SSM PFI 6 Crestitalia less than 100 tonnes
3 Osa I (FSU) each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2A PBI 12 (various)
Styx tactical SSM
6 Ramadan each with 4 single each with 1 Otomat Air Force 30,000 (incl 10,000 conscript)
tactical SSM
FORCES BY ROLE
PFC 18:
Ftr 2 sqn with Mirage 5D/E; 2 sqn with F-16A
5 Hainan (PRC) each with 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.), Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn with M-2000C Mirage;
4 x1 RL 7 sqn with F-16C Fighting Falcon; 6 sqn with
3 Hainan† in reserve (PRC) each with 2 triple (6 eff.) MiG-21 Fishbed
324mm TT (6 eff.), 4 single RL
FGA 2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 2 sqn with J-6 (MiG-
4 Shanghai II (PRC)
19S) Farmer B; 1 sqn with Alpha Jet*; 1 sqn with
4 Shershen each with 1+ SA-N-5 Grail SAM (manual
Mirage 5E2
aiming), 1 12 tube BM-24 MPL (12 eff.)
2 Shershen (FSU) each with 4 single 533mm TT, 1 8 tube ASW/Hel 2 sqn with SH-2G Super Seasprite*; Sea King
BM-21 MRL (8 eff.) MK47*; SA-342L Gazelle* (Navy use)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 14 Tac/Hel/ sqns with CH-47C Chinook; CH-47D Chinook
MSO 3 Assiout (FSU T-43 class) Tpt (medium); Commando (of which 3 VIP); Mi-6
MSC 4 Aswan (FSU Yurka) Hook; S-70 Black Hawk (VIP, light); Mi-8 Hip;
MHC 5: 2 Osprey; 3 Dat Assawari AS-61; UH-60A Black Hawk; UH-60L Black Hawk
MHI 2 Safaga (Swiftships) (VIP); UH-12E
AMPHIBIOUS 12 Recce 2 sqn with MiG-21R Fishbed H*; Mirage 5SDR
LS • LSM 3: (Mirage 5R)*
3 Polnochny A (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) (FSU) MP 1 sqn with Beech 1900C
244 The Military Balance 2009
EW 1 sqn with Beech 1900 (ELINT); C-130H Hercules Air Defence Command 30,000; 50,000
(ELINT); Commando 2E (ECM) conscript; 70,000 reservists (total 150,000)
AEW 1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt 1 regt with B-707-366C; B-737-100; Beech 200 AD 5 div (geographically based) (total: 12 SAM bty with
Super King Air; C-130H Hercules; DHC-5D M-48 Chaparral, 12 radar bn, 12 ADA bde (total: 100
Buffalo; Falcon 20; Gulfstream III; Gulfstream IV, ADA bn), 12 SAM bty with I-HAWK MIM-23B, 14
An-74TK-200A SAM bty with Crotale, 18 SAM bn with Skyguard, 110
Atk hel 6 sqn with AH-64A Apache; SA-342K Gazelle (44 SAM bn with Pechora (SA-3A) Goa/SA-3 Goa; SA-6
with HOT, 30 with 20mm) Gainful; SA-2 Guideline)
Trg sqns with F-16B Fighting Falcon*; F-16D Fighting EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Falcon*; DHC-5 Buffalo; Alpha Jet; EMB-312 AD
Tucano; Gomhouria; Grob 115EG; L-29 Delfin; SYSTEMS 72+: Amoun each with RIM-7F Sea Sparrow
L-39 Albatros; L-59E Albatros*; M-2000B Mirage*; SAM, 36+ quad SAM (144 eff.), Skyguard towed SAM,
MiG-21U Mongol A*; JJ-6 (MiG-19UTI) Farmer; 36+ twin 35mm guns (72 eff.)
K-8* SAM 702+
UAV sqn with 20 R4E-50 Skyeye; 29 Teledyne-Ryan SP 130+: 24+ Crotale; 50+ M-48 Chaparral; 56+ SA-6
324 Scarab Gainful
TOWED 572+: 78+ I-HAWK MIM-23B; SA-2 Guideline
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
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Italy MFO 79; 1 coastal ptl unit MBT 1,613+: ε100 Zulfiqar; 480 T-72; 150 M-60A1; 75+
New Zealand MFO 26 (trg + tpt) T-62; 100 Chieftain Mk3/Mk5; 540 T-54/T-55/Type-59; 168
Norway MFO 9 (staff) M-47/M-48
United States MFO 687; 1 Inf bn; 1 Spt bn (1 EOD coy, 1 LT TK 80+: 80 Scorpion; Towsan
Medical coy, 1 Spt Hel coy) RECCE 35 EE-9 Cascavel
AIFV 610: 210 BMP-1; 400 BMP-2
Uruguay MFO 83 (engr + tpt)
North Africa
APC (T) 340: 140 Boragh; 200 M-113
Iran Ir APC (W) 300 BTR-50/BTR-60
ARTY 8,196+
Iranian Rial r 2007 2008 2009 SP 310+ : 122mm 60+: 60 2S1 Carnation; Thunder 1; 155mm
180+: 180 M-109; Thunder 2; 170mm 10 M-1978; 175mm 30
GDP r 2,409tr 3,010tr
M-107; 203mm 30 M-110
US$ 260bn 306bn TOWED 2,010+; 105mm 130 M-101A1; 122mm 640: 540
per capita US$ 3,969 4,645 D-30; 100 Type-54 (M-30) M-1938; 130mm 985 M-46;
Growth % 6.4 5.5 152mm 30 D-20; 155mm 205: 120 GHN-45; 70 M-114; 15
Inflation % 19.0 26.0 Type 88 WAC-21; 203mm 20 M-115
MRL 876+: 107mm 700+: 700 Type-63; Fadjr 1; HASEB;
Def bdgta r 69tr
122mm 157: 7 BM-11; 100 BM-21; 50 Arash/Hadid/Noor;
US$ 7.45bn 240mm 19: ε10 Fadjr 3; 9 M-1985; 333mm Fadjr 5
US$1=r 9,281 9,837 MOR 5,000: 60mm; 81mm; 82mm; 107mm M-30;120mm
a
Excluding defence industry funding M-65
AT
Population 65,875,223 MSL • MANPATS 75 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-4 9K111
Ethnic groups: Persian 51%; Azeri 24%; Gilaki/Mazandarani 8%; Spigot/AT-5 9K113 Spandrel/Saeqhe 1/Saeqhe 2/Toophan/
Kurdish 7%; Arab 3%; Lur 2%; Baloch 2%; Turkman 2% TOW (some AT-3 SP), Toophan (TOW)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus RCL 200+: 75mm M-20; 82mm B-10; 106mm ε200 M-40;
107mm B-11
Male 14% 6% 7% 5% 17% 2% RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
Female 13% 6% 6% 5% 16% 2% AIRCRAFT TPT 17: 10 Cessna 185; 2 F-27 Friendship; 1
Falcon 20; 4 Rockwell Turbo Commander 690
Capabilities HELICOPTERS
ATK 50 AH-1J Cobra
ACTIVE 523,000 (Army 350,000 Islamic SPT 45: 20 CH-47C Chinook; 25 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/
Revolutionary Guard Corps 125,000 Navy 18,000 Air Mi-8 Hip
30,000) Paramilitary 40,000 UTL 128: 68 AB-205A (Bell 205A); 10 AB-206 (Bell 206)
Armed Forces General Staff coordinates two parallel JetRanger; 50 Bell 214
organisations: Regular Armed Forces and Revolutionary UAV • TACTICAL Mohajer II / Mohajer III / Mohajer IV
Guard Corps AD • SAM
SP HQ-7 (reported)
RESERVE 350,000 (Army 350,000, ex-service MANPAD SA-14 Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet/SA-7 Grail;
volunteers) Misaq (QW-1)
246 The Military Balance 2009
indep bde
PCI 11 China Cat each with 2 twin (4 eff.) FL-10 SSM /
AB 1 indep bde
C-701 Kowsar tactical SSM (less than 100 tonnes)
PFI 42: 11 Peykaap II (IPS-16 mod) each with 2 twin (4eff.)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Naval FL-10 SSM / C-701 Kowsar tactical SSM; 15 Peykaap I (IPS
Forces 20,000+ (incl 5,000 Marines) 16); 6 (semi-submersible craft); 10 (various); (All vessels
FORCES BY ROLE less than 100 tonnes)
Navy some (coast-defence) elm (total: some SSM bty PBI 40
with HY-2 (CSS-C-3) Seersucker, some arty bty) PB 37
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 50+ MSC 3: 2 Type-292; 1 Shahrokh (in Caspian Sea as trg
PFM 10 Thondor (PRC Houdong) each with C-802 ship)
(CSS-N-8) Saccade tactical SSM MSI 2 Riazi (US Cape)
PB 40+ Boghammar Marin (Swe) each with AT AMPHIBIOUS
LS 13
(ATGW), RCL, gun (machine guns)
LSM 3 Iran Hormuz 24 (capacity 9 tanks; 140 troops)
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM HY-2 (CSS-C-3) Seersucker
(ROK)
FACILITIES LST 7:
Bases Located at Bandar-e Abbas, Khorramshahr, with 3 Hejaz (mine laying capacity)
40+ Boghammar Marin PB (Swe) each with AT 4 Hengam each with up to 1 hel (capacity 9 tanks; 225
(ATGW), RCL, gun (machine guns) bases located troops)
at Larak, Abu Musa, Al Farsiyah, Halul (oil LSL 3 Fouque
platform), Sirri CRAFT 8
UCAC 8: 7 Wellington; 1 Iran
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Marines LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 26
5,000+ AORH 3: 2 Bandar Abbas; 1 Kharg
Marine 1 bde AWT 4 Kangan
SPT 19: 6 Delvar; 12 Hendijan; 1 Hamzah
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force FACILITIES
Controls Iran’s strategic missile force. Bases Located at Bandar-e Abbas, Bushehr, Kharg Island,
FORCES BY ROLE Bandar-e Anzelli, Bandar-e Khomeini, Bandar-e
Msl ε1 bde Shahab-1/2 with 12–18 launchers;ε1 bn with Mahshahr, Chah Bahar
ε6 single launchers each with ε4 Shahab-3 strategic
IRBM Marines 2,600
Marine 2 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LAUNCHER 24: 12–18 Satellite Launcher; ε6 single with
Naval Aviation 2,600
ε4 Shahab-3 IRBM AIRCRAFT
MP 3 P-3F Orion
Navy 18,000 EW • ELINT 3 Da-20 Falcon
FORCES BY ROLE TPT 13: 5 Do-228; 4 F-27 Friendship; 4 Rockwell Turbo
Navy 1 HQ located at Bandar-e Abbas Commander 680
Middle East and North Africa 247
North Africa
Tobago; TB-21 Trinidad; Beech F-33A Bonanza/
Beech F-33C Bonanza; EMB-312 Tucano; JJ-7
mobilisation
Mongol A*; MFI-17 Mushshak; PC-7 Turbo Trainer Paramilitary militia, with claimed membership of 12.6
Hel sqn with CH-47 Chinook; Shabaviz 2-75; Shabaviz million, including women and children; perhaps 1 million
2061; AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger; AB-214C combat capable; in the process of closer integration with
SAM 16 bn each with ε150 I-HAWK MIM-23B; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces.
5 sqn with FM-80 (Crotale); total of 30 Rapier; Militia 2,500 bn (claimed); some (full time)
15 Tigercat; 45 SA-2 Guideline; 10 SA-5 Gammon;
FIM-92A Stinger; SA-7 Grail; 29 Tor-M1 systems
(reported delivered early 2007)
Non-State Groups
see Part II
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 319 combat capable
FTR 118: 25 F-14 Tomcat; 25 MiG-29A/UB/U Fulcrum; 24
F-1E Mirage; 20 F-5B Freedom Fighter; 24 F-7M Airguard
Iraq Irq
FGA 168: 13 Su-25K Frogfoot A/T/UBK; 30 Su-24MK Iraqi Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
Fencer D; 65 F-4D Phantom II/F-4E Phantom II; 60+ F-5E
Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II GDP US$ 62.3bn 84.1bn
RECCE: 6+ RF-4E Phantom II* per capita US$ 2,265 2,980
MP 5 P-3MP Orion* Growth % 5.9 6.6
TPT 104+: 3 B-707; 1 B-727; 4 B-747F; 17 C-130E Hercules/ Inflation % 30.1 4.1
C-130H Hercules; 10 F-27 Friendship; 1 Falcon 20; 1+ Il-76 US$1=D 1,254 1,173
Candid; 40 Iran-140 Faraz; 2 Jetstar; 10 PC-6B Turbo Porter;
3 Rockwell Turbo Commander 680; 9 Y-12; 2 Y-7 (An-24) Population 28,221,181
Coke; 1 B-747 Ethnic and religious groups: Arab 75–80% (of which Shi’a Muslim
UTL 12: 4 TB-200 Tobago; 8 TB-21 Trinidad 55%, Sunni Muslim 45%) Kurdish 20–25%
TRG 112: 20 Beech F-33A Bonanza/Beech F-33C Bonanza;
15 EMB-312 Tucano; 15 JJ-7 Mongol A; 22 *MFI-17 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Mushshak; 40 PC-7 Turbo Trainer Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%
HELICOPTERS Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
SPT 2+ CH-47 Chinook; Shabaviz 2-75 (indigenous versions
in production); Shabaviz 2061 Capabilities
UTL 32: 2 AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger; 30 AB-214C
AD • SAM 279+: FM-80 (Crotale); 30 Rapier; 15 Tigercat; ACTIVE 577,056 (Army 186,957 Navy 1,900 Air
ε 150+ I-HAWK MIM-23B; 45 SA-2 Guideline; 10 SA-5 1,887 Ministry of Interior 386,312)
248 The Military Balance 2009
United States 143,000 Army: 1 corps HQ; 3 div HQ; 6 Strategic Defences
armd HBCT; 1 armd cav regt; 2 mech inf Stryker BCT; 3 17 batteries MIM-23B Improved HAWK
lt inf IBCT 4 ARNG lt inf IBCT; some M1 Abrams; some 6 batteries MIM-104 Patriot
M2/M3 Bradley; some Stryker; some M109; some M198; 3 batteries (24 launchers) Arrow/Arrow 2 ATBM with Green
9,341 MRAP; some AH-64 Apache; some OH-58 Kiowa; Pine radar and Citrus Tree command post. Launchers sited
some UH-60 Black Hawk; some CH-47 Chinook USMC: Hadera and Palmachim (N and C Israel)
1 MEF HQ; 2 Marine RCT; 1 FSSG regt Air Force: some 1 US EUCOM AN/TPY-2 X-band radar at Nevatim, SE of
F-16D Fighting Falcon; some A-10 Thunderbolt II; some Beersheba
C-130 Hercules; some C-17 Globemaster; Some HH-60G Pave
Hawk; some RQ-1B Predator • NTM-I 10 to 20 Army 26,000; 107,000 conscript; 500,000+ on
mobilisation; (total 133,000–633,000)
Organisation and structure of formations may vary
Israel Il according to op situations. Equipment includes that
required for reserve forces on mobilisation.
New Israeli Shekel NS 2007 2008 2009
FORCES BY ROLE
GDP NS 665bn 730bn
3 regional commands each with 2 regular div; 1-2 regional/
US$ 162bn 195bn territorial div; 2 regular bde
per capita US$ 25,200 27,443 Armd 2 div; 15 bde
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North Africa
FMA (US) US$ 2.34bn 2.38bn 2.55bn (T-55 mod); 711 M-60/M-60A1/M-60A3; 206 Centurion; 126
US$1=NS 4.10 3.74 T-54/T-55/T-62S; 561 M-48A5
RECCE 408: ε400 RBY-1 RAMTA; ε8 Tpz-1 Fuchs
Population 7,112,359
APC 10,419+
Ethnic and religious groups: Jewish 76%; Arab 20%; others 4%.
(Muslim 17%; Christian 2%; Druze 2%) APC (T) 10,373+: 276 Achzarit (modified T-55 chassis);
6,131 M-113A1/M-113A2; 180 M-2 (some in store); 3,386
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus M-3 half-track (some in store); ε400 Nagmachon (Centurion
Male 14% 4% 4% 4% 20% 4% chassis); Nakpadon
APC (W) 46: 34 BTR-152; 6 BTR-40; 6 Puma (Centurion)
Female 13% 4% 4% 4% 20% 6%
ARTY 5,432
SP 620: 155mm 548: 148 L-33; 350 M-109A1; 50 M-50;
Capabilities 175mm 36 M-107; 203mm 36 M-110
ACTIVE 176,500 (Army 133,000 Navy 9,500 Air TOWED 456: 105mm 70 M-101A1; 122mm 5 D-30;
34,000) Paramilitary 8,050 130mm 100 M-46; 155mm 281: 50 M-114A1 in reserve;
100 M-46; 50 M-68/M-71; 81 M-839P/M-845P
RESERVE 565,000 (Army 500,000 Navy 10,000 Air MRL 224: 122mm 58 BM-21; 160mm 50 LAR-160; 227mm
55,000) 60 MLRS; 240mm 36 BM-24; 290mm 20 LAR-290
Terms of service officers 48 months, other ranks 36 months, MOR 4,132: 52mm 2,000; 81mm 1,358; 120mm 652
women 24 months (Jews and Druze only; Christians, (towed); 160mm 122: 104 M-43 in reserve; 18 M-66 Soltam
Circassians and Muslims may volunteer). Annual trg as cbt AT
reservists to age 41 (some specialists to age 54) for men, 24 MSL • MANPATS 1,225+: 900 M47 Dragon; AT-3 9K11
(or marriage) for women Sagger; 25 IMI MAPATS; Gil/Spike; 300 TOW-2A/TOW-2B
(incl Ramta (M-113) SP)
RCL 106mm 250 M-40A1
Organisations by Service RL 82mm B-300
AD • SAM 1,270
Strategic Forces SP 20 Machbet
Israel is widely believed to have a nuclear capability – MANPAD 1,250: 1,000 FIM-43 Redeye; 250 FIM-92A
delivery means include ac, Jericho 1 and Jericho 2 (IRBM Stinger
and SRBM) RADAR • LAND AN/PPS-15 (arty); AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder
MSL • STRATEGIC (arty); EL/M-2140 (veh)
IRBM: Jericho 2 MSL 107
SRBM: Jericho 1 STRATEGIC ε100 Jericho 1 SRBM/Jericho 2 IRBM
WARHEADS up to 200 nuclear warheads TACTICAL • SSM 7 Lance (in store)
250 The Military Balance 2009
Slovakia 2 obs
towed 20mm; 40mm 150 L/70
Slovenia 2 obs
MSL
ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AGM-45 Shrike; AGM-62B Sweden 6 obs
Walleye; AGM-65 Maverick; AGM-78D Standard; Popeye I Switzerland 10 obs
tactical ASM/Popeye II United States 3 obs • US Army 8; US Navy 3; USAF 15;
AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 USMC 25; 1 AN/TPY-2 X-band radar located at Nevatim
North Africa
BOMB • PGM • JDAM GBU-31
Organisations by Service
Foreign Forces
UNTSO unless specified. Figures represent total numbers Army 88,000
for mission in Israel, Syria, Lebanon Jordan has re-organised from a divisional structure to 4
Argentina 5 obs commands, a strategic reserve and a special operations
252 The Military Balance 2009
command. The strategic reserve still has a divisional struc- FORCES BY ROLE
ture and the special operations command is responsible Ftr 1 sqn with F-1CJ (F-1C) Mirage/Mirage F-1BJ
for counter terrorism and unconventional operations. The (F-1B); 1 sqn with F-16A Fighting Falcon; F-16B
Royal Guard also comes under this command. Fighting Falcon;
FORCES BY ROLE FGA/Recce 1 sqn with Mirage F-1EJ (F-1E); 1 sqn with
Armd 1 Comd (Southern) (1 armd bde, 1 inf bde);1 F-16AM/BN Fighting Falcon; 3 sqn with F-5E
Div (strategic reserve) (3 armd, 1 arty, 1 AD Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II
bde) Surv sqn with RU-38A Twin Condor
Mech 1 comd (Northern) (2 mech bde, 1 inf bde, 1 Tpt 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules; CASA 212A
arty bde, 1 AD bde,); 1 comd (Eastern) ( 2 mech Aviocar; CL-604 Challenger; CN-235; TB-20
bde, 1 AD bde, 1 arty bde) 1 comd (Central) (1 Trinidad
mech bde, 1 lt inf bde, 1 AD bde, 1 arty bde) VIP 1 (Royal) flt with A-340-211; Gulfstream IV;
Spec Ops 1 bde (2 ab bn, 1 ab arty bn, 1 psyops unit; 2 SF L-1011 Tristar; S-70A Black Hawk
bn) Atk hel 2 sqn with AH-1F Cobra with TOW tactical
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ASM
MBT 1,182: 390 CR1 Challenger 1 (Al Hussein); 274 FV4030/2 Tpt hel 2 sqn with AS-332M Super Puma; Bo-105
Khalid; 88 M-60 Phoenix; 115 M-60A1/M-60A3 (in store); 292 (operated on behalf of the police); EC-635 (utl/
Tariq (Centurion – in store); 23 M-47/M-48A5 (in store) SAR); UH-1H Iroquois; 1 hel sqn dedicated to
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK: Scorpion Capabilities
APC (W) 55+: 25+ EE-11 Urutu; 30 FV603 Saracen ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 11,000 Navy 2,000 Air 2,500)
Paramilitary 7,100
Reserve Organisations 60,000 reservists Terms of service voluntary
Armd 1 (Royal) div (1 arty bde, 1 AD bde,
3 armd bde) RESERVE 23,700 (Joint 23,700)
Terms of service obligation to age 40; 1 month annual trg
Civil Militia ‘People’s Army’ ε35,000 reservists
Men 16–65, women 16–45
Organisations by Service
Deployment Army 11,000
central african republic/chad FORCES BY ROLE
Army 1 (reserve) bde
UN • MINURCAT 1 obs
Armd 3 bde
CÔTE D’IVOIRE Mech/Recce 1 bde
UN • UNOCI 1,062; 7 obs ; 1 inf bn ; 1 SF coy
Mech Inf 2 bde
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North Africa
bty, 5 (Patriot PAC-2) AD bty, 6 (Amoun
Liberia (Skyguard/Aspide)) AD bty)
UN • UNMIL 123; 7 obs; 1 fd hospital EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 368: 218 M1-A2 Abrams; 75 M-84; 75 in store
NEPAL
AIFV up to 450: up to 76 BMP-2; up to 120 BMP-3; 254
UN • UNMIN 10 obs Desert Warrior (incl variants)
APC 321
Serbia
APC (T) 270: 230 M-113A2; 40 M-577
UN • UNMIK 1 obs APC (W) 51: 40 TH 390 Fahd in store; 11 TPz-1 Fuchs
Sudan ARTY 218
UN • UNAMID 7 SP 155mm 113: 18 AU-F-1 in store; 23 M-109A3; 18
(AMX) Mk F3; 54 PLZ45
UN • UNMIS 6; 14 obs
MRL 300mm 27 9A52 Smerch
MOR 78: 81mm 60; 107mm 6 M-30; 120mm ε12 RT-F1
Kuwait Kwt AT • MSL 118+
SP 74: 66 HMMWV TOW; 8 M-901
Kuwaiti Dinar D 2007 2008 2009 MANPATS 44+: 44 TOW-2; M47 Dragon
RCL 84mm ε200 Carl Gustav
GDP D 31.8bn 45.9bn
AD • SAM 60+
US$ 113bn 176bn STATIC/SHELTER 12 Aspide
per capita US$ 45,328 67,983 MANPAD 48 Starburst; Stinger
Growth % 4.6 5.9 GUNS • TOWED 35mm 12+ Oerlikon
Inflation % 5.5 9.0
Def bdgt D 1.0n 1.3bn
Navy ε2,000 (incl 500 Coast Guard)
US$ 3.75bn 4.93bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
US$1=D 0.28 0.26
PFM 10:
Population 2,596,799 1 Al Sanbouk (Ge Lurssen TNC-45) with 2 twin (4 eff.)
Ethnic groups: Nationals 35%; other Arab 35%; South Asian 9%; each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM
Iranian 4%; other 17%
1 Istiqlal (Ge Lurssen FPB-57) with 2 twin (4 eff.) each
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM
8 Um Almaradim (Fr P-37 BRL) each with 2 twin (4
Male 14% 4% 7% 9% 25% 2%
eff.) each with Sea Skua tactical SSM, 1 sextuple (6 eff.)
Female 13% 4% 5% 5% 11% 1% (launcher only)
254 The Military Balance 2009
North Africa
PBR 14
Unless specified, figures refer to UNTSO and represent
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 2 Sour (capacity 8 APC; 96
total numbers for the mission in Israel, Syria, Lebanon.
troops) (Fr Edic)
Argentina 5 obs
FACILITIES
Australia 11 obs
Bases Located at Jounieh, Beirut
Austria 6 obs
Belgium 2 obs • UNIFIL 485 Army: 1 inf coy; 14 M-113
Air Force 1,000 APC (T); 8 APV-2 Dingo II APC (W); 13 Mowag Piranha III
3 air bases
APC (W); 3 Pandur APC (W) Navy; 1 FFG
FORCES BY ROLE Canada (Op Jade) 7 obs
Atk hel 1 sqn with SA-342L Gazelle at Rayak
Chile 3 obs
Utl hel 2 sqn with UH-1H at Beirut; 1 sqn with UH-
China, People’s Republic of 4 obs • UNIFIL 343;
1H at Rayak; 1 sqn with UH-1H at Koleyate
Croatia UNIFIL 1
Trg hel 1 trg sqn with R-44 Raven II at Rayak
Cyprus UNIFIL 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Denmark 10 obs
AIRCRAFT El Salvador UNIFIL 46
FGA 6 Hawker Hunter MK 9, MK6, T66 all grounded
Estonia 2 obs
(could be refurbished)
Finland 13 obs
TRG 8: 5 CM-170 Magister all grounded (3 could be
refurbished) France 2 obs • UNIFIL 2,177: Army: 1 combined arms
HELICOPTERS BG (2 mech inf coy, 1 armd sqn, 1 arty tp); 1 engr coy; 13
ATK 13: 8 SA-342L Gazelle (plus 5 grounded – could be Leclerc MBT ; 35 AMX-10P AIFV; 4 AUF1 155mm SP; 6
refurbished) Mistral MANPAD SAM; 2 Cobra; Navy: 1 FF, 1 PC
UTL 45 (of which only 20 serviceable): 16 UH-1H Huey Germany UNIFIL 234: Navy: 1 MHC; 1 MSC; 1 SPT
(+ 7 unserviceable); 4 R-44 Raven II (basic trg); 7 Bell 212 Ghana UNIFIL 880; 1 inf bn
unserviceable (5 could be refurbished); 5 Puma SA-330 Greece UNIFIL 192: Navy: 1 Elli FFG; 1 PB
all grounded (3 could be refurbished): 3 SA-330 Puma Guatemala UNIFIL 2
in store; 5 SA-316 Alouette III unserviceable (3 could be Hungary UNIFIL 4
refurbished); 1 SA-318 Alouette II unserviceable (could
India UNIFIL 897; 1 inf bn; 1 fd hospital
be refurbished)
Indonesia UNIFIL 870; 1 inf bn
Ireland 11 obs • UNIFIL 7;
Paramilitary ε20,000 active
Italy 7 obs • UNIFIL 2,420: Army: 3 inf bn; 1 avn unit;
Internal Security Force ε20,000 Navy 1 FF; 1 PB
Ministry of Interior Korea, Republic of UNIFIL 367
256 The Military Balance 2009
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12: UTL 16: 5 AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger (lt); 11 SA-316
ARS 1 Alouette III (lt)
TPT 10 El Temsah MSL
YDT 1 ASM AS-11 Kilter; AS-7 Kerry; AS-9 Kyle; AT-2 Swatter
FACILITIES ARM AS-11 Kilter
Bases Located at Tripoli, Benghazi, Tobruk, Khums AAM AA-2 Atoll; AA-6 Acrid; AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid;
Minor bases Located at Derna, Zuwurah, Misonhah R-550 Magic; R530
SAM 216+:
Air Force 18,000
SP 72 SA-6 Gainful/SA-8 Gecko (216–432 eff.)
Flying hours 85 hrs/year
TOWED 144: 108 SA-2 Guideline
FORCES BY ROLE STATIC SA-5A Gammon; 36 SA-3 Goa
Bbr 1 sqn with Tu-22 Blinder GUNS some
Ftr 9+ sqn with Mirage F-1ED (F-1E); MiG-25 Foxbat;
MiG-23 Flogger; MiG-21 Fishbed; Mirage F-1BD
Non-State Groups
Para 2 bde 2 Mohammed V (Fr Floreal) each eq with 2 single each with
AB 2 indep bn MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 AS-565SA
Arty 11 indep bn Panther)
Engr 7 indep bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 27
AD 1 indep bn PFM 4 Cdt El Khattabi (Sp Lazaga 58m) each with 4 single
each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Royal Guard 1,500 PCC 17:
Army 1 bn 4 El Hahiq (Dk Osprey 55, incl 2 with customs)
Cav 1 sqn 6 LV Rabhi (Sp 58m B-200D)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 Okba (Fr PR-72) each with 1 76mm gun
MBT 580: 40 T-72, 220 M-60A1; 120 M-60A3; ε200 5 Rais Bargach (under control of fisheries dept)
M-48A5 in store PFI 6 El Wacil (Fr P-32, under 100 tonnes, incl 4 with
LT TK 116: 5 AMX-13; 111 SK-105 Kuerassier customs)
RECCE 384: 38 AML-60-7; 190 AML-90; 80 AMX-10RC; AMPHIBIOUS
40 EBR-75 16 Eland; 20 M1114 HMMWV LS 4:
AIFV 70: 10 AMX-10P; 30 MK III-20 Ratel-20; 30 MK LSM 3 Ben Aicha (Fr Champlain BATRAL) (capacity 7
III-90 Ratel-90 tanks; 140 troops)
APC 765 LST 1 Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah (US Newport)
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
North Africa
MRL 35 BM-21
MOR 1,706
SP 56: 106mm 32-36 M-106A2; 120mm 20 (VAB Marines 1,500
APC) Naval inf 2 bn
TOWED 1,650: 81mm 1,100 Expal model LN; 120mm
550 Brandt Naval Aviation
AT • MSL 790 HELICOPTERS • ASW/ASUW 3 AS-565SA Panther
SP 80 M-901
MANPATS 710: 40 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 440 M47 Air Force 13,000
Dragon; 80 Milan; 150 TOW Flying hours 100 hrs/year on F-1 Mirage/F-5A Freedom
RCL 106mm 350 M-40A1 Fighter Tiger
RL 700: 66mm 500 M-72 LAW; 89mm 200 M-20
FORCES BY ROLE
GUNS 36
Ftr 1 sqn with F-1CH (F-1C) Mirage
SP 100mm 8 SU-100
TOWED 90mm 28 M-56 FGA 1 sqn with F-5A/F-5B Freedom Fighter; 2 sqn with
UAV R4E-50 Skyeye F-5E/F-5F Tiger II; 2 sqn with Mirage F-1EH (F-1E)
AD • SAM 107 Recce sqn with OV-10 Bronco*; C-130H Hercules (with
SP 37 M-48 Chaparral side-looking radar)
MANPAD 70 SA-7 Grail EW sqn with C-130 Hercules (ELINT); Falcon 20
GUNS 407 (ELINT)
SP 60 M-163 Vulcan Tpt sqn with Beech 100 King Air; Beech 200 Super
TOWED 347: 14.5mm 200: 150-180 ZPU-2; 20 ZPU-4; King Air; C-130H Hercules; CN-235; Do-28; Falcon
20mm 40 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 75-90 ZU-23-2; 20; Falcon 50 (VIP); Gulfstream II (VIP)
100mm 17 KS-19
Tkr sqn with KC-130H Hercules (tpt/tkr); B-707
RADAR • LAND: RASIT (veh, arty)
Liaison sqn with Beech 200 Super King Air
Navy 7,800 (incl 1,500 Marines) Atk hel sqn with SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT, 12 with
cannon)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES • Tpt hel sqn with CH-47D Chinook (hy); SA-330 Puma
FFG 3: (med); AB-205A (Bell 205A); AB-206 (Bell 206)
1 Lt Col Errhamani (Sp Descubierto) with 2 twin (4 JetRanger (lt); AB-212 (Bell 212) (lt); UH-60 Black
eff.) each with MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 Albatros Hawk
octuple with 24 Aspide SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each Trg sqn with AS-202 Bravo; Alpha Jet*; CAP 10; T-34C
with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 AS-565SA Turbo Mentor; T-37B Tweet (being replaced by
Panther), K-8); CAP-231
260 The Military Balance 2009
TOWED 108: 105mm 42 ROF lt; 122mm 30 D-30; 130mm Trg 1 sqn with AS-202-18 Bravo; MFI-17B
24: 12 M-46; 12 Type-59-I; 155mm 12 FH-70 Mushshak; PC-9*; SF-25 Falke; AB-206 hel
MOR 101: 81mm 69; 107mm 20 M-30; 120mm 12 AD 2 sqn with 40 Rapier; 6 Blindfire; S713
Brandt Martello
AT • MSL 58
SP 8 VBL (TOW) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANPATS 50: 32 Milan; 18 TOW/TOW-2A AIRCRAFT 64 combat capable
FTR/FGA 52: 12 F-16C/D (8 –C, 4 –D) Block 50 Fighting
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 94mm LAW-80
Falcon; 24 Jaguar (20 OS (single seat), 4 OB (dual seat)); 4
AD • SAM 54+
Hawk Mk103; 12 Hawk Mk203
SP Mistral 2
TPT 16: 3 BAC-111; 3 C-130H Hercules; 10 SC.7 3M Skyvan
MANPAD 54: 20 Javelin; 34 SA-7 Grail
(7 radar-equipped, for MP)
GUNS 26: 23mm 4 ZU-23-2; 35mm 10 GDF-005 (with
TRG 26: 4 AS-202-18 Bravo; 8 MFI-17B Mushshak; 12
Skyguard); 40mm 12 L/60 (Towed)
PC-9*; 2 SF-25
HELICOPTERS • UTL 41: 19 AB-205 (Bell 205) to be
Navy 4,200 replaced by 20 NH-90; 3 AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (basic rig); 3 AB-212 (Bell 212); 16 Lynx Mk 300 Super Lynx
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES (maritime/SAR)
• FSG 2 Qahir Al Amwaj each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with AD • SAM 40 Rapier
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) (to RADAR • LAND 6+: 6 Blindfire; S713 Martello
be fitted) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 octuple MSL
(8 eff.) with 16 Crotale SAM, 1 76mm gun, with hel landing AAM AIM-9LM Sidewinder; AIM-120C AMRAAM
platform for Super Lynx type hel ASM 20 AGM-84D Harpoon; AGM-65 Maverick
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
PFM 4: 1 Dhofar with 2 triple (6 eff.) (not fitted); 3 Royal Household 6,400
Dhofar each with 2 quad (8 eff.) with MM-40 Exocet SSM (incl HQ staff)
Population 4,149,173
Capabilities
Capabilities ACTIVE 11,800 (Army 8,500 Navy 1,800 Air 1,500)
ACTIVE 0 Paramilitary 56,000
Personnel strength figures for the various Palestinian Organisations by Service
groups are not known
Army 8,500
Organisations by Service FORCES BY ROLE
Tk 1 bde (1 tk bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 mor sqn, 1
There is very little data concerning the status of the or- AT bn)
ganisations mentioned below. The Cairo and Washington
Mech inf 3 bn
agreements recognised several organisations under the
Palestinian Directorate of Police Force. Some have little or SF 1 coy
no military significance and it is difficult to estimate the Fd arty 1 bn
size of the total forces that do. Following internal fighting Royal Guard 1 bde (3 inf regt)
in June 2007, the Gaza Strip is under the de facto control
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
of Hamas, while the West Bank is controlled by the emer-
MBT 30 AMX-30
gency Palestinian Authority administration.
RECCE 68: 12 AMX-10RC; 20 EE-9 Cascavel; 12 Ferret; 8
V-150 Chaimite; 16 VBL
Paramilitary AIFV 40 AMX-10P
National Forces ε56,000 (reported) APC 226
APC (T) 30 AMX-VCI
General Security APC (W) 196: 36 Piranha II; 160 VAB
Presidential security 3,000 ARTY 89
SF 1,200 SP 155mm 28 (AMX) Mk F3
Police 9000 TOWED 155mm 12 G-5
Preventative Security MRL 4 ASTROS II
MOR 45
Civil Defence 1000
SP • 81mm 4: 4 VAB VPM 81
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail; Stinger reported 81mm 26: 26 L16
120mm 15: 15 Brandt
Non-State Groups AT • MSL 148
SP 24 VAB VCAC HOT
see Part II
MANPATS 124: 24 HOT; 100 Milan
RCL 84mm ε40 Carl Gustav
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21 Saudi Arabia Sau
PFM 7:
Saudi Riyal R 2007 2008 2009
4 Barzan (UK Vita) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with
GDP R 1.41tr 1.67tr
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 sextuple (6 eff.) with
Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun US$ 377bn 446bn
3 Damsah (Fr Combattante III) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) per capita US$ 13,661 15,851
each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun Growth % 3.5 5.9
PB 14 (11 operated by Marine Police) Inflation % 4.1 11.5
FACILITIES Def bdgta R 132bn 143bn
Bases Located at Doha, Halul Island US$ 35.4bn 38.2bn
US$1=R 3.75 3.75
Coastal Defence a
Defence and security budget
FORCES BY ROLE
Population 28,161,417
Navy 1 bty with 3 quad (12 eff.) each with MM-40
Exocet tactical SSM Ethnic groups: Nationals 73% of which Bedouin up to 10%, Shi’a
6%, Expatriates 27% of which Asians 20%, Arabs 6%, Africans 1%,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Europeans <1%
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North Africa
Atk hel 1 sqn with Commando MK 3 (Exocet); 20,000 Air Defence 4,000 Industrial Security Force
SA-342L Gazelle (with HOT) 9,000 National Guard 100,000) Paramilitary 15,500
Tpt hel sqn with Commando MK 2A;
Commando MK 2C; SA-341 Gazelle Organisations by Service
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable Army 75,000
FGA 12: 9 M-2000ED Mirage; 3 M-2000D Mirage FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 6: 1 A-340; 2 B-707; 1 B-727; 2 Falcon 900 Armd 3 bde (each: 3 tk bn ,1 mech bn, 1 fd arty bn,
TRG 6 Alpha Jet* 1 recce bn, 1 AD bn, 1 AT bn)
HELICOPTERS Mech 5 bde (each: 1 tk bn, 3 mech bn, 1 fd arty bn,
ASUW 8 Commando MK 3 1 AD bn, 1 spt bn,)
ATK 11 SA-342L Gazelle* AB 1 bde (2 AB bn, 3 SF coy)
SPT 6: 3 Commando MK 2A; 1 Commando MK 2C; 2 SA-341 Arty 1 bde (5 Fd Arty bn, 2 (SP) MRL bn, 1 (SP)
Gazelle Msl bn)
AD • SAM 75: 24 Mistral Avn 1 comd (1 Atk Hel bde, 1 Hel bde)
SP 9 Roland II
Royal Guard 1 regt (3 lt inf bn)
MANPAD 42: 10 Blowpipe; 12 FIM-92A Stinger; 20 SA-7
Grail EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL MBT 910: 115 M1-A2 Abrams; 200 in store; 145 AMX-30 in
store; 450 M-60A3
ASM AM-39 Exocet; Apache; HOT
RECCE 430: 300 AML-60/AML-90; LAV-AG 130
AAM MICA; R-550 Magic
AIFV 780: 380 AMX-10P; 400 M-2 Bradley each with 2 TOW
msl, 1 30mm gun
Deployment APC 2,240
APC (T) 1,650 M-113A1/M-113A2/M-113A3 (incl
LEBANON variants)
UN • UNIFIL 3 APC (W) 590: ε40 AF-40-8-1 Al-Fahd; 150 M-3 Panhard;
400-570 Piranha II
Foreign Forces ARTY 868
SP 155mm 170: 60 AU-F-1; 110 M-109A1B/M-109A2
United Kingdom Air Force: 8 Tornado GR4 TOWED 238: 105mm 100 M-101/M-102 in store; 155mm
United States US Central Command: Army 202; Navy 5; 130: 40 FH-70 in store; 50 M-114; 40 M-198 in store;
USAF 197; USMC 40; elm 1 (APS) HBCT set 203mm 8 M-115 in store
264 The Military Balance 2009
Inf 4 indep bde SAET-60 HWT, 4 RBU 2500 Smerch 1 (64 eff.)†, 2 76mm
SF 1 div (10 SF gp) twin gun
Arty 2 indep bde PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21:
AT 2 indep bde PFM 10 Osa I/II each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2C
Styx tactical SSM
SSM 1 (Coastal Def) bde with SS-C-1B Sepal
PFI 11: 8 Zhuk less than 100 tonnes; ε 3 Tir each with 2
and SS-C-3 Styx; 1 bde (3 SSM bn with
single with C-802 (CSS-N-8) Saccade tactical SSM
FROG-7); 1 bde (3 SSM bn with SS-21);
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5:
1 bde (3 SSM bn with Scud-B/-C)
MSC 1 Natya
Border Guard 1 indep bde
MSI 3 Yevgenya
Republican Guard 1 div (2 armd, 1 mech, 1 arty bde) MSO 1 T-43 (FSU)
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LSM 3 Polnochny B (capacity 6 MBT;
Reserves 180 troops)
Armd 1 div HQ; 4 bde; 2 regt LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: 2 AGOR; 1 trg
Inf 31 regt FACILITIES
Arty 3 regt Bases Located at Latakia, Tartus, Minet el-Baida
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 4,950: 1,500–1,700 T-72 T-72M; 1,000 T-62K/T-62M; Naval Aviation
2,250 T-55/T-55MV (some in store) HELICOPTER 13 atk hel
RECCE 590 BRDM-2 ASW 13: 2 Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A (air force manpower);
AIFV up to 2,450 BMP-1/BMP-2/BMP-3 11 Mi-14 Haze
APC (W) 1,500: 500 BTR-152; 1000 BTR-50/BTR-60/
BTR-70 Air Force 40,000 (incl 10,000 reserves); 60,000
ARTY up to 3,440+ Air Defence (incl 20,000 reserves) (total
SP 500+: 122mm 450+: 400 2S1 Carnation (Gvosdik); 100,000)
50+ D-30 (mounted on T34/85 chassis); 152mm 50 2S3 Flying hours 15 to 25 hrs/year on FGA/ftr; 70 hrs/year;
(Akatsiya) 50 hrs/year on MBB-223 Flamingo trg ac
TOWED 2,030: 122mm 1,150: 500 D-30; 150 (M-30) FORCES BY ROLE
M1938; 500 in store (no given designation); 130mm Ftr 4 sqn with MiG-25 Foxbat; 4 sqn with MiG-23
700-800 M-46; 152mm 70 D-20/ML-20 M1937; 180mm MLD Flogger; 3 sqn with MiG-29A Fulcrum A
10 S23
FGA 2 sqn with MiG-23BN Flogger H; 1 sqn with Su-24
MRL up to 500: 107mm up to 200 Type-63; 122mm up
Fencer; 5 sqn with Su-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D;7 sqn
to 300 BM-21 (Grad)
with MiG-21 Fishbed;
MOR 410+: 82mm; 120mm circa 400 M-1943; 160mm
Recce 4 sqn with MiG-21H Fishbed/MiG-21J Fishbed*;
M-160 (hundreds); 240mm up to 10 M-240
MiG-25R Foxbat*
AT • MSL 2,600
SP 410 9P133 BRDM-2 Sagger Tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl;
MANPATS 2190+: 150 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 40 AT-5 Falcon 20; Falcon 900; Il-76 Candid; Yak-40 Codling;
9K113 Spandrel; AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn; 800 AT-10 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip;
9K116 Stabber; 1,000 AT-14 9M133 Kornet; 200 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
Milan Atk hel 3 sqns with Mi-25 Hind D; SA-342L Gazelle
Middle East and North Africa 267
Trg PA-31 Navajo; L-39 Albatros; MBB-223 Flamingo Croatia UNDOF 95; 1 inf coy
(basic); MFI-17 Mushshak; MiG-21U Mongol A*; Denmark 10 obs
MiG-23UM*; MiG-25U Foxbat* Estonia 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Finland 13 obs
AIRCRAFT 555 combat capable France 2 obs
FTR 150+: 40+ MiG-29A Fulcrum; 30 MiG-25 Foxbat; 80 Ireland 11 obs
MiG-23MLD Flogger Italy 7 obs
FGA 289: 20 Su-24 Fencer; 60MiG-23BN Flogger H; 159
India UNDOF 187; elm 1 log bn
MiG-21H; 50 Su-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D
Japan UNDOF 29; elm 1 log bn
RECCE 48: 8 MiG-25R Foxbat*; 40 MiG-21 H/J*
Nepal 3 obs
TPT 22: 1 An-24 Coke; 6 An-26 Curl; 2 Falcon 20; 1 Falcon
900; 4 Il-76 Candid; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 6 Yak-40 Codling Netherlands 11 obs
TRG 139: 70 L-39 Albatros (40 armed*); 35 MBB-223 New Zealand 7 obs
Flamingo (basic); 6 MFI-17 Mushshak; 20 MiG-21U Mongol Norway 11 obs
A*; 6 MiG-23UM*; 2 MiG-25U Foxbat* Poland UNDOF 347; 1 inf bn
HELICOPTERS Russia 4 obs • Army/Navy 150, naval facility reportedly
ATK 71: 36 Mi-25 Hind D; 35 SA-342L Gazelle under renovation at Tartus
SPT 120: 100 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; 20 PZL Slovakia 2 obs
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Tunisia Tn
North Africa
FORCES BY ROLE
AD 2 div (total: 25 AD bde (total: 150 SAM bty with Tunisian Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
total of 148 SA-3 Goa; 195 SA-6 Gainful; 320 SA-2 GDP D 45bn 48bn
Guideline, some ADA bty with total of 4,000 SA-7A US$ 35.2bn 36.9bn
Grail/SA-7B Grail))
per capita US$ 3,425 3,556
SAM 2 regt (each: 2 SAM bn (each: 2 SAM bty with total of
Growth % 6.3 5.5
44 SA-5 Gammon))
Inflation % 3.1 5.1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Def bdgt D 601m
AD • SAM 4,707
US$ 470m
SP 195 SA-6 Gainful
FMA (US) US$ 8.3m 8.3m 2.2m
TOWED 468: 320 SA-2 Guideline; 148 SA-3 Goa
STATIC/SHELTER 44 SA-5 Gammon US$1=D 1.28 1.30
MANPAD 4,000 SA-7A Grail/SA-7B Grail Population 10,383,577
Ministry of Interior
GUNS 127
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 30
SP 40mm 12 M-42
PCC 6 Kondor I (GDR)
TOWED 115: 20mm 100 M-55; 37mm 15 Type-55
PCI 24: 5 Bremse (GDR); 4 Gabes; 4 Rodman; 2 Socomena;
(M-1939)/Type-65
All units less than 100 tonnes
RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
HELICOPTERS • UTL 8 SA-318 Alouette II/SA-319
Alouette III
Navy ε4,800
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 25 Deployment
PFM 12: Burundi
3 Bizerte (Fr P-48) each with 8 SS 12M tactical SSM UN • BINUB 1
3 La Galite (Fr Combattante III) each with 2 Mk 140
Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical Côte D’Ivoire
SSM, 1 76mm gun UN • UNOCI 3; 7 obs
6 Albatros (Type 143B) with 2 x 76mm gun, 2 twin
Democratic Republic of Congo
launcher (4 eff.) for MM-38 Exocet SSM, 2 single 533mm
UN • MONUC 464; 33 obs; 1 mech inf bn
TT
PCC 3 Utique (mod PRC Haizhui II)
PCI 10 (less than 100 tonnes)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6:
United Arab Emirates UAE
AWT 1 Emirati Dirham D 2007 2008 2009
AGS 1 GDP D 676bn 775bn
ABU 3
US$ 184bn 211bn
TRG 1 Salambo (US Conrad, survey)
per capita US$ 69,704 78,212
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Bizerte, Sfax, Kelibia Growth % 7.4 7.0
Inflation % 11.1 12.9
Air Force 4,000 Def bdgta D ε37.0bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ ε10.08bn
FGA 1 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II US$1=D 3.67 3.67
CCT 1 sqn with MB-326K; MB-326L a
Excludes possible extra-budgetary procurement funding
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130B Hercules; C-130E Hercules;
Population 2,700,000
C-130H Hercules; Falcon 20; G-222; L-410 Turbolet
Ethnic groups: Nationals 24%; Expatriates 76% of which Indian
Liaison 1 sqn with S-208A 30%, Pakistani 20%; other Arab 12%; other Asian 10%; UK 2%;
Tpt/utl 2 sqn with AS-350B Ecureuil; AS-365 Dauphin 2; other European 1%
hel AB-205 (Bell 205); SA-313; SA-316 Alouette III;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UH-1H Iroquois; UH-1N Iroquois; 1 sqn with HH-
3E Male 13% 6% 5% 4% 29% 3%
Trg 2 sqn with L-59 Albatros*; MB-326B; SF-260 Female 12% 5% 5% 3% 14% 1%
Middle East and North Africa 269
Inf 2 bde
LCU 5: 3 Al Feyi (capacity 56 troops); 2 (capacity 40 troops
Arty 1 bde (3 arty regt) and additional vehicles)
Royal Guard 1 bde LCT 7
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: 1 YDT; 2 YTM
Dubai Independent Forces FACILITIES
Mech inf 2 bde Bases Located at Mina Sakr (Sharjah), Mina Rashid,
North Africa
MBT 471: 390 Leclerc; 36 OF-40 Mk2 (Lion); 45 AMX-30 Dhabi (Main base), Mina Khalid, Mina Jabal (Ras
LT TK 76 Scorpion al-Khaimah)
RECCE 113: 49 AML-90; 20 Ferret in store; 20 Saladin in
store; 24 VBL Naval Aviation
AIFV 430: 15 AMX-10P; 415 BMP-3 AIRCRAFT • TPT 2 Learjet 35A
APC 880 HELICOPTERS
APC (T) 136 AAPC (incl 53 engr plus other variants) ASW/ASUW 14: 7 AS-332F Super Puma (5 in ASUW
APC (W) 744: 90 BTR-3U Guardian; 120 EE-11 Urutu; role); 7 AS-565 Panther
370 M-3 Panhard; 64 TPz-1 Fuchs; 80 VCR (incl variants); UTL 4 SA-316 Alouette III
20 VAB
ARV 46 Air Force 4,500
ARTY 501+ Incl Police Air Wing
SP 155mm 181: 78 G-6; 85 M-109A3; 18 Mk F3 Flying hours 110 hrs/year
TOWED 93: 105mm 73 ROF lt; 130mm 20 Type-59-I
FORCES BY ROLE
MRL 72+: 70mm 18 LAU-97; 122mm 48+: 48 Firos-25 FGA 3 sqn with F-16E/F-16F Falcon Block 60; 3 sqn
(est 24 op); Type-90 (reported); 300mm 6 9A52 Smerch with Mirage 2000-9DAD/2000-9RADe; 1 sqn with
MOR 155: 81mm 134: 20 Brandt; 114 L16; 120mm 21 Mirage M-2000DAD; 1 sqn with Hawk MK63A/
Brandt Hawk MK63C/Hawk MK63; 1 sqn with Hawk
AT • MSL 305+ MK102
SP 20 HOT
Recce 1 sqn with M-2000 RAD Mirage*
MANPATS 285+: 30 HOT; 230 Milan; 25 TOW;
SAR 1 sqn with A-109K2; AB-139
Vigilant in store
RCL 262: 84mm 250 Carl Gustav; 106mm 12 M-40 Tpt 3 sqn with An-124 Condor; Beech 350 Super King
AD • SAM • MANPAD 40+: 20+ Blowpipe; 20 Mistral Air; C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules; CASA
GUNS 62 235M-100; DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; IL-76 Candid on
SP 20mm 42 M3 VDAA lease; L-100-30
TOWED 30mm 20 GCF-BM2 OCU Hawk MK61*
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 6 Scud-B (up to 20 msl) Trg sqn with Grob 115TA; PC-7 Turbo Trainer
Atk hel 2 sqn with AH-64A Apache; AS-550C3 Fennec; SA-
Navy ε2,500 342K Gazelle (eq. with HOT) ASM
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tpt hel 1 sqn with IAR-330 SOCAT Puma/SA-330 Puma;
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 4 CH-47C Chinook (SF); AB-139 (VIP); AS-365F
FRIGATES • FFG 2 Abu Dhabi †(NL Kortenaer) each with Dauphin 2 (VIP); Bell 206 JetRanger trg; Bell 214;
2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) (no weapons embarked) Bell 407; Bell 412 Twin Huey
270 The Military Balance 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 184 combat capable Yemen, Republic of Ye
FGA 155: 55 F-16E Block 60 Desert Eagle; 25 F-16F Block
Yemeni Rial R 2007 2008 2009
60 (13 to remain in US for Trg); 18 Mirage 2000-9DAD;
44 Mirage 2000-9RAD; 13 Hawk MK102 GDP R 4.23tr 5.35tr
RECCE 7 Mirage 2000 RAD* US$ 21.4bn 26.9bn
TPT 23: 1 An-124 Condor; 2 Beech 350 Super King Air; per capita US$ 957 1,169
4 C-130H; 2 C-130H-30 Hercules; 7 CASA 235M-100; Growth % 3.3 3.5
1 DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; 4 Il-76 Candid on lease; 2
Inflation % 12.5 17.2
L-100-30
Def bdgt R 179bn
TRG 64: 5 Hawk MK61*; 17 Hawk MK63 A/Hawk
MK63C*; 12 Grob 115TA; 30 PC-7 Turbo Trainer US$ 908m
HELICOPTERS FMA (US) US$ 9.7m 2.7m 3.0m
ATK 40+: 30 AH-64A Apache (being upgraded to AH- US$1=R 198 199
64D standard); AS-550C3 Fennec; 10 SA-342K Gazelle
SPT 27: 12 CH-47C Chinook (SF); 15 IAR-330 SOCAT Population 23,013,376
Puma aslt/SA-330 Puma spt Ethnic groups: Majority Arab, some African and South Asian
UTL 40: 3 A-109K2; 8 AB-139 (incl 2 VIP); 4 AS-365F Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
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AT • MSL • MANPATS 71: 35 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 24 M47 FTR 43: 16 MiG-29SMT Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UBT; 10 F-5E
Dragon; 12 TOW Tiger II; 15 MiG-21 Fishbed
RCL 75mm M-20; 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11 FGA 30 Su-20 (Su-17M) Fitter C Su-17 FGA/Su-22 (Su-
RL 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm RPG-7 Knout 17M-2) Fitter D
GUNS 50+ TPT 18: 2 An-12 Cub; 6 An-26 Curl; 3 C-130H Hercules; 4
SP 100mm 30 SU-100 Il-14 Crate 4; 3 Il-76 Candid
TOWED 20+: 85mm D-44; 100mm 20 M-1944 TRG 44: 12 L-39C; 4 MiG-21U Mongol A*; 2 F-5B Freedom
AD • SAM ε800 Fighter†*; 14 Yak-11 Moose; 12 Z-242
SP SA-9 Gaskin; SA-13 Gopher HELICOPTERS
MANPAD SA-7 Grail; SA-14 Gremlin ATK 8 Mi-35 Hind
GUNS 530 SPT 10: 1 AB-47 (Bell 47); 9 Mi-8 Hip
SP 70: 20mm 20 M-163 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZSU-23-4 UTL 2 Bell 212
TOWED 460: 20mm 50 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 100
ZU-23-2; 37mm 150 M-1939; 57mm 120 S-60; 85mm Air Defence 2,000
40 M-1939 KS-12 AD • SAM:
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 28: 12 FROG-7; 10 SS-21 Scarab SP SA-6 Gainful; SA-9 Gaskin; SA-13 Gopher
TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
(Tochka); 6 Scud-B (ε33 msl)
MANPAD SA-7 Grail; SA-14 Gremlin
MSL • AAM AA-2 Atoll; AIM-9 Sidewinder
Navy 1,700
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North Africa
tactical SSM
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21
PB 10 Austal
PCI 5 Interceptor (French)
PBF 6 Baklan
PB 8: 4 Defender (US); 4 Archangel (US)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 6
PBI 8
MHC 5 Yevgeny † (FSU)
MSO 1 Natya (FSU)
AMPHIBIOUS Non-State Groups
LS • LSM 1 NS-722 (capacity 5 MBT; 110 troops) see Part II
CRAFT 5:
LCU 3 Deba Deployment
LCM 2 Ondatra (FSU)
FACILITIES CENTRAL African republic/chad
Bases Located at Aden, Hodeida UN • MINURCAT 3
Minor These have naval spt eqpt. located at Socotra, COTE D’IVOIRE
Bases Al-Mukalla, Perim Island UN • UNOCI 1; 8 obs
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Air Force 3,000 UN • MONUC 5 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 3 sqn with F-5E Tiger II; MiG-29SMT/MiG-29UBT GEORGIA
Fulcrum; MiG-21 Fishbed; UN • UNOMiG 3 obs
FGA 1 sqn with Su-20 (Su-17M) Fitter C/Su-22 (Su-17M-2) LIBERIA
Fitter D UN • UNMIL 1
Tpt 1 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl; C-130H Hercules;
NEPAL
Il-14 Crate; Il-76 Candid
UN • UNMIN 1 obs
Trg 1 trg school with F-5B Freedom Fighter†*; L-39C;
MiG-21U Mongol A*; Yak-11; Z-242 sudan
Hel 1 sqn with Mi-35 Hind (attack); AB-47 (Bell 47); UN • UNAMID 8 obs
Mi-8 Hip; Bell 212 UN • UNMIS 1; 22 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE WESTERN SAHARA
AIRCRAFT 79 combat capable UN • MINURSO 6 obs
272 The Military Balance 2009
Table 23 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Algeria (Ag)
T-90S MBT 300 USD1bn RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
export order suspension in 2008
T-72 MBT 250 USD200m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Upgrade. Delivery may be delayed
Upgrade export due to order suspension in 2008
BMP-2 IFV 400 USD200m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Upgrade. Delivery may be delayed
export due to order suspension in 2008
Kornet- E ATGW 216 USD50m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
(AT-14) export order suspension in 2008
Metis- M1 ATGW – USD50m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
(AT-13) export order suspension in 2008
S-300PMU-2 AD 8 USD1bn RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
export order suspension in 2008
Tunguska- AD 24 USD500m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Option for 30 further systems.
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Bahrain (Brn)
M113A2 APC – – Tu FNSS 2007 – Refit with MKEK 81-mm mortars
Upgrade
Egypt (Et)
M1-A1 MBT 125 USD349m US General 2007 2009 Final delivery due Jul 2011
Abrams Dynamics
S-125 SAM 30 – RF Oboronitelniye 1999 – Upgrade to Pechora-2M. 30 btn
Pechora Sistemy to be ugraded in 3 stages. 1st
(SA-3 Goa) stage completed 2006. 2nd stage
ongoing
Ambassador PFM 3 USD393m US VT Halter Marine 2008 2012 Phase II of the Fast Missile Craft
Mk III (FMC) project
RAM Mk49 GMLS 3 USD24.75m US Raytheon 2005 2009 Upgrade for Fast Missile Craft. Mk49
RAM launchers and RAM Block 1A
msl
E-2C AEW&C 1 USD38m US Northrop 2008 – Refurbishment and upgrade to
Upgrade Grumman Hawkeye 2000 (HE2K) standard
Iran (Ir)
T-72 MBT – See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Upgrade. Part of a USD1.5bn
export procurement deal
96K6 AD 10 – RF – 2007 2008 Obtained via Syr. 10 of 50 Pantsyr-
Pantsyr-S1E S1E ordered by Syr from RF
Su-24 FGA 30 See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Upgrade. Part of a USD1.5bn
export procurement deal
MiG-29 Ftr – See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Upgrade. Part of a USD1.5bn
export procurement deal
Middle East and North Africa 273
Table 23 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Iraq (Irq)
King Air 350 Tpt ac/ 6 USD10.5m US Hawker 2008 2010 5 Extended Range (ER) Intel, Surv,
ER ISTAR Beechcraft and Recce (ISR) ac; 1 Light Tpt ac;
plus spares and spt
Israel (Il)
Merkava MBT up to 400 – Dom – 2001 2004 Estimated 50-60 tk per year over
Mk IV four years. First bn entered service
2004. Numbers depend on budget
Namer AIFV 45 USD67m Dom Mantak 2007 2008 Based on the Merkava 4. Plans for
total of 231 vehicles
Arrow 2 ATBM/ – Undisclosed Dom/US IAI 2008 – Number and cost undisclosed
BMD
Dolphin SSK 2 EUR1bn Ge HDW 2006 2012 With Air-Independent Propulsion
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North Africa
FGA 102 – US Lockheed 2001 2006 Final delivery due 2009. 75 delivered
Martin by Mar 2008
AH-64D Hel 18 USD640m US Boeing 2001 2005 9 AH-64A remanufactured to AH-
Apache 64D config and 9 new AH-64D.
Longbow Potential contract for a further 6
additional units currently on hold
(Mar 2008)
G550 CAEW AEW 6 USD473m US Gulfstream 2003 2005 Original contract 4 + 2 options.
2 delivered by Jun 2007. 4 to be
modified by IAI for AEW purposes
for delivery to Sgp
AIM-120C-7 AAM 200 USD171m US Raytheon 2007 – –
Lizard 3 LGB – USD15m Dom Elbit Systems 2007 2007 Several hundred Lizard 3 kits
Paveway III LGB 100 USD30m US Raytheon 2005 – GBU-28B for F-15I Thunderer
Joint Direct ASM 5,000 – US Boeing 2004 – Deliveries ongoing
Attack
Munitions
(JDAM)
Jordan (HKJ)
M113A1 APC 126 USD18.2m US BAE Land 2006 – Upgrade to M113A2Mk1. Phase 2
Upgrade Systems began Feb 2007. Final delivery due
Sept 2008
IL-76MF Tpt ac 2 – RF Rosoboron 2005 2007 Option for further 2 ac
(Candid) export
F-16A/B Ftr 17 USD87m Tu Lockheed 2005 2007 MLU
Block 15 Upgrade Martin
Kuwait (Kwt)
Aspide AD – EUR65m Int’l MBDA 2007 – Upgrade to Spada 2000 config. To
upgrade (USD87.3m) be completed over 3 years
MK V PFB 12 USD175m US USMI 2006 2007 First vessel delivered May 2008. Final
delivery due 2009
274 The Military Balance 2009
Table 23 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
AH-64D Atk hel 16 USD212.8m US Boeing 2003 2007 6 hel delivered Feb 2007. Hel cannot
Apache be sold to third party and must be
Longbow used for defensive ops only
Libya (LAR)
MilanADT Msl – EUR296m Fr MBDA 2007 – –
(USD405m)
Morocco (Mor)
Tunguska- AD – – RF 2004 – –
2S6M
FREMM FF 1 EUR470m Fr/It DCNS 2008 2012 –
(USD676m)
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SIGMA FFH 3 EUR600m Nl Schelde 2008 2011 - SIGMA: Ship Integrated Geometrical
(USD875m) 2012 Modularity Approach
F-16C/D FGA 24 USD233.6m US Lockheed 2008 – Incl. mission equipment and spt
Block 52 Martin package
Mirage F1 FGA – EUR350m Fr Dassault 2006 – Upgrade
CH/EH upgrade (USD553.7m)
Puma Hel 25 – Int’l Eurocopter 2007 – Refurbishment
Oman (O)
Javelin MANPAT – See notes US Raytheon/ 2008 2009 Contract value is USD115m incl
Lockheed unspecified no. of Javelin for UAE
Martin
Project PSOH 3 GBP400m UK VT Shipbuilding 2007 2010 Lead ship due early 2010.
Khareef (USD785m) Subsequent vessels to follow at
6-month intervals
A320 Tpt ac 2 – Fr EADS 2007 – –
NH-90 TTH Hel 20 – NI EADS 2003 2008 First flight May 2007
AIM-120C AMRAAM 10 – US Raytheon 2001 2006 4 delivered 2004
AIM-9M AAM 100 – US Raytheon 2001 2006 For F-16
Sidewinder
AGM-84D ASM 20 – US Boeing 2001 2006 8 delivered 2004
Harpoon
Qatar (Q)
C-17A Tpt ac – Undisclosed US Boeing 2008 – Cost and quantity undisclosed, but
Globemaster reports suggest order of 2 ac, with
III option for a further 2
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 4 USD393.6m US Lockheed 2008 2011 Contract value incl additional
Hercules Martin packages.
AW139 Tpt hel 18 EUR260m It Agusta- 2008 2010 For air force
(USD413m) Westland
Table 23 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Eurofighter FGA 72 GBP4.43bn Int’l Eurofighter 2005 2008 Project Salam
(Typhoon) (USD8.9bn)
A330 MRTT Tkr ac 3 USD600m Fr EADS 2008 2012 –
E-3A Sentry AWACS 5 USD16m US Data Link 2006 – Comms upgrade. Link 16 MIDS
upgrade Solutions
UH-60L Black Hel – USD286 m US Sikorsky 2008 – Number undisclosed.
Hawk
Syria (Syr)
Buk-M2 SAM – USD200m RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 –
export
96K6 AD 50 USD730m RF Rosoboron – 2007 2 delivered by Jul 2008 and another
Pantsyr- export 10 should have been delivered by
S1E (SA-22 Aug 2008. Iran to acquire 10 from
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North Africa
9M133 Msl – USD73m RF Rosoboron 2003 – Several thousand msl
Kornet / export
9M131Metis 2
Table 23 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
F-16E/F FGA 80 USD6.4bn US Lockheed 2000 2005 55 F-16E and 25 F-16F. First batch
Block 60 Martin delivered May 2005
Desert Falcon
A330 MRTT Tkr ac 3 Int’l EADS 2008 – –
S-70 A Black Hel 10 US Sikorsky 2007 –
Hawk
AB-139 Hel 8 GBP83m US / It Agusta- 2005 2005 6 in SAR role and 2 in VIP role
(USD143m) Westland
AH-64D Hel 30 US Boeing 2007 – Upgrade from AH-64A to D standard
Apache Upgrade
Longbow
Fulcrum export
MiG-29 FGA 66 USD1bn RF Rosoboron 2006 2007 Incl repair contract in first quarter
export of 2007
Chapter Six
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa remains a low strategic priority Unity, the African Union (AU) has ambitiously
for major Western powers, on account of their sought to rally African governments to increase conti-
political-military preoccupations with Iraq, Iran, nental military capacity. Such an increase would
Afghanistan, North Korea and transnational Islamist allow the AU to complement, and ideally supplant,
terrorism elsewhere. Nevertheless, strategic focus on UN resources stretched thin by major-power commit-
the region has been slowly sharpening, for numerous ments elsewhere (mainly in Iraq and Afghanistan).
and geographically dispersed reasons. The political However, its efforts have been largely frustrated.
and humanitarian situation in the Sudanese region
of Darfur is a continuing challenge to the interna- Southern Sudan
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Sub-Saharan
popular destination for aspiring jihadists in search of power sharing, equitable distribution of oil resources
Africa
training. Ethiopia, the ranking regional power in the and revenues, and preparations for a referendum
Horn of Africa, faces potential conflict over its border on southern independence slated for 2011. From
with Eritrea, as well as taxing military commitments November 2007, clashes occurred in the Abyei region
in Somalia. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, which on the boundary between northern and southern
emerged in early 2007, has demonstrated operational Sudan, between the SPLA and the Misseriya – Arab
capabilities as far south as Mauritania. A quarter of nomad militias armed and backed by the Sudanese
the cocaine consumed in Europe is shipped through government and allegedly sometimes joined by non-
West Africa. Some 60% of the world’s human traf- uniformed government troops. Several hundred
ficking occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. Attacks in Africa, people were reported killed.
most intensively in the Indian Ocean off the coast of The UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) comprises
Somalia, were largely responsible for the 10% global fewer than 10,000 uniformed personnel, which is insuf-
increase in piracy in 2007. Sub-Saharan Africa has ficient for peace enforcement when the Khartoum-
been losing $1 billion a year to illegal fishing. Illegal supported militias alone number up to 16,000 fighters.
oil bunkering in Nigeria has drained $3 million a day UNMIS peacekeepers failed to protect Sudanese civil-
from that country’s legitimate economy. ians during hostilities in the Abyei region in May
African nations, both individually and collec- 2008. In autumn 2008, when Somali pirates hijacked
tively, lack the military capacity to deal with many a Ukrainian merchant vessel, the Faina, there was
difficult and substantial problems on the ground. For speculation that its cargo of 33 T-72 tanks, 150 grenade
this reason, the UN’s heaviest involvement in peace- launchers, six anti-aircraft guns and ammunition
keeping and related efforts, comprising ten out of a was bound for the SPLA – rather than for Kenya, as
total of 20 operations worldwide, has been in sub- Kenyan officials claimed. (The US and Russian navies
Saharan Africa. Since its inception in 2002 to replace swiftly surrounded the ship and a stand-off ensued.)
the moribund and ineffective Organisation of African The demand for peacekeepers in Darfur, Somalia and
278 The Military Balance 2009
elsewhere on the continent means that, should whole- state sponsors of terrorism and facilitating Sudan’s
sale conflict reignite in southern Sudan, the prospects accession to the World Trade Organization. US offi-
for peace enforcement would be dim. cials also mooted the imposition of a no-fly zone over
Darfur, but Khartoum adamantly opposed this.
The Darfur conflict There remain geopolitical strains associated with
the Darfur conflict. Neighbouring Chad temporarily
The conflict in Darfur began in early 2003, when non- severed diplomatic ties with Sudan in April 2006 after
Arab rebel groups aggrieved by perceived govern- Chadian rebels based in Darfur attacked N’Djamena,
ment favouritism towards the Arab population started Chad’s capital, in an attempt to unseat the country’s
to attack government targets. Khartoum retaliated president, Idris Deby. The coup failed, and Chad
fiercely through ‘self-defence forces’ and nomadic and Sudan later resumed diplomatic relations. But
Arab proxy forces known as Janjaweed militias. At an October 2006 UN report indicated both that the
least 200,000 people are reported to have died in the Chadian government was funnelling weapons into
conflict, with more than two million displaced. The US Darfur to support rebels who had refused to sign the
State Department characterised the Sudanese govern- Darfur peace agreement, and that the government of
ment’s conduct as genocide in 2004, and the interna- Sudan was arming Janjaweed militias and Chadian
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tional consensus is that it constitutes ethnic cleansing at rebels who wanted to overthrow Deby.
a minimum. In summer 2007, the UN Security Council The flow of Darfurian refugees into Chad and the
authorised 26,000 troops and police for a hybrid AU/ neighbouring Central African Republic (CAR) has
UN operation in Darfur. However, this force – known further stoked regional tensions. In an attempt to
as UNAMID (United Nations African Union Mission in alleviate them, in March 2008, the European Union
Darfur) – has not been able to stabilise the situation. By deployed its EUFOR TCHAD/RCA peacekeeping
September 2008, only around 10,000 soldiers and police force in eastern Chad and northern CAR. (See Europe,
had been deployed, partly due to Khartoum’s insis- p. 96.) With its full strength set at 3,700, the force was
tence that most peacekeepers be African. Only 13,000 not established as a peacekeeping mission, but rather
troops – mainly Egyptian, Ethiopian, Thai and Nepalese its prime task is to protect displaced civilians and
soldiers – were projected to be deployed by the end of provide assistance to related operations in support
2008. The primary problem was logistical: while some of UNAMID. A 350-strong UN mission in the CAR
18 battalions had been pledged, the force’s capacity to and Chad (MINURCAT) was also established, in
absorb and deploy them effectively – in particular, to September 2007, to train and support Chadian police.
guard relief camps from warring factions and bandits – However, these two contingents are plainly too small
was severely constrained by lack of equipment. to meet the security needs of half a million Sudanese
In October 2008, after Sudanese forces had and Chadians forced from their homes. There are 12
engaged in a week-long air-and-ground offensive on refugee camps in eastern Chad housing some 250,000
rebel positions in North Darfur, a helicopter under Darfurian refugees. The UN Security Council extended
contract to UNAMID had been shot down and a MINURCAT’s mandate in September 2008 and stated
Nigerian peacekeeper had been killed in an ambush, its intention to deploy UN peacekeepers there beyond
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon declared that 15 March 2009, when EUFOR’s mandate expires. In
UNAMID was ‘severely stretched’ and that the secu- a September 2008 report, UN Secretary-General Ban
rity situation in Darfur was ‘deteriorating’. To protect Ki Moon urged that 6,000 UN troops with the opera-
civilians adequately, UNAMID also urgently needed tional capability to respond quickly to any deteriora-
about two dozen transport and attack helicopters, tion of security be dispatched to replace EUFOR. Also
which it hoped to secure from Ukraine. NATO has in September, Russia pledged four Mi-8 MT utility
provided assistance in Darfur by airlifting AU peace- helicopters with full supporting equipment and up to
keepers into the region and training AU personnel, 120 personnel to the EUFOR effort in Chad.
but it has not provided combat troops.
In autumn 2008, US-brokered negotiations between Somalia
Khartoum and rebel groups in Darfur appeared the
best hope for ameliorating the conflict. Among the The Ethiopian army’s US-supported invasion of
inducements under discussion were the removal Somalia in December 2006 resulted in the removal of
of Sudan from the State Department’s official list of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) from de facto power
Sub-Saharan Africa 279
and facilitated the re-establishment of the secular lematic while it remained unclear who controlled the
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), which was various militias holding sway on the ground. The UN
formed in exile but is internationally recognised. position would appear to put Somalia in a kind of
Since then, several thousand Ethiopian soldiers catch-22 situation, whereby a larger force is required
have remained in-country and have protected the to improve security, but cannot be sent until security
TFG. However, through the harsh use of force, often has been improved.
against civilians, the Ethiopians have also alienated A peace agreement between the TFG and the ARS
the Somali populace and motivated a shift in popular was signed in Djibouti on 18 August 2008, but prob-
support back to the Islamists, who have therefore lems persist. A large rejectionist faction of the ARS
regained territory and political traction. This devel- known as al-Shabab (‘the youth’) expressed its oppo-
opment, in turn, has opened up space for terrorist sition to the deal with a series of attacks. The faction,
training camps to re-emerge, and made Somalia a which has been designated a foreign terrorist organi-
destination for potential jihadists. Although militarily sation by US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, even
overstretched, Ethiopia is Somalia’s traditional geopo- shut down the logistically indispensable Aden-Adde
litical rival and regards an indefinite preventive occu- International Airport in Mogadishu in September.
pation as preferable to resurgent Islamist rule. The AU Furthermore, some analysts believe the TFG has
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peacekeeping mission in Somalia (AMISOM), autho- proven corrupt and lethargic, and it commands
rised in February 2007, was intended to replace the decreasing respect from the Somali population.
Ethiopians, but they declined to withdraw. AMISOM Even if AMISOM was brought up to its maximum
has a maximum permitted deployment of 8,000 mandated strength of 8,000, there seems little chance
troops, but by September 2008, it had only 2,700 on it could accomplish what peace-enforcement contin-
the ground, a force which has proven inadequate and gents three times that size failed to achieve in the early
ineffective. Only Uganda and Burundi have contrib- 1990s, unless there was an unprecedented degree of
uted troops, although Nigeria and others have offered regional and international diplomatic engagement.
them. AMISOM, like the Ethiopians, has employed In the near to medium term, Somalia appears
excessive firepower in response to anti-TFG attacks, consigned to bare political and practical subsistence
resulting in substantial collateral damage and anger on the basis of the Ethiopian deployment, AMISOM,
Sub-Saharan
among the Somali populace. the TFG and international food aid. Somali militias
Africa
Consequently, Somalia’s fragile security relies on are likely to continue to use armed coercion to enrich
two foreign forces to which its population is largely themselves, both on land and in the Gulf of Aden and
hostile. Meanwhile, the ICU has reconstituted as Indian Ocean waters off Somalia’s coast. According
the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) to the International Maritime Organization (IMO),
under the leadership of Hassan Dahir Aweys, an ‘some 13 vessels and over 200 seafarers’ were in the
al-Qaeda-linked hardliner who chaired the ICU shura hands of pirates in October 2008, while many more
(council). As of October 2008, insecurity prevailed in had been hijacked and released (some with ransoms
large portions of the country’s south – particularly in paid) during 2008. To address this problem, the UN
the capital, Mogadishu, from which at least 500,000 passed two resolutions concerning piracy off Somalia:
people had fled over the course of 18 months. Armed Resolution 1816 of 3 June and Resolution 1838 of 3
militia attacks had interrupted food supplies, precipi- October 2008, which called upon states ‘interested in
tating a humanitarian crisis comparable, by some esti- the security of maritime activities to take part actively
mates, to the one that prompted the fraught US-led in the fight against piracy on the high seas and off
intervention in 1992–94. Somalia, in particular by deploying naval vessels and
On 15 May 2008, the UN Security Council adopted military aircraft, in accordance with international
Resolution 1814, which contemplated sending UN law, as reflected in the Convention’ (the convention
troops to replace AMISOM, but only ‘subject to prog- being the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).
ress in the political process and improvement in the Additionally, August saw the multinational Combined
security situation on the ground’. UN Secretary- Task Force-150 designate a ‘Maritime Security Patrol
General Ban Ki Moon later mentioned a strength of Area’ in the Gulf of Aden, to support IMO calls for
27,000 for these troops. Then UN peacekeeping chief action to discourage attacks on commercial ship-
Jean-Marie Guéhenno further noted in July 2008 that ping. In early October, eight EU member states led by
sending any UN blue helmets to Somalia was prob- France announced plans to create a maritime security
280 The Military Balance 2009
force to assist the US Navy in thwarting Somali piracy, lead in the United States’ strategic engagement with
subject to formal EU approval in November. Mid Africa. The navy’s principal instrument is the Africa
October saw NATO task its Standing Maritime Patrol Partnership Station (APS), which completed its first
Group 2 (which was en route to the Gulf) with anti- six-month tour in the Gulf of Guinea in April 2008,
piracy duties off Somalia. This came one week after starting and ending in Dakar, Senegal. Its compo-
NATO defence ministers authorised vessels to escort nents included the USS Fort McHenry, an amphibious
World Food Programme ships carrying supplies to landing ship; the high-speed vessel Swift, a catamaran
Somalia. (See map on inside back cover.) used for mine warfare and littoral combat; the USS
Annapolis, a nuclear attack submarine; and the USS
Evolving US strategic posture San Jacinto, a guided-missile cruiser. Under the navy’s
rationale, as long as the use of force is not required, it
In February 2007, the Pentagon established a new is best from a political standpoint to engage foreign
regional combatant command known as Africa governments and populations from ships, without
Command, or AFRICOM, unifying US military burdening and intimidating them with a large-scale
responsibility for a continent previously divided American ground presence. To harmonise American
between three other regional commands. The and European regional activities and goals, APS staff
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Pentagon officially inaugurated the new command on the inaugural tour included senior British, French,
in September 2008. AFRICOM’s physical presence German and Portuguese officers. With the APS, the
on the continent will be small and its military assets navy also hopes to generate political momentum for
relatively light, with a modest $300m budget for the the establishment of an effective, multilateral African
2009 fiscal year. African governments and popula- capacity for maritime security, which is now essen-
tions, however, remain apprehensive about American tially non-existent. Through this, military-to-military
hegemony and the ‘militarisation’ of US Africa policy, activity between the US and African governments
being aware that the United States’ two key strategic would be both diplomatically and operationally
interests in sub-Saharan Africa – securing access to easier to conduct and sustain.
hydrocarbons and counter-terrorism – may at some The APS’s central operational goal is to improve
point require the use of military force. Also salient maritime safety and security by building up African
is the fact that the shared strategic interest of the naval capabilities. The strategic objective is to render
US and China in African oil resources and China’s African nations at once self-sufficient in securing the
increasing ‘no strings’ investment in and assistance maritime domain and favourably disposed towards
to African oil-producing countries – particularly the United States because of links established and
Angola and Sudan – raised the geopolitical profile enhanced through the APS. Training courses are
of the continent. The 135 military engineers Beijing intended to forge the strongest and most durable
deployed in Darfur in November 2007 constituted military-to-military bonds. Meanwhile, community
the first non-AU group in UNAMID, and by late outreach programmes – such as repairing orphan-
2008, over 1,500 Chinese military personnel, police ages, building schoolhouses and medical facilities,
and observers were serving in peacekeeping missions delivering food and medical supplies, and visiting
throughout Africa. schools, churches and mosques – warm the diplomatic
The United States has been unable to find a suit- environment and local attitudes. Washington hopes
able African host nation for AFRICOM. In May 2008, that by enabling the US to project military power in
AFRICOM shelved plans for a permanent regional a softer way, the APS will help counter any sugges-
headquarters and instead decided to operate out of the tion of aggressive American neo-colonialism stem-
headquarters of European Command – which previ- ming from the Pentagon’s introduction of AFRICOM.
ously had responsibility for West Africa – in Stuttgart, Furthermore, because the APS is mobile and stays in
Germany. Staff will be placed in embassy-based Offices the region, it is also intended to constitute a persistent
of Defense Cooperation as and when needed. presence that regional partners can rely on.
While the resistance of African populations and During its inaugural tour, the APS visited Angola,
governments to AFRICOM seems to be waning, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea,
sensitivity, especially to American ground forces, is Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, São Tomé & Principe
unlikely to dissipate completely. Accordingly, the US and Togo, as well as Senegal, and provided ship-
Navy, rather than the country’s army, has taken the board training for sailors from the Republic of
Sub-Saharan Africa 281
APS to Southern Africa, East Africa and the Horn. The In the eastern part of the country in particular, as many
short-term consensus, however, is that the APS should as 20,000 rebels are estimated to remain active. Ethnic
be cast more narrowly as a West and Central African and tribal tensions have also rendered the administra-
endeavour to ensure that the momentum generated tion of aid highly problematic. Sustainable peace and
by its efforts so far is not diluted. Nevertheless, the stability therefore have not materialised.
US navy plans to continue close security engagement Particular problems have occurred in and around
in Southern and East Africa according to the same North Kivu province on the country’s eastern border
maritime security development model that guides with Rwanda. A fragile ceasefire had been in place
the APS. Eventually, as bilateral security cooperation since the signing of the Goma peace agreement on
in these other regions grows and the APS concept and 23 January. In late August 2008, fighting resumed
its implementation are refined in the Gulf of Guinea, between the Congolese army and various armed
Sub-Saharan
wider deployment of the APS may be considered. groups most notably the National Congress for
Africa
In the meantime, the US military has two prin- the Defence of the People, run by renegade general
cipal military assets in East Africa and the Horn. On Laurent Nkunda, who claimed to be protecting
the ground, the 2,000-strong Combined Joint Task the Tutsi minority from Hutus supported by the
Force–Horn of Africa (CJTF–HOA) based in Djibouti government. An estimated 250,000 civilians were
has collected intelligence, selectively supported displaced. Contributing factors included inadequate
Ethiopian troops in Somalia and bolstered regional food distribution and poor access to healthcare. On
governments’ internal security capabilities and civic 3 October 2008, the top UN envoy for the DRC, Alan
programmes. This special-operations force has occa- Doss, requested additional peacekeepers, as well as
sionally also taken direct action against terrorists in reconnaissance drones, to prevent the country from
Somalia and elsewhere. US Navy ships assigned to slipping back into ‘horrendous’ conflict. As the situ-
US Central Command, and constituting the main ation worsened in October and November, such calls
elements of Combined Task Force-150 patrolling the became more urgent, with some local groups calling
Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, have enforced for the despatch of European troops.
maritime security. To suppress Islamic radicalism The UN Security Council voted on 30 July 2008
and terrorism, the US and its partners have provided to disband the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
considerable training and financial support to cooper- (UNMEE), located on the volatile border between
ative governments in East Africa and the Horn (under Eritrea and Ethiopia. This vote came after Eritrea had
the East Africa Counterterrorism Initiative) and to forced out most of the UN troops. UNMEE had been
predominantly Muslim Chad, Mali, Mauritania and in place since 2000, following a two-year war between
Niger in north-central Africa (under the Trans-Sahara the Horn of Africa neighbours that killed some 70,000
Counterterrorism Initiative). AFRICOM will func- people. Eritrea, however, remained displeased that the
tion as a coordinating mechanism for these disparate UN had not enforced the 2002 ruling of an indepen-
efforts. dent boundary commission, that most of the border
282 The Military Balance 2009
territory disputed by the two counties, including the controlled north. Despite a string of UN-backed peace
town of Badme, should go to Eritrea. Ethiopia did not deals, Côte d’Ivoire has made little progress towards
accept the ruling and the commission disbanded in political reconciliation. Though President Laurent
2007, leaving the two countries to resolve the impasse Gbagbo announced in April 2008 that a presiden-
on their own. Following the Security Council vote, tial election, secured by international peacekeepers,
Ethiopia reiterated a wish to resolve the boundary issue would be held on 30 November, this was postponed.
diplomatically, but said it would respond with military In autumn 2008, the UN Mission in Liberia
force to any violation of its territory by Eritrea. (UNMIL) numbered 13,382 of an authorised
Armed conflict erupted between Eritrea and maximum of 15,000 uniformed personnel. It was
Djibouti in June 2008, when the two countries’ established by the Security Council in 2003 to help
armies clashed on their shared border overlooking implement a ceasefire agreement following Liberia’s
strategic Red Sea shipping lanes. About 35 soldiers 1989–2003 civil war, in which an estimated 250,000
were killed on the undemarcated border and dozens died. There have been 109 UNMIL fatalities since.
more wounded. A UN fact-finding mission deter- In early October 2008, the Security Council extended
mined that Eritrea – which, unlike Djibouti, refused UNMIL’s mandate to 30 September 2009, while
to cooperate with the mission – had drawn Djibouti recommending a reduction of 1,460 in peacekeeping
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into conflict. The mission’s report fixed primary personnel and an increase of 240 in international
responsibility on Eritrea for relieving immediate mili- police.
tary tensions. To forestall any escalation, the mission With Guinea–Bissau increasingly used as a
recommended that the UN try to broker talks aimed cocaine-smuggling route into Europe, the EU estab-
at demilitarising the border and assessing the legal lished an advice and assistance mission for security
basis for a boundary determination. sector reform (SSR) in February 2008 in this poor
In Nigeria, the Movement for the Emancipation of West African country. Chief among Guinea–Bissau’s
the Niger Delta (MEND) announced an ‘oil war’ in problems is a substantially unpaid and bloated mili-
response to government air and sea raids on MEND tary (the majority of its members are officers) suscep-
camps on 13 September 2008. MEND – the largest tible to bribes from South American drug cartels.
of several loosely allied militant groups aggrieved The EU SSR Guinea–Bissau was officially launched
by what they perceive as the unfair distribution in June 2008 for an initial period of up to one year.
of Nigeria’s oil wealth – attacked oil platforms and Its principal objective is to help formulate plans for
government military positions in Rivers State, in the downsizing and restructuring the country’s security
eastern delta. Coordinated attacks on oil infrastructure forces according to a programme to reduce overall
and personnel, including kidnappings, have slashed manpower to 3,440. In October 2008, the EU made a
Nigerian oil output by a fifth since 2006. The Nigerian broader, three-year commitment of €6.5m to fund a
government’s counter-offensive has been perceived public-administration-reform programme in Guinea–
as stiffening the rebel alliance, raising concerns about Bissau. This aims to modernise and revitalise public,
more enduring instability and more severe disrup- civic, military, paramilitary and judicial institutions.
tions of oil supplies. After a week of attacks in Rivers
State, however, MEND declared a unilateral ceasefire. Africa–Standby Force
Acting on intelligence that MEND was on a recruit-
ment drive, Nigerian authorities arrested about 300 The AU’s prescribed instrument for eventually
suspected militants. The Nigerian military main- meeting the substantial military demands on the
tained a suppressive posture with helicopter and continent is the Africa–Standby Force (ASF). Under
marine patrols. However, attacks take place at sea as a protocol established in 2003, the force is to be util-
well as on land, and there have been strikes against ised as a last resort, when diplomacy has failed, and
Nigerian navy vessels protecting oil platforms, while is designed to execute peacekeeping missions with
piracy-related activities also persist. both military and civilian support, post-conflict
As part of the UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire disarmament, demobilisation of combatants and
(UNOCI), around 9,200 blue helmets have moni- humanitarian assistance. Conceived as a force with
tored the buffer zone stretching across the middle a continent-wide area of responsibility, and deploy-
of Côte d’Ivoire since the 2002–03 civil war divided able within two weeks, the ASF will be made up of
the country into a government-run south and rebel- five regional brigades of roughly 6,500 soldiers each:
Sub-Saharan Africa 283
northern, western, central, eastern and southern. The and elsewhere. Therefore, the burgeoning need for
force is also intended to have an intelligence depart- military assistance in sub-Saharan Africa – particu-
ment and an early-warning system to monitor secu- larly in Darfur, Somalia and the DRC – is likely to
rity trends and developments, in order to better remain inadequately addressed until the AU develops
advise commanders on pre-emptive and responsive the necessary capacity. Experience thus far appears to
measures laid out in AU guidelines. indicate that the AU is able to muster little beyond
African regional organisations have shown some manpower, and even this in inadequate quantities. It
initiative with respect to the ASF. In June 2008, also cannot provide logistical and armoured support
the Economic Community of West African States for those troops it is able to deploy. This must be
(ECOWAS) completed a one-week exercise, Jigui 2008, furnished by external powers, and in places such as
to assess the capability of the ECOWAS task-force Darfur, it has been slow in coming.
headquarters of the ASF’s western brigade. The partic- While the mobilisation of the ASF may be grad-
ipants included a Malian logistical subcommand, a ually gathering momentum, the recapitalisation of
Nigerian eastern sub-command and a Senegalese African military forces is necessary to remedy current
western sub-command, as well as staff of the ECOWAS deficiencies, and it is an inherently slow process.
commission in Abuja, non-governmental organisa- Indeed, it is accepted that major-power help, such as
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tions such as the International Committee of the Red ongoing train-and-equip programmes offered by the
Cross, various media, the AU, the Southern African US and European governments, is required for the
Development Community (SADC), the multinational ASF to become effective. To develop a fluidly deploy-
Standby High Readiness Brigade based in Denmark able continental military capability, the AU also needs
and the Ethiopia-based eastern brigade of the ASF. The to use its bureaucratic power more effectively to focus
ECOWAS target is to establish a 2,770-man task force and coordinate the efforts of both its members and its
among the 6,500 troops of the ASF’s western brigade, benefactors. Within that context, regional powers will
which will be under the control of the AU. Though still have to take the lead. The most important among
the SADC launched the southern brigade in mid these are South Africa and Nigeria – the largest sub-
August 2007 with 554 soldiers from Angola, Botswana, Saharan economies, the ranking regional powers and
Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the most robust peacekeepers.
Sub-Saharan
Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, there Jacob Zuma, who may be South Africa’s new presi-
Africa
was little related activity over the course of the year. dent after mid-2009 elections, has been personally
But further development of the brigade’s capabilities engaged in conflict resolution in Burundi and the DRC.
was on the agenda of the 2008 SADC summit. However, he is expected to face pressure to address
The AU’s aspiration is for the ASF to be opera- serious domestic economic matters first, should he be
tional by 2010, although this goal may not be real- elected. Furthermore, in spite of aggressive procure-
istic. In autumn 2008, the establishment of the ASF ment and reorganisation programmes as part of the
was discussed at major conferences in Brussels and South African Army’s 2006 ‘Vision 2020’ concept and
Abuja, where AU officers signed a memorandum of other initiatives, procurement scandals and a serious
understanding with the Association of Peace Support brain drain appear likely to hinder South Africa’s
Training Centres for the training of African military operational effectiveness. As of autumn 2008, it was
personnel. In 2005, the G8 pledged to train 25,000 reported that around 25% of critical South African
African peacekeepers and provide technical support national defence posts stood vacant. Nigeria remains
to the ASF. The United States is expected to train the driving force in ECOWAS, which historically has
some 75,000 troops in Africa by 2010. The EU, for its been the continent’s most militarily active and effec-
part, provided some €250m for the AU’s peace and tive regional organisation. However, the Nigerian
security efforts between 2005 and 2007. However, UN military may well feel that it has to give priority to
Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon noted in September salient internal military challenges such as MEND,
2008 that this international assistance had been potential ethnic unrest and Christian–Muslim friction,
provided ‘on an unharmonised and ad hoc basis’. The as well as insecurity and instability in West Africa,
UN’s Department of Peacekeeping Operations may over continent-wide problems. The global financial
be engaged more intensively in Africa than anywhere crisis is also likely to impede military procurement
else, but major powers’ militaries remain operation- and recruitment. Given this, the AU’s standing conti-
ally strained by commitments in Iraq, Afghanistan nental capability remains unlikely to mature quickly.
284 The Military Balance 2009
Sub-Saharan Africa – four times as much as the oil sector. The rising role
defence economics of manufacturing exports is likely to continue as
certain countries take the opportunity to move up
The last eight years have seen the best period of the value chain and diversify their economies away
economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa since the from primary exports. Such economic diversification
early 1970s. In 2007, regional GDP growth accel- should, in the long term, help strengthen the resil-
erated to 6.8%, led by the strong performance of ience of the region to a slowdown in the advanced
oil-exporting countries and supported by a robust economies, but 70% of regional exports are still to
expansion in many of the region’s other economies. advanced economies and a sharper-than-expected
Factors contributing to the region’s recent strong global slowdown would have a negative short-term
performance include the continuing improvement impact on sub-Saharan Africa.
in macroeconomic stability, the beneficial impact In its 2008 Finance and Development Report, the
of debt relief and strong global demand for non-oil IMF suggested that several African countries were
commodities. With new oil-production facilities attracting sufficient levels of institutional investment
coming on-stream, the International Monetary Fund to potentially become part of a second generation of
(IMF) suggests that regional growth in 2008 and 2009 ‘emerging market’ countries. The report highlighted
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will ease only modestly in any global downturn. The the similarities between developments in the 1980s
strongest growth in both 2007 and 2008 was recorded that bred the first wave of emerging markets and
by Angola, where oil and diamond production have current conditions in Africa, where growth is taking
both risen sharply. In Nigeria a decline in oil produc- off – mainly due to the private sector – and finan-
tion in the Niger Delta has been offset by robust cial markets are opening up. Furthermore, the rapid
non-oil sector growth. increase in global financial market liquidity (barring
The relative decline in armed conflicts and polit- the credit crunch) has encouraged international inves-
ical instability over the past decade has made several tors to expand their horizons in the search for higher
countries in the region increasingly attractive desti- yields. However, the authors caution that whereas the
nations for private-capital inflows, which reached first generation of emerging markets appeared in a less
record levels in 2007 and 2008. While the bulk of complex and integrated global financial environment,
foreign direct investment is still focused on a few African emerging markets today face a sophisticated
countries and targeted mainly at extractive indus- scenario where financial technology is transferred to
tries, rising investment across the board has led them more or less simultaneously as it is developed in
to a further increase in the manufacturing sector. mature markets. Nevertheless, the report concludes
That sector’s exports now account for 12% of GDP that with improving access to capital markets, for so
– double that of the non-oil commodity sector and long out of reach for most African countries, the foun-
2.5
2.0
% of GDP
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.75 2.11 1.81 1.78 1.99 1.67 1.85 1.70 1.43 1.47
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Sub-Saharan Africa 285
dations for sustainable private-sector-led growth are The South African economy, for several years
in place, giving many countries tremendous growth an engine of growth throughout Southern Africa,
opportunities. experienced a slight drop-off in 2008, as the global
China’s enormous political and economic influ- economic slowdown negatively impacted both
ence in the region continues to grow. In recent years, exports and domestic demand. Nevertheless, invest-
China has invested billions of dollars in African ment linked to the 2010 FIFA World Cup continued
oil production, mining, transportation, electricity at a brisk pace. Although the modest fall in growth
production and transmission, telecommunications in 2008 will adversely affect government revenue,
and other infrastructure, in return for secure access restrained expenditure should result in a third
to the continent’s energy and raw materials essential successive budget surplus, which was first achieved
to China’s spectacular economic growth. Bilateral in 2006 following several decades of deficits. With
Sub-Saharan
trade is dominated by Chinese oil purchases and has the government focused on maintaining its fiscal
Africa
multiplied from $10bn in 2000 to more than $73bn in surplus, the 2008 defence budget was increased by
2007. In the first six months of 2008 it reached $53bn. 6.9%, to R28.2bn. However, with inflation running
China traditionally sells textiles and light-industry above 11%, this represents a cut in real defence
products to Africa, but exports of vehicles, automo- spending.
tive and high-tech products are increasing quickly. With inflation continuing to have a detrimental
In return, Africa is increasing exports of consumer impact on successive budget increases, there have
products, such as diamonds and coffee, to China. been increasing calls to fix the defence budget at
Following concern from Western donors that Chinese 1.5% of GDP, to enable the South African National
investment in Africa was growing too quickly – by Defence Force (SANDF) to fulfil its various respon-
the end of 2006 the Export-Import Bank of China sibilities. With South Africa increasingly addressing
(CEXIM) was financing more than $6.5bn in infra- conflict and instability on the continent, as well as
structure projects – the World Bank announced guarding against any external military threat, former
in May 2007 that it had signed a memorandum of defence minister Mosiuoa Lekota long ago began
understanding with the Chinese lender to collaborate pointing to a mismatch between funding and the
on future infrastructure projects, initially in Ghana, breadth of missions the SANDF is asked to under-
Uganda and Mozambique. This, observers suggest, take. In the past several years SANDF personnel have
is an attempt by the Washington-based World Bank been deployed on peacekeeping and reconstruction
to avoid competition with its Chinese counterpart. tasks in Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, the DRC, Ethiopia,
A year later, in May 2008, the African Development Eritrea, Nepal and Sudan, whilst other contingents
Bank signed a similar agreement with CEXIM, setting have been deployed to support elections in Comoros,
out areas of cooperation such as the sharing of devel- the DRC, Madagascar and Lesotho. As a result, the
opment knowledge and the provision of co-financing daily average number of deployed personnel reached
for public- and private-sector investment projects. a high of 4,810 in 2006. The goal outlined in the 2008
286 The Military Balance 2009
Table 26 South Africa’s Strategic Armaments Package – Quantities and Costs (Rm)
Cost of 4 MEKO Cost of 3 Type -209 Cost of 30 A109 Cost of 28 Gripen Cost of 24 Hawk
frigates submarines utility helicopters aircraft trainer aircraft Total cost
2000 1,643 126 154 228 750 2,901
2001 1,846 755 316 446 861 4,223
2002 1,895 1,528 434 1,104 1,381 6,342
2003 2,100 1,461 213 713 1,376 5,864
2004 1,188 1,303 106 1,460 445 4,502
2005 599 1,254 235 3,199 1,045 6,331
2006 378 820 447 2,599 293 4,537
2007 – 753 201 2,794 767 4,515
2008 41 23 176 3,457 185 3,882
2009 – 130 169 1,447 98 1,843
2010 – – – 1,323 – 1,323
2011 – – – 1,136 – 1,136
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budget is to reduce this to an annual average of 3,084 Cheetah aircraft are having to be phased out four years
over the next three years. earlier than planned, long before their replacement,
As illustrated in Table 26, payments towards the the Gripen, becomes operational.
twelve-year Strategic Armaments Package account With the final delivery of the third Type-209
for 13.7% of the 2008 budget, down from 32.5% in submarine in February 2008, the navy has completed
2002, when expenditure was at its peak. The acqui- its current acquisition cycle, and its focus will shift to
sition of the various platforms that make up the bringing the new frigates and submarines obtained
extensive package – four MEKO-class A-200 frigates, as part of the Strategic Armaments Package into full
three diesel-electric submarines, 30 utility helicop- service. Future procurements are likely to include:
ters, 24 Hawk trainers and 26 Gripen fighter aircraft – strategic support ships (Project Millennium); offshore
will cost some R47.4bn and payments will continue and inshore patrol vessels (Project Biro); and a range
until 2011. As the impact of these payments on the of light patrol and riverine craft for the maritime reac-
budget decreases, the Defence Update 2007 indicated, tion squadron.
the emphasis of capital acquisition programmes will As noted, the Defence Update 2007 laid out plans
switch to the renewal of the army. Particular emphasis to make the country’s landward force more flexible
will be placed on those elements of the landward and mobile, by modernising and renewing its main
programme deemed critical to South Africa’s interna- equipment over coming decades to create ‘the back-
tional obligations, such as UN and AU peace missions bone of South Africa’s peace and stability initiative on
and humanitarian and disaster relief. the continent’. To achieve this, the army’s budget will
The largest portion of the 2008 budget, 31.9%, goes grow by around 25% over the next three years, as it
to the air force, much of it for the ongoing acquisi- begins a 30-year renewal programme. The first priority
tion of the Gripen fighter aircraft and eight A-400M will be light and mobile forces, airborne forces, intelli-
transport aircraft, together with the associated infra- gence and engineer elements used mainly in support
structure necessary to operate the new platforms. of international commitments. Secondary priorities
However, a government report released in July 2008 will be mechanised infantry, artillery and armour.
suggested that the country’s air capability had fallen One notable exception to this timetable is the R8.8bn
into a state of disrepair, because of a lack of qualified Project Hoefyster to acquire 264 infantry combat vehi-
pilots and maintenance personnel capable of inte- cles based on the Patria modular armoured vehicle
grating these and other recent acquisitions into the platform; this is already under way. However, Project
service. The report revealed that in the past three years Vistula, a R3.2bn programme to acquire more than
the South African Air Force had shed 91 pilots and 1,200 tactical logistical vehicles that was meant to be
more than 800 technicians. As a result, the air force’s initiated during the 2008–11 period, appears to have
Sub-Saharan Africa 287
been delayed indefinitely. Eventually the army will 2004 but now may rise to as much as $1.5bn over the
have three infantry battalions and three engineer next five years as China seeks to improve arms sales
squadrons available for external deployments, plus and military construction and training. Chinese mili-
three infantry companies and one composite engineer tary experts are also thought to be running Ugandan
squadron for internal deployment. It must also main- armaments factories in Nakasongola, which manu-
tain a reserve of one air-landed battalion, two multi- facture ammunition and assemble machine guns and
purpose battalions, one light artillery battery and one combat vehicles.
light air-defence artillery battery. In addition to those Growth in Nigeria, the second-largest economy
units, four infantry battalions, a tank squadron, an in sub-Saharan Africa, nudged up from 5.9% in
armoured-car squadron, a composite artillery regi- 2007 to 6.2% in 2008 despite ongoing instability in
ment, an air-defence artillery regiment and a light the oil sector. In its 2007 annual consultation, the
air-defence artillery battery are to be ‘exercised’ annu- IMF commended the authorities on Nigeria’s strong
ally. macroeconomic performance during the last several
In Uganda, a recent defence review funded by years. Growth is healthy, inflation is in single digits
the UK’s Department for International Development and external debt is low. The IMF concluded that
concluded that institutional reforms in the armed the economic outlook was favourable, provided
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forces should take precedence over any new capa- appropriate policies were maintained. The ongoing
bility programmes. Donors agreed that initiatives to unrest in the Delta region has resulted in a substantial
eliminate 10,000 ‘phantom soldiers’ from the payroll, increase in defence spending, from N37bn in 2000 to
together with improvements to the procurement N158bn in 2008. In addition to the allocation to the
process, would reduce the opportunity for corrup- Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Internal Affairs
tion and help lower defence spending. Under such will receive N20bn for the paramilitary units of the
pressure from its donors, Uganda was expected to Civil Defence Corps. However, despite the increase
cut planned defence spending in 2008. However, in military spending, most of the funds appear to
the discovery of a new oilfield on Ugandan territory be earmarked for operational expenditure and little
near the border of Lake Albert raised concerns that additional money seems to be finding its way into
military spending may creep higher if the govern- the procurement of new equipment or facilities. As
Sub-Saharan
ment chooses to defend it. In the end, the 2008 budget part of the country’s ‘Vision 2020’ programme, a
Africa
was broadly unchanged from the previous year and strategy intended to transform Nigeria into one of the
is still higher than it has been in the past decade. world’s top 20 economies by 2020, the government
South Africa has already discussed the possibility of has indicated that it intends to build efficient and
establishing a special maritime patrol squadron on well-equipped armed forces. However, several high-
the lake and has suggested that it may increase mili- profile projects appear to have stalled due to lack of
tary cooperation with Uganda – going beyond the funds. Several projects are under review, including
supply of equipment and aid for the fabrication of plans to build a new national defence college (which
heavy weapons which has marked the relationship has rocketed in price from N9bn to N25bn) and a new
until now. China has also indicated that it intends to naval ordnance depot. The status of the procurement
increase its military cooperation with Uganda. This of 15 F-7 fighter jets from China is also unknown, but
averaged just $3m a year during the decade up to it appears to have been put on hold.
288 The Military Balance 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Angola Ang PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
New Angolan PCI 7: 4 Mandume†; 3 Patrulheiro†
2007 2008 2009 PBI 2 Namacurra
Kwanza AOA
GDP AOA 3.60tr 4.66tr FACILITIES
US$ 47.3bn 62.4bn Base Located at Luanda
per capita US$ 3,857 4,979
Growth % 21.1 16.0
Coastal Defence
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM SS-C-1B Sepal (at Luanda base)
Inflation % 12.2 12.1
Def bdgt AOA 172bn 181bn Air Force/Air Defence 6,000
US$ 2.26bn 2.43bn FORCES BY ROLE
USD1=AOA 76.1. 74.8 Ftr sqn with MiG-21bis /MiG-21MF Fishbed; 2
Su-27 Flanker; 2 sqn with MiG-23ML Flogger
Population 12,531,357
FGA sqn with MiG-23 Flogger; Su-25 Frogfoot; 4
Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%; Kimbundu 25%; Bakongo 13%
Su-24 Fencer; SU-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MP sqn with F-27 MK 200MPA;
Male CASA 212 Aviocar
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22% 5% 4% 4% 14% 1%
Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2% Tpt sqn with EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP); An-12
Cub; An-26 Curl; An-32 Cline; C-130 Hercules;
Capabilities CASA 212 Aviocar; IL-62 Classic; IL-76TD
Candid; PC-6B Turbo Porter; PC-7 Turbo
ACTIVE 107,000 (Army 100,000 Navy 1,000 Air Trainer/PC-9*
6,000) Paramilitary 10,000 Atk hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind/Mi-35 Hind; SA-342M
Gazelle (HOT)
Organisations by Service Trg sqn with EMB-312 Tucano; L-29 Delfin
Hel units with Bell 212; AS-565; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT)
Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III
Army 100,000 (incl trg)
FORCES BY ROLE
SAM 5 bn; 10 bty each with 12 SA-3 Goa;
Armd/Inf 42 regt (dets/gps – strength varies) 10 SA-13 Gopher†; 25 SA-6 Gainful; 15 SA-8
Inf 16 indep bde Gecko; 20 SA-9 Gaskin; 40 SA-2 Guideline
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE † EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 300+: ε200 T-54/T-55; 50 T-62; 50 T-72; T-80/T-84 AIRCRAFT 85 combat capable
(reported) FTR ε34: up to 14 Su-27 Flanker; 20 MiG-21bis /MiG-
RECCE 600 BRDM-2 21MF Fishbed; 18 MiG-23ML Flogger
AIFV 250+ : 250 BMP-1/BMP-2; BMD-3 FGA 42: 8 Su-25 Frogfoot; 12 Su-24 Fencer; 8 MiG-23BN
APC (W) ε170 BTR-152/BTR-60/BTR-80 Flogger; 14 Su-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D
ARTY 1,396+ MP 8: 1 F-27 MK 200MPA; 7 CASA 212 Aviocar
SP 4+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 4 2S3; 203mm 2S7 TPT 34: 1 EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP); 6 An-12 Cub; 12
TOWED 552: 122mm 500 D-30; 130mm 48 M-46; 152mm An-26 Curl; 3 An-32 Cline; 1 C-130 Hercules; 5 CASA 212
4 D-20 Aviocar; 1 IL-62 Classic; 1 IL-76TD Candid; 4 PC-6B Turbo
MRL 90+: 122mm 90: 50 BM-21; 40 RM-70 Dana; 240mm Porter
BM-24 TRG 23: 9 PC-7 Turbo Trainer/PC-9*; 8 EMB-312 Tucano;
MOR 750: 82mm 250; 120mm 500 6 L-29 Delfin
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger HELICOPTERS
ATK 16: 14 Mi-24 Hind/Mi-35 Hind; 2 SA-342M Gazelle
RCL 500: 400 82mm B-10/107mm B-11 †; 106mm 100†
(HOT)
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout†
SPT 25 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
GUNS • SP 100mm SU-100†
UTL 18+: Bell 212; 10 IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III (incl
AD • SAM • MANPAD 500 SA-7 Grail/SA-14 Gremlin/
trg); 8 AS-565
SA-16 Gimlet
AD • SAM 122
GUNS • TOWED 450+: 14.5mm ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23-2; SP 70: 10 SA-13 Gopher†; 25 SA-6 Gainful; 15 SA-8 Gecko;
37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60 20 SA-9 Gaskin
TOWED 52: 40 SA-2 Guideline; 12 SA-3 Goa
Navy ε1,000 MSL
FORCES BY ROLE ASM AS-9 Kyle; AT-2 Swatter; HOT
Navy 1 HQ located at Luanda AAM AA-2 Atoll; AA-6 Acrid; AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid
Sub-Saharan Africa 289
Sub-Saharan
Capabilities
Africa
ACTIVE 4,750 (Army 4,300 Navy 200 Air 250) Botswana Btwa
Paramilitary 2,500 Botswana Pula P 2007 2008 2009
Terms of service conscription (selective), 18 months
GDP P 71.0bn 86.0bn
US$ 11.6bn 10.8bn
Organisations by Service
per capita US$ 7,066 5,887
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 bde (under strength) Burkina Faso BF
Inf 2 bde (total: 1 cdo unit, 1 armd recce regt, 1 engr
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
regt, 2 ADA regt, 4 inf bn)
Arty 1 bde GDP fr 3.40tr
AD 1 bde (under strength) US$ 7.1bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE per capita US$ 495
LT TK 55: ε30 SK-105 Kuerassier; 25 Scorpion Growth % 3.6 4.5
RECCE 8+: RAM-V-1; ε8 RAM-V-2 Inflation % -0.2 9.5
APC 156 Def bdgt fr 45.4bn
APC (T) 6 FV 103 Spartan
US$ 95m
APC (W) 150: 50 BTR-60; 50 LAV-150 Commando (some
with 90mm gun); 50 MOWAG Piranha III US$1=fr 479 487
ARTY 46
Population 15,264,735
TOWED 30: 105mm 18: 12 L-118 Light gun; 6 Model 56
pack howitzer; 155mm 12 Soltam Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
MOR 16: 81mm 10; 120mm 6 M-43 Male 24% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
AT • MSL 6+
Female 23% 5% 5% 4% 12% 1%
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
SP V-150 TOW
MANPATS 6 TOW
RCL 84mm 30 Carl Gustav Capabilities
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout ACTIVE 10,800 (Army 6,400 Air 200 Gendarmerie
AD • SAM • MANPAD 27: 5 Javelin; 10 SA-16 Gimlet; 12
4,200) Paramilitary 250
SA-7 Grail
GUNS • TOWED 20mm 7 M-167 Vulcan
Organisations by Service
Air Wing 500
FORCES BY ROLE Army 6,400
Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with F-5A Freedom Fighter; F-5D Tiger II FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt 2 sqn with BN-2 Defender*; Beech 200 Super King 3 Mil Regions
Air (VIP); C-130B Hercules; CASA 212 Aviocar; Tk 1 bn (2 tk pl)
CN-235; Gulfstream IV Inf 5 regt HQ (each: 3 inf bn (each: 1 inf coy (5 inf pl))
Recce 1 sqn with O-2 Skymaster AB 1 regt HQ (1 AB bn, 2 AB coy)
Trg 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer* Arty 1 bn (2 arty tps)
Hel 1 sqn with AS-350B Ecureuil; Bell 412 Twin Engr 1 bn
Huey; Bell 412EP Twin Huey (VIP); Bell 412SP EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Twin Huey RECCE 79: 15 AML-60/AML-90; 24 EE-9 Cascavel; 30 Ferret;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 M-20; 8 M-8
AIRCRAFT 31 combat capable APC (W) 13 M-3 Panhard
FTR 15: 10 F-5A Freedom Fighter; 5 F-5D Tiger II ARTY 18+
RECCE 5 O-2 Skymaster TOWED 14: 105mm 8 M-101; 122mm 6
TPT 19: 10 BN-2 Defender*; 1 Beech 200 Super King Air MRL 107mm ε4 Type-63
(VIP); 3 C-130B Hercules; 2 CASA 212 Aviocar 2 CN-235; MOR 81mm Brandt
1 Gulfstream IV AT
TRG 6 PC-7 Turbo Trainer* RCL 75mm Type-52 (M-20); 84mm Carl Gustav
HELICOPTERS RL 89mm LRAC; M-20
SPT 8 AS-350B Ecureuil AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
UTL 7: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 1 Bell 412EP Twin Huey GUNS • TOWED 42: 14.5mm 30 ZPU; 20mm 12
(VIP); 5 Bell 412SP Twin Huey TCM-20
sudan Reserves
UN • UNMIS 6 obs Army 10 (reported) bn
UN • UNAMID 3 obs
Air Wing 200
Sub-Saharan
AIRCRAFT 2 combat capable
Burundi Bu TPT 4: 2 DC-3; 2 Cessna 150L†
Africa
TRG 2 SF-260TP/SF-260W Warrior*
2007 2008
HELICOPTERS
Burundi Franc fr 2009
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind*
GDP fr 1.07tr SPT 4 Mi-8 Hip (non-op); 2 SA342L Gazelle
US$ 994m UTL 3 SA-316B Alouette III
per capita US$ 118
Growth % 3.6 4.5 Paramilitary 31,050
Inflation % 8.3 24.3 Marine Police 50
Def bdgt fr 84.7bn 98.3 16 territorial districts
US$ 78m 82m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
PHT 3 Huchuan†
US$1=fr 1,081 1,194
Misc Boats/Craft 4
Population 8,691,005 AMPHIBIOUS 1 LCT
Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 SPT
SUDAN APC 33
UN • UNAMID 2; 7 obs APC (T) 12 M-3 half-track
APC (W) 21 LAV-150 Commando
ARTY 112+
Foreign FORCES
SP 18 ATMOS 2000
All forces part of BINUB unless otherwise stated. TOWED 58: 75mm 6 M-116 pack; 105mm 20 M-101;
Bangladesh 1 obs 130mm 24: 12 Model 1982 gun 82 (reported); 12 Type-59
Croatia 1 obs (M-46); 155mm 8 I1
Egypt 1 obs MRL 122mm 20 BM-21
Netherlands 1 obs MOR 16+: 81mm (some SP); 120mm 16 Brandt
Niger 1 obs AT • MSL 49
Pakistan 1 obs SP 24 TOW (on jeeps)
South Africa Operation Curriculum (AUSTF) 1,024 MANPATS 25 Milan
Switzerland 1 obs RCL 53: 106mm 40 M-40A2; 75mm 13 Type-52 (M-20)
RL 89mm LRAC
Tunisia 1 obs
AD • GUNS • TOWED 54: 14.5mm 18 Type-58 (ZPU-2);
35mm 18 GDF-002; 37mm 18 Type-63
Cameroon Crn
Navy ε1,300
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Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Air Force 300-400
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1% FORCES BY ROLE
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2% Air 1 composite sqn; 1 Presidential Fleet
FGA sqn with MB-326K; Alpha Jet†; CM-170 Magister
Capabilities MP sqn with Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant
ACTIVE 14,100 (Army 12,500 Navy 1,300 Air 300) Tpt sqn with B-707; C-130H-30 Hercules; DHC-4
Paramilitary 9,000 Caribou; DHC-5D Buffalo; Gulfstream III; IAI-201
Arava; PA-23 Aztec
Organisations by Service Atk hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind; SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
Spt hel sqn with AS-332 Super Puma; AS-365 Dauphin
Army 12,500 2; Bell 206 JetRanger; SA-318 Alouette II; SA-319
Alouette III; SE 3130 Alouette II; Bell 206 L-3
FORCES BY ROLE
3 Mil Regions EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Armd Recce 1 bn AIRCRAFT 15 combat capable
Inf 3 bn (under comd of Mil Regions); FGA 15: 6 MB-326K Impala I/Impala II; 4 Alpha Jet†; 5
5 bn; 1 bn (trg) CM-170 Magister
Cdo/AB 1 bn TPT 13: 1 B-707; 3 C-130H-30 Hercules; 1 DHC-4 Caribou;
4 DHC-5D Buffalo; 2 Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant; 1
Arty 1 bn (5 arty bty)
Gulfstream III; 1 IAI-201 Arava
Engr 1 bn
UTL 2: 2 PA-23 Aztec
Presidential Guard 1 bn HELICOPTERS
AD 1 bn (6 AD bty) ATK 7: 3 Mi-24 Hind; 4 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SPT 1 AS-332 Super Puma
RECCE 65: 31 AML-90; 6 AMX-10RC; 15 Ferret; 8 M-8; 5 VBL UTL 12: 1 AS-365 Dauphin 2; 3 Bell 206 JetRanger; 2
AIFV 22: 8 LAV-150 Commando with 20mm gun; 14 Bell 206L-3 Long Ranger; 1 SA-318 Alouette II; 2 SA-319
LAV-150 Commando with 90mm gun Alouette III; 3 SE 3130 Alouette II
Sub-Saharan Africa 293
Paramilitary 9,000
Central African Republic CAR
Gendarmerie 9,000
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009
Regional Spt 3 gp
GDP fr 820bn
US$ 1.7bn
Foreign FORCES
per capita US$ 392
France 50
Growth % 4.2 3.5
Inflation % 0.9 8.5
Cape Verde CV Def bdgt fr ε8.5bn
US$ ε18m
Cape Verde Escudo E 2007 2008 2009
US$1=fr 479 487
GDP Ε 117bn 129bn
US$ 1.44bn 1.57bn Population 4,434,873
per capita US$ 3,402 3,671 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Growth % 6.9 6.0 Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 2%
Inflation % 4.4 5.7 Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
Sub-Saharan
Terms of service conscription (selective)
Africa
Army ε2,000
Organisations by Service FORCES BY ROLE
HQ/Spt 1 regt
Army 1,000 Army 1 (combined arms) regt (1 mech bn, 1 inf
FORCES BY ROLE bn)
Inf 2 bn (gp) Territorial Def 1 regt (bn) (2 Territorial bn (Intervention))
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 10 BRDM-2 MBT 3 T-55†
ARTY 42 RECCE 8 Ferret†
TOWED 24: 75mm 12; 76mm 12 AIFV 18 Ratel
MOR 18: 82mm 12; 120mm 6 M-1943 APC (W) 39+: 4 BTR-152†; 25+ TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT†;
AT • RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm (3.5in) 10+ VAB†
AD • SAM • MANPAD 50 SA-7 Grail ARTY • MOR 12+: 81mm†; 120mm 12 M-1943†
GUNS • TOWED 30: 14.5mm 18 ZPU-1; 23mm 12 ZU-23 AT • RCL 106mm 14 M-40†
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout†; 89mm LRAC†
Coast Guard ε100 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9 PCR† less
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 than 100 tonnes
PCC 1 Kondor I
PCI 2: 1 Espadarte; 1 Tainha (PRC-27m) all less than 100 Air Force 150
tonnes FORCES BY ROLE
no cbt ac, no armed hel
Air Force up to 100 Tpt sqn with C-130; Cessna 337 Skymaster; Mystère 20
FORCES BY ROLE (Falcon 20)
MR 1 sqn with Do-228; EMB-110 Liaison sqn with AL-60;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Hel sqn with AS-350 Ecureuil; SE 3130 Alouette II; Mi-8
AIRCRAFT • TPT 4: 1 Do-228; 1 EMB-110; 2 An-26 Curl† Hip
294 The Military Balance 2009
Chad Cha
Foreign FORCES
All forces part of EUROR Tchad/RCA unless otherwise CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009
stated. Both EUFOR Tchad/RCA and MINURCAT GDP fr 3.12tr
numbers represent total forces deployed in the Central US$ 6.6bn
African Republic and Chad unless stated. Observers are
per capita US$ 649
UN MINURCAT.
Growth % 0.2 0.4
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Albania 63
Austria 175 Inflation % -8.8 5.0
Bangladesh MINURCAT 2 obs Def bdgt fr 33.3bn
Belgium 69 US$ 70m
Bolivia MINURCAT 1 obs US$1=fr 479 487
Brazil MINURCAT 3 obs
Population 10,111,337
Bulgaria 2
Croatia 15 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Cyprus 2 Male 24% 5% 4% 4% 10% 1%
Czech Republic 2 Female 24% 5% 4% 4% 12% 2%
Ecuador MINURCAT 2 obs
Egypt MINURCAT 2 obs Capabilities
Finland 61
France 1,711; 1 mtn inf bde with (1 armd cav regt, 1 mtn
ACTIVE 25,350 (Army 17,000–20,000 Air 350
inf bn, 1 lt arty regt); 1 log bn • Operation Boali 230; 1 inf Republican Guard 5,000) Paramilitary 9,500
coy; 1 spt det Terms of service conscription authorised
Gabon MINURCAT 1 obs
Gambia, The MINURCAT 2 obs Organisations by Service
Germany 4
Ghana MINURCAT 4 obs Army ε17,000–20,000 (being re-organised)
Greece 15 FORCES BY ROLE
Hungary 3 7 Mil Regions
Armd 1 bn
Ireland 445; 1 inf bn
Italy 99 Inf 7 bn
Jordan MINURCAT 1 obs Arty 1 bn
Lithuania 2 Engr 1 bn
Luxembourg 2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Kyrgyzstan MINURCAT 3 obs MBT 60 T-55
Mali MINURCAT 2 obs RECCE 174+: 50+ AML-60/AML-90; ε100 BRDM-2; 20 EE-9
Nepal MINURCAT 2 obs Cascavel; 4 ERC-90F Sagaie
Netherlands 90; 1 Marine recce pl AIFV 9 LAV-150 Commando (with 90mm gun)
Nigeria MINURCAT 3 obs APC (W) ε20 BTR-60
ARTY 5+
Pakistan MINURCAT 2 obs
TOWED 105mm 5 M-2
Poland 404; 1 inf bn • MINURCAT 1 obs
MOR 81mm some; 120mm AM-50
Portugal 2 • MINURCAT 1 obs AT • MSL • MANPATS Eryx; Milan
Romania 2 RCL 106mm M-40A1
Russia 120 RL 112mm APILAS; 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC
Rwanda MINURCAT 1 obs AD • GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4;
Senegal MINURCAT 1 obs 23mm ZU-23
Sub-Saharan Africa 295
Russia 120
Republican Guard 5,000 Rwanda MINURCAT 1 obs
Senegal MINURCAT 3 obs
Gendarmerie 4,500
Slovakia 1
Slovenia 15
Non-State Groups Spain 80 • MINURCAT 2 obs
see Part II Sweden 79
Uganda MINURCAT 2 obs
Deployment United Kingdom 4
Yemen, Republic of MINURCAT 3 obs
Côte D’Ivoire
Zambia MINURCAT 2 obs
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
Sub-Saharan
Congo RC
Africa
Foreign FORCES
All forces part of EUROR Tchad/RCA unless otherwise
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009
stated. Both EUFOR Tchad/RCA and MINURCAT
numbers represent total forces deployed in the Central GDP fr 3.96tr 5.78tr
African Republic and Chad unless stated. US$ 8.3bn 11.9bn
Albania 63 per capita US$ 2,177 3,044
Austria 175 Growth % -1.6 9.1
Bangladesh MINURCAT 2 obs Inflation % 2.6 4.0
Belgium 69 Def bdgt fr ε45bn
Bolivia MINURCAT 1 obs
US$ ε94m
Brazil MINURCAT 3 obs
US$1=fr 479 487
Bulgaria 2
Croatia 15 Population 3,903,318
Cyprus 2
Czech Republic 2 Capabilities
Ecuador MINURCAT 2 obs ACTIVE 10,000 (Army 8,000 Navy 800 Air 1,200)
Egypt MINURCAT 2 obs Paramilitary 2,000
Finland 61
France 1,711; 1 mtn inf bde with (1 armd cav regt, 1 mtn
inf bn, 1 lt arty regt); 1 log bn • Operation Epervier 1,150;
Organisations by Service
Army 4 inf coy; 1 recce sqn with ERF-90F1 Air Force:
1 avn gp with 6 F-1CR Mirage / F-1CT Mirage; 1 C-135 Army 8,000
Stratolifter; 3 C-160 Transall; 1 hel det with 3 SA-330 Puma FORCES BY ROLE
Gabon MINURCAT 1 obs Armd 2 bn
Gambia, The MINURCAT 2 obs Inf 1 bn; 2 bn (gp) (each: 1 lt tk tp, 1 (76mm gun)
Germany 4 arty bty)
296 The Military Balance 2009
Cdo/AB 1 bn
Arty 1 gp (how, MRL) Côte D’Ivoire CI
Engr 1 bn CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† GDP fr 10.06tr
MBT 40+: 25 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59; T-34 in store US$ 21.0bn
LT TK 13: 3 PT-76; 10 Type-62
per capita US$ 1,167
RECCE 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
APC (W) 68+: 20 BTR-152; 30 BTR-60; 18 Mamba; M-3 Panhard Growth % 1.7 2.9
ARTY 66+ Inflation % 1.9 5.6
SP 122mm 3 2S1 Carnation Def bdgt fr 139bn
TOWED 25+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 100mm 10 M-1944;
US$ 290m
122mm 10 D-30; 130mm 5 M-46; 152mm D-20
MRL 10+: 122mm 10 BM-21; 122mm BM-14/140mm US$1=fr 479 487
BM-16 Population 18,373,060
MOR 28+: 82mm; 120mm 28 M-43
AT • RCL 57mm M-18 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%
GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2 M-1943
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
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AD • GUNS 28+
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 37mm 28 M-1939; Capabilities
57mm S-60; 100mm KS-19 ACTIVE 17,050 (Army 6,500 Navy 900 Air 700
Presidential Guard 1,350 Gendarmerie 7,600)
Navy ε800
Paramilitary 1,500
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3+ RESERVE 10,000 (Joint 10,000)
PFI 3 Zhuk†
MISC BOATS/CRAFT: various river boats
Organisations by Service
FACILITIES
Base Located at Pointe Noire
Army 6,500
Air Force 1,200† FORCES BY ROLE
4 Mil Regions
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA sqn with MiG-21 Fishbed (non-op) Armd 1 bn
Tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; Inf 3 bn
B-727; N-2501 Noratlas AB 1 gp
Trg sqn with L-39 Albatros Arty 1 bn
Hel sqn with Mi-8 Hip; AS-365 Dauphin 2; ADA 1 coy
SA-316 Alouette III; SA-318 Alouette II; Mi-24 Hind Engr 1 coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT no combat-capable ac MBT 10 T-55
FTR 12 MiG-21 Fishbed (non-op) LT TK 5 AMX-13
TPT 8: 5 An-24 Coke; 1 An-26 Curl; 1 B-727; 1 N-2501 RECCE 34: 15 AML-60/AML-90; 13 BRDM-2; 6 ERC-90F4
Noratlas Sagaie
TRG 4 L-39 Albatros AIFV 10 BMP-1/BMP-2
HELICOPTERS† APC (W) 41: 12 M-3 Panhard; 10 Mamba; 13 VAB; 6 BTR-80
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind (in store) ARTY 36+
SPT 3 Mi-8 Hip (in store)
TOWED 4+: 105mm 4 M-1950; 122mm (reported)
UTL 3: 1 AS-365 Dauphin 2; 1 SA-316 Alouette III; 1
MRL 122mm 6 BM-21
SA-318 Alouette II
MOR 26+: 81mm; 82mm 10 M-37; 120mm 16 AM-50
MSL AAM AA-2 Atoll
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-14 9M133 Kornet (reported);
Paramilitary 2,000 active AT-5 9K113 Spandrel (reported)
RCL 106mm ε12 M-40A1
Gendarmerie 2,000 RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC
Paramilitary 20 coy AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail (reported)
GUNS 21+
Presidential Guard some SP 20mm 6 M3 VDAA
Paramilitary 1 bn TOWED 15+: 20mm 10; 23mm ZU-23-2; 40mm 5 L/60
Sub-Saharan Africa 297
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Non-State Groups Congolese Franc fr 2007 2008 2009
see Part II GDP fr 4.99tr
US$ 9.7bn
Foreign FORCES per capita US$ 150
All forces part of UNOCI unless otherwise stated. Growth % 6.3 10.0
Bangladesh 2,714; 11 obs; 3 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 sigs coy; Inflation % 16.7 17.5
1 fd hospital Def bdgt fr 85.4bn
Benin 427; 8 obs; 1 inf bn
US$ 166m
Bolivia 3 obs
US$1=fr 516 562
Brazil 3; 4 obs
Chad 2 obs Population 66,514,506
China, People’s Republic of 7 obs
Croatia 2 obs Capabilities
Ecuador 2 obs ACTIVE 139,251-151,251 (Central Staffs: ε14,000,
El Salvador 3 obs Army 110-120,000 Republican Guard 6-8,000 Navy
Ethiopia 2 obs 6,703 Air 2,548 )
France 181; 2 obs; 1 engr coy • Operation Licorne 1,800;
Army: 1 (Marine) inf bn; 1 combined arms BG; 1 hel bn; 1
Gendarme sqn Air Force: 1 C-160 Transall; 1 CN-235 Organisations by Service
Gambia 3 obs
Ghana 541; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital Army (Forces du Terre) ε110-120,000
Guatemala 5 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Guinea 1 obs Mech Inf 1 bde
India 7 obs Inf 17 bde (integrated)
Ireland 2 obs Cdo 2 regt
298 The Military Balance 2009
Navy ε200
Djibouti Dj EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Djiboutian Franc fr 2007 2008 2009 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
GDP fr 155bn PCI 1 Sawari less than 100 tonnes
PB 6: 4 (USCG); 2 Battalion-17
US$ 871m
per capita US$ 1,754 FACILITIES
Base Located at Djibouti
Growth % 5.3 5.9
Inflation % 5.0 8.1
Def bdgt fr 2.95bn
Air Force 250
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 16.6m
Tpt some sqn with An-28 Cash; L-410UVP Turbolet;
FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 1.9m 2.8m
Cessna U-206G Stationair; Cessna 208
US$1=fr 178 172 Caravan I
Population 506,221 Hel some sqn with AS-355F Ecureuil II; Mi-17 (Mi-
Ethnic groups: Somali 60%; Afar 35% 8MT) Hip H; Mi-24 (atk)
Trg unit with EMB-314 Super Tucano
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
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Sub-Saharan
Ministry of Defence
MOD and Army HQs, 4 military districts (Tadjourah,
Africa
Dikhil, Ali-Sabieh and Obock) FORCES BY ROLE
Rep 1 regt (1 sy sqn, 1 spt sqn (arty, armd and Paramilitary 1 bn
Guard motorcycle pls), 1 close prot sqn, 1 ceremonial EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
sqn,1 comd and spt sqn; incl CT and cdo role) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 1 PB
Armd 1 regt (3 armd sqns, 1 Ratel sqn, 1 anti-
smuggling coy) Paramilitary ε2,500
Inf 4 joint regts (3-4 coys, comd and spt coy, training
camp(s)), 1 rapid reaction regt (4 coys, comd and National Security Force ε2,500
spt coy, 1 hvy spt sect; incl CT and cdo / abn role) Ministry of Interior
Arty 1 regt
Engr 1 demining coy, 1 plant coy
Deployment
Comd 1 HQ regt, 1 comms comd, 1 CIS sect
Spt 1 log sp regt western sahara
UN • MINURSO 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 39: 4 AML-60†; 15 VBL; 16-20 Ratel
APC (W) 12 BTR-60† (op status uncertain) Foreign FORCES
ARTY 96 France 2,850 Army; 1 (Foreign Legion) BG with ( 1
TOWED 122mm 6 D-30
engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy); 1 (Marine)
MBRL 45: 81mm 25; 120mm 20 Brandt
combined arms regt with ( 1 engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce
MOR 45: 81mm 25; 120mm 20 Brandt
sqn, 2 inf coy) Navy; 1 Atlantique Air Force; 1 Air sqn with
AT
10 M-2000C/D Mirage; 1 C-160 Transall; 3 SA-342 Gazelle; 7
RCL 106mm 16 M-40A1
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC SA-330 Puma; 1 AS-555 Fennec; 1 SA-319 Alouette III
AD • GUNS 15+ Germany Navy 100; 1 sqn with AP-3C Orion
SP 20mm 5 M-693 (SP United States US Africa Command: Army 500; Navy 700;
TOWED 10: 23mm 5 ZU-23; 40mm 5 L/70 USAF 300; USMC: 400; 1 naval air base
300 The Military Balance 2009
GUNS 70+
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 Ethiopia Eth
TOWED 23mm ZU-23
Ethiopian Birr EB 2007 2008 2009
Navy 1,400 GDP ΕB 160bn 224bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 17.9bn 23.0bn
Navy 1 HQ located at Massawa per capita US$ 234 294
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Growth % 11.4 8.4
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13 Inflation % 15.8 25.3
PFM 1 Osa II† with 4 single each with SS-N-2B Styx Def bdgt ΕB 3.0bn 3.5bn
tactical SSM
US$ 336m 359m
PFI 4 Super Dvora less than 100 tonnes
FMA (US) US$ 2.0m 0.8m 4.0m
PCI 3 Swiftships
PBF 5 Battalion-17 US$1=EB 8.9 9.7
AMPHIBIOUS
Population 78,254,090
LS • LST 2: 1 Chamo† (Ministry of Transport); 1 Ashdod†
Ethnic groups: Oromo 40%; Amhara and Tigrean 32%; Sidamo
FACILITIES 9%; Shankella 6%; Somali 6%; Afar 4%
Bases Located at Massawa, Assab, Dahlak
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Sub-Saharan
AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable FORCES BY ROLE
Africa
FTR 16: 5 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 4 Su-27 Flanker; 4 MiG-23 4 Mil Regional Commands (Northern, Western, Central,
Flogger†; 3 MiG-21 Fishbed† and Eastern) each acting as corps HQ and one functional
TPT 4: 1 IAI-1125 Astra; 3 Y-12(II) (Support) Command; strategic reserve of 4 divs and 6
TRG 15: 8 L-90 Redigo; 4 MB-339CE*; 1 MiG-29UB specialist bdes centred on Addis Ababa.
Fulcrum* ; 2 Su-27UBK Flanker Army 4 corps HQ (each: 1 mech div, 4-6 inf div)
HELICOPTERS
ATK 1 Mi-24-4 Hind EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPT 8: 4 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; 4 Agusta-Bell MBT 246+ T-54/T-55/T-62
412 RECCE/AIFV/APC (W) ε450 BRDM/BMP/BTR-60/
BTR-152/Type 89
Non-State Groups ARTY 460+
see Part II SP 10+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 10 2S19 Farm
TOWED 400+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 122mm ε400 D-30/
(M-30) M-1938; 130mm M-46
MRL 122mm ε50 BM-21
MOR 81mm M-1/M-29; 82mm M-1937; 120mm M-1944
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111
Spigot
RCL 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11
GUNS 85mm εD-44
AD • SAM ε370
TOWED SA-2 Guideline/SA-3 Goa
MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60
302 The Military Balance 2009
B*
HELICOPTERS Cascavel; 6 ERC-90F4 Sagaie; 14 VBL
ATK 20: 15 Mi-24 Hind; 3 Mi-35 Hind; 2 Mi-14 Haze AIFV 12 EE-11 Urutu (with 20mm gun)
SPT 12 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip APC (W) 21+: 9 LAV-150 Commando; 12 VXB-170; M-3
UTL 18: 10 Mi-6 Hook; 8 SA316 Alouette III Panhard
ARTY 51
TOWED 105mm 4 M-101
Non-State Groups MRL 140mm 8 Teruel
see Part II MOR 39: 81mm 35; 120mm 4 Brandt
AT • MSL • MANPATS 4 Milan
Deployment RCL 106mm M-40A1
RL 89mm LRAC
COTE D’IVOIRE AD • GUNS 41
UN • UNOCI 2 obs SP 20mm 4 ERC-20
Liberia TOWED 37: 23mm 24 ZU-23-2; 37mm 10 M-1939; 40mm
3 L/70
UN • UNMIL 1,785; 19 obs; 2 inf bn
SOMALIA Navy ε500
Army 2,500–3,000 FORCES BY ROLE
SUDAN Navy 1 HQ located at Port Gentil
UN • UNAMID 357; elm 1 inf bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
PFM 1 Patra
Gabon Gbn PCO 2 General Ba’Oumar (Fr P-400)
PB 6 Rodman (all less than 100 tonnes)
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009
AMPHIBIOUS
GDP fr 5.18tr LS • LST 1 President Omar Bongo (Fr Batral) (capacity 1
US$ 10.8bn LCVP; 7 MBT; 140 troops) with 1 hel landing platform
per capita US$ 7,393 for a medium sized hel
Growth % 5.6 3.9 CRAFT 1 LCM
Inflation % 5.0 5.1 FACILITIES
Base Located at Port Gentil
Def bdgt fr 59.0bn
US$ 123m
Air Force 1,000
US$1=fr 479 487
FORCES BY ROLE
Population 1,485,832 FGA 1 sqn with Mirage 5G Mirage 5DG; Mirage 5E2;
Mirage F1-AZ
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
MP 1 sqn with EMB-111*
Male 21% 6% 4% 3% 13% 2%
CCT 1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with CM-170 Magister;
Female 21% 6% 4% 4% 13% 2% T-34 Turbo Mentor
Sub-Saharan Africa 303
Sub-Saharan
Ecureuil Marine Unit ε70
Africa
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS • SPT 3: 2 AS-350 Ecureuil; 1 AS-355 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 PCI less
Ecureuil than 100 tonnes
FACILITIES
Deployment Base Located at Banjul
FACILITIES
Ghana Gha Bases Located at Sekondi, Tema
(VIP)
Capabilities TRG 3 Cessna 172
HELICOPTERS
ACTIVE 13,500 (Army 10,000 Navy 2000 Air 1,500) SPT 4: 4 Mi-171V
UTL 5: 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) ; 2 A-109A; 2 SA-319 Alouette
Organisations by Service III
Navy 2,000
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 (Western) HQ located at Sekondi; 1 (Eastern) HQ
located at Tema
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
PFC 2 Achimota (Ge Lurssen 57m)
PCO 4: 2 Anzole (US); 2 Dzata (Ge Lurssen 45m)
PBI 1(US)
Sub-Saharan Africa 305
Navy ε400
Guinea Gui EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Guinean Franc fr 2007 2008 2009 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCI 2
Swiftships† less than 100 tonnes
GDP fr 20.4tr
FACILITIES
US$ 4.8bn Bases Located at Conakry, Kakanda
per capita US$ 486
Growth % 1.8 4.5 Air Force 800
Inflation % 22.9 17.9 FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt fr ε220bn FGA sqn with MiG-21 Fishbed; MiG-17F Fresco C
US$ ε52m Tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; AN-14
US$1=fr 4,219 4,950 Trg sqn with MiG-15UTI Midget
Hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind; SA-342K Gazelle; SA-330 Puma;
Population 10,211,437
Mi-8 Hip; SA-316B Alouette III
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1% AIRCRAFT 7 combat capable (none currently operational)
Female
FTR 7: 3 MiG-21 Fishbed: 4 MiG-17F Fresco C
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22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
TPT 1 An-24 Coke
UTL 4 An-14
Capabilities TRG 2 MiG-15UTI Midget
ACTIVE 12,300 (Army 8,500 Navy 400 Air 800 HELICOPTERS
ATK 5: 4 Mi-24 Hind; 1 SA-342K Gazelle;
Gendarmerie 1,000 Republican Guard 1,600)
SPT 3: 1 SA-330 Puma†; 2 Mi-8 Hip
Paramilitary 7,000 MSL
Terms of service conscription, 2 years AAM: AA-2 Atoll
Sub-Saharan
FORCES BY ROLE
Africa
Armd 1 bn People’s Militia 7,000
Inf 5 bn
SF 1 bn Non-State Groups
Ranger 1 bn see Part II
Cdo 1 bn
Deployment
Arty 1 bn
Engr 1 bn Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 1 obs
AD 1 bn
sudan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNMIS 6 obs
MBT 38: 8 T-54; 30 T-34
LT TK 15 PT-76 Western Sahara
RECCE 27: 2 AML-90; 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 UN • MINURSO 4 obs
APC (W) 40: 16 BTR-40; 10 BTR-50; 8 BTR-60; 6 BTR-152
ARTY 32+
TOWED 20: 122mm 12 M-1931/37
MOR 20+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 20 M-1943/M-38
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
RCL 82mm B-10
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
GUNS 6+: 57mm ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 6 D-44
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS • TOWED 24+: 30mm M-53 (twin); 37mm 8
M-1939; 57mm 12 Type-59 (S-60); 100mm 4 KS-19
306 The Military Balance 2009
Navy ε350
Guinea Bissau GuB EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 2
PCI 2 Alfeite †
GDP fr 172bn 189bn
FACILITIES
US$ 359m 388m
Base Located at Bissau
per capita US$ 244 258
Growth % 3.6 4.5
Air Force 100
Inflation % 4.6 9.6
FORCES BY ROLE
Def exp fr ε7.4bn Ftr/FGA sqn with MiG-17 Fresco
US$ ε15m Hel sqn with SA-318 Gazelle;
US$1=fr 479 487 SA-319 Alouette III
Population 1,503,182 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 2 cbt capable
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FTR 2 MiG-17 Fresco †
Male 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 1% HELICOPTERS • UTL 3: 1 Gazelle; 2 SA-319 Alouette III
Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 2%
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:34 23 March 2009
Sub-Saharan
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA sqns with F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II
Africa
Lesotho Loti M 2007 2008 2009
Tpt sqn with DHC-5D Buffalo†; DHC-8 Dash 8†;
GDP M 12.3bn
Fokker 70† (VIP); PA-31 Navajo†;
Y-12(II)† US$ 1.75bn
Atk hel sqn with Hughes 500MD Scout Defender† (with per capita US$ 868
TOW); Hughes 500ME†; Hughes 500M† Growth % 4.9 5.2
Spt hel sqn with SA-330 Puma†; Inflation % 8.0 11.2
Trg sqn with up to Bulldog 103/Bulldog 127†; Def bdgt M 281m
EMB-312 Tucano†*; Hawk MK52†*; Hughes US$ 40m
500D† US$1=M 7.04 10.1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Population 2,128,180
AIRCRAFT 42 combat capable
FTR 22 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TPT 30: 4 DHC-5D Buffalo†; 3 DHC-8 Dash 8†; 6 Do- Male 19% 6% 5% 4% 12% 2%
28D-2† in store; 1 Fokker 70† (VIP); 1 PA-31 Navajo†; 10 Female 18% 6% 5% 4% 14% 3%
Y-12(II)†
TRG up to 25: up to 5 Bulldog 103/Bulldog 127†; 12 Capabilities
EMB-312 Tucano†*; 8 Hawk MK52†*
HELICOPTERS
ACTIVE 2,000 (Army 2,000)
ATK 11 Hughes 500MD Scout Defender† (with TOW)
ASLT 8 Hughes 500ME† Organisations by Service
SPT 11 SA-330 Puma†;
UTL 17: 2 Hughes 500D†; 15 Hughes 500M† Army ε2,000
MSL FORCES BY ROLE
ASM AGM-65 Maverick (TOW) Recce 1 coy
AAM AIM-9 Sidewinder Inf 7 coy
308 The Military Balance 2009
Egypt 8 obs
El Salvador 26; 3 obs
Liberia Lb Ethiopia 1,785; 19 obs; 2 inf bn
Finland 2
Liberian Dollar L$ 2007 2008 2009
France 2
GDP US$ 970m Ghana 701; 15 obs; 1 inf bn
per capita US$ 304 Indonesia 3 obs
Growth % 9.4 8.6 Jordan 123; 7 obs; 1 fd hospital
Inflation % 11.2 19.2 Kenya 2; 3 obs
Def bdgt L$ Korea, Republic of 1; 1 obs
US$ Kyrgyzstan 5 obs
FMA (US) US$ 1.6m 0.3m 1.5m Malaysia 10 obs
US$1=L$ 61 63 Mali 4 obs
Moldova 3 obs
Population 3,334,587
Mongolia 250; 1 inf coy
Ethnic groups: Americo-Liberians 5%
Montenegro 2 obs
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Namibia 4; 2 obs
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1% Nepal 43; 4 obs
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1% Niger 3 obs
Nigeria 1,661; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 5 sigs pl
Capabilities Pakistan 3,401; 14 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 2 inf bn; 3 engr coy;
1 fd hospital
ACTIVE 2,400 (Armed Forces 2,400) Paraguay 1; 3 obs
Peru 2; 2 obs
Organisations by Service Philippines 170; 3 obs; 1 inf coy
Poland 2 obs
Armed forces by role 2,100 Romania 3 obs
Armed Forces expected to be formed by 2010 and Russia 6 obs
will include General Staff at MOD HQ an Army force, Senegal 3
comprising 1 (23rd ) Inf Bde Serbia 6 obs
FORCES BY ROLE Togo 1; 2 obs
Inf 1 inf bde (2 inf bn, 1 engr coy, 1 MP coy) (All Ukraine 302; 3 obs; 1 avn unit
non operational) United Kingdom 3 obs
Trg 1 unit ( forming, non operational) United States 6; 7 obs;
FACILITIES Yemen, Republic of 1
Bases 3 (Barclay Training Camp, Sandee S. Ware and Zambia 4 obs
Edward B. Kessely military barracks Zimbabwe 2 obs
Sub-Saharan Africa 309
Sub-Saharan
Engr 1 regt
Africa
Population 13,931,831
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 12 PT-76 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
RECCE 73: ε35 BRDM-2; 10 Ferret; ε20 M-3A1; 8 M-8 Male 23% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
APC (T) ε30 M-3A1 half-track
Female 23% 6% 5% 4% 11% 2%
ARTY 25+
TOWED 17: 105mm 5 M-101; 122mm 12 D-30
MOR 8+ : 82mmM-37; 120mm 8 M-43
Capabilities
AT • RCL 106mm M-40A1 ACTIVE 5,300 (Army 5,300) Paramilitary 1,500
RL 89mm LRAC
AD • GUNS • TOWED 70: 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4; 37mm 20
Organisations by Service
Type-55 (M-1939)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
HELICOPTERS • SPT 3: 1 AS-332 Super Puma (VIP); 1 MBT 33: 12 T-54/T-55; 21 T-34
AS-350L Ecureuil; 1 SA-330F Puma LT TK 18 Type-62
RECCE 20 BRDM-2
Paramilitary 1,500 APC (W) 50: 30 BTR-40; 10 BTR-60; 10 BTR-152
ARTY 46+
Mobile Police Force 1,500 TOWED 14+: 100mm 6 M-1944; 122mm 8 D-30; 130mm
RECCE 8 S52 Shorland M-46 (reported)
AIRCRAFT 4 MRL 122mm 2 BM-21
MP 3 BN-2T Defender (border patrol) MOR 30+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 30 M-43
TPT 1 SC.7 3M Skyvan AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
HELICOPTERS • UTL 2 AS-365 Dauphin 2 RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
GUNS 85mm 6 D-44
AD • SAM 12+
Deployment TOWED 12+ SA-3 Goa
Democratic Republic of Congo MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS • TOWED 12: 37mm 6 M-1939; 57mm 6 S-60
UN • MONUC 111; 23 obs; 1 CSS coy
SUDAN
Navy 50
UN • UNMIS 6 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 PCR†
UN • UNAMID 7; 4 obs
less than 100 tonnes
FACILITIES
Mali RMM Bases Located at Bamako, Mopti, Segou, Timbuktu
Sub-Saharan
US$ 57m
GDP R 235bn 292bn
Africa
US$1=M 25,750 26
US$ 7.5bn 9.6bn
per capita US$ 6,000 7,538 Population 21,284,701
Growth % 4.2 6.6 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Inflation % 9.1 8.8 Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1%
Def bdgt R 854m 1,013m Female 21% 5% 4% 4% 14% 2%
US$ 27m 33m
US$1=R 31.3 30.4 Capabilities
Population 1,274,189 ACTIVE 11,200 (Army 10,000 Navy 200 Air 1,000)
Terms of service conscription, 2 years
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 12% 4% 4% 4% 22% 3% Organisations by Service
Female 12% 4% 4% 4% 22% 4%
Army ε9,000–10,000
Capabilities FORCES BY ROLE
ACTIVE NIL Paramilitary 2,000 Inf 7 bn
SF 3 bn
Organisations by Service Arty 2-3 bty
Engr 2 bn
Paramilitary 2,000 Log 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Special Mobile Force ε1,500
Equipment at estimated 10% or less serviceability
FORCES BY ROLE MBT 60+ T-54
Rifle 6 coy RECCE 30 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Paramilitary 2 (mob) coy AIFV 40 BMP-1
312 The Military Balance 2009
FACILITIES
Base Located at Walvis Bay Capabilities
ACTIVE 5,300 (Army 5,200 Air 100) Paramilitary
Paramilitary 6,000 5,400
Terms of service selective conscription (2 year)
Police Force • Special Field Force 6,000 (incl
Border Guard and Special Reserve Force)
Organisations by Service
Air Force
FORCES BY ROLE Army 5,200
FGA sqn with MiG-23 Flogger (reported); F-7NM (J-7) FORCES BY ROLE
Surv sqn with Cessna 337 Skymaster/O-2A Skymaster 3 Mil Districts
Tpt sqn with An-26 Curl; Falcon 900; Learjet 36; 2 Y-12 Armd recce 4 sqn
Trg sqn with K-8; FT-7NG (J-7) Inf 7 coy
Hel sqn with Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; AB 2 coy
SA-319 Alouette III Engr 1 coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AD 1 coy
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Sub-Saharan
UN • UNOCI 2 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Africa
Tpt sqn with An-26 Curl; B-737-200 (VIP);
Liberia C-130H Hercules; Do-28
UN • UNMIL 4; 2 obs Liaison sqn with Cessna 337D Skymaster
SUDAN EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNMIS 9 obs AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 An-26 Curl; 1 B-737-200 (VIP); 1
UN • UNAMID 1 C-130H Hercules; 2 Cessna 337D Skymaster; 1 Do-28
Paramilitary 5,400
Niger Ngr
2007 2008
Gendarmerie 1,400
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2009
GDP fr 2.10tr Republican Guard 2,500
US$ 4.4bn
per capita US$ 340
National Police 1,500
Growth % 3.2 4.4
Inflation % 0.1 8.3
Deployment
Def bdgt fr ε22bn Burundi
US$ ε46m UN • BINUB 1 obs
US$1=fr 479 487
Côte D’Ivoire
Population 13,272,679 UN • UNOCI 385; 6 obs; 1 inf bn
Ethnic groups: Tuareg 8-10%
Democratic Republic of Congo
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus UN • MONUC 16 obs
Male 24% 6% 4% 4% 11% 1% Liberia
Female 23% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1% UN • UNMIL 3 obs
314 The Military Balance 2009
AD • SAM 164
Nigeria Nga SP 16 Roland
MANPAD 148: 48 Blowpipe; ε100 SA-7 Grail
Nigerian Naira N 2007 2008 2009
GUNS 90+
GDP N 16.8tr SP 30 ZSU-23-4
US$ 135bn TOWED 60+: 20mm 60+; 23mm ZU-23; 40mm L/70
per capita US$ 999 RADAR • LAND: some RASIT (veh, arty)
Growth % 5.9 6.2
Inflation % 5.5 11.0
Navy 8,000 (incl Coast Guard)
FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt N 122bn 158bn
Navy Western Comd HQ located at Apapa; Eastern
US$ 980m 1,350m
Comd HQ located at Calabar; Naval Bases at Warri,
FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 1.3m 1.3m Port Harcourt, Naval Trg school at Sapele, Delta
US$1=N 125 117 State.
Population 138,283,240 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ethnic groups: North (Hausa and Fulani) South-west (Yoruba) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2
South-east (Ibo); these tribes make up ε65% of population FRIGATES • FFG 1 Aradu (Ge MEKO 360) with 8
single each with 1 Otomat tactical SSM, 1 Albatros
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Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus octuple with 24 Aspide SAM, 2 STWS 1B triple 324mm
Male 21% 5% 5% 4% 14% 1% with 18 A244 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx MK
Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 2% 89 SAR hel)
CORVETTES • FS 1 Enymiri (UK Vosper Mk 9) each
Capabilities with 1 x 3 Seacat Systems (3 eff.) with Seacat SAM, 1 2
tube Bofors 375mm (2 eff.), 1 76mm gun
ACTIVE 80,000 (Army 62,000 Navy 8,000 Air 10,000)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21
Paramilitary 82,000 PFM 1 Ayam (Fr Combattante) each with 2 twin (4 eff.)
Reserves planned, none org
each with 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
(Additional 2 vessels†)
Organisations by Service PCO 4 Balsam (buoy tenders (US))
PCC 1 Ekpe (Ge Lurssen 57m (Additional 2 vessels †))
Army 62,000 with 1 76mm gun
FORCES BY ROLE PBF 15 Defender
Army 1 (comp) div (2 mot inf bde, 1 AB bn, MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
1 amph bde, 1 engr bde, 1 arty bde, 1 MCC 2 Ohue (mod It Lerici)
recce bde) AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 1 Ambe (capacity 5 tanks; 220
Armd 1 div (1 recce bn, 1 engr bde, 1 arty troops) (Ge)
bde, 2 armd bde) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5:
Mech 2 div (each: 1 engr bn, 1 mot inf bde, 1 1 AGHS; 3 YTL; 1 TRG
mech bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bde) FACILITIES
Presidential Guard 1 bde (2 Gd bn) Bases Located at Lagos, Apapa, Calabar
AD 1 regt
Naval Aviation
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS
MBT 276: 176 Vickers Mk 3; 100 T-55† SAR 2 Lynx MK 89† non-operational
LT TK 157 Scorpion UTL 2 A-109E Power†
RECCE 342: 90 AML-60; 40 AML-90; 70 EE-9 Cascavel; 50
FV721 Fox; 20 Saladin Mk2; 72 VBL (reported) Air Force 10,000
APC 437+
FORCES BY ROLE†
APC (T) 317: 250 4K-7FA Steyr; 67 MT-LB
APC (W) 120+: 10 FV603 Saracen; 110 Piranha; EE-11 Very limited op capability
Urutu (reported) Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with Jaguar S(N)† non-operational;
ARTY 506 Jaguar B(N)†; 1 sqn with Alpha Jet; 1 sqn with
SP 155mm 39 VCA 155 Palmaria MiG-21bis/MiG-21FR†; MiG-21MF†; MiG-
TOWED 112: 105mm 50 M-56; 122mm 31 D-30/D-74; 21U†*
130mm 7 M-46; 155mm 24 FH-77B in store Tpt 2 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30
MRL 122mm 25 APR-21 Hercules; Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant;
MOR 330+: 81mm 200; 82mm 100; 120mm 30+ Do-228-200 (incl 2 VIP); G-222; Presidential
AT • MSL • MANPATS Swingfire flt with Gulfstream II/Gulfstream IV; B-727;
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1 BAe-125-1000; Falcon 900
Sub-Saharan Africa 315
Sub-Saharan
BOATS/CRAFT 60+ boats Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 1%
Africa
AMPHIBIOUS 5+ ACV
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
Security and Civil Defence Corps • Police
80,000 Capabilities
APC (W) 70+: 70+ AT105 Saxon†; UR-416
ACTIVE 33,000 (Army 32,000 Air 1,000) Paramilitary
AIRCRAFT • TPT 4: 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 2 PA-31
Navajo; 1 PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain 2,000
HELICOPTERS • UTL 4: 2 AB-212 (Bell 212); 2
AB-222 (Bell 222) Organisations by Service
Non-State Groups Army 32,000
see Part II FORCES BY ROLE
Army 4 div (each: 3 Army bde)
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD MBT 24 T-54/T-55
UN • MINURCAT 3 obs RECCE 106: ε90 AML-60/AML-90/AML-245; 16 VBL
Côte D’Ivoire AIFV BMP
UN • UNOCI 8 obs APC (W) 16+: 16 RG-31 Nyala; BTR; Buffalo (M-3 Panhard)
ARTY 155+
Democratic Republic of Congo
TOWED 35+: 105mm 29 Type-54 (D-1); 122mm 6 D-30;
UN • MONUC 23 obs
152mm†
GEORGIA MRL 122mm 5 RM-70 Dana
UN • UNOMIG 1 obs MOR 115: 81mm; 82mm; 120mm
Liberia AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
UN • UNMIL 1,661; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 5 sigs pl GUNS ε150: 14.5mm; 23mm; 37mm
316 The Military Balance 2009
UN • MINURCAT 3 obs
Paramilitary
Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 326; 10 obs; 1 inf bn Coast Guard 200 (incl 80 Marines)
COMOROS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AU • MAES 120 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
PCC 2: 1 Andromache (It Pichiotti 42m); 1 Topaz
Democratic Republic of Congo PCI 7: 1 Zhuk less than 100 tonnes; 6 less than 100
UN • MONUC 459; 17 obs; 1 inf bn tonnes
Liberia AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 1 Cinq Juin (govt owned but
civilian op)
UN • UNMIL 3
FACILITIES
Sub-Saharan
SUDAN Base Located at Port Victoria
Africa
UN • UNAMID 550; 9 obs; 1 inf bn
National Guard 250
Foreign FORCES
Air Wing 20
France Army 610; 1 (Marine) mech inf bn with (1 recce sqn AIRCRAFT
with ERC-90F Lynx); Navy 230: 1 Atlantique ; Air Force: 1 TPT 2: 1 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 152
C-160 Transall; 1 AS-555 Fennec UTL 1 F406 Caravan II
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 13% 5% 5% 4% 19% 2% Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 12% 2%
Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 21% 4% Female 23% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
318 The Military Balance 2009
Capabilities Somalia SR
ACTIVE 10,500 (Joint 10,500) Somali Shilling sh 2007* 2008 * 2009
GDP US$
Organisations by Service per capita US$
* definitive economic data unavailable
Total Armed Forces 10,500
UK-trained national army has formed, which has an initial Population 9,558,666
target strength of 13–14,000. This initial strength is set to
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
reduce to some 10,000 over a ten year period.
ARTY • MOR 31: 81mm ε27; 82mm 2; 120mm 2 Male 22% 5% 4% 3% 14% 1%
AT • RCL 84mm Carl Gustav Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
HELICOPTERS • SPT 2 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip†
AD • GUNS 7: 12.7mm 4; 14.5mm 3 Capabilities
No national armed forces since 1991. Transitional
Navy ε200 government attempting to set up armed forces but
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE hampered by defections, financial difficulties, UN arms
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4
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EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
South Africa RSA MBT 167: 34 Olifant 1A; 133 Olifant; 1B in store
RECCE 176: 82 Rooikat-76; 94 in store
South African Rand R 2007 2008 2009 AIFV 1,200: 534 Ratel-20 Mk III-20/ Ratel-60 Mk III-60/
GDP R 1.85tr Ratel-90 Mk III-90 FSV 90; 666 in store
US$ 264bn APC (W) 810: 370 Casspir; 440 Mamba
per capita US$ 5,992 ARTY 1,467
SP 155mm 43: 2 G-6; 41 in store
Growth % 5.1 3.8
TOWED 147: 140mm 75 G2 in store; 155mm 72: 6 G-5;
Inflation % 7.1 11.8
66 in store
Def exp R 26.41bn MRL 127mm 51: 26 Valkiri Mk I in store (24 tube); 21 Valkiri
US$ 3.75bn Mk II MARS Bataleur (40 tube); 4 in store (40 tube)
Def bdgt R 25.92bn 28.23bn 29.86bn MOR 1,226: 81mm 1,190 (incl some SP); 120mm 36
US$ 3.68bn 2.79bn AT • MSL • MANPATS 52: 16 ZT-3 Swift; 36 in store; 17
Milan ADT/ER
US$1=R 7.04 10.1
RCL 106mm 100 M-40A1 (some SP)
Population 43,786,115 RL 92mm FT-5
AD • GUNS 76
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus SP 23mm 36 Zumlac
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Sub-Saharan
Lt Inf 3 converting to mot inf
Africa
AB 1 bn
Organisations by Service Arty 7 regt
Engr 2 regt
Army 37,141 AD 4 regt
FORCES BY ROLE
Formations under direct command and control of SANDF Navy 6,244
Chief of Joint Operations: 9 Joint Operational Tactical HQs, FORCES BY ROLE
tps are provided when necessary by permanent and reserve Navy Fleet HQ and Naval base located at Simon’s Town;
force units from all services and SF Bde. Naval Office located at Pretoria; Naval stations
A new army structure is planned with 2 divisions (1 Durban and Port Elizabeth
mechanised, 1 motorised) with 10 bdes (1 armd, 1 mech,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
7 motorised and 1 rapid reaction). General Staff branches SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Type 209 with 8
(GS1-7 ) being reintroduced (Mar 2009); Training, Support 533mm TT
and Land Commands with the 10 Bdes established (Mar PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES
2010); re-establish Divisional HQ (Mar 2011). FSG 4 Valour (MEKO A200) with 2 quad (8 eff.) with MM-
HQ 2 bde 40 Exocet ASSM tactical; 2 octuple VLS with Umkhonto-IR
Tk 1 bn naval SAM, (capacity 1 Lynx Srs 300 Super Lynx ASW/
ASUW hel)
Armd recce 1 bn
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 26:
Mech inf 2 bn PFM 2 Warrior (Il Reshef) each with 6 Skerpioen tactical
SF 1 bde (2 SF bn under strength) SSM (Il Gabriel); (additional vessel in reserve)
Mot inf 10 bn (1 bn roles as AB, 1 as Amph) PCI 24: 21 Namacurra; 3 craft less than 100 tonnes
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 2
Arty 1 bn
MHC 2 River (Ge Navors) (Limited operational roles;
ADA 1 bn training and dive support); (additional vessel in reserve)
Engr 1 regt AMPHIBIOUS 6 LCU
320 The Military Balance 2009
Makhado
AU • AUSTF • Operation Curiculum 1,024
Tkr/EW/tpt 1 sqn with B-707-320
Tpt 1 (VIP) sqn with B-737 BBJ; CE-550 Citation II; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Falcon 50; Falcon 900; 1 sqn with C-47TP (Basler Operation Vimbazela (bilateral support) 56
Turbo-67) (6 maritime, 4 tpt, 1 PR/EW trg); 2
sqns with C-130B;C-130BZ Hercules; CN-235; Democratic Republic of Congo
CASA 212; Cessna 185; 1 tpt and trg school UN • MONUC • Operation Mistral 1,158; 15 obs; 1 inf bn;
with Beech 200 Super King Air; Beech 300 Super 3 Engr coy; 1 CSS coy; 1 avn unit, (air med evacuation
King Air; Cessna 208 Caravan I; PC-12 Aviocar; 9 team, air base control det)
AF Reserve sqns with ε130 private light tpt ac
Operation Teutonic 29
Tpt hel 4 mixed sqn with Oryx (AS-332B) Super Puma;
BK-11; A109UH; nepal
1 hel trg school with Oryx and A109 UN • UNMIN 1 obs
Hel 1 (cbt spt) sqn with CSH-1 Rooivalk*
sudan
ASuW/SAR 4 Super Lynx 300 deployed on Navy Valour
class frigates UN • UNAMID 587; 13 obs; 1 inf bn
Trg 1 (Lead-in Ftr Trg) sqn with Hawk Mk120; 1 UGANDA
basic flying trg school with PC-7 MkII Astra; 1
AU • Operation Bongane 2 obs
air nav school
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 12 combat capable Sudan Sdn
Multi-role: 4 JAS-39D Gripen (further 22 Gripen – 17
JAS-39C, 5 -39D – to be delivered by 2012) Sudanese Dinar d 2007 2008 2009
LIFT 20 Hawk Mk120 (24 total on order) GDP d 9.3tr 12.9tr
TPT 51: 3 B-707-320 (only 1/2 op); 1 B-737 BBJ; 3 Beech US$ 44.8bn 59.2bn
200 Super King Air; 1 Beech 300 Super King Air; 2
per capita US$ 1,085 1,471
C-130B Hercules; 7 C-130BZ Hercules; 11 C-47TP (Basler
Growth % 10.2 8.5
Turbo-67); 4 CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 CE-550 Citation II; 1
CN-235; 13 Cessna 185; 2 Falcon 50; 1 Falcon 900 Inflation % 8.0 16.0
UTL 12: 11 Cessna 208 Caravan I; 1 PC-12 Def bdgt d
TRG 53 PC-7 Mk II Astra US$
HELICOPTERS US$1=d 202 218
ASLT 11 CSH-1 Rooivalk* (plus 1 that crashed and may
be beyond repair) Population 40,218,455
ASuW/SAR 4 Super Lynx 300 Ethnic and religious groups: Muslim 70% mainly in North;
SPT 39 Oryx (AS-332B) Super Puma Christian10% mainly in South; 52% mainly in South; Arab 39%
mainly in North
UTL 29: 8 BK-117; 21A109UH (total 30 on order)
UAV Seeker II Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD • SAM capability closed down
Male 22% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
MSL •AAM V3C Darter; V4 R-Darter; A-Darter being
procured for Gripen Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 1%
Sub-Saharan Africa 321
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 15
ACTIVE 109,300 (Army 105,000 Navy 1,300 Air PBR 8: 4 Kurmuk; 4 Sewart (all less than 100 tonnes)
PBI 7 Ashroora
3,000) Paramilitary 17,500
AMPHIBIOUS 6
Terms of service conscription (males 18–30) 2 years
LCT 2 Sobat
RESERVE NIL Paramilitary 85,000 LCVP 4
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Port Sudan, Flamingo Bay (Red Sea),
Organisations by Service
Khartoum (Nile)
Sub-Saharan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 343: 55-80 V-150 Commando; 10 BTR 70; 7 BTR-
Africa
AIRCRAFT 63 combat capable
80A; 50–80 BTR-152; 20 OT-62; 50 OT-64; 96 Walid
FGA 57: 15 A-5 Fantan; 21 MiG-29SE; 2 MiG-29UB
ARTY 778+
Fulcrum; 3 MiG-23BN; 10 F-7 (MiG-21); 6 Shenyang J-6
SP 20: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 155mm 10 (AMX) Mk
TPT 25: 1 An-26 Curl (modified for bombing)*; 4 C-130H
F3
Hercules; 3 DHC-5D Buffalo; 2 Y-8; 1 An-30 Cline; 1 An-
TOWED 123+ 105mm 20 M-101; 122mm 16+: 16 D-30;
74TK-200/300; 1 Falcon 20 (VIP); 1 Falcon 50 (VIP); 1
D-74; M-30; 130mm 75 M-46/Type-59-I; 12 M-114A1 Fokker 27 (VIP)
MRL 635: 107mm 477 Type-63; 122mm 158: 90 BM-21; 50 TRG 6 K-8 Karokorum*
Saqr; 18 Type-81 HELICOPTERS
MOR 81mm; 82mm; 120mm AM-49; M-43 ATK 23 Mi-24V Hind E*
AT • MSL • MANPATS 4+: 4 Swingfire; AT-3 9K11 Sagger SPT 21+: 20+ Mi-8/Mi-171 ; 1 IAR-330 (SA-330) Puma (10
RCL 106mm 40 M-40A1 non operational)
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout AD • SAM • TOWED: 90 SA-2 Guideline
GUNS 40+: 40 76mm ZIS-3/100mm M-1944; 85mm
D-44 Paramilitary 17,500
AD • SAM • MANPAD 54 SA-7 Grail
GUNS 996+ Popular Defence Force 17,500 (org in bn
SP 20: 20mm 8 M-163 Vulcan; 12 M3 VDAA 1,000); 85,000 reservists (total 102,500)
towed 976+: 740+ 14.5mm ZPU-2/14.5mm ZPU- mil wing of National Islamic Front
4/37mm Type-63/57mm S-60/85mm M-1944; 20mm 16
M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZU-23-2; 37mm 110: 80 M-1939; Non-State Groups
30 unserviceable; 40mm 60 see Part II
RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
Sub-Saharan
FORCES BY ROLE UN • UNMIS 17 obs
Africa
Ftr 3 sqn with J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; UN • UNAMID 7; 12 obs
J-5 (MiG-17F) Fresco C; J-6 (MiG-19S) Farmer B
Tpt 1 sqn with Y-5 (An-2) Colt; DHC-5D Buffalo;
F-28 Fellowship; HS-125-700; HS-748; Y-12(II)
Togo Tg
Liaison some sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 404 Titan; CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
Cessna U-206 Stationair; Bell 206B JetRanger II GDP fr 1.25tr
Trg sqn with PA-28-140 Cherokee; MiG-15UTI Midget US$ 2.6bn
Hel some sqn with 4 AB-205 (Bell 205); SA-316 per capita US$ 459
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Growth % 2.1 2.5
Virtually no air defence assets serviceable. Inflation % 1.0 5.2
AIRCRAFT 19 combat capable†
FTR 9: 6 J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; 3 J-5 (MiG-17F)
Def bdgt fr 20.0bn
Fresco C
FGA 10 J-6 (MiG-19S) Farmer B US$ 42m
TPT 24: 5 Cessna 310; 2 Cessna 404 Titan; 3 DHC-5D US$1=fr 479 487
Buffalo; 2 F-28 Fellowship; 1 HS-125-700; 3 HS-748; 5
Population 5,858,673
PA-28-140 Cherokee; 2 Y-12(II); 1 Y-5 (An-2) Colt
UTL 1 Cessna U-206 Stationair Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 2 MiG-15UTI Midget Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 1%
HELICOPTERS
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
UTL 14: 4 AB-205 (Bell 205); 6 Bell 206B JetRanger II; 4
SA-316 Capabilities
AD
SAM 160: ACTIVE 8,550 (Army 8,100 Navy 200 Air 250)
SP 20 SA-6 Gainful†; 20 SA-3 Goa† Paramilitary 750
MANPAD 120 SA-7 Grail† Terms of service conscription, 2 years (selective)
324 The Military Balance 2009
Sub-Saharan
SPT 5: 1 Mi-172 (VIP); 3 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; 1
Africa
non-operational ACTIVE 15,100 (Army 13,500 Air 1,600) Paramilitary
UTL 5: 3 Bell 206 JetRanger; 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey 1,400
Tpt 1 sqn with An-26 Curl; DHC-5D Buffalo; per capita US$ 255
Y-12(II) /(IV); MA60 Growth % -6.2
Inflation
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Sub-Saharan
FTR 10: 4 F-7N (F-7M) Airguard†; 3 F-7II (J-7II) Fishbed† Sudan
Africa
FGA 23: 11 K-8; 12 Hawker Hunter FGA* in store UN • UNMIS 14 obs
328 The Military Balance 2009
Kenya (Kya)
Northrop F-5 Ftr 15 USD23.2m HKJ _ 2008 2008 Ex-HKJ stock
Namibia (Nba)
45-tonne PCI 4 _ Br INACE 2004 2009 –
patrol boat
Nigeria (Nga)
F-7NI Ftr 12 See notes PRC 2005 2006 Combined cost with 3 FT–7NI is
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Uganda (Uga)
ATMOS TN-90 TOWED 18 Il Soltam _ 2006 Autonomous Truck Mounted
155mm Systems Howitzer Systems (ATMOS)
Zimbabwe (Zw)
FC-1 Xiaolong FGA 12 PRC 2004 – Order unconfirmed
Chapter Seven
Central and South Asia
PAKISTAN ten months of taking over as army chief, Kayani had
selected six of the nine powerful corps commanders
Political and military developments of Pakistan.
By 9 September 2008 a new democratically elected
political establishment had come to power in Tribal areas
Pakistan, ending nine years of military rule origi- President Zardari’s top priority is to fight terrorism
nating in the coup led by army chief General Pervez and Islamist militancy in the Federally Administered
Musharraf on 12 October 1999. Following a six-week Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan bordering
emergency declared by Musharraf on 3 November Afghanistan. With his government focusing on
2007 (the president’s grip on power had been weak- a three-pronged policy towards the tribal areas
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ened by public unrest led by lawyers), elections to the comprising political dialogue, development and the
national assembly and the four provincial assemblies use of force, military operations have had mixed
took place on 18 February 2008. These elections had results. The United States has expressed reservations
been delayed by six weeks due to the assassination on about negotiating with Pakistan Taliban (Tehrik-e
27 December 2007 of Benazir Bhutto, a former prime Taliban Pakistan – TTP) militants, fearing it would
minister and the leader of the largest opposition party, reinforce the status of the tribal areas as a sanctuary
the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). The new coali- for al-Qaeda and the Afghan Taliban in planning
tion government, formed largely by the PPP and the cross-border attacks into Afghanistan.
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML(N)) led by Notwithstanding US pressure on Pakistan to use
former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, elected Yousaf its army and frontier corps more actively and effec-
Raza Gilani, a senior PPP politician, as prime minister tively in the tribal areas and Swat in the North West
on 24 March 2008. On 18 August, Musharraf resigned Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistani security forces
as president amidst the threat of impeachment by the in general remain unable or unwilling to effectively
ruling coalition. On 9 September, Bhutto’s widower, counter the resurgent Afghan and TTP militants,
Asif Ali Zardari, was sworn in as the new civilian though there are over 112,000 troops deployed
president, completing the country’s turbulent transi- in the area. This has led to allegations of official
Central and
South Asia
tion to democracy. Pakistani complicity – particularly by serving or
On 28 November 2007, nearly nine months before retired members of the ISI – in providing assistance
his resignation as president, Musharraf stepped down to the Afghan Taliban, which Pakistan has denied.
as army chief after nine years due to growing domestic Speculation has also arisen that the ISI provided
and international pressure. Musharraf’s appointee Afghan Taliban militants details of the US military
as army chief was General Ashfaq Kayani, a former campaign, which in some cases enabled the fighters
chief of the powerful Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to escape US missile strikes in the tribal areas, and
and subsequently vice chief of the army. Soon after that the ISI was involved in the deadly suicide car-
taking over as army chief, Kayani began slowly to bomb attack carried out by Jalaluddin Haqqani’s
reduce the army’s role in civilian affairs, which had Afghan Taliban on the Indian Embassy in Kabul on
increased enormously under Musharraf. In March 7 July 2008; this was denied by the Pakistan govern-
2008 Kayani replaced two of his corps commanders. ment.
This was followed on 29 September by a major Pakistan’s military operations targeting the Taliban
reshuffle of top army officers in order to consoli- and al-Qaeda in the Bajaur Agency of the tribal areas
date Kayani’s position. This included the appoint- have been relatively more effective. Since the start of
ment on promotion of a new director general of the the offensive in August 2008, the military’s objective
ISI, Lt-Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, a former director has expanded from defending its administrative head-
general of military operations (DGMO), and the quarters at Khar to securing Bajaur Agency against
appointment of four new corps commanders. Within TTP. As a result of these operations an estimated
330 The Military Balance 2009
220,000 people have been displaced from the area. military strikes in the tribal areas with the Pakistani
At the same time, government-backed tribal lashkars army’s decreasing tolerance for such attacks. He will
(militias) have begun mounting offensives against also need to ensure that the ensuing domestic polit-
the Taliban, though their success appears limited so ical turbulence, heightened by the growing economic
far. On 10 October, a bomb attack on an anti-Taliban crisis, does not place his own government at risk from
jirga (council) in the Khadezai area of Upper Orakzai the army.
Agency killed 85 and injured 200.
With TTP beginning to control large swathes of Terrorism
the tribal areas and their influence spreading in the A sharp rise in terror attacks took place in Pakistan
adjoining areas of the NWFP, an increase in cross- in August–October 2008. On 21 August, two suicide
border attacks against coalition forces and civilians in blasts killed 70 people and injured 67 at the gates of
Afghanistan has taken place. Afghanistan–Pakistan the Pakistan Ordnance Factories Headquarters in
relations reached a new low on 15 June when Afghan Wah, near Islamabad. Earlier that month, 32 people
President Hamid Karzai threatened to send Afghan were killed in a suicide bombing at a hospital in the
troops across the border to fight the Afghan Taliban NWFP. On 20 September, a truck bomb exploded at
for as long as the Taliban was able to launch opera- the gates of the Islamabad Marriott Hotel. The hotel,
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tions from there. popular with the city’s elite and foreign nationals,
In a major shift in strategy, the United States was destroyed, and 54 people were killed, including
has now begun to attack ‘safe havens’ in the tribal the Czech Ambassador to Pakistan. An additional 270
areas in an attempt to strike Afghanistan Taliban people were injured.
and al-Qaeda targets. In July 2008, it was reported
that US President George W. Bush had authorised Arms transfers
covert cross-border attacks against militants in the On September 26, the Pakistan navy commis-
tribal areas without prior approval from Pakistan. sioned its third Agosta 90-B submarine, Hamza,
This resulted in a marked increase in strikes by which is fitted with an air-independent propulsion
missile-armed unmanned aerial vehicles against system, allowing for greater submerged endurance,
suspected al-Qaeda and Afghanistan Taliban targets increased operational range and enhanced stealth.
by US forces based in Afghanistan. From the end It is currently seeking an additional three subma-
of July to mid October, it is estimated that approxi- rines to be built in Karachi. Four new Chinese F-22P
mately 15 such attacks took place in North and South frigates are expected to be commissioned from
Waziristan, reportedly killing a number of Pakistani 2009–13, with the fourth ship to be built in Pakistan.
civilians. The first known ground assault by coalition Seven reconditioned US P-3C Orions are being
special forces took place on 3 September – during inducted into the naval air arm. With the delivery
Ramadan – against a village near Angoor Adda in to the Air Force of four F-16 aircraft on 29 July, the
South Waziristan (near the Afghan border); this US completed the delivery of 14 F-16 aircraft under
caused public outrage and anger in Pakistan against the Excess Defence Article Programme. These are
the US. to be upgraded in a $116 million deal by the US. In
In a rare public statement, Pakistan army chief August 2008 the US authorised the delivery of 20
Kayani condemned these attacks and stated that the refurbished T-37 training aircraft to Pakistan. The
country would be defended ‘at all cost’, signifying following month Washington agreed to the sale of an
a new low in Pakistan–US military relations. On 22 unspecified number of AH-1F Cobra attack helicop-
September, Pakistani troops reportedly opened fire ters. Reportedly, eight early warning aircraft (four
to deter US incursions into the tribal areas, and three from China and four from Sweden) are expected to
days later Pakistani troops fired warning shots at reach Pakistan. Talks are currently underway for
NATO helicopters in the tribal areas bordering Khost the purchase of 30–40 FC-20 aircraft from China,
in Afghanistan. although these procurements are likely to be affected
Zardari’s major challenge will be to gain the trust by Pakistan’s dwindling foreign-exchange reserves
of the army and build a consensus against terrorism and dire economic situation. Following the delivery
and Islamist extremism among the political establish- of eight China–Pakistan Joint Fighters (JF-17/FC-1) to
ment. To effectively pursue the campaign on terror, the Pakistan Air Force by early 2008, joint production
he will need to balance growing US pressure for of the aircraft began in Pakistan.
Central and South Asia 331
Afghan Taliban Regain power in Kabul; foreign withdrawal from Afg. Est. Str 10-20,000; led by Mullah
Omar and Quetta Shura
Haqqani Network Fight coalition forces in Afg as part of Taliban. Led by Sirajuddin Haqqani
Hizb-e Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) Foreign withdrawal from Afg; estb. Islamic fundamentalist state. Two factions, Gulbuddin
Hekmatyar’s Hizb-e Islami in Nuristan and Khalis faction, part of the Taliban. Affiliates of
Hizb-e Islami political faction (estb. 2005 and officially not associated with Hekmatyar),
have won seats in the National Assembly and are active in the Wolesi Jirga in Kabul.
Lashkar-e Islam and Voice and Virtue Khyber-based. Leader, Mangal Bagh, incr active in Pak, like Haji Namdar’s ‘Voice and Virtue’
group in Waziristan. May find political aims in Pak assisted by instability in Afg. Links to TTP.
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
Lashkar-e-Omar ( LeO)/al-Qanoon Society based on Islam. Conglomerate of Harkat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HuJI), Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
(LeJ) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) cadres
Tehrik-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi / Transform Pak into a Taliban style state, imposition of Sharia in Pak
Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic
Laws / Black Turbans
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)/
Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Altaf (MQM-A)
Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Haqiqi Splinter faction from MQM-A, engr by govt to act as counter to MQM-A. Support declining
(MQM-H) as many refugees become integrated to mainstream life in Pak
Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP) Sunni state in Pak; restoration of Caliphate. Primarily targets Shia; opposes US-Pakistan
Central and
South Asia
cooperation; announced jihad against US in 2001
OTHER INSURGENT GROUPS
Baluch Liberation Army (BLA)/ Indep. land for Baluch Muslims. Liberation of Baluch land, estb. of sovereign Baluch
Baluch People’s Liberation Front (BPLF)/ government
Popular Front for Armed Resistance/
Baluch Students Organisation
Harkat ul-Mujahideen (HUM)/ Pro-Pak Islamic group, seeks Kashmir’s accession to Pakistan
Harkat ul-Ansar (HUA)
Map 5 Afghanistan
2008 opium poppy 2007–2008 cultivation change ISAF Provincial Reconstruction Estimated troop
cultivation (in hectares) contributions of
Poppy-free or strong Team (PRT) NATO–ISAF nations
by province: decrease (–100% to –50%) ISAF Forward Support Albania 140
Helmand 103,590ha Decrease (–49% to –11%) Base (FSB) Australia 1,080
Farah 15,010ha
Stable (–10% to +10%) Austria 1
Kandahar 14,623ha NATO HQ
Uruzgan 9,939ha Increase (+11% to +50%) Azerbaijan 45
Nimruz 6,203ha Belgium 497
Troop numbers
Zabul 2,335ha Bulgaria 460
Daikondi 2,273ha Canada 2,500
Badghis 587ha Regional Command North Croatia 280
Baghlan 475ha ∼4,400 Czech Republic 415
Kapisa 436ha Denmark 750
Laghman 425ha Estonia 120
Kabul 310ha KUNDUZ TAKHAR Faizabad (GE) Finland 80
Faryab 291ha
JAWZJAN
France 3,000
Kunar 290ha BADAKSHAN
Kunduz (GE) FYROM 137
Herat 266ha Mazar-e
Mazar-e BALKH
Sharif Georgia 1
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remained heavily engaged in combat and stabilisa- (Allegations of Iranian involvement in this, and the
tion operations across the country. Insurgents have degree and nature of Iran’s involvement in the insur-
moved into previously quiet provinces, increased gency, remained subject to debate.) After suffering a
their use of suicide bombing and of improvised series of defeats in open combat with international
explosive devices, and launched attacks on a number forces in the heartland areas of Helmand, Kandahar
of high-value targets, including President Hamid and Uruzgan, insurgents established bases in areas
Karzai and local government and security officials. where government and ISAF forces were fewer in
The suicide attacks on the Serena Hotel in January number, such as the southwestern provinces of
2008 and on the Indian Embassy showed the rela- Nimruz and Farah, while becoming more active in
tive ease with which insurgents move within Kabul. the north, especially in Badghis, Faryab, Faizabad
According to some reports, there was evidence that and Badakhshan. There were also reports of signifi-
explosively formed projectiles (EFP), similar to those cant Taliban presence in provinces near Kabul, such
employed in Iraq, had been found in Afghanistan. as Wardak.
Central and South Asia 333
Insurgent operations focused on perceived areas numbers of US, British and Afghan troops, which
of weakness such as the Afghan National Police forced the insurgents to withdraw and minimised
(ANP), the members of which are poorly trained and collateral damage by minimum use of combat air
equipped to protect themselves. Casualties in the power. Following the operation, a fast-tracked devel-
ANP were higher than in other elements of the secu- opment programme for the area was implemented in
rity forces. order to demonstrate the government’s commitment
Meanwhile, the capacity of the Afghan National to improving conditions. Later in the year, nearly
Army (ANA) remained limited in spite of improve- 4,000 ISAF troops, and the ANA, delivered a turbine
ments, and the force’s manpower level of around to the Kajaki Dam on the Helmand river, which it is
60,000 in mid 2008 remained below the desired total believed will add some 18.5MW to the dam’s existing
of 80,000, due to be reached in 2010. A US document power-generation capacity of 16.5MW.
from June 2008 on Afghanistan’s security forces Attempts to turn Taliban fighters away from
noted that the ANA, at full capacity and capability insurgency met with limited success, though in the
as currently envisaged, would eventually become a long run this would seem essential to any solution
‘light infantry force of 15 brigades, including artil- to Afghanistan’s problems. So too did some form
lery, armor, commando, combat support, combat of dialogue with the Taliban. The National Peace
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service support, an air corps, and the requisite inter- Commission was given the task of fostering recon-
mediate commands and sustaining institutions’. ciliation, but its mandate was unclear and the process
Though this is some way off, one major enhance- was slow, allowing for the reconciliation only of indi-
ment has been the inauguration of the ANA Air viduals rather than groups. (See Strategic Survey 2008,
Corps and the introduction of coalition–Afghan vali- pp. 300–303.) With a presidential election scheduled to
dation teams to assess unit operational capability, in take place in Afghanistan in 2009, delivering the secu-
addition to the role of Operational Mentoring and rity necessary to enable a credible election process is
Liaison Teams (OMLTs). The ANA plans to replace of high importance, a point that will no doubt not be
some of its Warsaw Pact-era weaponry with NATO lost on opponents of the Kabul government and the
standard equipment by, for example, exchanging its international presence.
M16s for AK-47s and introducing ‘US model light
and medium machine guns and 81mm mortars’. The INDIA
US document also notes that the ANA Air Corps was
due to obtain further Mi-17 and Mi-35 helicopters In 2008, the five-year-old India–Pakistan ceasefire
and An-26 aircraft before the end of 2008. In addi- agreement on the Line of Control (LoC) dividing
tion, more international troops, including an extra Kashmir came under pressure for the first time, with
Central and
South Asia
3,500 US Marines, were allocated to training and allegations of violations by both sides. In June, India
mentoring the ANA. ISAF increased the number of claimed that Pakistan had carried out several cross-
its OMLTs to 36, with a further 12 pledged by donor LoC attacks with small arms and mortars, largely in
countries. Also, EU police-training teams were the Poonch and Rajouri sectors of Indian-controlled
assigned to build capacity with the Afghan police. Jammu and Kashmir. On 28 July, Pakistani troops
(See The Military Balance 2008, pp. 328–9; The Military allegedly crossed the LoC for the first time since the
Balance 2005/2006, 2006 and 2007 essays on complex Kargil conflict in 1999; in an exchange that took place
irregular warfare.) in the Kupwara sector an Indian soldier was killed.
Growing pressure from the United States caused In mid August, Indian defence minister A.K. Antony
its allies to increase their contributions to ISAF, stated that there had been over 20 violations of the
but only slightly. France sent a battalion to eastern ceasefire by Pakistani forces, adding that infiltra-
Afghanistan; Georgia, Poland, the Czech Republic tion attempts by militants were also on the rise. On
and Azerbaijan pledged to deploy further troops; 22 September, the Indian army alleged a significant
the United Kingdom sent an extra 200 (bringing the violation of the ceasefire with small-arms fire in the
UK total to around 8,000); and Germany amended Poonch district. Meanwhile, militant attacks against
its upper limit on deployments, raising it by 1,000 security forces and civilians in Jammu and Kashmir
to 4,500. Military operations against the insur- continued to take place.
gents resulted in some successes The recapture of Although the reason for this increase in cross-LoC
Musa Qala in December 2007 was achieved by large shooting is not clear, it could be a result of domestic
334 The Military Balance 2009
Pakistani politics, with the Pakistani army sending a grenades. It took the security forces over three days
signal to the fledgling civilian leadership in Islamabad to finally defeat the terrorists. 180 people were killed
not to interfere on Kashmir issues, or to the United in the attacks, which led to the resignation of offi-
States that Pakistan has a conflict on its eastern, and cials including India’s home minister. Indian officials
not just its western, border. Nonetheless, it was clear linked the attack to the Lashkar-e-Toiba group, and
that both the Indian and Pakistani governments were pressed Pakistan in early December to hand over a
keen to maintain the ongoing ceasefire, even as Indian number of fugitives. Earlier, on 13 May 2008, seven
security officials prepared for attempts by militants bombs exploded within minutes in markets and
to disrupt the forthcoming provincial-assembly elec- crowded streets in Jaipur, killing 63 and injuring 100.
tions in Jammu and Kashmir. In mid September, the The Indian authorities blamed the Bangladeshi arm
Indian air force deployed six Su-30 combat aircraft to of Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, a South Asian terror
Kashmir for the first time. group, for the Jaipur attack, as well as other attacks in
The fifth round of the India–Pakistan peace process Hyderabad, Varanasi, Faizabad and Lucknow.
commenced in July 2008, even as Indian Foreign These claims came at the same time that Indian
Secretary Shivshankar Menon publicly announced Muslims were increasingly being recruited for terror
that the process was ‘under stress’ due to the involve- attacks as a result of the growing radicalisation of a
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ment of ‘elements in Pakistan’ in the bombing of the minority of the Muslim community. On 25 July 2008,
Indian Embassy in Kabul on 7 July, which killed 54 seven bombs exploded in Bangalore, seat of the coun-
people, including a senior Indian diplomat and army try’s high-technology industry. The following day,
officer, and injured over 130 others. (This was the first at least 22 small bombs exploded in Ahmedabad,
ever bombing of an Indian Embassy.) On 21 October, killing 49. Bombings took place in New Delhi on 13
cross-border trade was to resume on the Srinagar– and 27 September, with the former killing 18 civilians
Muzaffarabad and Poonch–Rawalkot routes after 60 and the latter killing one. A day later, a bomb blast
years. in Malegaon in western India killed four people and
In June–September 2008 there was large-scale injured over 70. This was followed by a bomb blast
unrest in Jammu and Kashmir, leading to the largest in Modasa, which killed two people and injured 16
public pro-independence demonstrations since the others. Indian security officials believe that a new
Kashmiri uprising in 1989, and resulting in the death group called the Indian Mujahadeen, an offshoot
of some 40 protestors. Following a major dispute of the banned Students Islamic Movement of India
between the sharply divided Kashmiri Muslims (SIMI) and the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Tayiba
and Jammu Hindus over the transfer of 99 acres of (LeT), was responsible for most of these terror attacks;
land for the Hindu Amarnath shrine pilgrimage, the Indian Mujahadeen claimed responsibility for the
an ‘economic blockade’ of Kashmir by residents Ahmedabad attacks.
of Jammu took place. On 11 August, five people,
including a senior executive member of the separatist Arms procurements
Hurriyat Conference, Sheikh Abdul Aziz, were killed India is preparing to boost its military capabilities
by security forces attempting to stop the demonstra- through a focused arms-acquisition programme
tors marching to Pakistan-controlled Azad Kashmir; incorporating both foreign suppliers and the expan-
the following day 15 protestors were killed. On 22 sion of its domestic arms-manufacturing capacity.
August, one million Kashmiris reportedly marched India’s major arms purchases in 2009–13 are projected
through the streets of Srinagar in protest demanding to triple to more than US$35 billion, although the
azaadi (independence) from Indian rule. slowdown of the Indian economy, exacerbated by
the current global economic crisis, could delay these
Terrorism programmes. The United States seems poised to be
There has been a surge in terror attacks throughout the main foreign supplier under India’s new arms-
India, with unprecedented serial bombings taking acquisition programme, following the conclusion
place in major urban centres. The worst attack began of the long-awaited India–US nuclear deal with the
on 26 November, when around ten well-armed signing of the bilateral ‘123 Agreement’ on 10 October
gunmen attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, 2008. India is cautiously prepared to engage prospec-
including the main railway station, two hotels and tive US and European partners for its defence needs
a Jewish centre, taking hostages and throwing due to its extensive requirements for modern tech-
Central and South Asia 335
nology to bolster its domestic-defence capabilities. In view of the reported ten-year lease of the first
However, the prospective India–US arms relation- of two Akula-II/Shchuka B nuclear-powered attack
ship will be politically driven to ensure that a ‘tilt’ submarines from Russia to begin in September 2009,
towards US policies in the region does not take place three teams of Indian naval personnel are reportedly
and that the vexing issue of the end-use monitoring undergoing extensive training near St Petersburg in
clause, which India opposes, is satisfactorily over- Russia. This would be the first time in nearly two
come. At the same time, India is expected to remain decades that the Indian navy would operate a nuclear-
dependent on the joint development and production powered boat since the lease of the Russian Charlie-I-
of high-technology missile and aerospace systems class nuclear-powered attack submarine in 1987–90.
with Russia, notwithstanding the growing public This nuclear training would assist the Indian navy
disillusionment with price escalations and extended in the operation of its locally built nuclear-powered
delays of Russian arms supplies. submarine, the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV),
Following the first major arms deal with the when it is launched. India reportedly financed the
United States, which saw the amphibious-operations completion of the nuclear-powered Akula submarine
ship USS Trenton (renamed INS Jalashwa) commis- for US$750m. Following the accident to the Akula
sioned in June 2007 for US$50m, India purchased six submarine in early November, the lease of the vessel
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Lockheed Martin C-130J Hercules transport aircraft to India may be subject to delay.
on 31 January 2008 for its special forces, to be deliv- In early August 2008, six leading combat-aircraft
ered in 2011, for US$962m. In addition, it is expected manufacturers – American companies Lockheed
to acquire from the United States 20 AGM-84L Martin and Boeing, European consortium EADS,
Harpoon Block II missiles and associated equipment French fighter-maker Dassault, Russian MiG-Mapo
and services for US$170m, and is actively seeking Corporation and the Swedish company Saab –
eight Boeing P-8i maritime-surveillance aircraft for submitted proposals for the contract for 126 Multi-
US$2.2bn. role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) estimated at US$11bn.
Follow-on orders for an additional six Lockheed These proposals included offers of increased invest-
Martin C-130J Hercules aircraft and eight P-8i mari- ments, export creation and partnership in building
time-surveillance aircraft are expected to be placed. the Indian aerospace industry as part of the contract
Following the order for six DCN Thales Scorpene to meet the Indian defence-offsets clause.
conventional submarines in 2005 for US$3.5bn, with On 9 August, the Ministry of Defence (MoD)
the first submarine expected in 2012, the Indian navy released a revised procedure for the procurement of
may seek a follow-on order for an additional six weapon systems and defence industrialisation, the
submarines. Defence Procurement Procedure 2008 (DPP-2008),
Central and
South Asia
From Russia, India is acquiring 347 T-90S main which took effect on 1 September. Along with provi-
battle tanks and modern warships and combat sions for increasing transparency, it included the
aircraft. Problems over the Russian supply of arms concept of banking of offsets valid for a maximum of
continued in 2008, focusing largely on the price esca- two-and-a-half years. Since 2005, all foreign compa-
lation and delay in the retrofitting and delivery of nies bidding for major Indian defence contracts worth
the 44,570-tonne Kiev-class carrier Admiral Gorshkov. more than Rs3bn (US$69.7m) are required to invest a
Although Russia provided the carrier for free to India minimum of 30–50% of the order in the Indian defence
in 2004, the necessary modernisation and carrier-based sector. Although offsets are expected to increase to
combat aircraft were expected to cost India US$1.5bn, 10-15bn in the next few years, there is considerable
with delivery in mid 2008. However, Russia recently unease over the implementation of this. The armed
sought an additional US$1.2bn to complete the refit services feel it would delay acquisitions, the bureau-
and sea trials of the carrier, which is now expected cracy feel it would increase the cost of weapons
to be inducted into the Indian navy as Vikramaditya systems, and industry in India may not be able to
in late 2012 at the earliest; this is a major setback to absorb the technology. Implementation of DPP-2008
the Indian navy’s operational plans. The first of the is expected to remain slow in view of the forthcoming
16 carrier-based MiG-29s for the Vikramaditya are general elections, to be held in early 2009. This is the
scheduled to reach India in early 2009, while India is sixth review of India’s defence-procurement policy
expected to subsequently acquire 30 more navalised since 1992. In September 2008 Defence Minister
MiG-29s. Antony stated that India may consider raising foreign
336 The Military Balance 2009
investment in defence joint ventures from 26% to 49% (26 July–4 August 2008), the government refused to
on a ‘selective basis’, providing greater opportunities enter into any agreement with the militants.
for foreign-arms manufacturers. The unrelenting government military offensive
On 26 February, India conducted the first test-firing against the Tamil Tigers included the use of combat
of its 700km-range nuclear-capable Sagarika missile aircraft and helicopter gunships along with troops on
from a submerged test platform off Vishakapatnam on the ground to regain territory. Following the capture
the Bay of Bengal. This is a possible first step towards of the key northern towns of Vellankulam in Mannar
the eventual deployment of nuclear weapons at sea district in early August 2008 and Mallavi on the border
on nuclear-powered submarines. The first submarine- of Mullaithivu district in early September, the govern-
launch test of the 290km-range joint Indian–Russian ment ordered aid agencies to leave the Wanni region
BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is expected to take in the north in September 2008 in preparation for what
place soon. Reportedly, the new 3,500km-range Agni appeared to be a final major offensive against the Tamil
III ballistic missile has been cleared for induction into Tigers. UN staff in Wanni left shortly afterwards. As of
the army after only two successful test flights on 12 late November, Sri Lankan troops were advancing on
April 2007 and 7 May 2008; the first test on 9 July 2006 Kilinochchi town, the administrative centre and head-
failed. It was also reported that India plans to test its quarters of the Tamil Tigers in the north.
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new 5,000km-range Agni IV ballistic missile in 2010. As a result of the ongoing military offensive, casu-
India is also developing a new 1,000km-range cruise alties have grown among Tamil Tigers and Tamil
missile, Nirbhay. On 12 November, India tested for civilians, as among Sri Lankan troops. Nearly 200,000
the first time its new Shaurya 600km-range surface-to- Tamils were displaced by the fighting. This led to
surface ballistic missile. fears that a prospective flow of Tamil refugees across
the Palk Strait into the southern Indian province of
SRI LANKA Tamil Nadu could affect Indian security. Two Indian
radar technicians were injured in a Tamil Tiger attack
The Sri Lankan government’s military offensive on an army and air force base in Vavuniya in early
against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) September 2008. Also, it was increasingly apparent
intensified amidst cautious optimism that the group that even if the Tamil Tigers were militarily defeated,
was on the verge of military defeat. On 16 January they could still pose a terror threat.
2008 the government formally withdrew from the Terror attacks by the Tamil Tigers included the kill-
2002 ceasefire on the basis that it was already dead in ings of a Tamil member of parliament, Thiyagarajah
practice and that, rather than constraining the Tamil Maheswaran; Minister for Construction D.M.
Tigers, it had given it time to rearm. This decision led Dassanayake; the chief secretary of the eastern prov-
to the withdrawal of the Norwegian-led Sri Lanka ince, Herath Abeyweera; and Minister of Highways
Monitoring Mission (SLMM). and Road Development Jeyaraj Fernandopulle,
Having successfully defeated the Tamil Tigers in among others. The end of the ceasefire in January
the east by mid July 2007, the government’s military 2008 was marked by a bomb explosion on a bus near
strategy appeared to be to defeat them militarily by Colombo in which approximately 25 people were
capturing their final stronghold in the north and then killed. On 16 May eight people were killed and 90
to negotiate a political settlement with the civilian injured in Colombo; on 26 May nine people were
Tamil community. In July 2008, Sri Lanka’s army killed and 84 injured on the Colombo–Panadura train;
chief, Lt-Gen. Sarath Fonseka, publicly announced and on 6 June 21 people were killed and 50 injured on
that the Tamil Tigers had lost their conventional a bus in Moratuwa. On 30 August, nearly 50 people
fighting capacity and would be defeated by mid 2009, were injured in a bomb explosion in Colombo. On
indicating a delay in an earlier estimate of June 2008. 6 October, a senior retired military officer and poli-
Notwithstanding the offer of a unilateral ceasefire by tician, Maj.-Gen. Janaka Perera, and 27 others were
the Tamil Tigers during the South Asian Association for killed in a suicide-bomb attack in Anuradhapura in
Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit in Colombo north-central Sri Lanka.
Central and South Asia 337
CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA – fertiliser (1.2% of GDP), food (0.8% of GDP) and debt
DEFENCE ECONOMICS waivers to farmers (1.3% of GDP), coming to a total of
5.5% of GDP, and bringing the consolidated budget
South Asia deficit to around 10% of GDP. The Indian govern-
Despite experiencing another year of strong growth ment finances these subsidies by issuing new bonds.
in 2007, India experienced a fall in growth in 2008 as However, the ADB suggests that the size of the bond
a variety of macroeconomic factors led to a jump in issues will push up interest rates, crowd out invest-
inflation and a significant deterioration in the govern- ment in other sectors and add to inflation pressures,
ment’s fiscal position. These factors included marked while the interest paid on the bonds will also add to
international price increases in oil, food and metals; fiscal pressures.
higher interest rates moderating capital inflows; and Despite the tight fiscal background, India once
the slowdown in industrial economies. Although again increased its defence budget, which rose 12.7%
India has often been seen as a domestic-demand- from Rs1.09 trillion (US$27.8bn) in 2007 to Rs1.23tr
driven economy and thus somewhat resilient to a (US$26.67bn) in 2008. But as noted, with inflation
global slowdown, the recent investment boom and reaching 7.9% in 2008, the increase in real terms
corresponding above-potential growth were largely is much more modest. Nonetheless, in real terms
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supported by benign global liquidity conditions and the budget has still increased by 20% between 2000
therefore the global credit crunch has had an impact. and 2008. In recent years, India’s Prime Minister
Indeed, as the international economic environ- Manmohan Singh has suggested that, if the economy
ment deteriorated during 2008 and access to foreign continues to grow at around 8% a year, he would
borrowing became more difficult, the cost of credit like to see the core defence budget (budget excluding
default swaps, a useful indicator of risk aversion, on military pensions) increase to 3% of GDP. However,
prime Indian companies such as Tata Motors and despite this goal, in 2007 the core budget measured
ICICI Bank rose dramatically. just 2.0% of GDP, and it appears unlikely that the
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) warned that target will be achieved in the near term. India faces a
India’s very large fiscal imbalance created by the procurement bow wave in coming years as much of
current level of subsidisation of oil, fertiliser and food, the equipment it bought from Russia in the 1960s and
as well as other off-budget items, sets a ‘daunting task 1970s will need to be replaced or, at the very least,
for economic management’, but that progress must substantially upgraded.
be made because to do nothing and maintain subsi- Despite some problems with a number of their
dies at current levels would imperil a return to the ongoing joint projects, India and Russia made
high-growth path of recent years. In 2008, the range further progress in their proposed joint-venture fifth-
Central and
South Asia
of government subsidies included fuel (2.2% of GDP), generation combat aircraft when they met at the
3
% of GDP
1
3.33 3.23 2.99 2.85 2.61 2.54 2.74 2.60 2.38 2.25
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
338 The Military Balance 2009
eighth Indo-Russian Inter-Government Commission combat squadrons to around 26 after large numbers of
in August 2008. While design and production respon- MiG-21s, MiG-23s and MiG-27s are retired. Air-force
sibilities, as well as procurement plans, have yet to be chiefs have warned that with Pakistan taking delivery
laid out, it is believed that Russian aerospace firms of F-16s, and J-10 and J-17 fighter aircraft from
will provide the majority of technology and lead the China, India is close to losing its conventional mili-
design given that both MiG and Sukhoi are already tary edge over its neighbour. Thus, the air force has
involved in fifth-generation programmes. begun replacing ageing aircraft and has recently
The 2008 defence budget allocated Rs299.4bn to the inducted around 60 Su-30MKIs, with another 140
air force, including Rs190.9bn (US$4.1bn) in procure- being built under licence by HAL; indeed, in 2007,
ment funds, and although no major new contracts concerned about its flagging strength, the air force
were concluded in 2008, a number of new orders are ordered another 40 platforms in fly-away condi-
in the pipeline. In particular, the air force is keen to tion. The MiG-21 replacement programme, known
increase the number of jet trainers and airborne early- as Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA),
warning (AEW) aircraft that it has ordered in recent initially called for 126 platforms, but over time the
years. In 2004, the air force agreed to buy 66 Hawk total figure has drifted up towards 200. Contenders
132 advanced jet trainers from BAE Systems – 24 in for the programme include Lockheed Martin’s F-16,
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fly-away condition and 42 to be built by Hindustan Boeing’s F/A-18E/F, Saab’s JAS-39 Gripen, Russia’s
Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under license – with the MiG-35, Dassualt’s Rafale and the Eurofighter
cost of each aircraft working out at around Rs900m. Typhoon, and the Indian government has made it
When it signed the original deal, the Indian Ministry clear that technology transfer and industrial partner-
of Defence reserved the option buy 33 more Hawks ships will be an important factor in their decision. In
at the same price. However, BAE Systems have told this regard, France, Russia and the United States have
the ministry that because the 12-month clause has all offered industrial incentives to the air force in an
expired, the additional 57 aircraft that the air force attempt to secure the contract. However, given the
desires will be more expensive, reflecting not least Indian defence ministry’s complex and bureaucratic
the increase in raw-materials prices in the intervening procurement procedures, achieving a speedy resolu-
years. Similar problems do not seem to have affected tion to the bidding competition appears unlikely.
the air force’s intention to increase its Phalcon AEW As the Indian economy grows, the country’s gas,
order from three to six aircraft. The original contract oil and other commodity imports are climbing rapidly:
was agreed with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in hydrocarbon imports are forecast to double current
2003 and covered the delivery of three Russian-made levels by 2012. Since these resources are increasingly
Il-76s fitted with IAI-made Phalcon ‘aireye’ radars, the coming from the Middle East, North Africa, Russia
first of which should be available by the end of 2008, and Venezuela, the Indian navy has begun a compre-
some 12 months behind schedule, following a delay hensive programme to acquire power-projection
by Russian engineers in upgrading the airframes. The platforms ranging from aircraft carriers to landing-
additional three platforms will cost up to US$2bn, platform dock ships for expeditionary warfare and
and deliveries should be completed between 2011 and humanitarian missions. Over the next decade the
2012, although given that Russia has renegotiated the navy plans a fleet of 140–145 vessels, of which half
price of several other contracts with India, there is a will be designated ocean-going, with the remainder
possibility that wrangling over costs could delay the assigned to coastal duties. However, the navy’s
process. Further evidence of India’s growing mili- expansion plans have been repeatedly frustrated by
tary cooperation with Israel include an agreement delays in the delivery of equipment and changes in
allowing the Indian Air Force (IAF) to lease capacity agreed contract prices by Russia, on which it remains
on Israel’s Ofeq-5 military-reconnaissance satellites dependent for crucial equipment. The fleet will be
and the successful launch of an Israel Aerospace built around two carrier battlegroups, the first based
Industries-designed TecSAR satellite by the Indian on the ex-Russian Admiral Gorshkov and the second
Space Research Organisation. based on the indigenously designed, 37,500-tonne ‘air
The major procurement decision still facing the defence vessel’, construction of which began in 2005.
air force is their plan to acquire new combat aircraft The acquisition of the Gorshkov continues to lurch from
to replace the ageing fleet of MiG-21 fighters. Over problem to problem, with new strains between India
the next decade, the IAF’s strength will fall from 29 and Russia emerging in late 2007 when Moscow told
Central and South Asia 339
the Indian government that it was doubling the cost lease of two nuclear submarines; however, for now
of refurbishing the vessel, demanding an additional the Indian navy has only exercised its option for one
US$1.2bn to complete the work. Russian officials vessel and will operate it together with the indig-
explained that the price hike followed a reappraisal enously designed and built nuclear-powered attack
by Russian engineers of the work needed to repair the submarine (SSN) known as the Advanced Technology
ship (damaged by fire in 1994), domestic inflation in Vessel (ATV), which should be completed within two
Russia and the fall in the US dollar, although it also years. The sale of SSNs is forbidden by international
seems that an original mistake involving the under- treaty, but leases are permitted provided that the
estimation of the length of the ship’s cabling, which vessel in question is not armed with missiles with
needed replacing, was largely to blame. Despite a ranges over 300km. The news that the Indian navy
Central and
South Asia
supposed resolution to the stand-off achieved when will acquire a nuclear-powered submarine comes after
then Indian Defence Minister Singh visited the ship- the 2005 contract between France and India, under
yard where the warship is being upgraded and agreed which India will produce six Scorpene submarines
to an undisclosed increase in payment, it seems prob- under license at the Mumbai-based Mazagon Dock.
able that Russia will increase the price once again and Deliveries were due to begin in 2012 and continue at
delay delivery of the vessel until at least 2012. The the rate of one boat a year; however, it appears that
lengthy delay to the refit of the Gorshkov has in turn problems over technology transfer have delayed the
prompted costly and time-consuming plans to keep programme by at least a year, putting pressure on
INS Viraat, the Indian navy’s 45-year-old Centaur- the navy, which by 2015 will only have nine out of
class carrier, in service for another four years. the current fleet of 16 diesel-electric ships in service.
The major naval development in 2008 occurred The delay in the Scorpene makes it unclear whether
when India and Russia revealed that the Indian navy the navy will order another six such submarines, as
will lease a Russian Akula-class nuclear-powered was provided for in the original contract, or will look
submarine, substantiating an agreement that the to Russia for a follow-on order, with the Amur-class
Indian navy has denied since 2004. The schedule of submarine the most likely candidate.
this arrangement has been thrown into some doubt As usual, the Indian Army, which accounts for
following an accident on board the actual vessel that over 80% of the country’s active personnel, received
was due to be leased. The original deal, part of the the largest share of the 2008 budget: Rs493.5bn
larger package to acquire the Gorshkov, outlined the (US$10.6bn), up 5.5% from the previous year, although
340 The Military Balance 2009
with inflation at 7.9%, this is a fall in real terms. The these were returned to the Combat Vehicles Research
lack of additional finances together with several and Development Establishment with a list of defects.
stalled modernisation programmes, equipment defi- Another key programme many years behind
ciencies and corruption scandals is making the goal schedule is the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan,
of becoming network-enabled by 2009 and network- under which the army intends to acquire a mixture of
centric the following year look out of reach. The up to 3,600 155mm towed, wheeled and tracked guns
army’s plan to become a networked force backed by at a cost of around US$5bn in an effort to standardise
heliborne special forces, upgraded infantry units and the inventory by 2025. In January 2008, the army
improved armoured assets suffered a major setback in issued a tender for 140 ultra-light 155mm howitzers,
late 2007 when the Ministry of Defence cancelled the followed in February by a request for proposals to
Army Aviation Corps’ much-delayed programme to overseas manufacturers for the outright purchase of
acquire 197 light observation helicopters to replace the 180 wheeled 155mm guns. However, the programmes
ageing fleet of Chetak and Cheetah aircraft. A contract suffered another setback in August when both tenders
had been agreed which saw Eurocopter’s AS-550C3 were withdrawn following an ‘inadequate’ response
Fennec beat the Bell 407, but the entire programme from competing vendors, although independent
was scrapped before the contract was signed after observers suggest that the problem was caused by
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the Indian government alleged that Eurocopter had bureaucratic delays in issuing the tenders and formu-
violated government rules in the selection phase lating realistic quantitative requirements.
of the competition. On a more positive note, the Robust domestic spending coupled with high
Indian government has awarded a contract to HAL levels of foreign direct investment have resulted
covering the acquisition of 166 Dhruv Advanced Light in high levels of economic growth in Pakistan in
Helicopters (AHL), 105 for the army and 61 for the recent years, despite higher global oil prices and
air force, to be delivered by 2011, and negotiations 2005’s devastating earthquake. However, the Asian
with Russia over the purchase of 80 Mi-17 medium- Development Bank has warned that rapid growth
lift helicopters are thought to be advanced. The AHL has left the economy unbalanced and that the decla-
programme has suffered serious setbacks ever since ration of emergency in November 2007, together with
the entire Dhruv fleet was grounded in early 2006 the downgrading of Pakistan’s credit rating and diffi-
following technical problems that caused a civilian cult global credit conditions, will make it more diffi-
version to crash. cult for the government to finance the trade and fiscal
The army’s main-battle-tank development and deficits that grew significantly in 2008. By October
modernisation plan is also mired in delay and 2008 the full extent of Pakistan’s economic problems
bureaucratic inefficiencies. India had been hoping were revealed when the government was forced to
to phase out its ageing T-55 tanks and replace them approach the IMF to secure an immediate cash injec-
with upgraded T-72s and new-build T-90s. However, tion of around US$4bn as part of a three-year loan
upgrades to the fleet of T-72s, intended to provide a worth up to US$10bn. It is unclear as yet whether
night-fighting capability, are running around three the IMF will attach conditions, such as a reduction
years late, and the acquisition of 1,000 domestically in defence spending, to the bail out. Although the
built T-90s has also been delayed due to disagree- government’s deteriorating fiscal position may have
ments over technology-transfer issues. In 2001, India some restraining influence on defence spending, the
ordered 310 T-90s, and with the delay in building lack of transparency in the budgeting process makes
additional units locally the country was forced in analysis difficult. The 2008–09 state budget allocated
2006 to buy another 347 in completed form. The fate PKR296.1bn to the armed forces; however, the official
of the domestically designed and produced Arjun budget does not include other military-related expen-
main battle tank has also lurched from crisis to crisis, diture such as military pensions, benefits for retired
with the Indian parliament in 2007 suggesting that and serving personnel, military aid from Gulf states,
the Defence Research and Development Organisation space and nuclear programmes or income gener-
should seek foreign assistance to overcome ongoing ated by the armed forces’ diverse business interests.
problems with the vehicle. The programme was Furthermore, due to its special relationship with
launched more than 30 years ago and since then costs China, Pakistan is able to purchase Chinese-produced
have increased dramatically. To date only about 15 weapons at favourable prices and has also been the
units out of an initial order of 124 have been delivered; recipient of significant amounts of US military aid,
Central and South Asia 341
all of which suggests that the actual level of defence industrial capabilities. In April 2008 Musharraf visited
spending is substantially higher than the official Beijing and held talks with Chinese defence officials
budget indicates. Since 2001, Pakistan has received in a bid to further the two countries’ growing defence
over US$7bn under the US Foreign Military Financing ties. To date, Pakistan and China have cooperated
and Coalition Support Funds programmes, thanks on a number of defence-manufacturing projects,
largely to General Pervez Musharraf’s support for the including F-22P frigates, the JF-17 Thunder aircraft
‘war on terror’. The US Government Accountability and the Al-Khalid main battle tank, while an agree-
Office has called for better oversight on how this ment signed in 2006 outlined plans for the joint devel-
money is being spent, noting that the US government opment of an airborne warning and control system.
was not receiving documentation from Pakistan on a A joint marketing organisation has also been created
‘large number of reimbursement claims’. with the specific intention or promoting sales of the
Despite the various unaccountable elements that JF-17 aircraft, which is being offered as an ideal choice
make up total defence spending in Pakistan, the offi- for countries that are ‘mindful of their finances’ but
cial military budget was debated in parliament in wish to replace their existing second-generation
2008 for the first time since 1965. Although details aircraft. Current potential customers are thought to
are still sparse, documents show that the army will include Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, Morocco
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receive the largest share at 43% of the total, while and Nigeria. In addition to its growing military links
the air force will get 23% and the navy 10%, with with China, Pakistan also consolidated its relationship
the remainder allocated to Pakistan’s defence-run with Turkey, agreeing to cooperate on a broad range
industries. However, with inflation running at 12.0%, of defence projects. The main areas of joint interest
the nominal increase of 7.1% in the 2008–09 official are the production of precision-guided munitions,
defence budget was cancelled out. Strains on the stealth technology, nuclear, biological and chemical
defence budget were illustrated when the air force had (NBC) protection and detection equipment, mortar
to reduce the number of new F-16 aircraft that it was ammunition, cluster bombs and the development of
expecting to acquire from the United States. Under detection systems for use against improvised explo-
the initial agreement (signed in 2005), Pakistan had sive devices.
indicated a willingness to buy 36 new-build F-16 C/D Although the Pakistani navy only receives a
models, including training and spares, for US$3bn, small part of the official defence budget, it is moving
plus a separate US$650m package for missiles and ahead with major equipment programmes, while the
weapons. However, it emerged in April 2008 that the government has provided funds to Karachi Shipyard
air force would only be procuring a total of 18 new & Engineering Works (KSEW) to strengthen the
aircraft, without spares or weapons systems, under a country’s naval and commercial shipbuilding capa-
Central and
South Asia
new contract valued at just US$500m. Pakistani offi- bilities. At present, KSEW is constructing four
cials indicated that the cutback was in response to Chinese-designed F-22P frigates, all of which should
both ‘high oil prices and a domestic economic slow- have entered service by 2013, and is preparing for the
down’, but observers have suggested that Pakistan construction of three new submarines to replace the
may be wary of the wide-ranging security conditions legacy Hashmat-class boats once a design has been
attached to the deal by Washington and suspicious chosen. Given that the F-22P frigates will not be in
that a new US administration may not be as willing service for some years, the navy has embarked on a
to continue the high level of military cooperation that worldwide search to acquire between four and eight
existed during the Bush–Musharraf era. second-hand frigates to bridge a near-term gap in
Indeed, ever mindful of the arms embargo placed its surface fleet that will occur when the six ex-UK
on it by America in the 1990s, Pakistan continues Type-21 vessels are retired. To date, approaches to
to diversify its foreign weapons suppliers and has the United Kingdom, Belgium and Greece have been
attempted to improve its own indigenous defence- unsuccessful.
342 The Military Balance 2009
Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1% Presidential Flt and bulk of tpt and hel assets. Kandahar
with 6 tpt ac, 6 Mi-17 and 2 Mi-24. Shindand with 2 tpt ac
Capabilities and 4 Mi-17.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ACTIVE 53,400 (Army 52,000 Air 1,400)
TPT 9: 2 An-26; 7 An-32B. (20 C-27 to be delivered 2009)
The Afghan Transitional Administration aims to establish
HELICOPTERS
control by forming a national army and a national police
ATK 10 Mi-35
force encompassing all ethnic and tribal groups. The new SPT 24 Mi-17
Afghan Army (ANA), HQ in Kabul, currently comprises TRG 2 L-39
some 35,000 troops. Planned org and national strength of
the ANA and national police is outlined below. At present
only two (201st and 205) of the five corps are fully manned,
Non-State Groups
203 has 2 brigades and the remainder one. The NATO-led see Part II
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) assumed
operational control of all regions in Oct 2006. As of Oct Foreign Forces
2008, ISAF had over 51,000 troops in theatre with some All under ISAF comd unless otherwise specified. ISAF HQ
11,000 US troops remaining on OEF duties. resembles a static HQ with contributing NATO countries
filling identified posts. Previously, posts had been filled by
Organisations by Service nations on a rotating basis.
Albania 140; 1 inf coy; 1 inf pl
Afghan National Army/Security Services Australia 1,080; 1 inf BG with (elm 1 inf bn, elm 1 para bn;
elm 1 armd recce regt, elm 1 engr regt); elm 1 arty regt;
52,000+
1 hel gp with 2 CH-47D; 1 UAV det with Scaneagle; 25
FORCES BY ROLE Bushmaster IMV LFV; 3 C-130J Hercules • UNAMA 1 obs
4 regional comd Austria 1
Army 5 corps (201st Kabul, 203rd Gardez, 205th
Azerbaijan 45
Kandahar, 207th Herat, 209th Mazar-e Sharif)
Bangladesh UNAMA 1 obs
each to be with 3 bde
Belgium 497; 4 F-16 (reinforce Dutch F-16s)
Reaction 1 bde (part of 201st corps) with (1 cdo, 1 mech
Bolivia UNAMA 1 obs
Force inf, 1 armd bn)
Bulgaria 460
Lt Inf 10 bn
Canada (Op Athena) 2,500; 1 lt inf bn HQ; 2 lt inf coy; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE armd sqn; 1 armd recce sqn; 1 arty bty; 1 UAV flt; 1 cbt
MBT T-62; T-55 engr sqn; 1 MP coy; 20 Leopard C2 MBT; some LAV III
RECCE BRDM-1/BRDM-2 Kodiak; some LAV-25 Coyote; 6 M-777; some Sperwer UAV
AIFV BMP-1/BMP-2 • Op Enduring Freedom (Op Archer) 12 • UNAMA (Op
APC (W) BTR-40/BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80 Accius) 2 obs
ARTY Croatia 280
TOWED 76mm M-1938; ZIS-3 M-1942; 122mm D-30; Czech Republic 415; 19 IVECO DV LMV Panther • UNAMA
M-30 M-1938; BM 21; 130mm M-46; 140mm BM 14; 1 obs
152mm D-1; 220 mm BM1 Oragan Denmark 750 • UNAMA 1 obs
Central and South Asia 343
Central and
Engr 1 bde
South Asia
Slovenia 70
Spain 780 Sigs 1 bde
Sweden 280 Avn 1 regt (2 sqn)
Turkey 800 AD 1 bde
Ukraine 3 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
United Kingdom 8,330; Army: 1 recce regt; 2 lt inf bn; 1 arty MBT 232: 58 Type-69; 174 Type-59
regt; 1 GMLRS tp; STA ; 1 UAV bty; 1 EOD tp; 1 engr regt; LT TK 8 Type-62
1 spt bn; 1 theatre log spt gp; 1 medical bn; 29 Warrior; 130 APC 209
Mastiff; 12 L-118; 4 GMLRS; 8 AH-64D Apache; 5 Lynx; some APC (T) 134 MT-LB
Hermes 450; some Predator B; some Desert Hawk Navy: 1 bde APC (W) 75 BTR-80
HQ (3rd Cdo); 2 cdo regt; 55 Viking; 6 Sea King HC MK 4 Air ARTY 779+
Force: 8 Harrier/Tornado; 4 C-130 Hercules; 8 CH-47 Chinook TOWED 307+: 105mm 170: 56 Model 56A1; 114 Model
United States 20,600; Army: 2 lt inf IBCT • Operation 56/L 10A1 pack howitzer; 122mm 75 Type-54/54-1
Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan 11,100+; Army: 1 div HQ; 1 (M-30) M-1938/T96; 130mm 62 Type-59-1 (M-46)
cbt avn bde; 1 spt bde; 1 ARNG lt inf IBCT; AH-64 Apache; MOR 472: 81mm 11 M-29A1; 82mm 366 Type-53/87/M-31
some OH-58 Kiowa; some CH-47 Chinook; 1,122 MRAP; (M-1937); 120mm 95 MO-120-AM-50 M67/ UBM 52
some M119; some M198 Navy; some EA-6B Prowler Air AT • RCL 106mm 238 M-40A1
Force: some F-15E Strike Eagle; some A-10 Thunderbolt II; AIRCRAFT • TPT 6: 5 Cessna 152; 1 Piper Cheyenne
some EC-130H Compass Call; some C-130 Hercules; some AD • SAM • MANPAD QW-2; 20 HN-5A (being
HH-60 Pave Hawk; some MQ-1 Predator; some MQ-9 Reaper replaced by QW-2)
(Equipment includes both and OEF-A forces) GUNS • TOWED 164: 37mm 132 Type 65/74 57mm 34
Uruguay UNAMA 1 obs Type 59 (S-60)
344 The Military Balance 2009
Central and
Some Indian Air Force assets (such as Mirage 2000H or Su-
South Asia
Def bdgt Rs 1,123bn 1,235bn
US$ 27.2bn 25.3bn 30MKI) could be tasked with a strategic role
US$1=Rs 41.3 48.8
Army 1,100,000
Population 1,147,995,898 FORCES BY ROLE
Religious groups: Hindu 80%; Muslim 14%; Christian 2%; Sikh 6 Regional Comd HQ (Northern, Western, Central,
2% Southern, Eastern, South Western), 1 Training Comd
(ARTRAC), 13 corps HQ (3 (1st 2nd 12st) strike corps, 10 (1-4,
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
9-12, 14-16, 21, 33), ‘holding’ corps ( incl 1 Desert Corps)
Male 16% 5% 5% 5% 18% 2% Armd 3 div (each: 2–3 armd bde ,1 SP arty bde (1
Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 18% 2% medium regt, 1 SP arty regt)); 8 indep bde;
13 regt each with 55 T-55; 35 regt each with
Capabilities 55 T-72M1; 5 regt each with 55 T-90S; 14
regt each with 55 Vijayanta
ACTIVE 1,281,200 (Army 1,100,000 Navy 55,000 Mech inf 25 bn
Air 120,000, Coast Guard 6,200) Paramilitary Inf 4 RAPID div (each: 1 mech inf bde); 18 div
1,300,586 (each: 1 arty bde, 2–5 inf bde); 8 indep bde;
319 bn
RESERVE 1,155,000 (Army 960,000 Navy 55,000 Air Mtn Inf 10 div (each: 3–4 mtn inf bde, 3-4 arty regt);
140,000) Paramilitary 987,821 2 indep bde
Army first line reserves (300,000) within 5 years of full time SF 7 bn
service, further 500,000 have commitment to the age of 50. AB 1 indep bde , 5 bn
346 The Military Balance 2009
Arty 2 div (each: 2 arty bde (each: 3 med arty, 1 SP 880+: 180 SA-6 Gainful; 50+ SA-8B; 400 SA-9 Gaskin;
composite regt (1 SATA/MRL regt)) 250 SA-13 Gopher;
Med Arty 63 regt (bn) MANPAD 2,620+: 620 SA-7 Grail (being phased out);
SP Med Arty 1 regt (bn) 2,000+ SA-16 Gimlet
Fd Arty 118 regt GUNS 2,395+
SP 155+: 23mm 75 ZSU-23-4; ZU-23-2 (truck mounted);
SP Fd Arty 3 regt (bn)
30mm 20-80 2S6 Tunguska
MRL 4 regt (bn)
TOWED 2,240+: 20mm Oerlikon (reported); 23mm 320
Mor 15 regt ZU-23-2; 40mm 1,920 L40/70
SSM 2 (Prithvi) regt; 1 (Agni) regt; 2 bty PJ-10 UAV 26: 12 Searcher I and II; 14 Nishant
(BrahMos) RADAR • LAND 12+: 12 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder; BSR Mk.2;
Engr 4 bde Cymbeline; EL/M-2140; M-113 A1GE Green Archer (mor);
Hel 14 sqn MUFAR; Stentor
AD 4 bde; 5 ‘flak’ regt with 320 ZU-23-2 (some AMPHIBIOUS 2 LCVP
SP); 30 ‘flak’ regt with 1,920 L40/70 (each: 4 MSL • SSM 8–12 PJ-10 BrahMos; 70–90 Agni I; 15–20 Agni
AD bty); 12+ regt II; Agni III; up to 20 SS-150 Prithvi I/SS-250 Prithvi II msl
SAM 12 regt; 2 gp (each: 2–5 SAM bty) produced each year
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Reserve Organisations
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N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 2 (4 eff.) each with 16 SA-N-1 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 14
Goa SAM,5 x1 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 MSI 2 Mahe less than 100 tonnes (FSU Yevgenya)
eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1 Ka-25 Hormone/ MSO 12 Pondicherry (FSU Natya)
KA-28 hel) AMPHIBIOUS 17
FRIGATES 14 PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 1
FFG 11: Jalashwa (US Austin class) (capacity up to 6 med spt
3 Brahmaputra each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with hel; either 9 LCM or 4 LCM and 2 LCAC; 4 LCVP; 930
SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, 20 SA-N-4 Gecko troops)
SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm gun, LS 10
(capacity either 2 HAL Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III LSM 5 Kumbhir (FSU Polnocny C) (capacity 5 MBT or 5
SA-316 utl/Sea King MK42 ASW hel or 2 Sea King APC; 160 troops)
MK42 ASW hel) (2nd of class awaiting full weapons LST 5:
fit) 2 Magar (capacity 15 MBT or 8 APC or 10 trucks;
3 Godavari each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 4 500 troops)
single each with SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM, 1 twin 3 Magar mod (capacity 11 MBT or 8 APC or 10
(2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, (capacity either 2 trucks; 500 troops)
Sea King MK42 ASW hel or 2 HAL Chetak (SA-316B) CRAFT • LCU 6 Vasco de Gama MK2/3 LC (capacity 2
Alouette III SA-316 utl/Sea King MK42 ASW hel) APC; 120 troops)
3 Talwar I each with SS-N-27 Club tactical SSM, 6 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 47
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single with SA-N-7 Gadfly SAM, 1 100mm gun, AORH 3: 1 Aditya (mod Deepak); 1 Deepak; 1 Jyoti
(capacity either 1 KA-31 Helix B AEW hel/KA-28 AOL 6
ASW hel or 1 ALH utl hel) ASR 1
2 Shivalik each with SS-N-27 Club tactical SSM, AWT 2
6 single with SA-N-7 Gadfly SAM, 1 76mm gun, AGOR 1 Sagardhwani
(capacity 1 Sea King Mk42-B ASW hel) (First vessel AGHS 8 Sandhayak
expected ISD ’09 additional vessel in build) AGS 2 Makar
FF 3: ATF 1
1 Krishna (UK Leander) trg role TPT 3 Nicobar
2 Nilgiri (UK Leander) each with 2 triple 533mm TRG 3: 1 Tir; 2 AXS
ASTT (6 eff.), 1 Limbo ASW Mor (triple), 2 114mm TRV 1
gun, with 1 ALH/Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III
YDT 3
SA-316 utl hel
YTL/YTM 13
CORVETTES 24
FSG 20: FACILITIES
4 Khukri each with 1 76mm gun, 2 twin (4 eff.) Bases Located at Mumbai (Bombay), Karwar
each with SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 1 hel landing (under construction), Calcutta,
platform (For ALH/Chetak) Vishakhapatnam, Port Blair (Andaman Is),
4 Kora each with 4 (16 eff.) each with SS-N-25 Kochi (Cochin)
Naval airbase Located at Arakonam, Goa
Central and
South Asia
Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5
Grail SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
(For ALH/Chetak) Naval Aviation 7,000
5 Veer (FSU Tarantul) each with 4 single each with Flying 180 to 240 hrs/year on T-60 trg ac; 180 hrs/
SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM, 2 quad (8 eff.) (quad hours year on Sea Harrier FRS MK51 (Sea Harrier
manual aiming) each with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 1 FRS MKI) FGA ac
76mm gun FORCES BY ROLE
5 Vibhuti (mod Veer) each with 4 quad(16 eff.) with Air 1 HQ located at Arakonam
16 SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) FGA 1 sqn with Sea Harrier FRS MK51 (Sea Harrier
(quad manual aiming) with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 1 FRS MKI); T-60*
76mm gun ASW 6 sqn with Ka-31 Helix B; Ka-25 Hormone; 18
2 Vibhuti (advanced version) each with 4 quad (16 Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A; Sea King MK42A/Sea
eff.) each with 16 SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, King MK42B; HAL Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III
1 quad (4 eff.) (manual aiming) with SA-N-5 Grail
MR 3 sqn with Il-38 May; Tu-142M Bear F;
SAM, 1 76mm gun
Do-228-201; BN-2 Islander
FS 4:
SAR 1 sqn with Sea King MK42C; HAL Chetak (SA-
4 Abhay (FSU Pauk II) each with 1 quad (4 eff.) (quad
316B) Alouette III (several in SAR role)
manual aiming) with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 x1 533mm
ASTT (twin), 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 76mm gun Tpt 1 sqn with HAL-784M (HS-748M)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20 Comms 1 sqn with Do-228
PSOH 6 Sukanya (capacity 2 HAL Chetak ) Trg 2 sqn with HJT-16 MKI Kiran; HJT-16 MKII
PCC 7: 5 Trinkat SDB MK 5; 2 SDB Mk 3 Kiran II; HPT-32 Deepak
PFI 7 Super Dvora less than 100 tonnes UAV 1 sqn with Searcher MkII, 4 Heron
348 The Military Balance 2009
Delhi). The CG is organised into 11 districts with three Indo–Tibetan Border Police 36,324
regional Command Head Quarters at Mumbai, Chennai, Ministry of Home Affairs. Tibetan border security
Port Blair; in addition there are two principal air stations SF/guerrilla warfare and high-altitude warfare specialists;
at Daman and Chennai with additional air stations at 30 bn
Mumbai, Goa, Kochi, Kolkata and Port Blair for maritime
surveillance with a total of 9 Air Squadrons. National Security Guards 7,357
Anti-terrorism contingency deployment force, compris-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ing elements of the armed forces, CRPF and Border
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 72+ Security Force
PSOH 14: 1 Sankalp (Additional vessels in build); 4
Samar; 9 Vikram Railway Protection Forces 70,000
PCO 7 Sarojini-Naidu
PCC 29: 13 Jija Bai mod 1; 8 Priyadarshini; 6 Tara Bai; 2 Sashastra Seema Bal 31,554
Guards Indo-Nepal/Bhutan borders
Rajkiran
PBC 14 Special Frontier Force 10,000
PBI 2 Mainly ethnic Tibetans
ACV 6 Griffon 8000
AIRCRAFT • TPT 24 Do-228 Special Protection Group 3,000
HELICOPTERS • UTL • SA-316 17 HAL Chetak (SA- Protection of VVIP
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Central and
South Asia
Ministry of Home Affairs. Non-State Groups
FORCES BY ROLE see Part II
Paramilitary 157+ bn each with 6 81mm
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Deployment
Small arms, lt arty, some anti-tank weapons
AFGHANISTAN
ARTY • MOR 81mm 942+
400 ε 2 cdo coy (Protection for road construction project)
AIRCRAFT • TPT (air spt)
ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
Central Industrial Security Force 94,347 Maritime Security Operations 2 FFG
(lightly armed security guards only) Côte D’Ivoire
Ministry of Home Affairs. Guards public-sector
UN • UNOCI 7 obs
locations
Democratic Republic of Congo
Central Reserve Police Force 229,699 UN • MONUC 4,388; 58 obs; 2 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn; 1 avn
Ministry of Home Affairs. Internal security duties, only bn; 1 avn unit; 1 atk hel unit; 1 fd hospital
lightly armed, deployable throughout the country
Lebanon
Paramilitary 2 Mahila (female) bn; 125 bn; 13 rapid
UN • UNIFIL 897; 1 inf bn; 1 fd hospital
action force bn
Sudan
Defence Security Corps 31,000 UN • UNMIS 2,607; 19 obs; 1 inf bn(+); 1 inf bn; 1 engr
Provides security at Defence Ministry sites coy(+); 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital
350 The Military Balance 2009
RECCE 30 BRDM-2
Government Guard 500 AIFV 320: 230 BMP-1; 90 BMP-2
APC (W) 35: 25 BTR-70; 10 BTR-80
Internal Security Troops ε20,000 ARTY 246
Ministry of Interior
SP 122mm 18 2S1 Carnation
Presidential Guard 2,000 TOWED 141: 100mm 18 M-1944; 122mm 107: 72 D-30;
35 M-30 M-1938; 152mm 16 D-1
State Border Protection Forces ε9,000 GUN/MOR 120mm 12 2S9 Anona
Ministry of Interior. MRL 21: 122mm 15 BM-21; 220mm 6 9P140 Uragan
HEL • SPT 1 Mi-171 MOR 120mm 54: 6 2S12; 48 M-120
AT • MSL • MANPATS 26+: 26 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4
Deployment 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
RCL 73mm SPG-9
Georgia RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
OSCE • Georgia 1 GUNS 100mm 18 MT-12/T-12
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
NEPAL
GUNS 48
UN • UNMIN 1 obs
SP 23mm 24 ZSU-23-4
Central and
South Asia
TOWED 57mm 24 S-60
Kyrgyzstan Kgz
Air Force 2,400
Kyrgyzstani Som s 2007 2008 2009 FORCES BY ROLE
GDP s 139bn 166bn Tac 1 regt with L-39 Albatros ; 1 (comp avn) regt with
US$ 3.7bn 4.5bn MiG-21 Fishbed; An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl
per capita US$ 705 844 Ftr 1 regt with L-39 Albatros
Growth % 8.2 7.5 Hel 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind; Mi-8 Hip
Inflation % 10.2 24.5 SAM some regt with SA-3 Goa; SA-4 Ganef; SA-2 Guideline
Def bdgt s 1.46bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 39m AIRCRAFT 52 combat capable
FMA (US) US$ 1.5m 0.8m 0.9m FTR 72: 48 MiG-21 Fishbed; 24 in store
US$1=s 37.3 36.7 TPT 4: 2 An-12 Cub; 2 An-26 Curl
TRG 28: 4 L-39 Albatros*; 24 in store
Population 5,356,869 HELICOPTERS
Ethnic groups: Kyrgyz 56%; Russian 17%; Uzbek 13%; Ukrainian 3% ATK 9 Mi-24 Hind
SPT 23 Mi-8 Hip
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD • SAM
Male 16% 6% 5% 4% 15% 3%
SP SA-4 Ganef
Female 15% 6% 5% 4% 17% 4% TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
352 The Military Balance 2009
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Democratic Republic of Congo
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
UN • MONUC 1,031; 25 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 engr coy
Female 19% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2% GEORGIA
UN • UNOMIG 1 obs
Capabilities
Haiti
ACTIVE 69,000 (Army 69,000) Paramilitary 62,000 UN • MINUSTAH 1,079; 2 inf bn
Nepal’s Maoist political leadership is attempting to integrate
its 23,500-strong People’s Liberation Army (PLA) into the LEBANON
Nepalese national army. This is expected to begin in 2009. UN • UNIFIL 868; 1 inf bn
Liberia
Organisations by Service UN • UNMIL 43; 4 obs
Sudan
UN • UNAMID 9; 9 obs
Capabilities
UN • UNMIS 6; 10 obs ACTIVE 617,000 (Army 550,000 Navy 22,000 Air
Timor-leste
45,000) Paramilitary 304,000
UN • UNMIT 1 obs
Organisations by Service
Foreign Forces
Strategic Forces
(all opcon UNMIN unless stated)
The National Command Authority (NCA) formulates
Bolivia 3 obs
nuclear policy and is the key decision-making body for
Brazil 6 obs
the employment and development of strategic systems.
Denmark 1 obs The NCA has two committees: the Employment Control
Egypt 3 obs Committee and the Development Control Committee. The
Guatemala 1 obs Strategic Plans Division (SPD) acts as the secretariat, and
Indonesia 5 obs among other duties formulates nuclear policy, strategy and
Japan 6 obs doctrine and strategic and operational plans for deploy-
ment and employment. While operational control rests
Jordan 10 obs
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with the NCA, Army and Air Force strategic forces are re-
Kazakhstan 1 obs sponsible for technical aspects, training and administrative
Malaysia 5 obs control of the services’ nuclear assets.
Nigeria 3 obs
Paraguay 5 obs Army Strategic Forces Command commands
Romania 5 obs all land based strategic nuclear forces.
Sierra Leone 2 obs 12,000-15,000 personnel
South Africa 1 obs MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 166: 95 Hatf-1; Abdali/Hatf-2;
Sweden 2 obs 50 Hatf-3 (PRC M-11); 6 Shaheen-1/Hatf-4; up to 20 Hatf-5/
Switzerland 2 obs Ghauri; Ghauri II
United Kingdom Army 280 (Gurkha trg org)
Some Pakistan Air Force assets (such as Mirage or F-16)
Uruguay 3 obs
could be tasked with a strategic role
Yemen 1 obs
Zambia 1 obs Army 550,000
Zimbabwe 2 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Army 9 corps HQ
Armd 2 div; 7 (indep) bde
Pakistan Pak
Central and
South Asia
Mech 1 (indep) bde
Pakistani Rupee Rs 2007 2008 2009 Inf 1 (area) comd; 18 div; 6 bde
GDP Rs 8.7tr 10.5tr SF 1 gp (3 SF bn)
US$ 144bn 126bn Arty 9 (corps) bde; 5 bde
per capita US$ 849 752 Engr 7 bde
Growth % 6.4 5.8 Avn 1 (VIP) sqn; 5 (composite) sqn
Inflation % 7.8 12.0 Hel 10 sqn
Def exp Rs 275bn AD 1 comd (3 AD gp (total: 8 AD bde))
US$ 4.53bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Def bdgt Rs 275bn 296bn MBT 2,461+: 45 MBT 2000 Al-Khalid; 320 T-80UD; 51
T-54/T-55; 1,100 Type-59; 400 Type-69; 275+ Type-85; 270
US$ 4.53bn 3.56bn
M-48A5 in store
FMA (US) US$ 297m. 297m 300m
APC 1,266
US$1=Rs 60.6 83.1 APC (T) 1,100 M-113
APC (W) 166: 120 BTR-70/BTR-80; 46 UR-416
Population 167,762,040
ARTY 4,291+
Religious groups: Hindu less than 3%
SP 260: 155mm 200 M-109/M-109A2; 203mm 60 M-110A2/
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus M-110
TOWED 1,629: 105mm 329: 216 M-101; 113 M-56; 122mm
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
570: 80 D-30 (PRC); 490 Type-54 M-1938; 130mm 410 Type-
Female 19% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2% 59-I; 155mm 292: 144 M-114; 148 M-198; 203mm 28 M-115
354 The Military Balance 2009
P-3C Orion*
5 UH-1H Iroquois HELICOPTERS
TRG 22: 12 Bell 47G; 10 Hughes 300C ASW 9: 3 Lynx MK3; 6 Sea King MK45 ASW hel
UAV Bravo; Jasoos; Vector UTL 6: 2 SA-319B Alouette III; 4 SA-316 Alouette III
AD MSL • ASM AM-39 Exocet
SAM • MANPAD 2,990+: 2,500 Mk1/Mk2; 60 FIM-92A
Stinger; HN-5A; 230 Mistral; 200 RBS-70
Air Force 45,000
GUNS • TOWED 1,900: 14.5mm 981; 35mm 215 GDF-002/
GDF-005; 37mm 310 Type-55 (M-1939)/Type-65; 40mm FORCES BY ROLE
50 L/60; 57mm 144 Type-59 (S-60); 85mm 200 Type-72 3 regional comds: Northern (Peshawar) Central (Sargodha)
(M-1939) KS-12 Southern (Masroor). The Composite Air Tpt Wg, Combat
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); RASIT Cadres School and PAF Academy are Direct Reporting
(veh, arty) Units.
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 166: 95 Hatf-1; Abdali/Hatf-2; Ftr 2 sqn with Mirage IIIEP/OD; 1 sqn with
50 Hatf-3 (PRC M-11); 6 Shaheen-1/Hatf-4; up to 20 Hatf-5/ F-16A Fighting Falcon; F-16B Fighting
Ghauri; Ghauri II Falcon; 5 sqn with F-7PG Skybolt; 2 sqn with
F-7PG (F-7MG) Airguard; F-16 C/D
Navy 22,000 (incl ε1,400 Marines and ε2,000 FGA 1 sqn with Mirage IIIEP each with AM-39
Exocet tactical ASM; 2 sqn with A-5C
Maritime Security Agency (see Paramilitary))
(Q-5III) Fantan; 2 sqn with Mirage 5PA3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (A5uW); 5PA2/5PA Mirage; FC-1/JF-17
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 8 Thunder undergoing test and evaluation
SSK 5:
ELINT/ECM 1 sqn with Da-20 Falcon
2 Hashmat (Fr Agosta 70) each with 4 x1 533mm ASTT
Recce 1 sqn with Mirage IIIRP (Mirage IIIR)*
with 20 F17P HWT/UGM- 84 Harpoon tactical USGW
SAR 6 sqn with SA-316 Alouette III; 1 sqn with
3 Khalid (Fr Agosta 90B – 1 AIP) each with 4 x1 533mm
Mi-171 (SAR/liaison)
ASTT with 20 F17 MOD 2 HWT; 4 SM-39 Exocet tactical
USGW Tpt sqns with An-26 Curl; B-707; Beech 200
SSI 3 MG110 (SF delivery) Super King Air; C-130B/C-130E Hercules;
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 6 CN-235; F-27-200 Friendship (1 with navy);
Falcon 20; L-100 Hercules; Y-12; Beech F-33
FFG 6:
Bonanza
4 Tariq (UK Amazon) each with 2 Mk-141 Harpoon twin
each with RGM-84D Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 single Trg sqns with FT-5 (MiG-17U); FT-6 (MiG-
each with TP 45 LWT, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx 19UTI); K-8; FT-7 (JJ-7)*; MFI-17B Mushak;
utl hel) Mirage 5DPA/5DPA2; Mirage IIIB*; Mirage
2 Tariq each with 1 sextuple (6 eff.) with LY-60 (Aspide) IIIOD*; T-37C Tweet
SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 SAM 1 bty with 6 CSA-1 (SA-2) Guideline; SA-16
LWT, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx utl hel) Gimlet; 6 bty each with 24 Crotale
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PFM 4 Jalalat II each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with C-802 AIRCRAFT 383 combat capable
(CSS-N-8) Saccade tactical SSM FTR 233: 8 FC-1/JF-17 Thunder (150+ on order); 50 Mirage
PCC 2: 1 Larkan; 1 Rajshahi III EP; 54 F-7PG (F-7MG) Airguard; 75 F-7P Skybolt; 46
PBF 2 Kaan 15 F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon (all to be given Mid-Life
Central and South Asia 355
Update); 1 F-16 C/D; (18 F-16C/D; 12 F-16 C 6 F-16D – on Northern Light Infantry ε12,000
order) Paramilitary 3 bn
FGA 104: 41 A-5C (Q-5III) Fantan; 10 Mirage 5PA3
(ASuW), 40 Mirage 5PA /Mirage 5PA2; 13 Mirage IIIEP Pakistan Rangers up to 40,000
each with AM-39 Exocet tactical ASM Ministry of Interior
RECCE 15 Mirage IIIRP (Mirage IIIR)*
EW • ELINT 2 Da-20 Falcon
TPT 25: 1 An-26 Curl; 3 B-707; 1 Beech 200 Super King Air;
Non-State Groups
11 C-130B Hercules/C-130E Hercules; 4 CN-235; 2 F-27-200 see Part II
Friendship (1 with navy); 1 Falcon 20; 1 L-100 Hercules; 1
Y-12; 1 Beech F-33 Bonanza Deployment
TRG 183: 25 FT-5 (MiG-17U) Fresco; 15 FT-6 (MiG-19UTI)
Farmer; 12 K-8; 19 FT-7 (JJ-7)*; 80 MFI-17B Mushshak; 3 Burundi
Mirage 5DPA/Mirage 5DPA2*; 2 Mirage IIIB* (trg); 7 UN • BINUB 1 obs
Mirage IIIOD (Mirage IIID)*; 20 T-37C Tweet Central african republic/chad
HELICOPTERS 19: 4 Mi-171; 15 SA-316 Alouette III UN • MINURCAT 2 obs
AD • SAM 150+
TOWED 150: 6 CSA-1 (SA-2) Guideline; 144 Crotale Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 1,136; 9 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 armd sqn(-); 1 engr
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Central and
South Asia
PBF 4 unit(-); 1 tpt coy; 1 de-mining coy(-); 1 fd hospital
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 23
Timor Leste
Frontier Corps up to 65,000 (reported) UN • UNMIT 4 obs
Ministry of Interior
Western Sahara
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • MINURSO 8 obs
Armd recce 1 indep sqn
Paramilitary 11 regt (total: 40 paramilitary bn)
Foreign Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 45 UR-416 Unless specified, figures represent total numbers for
UNMOGIP mission in India and Pakistan
Maritime Security Agency ε2,000 Chile 2 obs
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • Croatia 8 obs
DESTROYERS • DD 1: 1 Nazim (US Gearing, no ASROC) Denmark 4 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7: Finland 5 obs
PCO 4 Barkat Italy 7 obs
PCC 3: 2 Subqat (PRC Shanghai); 1 Sadaqat (ex-PRC
Korea Republic of 9 obs
Huangfen)
Sweden 7 obs
National Guard 185,000 United Kingdom some (fwd mounting base) air elm
Incl Janbaz Force; Mujahid Force; National Cadet Corps; located at Karachi
Women Guards Uruguay 2 obs
356 The Military Balance 2009
UAV 3
RECCE 3: 2 Searcher; 1 Scout Capabilities
ACTIVE 8,800 (Army 7,300, Air Force/Air Defence
Paramilitary ε88,600 1,500) Paramilitary 7,500
Terms of service 24 months
Home Guard 13,000
National Guard ε15,000 Organisations by Service
Police Force 30,200; 1,000 (women); 30,400 Army 7,300
reservists (total 61,600) FORCES BY ROLE
Ministry of Defence MR 3 bde with 1 trg centre
Air Aslt 1 bde
Special Task Force 3,000 Arty 1 bde
anti-guerrilla unit
SAM 1 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Non-State Groups MBT 37: 30 T-72; 7 T-62
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) AIFV 23: 8 BMP-1; 15 BMP-2
APC (W) 23 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
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Central and
South Asia
UN • MINURSO 3 obs
Interior Troops 3,800
Tajikistan Tjk National Guard 1,200
Tajikistani Somoni Tr 2007 2008 2009 Emergencies Ministry 2,500
GDP Tr 12.7bn 15.7bn
Border Guards
US$ 3.7bn 4.6bn
per capita US$ 522 633 Deployment
Growth % 7.8 6.0
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Inflation % 13.2 21.6
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
Def bdgt Tr ε300m
US$ 87m Serbia
US$1=Tr 3.43 3.44
OSCE • Kosovo 1
GUNS 70
Turkmenistan Tkm SP 23mm 48 ZSU-23-4
TOWED 57mm 22 S-60
Turkmen Manat TMM 2007 2008 2009
MSL • SSM 10 SS-1 Scud
GDP TMM 134tr 168tr
US$ 12.2bn 11.8bn Navy 500
Intention to form a navy/coast guard and currently has a
per capita US$ 2,369 2,283
minor base at Turkmenbashy with 6 boats. Caspian Sea
Growth % 11.6 10.8
Flotilla (see Russia) is operating as a joint RF, Kaz, Tkm
Inflation % 6.5 13.0 flotilla under RF comd based at Astrakhan.
Def bdgt TMM ε2.3tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 209m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
USD1=TMM 11,015 14,267 PB 1 Point class
PBI 5 Kalkan
Population 5,179,571
FACILITIES
Ethnic groups: Turkmen 77%; Uzbek 9%; Russian 7%; Kazak 2% Minor base Located at Turkmenbashy
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 18% 6% 5% 4% 15% 2%
Air Force 3,000
incl Air Defence
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Central and
GUNS 100mm 36 MT-12/T-12
South Asia
Air Force 17,000 Non-State Groups
FORCES BY ROLE see Part II
7 fixed wg and hel regts.
FGA/Bbr 1 regt with Su-24 Fencer; Su-24MP Fencer F Deployment
(recce); 1 regt with Su-25 Frogfoot/Su-25BM
Frogfoot; Su-17MZ (Su-17M) Fitter C/Su- Serbia
17UMZ (Su-17UM-3) Fitter G OSCE • Kosovo 2
Ftr 1 regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum/MiG-29UB
Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker/Su-27UB Flanker C Foreign Forces
ELINT/Tpt 1 regt with An-12 Cub/An-12PP Cub; An-26 Germany 163; some C-160 Transall
Curl/An-26RKR Curl
360 The Military Balance 2009
Table 31 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Central and South Asia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Afghanistan (Afg)
Antonov An-32 Tpt ac 2 See notes Ukr 2007 2008 Part of a USD22m contract for 4
Cline An-32 and spares
Mi-17 Tpt Hel 6 Cz 2007 2008 Ex-Cz-stock. Modernised at NATO
expense. 3 delivered Feb 2008. Final
3 were due May 2008
Mi-24 Hel 6 Cz 2007 2008 Ex-Cz stock. Modernised at NATO
expense
Bangladesh (Bng)
F-7MG FGA 16 – PRC – 2005 2006 Four are 2 seat. 8 ac delivered Mar
2006
India (Ind)
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Table 31 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Central and South Asia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Sindhughosh- SSK 10 – RF ORDTB 2002 – Upgrade incl mod to accept Klub-S
class Upgrade 3M-14E msl. Delayed due to
problems with msl system
3M14E Klub-S SLCM 28 INR8.44bn RF Novator 2006 – For a number of Sindhughosh- class
(SS-N-27 Sizzler) (USD182m) SSK
Kiev-class CV 1 USD2.5bn RF Rosoboron 1999 2008 Incl 16 MiG 29 K. To be renamed
Admiral export INS Vikramaditya. Contract value
Gorshkov renegotiated. Delivery delayed to
2012
Indigenous CV 1 USD730m Dom Cochin 2001 2012 Formerly known as Air Defence
Aircraft Carrier / Shipyard Ship (ADS). Second vessel of class
Project 71 anticipated
Project 15A DDG 3 – Dom Mazagon 2003 2010 First of class launched 2006,
(Kolkata class) Dockyard commissioning due 2010. Final
vessel commissioning due 2012
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Advanced FFG 3 (USD1.5bn) RF Yantar 2006 2012 Option exercised 2006. Final
Talwar shipyard delivery due 2013
BrahMos PJ-10 ASCM – USD2bn RF / Dom Brahmos 2006 2010 Built jointly with RF. For army, navy
Aerospace and air force. Air launch version
undergoing testing
Oceanographic AGHS 1 EUR40m It 2005 2008 –
survey vessel (USD48m)
SU-30 MKI FGA 140 USD8.5bn RF Rosoboron 2000 – Delivered in kit form and completed
export in Ind under licence
SU-30 MKI FGA 40 USD1.6bn RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 First 4 to be delivered early 2008
export
MiG-29K FGA 16 USD600m RF Rosoboron 2004 2007 Incl 4 two seat MiG-29KUB. For INS
Fulcrum D export Vitramaditya (ex CV Gorshkov). Final
delivery due 2009
MiG-29 FGA SLEP 67 USD950m RF RSK MiG 2008 2012 SLEP. Life extension to 2020. Incl
advanced cbt capabilities and
avionics
Jaguar IS FGA 20 INR23.4bn Dom HAL 2006 2007 Final delivery due 2009
Tejas Ftr 20 INR20bn Dom HAL 2005 2011 Limited series production. To be
USD445m delivered in initial op config. Option
for a further 20 in full op config.
Central and
South Asia
Plans for 140
Hawk Mk132 Trg ac 66 USD1.7bn UK/Dom BAE/HAL 2004 2007 24 in fly-away condition and 42 built
Advanced Jet under licence. 14 delivered by Aug
Trainer 2008. Final delivery due 2011
HJT-36 Sitara Trg ac 16 – Dom HAL 1999 2007 Deliveries delayed
HJT-36 Sitara Trg ac 12 INR4.86bn Dom HAL 2006 – –
C-130J Hercules Tpt ac 6 USD1.2m US Lockheed 2008 2012 For special forces ops. SF config with
Martin AN/AAR-47 msl approach warning
sys and radar-warning receivers
Phalcon Ilyushin AEW&C 3 USD1.5bn Il/RF IAI 2003 2007 Due to delays, deliveries now due
Il-76TD from mid 2009. Option for 3 further
Il-76 TD
Phalcon Ilyushin AEW&C 3 USD1bn Il/RF IAI 2008 2012 Option on 2003 contract exercised
Il-76TD
EMB-145 AEW&C 3 USD210m Br Embraer 2008 2011 Part of a INR18bn (USD400m)
AEW&C project
Nishant UAV 12 – Dom ADE 2005 2009 Undergoing trials, induction into
army due by 2009
Dhruv Hel 245 – Dom HAL 2004 2004
Mistral (ATAM) AAM Undis- Undisclosed Dom MBDA 2006 – For combat version of Dhruv hel.
closed Nos and value undisclosed. Basic
fit for Dhruv to be 4 ATAM in 2
launchers. To be deployed 2009
362 The Military Balance 2009
Table 31 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Central and South Asia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Kazakhstan (Kaz)
MiG-31 Ftr 20 USD60m RF Rosoboron 2007 2007 Upgrade to MiG-31BM
Upgrade export configuration. 10 to be modernised
in 2007, 10 in 2008
Pakistan (Pak)
Hatf 6 (Shaheen MRBM – – Dom – 1993 – Successfully test fired several times
2) 2004–2008. Declared fully op Apr
2008. Possible limited production
Hatf 8 (Raad) ALCM – – Dom – – – In development. Successfully test
fired
F-22P/Sword- FF 4 USD800m PRC/Dom Hudong- 2007 2009 Improved version of Jiangwei II FF.
Class Zhonghua First FF, PNS Zulfiqar, launched Apr
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Liberation Army (PLA) continues to pursue a the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing. More
vigorous force-modernisation programme supported than 34,000 PLA soldiers and another 40,000 reserv-
by rising budgets and access to advanced indigenous ists and militia personnel were deployed to safeguard
and foreign arms. Olympic facilities, along with a display of hardware
The PLA was deployed domestically in large that included fighter aircraft, helicopters, warships
numbers on at least four occasions during 2008. and batteries of surface-to-air missiles placed outside
Military units were first called into action in January the Olympic stadium. This security operation was
to provide emergency relief and humanitarian placed on high alert as pro-independence Islamic
support to provinces in southern and central China militants launched a series of deadly terrorist attacks
that were hit by severe winter storms. 224,000 PLA in China’s northwestern Xinjiang region in the run-up
soldiers and paramilitary personnel as well as nearly to the games, although no attacks took place against
two million reservists and militia personnel were Olympic venues.
used to open transport routes and repair damaged However, this nascent media transparency
infrastructure. In an even higher-profile disaster- remains highly selective, and the PLA sought to
relief operation, the PLA took charge of rescue and hide its participation in an extensive crackdown on
recovery efforts after a devastating earthquake in Tibetan ethnic unrest in Tibet and neighbouring
Sichuan province killed nearly 70,000 people in regions in March–April 2008. PLA units were mobi-
May. This operation demonstrated that the PLA’s lised to support paramilitary People’s Armed Police
efforts to transform itself from a static, manpower- and other internal security forces to quell distur-
intensive outfit into a rapid-response and mobile bances. This was the most extensive military involve-
force have some way to go. More than 138,000 ment in internal-security operations since the 1989
The PLA’s domestic focus coincided with a quiet ship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
period in China’s external security environment, But China was also troubled by the announced seces-
especially over the rancorous issue of Taiwan. The sion of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia, and
election of Kuomintang (KMT) Party leader Ma Ying- Russia’s subsequent recognition of their independence,
jeou as Taiwan’s president in March was regarded by because of the precedent this could have for Taiwan
Beijing as an important step in stabilising cross-strait and the outlying Chinese areas of Xinjiang and Tibet.
relations, which had been tense and volatile during As a result, China has walked a careful diplomatic line
the eight-year rule of Chen Shui-bian. Chen had by refusing to endorse Russia’s actions over Georgia
pursued a pro-independence agenda that led Beijing while at the same time avoiding any direct criticism.
to embark on a military build-up, which included However, the tensions that have arisen over the Georgia
stationing ballistic missiles (estimated at 900–1,000) intervention could constrain the continued evolution of
in the vicinity of the Taiwan Strait. defence ties between China and Russia as well as their
The PLA gave a nod to the positive shift in cross- intentions to develop the multilateral military potential
strait relations when Chinese Defence Minister Gen. of the SCO. At the very least, Chinese military chiefs are
Liang Guanglie said in an Army Day speech on 1 likely to pay closer attention to Russia’s more assertive
August that ‘the Taiwan situation has undergone military posture and see it in less benign terms.
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positive changes. The development of relations Another contentious issue in Sino-Russian mili-
between the two sides faces a rare historical oppor- tary relations concerns Russian allegations that China
tunity.’ But while political, economic and trade rela- has been illegally copying and reverse-engineering
tions have improved under Ma, initial hopes that this key Russian weapons systems and technologies, with
thaw might extend into the military sphere through China reportedly curtailing its arms imports from
confidence-building measures have been dashed. Russia and instead fielding Chinese-made copies.
Beijing showed little willingness to halt its missile The most prominent of these infringements include
and military build-up, despite efforts by the United the Su-27 fighter aircraft and advanced electronic
States to lower cross-strait military tensions. This systems such as radar and data-link systems for the
included a freeze on arms sales to Taiwan, which Sovremenny II 956E destroyer and Fregat M2EM 3D
was publicly acknowledged by the head of US Pacific and Mineral-ME radar systems. One of China’s newest
Command Adm. Timothy Keating in July, when he fighter aircraft is the Shenyang J-11B, apparently a
said that there was ‘no pressing, compelling need’ for reverse-engineered Su-27, extensively modernised
major arms sales to Taiwan ‘at this moment’, espe- with indigenously developed and foreign-acquired
cially as cross-strait tensions ‘had palpably decreased’ technologies. This acquisition led to public criticism
with Ma’s election. But this tentative improvement in Russia, and during his inaugural state visit to
in the China–US–Taiwan security dynamic abruptly China in May, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
ended in October 2008 when Washington announced reportedly sought an agreement on the protection
the possible sale of a $6.4 billion package of defensive of Russian intellectual property rights in the defence
weapons to Taiwan. This included Patriot Advanced sphere. At the same time, however, the two sides
Capability-3 guided-missile systems, Apache attack continued to discuss future arms sales and technical
helicopters, upgrades to Taiwan’s fleet of E-2T cooperation, including deals for combat aircraft, naval
Hawkeye surveillance aircraft, Harpoon anti-ship and weapons, and the possible renovation and upgrading
Javelin missiles, and spare parts for F-5 and F-16 jet of Russian weapons purchased during the 1990s, such
fighters. Beijing denounced the sale and halted bilat- as early-generation Sovremenny destroyers.
eral military-to-military exchanges with the US, While Chinese acquisitions of Russian arms have
which had been increasing in recent years. slowed, the PLA’s modernisation continues robustly.
Strains and mutual wariness have also begun to This was reflected in the size of the 2008 defence
emerge in China’s once-warm military engagement budget, which was substantially greater than the
with Russia. This was evidenced in China’s measured previous year and represented one of the biggest year-
response to Russia’s military intervention against on-year increases over the past decade (see Defence
Georgia in August 2008. On the one hand, Beijing has Economics text, p. 375). Military officials said that
shared Moscow’s deep-seated concerns over NATO major reasons for this sharp jump include rising sala-
enlargement, and the two countries have forged a good ries, cost-of-living subsidies and pensions. In its second
working military partnership through their joint leader- annual submission to the United Nations, China
East Asia and Australasia 365
disclosed that its military expenditures for 2007 broke The Ma administration has taken other modest
down into 33.8% for personnel costs, 34% for training steps to improve the military atmospherics across the
and maintenance and 32.2% for procurement. Taiwan Strait. Upon taking office, Ma pledged that
In its 2008 annual report to Congress examining Taiwan would not build or acquire nuclear or offensive
Chinese military power, the US Defense Department weapons. Other gestures include less overt displays
estimated that actual Chinese defence spending was of military might during the annual October National
between two and three times higher than Chinese Day parade and the annual Han Kuang military exer-
published figures because of the exclusion of expen- cises. The new administration has also proposed the
ditures on weapons research and development and establishment of more formal confidence-building
on foreign-arms purchases. (For information on measures with Beijing, which would include direct
how the IISS calculates Chinese defence spending, military contacts and exploratory efforts to agree on
see Defence Economics, pp. 375–6, and the essay a peace accord to formally end hostilities across the
‘Calculating China’s Defence Expenditure’ in The Taiwan Strait.
Military Balance 2006, pp. 249–53.) The Pentagon Taiwanese military planners are also drawing
report also highlighted China’s growing efforts to up plans to follow up on Ma’s election promise to
limit or prevent the military use of space by poten- transform the armed forces into an all-volunteer
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tial adversaries during times of crisis or conflict by outfit by 2013. This would entail a significant reduc-
pointing to a vigorous Chinese civilian and military tion in the current manpower level of approximately
space programme. The catalyst for US attention to 290,000 personnel, with estimates of posts that could
Chinese space activities was the surprise test of a be trimmed ranging between 40,000 and 70,000,
Chinese direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon although no final figures have yet been decided. To
in 2007, which caused concern in Washington and pay for the substantially higher wage and personnel
other capitals, particularly in Asia (see The Military costs of a professional force, Ma has also pledged
Balance 2008, p. 359). Besides the ASAT programme, to lift the level of the defence budget to 3% of GDP,
the Pentagon report also pointed to the Chang’e lunar- up from the current level of 2.7%. But this will not
exploration project and Chinese plans to place 17 take place in 2009, as the new government unveiled
satellites into orbit in 2008. The report noted that plans in August 2008 to lower defence spending
China ‘views the development of space and counter- by NT$10.4bn (US$320m) from the 2008 budget of
space capabilities as bolstering national prestige and, US$9.75bn.
like nuclear weapons, demonstrating the attributes
of a world power’. To underline this point, China Korean Peninsula
carried out another successful manned space mission The militaries in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the
in September 2007 that included its first spacewalk. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) flexed
their capabilities during 2008 as military tensions on
Taiwan the Korean Peninsula increased against the backdrop
Taiwan’s new KMT administration has begun to re of deepening strategic uncertainties. New conser-
adjust the island’s defence posture to reflect President vative ROK President Lee Myung Bak took office
While ROK authorities have refrained from Fukuda’s first priority in 2008 was to maintain
explicitly identifying the DPRK as its primary foe Japanese support for the US-led international coali-
in the past few years, they remain wary of the threat tion in the ‘war on terror’. Fukuda used the governing
posed by a forward-deployed 1.1m-strong Korean Liberal Democratic Party’s (LDP) super-majority in
People’s Army (KPA). These concerns were height- the Lower House of the National Diet to force through
ened in August and September when US and ROK a new Replenishment Support Special Measures Law
intelligence agencies received reports that DPRK’s (RSSML) in January, enabling the re-despatch of the
paramount leader Kim Jong Il was medically incapac- Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) to the Indian
itated. While North Korea dismissed these reports, Ocean by February to provide refuelling activities
a noticeable hardening of the DPRK’s stance on the for US and coalition forces engaged in Operation
dismantlement of its nuclear-weapons facilities nego- Enduring Freedom. Fukuda had been forced to with-
tiated through the Six-Party Talks process occurred draw the MSDF in November 2007 due to opposi-
at around the same time. This included a decision tion from the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), which
by the DPRK in September 2008 to stop cooperation has used its control of the Upper House of the Diet
with international nuclear inspectors. After a tense to impede security legislation. The DPJ argues that
stand-off, the US and the DPRK eventually reached the MSDF despatch is unconstitutional due to a lack
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an agreement to resume the dismantlement process of UN mandates and contravenes Japan’s ban on the
after Washington agreed to take Pyongyang off its exercise of collective self-defence. The DPJ opposes
list of state sponsors of terrorism. The KPA has been for similar reasons any renewal of the Air Self-
deeply sceptical of giving up the country’s nuclear- Defense Force (ASDF) logistical supply missions in
weapons capabilities, and Kim’s suspected illness Iraq and Kuwait, due for legislative renewal in July
may have provided an opening for military chiefs to 2009. Fukuda forced through the RSSML at the cost
push for a harder line. The KPA also sought to show of restricting MSDF activities solely to refuelling and
that it retains credible conventional defence capabili- gaining only a one-year mandate for the mission;
ties by conducting short-range missile firings in the the political cost of the Diet contest has convinced
Yellow Sea as well as naval exercises near the western many Japanese government officials that any similar
inter-Korean maritime border in October 2008. attempt to renew the ASDF mission in Iraq is futile.
Hence, in late 2008, Fukuda’s government was
Japan preoccupied with whether to again override DPJ
Japan’s defence policy witnessed retrenchment in opposition and seek a renewal of the RSSML in
2008 under Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda after the January 2009, or cut its losses and seek a new mission
more ambitious agenda of his predecessor, Shinzo for the MSDF. Japanese government officials and LDP
Abe. Abe had sought to promote Japan as a more policymakers have debated passing a new perma-
traditional great power by challenging constitutional nent National Security Law, which would enable
constraints on Japan’s military capabilities, enhancing JSDF despatch without the need for passing separate
US–Japan alliance cooperation and forging new ad hoc and time-bound legislation for each mission.
security cooperation with other US allies and democ- Japanese government policymakers have mooted the
racies in the Asia-Pacific and Europe to counter the despatch under such legislation of the Ground Self-
rise of China. Fukuda, by contrast, devoted much Defense Force (GSDF) and the ASDF to Afghanistan
of 2008 to simply maintaining existing US–Japan for logistical and reconstruction missions to support
alliance commitments, stabilising overall Japanese the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force
diplomatic and security policy and restoring rela- (ISAF). The DPJ might also support this legislation, as
tions with East Asian neighbours, especially China. JSDF despatch to Afghanistan would have sufficient
However, even as Fukuda’s government struggled UN legitimisation. However, Japanese policymakers
to lay out a more assertive defence policy, Japan has realise the increased risk of casualties associated with
continued to quietly and incrementally strengthen such missions, and the LDP’s dovish coalition partner,
key Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) capabilities. In the New Komeito, has voiced its opposition.
addition, Fukuda’s fall from power in September Fukuda’s government has had to address other
opened the way for Japan to seek a more active secu- areas of US–Japan security relations and defence
rity role under his successor, former foreign minister policy in general. The realignment of US bases in
Taro Aso. Japan under the May 2006 Defense Policy Review
East Asia and Australasia 367
Initiative (DPRI) has been held up by domestic polit- The MSDF conducted its first ballistic-missile-defence
ical wrangling over the relocation of the US Marine (BMD) interceptor test close to Hawaii in December,
Corps Air Station from Futenma to Nago in Okinawa. and the ASDF completed its deployment of PAC-3
The Okinawan prefectural government is requesting interceptor batteries at bases around Tokyo. The
that the runway be moved on safety and environ- ASDF took delivery of its first KC-767 tanker
mental grounds, and the Japanese government has aircraft for in-flight refuelling in February. Japan has
shown some inclination to renegotiate the location, continued its search for a new F-X fighter to replace
whereas the US has been insistent that the long-nego- its F4-Js. The US indicated again in May that it was
tiated agreement stand. Japan has also asked for more highly unlikely to release the F-22 and urged Japan
details on the cost of the building of facilities in Guam to instead consider the F-35. The MOD eschewed any
for the relocation of US Marines, indicating that it request for the F-X in the 2009 budget, and will soon
may negotiate rigorously over its previous commit- need to consider, in preparing the 2009–14 Mid-Term
ments to fund these facilities. Japan’s government Defense Programme, whether to opt for a US fighter
can draw some comfort that Iwakuni City agreed in design or the Eurofighter Typhoon. However, the
March to accept the relocation of the US carrier wing MOD was obliged, citing high unit costs, to cancel
from Atsugi near Tokyo, and Tokyo and Washington further orders for AH64D Apache helicopters, leaving
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secured a new agreement on Host Nation Support Japan with ten of its originally planned comple-
in April. However, the image of US forces in Japan ment of 60. Most significantly, Japan’s Diet passed
was damaged by criminal incidents involving US new legislation in May permitting the use of space
servicemen and news of a fire aboard the USS George for ‘defensive’ purposes in line with article 9 of the
Washington that delayed its deployment to Yokosuka constitution, overturning its previous ban on the mili-
until September and raised public-safety concerns. tary use of space, and opening the way for increased
The George Washington is the first nuclear-powered freedom in the deployment of intelligence satellites
carrier to be homeported in Japan. and BMD capabilities.
Fukuda’s government was hit even harder by Japan continued to quietly expand its interna-
unfolding scandals involving the Ministry of Defense tional defence collaboration in 2008. As part of the
(MOD) and the JSDF, which included cases of alleged general rapprochement in Sino-Japanese relations,
bribery and tax evasion concerning procurement. the MSDF’s Sazanami destroyer visited Zhanjiang in
(The MOD’s travails were compounded by the MSDF June, carrying relief supplies for the earthquake in
Aegis destroyer Atago’s accidental sinking of a civilian southwest China and paying a return visit after the
fishing vessel in February. The fishing vessel’s two- People’s Liberation Army Navy’s Shenzen guided-
person crew perished, and it emerged that the MSDF missile destroyer visited Japan in November. Japan
crew and the MOD had not followed correct proce- even came close to sending ASDF transport aircraft
dures to avoid the collision and later to investigate in May to provide relief supplies for the earthquake,
the causes of the incident.) The Japanese government which would have been the first presence of Japanese
responded with an internal report by the MOD into troops on Chinese soil since the Second World War.
the reform of procurement practices in March, and a However, the mission was aborted due to fear of a
security if he can stay in power long enough to stabi- based in the United States at Mountain Home Air
lise the domestic political situation. Force Base, Idaho. Republic of Singapore Air Force
aircrew commenced training on US Air Force F-15s
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA in July 2008. Delivery of four Gulfstream G550
Conformal Airborne Early Warning Aircraft is also
The scale of national-defence efforts in Southeast Asia expected during 2009, with operational capability
has remained minor compared to the levels of defence following in 2010. In July 2008 Singapore’s defence
spending, military procurement and capability ministry eliminated the British Aerospace Hawk 128
upgrading seen in Northeast Asia. Of Southeast Asia’s from its advanced jet-trainer competition, leaving the
11 states, both Vietnam and Singapore have good Alenia Aermacchi M-346 and the Korean Aerospace
reasons to feel strategically uncomfortable in rela- Industries/Lockheed Martin T-50 as contenders.
tion to their larger neighbours and consequently take Singapore continues as a Security Cooperation
external defence more seriously than other Southeast Participant in the US-led F-35 (Joint Strike Fighter)
Asian states. Rapid economic growth during the development programme, but a claim in July 2008 by
current decade has allowed Vietnam, increasingly Maj. Gen. Charles Davis, the programme’s manager,
concerned with deterring Chinese pressure on its that the city-state required 100 of the aircraft seemed
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claims in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, unrealistic. Singapore is known to be interested in the
to increase its defence spending significantly, though RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for
the annual military-procurement budget – thought maritime reconnaissance, but no decision has been
to be approximately US$500m – was hardly lavish. made to procure the system.
During the present decade, procurement has focused Meanwhile, the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
on upgrading naval capabilities, including local continue to test their Integrated Knowledge-based
construction of three corvettes, the refurbishment Command and Control (IKC2) doctrine in increas-
of three Petya-class frigates and the modernisation ingly sophisticated exercises, which are mainly held
of the coastal-surveillance radar network. However, overseas. During May 2008, SAF units deployed
funding has apparently still been insufficient to to the Lohatla Army Battle School in South Africa’s
permit an order for the eight Su-30MK combat aircraft Northern Cape province for Exercise Lightning Warrior.
that Vietnam’s air force requires to supplement the This integrated air–land live-firing exercise involved
four Su-30s delivered in 2004. In general, Hanoi sees a division strike centre coordinating Primus 155mm
Western defence equipment as unattainably expen- SP artillery, AH-64D attack helicopters, Searcher
sive, but the US government’s amendment of its UAVs, and ARTHUR (artillery-hunting radars). Other
International Traffic in Arms Regulations in April major SAF unilateral exercises include Ex Wallaby in
2007 allows it to consider non-lethal defence exports Australia (the next one is planned for late 2008) and
to Vietnam on a case-by-case basis, opening the way Ex Forging Sabre in the United States (during 2009).
for preliminary discussions over the possible sale of During 2007–08, the SAF deployed several five-
CH-47D Chinook helicopters. In April 2008, the French strong medical and engineering teams on three-
company Arianespace launched Vietnam’s first satel- month tours as part of the New Zealand Provincial
lite, Vinasat-1, from its base in Korou, French Guiana. Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Afghanistan’s Bamiyan
Vinasat-1 will play an important part in boosting the province. In 2008, Singapore also attached a 20-strong
independence and security of Vietnam’s military as military medical team to the Australian Defence Force
well as civilian satellite communications. element operating as part of the Netherlands-led PRT
During the current decade, Singapore has stood out in Uruzgan.
more than ever in Southeast Asia in terms of its efforts In contrast to Singapore, other Southeast
to develop its armed forces. Evidence of Singapore’s Asian states’ military-modernisation efforts and
steady investment in defence has included contin- equipment-procurement initiatives have often
uing major procurement programmes. The last of seemed improvised rather than systematic, and much
six Formidable-class frigates was delivered in August less geared towards developing significant new mili-
2008; all the vessels will be commissioned by early tary capabilities based on integrated combined-arms
2009. Later in 2009, the first batch of F-15SG combat and joint-service operations. Nevertheless, Malaysia
aircraft, out of 24 ordered so far, is expected to be has invested significantly in re-equipping its armed
delivered to a Singapore air-force training squadron, forces. All 18 Su-30MKM combat aircraft ordered in
East Asia and Australasia 369
2003 are scheduled for delivery by the end of 2008, aircraft guns. A second unit will be delivered in 2009.
together with eight MB-339CDs as lead-in fighter Between June and October, the army is scheduled to
trainers, while four A400M heavy-transport aircraft accept a further six Mi-35P attack helicopters, part of
ordered in 2005 are due to be in service by 2013. The a US$1bn defence-equipment package to be funded
army’s first main-battle-tank regiment equipped with by Russian credit that then-President Vladimir
PT-91Ms was working up to operational capability Putin and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang
during 2008. The navy continues to train subma- Yudhoyono agreed in September 2007. Under the
rine crews in France with a view to bringing its two same agreement, 20 BMP-3F infantry fighting vehi-
Scorpene boats back to the new base at Sepanggar Bay cles for the Marine Corps will be delivered in 2010,
in Sabah during 2009–10, and four more locally built funded by a loan from Russian state banks. However,
Meko-100-type large patrol vessels should be commis- there are apparently still no firm financial arrange-
sioned by 2010. In August 2007, Malaysia ordered ments covering procurement of additional Mi-17
a second batch of 18 Avibras Astros II multiple- helicopters and two Kilo-class submarines included
launch rocket systems, which will allow the army in the deal.
to equip a second regiment. Political turmoil during Similarly, other significant Indonesian procure-
2008, which has seen the parliamentary opposition ment pending in late 2008 largely depends on satisfac-
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dramatically strengthened, appears to have tempo- tory financial or counter-trade arrangements. South
rarily curtailed major procurement after opposition Korea has indicated interest in supplying Indonesia
criticism of previous defence-equipment contracts with two ex-Korean navy Type 209 Chang Bogo-
(notably that covering submarines). Nevertheless, class submarines, as well as additional KT-1 training
the Ninth Malaysia Plan (covering 2006–10) allo- aircraft (a variant of which could also replace OV-10F
cates US$4.4bn for military upgrading and important counter-insurgency aircraft already withdrawn from
contracts are pending. Most importantly, Malaysia service). There could be an element of technology
has already signed a letter of intent for two British- transfer to Indonesia, which would provide crude
built Jebat-class frigates, which are intended to enter oil and CN-235 maritime-patrol aircraft for South
service by 2015. In November 2007, the government Korea’s coast guard in return. When he visited Jakarta
asked for tenders to supply as many as 36 medium- in February 2008, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates
lift helicopters for troop transport and search and offered Indonesia six F-16C/D combat aircraft and
rescue to replace the existing ageing and accident- C-130J transports to be paid for by foreign-military-
prone S-61A Nuri fleet, which has been in service for financing (FMF) or foreign-military-sale (FMS) mech-
40 years. In late September 2008, the defence ministry anisms, though Defence Minister Juwono Sudarsono
announced an order for 12 Eurocopter EC725 Cougars said in April that Indonesia’s defence budget was
equipped for a combat search-and-rescue role. Other insufficient for such a purchase. Indonesia requested
equipment likely to be ordered within the next 1–2 US$15.7m in FMF funding in 2008, but this would
years includes new anti-tank guided weapons and a provide only for the purchase of surplus US equip-
battlefield-management system integrated with ment such as helicopters. The following month, the
variants of command-post armoured fighting vehi- minister argued that the procurement emphasis
There may also be additional orders for CN-235 and expanded to include civil-engineering work such as
NC-212 transport and maritime-patrol aircraft. highway construction in areas deemed too dangerous
Following the economic damage inflicted by the for civilian contractors.
financial crisis of 1997, Thailand’s armed forces were In support of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s
until recently in a ‘make do and mend’ phase, with aim to eradicate her country’s insurgencies by the
significant procurement mainly limited to second- time she leaves office in 2010, the government of the
hand equipment. Despite Thailand’s economic Philippines is attempting to implement an ambitious
recovery earlier this decade, Thaksin Shinawatra’s Capability Upgrade Program (CUP) for the armed
governments (2001–06) kept defence spending down, forces. Though the CUP prioritises army requirements,
though budgets rose after the September 2006 mili- during 2008 there has been particular emphasis on
tary coup. Despite the preoccupations of the Thai renewing the capabilities of the Philippine Air Force,
army with attempting to maintain internal security which plays a key supporting role in the continuing
in the face of a major insurgency from 2004 in the counter-insurgency campaign in the south but which
country’s three southernmost, Muslim-dominated has long suffered from low serviceability. Training
provinces while simultaneously reassuming its role and transport aircraft, along with helicopters, are
as political arbiter in Bangkok, Thai military leaders expected to be among the equipment requirements
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have resumed efforts to strengthen conventional addressed (see Defence Economics, p. 374).
as well as counter-insurgency capabilities, with In January 2008, Philippine National Police
programmes negotiated with Sweden for Gripen chief Avelino Razon claimed that military action,
multi-role combat aircraft, Saab 100 Erieye airborne including the destruction of 13 New People’s Army
early-warning aircraft as well as a new air-defence (NPA) bases, had reduced the overall strength of
system (see Defence Economics, p. 373). the Maoist insurgent group – in rebellion against
The conflict involving Thai Muslim insurgents the government since 1972 – to 5,700 personnel (the
(believed to be largely from the Barisan Revolusi NPA had 25,000 guerrillas at its peak in the 1980s).
Nasional – Coordinate) in the three southernmost Razon further claimed that by 2010 the NPA would
provinces of Narathiwat, Pattani and Yala continued be a mere ‘peace and order’ issue rather than a ‘secu-
during 2007–08. Insurgent attacks in the region, where rity problem’. However, 67 NPA fronts remained
more than 70% of the population is Muslim, involve active, and sporadic armed clashes between the
bombings of public places such as markets, drive-by insurgents and the Armed Forces of the Philippines
shootings from motorcycles and improvised explo- (AFP) continued during 2008. The complex problem
sive device (IED) attacks aimed at Thai troops and of Muslim rebellion in the Philippines’ south repre-
police, schoolteachers and civilians, as well as arson sented a far more acute security challenge for Manila
targeted at schools and other government buildings. and the AFP, however. During 2007–08, the AFP
The death toll since 2004 had reached 3,000 by May (principally marines) continued intensive operations,
2008, with around 5,000 injured. Though the security backed by US special-operations forces, against the
forces and Buddhist civilians were often targets, most Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) on the island of Jolo. From
of the victims were Muslim civilians. Political devel- mid 2008, the rebels resumed their kidnapping activi-
opments in Bangkok did not bring greater coherence ties on Basilan and other parts of Sulu, apparently in
to the Thai state’s largely ineffective responses to the a desperate bid to secure new funds. Though much
conflict. In April 2008, military-intelligence officers weakened, the ASG also continued to mount small-
in the south suggested that the strategy of increasing scale but sometimes lethal attacks on the AFP.
troop levels was insufficient, and that local Muslims’ A Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral
grievances needed to be better understood. The mili- Domain negotiated by the Moro Islamic Liberation
tary’s hearts-and-minds approach yielded some Front (MILF) and the Manila government in July 2008
successes, as in May when local people in Yala turned promised to bring an end to the long-running MILF
over substantial caches of insurgent supplies to the rebellion and to entrench permanently the formal but
army. Joint army–police raids on insurgent bases, fragile ceasefire which had been in place and super-
sometimes involving more than 1,000 personnel, vised by a Malaysian-led International Monitoring
led to the elimination of key leaders of one insur- Team since 2003. However, protests by Christian
gent group, the Runda Kumpulan Kecil (RKK), in and indigenous communities on Mindanao over the
April and June. The role of troops in the south has expansion of the Autonomous Region in Muslim
East Asia and Australasia 371
Mindanao under the agreement led the Supreme Canberra has sought US approval for six of the aircraft
Court of the Philippines to issue a temporary to be EA-18Gs, but by early October 2008 had not
restraining order in early August halting the signing confirmed an order for these suppression of enemy
of the Memorandum of Agreement. This exacerbated air defence variants.
existing tension between MILF units under hardline In March 2008, the Labor government cancelled the
rebel commanders and the AFP, leading to escalating navy’s SH-2G Super Seasprite surveillance and surface-
armed clashes on Mindanao. The MILF units seized attack helicopter programme, which was seven years
15 villages, prompting large-scale AFP assaults. In behind schedule. To fill the resultant capability gap
early September, Manila responded to the resumed and also replace the navy’s S-70B Seahawk anti-subma-
fighting by dissolving its peace panel and ending talks rine helicopters, up to 27 new naval helicopters are
with the MILF. Fighting continued during September required. The NH90 NATO frigate helicopter or an
and October, notably in Maguindanao province. S-70B variant seem to be the most likely contenders. In
Australia’s defence effort is highly significant in its November 2007, the first of 46 NH90 multi-role utility
immediate region: its defence budget is approximately helicopters for the army and navy arrived in Australia;
equal to that of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, the type will boost the army’s troop-transport capa-
Singapore and Thailand combined. A strong emphasis bility and also replace the navy’s Sea Kings. Other
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on maintaining its national-defence capability is set to capability improvements include establishing two
continue despite the change of government following extra infantry battalions, the launch in June 2008 of
the November 2007 election, which brought to power the first of six US-made satellites intended to improve
a Labor government under Prime Minister Kevin Australia’s network-centric-warfare capabilities and
Rudd. The new government has promised not only to the purchase of lightweight and self-propelled 155mm
maintain the previous administration’s commitment howitzers. The government has also extended to early
to increase the defence budget by 3% or more annu- 2009 its option to buy a fourth Hobart-class air-warfare
ally until 2015–16, but also to extend this commitment destroyer. In late November, it was announced that
for an extra two years. However, the Labor govern- the navy would stand down for the Christmas 2008
ment emphasises the need to spend public money period, with the exception of those on operational
– not least in the defence sector – efficiently and effec- duties, as part of its ‘New Generation Navy’ intiative.
tively, and is devoting substantial energy to reviewing Media reports speculated that the stand down period
capability requirements and procurement options. A might last two months.
Defence White Paper will be completed by late 2008, Australian Defence Force deployments have
with a declassified version likely to be made public continued in the Middle East Area of Operations
in April–May 2009. The White Paper is expected to (2,080 personnel), Timor-Leste (750 personnel) and
paint a stark picture of the challenges facing Australia the Solomon Islands (140 personnel). In the Middle
over the next two decades as Asian states’ economies East, Australian forces include a 110-strong secu-
grow and they upgrade their military capabilities at rity detachment protecting Canberra’s embassy
the same time that the relative power and influence of and its personnel in Baghdad, while in Afghanistan
the United States declines, and may suggest the need Australia maintains a reconstruction task force in
EAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA – A$6bn budgetary shortfall over the next decade. The
DEFENCE ECONOMICS Australian Strategic Policy Institute contributed to the
debate, raising particular concern over the absence of
Despite concern that the incoming Australian govern- budgeted funds to cover additional personnel and the
ment might be less generous to the armed forces than operating costs of new equipment to be delivered over
its predecessor, the new government’s first budget the next several years, such as airborne early-warning
included a 6.4% increase in 2008–09 defence expendi- and control aircraft, armed reconnaissance helicop-
ture and a commitment that spending would continue ters and air-to-air refuelling capabilities – all due for
to increase by 3% in real terms until at least 2017, delivery in 2009. By 2016, the armed forces should
while also warning that it expected the Department also have taken delivery of at least three air-warfare
of Defence to find annual internal savings of around destroyers, two 27,000-tonne amphibious-landing
A$1bn. The government also revealed that the boom ships, 24 F/A Super Hornet fighters and up to 100 F-35s
in raw-material commodity prices, driven in no small (Joint Strike Fighters). It should also have increased
part by China’s voracious demand for Australian- the size of the army from six to eight battalions.
supplied resources, had delivered a revenue wind- The forthcoming White Paper will lay out the long-
fall, part of which will be allocated to a new special term development of the Australian navy, which the
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defence reserve fund. In 2008–09, the Department of prime minister has indicated is of particular concern
Defence is in line to receive around A$1bn from the due to military modernisation in other Pacific Rim
fund, which should be enough to fully fund the cost countries, with delivery of more powerful jet fighters
of operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Timor-Leste and and submarines to those nations. The initial step
the Solomon Islands. towards upgrading the navy will probably be the
However, a growing number of analysts are confirmation of the option of a fourth Hobart-class air-
suggesting that even with long-term real increases warfare destroyer and a third Canberra-class amphib-
in the defence budget apparently secured, there will ious-assault ship, though a more controversial step
be insufficient money to carry out all of the armed would be the purchase of STOVL (short take-off and
forces’ current plans. A report published by the Lowy vertical landing) versions of the Joint Strike Fighter
Institute in May 2008 warned that Australia’s new for these platforms, effectively turning them into
Defence White Paper – due to be released in early mini aircraft carriers. Thereafter, modernisation may
2009 – needed to address long-term defence-spending switch to replacement of Australia’s six Collins-class
plans in order to determine what kind of strategic submarines by up to ten new vessels and a replace-
power Australia will become. Earlier in the year, ment of the aging FFG-7 frigates, which were recently
Defence Minister Joel Fitzgibbon pointed out that even upgraded at significant cost (the results of the refur-
on the current spending trajectory, Australia faced an bishment programme have been heavily criticised).
1.5
% of GDP
1.0
0.5
1.46 1.52 1.45 1.48 1.54 1.52 1.47 1.50 1.53 1.55
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
East Asia and Australasia 373
The major procurement to get the go-ahead helicopters, submarine-launched Harpoon anti-ship
during 2008 was the purchase of 24 Boeing F/A-18F missiles, Javelin anti-tank missiles and spare parts for
Super Hornet fighters. The decision followed the first F-16 aircraft. The new package will not include Black
part of an Air Combat Capability Review ordered by Hawk helicopters, new F-16 aircraft or diesel-electric
the new government in January 2008, which focused submarines, as none of the countries that currently
on the feasibility of retaining the air force’s ageing make these vessels would be willing to sell them to
F-111 strike aircraft beyond 2010, the date which the Taiwan. Despite the government’s regular declara-
previous government had announced the aircraft tion that it intends to boost defence spending to 3%
would be retired. The review concluded that it was of GDP, the 2008 budget will amount to just 2.4% of
too late to reverse this decision and that if Australia’s national income.
air defences were left totally reliant on the Joint Strike Following theAsian financial crisis of 1997, Thailand
Fighter programme a dangerous capability gap would held its defence budget virtually unchanged until
appear in the period before delivery of the aircraft 2007, when it jumped by 20%; in 2008 spending was
began. Defence planners concluded that they had increased by a further 25% to THB143bn (US$4.2bn).
little choice but to go ahead with the procurement of While the overthrow of then-Prime Minister Thaksin
the Super Hornet as it was the only aircraft that could Shinawatra in 2006 had been followed by a period of
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be produced in time to meet the 2010 deadline. Total uncertainty over the fate of the Thai military’s ambi-
investment in the programme will be A$6.6bn over tious plans to modernise and make up for the decade
10 years, which includes acquisition and all related of stagnant budgets, the significant boost to defence
personnel and support costs. funding in the past two years signals that the process
Following seven years of political wrangling, is indeed on track. The defence minister has indi-
it seems that Taiwan has finally moved closer to cated that a modernisation programme necessary to
acquiring a substantial amount of new military equip- bring Thailand’s armed forces up to a comparable
ment from the United States. In 2001, Washington level with those of its neighbours will be carried out
offered Taiwan a comprehensive package of weapons, in two phase. Two different funding plans have been
including submarines, maritime-patrol aircraft and proposed: under the first, a total of THB117bn would
PAC-3 air-defence systems; however, persistent be made available for procurement between 2009 and
delaying tactics by the Taiwanese opposition meant 2013, to be followed by another THB200bn over the
that by 2007 only a fraction of the total requirement of following five years, while the alternative plan calls for
US$17bn had been made available for these purchases. defence spending to be fixed at 1.8% of GDP during
As a result, the scale of the package was significantly the first five years, rising to 2% of GDP in the second
cut to comprise just 12 second-hand P-3C Orion five years. In 2007, defence spending amounted to
aircraft, three PAC-3 systems and money only for 1.4% per cent of national income. Given the amount
an initial ‘evaluation study’ examining the proposed of obsolete equipment in its inventory, the Thai army
purchase of diesel-electric submarines. As the debate has identified numerous major arms acquisitions and
over these particular acquisitions dragged on, Taiwan upgrades that it would like to make, but with rela-
also indicated that it wanted to acquire additional US tively limited funds the priority will be improving
ration for Thailand as well, although more immediate the government was forced to lend US$750m to the
requirements include acquiring new-generation fast four major state-owned defence companies strug-
offshore-patrol vessels and new anti-ship missiles gling to cope with high oil prices and rising inflation.
and replacing the navy’s S-70 Seahawk helicopters The head of Indonesian Aerospace acknowledged
and maritime-patrol aircraft. To date, the first major that additional funding from the government would
acquisition under the modernisation plan will equip be necessary for the company to be in a position to
the air force with 12 Gripen fighter aircraft and two complete the delivery of a number of transport and
Erieye airborne early-warning and control aircraft, the maritime-patrol aircraft over the next three years.
deliveries of which will be equally split over the two On a more positive note, Indonesian Aerospace
five-year phases of the modernisation plan. announced that it had reached an agreement with
Despite achieving strong economic performance EADS CASA to jointly manufacture the C-212-400
in recent years, which had enabled Indonesia to military-transport aircraft for both the domestic and
make early repayment of its remaining obligations global markets. The Indonesian company already
to the IMF in 2006 and boost defence spending by produces the C-212-200 platform but believes that a
38% in 2007, record-high oil prices in 2008 forced the significant market for the more powerful and capable
government to cut its overall outlays by around 15%. new model exists in Southeast Asia.
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Such is the level of subsidies provided by the govern- Procurement priorities under the Philippines’
ment that the increase in world oil prices resulted in ambitious Capability Upgrade Program (CUP)
a quarter of government expenditure being allocated include infantry weapons, land vehicles, modern
to energy subsidies. An original defence budget of communications equipment and missile-armed
IDR36.4 trillion had been proposed, but it is likely fast-attack craft. However, recent defence-budget
that this will be trimmed during the year to around increases – by more than 20% to PHP56.5bn in fiscal
IDR30tr. As noted in previous editions of The Military year 2008 (with a further 9.6% expansion proposed
Balance, the official defence budget in Indonesia does in 2009) – and occasional extra-budgetary funding
not capture the true extent of total defence-related allocations are still inadequate to provide the scale
expenditure as it fails to include military pensions of procurement funding the Armed Forces of the
and benefits for retired personnel, overseas procure- Philippines envisaged for the programme (PHP30bn
ment (often financed through barter arrangements) or in 2007–12; PHP60bn in 2012–18; PHP120bn in
the revenue generated by the military’s considerable 2018–24). Successful execution of the CUP will require
business interests, though under legislation outlined sustained, rapid economic growth. In the meantime,
in 2004 the military’s business interests are due to be inflation running at 12% in 2008 is undermining the
transferred to the state in 2009. impact of recent budgetary increases.
Not only did the military have to contend with There has been particular emphasis on renewing the
a reduced budget, but the fragile system by which capabilities of the Philippine Air Force, given its role in
certain high-profile weapons systems are financed the counter-insurgency campaign in the south as well
added to budgetary uncertainty. In March 2008, as its low serviceability. Eighteen SF-260F primary
Indonesia revealed that, following the election of trainers were ordered in May. A tender is expected
Dmitry Medvedev as Russian president, it believed in October for utility and attack helicopters; up to five
its US$1bn credit arrangement with Russia to be additional C-130 transports may be ordered to supple-
under threat. Under the terms of the deal, Indonesia ment the three remaining aircraft of the type (two of
was expecting to receive 17 Mi-17 multi-role helicop- which were expected to return to service by early 2009
ters, six Mi-35 attack helicopters, 20 BMP-3s and two following refurbishment); and three light-transport
Kilo-class submarines; the purchase of the helicopters aircraft are needed to replace ageing N-22B Nomads.
was to be secured through foreign commercial loans, Twenty UH-1H helicopters are being refurbished in the
while the BMP-3s would be financed through direct United States, and South Korea has donated 15 T-41D
loans from Russian banks. Under a separate initia- trainers, which will be delivered in late 2008. The air
tive, Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance agreed loan force has stated a requirement for a revived fighter
terms with the French bank Natixis, under which it capability from 2011–12, but special funding outside
will borrow US$300m for the purchase of six Sukhoi the CUP would be needed to finance this project.
fighter aircraft. The precarious nature of Indonesian Defence spending in the Republic of Korea
defence funding was illustrated later in the year when continues to rise as the military’s organisational
East Asia and Australasia 375
structure undergoes a major overhaul in preparation of 36 second-hand AH-64 Apache helicopters from
for assuming greater responsibility from the United the United States. The main development in Korean
States. In 2009, the government asked for an 8.6% procurement during the year was the announcement
increase in the budget which, if passed, would raise that the air force will follow on from its earlier order
military spending to US$21.5bn. Under the Defence of 40 F-15Ks with a second batch of 20 similar aircraft;
Reform 2020 programme, the defence budget is the third phase of the FX programme is scheduled to
scheduled to increase by 9.9% per annum between begin in 2011 with a request for proposals for a fifth-
2006 and 2010, by 7.7% between 2011 and 2015, and generation combat aircraft.
by 1.0% between 2016 and 2020. Total manpower Following five years of double-digit GDP growth,
will be reduced from 680,000 to 500,000 and reserve the Chinese economy finally succumbed to the global
forces will be cut by half to 1.5m, while the number of economic slowdown. Although capital inflows into the
civilian positions will increase from 52% of the total country remained strong, weakening external demand,
to 71% by 2009. Originally, the total budget for the particularly from the US, will weigh on exports, and
2020 modernisation plan amounted to US$710bn, but growth is forecast to slow to 9.7% in 2008.
public reaction to the plan forced a cut in total funds to In 2006, the National People’s Congress endorsed
US$650bn, of which Force Improvement Programmes the 11th Five-Year Programme (2006–2011), which
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:36 23 March 2009
(FIP) will account for US$238bn. During the period continued the government’s emphasis of recent
2008–12, major acquisition projects will include: years on achieving balanced, equitable and sustain-
able growth. Of the 22 major goals outlined in the
• tactical command, control, communications, programme, just two relate to economic growth,
computers and intelligence (C4I) capabilities while the remainder focus on population growth, the
and satellite communications use of natural resources, the environment and stand-
• K1A1 tanks and next-generation tanks and ards of living. The new programme is notable for its
infantry vehicles strong emphasis on rural development and includes a
• KDX-111 destroyers and 1,800-tonne subma- pledge to raise farmers’ incomes and promote public
rines services in the countryside.
• F-15K fighters, T-50s, next-generation Although the five-year plan makes no reference to
fighters and the Korean Helicopter Project defence-related spending it was no surprise when the
(KHP) official state budget for 2008 included a hefty increase
• 155mm self-propelled artillery; airborne- in the defence budget, up 19% to RMB417bn, or
warning and control systems US$61.1bn when converted at market exchange rates.
• guided weapons (Joint Direct Attack However, as illustrated in the essay ‘Calculating
Munitions, Joint Air to Surface Standoff China’s Defence Expenditure’ in The Military Balance
Missiles) 2006 (pp. 249–53), the official defence budget does
not reflect the true level of resources devoted to the
During the 2008–12 period, 19% of FIP funding will People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
go towards research-and-development programmes According to the 2006 White Paper on China’s
a
To be treated with some caution. The IISS hopes to conduct further studies on military-related R+D.
b
Where appropriate.
c
Includes PPP estimates.
exchange rates. At the 2006 market exchange rate the official state-budget figure of RMB280bn, and
(MER) – RMB7.97 to US$1 – China’s GDP measured around 2.36% of GDP. Converted into US dollars
US$2.6tr; however, in the case of developing econo- at the prevailing market exchange rate, this would
mies, it is conventional to use a different method- equal US$62.1bn; if, however, certain elements of the
ology known as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP budget are converted at the World Bank PPP rate, the
rates are a technique used to make the comparison of US-dollar equivalent figure jumps to US$128.1bn, illus-
a range of goods and services between different coun- trating the sensitivity of using different approaches to
tries more meaningful. For example, the World Bank this difficult subject and the caution that should be
calculated that at PPP rates, China’s 2006 GDP was applied to exchange rates in general.
the equivalent of US$10tr, nearly four times greater
than suggested by using the MER. In calculating the Note: Although the use of PPP is a useful tool when
figures in Table 33, The Military Balance uses a combi- comparing macroeconomic data – such as GDP – between
nation of PPP and MER rates which are applied to countries, because there exists no specific PPP rate to
different parts of military expenditure. apply to the military sector; its use for this purpose should
The results of this methodology indicate that total be treated with caution. In addition, there is no definitive
military-related revenue available to the PLA in 2006 guide as to which elements of military spending should be
may have amounted to RMB495.3bn, about 1.7 times calculated using available PPP rates.
East Asia and Australasia 377
Australasia
AMPHIBIOUS 21: 15 LCM-8 (capacity either 1 MBT or 200
reorganise into a structure consisting of Army HQ and troops); 6 LCM-2000 (not yet operational)
three functional commands: HQ 1 Div; Special Operations AIRCRAFT • TPT 3 Beech 350 B300 (on lease)
Command and Forces Command. HELICOPTERS 14 attack helicopters
Land Command ATK 14 AS-665 Tiger (delivery ongoing)
FORCES BY ROLE SPT 44: 6 CH-47D Chinook; 34 S-70 A-9 (S-70A) Black
1 Land HQ, 1 Deployable Joint Force HQ, 1 Logistic Hawk; 4 MRH-90 TTH (NH-90) (ongoing delivery of 40)
Support Force HQ UTL 66: 41 Bell 206B-1 Kiowa (being replaced by Tiger); 20
Mech 1 bde HQ (1st) (1 armd regt, 1 recce regt, UH-1H Iroquois in store (decommissioned)
2 (5th,7th,) mech inf bn 1 med arty regt, 1 UAV 18
cbt engr regt, 1 cbt spt regt, 1 cbt service AD • SAM 48
spt bn) MANPAD 30 RBS-70
Lt Inf 1 bde HQ (3rd) 3 inf bn, 1 IMV sqn RADAR • LAND 21: 7 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor);
(provides 2 coy lift), 1 fd arty regt, 1 cbt 14 RASIT (veh, arty)
engr regt, 1 cbt spt regt, 1 cbt service spt
bn) Training Command 3,160
378 The Military Balance 2009
324mm ASTT each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm, (capacity Naval Systems Comd
2 S-70B Seahawk ASW hel), (SM-2 capability upgrades Navy 1 HQ located at Canberra
in progress)
2 Adelaide (Mod) with 1 Mk 13 GMLS with RGM-84C
Air Force 14,056
Harpoon SSM, SM-2 MR naval SAM, 1 8 cell Mk 41 VLS
Flying hours 175 hrs/year on F/A-18 Hornet FGA; 200
(32 eff.) with up to 32 RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow
hrs/year on F-111 Aardvark bbr ac
naval SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk
MU90 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 S-70B Seahawk FORCES BY ROLE
ASW hel) Air Cmnd coordinates air force operations. HQ Air Cmnd
FF 8 Anzac (Ge MEKO 200) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon is responsible for developing and delivering the capability
quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, to command and control air operations. The air command-
1 8 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) each with up to 32 RIM-162 er controls the activities of six subordinate Force Element
Evolved Sea Sparrow naval SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT Groups – Air Cbt, Air Lift, Aerospace Ops Support, Combat
with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm, (capacity 1 SH-2G Super Support, Surveillance and Response, Air Force Training.
Seasprite ASW hel), (capability upgrades in progress)
Air cbt 1 gp (135 ac and 2,000 personnel) with (1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCO 14
recce/strike wg (2 FGA/recce sqn with F-111C
Armidale each with 1 25mm gun
Aardvark; RF-111 Aardvark (photo recce); (F/A-
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 11
18F Super Hornet to replace F-111 from 2010);
MHC 6 Huon
(1 ftr/tac wg (1 OCU, 3 ftr sqn with F/A-18A
MSC 2 Bandicoot (reserve status)
Hornet/F/A-18B Hornet), 2 LIFT sqn with Hawk
MSD 3
MK127));1 Fwd air cbt dev unit with PC-9/A(F))
AMPHIBIOUS
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPH 2: Surv/ 1 gp with (1 wg (2 sqn, 1 OCU) with AP-3C
2 Kanimbla (capacity either 4 UH-60 Black Hawk utl Response Orion; 1 sqn with Boeing 737-700 ‘Wedgetail’
AEW&C (being delivered); 1 control and
hel or 3 Sea King MK-50A utl hel; 2 LCM; 21 MBT; 450
reporting wg with 4 tactical AD radars; 1 radar
troops)
surv unit with Jindalee Operational Radar
LS • LST 1 Tobruk (capacity 2 Sea King MK-50A utl hel; 2
Network correlation centre at Edinburgh (S.
LCM; 2 LCVP; 40 APC and 18 MBT; 500 troops)
Australia), 2 Jindalee radar sensors at Laverton
LANDING CRAFT 6:
(W.Australia) and Longreach (N. Queensland); 1
LCH 6 Balikpapan (capacity 3 MBT or 13 APC)
Jindalee facility at Alice Springs; 2 AD Command
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 23
& Control Centres at Williamtown (NSW) and
AORH 2: 1 Success; 1 Sirius Tindal (NT))
AOL 4 Warrigal
AE 3 Wattle SAR S-76 (civil contract) at 4 air bases
ASR 3 Airlift 1 gp (2 wg, 5 fg sqns): 1 tkr/tpt sqn with KC-30B
AGHS (SVY) 2 Leeuwin MRTT (being delivered); 1 special purpose/
AGS 4 Paluma VIP tpt sqn with B-737 BBJ; CL-604 Challenger,1
TRG 2: 1 AXL; 1 AXS responsive global airlift sqn with C-17; 1
TRV 3 medium tac tpt sqn with C-130H Hercules/C-
130J Hercules); 1 light tac tpt sqn with DHC-4
Naval Aviation 990 Caribou
East Asia and Australasia 379
Australasia
109/B 2,000lb penetrator
Laser-guided Paveway II/IV ISF (Operation Astute) 750 (reducing to 650 in early 2009);
INS/GPS guided JDAM on order 1 inf bn HQ; 3 inf coy; 1 mech inf pl; 1 arty regt; elms 1
cbt engr regt; 1 hel det with 4 S-70 Black Hawk; 9 M-113; 3
Paramilitary C-130
UN • UNMIT 4 obs
Border Protection Command
Border Protection Command (BPC), has assumed re-
sponsibility for operational coordination and control of
Foreign Forces
both civil and military maritime enforcement activities New Zealand Army: 9 (air navigation) trg
within Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The Singapore Air Force 230: 1 school located at Pearce with
BPC is staffed by military and civilian officials from De- PC-21 trg ac; 1 op trg sqn located at Oakey with 12 AS-332
fence, Customs, the Australian Fisheries Management Super Puma Spt/AS-532 Cougar utl
Authority (AFMA) and the Australian Quarantine In- United States US Pacific Command: Army 27; Navy 24;
spection Service (AQIS). USAF 62; USMC 16; 1 SEWS located at Pine Gap; 1 comms
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10: facility located at NW Cape; 1 SIGINT stn located at Pine
PSOH 1 Triton Gap
380 The Military Balance 2009
Terms of service conscription authorised but not implemented Tpt 1 (VIP (reporting to Council of Ministry)) sqn
since 1993 with 2 An-24RV Coke; 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 1
AS-365 Dauphin 2; 1 sqn with 1 BN-2 Islander; 1
Cessna 421; 2 Y-12
Organisations by Service
Hel 1 sqn with 1 Mi-8P Hip K (VIP); 2 Mi-26 Halo; 13
Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
Army ε75,000
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
6 Military Regions (incl 1 special zone for capital) AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable
Armd 3 bn FTR 14 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N†
Recce some indep bn TPT 6: 2 An-24RV Coke; 1 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 421; 2
Y-12
Inf 22 div (established str 3,500; actual str
UTL 5 P-92 Echo (pilot trg/recce)
<1,500); 3 indep bde; 9 indep regt
TRG 10: 5 L-39 Albatros* (lead-in trg); 5 MiG-21UM
AB/SF 1 regt
Mongol B*†
Arty some bn
HELICOPTERS • SPT 18: 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 2 Mi-26 Halo;
Protection 1 bde (4 bn) 13 MI-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; 1 Mi-8P Hip (VIP); 1
Engr construction 1 regt AS-365 Dauphin 2
Fd engr 3 regt
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Australasia
PB 7: 4 (PRC 42m); 3 (PRC 20m) Growth % 11.9 9.7
Australasia
APC (T) 2,600: 2,300 Type-63-II/Type-63-I/Type-63A/ Logistic/Spt 7 bde
Type-63C; 300 Type-89-I
APC (W) 900+: 200 Type-77-II; 600+ Type-92; 100 Navy ε215,000; 40,000 conscript (total 255,000)
WZ-523
ARTY 17,700+ The PLA Navy organises and commands maritime
SP 1,200: 122mm 700: ε200 Type-70-I; ε500 Type-89; operations conducted independently by its troops or
152mm ε500 Type-83 in support of maritime operations. The PLA Navy is
TOWED 14,000: 13,850 100mm Type-59 (M-1944)/122mm organised into five service arms: submarine, surface, naval
Type-54-1 (M-30) M-1938/Type-83/Type-60 (D-74)/130mm aviation, coastal defence and marine corps, as well as other
Type-59 (M-46)/Type-59-I/152mm Type-54 (D-1)/Type-66 specialised units. There are three Fleets, the Beihai Fleet
(D-20); 155mm 150 Type 88 WAC-21 (North Sea), Donghai Fleet (East Sea) and Nanhai Fleet
GUN/MOR 120mm 100 2S23 NONA-SVK (South Sea).
MRL 2,400+ SUBMARINES 62
SP 122mm Type-89/130mm Type-70 STRATEGIC • SSBN 3:
TOWED 122mm Type-81/130mm Type-82 /273mm 1 Xia equiped with 12 JL-1 (CSS-N-3) strategic SLBM
Type-83/320mm Type-96 (WS-1) 2 Jin equiped with up to 12 JL-2 (CSS-NX-4) strategic
384 The Military Balance 2009
SLBM (full operational status unkown; 3rd and 4th (24 eff.), 1 twin 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 2 Z-9C (AS-
vessels in build) 565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
TACTICAL 62 FRIGATES • FFG 50:
SSN 6: 11 Jianghu Type I each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with 1 SY-1
4 Han (Type 091) each with YJ-82 SSM, 6 single (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.), 2 100mm
533mm TT 9 Jianghu Type II each with 1 triple (3 eff.) with SY-1
2 Shang (Type 093), 6 single 533mm TT (full (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin
operational status unknown, 3rd vessel in build) 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
SSG 1 mod Romeo (Type SSG) with 6 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) ASW/ASUW hel)
Sardine SSM, 8 single 533mm TT (test platform) 3 Jianghu Type III each with 8 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine
SSK 54: SSM, 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.), 2 twin 100mm (4 eff.)
12 Kilo each with SS-N-27 Club ASCM; 6 single 1 Jianghu Type IV with 1 triple (3 eff.) with 1 SY-1
533mm TT with up to 18 Test-71/96 HWT (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.), 1
19 Ming (Imp, type ES5E) each with 8 single 533mm 100mm, 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel
TT 6 Jianghu Type V each with 1 triple (3 eff.) with SY-1
8 Romeo† (Type ES3B) each with 8 533mm TT (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin
13 Song each with YJ-82 (CSS-N-8) Saccade ASCM, 6 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
single 533mm TT ASW/ASUW hel)
2 Yuan each with 6 533mm TT (undergoing sea trials, 4 Jiangwei I each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with 1 YJ-8
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:36 23 March 2009
expected ISD 2010) SSM, 1 sextuple (6 eff.) with 1 HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) SAM,
SS 1 Golf (SLBM trials) 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 2
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 78 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
DESTROYERS • DDG 28: 10 Jiangwei II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-83
4 Hangzhou (RF Sovremenny) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 1 HQ-7 SAM, 2 RBU 1200
each with SS-N-22 Sunburn SSM, 2 SA-N-7 Grizzly (10 eff.), 2 100mm, (capacity 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 2 RBU 1000 Smerch ASW/ASUW hel)
3, 2 twin 130mm (4 eff.), (capacity either 1 Z-9C (AS- 2 Jiangkai each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-83 SSM,
565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel or 1 Ka-28 Helix A 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 1 HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT
ASW hel) (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1
2 Luzhou each with 2 quad (8 eff.) YJ-83 (C-803) SSM; 100mm, (capacity either 1 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel or 1
SA-N-20 Grumble SAM Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
2 Luyang each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with YJ-83 4 Jiangkai II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-83
SSM, 2 x24 (48 eff.) each with 48 SA-N-7 Grizzly SAM, 2 SSM, 1 VLS (32 eff.) with HQ-16 SAM (reported), 2 triple
triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 1 100mm, 324mm TT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 2 RBU 1200 (10
(capacity 1 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1 Ka-28 Helix A ASW
2 Luyang II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-62 hel or 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
SSM, 8 sextuple VLS (48 eff.) with total of 48 HHQ-9 SP PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 247
SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 1 PFM 77:
100mm, (capacity 2 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) 16 Houxin each with 4 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM
10 Luda Type-051 each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 7 Houjian each with 6 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM
eff.), 2 FQF 2500 (24 eff.), 2 twin 130mm (4 eff.) 14 Huangfeng/Hola (FSU Osa I-Type) each with ε 4 SY-1
3 Luda mod Type-051DT each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM
with YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 40 Houbei each with 4 YJ-82 (CSS-N-8) Saccade SSM
HQ-7 Crotale SAM, 2 FQF 2500 (24 eff.), 2 twin 130mm PFC 93 Hainan each with ε4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
(4 eff.), mines (capability) PCC 27:
1 Luda II each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 2 triple 2 Haijui each with 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
(6 eff.) each with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm SSM, 1 twin 25 Haiqing each with 2 type-87 (12 eff.)
130mm (2 eff.), (mine-laying capability), (capacity 2 PCI 50: 15 Haizui less than 100 tonnes; 35 Shanghai II less
Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel) than 100 tonnes
1 Luda III with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) MINE WARFARE 69
Silkworm SSM / YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM, 4 twin (8 MINE COUNTERMEASURES 68
eff.) each with 2 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM, 2 triple MCMV 4 Wochi
324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 2 twin 130mm (4 eff.) MSO 14 T-43
1 Luhai with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with YJ-83 SSM, 1 MSC 4 Wosao
octuple (8 eff.) with 8 HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple 324mm MSD • MSD INSHORE 46: 4 Futi Class (Type 312);
ASTT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 1 twin 100mm (2 42 in reserve
eff.), (capacity either 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ MINELAYERS • ML 1 Wolei
ASUW hel or 2 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) AMPHIBIOUS
2 Luhu (Type 052A) each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 1 Yuzhao
YJ-83 SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple (Type 071), (capacity 4 ACV plus supporting vehicles;
324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 2 FQF 2500 500 – 800 troops; 2 hel)
East Asia and Australasia 385
AOT 50: 7 Danlin; 20 Fulin; 2 Shengli; 3 Jinyou; 18 Fuzhou Marine inf 2 bde (each: 1 inf bn, 1 AD bn, 1 (armd) mech
AO L 5 Guangzhou inf bn, 2 amph recce bn, 2 arty bn, 2 tk bn)
AS 8: 1 Dazhi; 5 Dalang; 2 Dazhou
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ASR 1 Dajiang with 2 SA-321 Super Frelon
LT TK 150 Type-63A
ARS 2: 1 Dadong; 1 Dadao
APC (T) 60 Type-63
AG 6: 4 Qiongsha (capacity 400 troops); 2 Qiongsha
APC (W) Type-92
(hospital conversion)
ARTY • TOWED 122mm Type-83
AK 23: 2 Yantai; 2 Dayun; 6 Danlin; 7 Dandao; 6 Hongqi
MRL 107mm Type-63
AWT 18: 10 Leizhou; 8 Fuzhou
AT • MSL • MANPATS HJ-73; HJ-8
AGOR 5: 1 Dahua; 2 Kan; 1 Bin Hai; 1 Shuguang
AD • SAM • MANPAD HN-5 Hong Nu/Red Cherry
AGI 1 Dadie
AGM 5 (space and missile tracking) North Sea Fleet
AGS 6: 5 Yenlai; 1 Ganzhu Coastal defence from DPRK border (Yalu River) to south
AGB 4: 1 Yanbing; 3 Yanha of Lianyungang (approx 35°10´N); equates to Shenyang,
ABU 7 Yannan Beijing and Jinan MR, and to seaward; 9 coastal defence
ATF 51: 4 Tuzhong; 10 Hujiu; 1 Daozha; 17 Gromovoy; 19 districts
Roslavl
FORCES BY ROLE
TRG 2: 1 Shichang; 1 Daxin
Navy 1 HQ located at Qingdao
YDG 5 Yen Pai
FACILITIES
Naval Aviation 26,000 Support bases Located at Lushun
FORCES BY ROLE
Bbr 2 regt with H-6D/H6M, 1 regt with East Sea Fleet
H-6D/H-5 Coastal defence from south of Lianyungang to Dongshan
(approx 35°10´N to 23°30´N); equates to Nanjing Military
East Asia and
Ftr 1 regt with SU-30MK2, 1 regt with J-7E, 2
Australasia
regt J-8I/J-8F, 1 regt with 24 J-7II Region, and to seaward; 7 coastal defence districts
FGA 3 regt with JH-7A, 1 regt with JH-7A/Q-5C FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 HQ located at Dongqian Lake (Ninsbo)
ELINT/ 1 regt with SH-5, 1 regt with Y-8J/Y-8JB
Recce FACILITIES
Tpt 2 regt with Y-8/Y-7 Bases Located at Fujian, Zhousnan, Dongqian Lake
Trg 1 regt with HY-7/K-8; 1 regt with HY-7/ (Ninsbo)
HJ-5; 1 regt with CJ-6; 1 regt with JJ-6/JJ-7
South Sea Fleet
AIRCRAFT 290 combat capable Coastal defence from Dongshan (approx 23°30´N) to
BBR 50: 20 H-5,F-5,F-5B (Il-28) Beagle (torpedo-carrying Vn border; equates to Guangzhou MR, and to seaward
lt bbr - mostly retired); 30 H-6D (including Paracel and Spratly Islands)
FTR 84: 48 J-8I/J-8F/J-8B/J-8D Finback; 36 J-7 (MiG-21F)
FORCES BY ROLE
Fishbed C (being retired)
FGA 138: 84 JH-7; 30 Q-5 Fantan; 24 Su-30Mk2 Flanker; Navy 1 comd HQ located at Guangzhou
(J-6 has been retired) FACILITIES
ASW 4 PS-5 (SH-5) Bases Located at Yulin, Guangzhou, Zuanjiang
386 The Military Balance 2009
Air Force 300,000-330,000 110th Regt with J-7E, 111th Regt with J-7G; 5th Air Acad-
The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is organised into four service emy (Gangsu, Wuwei) incl 3 Regts with CJ-6, JJ-5; 8th Air
branches: aviation, SAM, AAA and airborne. It also has Academy (Xinjiang, Shuquan) incl 3 Regts with C6, JJ-5;
comms, radar, ECM, chemical defence, tech recce and other PLAAF Msl Testing Regt (Gansu, Dinxi) with JJ-6, J-7B;
specialised units. The PLAAF organises and commands air Air Defence: 6th SAM bde (Gangu, Lanzhou) with HQ2,
and AD operations throughout China, as well as airborne AAA, 6th SAM Regt (Xinjiang) with HQ2E, 41st Radar
operations. The PLAAF organises its command through Regt (Xinjiang, Hetian)
seven military region air forces (MRAF) – Beijing, Shenyang,
Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu - and
Centre - Jinan MRAF
13 div-level command posts. Within a MRAF are aviation 1 air div (5th atk) (Shangdong, Weifang) incl 13th Regt
divisions, ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades and with Q-5E; 14th Regt with JH-7A; 1 air div (12th ftr)
regiments), anti-aircraft artillery brigades (regiments), (Shangdong, Jinan) incl 34th Regt with J-8B, 35th Regt
radar brigades (regiments) and other support troops. with J-8B, 36th Regt with J-76; 1 air div (19th ftr) (Henan,
29 air div (incl up to 4 regt, each with 10–15 ac, 1 maint Zhengzhou) incl 55th Regt with J-11, 56th Regt with
unit, some tpt and trg ac) are distributed between the J-11, 57th Regt with J-7E; 1st Recce Regt (Shangdong,
military regions as follows: Wendeng) with JZ-6
B-747, CRJ200, Y8, Y7, An-30; 100th; 101st; 102nd Regt; Air 9th Regt with Su-30MKK; 1 air div (10th bbr) incl 28th Regt
Force Flight Test Regiment (Anqing) with H-6E, 29th Regt (Nanjing) with H-6E, 30th
Regt (Nanjing) with Y-8D; 1 air div (14th ftr) (Jiangxi,
North - Beijing MRAF Nangchang, Xiangtang) incl 40th Regt (Nangchang, Xi-
1 air div (7th ftr) incl 19th Regt (Zhangjiakou) with J-11, angtang) with J-11A, 41st Regt (Jiojiang) with J-7H; 1
21st Regt (Zhangjiakou) with J-7B; 1 air div (15th ftr/atk) air div (26th Special Mission) (Wuxi, Jiangsu, Suzhou,
incl 43rd Regt (Hairen) with J-7C, 44th Regt ( Lingqiu) Guangfu) incl 1 regt with KJ-2000, 1 regt (recce) with JZ-
with Q-5, 45th Regt- J-7D; 1 air div (24th ftr) incl 70th Regt 8F; 1 air div (28th atk) (Zhejiang, Hangzhou ) incl 82nd Regt
(Yangkun, Tianjin) with J-8A/E, 71st Regt (Zunhua) with with J8-7A, 83rd Regt with Q-5D, 84th Regt with Q-5D; 1
J-8, 72nd Regt (Yangkun) with J-8; Flight Test & Training air div (29th ftr) (Zhejiang, Quzhou) incl 85th Regt with
Centre (Hebei, Cangzhou) incl 4 Regt with Su-30, Su- Su-30MKK, 86th Regt with J-7C, 87th Regt with J-8B/D;
27/J-11, J-8C, J-10, J-7E, JJ-7; MRAF Training Base (He- MRAF Trg Base; 3rd Recce regt with JZ-6; 13th Air Acad-
bei, Tangshan) with J-7B, JJ-7; 4th Air Academy (Hebei, emy (Anhui, Bingbu) with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6; Air Defence:
Shijiazhuang/Baoding) incl 4 regts with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6; 4 SAM Bde (2nd, Fujian, Xianyou with S300, HQ9), (3rd,
6th Air Academy (Hebei, Zhuzhou) incl 3 Regt with JJ-5, Shanghai with HQ7, HQ2), (4th Jiangsu, Nanjing with
CJ-6; Air Defence: 3 SAM div (5th, Beijing, with S300, HQ9, HQ7), (8th, Shanghai with HQ9)
HQ9, HQ2), (6th Beijing, with HQ7, HQ2), (7th, Tianjin,
with HQ2, AAA); 1 SAM Regt (7th, Guangxi, Liaoning, South - Guangzhou MRAF
with HQ2); Indep AAA regt at Guangdong, Huangpu 1 air div (2nd ftr) (Guangdong, Zhanjiang Suxi) incl 4th
Regt (Liuzhou) with J-7B, 5th Regt (Qifengling) with J-10,
Northeast - Shenyang MRAF 6th Regt (Zhangjiang Suxi) with J-11; 1 air div (8th bbr/
1 air div (1st ftr) incl 1st regt (Anshan) with J-11/J-11B, tkr) (Hunan, Leiyang) incl 22nd Regt with H-6E, 23rd Regt
2nd Regt with J-8F, 3rd Regt (Anshan) with J-8A; 1 air div with H-6U; 1 air div (9th ftr) (Guangdong, Shaoguan)
(11th atk) (Jilin, Siping) incl 31st Regt with Q-5D, 33rd Regt incl 25th Regt with J-8B, 26th Regt with J-8D, 27th Regt
with Q-5D; 1 air div (21st ftr) incl 61st Regt (Heilongjiang, with J-7B; 1 air div (13th airlift) (Wuhan, Wangjiadun)
Mudanjiang) with J-8H, 62nd Regt (Qiqihar) with J-7, 63rd incl 37th Regt (Henan, Kaifeng) with IL-76MD, 38th Regt
Regt (Mudanjian) with J-8B; 1 air div (30th ftr) incl civ/ (Wuhan, Wangjiadun) with An-26/Y-8, 39th Regt (Hubei,
PLAAF base (Liaoning, Dalian), 88th Regt with J-8A/E, Dunyang) with IL-76MD; 1 air div (18th ftr) (Hunan,
89th Regt with J-8F, 90th Regt with J-7E; 4th Recce Regt Changsha) incl 52nd Regt (Wuhan, Shangpo) with J-7B,
(Yuhong chang) with JZ-8; MRAF Training Bases: 1st Air 54th Regt (Changsha, Datuopu) with Su-30MKK; 1 air
Academy (Heilongjiang, Harbin) incl 2 Regts with H-5, div (42nd ftr) (Guangxi, Nanning) incl 124th Regt (Baice-
HJ-5, An-30, An-26, CJ-6, 3rd Air Academy (Liaoning, tianyang) with J-7B, 125th Regt (Nanning) with J-7H, 2nd
Jinzhou) incl 2 Regts with JJ-5, CJ-6, 7th Air Academy Indep Recce Regt (Jiangxi, Taihe) with JZ-6; Air Defence:
(Jilin) incl 3 Regts with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6 4 SAM Bde (9th, Hunan, Huaibei with HQ2, AAA), (10th,
Guangdong, Guangzhou with HQ2), (11th, Guangdong
West - Lanzhou MRAF with HQ7, AAA), (7th, Guangxi, Nanning with HQ2), In-
1 air div (6th ftr) incl 16th Regt (Ningxia, Yinchuan) with dep AAA Regt (Guangdong, Huangpu) with AAA
J-11, 18th Regt (Yinchaun) with J-7E, 139th Regt (Tianshui
with J-7; 1 air div (36th bbr) (Shangxi, Wugong/Lintong) Southwest - Chengdu MRAF
incl 106th Recce/bbr Regt with Y8H-1 Aerial Surv Regt; 1 air div (4th airlift) (Chengdu, Qionglai) with An-26/
107th Regt with H-6E, 108th Regt with H-6A; 1 air div Mi-17 hel; 1 air div (33rd ftr) (Chongqing, Baishiyi) incl
(37th ftr) (Xinjinag, Urumqi) incl 109th Regt with J-8H, 97th Regt with J-7E, 98th Regt with J-7B, 99th Regt with
East Asia and Australasia 387
J-11; 1 air div (44th ftr) (Yunnan, Kunming) incl 130th Regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
with J-7B, 131st Regt with J-7B, 132nd Regt with J-10; 2nd AIRCRAFT 1,653 combat capable
BBR up to 82 H-6/H-6E/H-6F/H-6H
Air Academy (Sichuan, Jiajiang) with H-5, HJ-5, CJ-6
FTR 1,136+: 24 J-7 Fishbed; 192 J-7B Fishbed; 48 J-7H
Flying hours Ftr, ground attack and bbr pilots average Fishbed; 48 J-7C Fishbed; 144 J-7E Fishbed; 48 J-7G Fishbed;
100-150 hrs/yr. Tpt pilots average 200+ 32 J-8 Finback; 68 J-8A Finback; 132 J-8B Finback; 60 J-8D
per year. Each rgt has two quotas to meet Finback; 20 J-8E Finback; 48 J-8F Finback; 72 J-8H Finback;
during the year – a total number of hours, 84+ J-10; 116 J-11 (Su-27SK) Flanker;
and the percentage of flt time dedicated to FGA 283: 73 Su-30MKK Flanker; 18+ J-11B Flanker; 72
tactics trg. JH-7/JH-7A; 120 Q-5/Q-5D/Q-5E Fantan
RECCE 120: 72 JZ-6 (MiG-19R)*; 24 JZ-8 Finback*; 24 JZ-
FORCES BY ROLE
8F Finback*
Bbr 4 regt with H-6E/H-6F/H-6H (of which
AEW 4+: 4 KJ-2000; some KJ-200
some with YJ-63 cruise missile); 1 (nuclear
EW 9 Y-8D
ready) regt with H-6 (Tu-16) Badger
TKR 18: 10 HY-6; 8 IL-78M on order
Ftr 1 regt with J-7 Fishbed; 8 regt with J-7B TPT 296: 15 B-737-200 (VIP); 5 CL-601 Challenger; 2 Il-18
Fishbed; 2 regt with J-7H Fishbed;2 regt Coot; 18 Il-76MD Candid B (30 on order); 17 Tu-154M
with J-7C Fishbed; 6 regt with J-7E Fishbed; Careless; some Y-8; 20 Y-11; 8 Y-12; 170 Y-5 (An-2) Colt; 41
2 regt with J-7G Fishbed; 1 regt with J-8 Y-7 (An-24) Coke/Y-7H (An-26) Curl
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Western Sahara
UN • MINURSO 13 obs EGYPT
MFO 338; 3 inf coy
AD 7 bn FRIGATES 8
FFG 7:
Special Forces Command (KOPASSUS) 6 Ahmad Yani each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8
ε5,000 eff.) each with RGM-84A Harpoon tactical SSM, 2
SF 3 gp (total: 2 cdo/para unit, 1 counter-terrorist unit SIMBAD twin manual each with Mistral SAM, 2
(Unit 81), 1 trg unit, 1 (int) SF unit) triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1
76mm gun, (capacity either 1 HAS-1 Wasp ASW hel
Strategic Reserve Command (KOSTRAD) or 1 NBo-105 (Bo-105) utl hel)
40,000 1 Hajar Dewantara (trg) with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
Comd 2 div HQ MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm ASTT
Armd 2 bn each with SUT HWT, (capacity 1 NBo-105 (Bo-105)
Inf 3 bde (9 bn); 1 indep (3rd) bde utl hel)
AB 2 bde FF 1 Samadikun † each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6
Fd Arty 2 regt (6 bn) eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
AD 1 regt (2 bn) CORVETTES • FS 21:
Engr 2 bn 16 Kapitan Patimura† each with 4 x1 400mm ASTT,
Twin each with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 (24 eff.), 1 57mm gun
LT TK 350: 275 AMX-13 (to be upgraded); 15 PT-76; 60
3 Fatahillah each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with MM-38
Scorpion 90
Exocet tactical SSM, 2 B515 ILAS-3/triple 324mm ASTT
RECCE 142: 55 Ferret (13 upgraded); 69 Saladin (16
(2-6 eff.) (not on Nala) with 12 A244/Mk 46, 1 2 tube
upgraded); 18 VBL
Bofors 375mm (2 eff.), 1 120mm gun
AIFV 11 BMP-2
2 Sigma each with 2 Tetral quad (8eff.) Mistral SAM,
APC 356
each with 4 MM-40 Exocet Block II tactical SSM, 2 triple
APC (T) 115: 75 AMX-VCI; 40 FV4333 Stormer
324mm ASTT (6eff.), 1 76mm gun; (2 additional vessels
East Asia and
APC (W) 241: 80 BTR-40; 34 BTR-50PK; 22 Commando
Australasia
Ranger; 45 FV603 Saracen (14 upgraded); 60 LAV-150 in build)
Commando PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41
ARTY 1,010 PFM 4 Mandau each with 4 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM
TOWED 135: 105mm 130: 120 M-101; 10 M-56; 155mm PCT 4 Singa each with 2 single 533mm TT (capability
5 FH-2000 upgrade programme in progress)
MOR 875: 81mm 800; 120mm 75 Brandt PCO 8: 4 Kakap; 4 Todak
AT • RCL 135: 106mm 45 M-40A1; 90mm 90 M-67 PCC 21:
RL 89mm 700 LRAC 13 Kobra KAL-35 each with 2 20mm gun
AIRCRAFT • TPT 11: 3 DHC-5 Buffalo; 6 NC-212 (CASA 8 Sibarau
212) Aviocar; 2 Rockwell Turbo Commander 680 PC 4
HELICOPTERS MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 11
ATK 6 Mi-35P Hind MCC 2 Pulau Rengat
SPT 16 Mi-17 Hip MSC 9 Palau Rote†
UTL 37: 8 Bell 205A; 12 NB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey; 17 AMPHIBIOUS
NBo-105 (Bo-105) PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 3: 1 Dr
TRG 12 Hughes 300C Soeharso (Ex-Tanjung Dalpele; capacity 2 LCU/LCVP;
390 The Military Balance 2009
Marine Police
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 85 Japan J
PSOH 2 Bisma
Japanese Yen ¥ 2007 2008 2009
PCC 14 Bango
PC 37 GDP ¥ 515tr 524tr
PBI 32 US$ 4.41tr 5.18tr
per capita US$ 34,581 40,759
Police ε280,000 (including 14,000 police
Growth % 2.1 0.7
‘mobile bde’ (BRIMOB) org in 56 coy, incl CT
unit (Gegana)) Inflation % 0.1 0.9
APC (W) 34 Tactica Def bdgt ¥ 4.80tr 4.77tr
AIRCRAFT • TPT 5: 2 Beech 18; 2 NC-212 (CASA 212) US$ 41.0bn 47.3bn
Aviocar; 1 Rockwell Turbo Commander 680 US$1=¥ 117 101
HELICOPTERS • UTL 22: 3 Bell 206 JetRanger; 19
NBO-105 (BO-105) Population 127,288,419
Ethnic groups: Korean <1%
KPLP (Coast and Seaward Defence
Command) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Responsible to Military Sea Communications Agency Male 7% 3% 3% 3% 24% 8%
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SP 210: 155mm 130: 80 Type-75; 50 Type-99; 203mm 80 2 Hatakaze each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
M-110A2 each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 13
TOWED 155mm 420 FH-70 GMLS with 40 SM-1 MR SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT
MRL 227mm 100 MLRS (6 eff.), 2 127mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
MOR 1,150 11 Hatsuyuki each with 1 Mk 112 octuple (8 eff.) with
SP 120mm 20 tactical ASROC, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each
TOWED 1,130: 81mm 670; 107mm 50; 120mm 410 with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1+ Mk 29 Sea
AT Sparrow octuple with 16 RIM-7F/M Sea Sparrow SAM,
MSL • MANPATS 630: 190 Type-79 Jyu-MAT; 440 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm
Type-87 Chu-MAT gun, (capacity 1 SH-60J/K Seahawk ASW hel)
RCL 2,740: SP 106mm 30 Type-60; 84mm 2,710 Carl 4 Kongou (with hel deck) Aegis Baseline 4/5 each with
Gustav 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C
RL 230 89mm Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 29 cell Mk 41 VLS (29 eff.)
AIRCRAFT with SM-2 MR SAM, tactical ASROC, 1 61 cell Mk 41
UTL 10 LR-1 (MU-2) / LR-2 (Beech 350) Super King Air VLS (61 eff.) with SM-2 MR SAM, tactical ASROC, 2
HELICOPTERS triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 1 127mm gun
ATK 80: 10 AH-64D Apache; 70 AH-1S Cobra ; 100 OH-1; 9 Murasame each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with
20 OH-60 (MD-500); tactical SSM-1B, 1 16 cells Mk 41 VLS with up to 16
SPT 53: 3 EC-225LP (VIP); 50 CH-47J (CH-47D) Chinook/ tactical ASROC, 1 16 cell Mk 48 VLS with RIM-7M
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FACILITIES
Radar stn 28 (ac control and warning) Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of DPRK
Paramilitary 12,250
North Korean Won 2007* 2008 * 2009
Coast Guard GDP US$
Ministry of Transport, no cbt role
per capita US$
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 348
PSOH 24: 1 Izu; 1 Kojima (trg); 2 Mizuho; 1 Shikishima; Def bdgt won
10 Soya; 1 Miura; 1 Nojima; 7 Ojika US$
PSO 60: 22 Shiretoko; 3 Aso; 14 Teshio; 2 Takatori; 15 US$1=won
Bihoro; 4 Amani * definitive economic data not available
PCO 3 Tokara
PFC 27 PS-Type Population 23,479,089
PCC 60 PC-Type
PCI 174: 170 CL-Type; 4 FM-Type Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 74: 4 ABU; 13 AGHS; 54 Male 12% 4% 4% 3% 22% 3%
small tenders; 3 Trg Female 12% 4% 4% 3% 23% 5%
AIRCRAFT
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AMPHIBIOUS
SP AT-3 9K11 Sagger LSM 10 Hantae (capacity 3 tanks; 350 troops)
MANPATS AT-1 Snapper; AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 CRAFT 251:
9K113 Spandrel LCPL 96 Nampo (capacity 35 troops)
RCL 82mm 1,700 B-10 LCM 25
AD • SAM • MANPAD ε10,000+ SA-16 Gimlet/SA-7 Grail LCVP 130 (capacity 50 troops)
GUNS 11,000 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 23:
SP 14.5mm M-1984; 23mm M-1992; 37mm M-1992; AS 8 (converted cargo ships); ASR 1 Kowan; AGI 14
57mm M-1985 (converted fishing vessels)
TOWED 11,000: 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 23mm
FACILITIES
ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60; 85mm M-1939
Bases Located at Tasa-ri, Koampo, Chodo-ri, Sagon-ni,
KS-12; 100mm KS-19
Pipa Got, Nampo (West Coast); Puam-Dong, Toejo
MSL • SSM 64+: 24 FROG-3/FROG-5/FROG-7; ε10 No-
Dong, Chaho Nodongjagu, Mayang-do, Mugye-po,
dong (ε90+ msl); 30+ Scud-B/Scud-C (ε200+ msl)
Najin, Songjon-pardo, Changjon, Munchon (East
Coast)
Navy ε46,000
FORCES BY ROLE Coastal Defence
Navy 2 (Fleet) HQ located at Tasa-ri; 1 HQ located at FORCES BY ROLE
Nampo; 1 HQ located at Toejo Dong
SSM 2 regt (Silkworm in 6 sites, and probably some
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE mobile launchers)
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 63
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SSK 22 PRC Type-031/FSU Romeo† each with 8 single
ARTY • TOWED 122mm M-1931/37; 152mm M-1937
533mm TT with 14 SAET-60 HWT
COASTAL 130mm M-1992; SM-4-1
SSC 21 Sang-O† each with 2 single 533mm TT each with
Russian 53–65 ASW
East Asia and
Air Force 110,000
Australasia
SSI 20†
4 air divs. 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Divs (cbt) responsible for
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
N, E and S air defence sectors respectively. 8th Air Div
FRIGATES • FF 3:
(trg) responsible for NE sector. 33 regts (11 ftr/fga, 2 bbr,
2 Najin each with 2 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical
7 hel, 7 pt, 6 trg) plus 3 indep air bns (recce/EW, test and
SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 2 100mm sun
evaluation, naval spt). The AF controls the national airline.
1 Soho with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical SSM,
Approx 70 full time/contingency air bases.
2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
Flying hours 20 hrs/year on ac
platform (for med hel)
CORVETTES • FS 5: FORCES BY ROLE
4 Sariwon each with 1 85mm gun Bbr 3 (lt) regt with H-5 (Il-28) Beagle
1 Tral each with 1 85mm gun Ftr/FGA 1 regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum; 1 regt with Su-7
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 335+ Fitter; 6 regt with J-5 (MiG-17F) Fresco C; 5 regt
PTG 16: with J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; 4 regt with J-6
6 Sohung (MiG-19S) Farmer B; 1 regt with MiG-23 Flog-
10 Soju each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical ger ML/P; 1 regt with Su-25 Frogfoot; 1 regt with
SSM F-7B Airguard
396 The Military Balance 2009
UTL 337: 12 BO-105; 130 Hughes 500D; 45 MD-500; 20 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 76mm gun
UH-1H Iroquois; 130 UH-60P Black Hawk CORVETTES • FS 28:
AD • SAM 1,138+ 4 Dong Hae each with 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with
SP Chun Ma Pegasus Mk 46 LWT
TOWED 158 I-HAWK MIM-23B; 48 Patriot being 24 Po Hang each with 2 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM
delivered (fitted on some vessels), 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with
STATIC 200 MIM-14 Nike Hercules Mk 46 LWT
MANPAD 780+: 60 FIM-43 Redeye; ε200 FIM-92A PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS ε75
Stinger; 350 Javelin; 170 Mistral; SA-16 Gimlet PFM 1 Yoon Young Ha each with Hae Song (Sea Star)
GUNS 330+ tactical SSM (reported) 1 76mm gun (additional vessels
SP 170: 20mm ε150 KIFV Vulcan SPAAG; 30mm 20 in build)
BIHO Flying Tiger PFI 75 Sea Dolphin
TOWED 160: 20mm 60 M-167 Vulcan; 35mm 20 MINE WARFARE 10
GDF-003; 40mm 80 L/60/L/70; M1 MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); AN/ MHC 6 Kan Kyeong
TPQ-37 Firefinder (arty); RASIT (veh, arty) MSC 3 Yang Yang
MSL • SSM 12 NHK-I/-II Hyonmu MINELAYERS • ML 1 Won San
AMPHIBIOUS
Reserves PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 1 Dodko
1 army HQ (capacity 2 LCVP; 10 tanks; 700 troops)
Inf 23 div LS 11
LST 8: 4 Alligator (capacity 20 tanks; 300 troops); 4 Un
Navy 24,000; ε19,000 conscript (total 68,000; Bong (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)
incl marines) ACV 3 Tsaplya (capacity 1 MBT; 130 troops)
CRAFT 36: 6 LCT; 20 LCVP; 10 LCM
East Asia and
Australasia
FORCES BY ROLE
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 24
Naval HQ (CNOROK) located at Gyeryongdae, with an AORH 3 Chun Jee
Operational Cmd HQ (CINCROKFLT) located Jinhae with ARS 1
3 Separate Fleet Elements; 1st Fleet Donghae (East Sea – Sea AG 1 Sunjin (trials spt)
of Japan); 2nd Fleet Pyeongtaek (West Sea – Yellow Sea); 3rd ATS 2
Fleet Busan (South Sea – Korea Strait); additional 3 Flotillas AGOR 17 (civil manned, funded by the Min. of
(incl SF, mine warfare, amphibious and spt elements) and 1 Transport)
Naval Air Wing (3 gp plus Spt gp)
FACILITIES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bases Located at Pusan, Mukho, Cheju, Pohang, Mokpo,
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 12 Jinhae (Fleet HQ and 3rd Fleet), Donghae (1st
SSK 10: Fleet), Pyongtaek (2nd Fleet)
9 Chang Bogo each with 8 single 533mm TT each with
SUT HWT Naval Aviation
2 Son Won-ill (AIP fitted) each with 8 single 533mm TT AIRCRAFT 8 combat capable
each with SUT HWT (additional vessel in build) MP ASW 8 P-3C Orion*
SSI 2 KSS-1 Dolgorae each with 2 single 406mm TT UTL 5 F406 Caravan II
398 The Military Balance 2009
Australasia
APC (W) 50: 30 BTR-40/BTR-60; 20 BTR-152 3.43 3.53
ARTY 62+ Excluding extra-budgetary funding
a
Army Marine Section ε600 RESERVE 51,600 (Army 50,000, Navy 1,000 Air
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 52+: Force 600) Paramilitary 244,700
400 The Military Balance 2009
modified for aerial survey); 1 (VIP) sqn with PSO 2 Musytari each with 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
B-737-700 BBJ; 1 Airbus A319CT; BD700 Global platform
Express; F-28 Fellowship; Falcon 900; S-61N; PCC 18: 14 Kris; 4 Sabah
S-70A Black Hawk; A-109; 1 sqn with CN-235 PC 5
Trg 1 trg school with MB-339A/C; MD3-160; PC-7/ PBF 14
PC-7 MK II Turbo Trainer; SA-316 Alouette III TRG 1
Hel 4 (tpt/SAR) sqn with S-61A-4 Nuri; S-61N; HELICOPTERS
S-70A Black Hawk MP/SAR 3 Dauphin AS-365
SAM 1 sqn with Starburst
Marine Police 2,100
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 80 combat capable
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 150
FTR 29: 13 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II; 16 MiG-29N Fulcrum PFI 30: 9 Imp PX; 15 Lang Hitam; 6 Sangitan
(to be withdrawn from service) PBI 120
FGA 34: 8 F/A-18D Hornet; 18 Su-30MKM; 8 Hawk LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8: 2 AT; 6 tpt
MK108 FACILITIES
RECCE 2 RF-5E Tigereye Bases Located at Kuala Kemaman, Penang, Tampoi,
MP 4 Beech 200T Sandakan
TKR: 2 KC-130H Hercules
TPT 32: 1 Airbus A319CT; 1 B-737-700 BBJ; 1 BD700 Police Air Unit
Global Express; 4 C-130H Hercules; 8 C-130H-30 Hercules; 6 AIRCRAFT
CN-235 (incl 2 VIP); 9 Cessna 402B (2 modified for aerial TPT 7 PC-6 Turbo-Porter
survey); 1 F-28 Fellowship; 1 Falcon 900 UTL 10: 4 Cessna 206; 6 Cessna 208 Caravan I
HELICOPTERS
TRG 101: 15 Hawk MK208*; 8 MB-339AB; 8 MB-339C; 20
SPT 2 AS-355F Ecureuil II
Australasia
UTL 1 Bell 206L LongRanger
II Turbo Trainer
HELICOPTERS Area Security Units (R) 3,500
ASW 20 S-61A-4 Nuri (Auxillary General Ops Force)
SPT 8: 4 S-61N; 4 S-70A Black Hawk Paramilitary 89 unit
UTL 9: 1 A-109; 8 SA-316 Alouette III
UAV • RECCE • TAC 3 Eagle 150; Aludra Border Scouts (R) 1,200
AD • SAM •MANPAD Starburst in Sabah, Sarawak
MSL
People’s Volunteer Corps 240,000 reservists
ASM AGM-65 Maverick; AGM-84D Harpoon (some 17,500 armed)
AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 RELA
Sidewinder
Customs Service
Paramilitary ε24,600 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 44
PFI 8: 2 Combatboat 90H; 6 Perak
Police-General Ops Force 18,000 MISC BOATS/CRAFT 36 craft
402 The Military Balance 2009
Lebanon AB 1 bn
UN • UNIFIL 370; 1 inf coy Arty 1 regt
Liberia EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNMIL 10 obs MBT 370 T-54/T-55
RECCE 120 BRDM-2
Nepal
AIFV 310 BMP-1
UN • UNMIN 5 obs
APC (W) 150 BTR-60
Philippines ARTY 570
IMT 12 obs TOWED ε300: 122mm D-30/M-30 M-1938; 130mm M-46;
152mm ML-20 M-1937
Sudan
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FORCES BY ROLE
MR 1 sqn with P-3K Orion (being upgraded) Papua New Guinea PNG
Tpt 1 sqn with B-757-200 (upgraded); C-130H Hercules Papua New Guinea
2007 2008 2009
(being upgraded) Kina K
GDP K 14.8bn 16.9bn
Hel 1 sqn with UH-1H Iroquois (to be replaced by
US$ 4.9bn 6.6bn
NH90 in 2009)
per capita US$ 843 1,113
ASW 1 sqn RNZAF/RNZN sqn with 5 SH-2G(NZ) Super
Seasprite Growth % 6.2 5.8
Inflation % 0.9 5.0
Trg Fg Trg Wg with Airtrainer CT-4E; Beech 200 King
Air (leased, to be replaced); Bell 47G trg hel (to be Def bdgt K 105m 101m
replaced by twin-turbine T/LUH aircraft) US$ 34m 39m
be replaced)
HELICOPTERS Capabilities
UTL 14 UH-1H Iroquois (to be replaced by 8 NH90 in
ACTIVE 3,100 (Army 2,500 Air 200 Maritime
2009/10)
Element 400)
ASW 5 SH-2G(NZ)
TRG 5 Bell 47G (to be replaced by 5 twin-turbine A109
T/LUH aircraft) Organisations by Service
MSL • ASM AGM-65B Maverick/AGM-65G Maverick
Army ε2,500
Deployment FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 2 bn
Afghanistan Engr 1 bn
NATO • ISAF 155 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNAMA 1 obs ARTY • MOR 3+: 81mm; 120mm 3
Antarctica
Maritime Element ε400
Operation Antarctica 26
FORCES BY ROLE
Australia Navy 1 HQ located at Port Moresby
Army 9 (air navigation) trg Maritime some sqn located at Lombrun (Manus Island)
with Patrol and Coastal Combatants
Egypt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MFO 26 (trg + tpt)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4:
Iraq PCC 4 Pacific
Australasia
UN • UNAMI 1 obs
LSM 2 Salamaua
Middle East CRAFT 6: 4 (civil manned); 2
UN • UNTSO 7 obs FACILITIES
Serbia Bases Located at Alotau (forward), Kieta (forward),
UN • UNMIK 1 obs Lombrun (Manus Island), Port Moresby
Population 92,681,453
2 Bacolod City (Besson-class) each with 1 hel landing
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus platform (capacity 32 tanks; 150 troops)
Male 18% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
5 Zamboanga del Sur (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)
CRAFT 39: 3 LCU; 6 LCVP; 30 LCM
Female 17% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6: AOL 1; AR 1; AK 1; AWT
2; TPT 1
Capabilities
FACILITIES
ACTIVE 106,000 (Army 66,000 Navy 24,000 Air Bases Located at Sangley Point/Cavite, Zamboanga,
16,000) Paramilitary 40,500 Cebu
9 inf bde incl in mixed active/inactive reserve formations Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon
listed above; 1 op reserve div with additional inf bde;
tactical SSM, 2 octuple (16 eff.) each with 1 Barak SAM, 2
People’s Defence Force Comd (homeland defence) with
triple ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm gun
inf bn 12
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 23:
Mech Inf 6 bn
PCO 11 Fearless each with 2 Sadral sextuple each with
Recce/Lt Armd ε6 bn
Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun
Inf ε56 bn
PBI 12
Cdo ε1 bn
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
Arty ε12 bn MHC 4 Bedok
Engr ε8 bn AMPHIBIOUS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LS • LST 4 Endurance each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
MBT 196: 96 Leopard 2A4; 80–100 Tempest (Centurion) (being Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun with hel deck (capacity 2 hel;
replaced) 4 LCVP; 18 MBT; 350 troops)
LT TK ε350 AMX-13 SM1 LANDING CRAFT 34 LCU
RECCE 22 AMX-10 PAC 90 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2
AIFV 272+: 22 AMX-10P; 250 IFV-25; M-113A1/M-113A2 AS 1 Kendrick
(some with 40mm AGL, some with 25mm gun);
Trg 1
APC 1,280+
APC (T) 1,000+: 250 IFV-40/50; 750+ M-113A1/M-113A2; FACILITIES
ATTC Bronco Bases Located at Changi, Tuas (Jurong)
APC (W) 280: 250 LAV-150 Commando/V-200 Commando;
30 V-100 Commando Air Force 13,500 (incl 3,000 conscript)
ARTY 335
5 Cmds: Air Defence and Operations Cmd (includes Air
SP 155mm 36: ε18 Pegasus (replacing 105mm); ε18
SSPH-1 Primus Operations Control Group, Air Defence Group, and Air
TOWED 107: 105mm 37 LG1; 155mm 70: 18 FH-2000; 52 Surveillance and Control Group); Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
FH-88; (UAV) Cmd; Participation Cmd (includes Helicopter Group
MOR 192+ and Tactical Air Support Group: coordinates airlift, close
SP 90+ 81mm; 120mm 90: 40 on Bronco; 50 on M-113 air support and maritime air surveillance, and also raises,
TOWED 160mm 12 M-58 Tampella trains and sustains RSAF helicopters, divisional ground-
AT • MSL • MANPATS 30+ Milan/Spike MR based air-defence systems and tactical support elements);
RCL 290: 84mm ε200 Carl Gustav; 106mm 90 M-40A1 Air Combat Cmd (includes Fighter Group and Transport
RL 67mm Armbrust; 89mm M-20 Group); Air Power Generation Cmd (controls air base
AD • SAM 75+ support units including Field Defence Sqns).
SP Mistral; RBS-70; SA-18 Grouse (Igla) (on
V-200/M-113) FORCES BY ROLE
MANPAD Mistral/RBS-70/SA-18 Grouse (Igla) FGA/Recce 3 sqn with F-16C/F-16D Fighting Falcon (some
GUNS 30 used for recce with pods). Also F-16D+ with
SP 20mm GAI-C01 conformal fuel tanks for long-range strike;
TOWED 20mm GAI-C01 2 sqn with F-5S Tiger II; F-5T Tiger II; 1 recce
UAV Skylark sqn with RF-5
East Asia and Australasia 409
services
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 90
AIRCRAFT 102 combat capable PCI 12 Swift
FGA 97: 60 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon PBF 32
(incl reserves); 28 F-5S Tiger II; 9 F-5T Tiger II PBC 2 Manta Ray
MP 5 F-50 Maritime Enforcer* PB 56: 12 Shark; 44 (various)
AEW 4 E-2C Hawkeye
TKR 9: 4 KC-130B Hercules (trk/tpt); 1 KC-130H Hercules; Singapore Gurkha Contingent (under
4 KC-135R Stratotanker police) 1,800
TPT 9: 5 C-130H Hercules (2 Elint); 4 F-50 6 coy
TRG 41: 27 S-211; PC-21; 10 TA-4SU; 4 A-4SU
HELICOPTERS Deployment
ATK 12 AH-64D Apache
SPT 40: 18 AS-332M Super Puma (incl 5 SAR); 10 CH- ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
47SD Super D Chinook; 12 AS-532UL Cougar Maritime Security Operations 1 LST
TRG 12: EC-120B Colibri (leased); 6+ CH-47D Chinook
AUSTRALIA
UAV some Hermes 450; 40 Searcher MK II
Air force 2 trg schools: 1with 12 AS-332 Super Puma Spt/
MSL • TACTICAL
AS-532 Cougar utl hel (flying trg) located at Oakey; 1 with
ASM: AGM-45 Shrike; Hellfire; AGM-65B/G Maverick;
27 S-211 trg ac (flying trg) located at Pearce
AGM-84 Harpoon; AM-39 Exocet
AAM AIM-120C AMRAAM in store (US); AIM-7P BRUNEI
Sparrow; AIM-9N Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder Army 1 trg camp
Air force 500; 1 hel det with AS-332 Super Puma
Air Defence Group
East Asia and
Australasia
FRANCE
FORCES BY ROLE
Air force 200: 1 trg sqn with 4 A-4SU Super Skyhawk FGA
4 (field def) sqn
ac; 10 TA-4SU Super Skyhawk trg ac
47 Hai Ou each with 2 single each with 2 Hsiung Feng Tactical Fighter Wings
tactical SSM 1st (443rd) Tactical Fighter Wing (TFW)(Tainan ) incl 3
12 Jinn Chiang each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with 4 Hsiung Tac Ftr Gp (TFG) (1st, 3rd, 9th) with F-CK-1A/B
Feng tactical SSM 2nd (499th) TFW (Hsinchu) incl 2 TFG (41st, 42nd) with
2 Lung Chiang each with 4 single each with 4 Hsiung Mirage 2000-5Di/Ei; 1 Trg Gp (48th) with Mirage
Feng tactical SSM 2000-5Di/Ei
PFC 8 Ning Hai 3rd (427th) TFW (Ching Chuan Kang) incl 2 TFG (7th, 28th)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 12 with F-CK-1A/B
MSC 8: 4 Yung Chuan; 4 Yung Feng 4th (455th) TFW (Chiayi) incl 3 TFG (21st, 22nd, 23rd) with
MSO 4 Aggressive (Ex US) F-16A/B; 1 Air Rescue Gp with S-70C
COMMAND SHIPS • LCC 1 Kao Hsiung 5th (401st) TFW (Hualien) incl 3 TFG (17th, 26th, 27th) with
AMPHIBIOUS F-16A/B; 1 Tac Recce Sqn (12th) with RF-16A
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LSD 2: 7th (737th) TFW (Taitung) with 1 TFG (7th) incl 3 ftr sqn
1 Shiu Hai (capacity either 2 LCU or 18 LCM; 360 (44th, 45th, 46th (Aggressor)) with F-5E/F
troops) with 1 hel landing platform
1 Chung Cheng (capacity 3 LCU or 18 LCM)
Composite Wing
439th Composite Wg (Pingtung) with 10th Tac Airlift Gp
LS 17
incl 2 airlift sqn (101st, 102nd) with C-130H; 1 EW Gp (20th);
LSM 4 Mei Lo
1 EW Sqn (2nd) with E-2T/E-2T Hawkeye 2000; 1 EW Sqn
LST 13: 11 Chung Hai (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops); 2
(6th) with C-130HE
Newport (capacity 3 LCVP, 400 troops)
LANDING CRAFT 290: 20 LCU; 100 LCVP; 170 LCM Airbase Commands
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11: Sungshan Air Base Comd incl Spec Tpt Sqn with Beech
AOE 1 WuYi with 1 hel landing platform 1900C, Fokker 50; Presidential Flt Sect with Boeing 737,
ARS 6 Fokker 50 • Makung Air Base Command incl 1 Det with
ARTY 2,473+ gun (4 eff.), 2 twin 37mm gun (4 eff.), 1 hel landing
SP 155mm 20 M-109A2 platform
TOWED 553: 105mm 353: 24 LG1 MK II; 285 M-101/-Mod; 2 Kraburi each with 4 (8 eff.) each with CSS-N-4
12 M-102; 32 M-618A2; 130mm 15 Type-59-I; 155mm 185: Sardine tactical SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) with HQ-61
42 GHN-45 A1; 50 M-114; 61 M-198; 32 M-71 (CSA-N-2) SAM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin 100mm
MRL 130mm Type-85 (reported) gun (2 eff.), 2 twin 37mm gun (4 eff.), (capacity 1
MOR 1,900 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel)
SP 33: 81mm 21 M-125A3; 120mm 12 M-1064A3 2 Naresuan each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
TOWED 1,867: 81mm; 107mm M-106A1 each with RGM-84A Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 8 cell
AT • MSL 318+ Mk 41 VLS with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple
SP 18+ M-901A5 (TOW) 324mm TT (6 eff.), 1 127mm gun, (1 Lynx SRS 300
MANPATS 300 M47 Dragon Super Lynx ASW/ASUW hel)
RCL 180: 75mm 30 M-20; 106mm 150 M-40 2 Phuttha Yotfa Chulalok (leased from US) each with
RL 66mm M-72 LAW 1 Mk 112 octuple with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical
AIRCRAFT SSM, tactical ASROC, 2 Twin ASTT (4 eff.) with 22
RECCE 40 Cessna O-1A Bird Dog Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 AB-212 (Bell
TPT 10: 2 Beech 1900C; 2 Beech 200 Super King Air; 2 212) utl hel)
CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 Jetstream 41; 2 Short 330UTT FF 2:
UTL 10 U-17B 1 Makut Rajakumarn with 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.), 2
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Australasia
70,600)
PCR 6
FORCES BY ROLE
PBR 16
Air wing 1 div
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 19
Navy 1 (Fleet) HQ located at Sattahip; Mekong River MCC 2 Bang Rachan
Operating Unit HQ located at Nakhon Phanom MCM SPT 1 Thalang
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MCMV 2 Lat Ya
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 20 MS ε12
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVH 1: MSC 2 Bangkeo
1 Chakri Naruebet (capacity 9 AV-8A Harrier† FGA ac; 6 AMPHIBIOUS
S-70B Seahawk ASW hel) LS 9: 2
FRIGATES 10 LSM 1 Kut (capacity 4 tanks)
FFG 8: LST 6:
2 Chao Phraya each with 4 twin (8 eff.) each with 4 Chang each with 6 40mm gun (capacity 16 tanks;
CSS-N-4 Sardine tactical SSM, 2 (4 eff.) non- 200 troops)
operational each with HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) SAM non- 2 Sichang training each with 2 40mm gun, 1 hel
operational, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 2 twin 100mm landing platform (capacity 14 tanks; 300 troops)
414 The Military Balance 2009
PCI 13: 6 Ital Thai Marine; 1 Burespadoog kit; 3 Cutlass; 3 Foreign Forces
Technautic 810-812 series
Australia ISF (Operation Astute) 750 (to reduce to 650 early
PBR 80
2009); 1 bn HQ; 3 inf coy; 1 mech inf pl eqpt with M-113
PB 25
APC (T); elms 1 arty regt; elms 1 cbt engr regt; 1 hel det
National Security Volunteer Corps 45,000 – with 5 S-70A-9 (S-70A) Black Hawk; 4 OH-58 Kiowa obs hel;
Reserves 3 C-130; • UNMIT 4 obs
Bangladesh UNMIT 4 obs
Police Aviation 500
Brazil UNMIT 4 obs
AIRCRAFT
TPT 16: 2 CN-235; 1 Fokker 50; 8 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 3 China, People’s Republic of UNMIT 2 obs
SC.7 3M Skyvan; 2 Short 330UTT Fiji UNMIT 1 obs
UTL 6 AU-23A Peacemaker India UNMIT 1 obs
HELICOPTERS • UTL 67: 20 AB-212 (Bell 212); 27 Bell Malaysia ISF (Operation Astute) 209; • UNMIT 2 obs
205A; 14 Bell 206 JetRanger; 6 Bell 412 Twin Huey Nepal UNMIT 1 obs
New Zealand ISF (Operation Astute) 187; 1 inf coy; 1 hel
Provincial Police 50,000 (incl est. 500 Special
Action Force) det with some UH-1H Iroquois • UNMIT 1 obs
Pakistan UNMIT 4 obs
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Population 86,116,559
Population 1,040,880 Ethnic groups: Chinese 3%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 19% 6% 5% 3% 16% 1% Male 14% 6% 5% 5% 17% 2%
Capabilities Capabilities
ACTIVE 1,286 (Army 1,250 Naval Element 36) ACTIVE 455,000 (Army 412,000 Navy 13,000 Air
30,000) Paramilitary 40,000
Organisations by Service Terms of service 2 years Army and Air Defence, 3 years Air
Force and Navy, specialists 3 years, some ethnic minorities
Army 1,250 2 years
Training began in Jan 2001 with the aim of deploying 1,500
full-time personnel and 1,500 reservists. Events in early
RESERVES 5,000,000
2008 have placed existing domestic security capacities in
doubt; the UN is backing a security sector review project. Organisations by Service
Inf 2 bn
Army ε412,000
Naval Element 36 9 Mil Regions (incl capital), 14 Corps HQ
416 The Military Balance 2009
TRG 43: 10 BT-6 (Yak-18) Max; 18 L-39 Albatros; 10 MiG- AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-12 Adder; AA-2 Atoll; AA-8
21UM Mongol B*; 5 Su-27UBK Flanker* Aphid
HELICOPTERS FACILITIES
ATK 26 Mi-24 Hind SAM site 66 with SA-16 Gimlet MANPAD/SA-2
ASW 13: 3 Ka-25 Hormone*; 10 Ka-28* (Ka-27PL) Helix A Guideline Towed/SA-3 Goa/SA-6 Gainful
SPT 48: 2 KA-32 Helix C; 4 Mi-6 Hook; 30 MI-17 (Mi-8MT) SP/SA-7 Grail MANPAD
Hip H/Mi-8 Hip Spt; 12 UH-1H Iroquois
SAR 4 PZL W-3 Sokol
Paramilitary 40,000 active
AD • SAM
SP SA-6 Gainful Border Defence Corps ε40,000
TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
MANPAD SA-7 Grail; SA-16 Gimlet Local Forces ε5,000,000 reservists
GUNS 37mm; 57mm; 85mm; 100mm; 130mm Incl People’s Self-Defence Force (urban units), People’s
MSL Militia (rural units); comprises of static and mobile cbt
ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-17 Krypton; AS-18 Kazoo; AS-9 units, log spt and village protection pl; some arty, mor
Kyle and AD guns; acts as reserve.
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Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Australia (Aus)
M113 A1 APC 350 AUD590m Dom BAE 2002 2010 Upgrade to AS3/AS4 (S) standard. 16
delivered by Jul 2008
Bushmaster LACV 143 AUD99m Dom Thales 2007 – Extension of 2002 contract for 300. 5
(USD82m) Australia variants. Final delivery due Mar 2009
Bushmaster LACV 254 AUD300m Dom Thales 2007 – –
(USD240m) Australia
F100 Hobart, DD 3 USD8bn Sp /Dom AWD Alliance 2007 2014 Aka Air Warfare Destroyer (AWD).
Brisbane, 2nd to be delivered 2016, 3rd 2017.
Sydney Option on a 4th DD. All to be fitted
with Aegis system
Anzac FFG – AD260m Dom CEA 2005 2009 Upgrade: CEA-FAR Anti-Ship Missile
Upgrade Technologies Defence. Completion due 2012
Canberra LHD 2 AUD3.1bn Dom/Sp Navantia 2007 2012 To replace HMAS Tobruk and 1
(USD2.8bn) Kanimbla-class amph tpt. To be
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B-737 AEW&C 6 AUD3.6bn US Boeing 2000 2006 Increased from 4 to 6 in 2004. Delivery
Wedgetail (USD3.4bn) originally due 2006 but integration
problems mean first 2 due early 2010
and final 4 late 2010
Soothsayer EW – Dom Lockheed 2005 – Revived EWSP (Electronic Warfare Self
Martin Protection) fit to C-130H, CH-47 and
S-70A-9s with MILDS (Missile Launch
and Detection System)
AS-665 Tiger Hel 22 AUD3.3bn Sp/Dom Eurocopter 2001 2004 First delivery Dec 2004. Deliveries
(USD2.83bn) ongoing
AW109 Power Trg hel 3 – It Agusta- 2007 – For navy
Westland
MRH90 Tpt hel 46 AUD2bn Int’l / Dom NH Industries 2005 2007 Replacement programme. 6 for navy
(USD1.47bn) 2006 40 for army. Aus variant of NH90. First
4 built in Europe; remainder in Aus. 2
delivered by Dec 2007. Final delivery
due 2014. Option for a further 26
Skylark UAV Undis- Undisclosed II Elbit Systems 2008 2008 Quantity and cost undisclosed.
closed Follow-on order from 2005 for
6 on trial basis to support Aus
deployments to Irq and Afg
East Asia and Australasia 419
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
ScanEagle UAV – AUD11.5m Dom Boeing 2007 – Lease contract to provide recce
(USD9.1m) and surv services until new TUAV
with I-View capabilities becomes
operational in 2009
Indonesia (Indo)
Australasia
export unconfirmed. To replace PT-76
LVTP7 AAV Undis- Value ROK – 2008 – Ex-ROK stock. Number undisclosed,
closed undisclosed but believed to be dozens
Kobra AD – USD40m PL CNPEP Radar 2006 2008 Intergrated AD system. Delivery due
early 2009
Kilo - class SSK 2 See notes RF – 2006 – Part of USD1bn deal incl Mi-17, Mi-35,
BMP-3F and ASSM. Petroleum supply
offset; funding unconfirmed
Sigma FS 4 USD1.9bn Nl Schelde Naval 2004 2008 First batch of 2 ordered in 2004.
Shipbuilding Second batch of 2 ordered 2006.
KRI Diponegoro delivered 2007 KRI
Hasanuddin delivered Jan 2008.
Remaining FS, Sultan Iskandar Muda
and Frans Kaisiepo due 2008 and 2009
Multi-role LPD 4 USD150m Dom/ROK PT Pal/ Dae 2003 2008 KRI Makassar commissioned Apr 2007,
vessel Sun KRI Surabaya launched May 2007, 3rd
vessel launched Aug 2008, 4th vessel
due to be launched 2009
420 The Military Balance 2009
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
ASM package ASSM 2 See notes RF – 2006 – Part of USD1bn deal incl Su-27/30,
Mi-17, Mi-35, BMP-3F, 2 SSK.
Petroleum supply offset; funding
unconfirmed
Su-27SKM FGA 3 See notes RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 USD335m incl 3 Su-30. Final delivery
export due 2009
Su-30MK2 FGA 3 See notes RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 USD335m incl 3 Su-27. Final delivery
export due Nov 2008
NC-212 Tpt ac 1 Value Dom PT Dirgantara 2008 – –
undisclosed
CN-235 Tac tpt 2 Value Dom PT Dirgantara 2008 – –
ac undisclosed
NAS-332 Hel 12 – Dom PT Dirgantara 1998 2004 Delays due to funding problems.
Super Puma By Feb 2008, 7 delivered. Contract
reduced from 16 to 12 in 2008. To
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Japan (J)
Satellites Sat 4 Dom 1998 2002 Incl 2 optical and 2 radar sat. First
launched 2003
Theatre BMD – – Dom/US – 1997 – Joint development with US from
Missile 1998. Programme ongoing and incl
Defence SM-3 and PAC-3 systems
System
19DD DDGH 4 JPY84.8 bn Dom Mitsubishi 2007 2011 To replace the oldest 5 Hatsuyuki-
(USD700m) Heavy class. Firm contract not signed by
Industries Nov 2008
Kongou-class DDGH 4 USD33 - 40m Dom Lockheed 2002 2007 Upgrade to Aegis BMD Block IV
Upgrade per vessel Martin Standard with Standard SM-3 Block
1A ABM. JDS Kongou upgraded
2007, JDS Choukai to be upgraded in
2008/9, JDS Myoukou to be upgraded
2009 onwards and JDS Kirishima
awaiting contract
Standard SAM 9 USD458m US Raytheon 2006 – Part of Aegis BMD System for Kongou-
Missile 3 class DDGH
(SM-3)
F-2A / F-2B FGA 94 – Dom / US Mitsubishi 1999 2000 76 due 2008
Heavy
Industries
KC-767 Tpt/Tkr 4 – US Boeing 2003 2008 First delivered early 2008
Dash 8 Q300 MPA 3 – Ca / Dom Sojitz 2006 – For Coast Guard
E-767 AWACS 4 USD108m US Boeing 2006 – Radar System Improvement
Upgrade Programme (RSIP)
AH-64D Hel 13 – Dom Boeing 2001 2006 Up to 6 in Longbow config. 10
Apache delivered by early 2008. Original plans
to order up to 55 AH-64D halted
EH-101 Merlin Hel 14 – UK Agusta- 2003 2006 Second MCH-101 delivered Mar 2007.
(MCH101) Westland/ KHI For JMSDF to replace MH-53E and
S-61 hel under MCH-X program
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
FFX FFGH 6 KRW1.7bn Dom – 2006 2015 In development. To replace Ulsan-
(USD1.8bn) class FFG. ISD by 2015. Up to 15
vessels may be built
Haeseong ASCM 100 KRW270m Dom – 2006 2010 –
(Sea Star (USD294m)
- ASM/SSM-
700K)
KSS-II (Type SSK 3 KRW1.27tn Ge/Dom Hyundai 2000 2007 Final vessel (An Jung-geun) launched
214) (USD1.4bn) Heavy Jun 2008. Due to be commissioned
Industries Nov 2009
KSS-III SSK 3 – Dom – 2006 2015 Construction due to start 2010 or
2011. Further 3 or 6 SSK to follow in a
second phase. To replace Chang Bogo-
class (Type 209) KSS-I SSK
AAV-7A1 AAV Undis- KRW149bn US/Dom BAE/ 2006 2006 Third production phase. Final delivery
(LVTP7A1) closed (USD157m) Samsung due 2010
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Techwin
Standard SAM – – Dom Raytheon 2000 2008 For Aegis BMD System
Missile-2
(SM-2)
(Multi- SAM – – Dom – 1998 2009 In development. To replace current
function army Hawk SAMs. Full scale
Surface to production due after 2009
Air Missile)
M-SAM
F-15K Eagle FGA 40 – US Boeing 2002 2005 First ac delivered 2005. First phase of
F-X fighter programme
F-15K Eagle FGA 20/21 USD2.2bn US Boeing 2008 2010 Exercised option of the 2002 contract.
(KRW2.3trn) Additional FGA included in cost to
replace that which crashed in 2006
AW139 MPA 2 – UK Agusta- 2008 2009 For Coast Guard for maritime patrol
Westland and SAR missions
737-700 AEW&C 4 USD1.7bn US Boeing 2006 2011 E-X programme. Delivery likely to be
AEW&C delayed due to integration problems.
(E-737)
T-50 / TA-50 Trg ac 25 Approx Dom KAI 2003 2005 First 2 ac delivered Jan 2006
Golden Eagle USD0.5bn
T-50 / TA-50 Trg ac 50 Approx Dom KAI 2006 – –
Golden Eagle USD1bn
AIM-9X AAM 102 USD31m US Raytheon 2008 – Contract value inc 26 containers
Sidewinder
Australasia
PT-91M MBT 48 MUR1.4bn PI Bumar 2003 2005 Serial production began 2007
Twardy (USD368m)
ACV-300 APC 48 USD136m Dom DEFTECH 2008 – –
Adnan
Stormer APC 13 See notes Dom DSSB 2008 – Refurbishment. RM541.3m inc 21
Scorpion
Scorpion Recce 21 See notes Dom DSSB 2008 – Refurbishment. RM541.3m inc 13
Stormer
Vehiculo ACV 85 MYR60 Sp/Dom Urovesa 2008 – 4 x 4 tactical vehicles. Incl 24 Metis-M
de Alta million ATGW carriers and 25 Igla MANPAD
Movilidad (USD19.1m) system self-launching unit carriers
Tactica
(VAMATAC)
Astros II MRL 18 Br Avibras 2007 – –
422 The Military Balance 2009
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
ACV-S300 Mor 8 USD16.8m Dom DEFTECH 2008 – To support Fr 120 mm 2R2M mortar
120 mm
Adnan mortar
carriers
Kedah-Class FFG 6 – Ge/Dom BN Shipyards 1997 2004 KD Kedah and KD Pahang
MEKO A100- commissioned 2006. KD Perak (F173)
class launched Nov 2007, KD Terengganu
(F174) Dec 2007. All ISD due 2010
Scorpene SSK 2 EUR23.7m Sp DCNS and 2002 2008 Tunku Abdul Rahman handover due
(USD29.3m) Navantia Jan 2009. Tun Razak handover due
Aug 2009
Su-30MKM FGA 18 USD900m RF Rosoboron 2003 2005 6 ac delivered May 2007. Final delivery
Flanker export by 2008
A-400M Tpt ac 4 MYR907m Int EADS 2006 2013 Final delivery by 2014
(USD246m)
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Mongolia (Mgl)
Mi-171 Hip SAR Hel – – RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 2 delivered by Aug 2008
export
Myanmar (My)
BN-2 MPA 2 – Ind – 2007 2007 Ex-Ind stock. For relief and
Defender humanitarian missions only
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Philippines (Pi)
T-41D Trg ac 15 – ROK – 2008 2008 Free transfer
Mescalero
SF-260F/PAF Trg ac 18 USD13.8m It Alenia 2008 2010 Final delivery due 2012
Aermacchi
UH-1 Hel Unspeci- USD7.7m US Bell 2008 2009 Final delivery due Aug 2009
Upgrade fied
Singapore (Sgp)
Leopard 2A4 MBT 96 – Ge – 2006 2007 Ex-Ge stock. 66 refurbished and
30 spare MBT. Final delivery due
mid-2008
Formidable FFG 6 – Fr – 2000 2007 Modified La Fayette-class. Final vessel
(Supreme) delivered Aug 2008 and
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Thailand (Th)
TSP-77 long- Radar 1 – US Lockheed 2007 2009 Part of a multi-phase national AD
range air surv system
424 The Military Balance 2009
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Reva 4x4 APC 100 – RSA ICP 2007 – –
BTR-3E1 8x8 APC 96 THB4bn Ukr ADCOM 2007 – Amphibious APC. To be completed
(USD134m) in 2–3 years. Order on hold since Oct
2007
WMZ 551 APC 97 USD51.3m PRC NORINCO 2005 – Delivery date yet to be released
Type 25T FF 2 EUR5m Fr – 2007 – Hel landing system upgrade
Naresuan Upgrade (USD7m)
Hydrographic HSV 1 – NI Unithai 2005 2008 –
Survey Vessel Shipyard
C-802 SSM 50 THB1,600m PRC – 2007 – –
JAS 39C/D FGA 6 See notes Swe SAAB 2008 2010 SEK2bn (USD308m) incl two 340
Gripen Erieye. Four JAS 39D, two JAS 39C. To
replace F-5B/E Tiger II ac. Final delivery
due 2017
C-130H Tpt ac 12 THB1bn Dom / US Rockwell 2007 – Phase 1: avionics upgrade. Phase
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Vietnam (Vn)
VinaSat-1 Sat 1 USD300m US – 2006 2008 Dual military/commercial comms sat
T-72 MBT 150 See notes PL Profus 2005 2005 Part of USD150m Pl spt contract to
supply ac, electronics and equipment
Gepard FFG 2 USD300m RF Rosoboron- 2005 2010 Construction began 2007
export
Svetlyak PCI 4 USD40m RF Almaz 2006 – 2 vessels delivered 2002. Further 2
vessels expected 2007. Option for
further 8 PCI
PZL M-28B MPA/tpt 10 – PL Profus 2005 2005 Part of Pl spt contract. 1 ac in service.
Bryza-1R/ Plans for up to 12 ac. Owned by Coast
Skytruck Guard but operated by Army Air Force
Chapter Nine
Country comparisons – commitments,
force levels and economics
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Korea, Republic of 7
Argentina 1 inf bn, 1 avn unit, 1 fd hospital 558
Czech Republic 5
Chile 1 inf bn, 1 avn unit, elms 1 engr coy 499
Denmark 5
Bolivia 1 inf coy 217
Egypt 5
Peru 1 inf coy 205
Poland 5
Philippines 1 HQ coy 157
Russia 5
Guatemala 1 MP coy 118
Turkey 5
Ecuador elms 1 engr coy 67
UK 5
Paraguay 31
Ukraine 5
Canada 5
Greece 4
United States 4
Indonesia 4
Croatia 3
Switzerland 4
France 1
Albania 3
TOTAL (excluding police) 7,012
Croatia 3
France 3
Non-NATO Europe
Sweden 3
Location CYPRUS Uruguay 3
Operation UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Yemen, Rep of 3
Original Resolution 186 (4 Mar 1964) Austria 2
Mandate: Lithuania 2
Mandate Resolution 1818 (13 Jun 2008) Romania 2
Renewed:
United States 2
Renewed 15 Dec 2008
Ghana 1
Until:
Moldova 1
Mission: Prevent a recurrence of conflict between Greek Cypriot
and Turkish/Turkish Cypriot forces; help to maintain law Mongolia 1
and order Nepal 1
Country Forces by role Troops Nigeria 1
Argentina 2 inf coy, 1 avn unit 296 TOTAL (excluding police) 132
UK 1 inf coy 260
Slovakia elms 1 inf coy, 1 engr pl 196
Hungary elms 1 inf coy 84
Austria 5
Croatia 4
Canada 1
TOTAL (excluding police) 846
Country comparisons 427
Argentina 1 Netherlands 11
Bolivia 1 Norway 11
Bulgaria 1 Denmark 10
Chile 1 Switzerland 10
Czech Republic 1 Canada 7
Denmark 1 Italy 7
Jordan 1 New Zealand 7
Norway 1 Austria 6
New Zealand 1 Sweden 6
Pakistan 1 Argentina 5
Poland 1 China, People’s 4
Republic of
Russia 1
Russia 4
TOTAL (excluding police) 29
Chile 3
Nepal 3
Middle East and North Africa
United States 3
Location IRAQ Belgium 2
Operation UN Mission Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) Estonia 2
Original Resolution 1500 (14 Aug 2003) France 2
Mandate
Slovakia 2
Mandate Resolution 1830 (7 Aug 2008)
Slovenia 2
Renewed
TOTAL (excluding police) 142
Renewed 7 Aug 2009
Until
Mission Support government and people of Iraq in the ongoing Location LEBANON
political process, help to provide humanitarian assitance Operation UNIFIL
to refugees and displaced persons, and promote human Original Resolutions 425 and 426 (19 Mar 2008)
rights. Mandate
Location Forces by role Troops Mil Obs Mandate Resolution 1832 (27 Aug 2008)
Fiji 3 Sy units 222 Renewed
Denmark 3 Renewed 31 Aug 2009
Australia 2 Until
New Zealand 1 Mission Assist the Lebanese government in securing its borders
and establishing a de-militarised zone in Southern Leba-
UK 1
non; help to ensure access for humanitarian aid.
222 7
Country Forces by role Troops
TOTAL (excluding police) 229
Italy 3 inf bn, 1 avn unit, 1 FF, 1 PB 2,420
France 1 combined arms BG, 1 engr coy, 1 FF, 1 PC 2,177
Spain 1 inf bn, 1 PB 1,139
India 1 inf bn, 1 fd hospital 897
Ghana 1 inf bn 880
Indonesia 1 inf bn 870
Nepal 1 inf bn 868
Turkey 1 engr coy, 2 PB 506
Poland 1 inf coy, 1 log bn 488
Belgium 1 inf coy, 1 FFG 485
Malaysia 1 inf coy 370
428 The Military Balance 2009
Luxembourg 1 Poland 1
TOTAL (excluding police) 12,543 20 199
TOTAL (excluding police) 219
Location SYRIAN GOLAN HEIGHTS
Operation UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) Sub-Saharan Africa
Original Resolution 350 (31 May 1974)
Location BURUNDI
Mandate
Operation UN Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB)
Mandate Resolution 1821 (27 June 2008)
Renewed Original Resolution 1719 (25 Oct 2006)
Mandate
Renewed 31 Dec 2008
Until Mandate Resolution 1791 (19 Dec 2007)
Renewed
Mission Supervise the continued implemetation of the
disengagement of forces agreement signed by Israel and Renewed 31 Dec 2008
Syria after the war of October 1973. Until
Country Forces by role Troops Mission Support the government of Burundi in peace
consolidation and democratic governance, disarmament
Austria 1 inf bn 383
and security sector reform, and the promotion of human
Poland 1 inf bn 347 rights.
India elms 1 log bn 187 Country Military Observers
Croatia 1 inf coy 95 Bangladesh 1
Japan elms 1 log bn 29 Croatia 1
Canada 2 Egypt 1
TOTAL 1,043 Netherlands 1
Niger 1
Location WESTERN SAHARA Pakistan 1
Operation UN Mission for the Referendum in the Western Sahara Switzerland 1
(MINURSO)
Tunisia 1
Original Resolution 690 (29 Apr 1991)
TOTAL (excluding police) 8
Mandate
Mandate Resolution 1813 (30 Apr 2008)
Renewed
Renewed 30 Apr 2009
Until
Mission Ensuring compliance with the ceasefire agreed between
Morocco and POLISARIO whilst efforts continue to
establish a longer term solution to the situation in
Western Sahara.
Country Forces by Role Troops Mil Obs
Malaysia 1 Fd Hospital 20 12
Egypt 24
Ghana 18
Russia 15
France 14
China, Peoples 13
Republic of
Brazil 10
El Salvador 6
Bangladesh 8
Nigeria 8
Country comparisons 429
South Africa 1 inf bn, 3 engr coy, 1 CSS coy, 1,158 15 Republic of hospital
1 avn unit
Ukraine 1 avn unit 302 3
Nepal 1 mech inf bn, 1 engr coy 1,031 25
Mongolia 1 inf coy 250
Morocco 1 mech inf bn 1 fd hospital 831 4
Philippines 1 inf coy 170 3
Benin 1 inf bn 750 13
Jordan 1 fd hospital 123 7
Tunisia 1 mech inf bn 464 33
Nepal 43 4
Ghana 1 mech inf bn 462 23
El Salvador 26 3
Senegal 1 inf bn 459 17
China, Peoples 1 engr coy, 1 fd hospital 218 16 United States 6 7
Republic of Malaysia 10
Bolivia 1 inf coy(+) 200 7 Egypt 8
Indonesia 1 engr coy 175 16 Namibia 4 2
Malawi 1 CSS coy 111 23 Russia 6
Guatemala 1 SF coy 105 5 Serbia 6
Jordan 1 fd hospital 66 22 Kenya 2 3
Russia 27 Kyrgyzstan 5
Nigeria 23 Bolivia 1 3
Romania 23 Croatia 4
Egypt 22 Ecuador 1 3
Kenya 21 Mali 4
Zambia 19 Peru 2 2
Malaysia 17 Paraguay 1 3
Niger 16 Zambia 4
Mali 15 Benin 1 2
Ukraine 11 Brazil 3
Paraguay 11 Czech Republic 3
Burkina Faso 10 Indonesia 3
Canada 10 Moldova 3
France 5
Niger 3
Sweden 5
Romania 3
Belgium 7
Senegal 3
Algeria 6
Togo 1 2
Serbia 6
UK 3
Spain 6
Denmark 2
UK 6
France 2
Bosnia-Herzegovina 5
Yemen, Rep of 5 Korea, Republic of 1 1
Ireland 4 Montenegro 2
Peru 4 Finland 2
Sri Lanka 4 Poland 2
Switzerland 3 Zimbabwe 2
Czech Republic 3 Yemen, Rep of 1
Poland 3 11,465 206
Denmark 2 TOTAL (excluding police) 11,671
Mozambique 2
Mongolia 2
16,667 702
TOTAL (excluding police) 17,369
Country comparisons 431
Malaysia 5
Portugal 3
Paraguay 5
China, People’s 2
Romania 5 Republic of
Bolivia 3 Malaysia 2
Egypt 3 Singapore 2
Nigeria 3 India 1
Uruguay 3 Fiji 1
Switzerland 2 Nepal 1
Sierra Leone 2 New Zealand 1
Sweden 2 Sierra Leone 1
Zimbabwe 2 TOTAL (excluding police) 33
Denmark 1
Guatemala 1
Kazakhstan 1
South Africa 1
Yemen, Rep of 1
Zambia 1
TOTAL 68
434 The Military Balance 2009
Burkina Faso (BF): MONUC; UNMIS; UNAMID Kazakhstan (Kaz): UNMIN Serbia (Ser): UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL
Burundi (Bu): UNAMID Kenya (Kya): MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; Sierra Leone (SL): UNMIN; UNMIT
Cambodia (Cam): UNMIS UNAMID; MINURSO Singapore (Sgp): UNMIT
Canada (Ca): MINUSTAH; UNFICYP; UNTSO; Korea, Republic of (ROK): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; Slovakia (Slvk): UNFICYP; UNTSO
UNDOF; MONUC; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNAMA UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMA; UNMOGIP Slovenia (Slvn): UNTSO; UNIFIL
Chad (Cha): UNOCI Kyrgyzstan (Kgz): MINURCAT; UNMIL; UNMIS South Africa (RSA): MONUC; UNAMID; UNMIN
Chile (Chl): MINUSTAH; UNMIK; UNTSO; Libya (LAR): UNAMID Spain (Sp): UNMIK; UNIFIL; MINURCAT;
UNMOGIP Lithuania (L): UNOMIG MONUC
China (PRC): UNTSO; UNIFIL; UNOCI; MONUC; Luxembourg (Lu): UNIFIL Sri Lanka (Ska): MINUSTAH; MONUC; UNMIS;
UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; MINURSO; UNMIT Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic MINURSO
Croatia (Cr): MINUSTAH; UNFICYP; UNOMIG; (FYROM): UNIFIL Sweden (Swe): UNOMIG; UNTSO; MONUC;
UNIFIL; UNDOF; UNOCI; UNMIL; UNMIS; Malawi (Miw): MONUC; UNMIS; UNAMID UNMIS; UNMOGIP; UNMIN
MINURSO; UNMOGIP; BINUB Malaysia (Mal): UNIFIL; MONUC; UNMIL; Switzerland (CH): UNOMIG; UNTSO; BINUB;
Cyprus (Cy): UNIFIL UNMIS; MINURSO; UNMIN; UNMIT MONUC; UNMIN
Czech Republic (Cz): UNOMIG; UNMIK; Mali (RMM): MINURCAT; MONUC; UNMIL; Tanzania (Tz): UNIFIL; UNOCI; UNMIS; UNAMID
MONUC; UNMIL; UNAMA UNMIS; UNAMID Thailand (Th): UNMIS; UNAMID
Denmark (Da): UNOMIG; UNMIK; UNAMI; Moldova (Mol): UNOMIG; UNOCI; UNMIL; Togo (Tg): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNAMID
UNTSO; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMA; UNMIS Tunisia (Tn): BINUB; UNOCI; MONUC
UNMOGIP; UNMIN Mongolia (Mgl): UNOMIG; MONUC; UNMIL; Turkey (Tu): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; UNMIS
Djibouti (Dj): MINURSO UNMIS; MINURSO Uganda (Uga): MINURCAT; UNOCI; UNMIS;
Ecuador (Ec): MINUSTAH; MINURCAT; UNOCI; Montenegro (Mnt): UNMIL UNAMID
UNMIL; UNMIS Morocco (Mor): UNOCI; MONUC Ukraine (Ukr): UNOMIG; UNMIK; MONUC;
Egypt (Et): UNOMIG; BINUB; MINURCAT; Mozambique (Moz): MONUC; UNMIS UNMIL; UNMIS
MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; Namibia (Nba): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNMIS; United Kingdom (UK): UNFICYP; UNOMIG;
MINURSO; UNMIN UNAMID UNAMI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNIOSIL; UNMIS;
El Salvador (ElS): UNIFIL; UNOCI; UNMIL; Nepal (N): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNTSO; UNAMID
UNMIS; MINURSO UNIFIL; MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; United States (US): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG;
Estonia (Ea): UNTSO UNIOSIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNMIT UNTSO; UNMIL
Ethiopia (Eth): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNAMID Netherlands (Nl): UNTSO; BINUB; UNMIS Uruguay (Ury): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNOCI;
Fiji (Fji): UNAMI; UNMIS; UNMIT New Zealand (NZ): UNMIK; UNAMI; UNTSO; MONUC; UNMIS; MINURSO; UNAMA;
Finland (SF): UNTSO; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNMIS; UNMIT UNMOGIP; UNMIN
UNMOGIP Niger (Ngr): BINUB; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL Yemen (Ye): UNOMIG; MINURCAT; UNOCI;
France (Fr): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNTSO; Nigeria (Nga): UNOMIG; MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID;
UNIFIL; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNAMID; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; MINURSO; UNMIN
MINURSO MINURSO; UNMIN Zambia (Z): MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC;
Gabon (Gbn): MINURCAT; UNMIS; UNAMID Norway (No): UNMIK; UNTSO; UNIFIL; UNMIS; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNMIN
Gambia (Gam): MINURCAT; UNOCI; UNAMID UNAMA Zimbabwe (Zw): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNMIS;
Germany (Ge): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; UNMIS; Pakistan (Pak): UNOMIG; UNMIK; BINUB; UNMIN
UNAMA MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC: UNMIL;
Country comparisons 435
Ireland 5
Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk
Conference Austria 4
Primary OSCE Russia 4
Organisation: Netherlands 3
Mission: Represent the OSCE in issues related to the Nagorno- Spain 3
Karabakh conflict, and assist in confidence-buliding Sweden 3
and other measures contributing to the peace Bulgaria 2
process. Hungary 2
Contributor: Total: Kyrgyzstan 2
Hungary 2 Finland 2
Bulgaria 1 Slovakia 2
Czech Republic 1 Tajikistan 2
Poland 1 Armenia 1
UK 1 Azerbaijan 1
TOTAL 6 Canada 1
Czech Republic 1
Location: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Greece 1
Operation: EUFOR (Operation Althea) Romania 1
Primary EU Slovenia 1
Organisation: UK 1
Mission: Ensure continued compliance with the Dayton/Paris TOTAL: 72
agreement, and maintain security and stability within
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total: Location: GEORGIA
Spain 1 inf bn HQ, 1 inf coy, 1 recce pl 376 Operation: EUMM
Italy 248 Primary EU
Organisation:
Turkey 1 inf coy 242
Mission: Monitoring compliance with the Sarkozy-Medvedev
Poland 1 inf coy 204 six-point Agreement, following the Aug 2008 war.
Hungary 1 inf coy 158 Contributor Total (Civilian):
Germany 138 France 36
Bulgaria 116 Italy 35
Austria 103 Poland 26
France 101 Germany 25
Netherlands 75 Sweden 25
Romania 58 Romania 20
Finland 53 UK 19
Portugal 51 Denmark 10
Greece 45 Finland 10
Ireland 43 Spain 10
Slovakia 40 Greece 8
Slovenia 34 Netherlands 8
Switzerland 25 Czech Republic 5
Chile 21 Lithuania 5
Albania 13 Austria 4
FYROM 12 Bulgaria 4
UK 12 Ireland 4
436 The Military Balance 2009
Location: IRAQ
Country CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Operation: NTM-I
Operation: Boali
Primary NATO
Primary France
Organisation:
Organisation:
Mission: Train the Iraqi Security Forces
Mission: Providing technical and operational support to the
Contributor: Total: Central African armed forces
Italy 72 Contributor: Forces: Total:
Denmark 14 France 1 inf coy, 1 spt det 230
UK 10 to 20
United States 10 to 20
Czech Republic up to 10
Hungary up to 10
Poland up to 10
Turkey up to 10
Portugal 8
Netherlands 7
Lithuania 4
Estonia 3
Ukraine 3
Romania 2
Slovenia 2
TOTAL 185
Country comparisons 439
Albania 63 Austria 1
Finland 61 Italy 1
Croatia 15 TOTAL 15
Greece 15
Slovenia 15 Location: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Germany 4 Operation: Teutonic
UK 4 Primary Bilateral
Hungary 3 Organisation:
Bulgaria 2 Mission: Assist the reconstuction of the Congolese armed
forces
Cyprus 2
Contributor: Total:
Czech Republic 2
South Africa 29
Lithuania 2
Luxembourg 2
Location: SIERRA LEONE
Portugal 2
Operation: IMATT
Romania 2
Mission: Train and advise the Sierra Leone army
Slovakia 1
Contributor: Total:
TOTAL 3,467
UK 63
Canada 11
Location: CHAD
United States 3
Operation: Epervier
Germany 1
Primary France
Organisation: Jamaica 1
Mission: Provide technical support and military training to the Nigeria 1
armed forces of Chad TOTAL 80
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
France 4 inf coy; 1 recce sqn; 1 avn gp; 1 1,150 Location: SOMALIA
hel det Operation: AMISOM
Primary AU
Location: COMOROS Organisation:
Operation: MAES Mission: Support the Transitional Federal Governement’s
Primary AU efforts to stabilise the political and security
Organisation: situation in Somalia and facilitate the provision of
humanitarian assistance
Mission: Provide security assistance to the Comoran
government on the island of Anjouan. Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
Contributor: Total: Burundi 2 inf bn 1700
Sudan 200 Uganda 2 inf bn 1700
Tanzania 150 TOTAL 3,400
Senegal 120
TOTAL 470 Location: SOMALIA
Primary Bilateral
Organisation:
Mission: Provide military support to the Somali Transitional
Federal Government
Contributor: Total:
Ethiopia 2,500 to 3,000
440 The Military Balance 2009
arty regt, elms 1 engr regt) Mission: Monitor the ceasefire between North and South Korea
Canada 1 lt inf bn HQ, 2 lt inf coy, 1 armd sqn; 2,500 Contributor: Total:
1 armd recce sqn; 1 arty bty; 1 UAV Switzerland 5
flt; 1 Cbt Engr sqn; 1 MP coy Sweden 5
Italy 2,350 TOTAL 10
Netherlands 1 inf BG 1,770
Poland 1,130 Location: PHILIPPINES
Australia 1 inf BG with (elms 1 inf bn, elms 1 1,080 Operation: IMT
para bn, elms 1 armd recce regt, elms Mission: Originally responsible for overseeing the ceasefire
1 engr regt); elms 1 arty regt; 1 hel agreement between the Philippines government
gp; 1 UAV det and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Mindanao.
Turkey 800 However, in light of the subsequent breakdown
Spain 780 in relations between the two parties, the IMT
Denmark 2 mech inf coy, 1 tk pl. 1 hel det 750 announced its intention to leave on 30 November
Romania 1 inf bn 725 2008, unless a new mandate was agreed upon
Belgium 497 Contributor: Total:
Bulgaria 460 Malaysia 12
Norway 1 mech inf coy, 1 spt coy 455 Brunei 10
Czech Republic 415 Libya 6
Croatia 280 TOTAL 28
Sweden 280
Hungary 1 lt inf coy 240 Location: SOLOMON ISLANDS
Lithuania 200 Operation: RAMSI
New Zealand 155 Primary Coalition of 15 Pacific nations
Albania 1 inf coy, 1 inf pl 140 Organisation:
Greece 1 engr coy 137 Mission: Ensure the security and stability of the Solomon
Islands, and help to rebuild the Islands’ government
FYROM 135
and economy
Estonia 1 mech inf coy; 1 mor det; 1 EOD 120
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
team
Australia 1 inf coy 140
Finland 80
New Zealand 1 inf pl 43
Latvia 70
Tonga 1 inf pl 32
Portugal 70
TOTAL 215
Slovakia 70
Slovenia 70
Location: TIMOR-LESTE
Azerbaijan 45
Operation: ISF (Operation Astute)
Luxembourg 9
Primary International Coalition
Iceland 8 (civilian)
Organisation:
Ireland 7
Mission: Assisting the Timorese government in restoring
Ukraine 3 peace and stability to the country
Austria 1 Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
Georgia 1 Australia 1 bn HQ, 3 inf coy, 1 mech inf pl, elms 750
TOTAL 51,065 1 arty regt, elms 1 cbt engr regt, 1
hel det
Malaysia 209
New Zealand 1 inf coy, 1 hel det 187
Portugal 127
TOTAL 1,273
Country comparisons 441
Mol; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Jamaica (Ja): IMATT South Africa (RSA): Curriculum; Vimbezela;
Ga; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; MNF-Iraq; EUFOR Kazakhstan (Kaz): OSCE Ga Teutonic
Tchad/RCA Korea, Republic of: MNF-Iraq Spain (Sp): Active Endeavour; EUFOR (BiH);
Burundi (Bu): AMISOM Kyrgyzstan (Kgz): OSCE BiH OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; OSCE
Canada (Ca): Active Endeavour; OSCE BiH; Latvia (Lat): OSCE Mol; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; ISAF
IMATT; ISAF; OEF-A; OSCE Kosovo; MFO EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; MNF-Iraq Sudan (Sdn): MAES
Chile (Chl): EUFOR (BiH) Libya (LAR): IMT Sweden (Swe): NNSC; ISAF; OSCE BiH; EUMM;
Colombia (Co): MFO Lithuania (L): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo;
Croatia (Cr): ISAF; OSCE Ser; OSCE Kosovo; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/ EUFOR Tchad/RCA
EUFOR Tchad/RCA RCA Switzerland (CH): NNSC; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE
Cyprus (Cy): EUFOR Tchad/RCA Luxembourg (Lu): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); EUMM; Ga; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo
Czech Republic (Cz): ISAF; OSCE Minsk Conf; KFOR; EUFOR Tchad/RCA Tajikistan (Tjk): OSCE BiH; OSCE Kosovo
OSCE Mol; OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic Tanzania (Tz): MAES
KFOR; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA (FYROM): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE Kosovo; Tonga: RAMSI; MNF-Iraq
Denmark (Da): ISAF; Maritime Security MNF-Iraq Turkey (Tu): Maritime Security Operations
Operations Arabian Gulf; EUMM; OSCE Ga; Malaysia (Mal): IMT; ISF (Op Astute) Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE Ga;
KFOR; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I Malta (M): EUMM OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I
El Salvador (ElS): MNF-Iraq Moldova (Mol): Trans-dniester Peacekeeping Uganda (Uga): AMISOM
Estonia (Ea): ISAF; OSCE Mol; EUFOR (BiH); Force; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; OSCE Kosovo; Ukraine (Ukr): ISAF; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser;
EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; MNF-Iraq; MNF-Iraq KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I; MNF-Iraq;
NTM-I Mongolia (Mgl): KFOR Trans-Dneister peacekeeping force
Ethiopia (Eth): Somalia Montenegro (Mtn): OSCE Kosovo United Kingdom (UK): IMATT; OSCE Minsk
Fiji (Fji): MFO Morocco (Mor): KFOR Conf; OSCE Mol; Maritime Security
Finland (SF): OSCE Mol; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); Netherlands (Nl): OEF-A; Maritime Security Operations Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH);
OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; OSCE Operations Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR;
Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE OSCE Kosovo; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I; EUFOR
France (Fr): ISAF; Boali; Licorne; Epervier; Kosovo; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; EUSEC Tchad/RCA
OEF-A; OSCE Mol; MFO; Maritime Security RD Congo United States (US): IMATT; OEF-A; OSCE Mol;
Operations Arabian Gulf; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE New Zealand (NZ): ISF (Op Astute); RAMSI; MFO; Maritime Security Operations Arabian
BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE MFO; ISAF Gulf; ISAF; OSCE BiH; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser;
Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA Nigeria (Nga): IMATT KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I;
Georgia (Ga): ISAF; OSCE Ser; OSCE Kosovo Norway (No): MFO; ISAF; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; Active Endeavour
Germany (Ge): Active Endeavour; EUFOR KFOR Uruguay (Ury): MFO
(BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Mol; Poland (Pl): Active Endeavour; OSCE Minsk Uzbekistan (Uz): OSCE Kosovo
OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; Maritime Conf; EUFOR (BiH); EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR;
442 The Military Balance 2009
01–12 June CROMIN 08 US (Minnesota) Bilateral army PKO and urban CT US; Cr (34 pers)
exercise
28 July– NOBLE RESOLVE 08 US (VA; OR; CO; National interagency civil- US; Obs: Da; Fr; SF; Ge; Hu; It; J; HKJ; Mor; Por;
01 August IN) military DISTEX ROK; R; Sp; Swe; NATO
29 June–31 July RIM OF THE Pacific (Hawaii) Joint NAVEX with ASW and live US (1 CVBG); A; Ca; Chl; J; Nl; Pe; ROK; Sgp;
PACIFIC 08 msl firing UK. 35 ships; some DDG; 6 SSN; over 20,000
pers
05–25 August VAJRA PRAHAR US (Guam) Bilateral COIN-CT ex US; Ind
08-2
10–24 August RED FLAG 08 US (Nellis AFB, Multilateral air cbt trg Ex US(F-15; F-16); Ind (8 Su-30; 2 tkr; 1 tpt; 247
NEV) focused on network centric pers); Fr (Rafale); ROK (F-15K);
interoperability
19–26 August NANOOK 08 Ca (Arctic) Joint naval CT, anti-pollution MP Ca (2 ac, 2 ships) 500 pers.
DISTEX
September BOLD QUEST 08 US (Nellis AFB Tac theatre-level air cbt ident ex US; Ca; Nl; Swe; Fr; Ge; Be; UK; Aus; Da; It.
NEV; Fort Irwin, About 1390 pers; 40 ac
CA)
20 October– RED FLAG 09-1 US (Nellis AFB, Air cbt trg ex Gr, Sgp (F-16s) Sp (EF-18s) US ( F-15s, A-10s,
1 November NEV) KC-135s and several C2 ac
30 October– YUDH ABHYAS 08 US (Hawaii) Bilateral brigade-level jungle US; Ind
12 November CT CPX
12–15 May n.k. Tu (Kirklareli area) Bilateral army CMX focused Tu; Bg
on border security and
humanitarian aid
12–15 May ADRIATIC SHIELD Cr (Rijeka; Opatija) Naval WMD interception Ex Cr; Pl; US; BiH; It; Mnt; Slvn
08
28 May–12 June GLORIOUS Gr (Crete coast) Bilateral air ex focused on SAR Gr; Il (About 100 F-15; F-16; some hel)
SPARTAN 08 and long distance refueling
26 May–06 June BOLD MONARCH No (Kristiansand) NATO-led SAR ex to test a new Ca; Fr; Ge; Gr; Il; It; Nl; No; Pl; RF; Tu; Ukr; UK;
08 US-Fr-No-UK rescue systems US
02–06 June ARGONAFTIS + Cy (Larnaca) Naval SAR CMX (humanitarian Gr (1 FF); Fr (hel; 1 FF); It; Ge. 16 Obs
ESTIA evacuation scenario)
06–20 June BALTOPS 08 Pl (Gdynia), Baltic NATO PfP joint exercise focused Da; Ea; SF; Fr; Ge; Lat; L; No; Pl; RF; Swe; UK;
sea on peace spt, interdiction, SAR US. At least 30 ships; 2 SS.
16–27 June LOYAL MARINER / UK (Northwood) NATO joint exercises to test RRF Over 40 vessels incl CV; DD; FF, MCV.
SWORDFISH 08 Sp (Ferrol), Por readiness
19–27 June MILEX 08 It (Rome); Sp EU ESDP multilateral crisis- 340 pers. Obs: US; European NATO non-EU
(Valencia) management CPX (UN chapter 7 countries; RF; Ukr; Ca; Some Med countries.
PKO scenario) First activation of It EU Op HQ
30 June–30 July n.k R (Babadag) Bilateral live ex to enhance US Army JTF East (900 pers); R (280 pers)
interoperability, incl urban and
air trg ops
14–28 July SEA BREEZE 08 Ukr (Odessa) Multilateral combined NATO PfP- 16 countries (Ukr; Arm; Az; Ca; Da; Fr; Ga; Ge;
led MSO Ex to enhance interop Gr; Lat; FYROM; No; R; Tu; UK; US). 14 ships
(incl 1 US DDG); 17 ac; 2,200 pers. Incl 200
trg events
15–31 July IMMEDIATE Ga (Tbilisi, NATO PfP PKO CPX to enhance US (2 bn, 1,000 pers); Ga (300 pers); Az; Arm;
RESPONSE 08 Vaziani) interop Ukr. 2 HH-60
03–16 September DANEX 08 Skagerrak, Naval littoral MSO MIO Ex Da; Ge; Pl; UK. AAW ASW FF; MCM ships;
Kattegat straits some SS
06–12 September EVROPI-II 08 Gr EU crisis-management ex Gr (1 bn); Bg (1 coy); R (1 NBC pl; PSYOPS
(HELBROC BG in PKO scenario) pers); Cy (2 pl); 1,200 pers.
September ANATOLIAN EAGLE Tu (Konya NATO-led tac air cbt ex Tu; Be; Ge; It; Nl; UAE; US; Fr; Il; HKJ; Pak; UK
08/3 province)
01–13 September RAPID TRIDENT 08 Ukr (Yavoriv) NATO PfP-led tac CPX (Kosovo A; Az; Alb; Arm; Be; Bel; Ga; It; HKJ; Ca; L;
PKO KFOR scenario) FYROM; Mol; No; R; Swe. 930 pers.
18–26 September CRYSTAL EAGLE 08 Ge (Wildflecken) Multinational NATO-led planning NATO (Multinational Corps North East); 14
and C2 CPX drawing on ISAF countries
deployment lessons
19–29 September ADRIATIC EAGLE 08 FYROM (Skopje) SF Ex Alb; FYROM; Cr
27 September– COOPERATIVE Arm (Yerevan) NATO-led PfP CMX (CPX-LIVEX 7 NATO members (Ca; UK; Gr; Hu; L; Pl;
06 October LONGBOW + with UN-mandate PKO scenario) US); 11 PfP members (Alb; Arm; A; Bel; BiH;
COOPERATIVE FYROM; Kaz; Mol; CH; Ukr); UAE. 1,000 pers.
LANCER 08
444 The Military Balance 2009
Austria 2,263 2,630 3,603 276 321 439 0.74 0.82 0.96 35 195 0
447
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Ireland 948 1,113 1,329 236 274 323 0.47 0.51 0.51 10 15 0
Macedonia 128 134 157 63 65 76 2.20 2.10 2.07 11 21 8
Malta 49 46 44 122 114 109 0.83 0.69 0.59 2 0.2 0
Moldova 10 13 19 2 3 4 0.35 0.40 0.44 6 66 2
Montenegro n.a. 53 59 n.a. 79 86 0.00 2.36 2.26 5 0 10
Serbia 634 812 985 59 80 97 2.82 2.51 2.67 24 54 0
Sweden 5,837 6,006 6,773 648 666 750 1.63 1.56 1.49 17 262 0.6
Switzerland 3,606 3,473 3,526 481 462 467 0.98 0.92 0.83 23 218 0
Ukraine 1,080 1,269 1,802 23 27 39 1.25 1.19 1.29 130 1,000 85
Total 19,454 21,198 25,559 141 155 187 1.16 1.16 1.19 547 2,739 250
Russia 3
Russia 18,768 24,577 32,215 131 173 228 1.20 1.44 1.54 1,027 20,000 449
Middle East and North Africa
Algeria 2,877 3,096 4,270 88 94 128 2.80 2.74 3.25 147 150 187
Bahrain 500 532 539 726 761 817 3.80 3.42 3.28 8 0 11
Egypt 3,834 4,337 4,640 49 55 56 4.08 4.01 3.36 469 479 397
Iran 7,275 8,541 7,451 112 131 114 3.96 3.89 2.87 523 350 40
Iraq n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 577 0 0
Israel 10,745 11,582 11,607 1712 1823 1806 8.27 8.25 7.17 177 565 8
Jordan 973 1,115 1,621 169 189 268 7.59 7.92 10.28 101 65 10
Kuwait 3,568 3,514 3,757 1528 1453 1500 4.51 3.44 3.31 16 24 7
Lebanon 564 589 733 147 152 187 2.65 2.78 3.26 56 0 20
Libya 721 593 656 125 100 109 1.75 1.13 1.14 76 40 0
Mauritania 18 18 19 6 6 6 0.97 0.56 0.49 16 0 5
Morocco 2,054 2,161 2,409 63 65 71 3.98 3.78 3.21 196 150 50
Oman 3,695 3,276 3,237 1231 1056 1010 11.90 8.96 8.09 43 0 4
Table 38 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower
1
Outlays not Budget Authority
2
The totals for the armed forces include Gendarmerie (103,000), Carabinieri (107,000), Guardia Civil (72,600)
3
Official budget only at market exchange rates
Table 38 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower
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Table 39 Arms Deliveries to Table 40 Arms Transfer Agree Table 41 Global Arms Table 42 Global Arms Transfer
Developing Nations ments with Developing Nations Deliveries Agreements
Leading Recipients in 2007 Leading Recipients in 2007 Leading Suppliers in 2007 Leading Suppliers in 2007
(current US$m) (current US$m) (current US$m) (current US$m)
1 India 1,600 1 Saudi Arabia 10,600 1 United States 12,793 1 United States 24,860
2 Israel 1,500 2 India 5,000 2 Russia 4,700 2 Russia 10,400
3 Egypt 1,500 3 Pakistan 4,200 3 UK 2,600 3 UK 9,800
4 Saudi Arabia 1,100 4 Syria 3,700 4 France 2,100 4 China 3,800
5 Pakistan 1,100 5 South Korea 2,700 5 China 1,400 5 Spain 2,000
6 South Korea 1,000 6 UAE 1,900 6 Germany 1,000 6 France 1,800
7 Venezuela 1,000 7 Iraq 1,900 7 Canada 900 7 Germany 1,500
8 South Africa 800 8 Egypt 1,700 8 Sweden 800 8 Israel 1,000
9 Taiwan 800 9 Oman 1,400 9 Spain 600 9 Italy 900
10 China 700 10 Israel 1,000 10 Israel 500 10 South Korea 50
Table 43 Value of Global Arms Transfer Agreements and Market Share by Supplier, 2000–2007 (constant 2007US$m – % in italics)
Total Russia US UK France Germany Italy All Other European China Others
2000 40,620 5,113 12.6 15,662 38.6 7,183 17.7 3,044 7.5 1,583 3.9 365 0.9 3,774 9.3 1,096 2.7 2,800 6.9
2001 32,789 5,550 16.9 10,824 33.0 4,960 15.1 2,362 7.2 827 2.5 590 1.8 3,543 10.8 1,063 3.2 3,070 9.4
2002 33,189 4,140 12.5 11,568 34.9 5,635 17.0 1,725 5.2 1,495 4.5 690 2.1 3,450 10.4 1,035 3.1 3,450 10.4
2003 37,019 4,949 13.4 12,497 33.8 5,512 14.9 2,925 7.9 2,475 6.7 450 1.2 4,499 12.2 900 2.4 2,812 7.6
2004 37,610 6,005 16.0 12,826 34.1 3,603 9.6 6,005 16.0 2,184 5.8 218 0.6 2,402 6.4 983 2.6 3,385 9.0
2005 31,929 3,377 10.6 12,721 39.8 3,905 12.2 2,533 7.9 1,583 5.0 950 3.0 3,061 9.6 950 3.0 2,850 8.9
2006 34,386 6,043 17.6 12,876 37.4 4,404 12.8 1,536 4.5 2,561 7.4 307 0.9 3,585 10.4 1,127 3.3 1,946 5.7
2007 30,993 4,700 15.2 12,793 41.3 2,600 8.4 2,100 6.8 1,000 3.2 500 1.6 3,200 10.3 1,400 4.5 2,700 8.7
Table 44 Value of Global Arms Deliveries and Market Share by Supplier, 2000–2007 (constant 2007US$m – % in italics)
Total Russia US UK France Germany Italy All Other European China Others
2000 45,013 8,157 18.1 21,273 47.3 730 1.6 4,505 10.0 1,461 3.2 243 0.5 4,991 11.1 730 1.6 2,922 6.5
2001 37,097 6,495 17.5 13,479 36.3 709 1.9 5,196 14.0 2,362 6.4 1,299 3.5 3,188 8.6 1,299 3.5 3,070 8.3
2002 32,878 6,671 20.3 14,936 45.4 805 2.4 805 2.4 1,150 3.5 460 1.4 5,060 15.4 460 1.4 2,530 7.7
2003 32,570 5,287 16.2 16,260 49.9 675 2.1 3,150 9.7 1,687 5.2 675 2.1 2,362 7.3 675 2.1 1,800 5.5
2004 44,767 8,189 18.3 13,759 30.7 6,551 14.6 3,166 7.1 1,856 4.1 655 1.5 6,223 13.9 983 2.2 3,385 7.6
2005 48,709 7,704 15.8 13,564 27.8 2,955 6.1 8,865 18.2 1,794 3.7 1,583 3.2 6,755 13.9 3,166 6.5 2,322 4.8
2006 54,908 14,647 26.7 16,703 30.4 4,200 7.6 4,609 8.4 2,049 3.7 1,229 2.2 6,043 11.0 1,434 2.6 3,995 7.3
Country comparisons
2007 59,960 10,400 17.3 24,860 41.5 9,800 16.3 1,800 3.0 1,500 2.5 900 1.5 4,400 7.3 3,800 6.3 2,500 4.2
US DoD Price Deflator . All data rounded to nearest $100m. Source: Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms
453
2004-2007
Algeria 900 100 1,000
Bahrain 300 100 400
Egypt 5,500 200 500 400 6,600
Iran 400 200 200 800
Iraq 300 100 200 200 800
Israel 5,700 100 5,800
Jordan 600 100 700
Kuwait 1,500 1,500
Lebanon -
Libya 200 200 400
Morocco 100 100 200 400
Oman 700 300 1,000
Qatar -
Saudi Arabia 4,400 9,900 200 14,500
Syria 300 300 600
Tunisia -
UAE 600 300 4,000 400 5,300
Yemen 300 100 200 600
arms programmes, including the P-! maritime patrol the Chinese arms industry suffered several short-
aircraft, the C-X transport aircraft and a new main comings, including a backward R&T base, excess
ba2le tank. industrial capacity and an SOE mindset that valued
South Korea has built up an impressive defence- quotas and jobs over capabilities and customer-
industrial base. The local arms industry is particularly responsiveness. These inhibited the translation of
broad-based, fuelled by considerable investments in breakthrough technologies and designs into advanced
the aerospace, land-systems and shipbuilding sectors. weapon systems.
As a consequence, nearly 0"% of South Korea’s arms Over the past decade or so, however, Beijing has
are procured domestically. As in Japan, most Korean instituted several reforms intended to inject more
defence production is concentrated in subsidiaries market-oriented thinking into the defence industry.
of large conglomerates, such as Hyundai, Samsung These include the introduction of Western manage-
and Daewoo. Indigenous products include the T-+" ment techniques, a new emphasis on quality control
supersonic advanced trainer/light a2ack aircraft, the and greater oversight by the Chinese military
K-! main ba2le tank, and the KDX-III destroyer. Yet concerning procurement and programme manage-
even after more than *" years of significant public ment, downsizing and consolidation of the industrial
and private input into infrastructure and technology, base. There is now even a modicum of competition,
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South Korea still possesses only limited capacity for particularly in the shipbuilding and aviation sectors.
self-sufficient arms production. Overall, the country’s In addition, the Chinese have aggressively pursued a
defence research-and-technology (R&T) base remains dual-use R&T strategy that stresses the development
underdeveloped, and local arms production relies of advanced civilian technologies – such as space
heavily on foreign input in several key areas, such (launch vehicles and satellites), aviation, computer-
as design, components and subsystems, and systems aided manufacturing and, particularly, information
integration. The T-+", for example, depends on crit- technologies – that can be spun on to defence prod-
ical technical input from foreign defence firms. This ucts and production. Finally, the local arms industry
includes the design, which is developed in partner- has greatly benefited from a rise in Chinese defence
ship with Lockheed Martin, the computerised flight- spending – a fivefold increase since the late !55"s
control system, avionics and the engine. – that has invested considerable sums in weapons
Nevertheless, South Korea’s indigenous arms R&D, upgrading assembly lines and increasing
industry is producing an array of equipment; it is production.
developing its own anti-ship and land-a2ack cruise China is producing several new weapons systems
missiles, a new tank (the XK-&) and an infantry that are competitive in terms of quality and capabili-
fighting vehicle. It also plans to build its own class ties, including the J-!" fighter aircraft, the Song-class
of a2ack submarines. Seoul hopes that its aerospace diesel-electric submarine, the Type-"+&C destroyer
industry will develop so that eventually it is perceived (equipped with an indigenous Aegis-type radar and air-
as a world-class source of airframe design and manu- defence system), the HQ-5 long-range surface-to-air
facture, ranking in the world’s top ten aerospace- missile (akin to the US Patriot air-defence missile) and
producing countries. It has particular expectations several types of ballistic-missile systems. Moreover,
for the T-+" and anticipates selling /"" to 0"" of these rumours abound of China developing a fifth-
aircraft to overseas customers over the next &" years. generation fighter, laser weapons, anti-ship ballistic
China has long strived to become self-supporting missiles and other state-of-the-art military systems.
in the development and production of armaments, Overall, it appears that Beijing places substantial
and it possesses the region’s largest defence industry. emphasis on achieving self-sufficiency in arms acqui-
The Chinese defence-industrial base comprises more sition. In fact, it has severely reduced its once-size-
than !,""" state-owned enterprises (SOEs) employing able arms purchases from countries such as Russia
some three million workers, including more than and Ukraine. Allegations of reverse engineering
*"",""" engineers and technicians. China is one of have dogged some recent Chinese development
the few countries in the developing world to produce programmes, and during his first state visit to China
a full range of military equipment, from small arms in May &""0, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
to armoured vehicles to fighter aircraft to warships reportedly sought an agreement on the protection of
and submarines, as well as nuclear weapons and the Russian defence industry’s intellectual property
intercontinental ballistic missiles. Yet for decades, rights. (see East Asia and Australasia, p. */6.)
Current trends in Asia-Pacific defence industries 457
In Taiwan, armaments production is concentrated Russian T-5" tanks, as the Arjun is still not avail-
in three state-owned enterprises: the Chung Shan able after *" years of development. Overall, foreign
Institute for Science and Technology (missile systems); weapons systems (that is, both imports and licensed
the Aerospace Industry Development Corporation production) still comprise around 7"% of the Indian
(fighter aircraft); and China Shipbuilding Corporation military arsenal. India is expected to remain depen-
(warships). The local arms industry is under- dent on the joint development and production of
utilised and losing money. Many domestic weapons high-technology missile and aerospace systems with
programmes – such as the Indigenous Defensive Russia, along with spares, despite growing public
Fighter and the Kwang Hua VI missile boat – have disillusionment with price escalations and extended
been either halted or delayed, and alternative activi- delays of Russian arms supplies. (See Central and
ties, such as switching over to commercial produc- South Asia, p. **+.)
tion or exporting arms, have proved unsuccessful. At Efforts have been made to reform the local arms
the same time, Taipei has been reluctant to privatise, industry by opening up defence contracting to the
rationalise or sell off its state-owned defence firms to private sector, permi2ing foreign companies to invest
foreign investors, fearing that this would mean the in defence firms and encouraging collaborative R&D
permanent loss of critical high-tech, national security- and production. Market-oriented business practices
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nology. The DPP-&""0 is the sixth review of India’s Indonesia started manufacturing defence equip-
defence-procurement policy since !55&. Its implemen- ment in the mid !57"s, with the establishment of
tation is expected to remain slow because of the forth- several state-owned strategic industrial enterprises,
coming general elections, to be held in early &""5. In including aerospace and shipbuilding. The country
September &""0, Defence Minister, A.K. Antony stated produced transport aircraft and helicopters under
that India might consider raising the proportion of licence and co-developed the CN-&*+ medium trans-
foreign investment in defence joint ventures from port and maritime patrol aircraft with CASA of
&/% to 65% on a ‘selective basis’, providing greater Spain. Nevertheless, the local defence industry has
opportunities for foreign arms manufacturers. suffered from over-capacity and debt problems, and
Australia has an established naval construc- the !557–50 financial crisis forced a major retrench-
tion capacity. In the recent past, it has constructed ment. Today, Indonesia’s defence industry, while a
submarines and frigates, and various elements of shadow of its former self, still produces helicopters,
the projected three Aegis-equipped Air Warfare transport and maritime patrol aircraft and armoured
Destroyers and two &0,"""-ton amphibious power- personnel carriers, amongst other equipment, for the
projection ships are to be manufactured in Australia; country’s armed forces.
these vessels have been designed by Spain’s Navantia. Malaysia’s defence-industrial base includes both
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Australia’s defence industry also manufactures light private and government-owned companies, mostly
armoured vehicles, and it has assembled the British engaged in maintenance, repair and overhaul activi-
Hawk advanced training aircraft and Franco-German ties or in the low-end manufacturing of parts, compo-
Tiger a2ack helicopters under licence. Particularly nents, or sub-assemblies. Key production activities
noteworthy is the fact that much of Australia’s defence have included the licensed manufacture of Turkish-
industry is now in foreign hands. ADI (formerly designed armoured vehicles and construction of Kedah-
Australian Defence Industries) was bought by Thales class offshore patrol vessels (based on the German
of France; EADS (the European Aeronautic Defence MEKO A-!"" corve2e) for the Royal Malaysian Navy.
and Space Company, owner of the aircraft manufac-
turer Airbus) has acquired both Australian Aerospace Future directions: autarky, niche production
and Hawker Pacific; and Boeing operates a sizeable or globalisation?
subsidiary in the country. Meanwhile, BAE Systems Armaments production is a capital- and technology-
Australia, already a leading player in the Australian intensive industry, requiring significant investment
defence sector, acquired Tenix Defence in June &""0. in R&D, production facilities and skilled personnel.
Australia is thus witness not only to international Consequently, small-scale arms manufacturing of
defence-sector consolidation, but also to consolida- the type generally found in the Asia-Pacific is rarely
tion within the national sector. (See ‘&""7 in review: cost effective. Yet overall, there appears to be li2le
major developments in the European and US defence inclination among leading Asia-Pacific armaments
industries’, The Military Balance , pp. 6+!–6.) producers to rationalise their defence sectors by
In Southeast Asia, only Singapore possesses a abandoning overly ambitious weapons programmes,
significant indigenous arms industry. Although this closing down unsustainable production lines and
is narrowly focused on certain products and services, laying off unneeded workers. If anything, the
it is nevertheless globally competitive in quality and commitment to preserving – and in some cases even
technology terms. The government-linked Singapore expanding – local defence-industrial bases has never
Technologies Engineering (STEngg) produces the been stronger. Despite the technological hurdles and
Bionix infantry fighting vehicle and other army vehi- high entry costs, other factors continue to have a very
cles, !++mm artillery systems (including air-portable strong influence on Asia-Pacific arms-producing
and SP variants) and small arms and ammunition. states – among them perceived national-security
Under licence, it also builds stealth frigates based on imperatives, projected technology spin-offs and even
the French Lafaye!e class. STEngg is a critical provider national pride.
of information-technology solutions, is the lead con- Of course, there will always be some countries
tractor for the Singapore Armed Forces’ Integrated that remain commi2ed to preserving a high degree
Knowledge-based Command and Control (IKC&) of self-sufficiency and will therefore be prepared to
infrastructure, and has shown particular interest in pay the price of gaining or maintaining an across-
developing unmanned systems. the-board capacity for indigenous arms production.
Current trends in Asia-Pacific defence industries 459
This commitment is certainly evident in China, Japan, and Indonesia and perhaps also in Taiwan, albeit with
India and South Korea. Despite the technological and varying degrees of success.
economic challenges of sustaining modern military- Finally, some arms-producing states in the
industrial complexes, these countries continue to region are keen to take advantage of developments
stress self-sufficiency in arms production, as a stra- in the international defence sector. Defence firms in
tegic necessity. Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea have
The question for these countries is not simply stated the goal of integrating themselves into the
whether they can continue to afford a ‘techno- global production chain as preferred subcontractors
nationalist’ defence-industrial strategy, but also and second-tier suppliers. In the case of Malaysia,
whether this strategy will be worthwhile technologi- this is official government policy. In South Korea,
cally, as an overly self-sufficient approach risks closing Samsung has established a joint venture with Thales
off access to global technology. As Raymond Vernon to produce and market defence-electronics systems,
and Ethan Kapstein noted nearly twenty years ago, while, as discussed above, Australia has permi2ed
(‘National Needs, Global Resources’, Daedalus, Fall foreign firms to purchase local defence companies. On
!55!, p. !5): the other hand, there appears to be no desire or drive
to regionalise armaments production as a means of
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Any nation that is determined to rely upon its rationalising production or of pooling technological
own products, its own technologies, and its strengths or financial resources, as there is in Europe.
own enterprises to fulfill its defense needs will Each Asia-Pacific country still jealously protects its
pay a far higher premium for such a policy than defence industry from its neighbours.
in years past, costs that will be expressed not In the final analysis, whatever strategies they
only in terms of money but also in a sacrifice in pursue, most Asia-Pacific armaments producers will
the quality of its military equipment. remain – relative to the United States and Western
Europe – secondary or even tertiary actors in the
Other Asia-Pacific countries appear to have adopted international defence business. They will continue to
a niche-production approach to local arms manufac- manufacture military equipment mainly for domestic
turing, choosing to find and market areas where they consumption or occupy specialised niches in the global
may have advantages over imports. These countries arms market. The one possible exception is China.
may still be reliant upon foreign sources for major Should it adequately reform its defence industries,
weapons systems, but they avoid total dependency by and should it continue to dedicate ever-increasing
creating mitigating core competencies in indigenous funds to military R&D and to modernising its military-
(and sometimes exportable) armament production. industrial complex, China could be the real breakout
This strategy has been clearly evident in Singapore arms producer of the twenty-first century.
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460
THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
Chapter Eleven
UN Peacekeeping at 60
The resumption of large-scale fighting in the eastern Organisation (UNTSO) was sent to supervise the
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) at the end of ceasefire agreed after the first Arab–Israeli war of
!""# and the humanitarian disaster surrounding %()#. Some /" years later, UNTSO remains in busi-
it have once again exposed the limitations of UN ness, its mandate now geared towards supporting
peacekeeping. MONUC, the UN Mission in the DRC, UN peacekeepers elsewhere in the region.
which is the largest UN peacekeeping force in the Since UNTSO’s establishment, the UN has
world today, is facing many of the same accusations launched more than /" peacekeeping operations at
as missions before it and is blamed by all sides for an estimated total cost of $$) billion. The amount
failing to prevent massacres or to meet the needs of is surprisingly modest, given the scale and scope of
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civilian populations caught up in war. It was reported activities undertaken, and this may well be one reason
that some !$",""" civilians had been displaced by the why the demand for ‘blue helmets’ has remained
fighting by mid November !""# and, although UN brisk. When UN peacekeeping forces were awarded
forces had stopped the regional capital of Goma from the Nobel Peace Prize in %(##, just as the organisation
falling, rebel forces were advancing in other locations was breaking loose from the geopolitical constraints
across the east. In part the problem is one of resources imposed by )" years of Cold War, there were fewer
and competence. Even with the %&,""" troops it had than %$,""" troops deployed worldwide. Today, there
in late !""#, MONUC was ill-equipped to address are almost (",""" uniformed personnel from nearly
the enormous challenges in the east of the country. %!" countries involved in %/ missions. (With civilian
More fundamentally, MONUC’s activities on the staff, the figure rises to just under %%",""".) Six oper-
ground can never be a substitute for what is currently ations have been established in Africa alone since
lacking: an overall political strategy involving key !""2.
regional actors aimed at addressing underlying and However, more important than the growth in troop
unresolved issues at the heart of the on-going conflict. numbers and missions are the qualitative changes in
MONUC’s current predicament only serves to high- UN peacekeeping over the past two decades.
light, albeit in extreme form, questions that have In %(##, the Nobel Commi3ee stressed the contri-
too often plagued UN missions about the precise bution that UN peacekeeping forces had made ‘to
mandates under which forces operate, the quality reducing tensions where an armistice has been nego-
of the forces despatched on missions and the UN’s tiated but a peace treaty has yet to be established’.
organisational capacity to manage and sustain its Throughout the Cold War that contribution was
peacekeeping responsibilities. generally made in disputes between member states.
In the most notable departure from that pa3ern – the
Peacekeeping’s evolution UN operation in the Congo between %(/" and %(/)
The charter that established the United Nations (when the UN force was first tasked with ensuring
in %()$ contains no mention of peacekeeping as a the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Congo and
distinctive activity, but the practice of UN peace- then with a3empting to prevent civil war) – the role
keeping is nearly as old as the world body itself. The of UN peacekeepers proved far more ambiguous and
conceptualisation of peacekeeping as a unique form controversial.
of third-party intervention – predicated on the closely Since the end of the Cold War, nearly all UN peace-
connected principles of host-state consent, impar- keeping operations have been deployed in intra-
tiality and minimum use of force – only took place in state conflicts, even though these have often formed
late %($"s, after the first UN Emergency Force in the part of a region-wide pa3ern of conflict. In another
Middle East (UNEF I) was deployed. The UN’s first marked contrast to the period of ‘classical’ peace-
foray into peacekeeping, however, occurred nearly keeping, humanitarian considerations – ensuring,
ten years earlier, when the UN Truce Supervision for instance, that humanitarian relief is delivered or
462 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
that fundamental human rights are protected – are an ment of UN operations and a major reassessment of
increasingly important motivation for deploying UN the requirements for success. That reassessment was
troops. eventually embodied in the report and recommenda-
Taken together, these developments help explain tions of the Panel on UN Peace Operations in !""".
why UN missions have become increasingly complex Chaired by Lakhdar Brahimi and be3er known as
and multi-faceted in nature. As MONUC illustrates, the ‘Brahimi Report’, it continues to inform efforts to
one single mission’s tasks can include election and improve the UN’s peacekeeping capacity and perfor-
human-rights monitoring; the provision of secu- mance. ‘Peace Operations !"%"’ – the current reform
rity for refugees in war-affected areas; support for agenda pursued by the Department of Peacekeeping
national policing and reform of law-and-order insti- Operations (DPKO) – focuses on five broad areas
tutions; and the organisation of large-scale disarma- covered by the Brahimi Report: doctrine; personnel,
ment, demobilisation and reintegration programmes. including the recruitment and retention of highly
UN operations have become increasingly ‘multi- qualified staff; relations with partners inside and
dimensional’, as the jargon would have it. Another outside the UN system; resources; and headquarters
aspect of this is the greater proximity of peacekeepers organisation, both in New York and in the field.
to other actors on the ground: international organi- The Brahimi Report’s discussion of the require-
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sations, non-governmental bodies of various kinds ments for success fell broadly into two categories.
and the many members of the UN’s own sprawling The first of these was concerned with practicalities
and mildly dysfunctional family of specialised agen- – that is, how best to meet the resource, administra-
cies and programmes. At present, UN peacekeepers tion and management demands generated by the
are deployed in two hybrid operations on the African increasingly complex, multi-faceted character of UN
continent. In the first – the African Union/United operations deployed, more often than not, in a less-
Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) – a than-benign environment. The panel highlighted the
joint peacekeeping force has been deployed to protect need to speed up the deployment of peacekeepers
civilian populations in the troubled Sudanese region once a mission had been authorised by the Security
of Darfur. In !""&, the UN established a mission in Council; improve inter-departmental and contin-
concert with EU aimed at creating secure conditions gency planning for missions; overcome bureau-
for the return of refugees and displaced persons in the cratic stove-piping and encourage system-wide and
Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT). integrated approaches to the running of operations;
Both the quantitative and qualitative changes to delegate more financial and procurement authority
UN peacekeeping outlined above have placed severe to field missions; strengthen the way that field head-
strains on the organisation’s capacity to sustain and quarters are staffed and organised; reform the anti-
manage operations. Warnings of ‘operational over- quated procurement policies and procedures of the
stretch’ by the UN Secretariat are not without justi- organisation; and systemise lessons from previous
fication and have become more insistent. At the same operations and feed these into the planning process
time, the experiences of UN peacekeepers in some for future missions.
localities – most strikingly of MONUC in the DRC – An encouragingly large number of the panels’
have continued to pose perhaps more fundamental recommendations in these areas have been acted
questions about the appropriateness of UN peace- upon, in several cases with direct benefits for peace-
keeping as an instrument to address what are often keepers on the ground. To ensure more rapid deploy-
deep-seated, complex emergencies. ment of troops, for example, the UN Logistics Base
(UNLB) at Brindisi, Italy, has been substantially
The Brahimi Report expanded to provide peacekeeping operations with
The mode of UN peacekeeping that evolved during the Strategic Deployment Stocks essential to rapid
the Cold War – lightly equipped troops, deployed in start-up of missions. The UNLB now also maintains
generally benign environments and reliant on host- the UN’s information and technology network that
state consent – was poorly suited to meet the chal- supports missions worldwide.
lenges faced by UN forces in the former Yugoslavia, Further aiding the deployment of peacekeepers has
Somalia and Rwanda in the early %(("s. Although the been the creation of Rapid Deployment Teams and the
sources of failure in each case rested fundamentally use of ‘pre-mandate commitment authority’, so that
with member states, the experiences led to a retrench- money can spent before the Security Council formally
UN Peacekeeping at 60 463
approves a peacekeeping mandate. Integrated departments, for whatever reason, do not get along.
Mission Task Forces have been employed to trans- How the restructuring will work out in practice, and
late the ideal of integrated missions into reality, not whether it will undermine progress made since the
just at the top but throughout the bureaucracy. Other Brahimi panel issued its report, is a major issue in the
recommendations, such as a substantial increase years ahead.
in the UN civilian policing capacity, have also been
enacted. These reforms have made a tangible differ- Clarity of mandates
ence to UN operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone The second category of issues addressed by the
since !""%, challenging the popular image of the UN Brahimi panel, though hard to separate from the ques-
as essentially ‘unreformable’. tion of resources and managerial capacity, was argu-
Progress can, however, be exaggerated and some ably more fundamental. It was concerned with the
key areas, such as procurement and staff recruitment, political requirements of success. Looking back at the
remain stubbornly resistant to meaningful reform. painful experiences of the early half of %(("s, the panel
Moreover, the sheer increase in the number and identified the absence of ‘clear, credible and achiev-
complexity of missions since !""2 has made it hard to able mandates’ for UN peacekeepers as the deeper
consolidate progress. source of failure. This is also one of the chief lessons
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There are also legitimate concerns about the likely enshrined in the so-called ‘capstone doctrine’ adopted
effects of Ban Ki Moon’s decision in !""& to push by the DPKO in !""#. Formally entitled United Nations
through with a major restructuring of peacekeeping Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, this is
management. Not long after moving into the 2#th not a doctrine proper. It does, however, usefully bring
floor of the UN headquarters in New York, the new together the ‘largely unwri3en body of principles that
Secretary-General decided to reverse the most signifi- has guided and informed’ UN peacekeepers over the
cant management decision taken with regard to peace- past /" years, as well as detailing how UN opera-
keeping after the Cold War: the incorporation of the tions have become more complex and demanding.
UN’s Field Operations Division into the Department As with the Brahimi report, it stresses that success in
of Peacekeeping Operations. Ban Ki Moon has effec- peacekeeping will always be strictly limited without
tively recreated a Department of Field Support (DFS), ’a peace to keep’ and a ‘clear and achievable mandate
headed by an Under-Secretary-General, which is now with resources to match’.
responsible for supporting ‘all UN peace missions While noting how UN peacekeeping has evolved
worldwide’. away from its modest beginnings, the capstone
The decision to split the department and make doctrine recognises the continuing importance of
the new head of DFS equal in rank to the head of the core principles of consent, impartiality and
the DPKO (although supposedly reporting to him in ‘non-use of force except in self-defence and defence
ma3ers relating to DPKO-managed operations) was of the mandate’, seeing these as ‘a navigation aid,
inspired largely by political considerations. As far or compass, for practitioners both in the field and at
as the effective management of operations from the UN headquarters’. The one difference here with past
headquarters is concerned, however, the history of formulations is the explicit inclusion of the ‘defence
UN peacekeeping suggests that the decision was ill- of the mandate’ as grounds for using force. While
advised and fraught with risk. The a3empt to rationa- this shift in emphasis is straightforward enough and
lise it, as some have done, in terms of the need to rein makes good sense on paper, the difficulty is that
in the DPKO and separate out its administrative and Security Council mandates have not generally lived
support functions is unconvincing, not least because up to the standard of clarity and achievability set out
it fails to account for the reality that distinctions by the Brahimi Report and reiterated in the capstone
between the administrative, operational and political doctrine. When mandates are muddled, or worse
direction of UN operations are bound to be blurred still contradictory, the injunction to act in ‘defence
and overlapping in practice. of the mandate’ becomes problematic – all the more
The effect of the decision could therefore well be to so if the force in question is under-resourced and ill-
undermine unity of command and to increase rather equipped. Nowhere has this been more evident than
than minimise the potential for debilitating conflict in the DRC.
between headquarters and the field. This would most Though MONUC is the largest UN mission, on
obviously be the case if the heads of the respective the ground the UN is ill-equipped to address the
464 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
scale of the challenges in the country, especially as peacekeeping. The evident strains on the UN peace-
key enabling capabilities such as logistics, tactical keeping machinery and the difficulties of agreeing
mobility and firepower continue to be in short supply. clear and properly resourced mandates have not
UN peacekeepers have used and threatened force stopped member states from continuing to resort to
against parties in the Congo conflict and, certainly by UN peacekeeping.
UN peacekeeping standards, MONUC has sustained Against this, however, must now be set impor-
significant casualties. Its involvement in more offen- tant changes in the dynamics of Security Council
sive operations has drawn it into to direct conflict decision-making, especially over the past five years.
with warring factions in parts of the country, yet it This factor is likely to most decisively shape the future
has manifestly failed to provide adequate security and the fortunes of UN peacekeeping. Put simply,
for civilian populations targeted and displaced by both Russia and China have evinced greater assertive-
fighting. In this context, questions have been raised ness and a less accommodating a3itude towards the
about not only the number of troops deployed in the Western permanent members on the Security Council
DRC, but also the quality of these troops. While UN than they typically displayed for much of the early
peacekeepers have seen allegations made in the past post-Cold War period. The Security Council autho-
concerning reported criminal behaviour, more funda- rises and regularly renews peacekeeping mandates
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mental issues concerning the suitability of the troops and, as the impasse over Kosovo indicates, growing
deployed to tackle the tasks in hand have also been distrust and a deterioration of relations among
discussed. In late !""#, when the authorised size of permanent members cannot but influence the UN’s
MONUC was raised by nearly 2,""", the former head peacekeeping activities. Indeed, it is already clear that
of DPKO, Jean Marie Guéhenno, argued forcefully two conditions for successful peacekeeping identified
that additional forces should come from European by the capstone doctrine – ‘full backing’ from a united
nations. While it is true that the EU military mission Security Council and ‘positive regional engagement’
to the eastern DRC did, as part of its !""2 Operation – are proving more difficult to obtain. The deteriora-
Artemis, deploy robust military force, this was for tion in relations is also certain to inject politics into the
a limited time only. Asking European nations to ongoing efforts to strengthen the UN’s peacekeeping
contribute substantial military forces to long-term capacities. Russia’s inflamed reaction to a September
complex UN operations would require a commit- !""# joint declaration on secretariat cooperation
ment that some may, in the midst of other activities between the UN and NATO, presented by Russian
such as in Afghanistan, find hard to address. Indeed, officials as a ‘secretive UN–NATO deal’, is an indica-
several European countries have made it clear that tion of the change in atmosphere.
they do not have troops available for the DRC. Finally, there is one sentiment that Russia and
China share: a distrust of the humanitarian grounds
The future of UN peacekeeping that have so often been invoked by Western powers
In !""2, it was widely believed that tensions among for intervening in the internal affairs of member
key member states before the US-led invasion of Iraq states. A greater readiness on the part of Russia and
had severely weakened the UN and that this would China to translate distrust of Western humanitarian
translate into a diminished role for the organisation. justifications into action might itself place a break on
Instead, there has been an unprecedented surge in UN the expansion of UN operations.
Chapter Twelve
Selected Trends in Non-State Activity
2007–2008
The number of non-state groups of various types listed services have reported an upsurge in the activities of
by the IISS in its database has increased to almost 500. these movements.
Analysis of the trends in non-state activity in the latter Nationalist movements continue to operate in
part of 2007 and in 2008 showed that the links between Sudan, with groups now attacking the interests of
global crime and insurgent and terrorist groups have foreign countries like China that they believe are
broadened. Weak border regimes and an increasing supporting Khartoum through oil deals and arms sales.
volume of trade moving in unchecked containers aid Two new opposition groups have emerged within the
the activities of these groups, as do poor inter-state semi-nomadic ‘Arab’ population. The Justice Front in
relationships. Sudan is demanding 45 billion Sudanese pounds from
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Saudi Arabia al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) Africa as an entry point for European markets. Guinea-
UK, Morocco Secret Organisation Group of al-Qaeda of Jihad Bissau in particular has suffered a rise in violence as
Organisation in Europe/Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade
Yemen al-Qaeda in Yemen
a result of the drug trade, and this country is now
hosting an EU security-sector reform mission in a bid
to boost law enforcement and military capacities (see
the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 282). The trade then moves
Bhutto were widely attributed to the al-Qaeda asso- north through the Maghreb to Europe. Al-Qaeda
ciate group, Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). in the Maghreb (AQM) may be benefiting from this
In North Africa, al-Qaeda affiliates were also trafficking. Tuareg rebels are heavily involved in the
active. In Morocco, the Secret Organisation Group smuggling of goods through Niger and Mali; connec-
of Jihad of al-Qaeda in Europe became the base for tions between the AQM and the Tuareg, as well as
al-Qaeda activity in the region. increased AQM presence in the region, have led to
The main al-Qaeda groupings and main affiliates assertions that this trade has been funding AQM
in 2008 are shown in Table 46. activities.
The co-ordinated attacks by muslim extremists In Afghanistan, high rates of heroin production
in Mumbai on 27 November highlighted growing and cannabis cultivation continue, although according
concern over a rising trend of this kind of activity to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
in India. It was reported that a hitherto unknown Afghanistan Opium Survey 2008 poppy cultivation
group, calling itself Deccan Mujahideen, was behind has dropped in 2008 (see Afghanistan map, p. 332).
the highly organised operation which principally This downward trend may be due in part to drought,
targeted hotels and restaurants with western clien- a more favourable wheat price for farmers, or a more
tele, and a Jewish community centre. Other groups stringent application os Afghanistan’s National Drug
which espouse anti-western and non-secular muslim Control Strategy. Organised crime within the country
ideologies have increaesed their activities in India. is closely tied to the insurgency. Poverty has the
The Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) is one effect of forcing people on to the ‘black economy’.
example which is believed to have grown in recent Prostitution, human trafficking and money laun-
years. dering are rife. Money laundering in Afghanistan is
often carried out through the medium of property
Organised crime and trafficking deals in the Middle East.
Organised crime and trafficking have become increas- The production of counterfeit pharmaceuticals
ingly tied to worldwide patterns of violence. It is esti- continues internationally. It is reported that up to 15%
mated that 95% of global illicit ‘hard’ drug production of all drugs sold internationally are fake, and in areas
takes place in conflict zones. of Africa and Asia this figure exceeds 50%. The over
In Mexico, violence resulting from the illicit drug £17bn industry has been linked to organised crime
trade rose sharply in 2008, despite anti-narcotics and terrorist organisations, including the Russian
Selected Trends in Non-State Activity 2007–2008 467
mafia, Chinese triads, Colombian cartels, Hizbullah, enforcement agencies have been active in trying to
the Real IRA and ETA. prevent the Internet from being used in this way: over
In June 2008, Spanish police arrested 20 members the past year, banned posts on sites have included
of the Tambov Group, a Russian criminal organisa- ‘How to become a member of al-Qaeda’ and ‘Anthrax
tion, in Madrid, the Balearic Islands, and a number of Production Technique’.
coastal resorts. They were accused of criminal asso- Jihadist websites increasingly target young
ciation, tax fraud and laundering money from crim- Westerners by translating propaganda into English,
inal activities in Russia that included contract killing, French, Italian and Spanish. A UK site recently issued
arms trafficking and drug smuggling. a call to British Muslims to travel to Somalia and fight
The Italian mafia has expanded over the past year, with Islamist forces, claiming the only end to the
increasing its presence both nationally and globally. conflict lay in the establishment of an Islamist govern-
An estimated 80% of businesses in Palermo, and 70% ment. Jihadist propaganda is increasingly centred on
throughout Sicily, pay protection money to organised the war in Afghanistan, after many years of focusing
crime groups. The mafia is also believed to have primarily on the war in Iraq. It was reported that jiha-
control over some public works programmes. The dist militants may be using ‘Second Life’ – a virtual
Camorra group have dominated illicit waste-disposal Internet world – to recruit new members, proselytise
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activity in the region since the 1990s, with adverse and transfer funds.
environmental consequences. Groups that do not directly resort to violence them-
The organisations have also strengthened their selves but that espouse extremist and fundamentalist
global influence. The Italian mafia has links to ideologies use the Internet widely and are increasing
organised-crime groups in Albania and Serbia, in number. Hizb ut-Tahrir in particular is now esti-
such as the Surcin Group. The ‘Ndrangheta Clan mated to have a presence in 45 countries. National
have expanded their global presence, with traf- responses to Hizb ut-Tahrir vary from country to
ficking through ports in Argentina, Australia, country. In some cases it is permitted, and in others
Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, the the organisation is banned and sometimes listed as a
Netherlands, Spain and the US. terrorist organisation. Whilst declaring a strategy of
non-violence, the movement calls for the restoration
The Internet and the global non-state of the Ottoman Caliphate.
community
The use of the Internet for the broadcast of jihadist See the Chart of Conflict 2009 for more data on worldwide
propaganda and migration of ideas continues. Law conflict trends.
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Definition and acts independently from state of government, though propagandist activity likely to lead to violence. This year,
468
In this table, a ‘non-state group’ is an organised force which it may have the support of a state. The groups may be the selected groups are organised according to an assessed
may be armed, has a recognised political or ideological terroristic or engage in criminal violence. Some may be ‘identifying characteristic’.
goal, or whose criminal activities impact on state security, non-violent in their declared aims but may engage in radical
Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
International: professed non-violent
Hizb ut-Tahrir PA 1950s– Millions Allowed in: UK, Da, Estb. worldwide Islamic Caliphate; extend Caliphate boundaries from Sp to Indo. Int’l
1960s (Mid- Aus, US, A, Be, Ca, CH, collection of groups with shared ideology. Inspired by Ottoman Empire
dle East) Swe, Pak, Sp, Sdn,
Indo, Tz (Zanzibar),
Nl, Mal, Ye, Fr, Pl, UAE,
PA, Tz. Banned in: Ge,
Kgz, Az, Tkm, Uz, Tu,
The Military Balance 2009
bombings, practices not previously seen in Afg. Key affiliate believed to be Tahir
Yuldashev’s Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan/Turkestan (IMU/T), based in Waziristan,
which seeks the overthrow of the Uzbek regime
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Ag 2006–7 n.k. Ag, RIM Estb. Islamic state in Ag; creation of an Islamic state worldwide; Jihad against the West;
possible ambition for pan-Maghreb insurgency. Group emerged after Groupe Salafiste
pour la Prédication et le Combat aligned with al-Qaeda
Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication Ag 1998 500 Ag, Cha, Nga, RMM, Estb. Islamic state in Ag; possible ambition for pan-Maghreb insurgency; create Islamic
et le Combat (GSPC)/Salafist Group for Int’l state worldwide; Jihad against the West. Linked to thwarted attacks on Western
Preaching and Combat/ Group for Call targets in Ag. Has pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda, after which Al-Qaeda in the Islamic
and Combat Maghreb emerged
Takfir Wal Hijra/Excommunication and Et early 1970s 300+ Ag, Et, RL, Sdn Estb. Islamic state in Et; Jihad against the west; estb. of worldwide Khalifah. Considered
Exodus one of the links between al-Qaeda and Europe. Joined with deported Afg/Pak
Mujahideen in North Africa; intellectual inspiration to al-Qaeda and other militant
groups. Original group was Muslim Brotherhood offshoot in Et, responsible for death
of President Anwar Sadat.
Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya/ Islamic Group Et 1977 500 Afg, Et Estb. Islamic state in Et; estb. of worldwide Khalifah. Al-Qaeda affiliate, has received
support from bin Laden. An off-shoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, its members
rejected the Brotherhood’s non-violent stance.
Jemaah Islamiah (JI)/Islamic Group/ Indo 1993–94 500+ Indo, Mal, Pi, Th Estb.ment of an Islamic state encompassing Indo, Mal, and Pi; Jihad against the West.
Community Active faction Thoifah Muqatilah conducted 2005 Bali bombings
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Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
Al-Qaeda in Irq/al-Qaeda Organisation in Irq 2004 n.k. Irq, HKJ Expel US and coalition forces from Iraq; estb. Islamic state; spread insurgency to
the Land of the Two Rivers/Tanzim Qa’idat secular neighbours; fight Il; Jihad against the West
al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn
Salafya Al-Aihadya/Abu Hafs al-Masri Mor n.k. 200–1,000 Mor, UK Further al-Qaeda aims in the the Maghreb; Jihad against the West; estb. of Islamic state
Brigade/Assirat Al-Moustakim in Muslim lands. Loose network of Salafist groups suspected of bombings in Madrid,
London and Casablanca. Used as an al-Qaeda connection to Europe
Groupe Islamique Combatant Marocain Mor 1990s n.k. Afg, Et, Mor, Tu, Estb. Islamic state in Mor; Jihad against the West. Supports al-Qaeda. Has supporters in
(GICM) / Moroccan Islamic Combatant Western Europe Western Europe
Group
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Sau 2004 n.k. Sau, Q, Ye Overthrow the Saudi monarchy; eject western forces from Sau; estb. Islamic state
worldwide; Jihad against the west. Sunni terrorist organisation linked to al-Qaeda.
Operates in other countries on Arabian peninsula, including Q and Ye
Secret Organisation Group of al-Qaeda of UK 2004–05 n.k. UK, Irl, Mor Encourage Muslims in the UK and Europe to become part of the global Islamist
Jihad Organisation in Europe/ Abu Hafs movement. Estb. Islamic state worldwide. Jihad against the west. Suspected of London
al-Masri Brigade bombings
Criminal / narcotics
Hakmarrje per Drejtesi/ Vengeance for Alb Early 1990s n.k. Alb Revive communist system in Alb. An organised armed and criminal group associated
Justice with the former communist special services in Alb
Wo Shing Wo Triad PRC 1930 20,000 PRC, Int’l Based in Hong Kong, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling
and gambling. Divided into nine subgroups specialising in different areas. Maintains
int’l presence, including in Aus, NZ, US (where it controls many legal gambling sites),
and Ca. Considered largest operational triad in the UK, responsible for increase in UK
heroin trade
Table 47 Selected Non-State Groups and Affiliates
14K PRC late 1940s 20,000 PRC, Int’l Based in Hong Kong, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling
and gambling. Known to carry out assassinations. Maintains int’l presence, incl in
Western Europe and North America. Possibly the most internationally active Chinese
org crime group.
United Bamboo Gang PRC 1957 15,000 PRC, ROC, Int’l Based in Taiwan, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling,
prostitution, extortion, and gambling. Involved in heroin smuggling in North America,
prostitution rings worldwide
Four Seas Gang PRC 1950s 5,000 PRC, ROC, Int’l Based in Taiwan, involved in illicit activities in PRC. Significant int’l presence; involved
in drug and human trafficking in US
Sun Yee On Triad/ New Righteousness PRC 1919 25,000+ PRC, Int’l Based in Hong Kong, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling
and Peace Triad and gambling. Main presence is in Hong Kong and Guangdong Province
Big Circle Gang PRC 1980s n.k. PRC, Ca Armed robbery, drug-trafficking, loansharking, human smuggling, counterfeiting and
export of stolen goods. Composed of former Red Guards and PLA soldiers who, after
Mao’s death in 1976, were sent to ‘re-education’ prison camps. Offshoot in Ca
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Co 1964 12,000+ Co Overthrow current democratic government and replace with communist system.
Colombia (FARC) / Revolutionary Armed Exerts ctrl over drug protection industry; offices in Cuba, Mex and various European
Forces of Colombia capitals. Latin America’s oldest and most capable insurgent group
Non-State Groups
Sicilian Mafia It mid–1800s n.k. It (Sicily), Int’l Illegal business activities in Sicily (It). Involved in drug-trading, smuggling, money
laundering, garbage disposal and US crime networks
469
Non-State
Groups
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Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
470
Camorra It 1500s 84,700 It (Campania), Int’l Illegal business activities in Campania (It), incl garbage disposal. Maintain presence in
US. Rival to the Sicilian mafia’s presence in New York
Mafia - Ndrangheta It 1991 10,000 It (Calabria, South), Illegal business activities in Calabria (It), with particular focus on the drug trade.
Ge, Int’l Involved in int’l criminal activities; carried out assassinations in Ge; accused of
trafficking nuclear waste. Branches in Arg, Aus, Be, Ca, Co, Fr, Ge, Nl, Sp, and US
Sacra Corona Unita It late–1970s 2,000 It (Calabria), Int’l Illegal business activities in Puglia (It). Presence in US. Emphasis on drugs, arms and
people smuggling through It
Yamaguchi-gumi J 1600s 20,000 J, Int’l Involved in activities including assassinations, extortion, prostitution, smuggling, and
gambling throughout J. Has worldwide presence using business fronts. Believed to be
involved in money laundering in US. Prostitution rings in South America, primarily Mex
Sumiyoshi-kai J 1600s 6,600 J, Int’l Involved in activities including assassinations, extortion, prostitution, smuggling, and
The Military Balance 2009
Africa, Pe, Bol drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Chihuaha. Significant
interaction with Colombian Cartels
Gulf Cartel Mex 1940s n.k. Mex, US, Western One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
Africa, Pe, Bol drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Controls ‘los Zetas’. Significant
interaction with Colombian cartels. Have hired Guatemalan Kaibiles and Central
American Mara Salvatruchas to work as enforcers.
Tijuana Cartel/Arellano Felix Organization Mex 1989 n.k. Mex, US, Int’l One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Tijuana. Significant presence
in Pe; a member of the organisation assassinated a Peruvian judge
Millennium Cartel/Valencia Cartel Mex 1999 n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Separated from the Juarez Cartel in
1999. Based in Michoacan. Significant interaction with Colombian cartels
Oaxaca Cartel Mex 1990s n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also
exports drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Oaxaca. Significant
interaction with Colombian cartels
Zambada Cartel Mex late 1990s n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also
exports drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Sinaloa. Significant
interaction with Colombian cartels
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Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
Colima Cartel Mex 1980s n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Guadalajara and Jalisco.
Significant interaction with Colombian cartels
Los Zetas Mex late 1990s 60–62,000 Mex, US Protect Gulf Cartel interests in Mex (based in Tamaulipas); protection of key members
and trafficking routes; expand Mex position in int’l drug trade. Maintain control of
the US trafficking routes. Expand into Western Africa and Europe. Has recruited from
military and police in Mex and Gua Kaibiles (special forces) and MS-13 members
Los Negros Mex late 1990s n.k. Mex Protect Sinaloa Cartel interests; expand Mex position in int’l drug trade; maintain control
of the US trafficking routes; expand into western Africa and Europe. Has recruited from
military and police in Mex and Gua Kaibiles (special forces) and MS-13 members
Nigerian Mafia Nga n.k. n.k. Nga, Int’l Primarily involved in money laundering and fraud though also control herion
trafficking through Nga. 419 scams in western Europe and North America
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) / Pakistan Pak 2007 n.k. Pak Sharia law; links with al-Qaeda,Lashkar-e Islam and Nafaz-e Sharia-e Mohammadi
Taliban
The Solntsevskaya Bratva/ Solntsevskaya RF mid–1980s 5,000 RF (Moscow), Eastern Control of illegal business activities in Moscow. Significant presence in Eastern Europe
Brotherhood Europe (particularly Hu), as well as in the US and Western Europe
Dolgoprudnenskaya RF 1988 n.k. RF (Moscow), Control of illegal business activities in Moscow. Kidnap and extortion in return for
Western Europe ‘protection’. Maintains some int’l presence, particularly in Ge
Izmaylovskaya gang RF mid–1980s 200–500 RF (Moscow), US, Control of illegal business activities in Moscow. Int’l presence, incl in Tel Aviv, Paris,
Il, int’l Toronto, Miami, and New York
Tambov gang RF 1988 n.k. RF (St. Petersburg), Control of illegal business activities in St. Petersburg. Operations worldwide. Spanish
int’l branch dismantled June 2008
Table 47 Selected Non-State Groups and Affiliates
Obshina RF 1974 n.k. Chechnya, Europe Control of illegal business activities in Chechnya. Began as opposition movement.
Used drugs and smuggling (arms and goods) profits to benefit secessionist movement.
Connections throughout Europe, esp Eastern Europe
Central Gang RF late 1980s n.k. RF (Moscow) Involved in illegal industries in Moscow
Uralmash gang RF late 1980s n.k. RF (Moscow) Involved in illegal business activities in Moscow
The Surcin Group Ser and 1990s n.k. Ser, Mnt, Western Control illegal business in Belgrade suburb of Surcin. Maintain connections
Mnt Europe throughout Ser, Mnt, and Western Europe (esp Swe, Ge, A, Nl, and No.)
Mara Savatrucha (MS-13) US 1980s 8–10,000 EIS, Gua, Hr, US, Originally Pico Union in Los Angeles, gang to protect El Salvador immigrants to the
Central America US from other criminal organisations. Expanded to drug and human trafficking. Now
present throughout Central America, Ca, Mex, and UK. Often hired by Mex drug cartels.
18th Street Gang / Mara 18 US 1960s 15,000 EIS, Mex, US Organised crime, turf wars, predominantly Hispanic organisation. Presence
throughout the US, Ca, and Mex
Nationalist movements
Albanian National Army (ANA)/ Armaj Alb 1999 n.k. Kosovo, FYROM Estb united Albanian state. Most members from disbanded Kosovo Liberation Army
Kombetare Shiqitare (AKSh) and National Liberation Army. Refocused efforts from pan-Alb unification to defense of
Kosovo. Most gave up arms to NATO as part of 2001 peace agreement
New BiH/Nova BiH BiH n.k. n.k. BiH Fights for unitary Bosnian state comprising a Muslim majority with Serb and Croat
Non-State Groups
minorities
471
Non-State
Groups
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Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
472
Hîzbî Dêmokiratî Kurdistanî Êran / Ir 1995 1,200–1,800 Ir Estb indep Kurdish state. Support other Kurdish nationalist movements in Tu and Irq
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
(DPKI) / Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran
(KDPI)
The Arbav Martyrs of Khuzestan Ir 2005 n.k. Ir Estb indep state of Khuzestan in response to perceived discrimination against Shia
Arabs in the region by the Iranian majority. No support from Arab nations; fought
against Irq in the Ir-Irq War
Party for Freedom and Life in Kurdistan Irq n.k. n.k. Irq (North) Estb. indep Kurdish state. Support other Kurdish nationalist movements in Tu and Ir.
(PFLK)
Sahrawi People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) Mor 1973 3–6,000 Mor Indep Western Sahara. Armed wing of the Frente Popular para la Liberacion de Saguia
el-Hamra y del Rio de Oro (Polisario Front)
The Military Balance 2009
Chechen Rebels RF n.k. 2–3,000 Chechnya, Dagestan Estb indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya; secure int’l support for
independence
Chyornyye Vdovy (Black Widows) RF 1999 30+ Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya. Female suicide
bombers; avenge death of relatives in Chechen conflict
Ingush Mujahideen RF 2007 n.k. Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya
(Ingushetia)
Islamist Terror Group/Jama’at Yarmuk RF 2004 n.k. North Caucasus Estb. autonomous North Caucasus region.Resp for Nalchik bombing in 2005
Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and RF 2002 50 Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya
Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs
(RSRSBCM)
Silence Association / Amanat Jama’at RF n.k. n.k. Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state under Islamic law. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya.
Table 47 Selected Non-State Groups and Affiliates
Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
The Beja Congress Sdn 1993 500 Sdn (East) Represent the interest of the Beja people of northeastern Sdn. Overthrow Sudanese
government and establish autonomous Beja state. Force Khartoum to share oil profits
and political power with the rest of the country. Controls area of Eastern Sudan
centred around Garoura and Hamshkoraib
Sudan Alliance Forces Sdn 1994 500 Sdn (East) Overthrow Sudanese government and estb. secular democracy
New Sudan Brigade Sdn 1995 2,000 Sdn (East) Overthrow Sudanese government and estb. secular, unitary democracy. Eastern
branch of Sudan People’s Liberation Army
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Sdn 2002–03 thousands Sdn (Darfur) Increased autonomy for Darfur; create a federal system allowing for state autonomy, estb.
rotating presidency; distribute wealth from natural resources equally. Protests regional
under-development, National Movement for Reform and Development is aligned
Janjaweed Militias Sdn 2002–03 20,000 Sdn (West) Protect interests of Khartoum government; tackle rebel movements in Darfur; prevent
int’l forces from the UN and AU from intervening significantly in conflict. Janjaweed a
generic term for tribal Arab militias displacing the African population of Darfur, Rizigat
tribe biggest element
United Revolutionary Force Front (URFF) Sdn 2007 n.k. Sdn Represent semi-nomadic Arab tribesmen that have suffered from Janjaweed actions.
Arab group formed from Democratic Popular Front Army
United Front for Liberation and Sdn 2007 n.k. Sdn Unite all Darfuri rebel groups; represent Darfuri peoples; protection from Janjaweed
Development (UFLD) and government forces. Represents an alliance of 5 groups. Also believed to have
targeted AU and UN force in order to secure weapons
Justice Front Sdn 2007 4,000 Sdn (Darfur, Al- Tribal Arab militia in south Darfur, composed of former Janjaweed militia loyal to
Duayn) Khartoum
Vetevendosje/Self-Determination Ser after 2000 n.k. Kosovo Indep Kosovo free of UN administraton. Opposes decentralisation fearing split in
(Kosovo) Kosovo
Table 47 Selected Non-State Groups and Affiliates
Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK)/People’s Tu 1978 3,000 Ir (North), Irq (North), Estb. indep Kurdish state based on Marxist-Leninist principles. Encourage Kurdish
Congress of Kurdistan (Kongra-Gel) Syr, Tu nationalist movements in Ir and Irq
People’s Defence Forces/Hêzên Parastina Tu n.k. 3,000+ Tu Estb. indep Kurdish state. Encourage Kurdish nationalist movements in Ir and Irq.
Gel (HPG) Militant wing of the People’s Congress of Kurdistan
Teyrbazen Azadiya Kurdistan (TAK) / Tu 2004 n.k. Tu Estb. indep Kurdish state. Encourage Kurdish nationalist movements in Ir and Irq.
Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Targets businesses and government installations
Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA)/True UK 1997 200 UK, Irl Unification of Irl; British withdrawal from Northern Ireland. Opposed Sinn Fein’s
IRA adoption of July 1997 cease-fire, armed wing of 32 County Sovereignty Committee
Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)/ UK 1994 30 UK, Irl Unification of Irl; British withdrawal from Northern Ireland. Opposed Sinn Fein’s
Continuity Army Council adoption of the July 1997 cease-fire
Separatist movements
Frente de Libertacao do Enclave de Ang 1980s 250 Ang (Cabinda) Indep Cabinda region; grew from FLEC in the 1980s; in 2001, Jose Tiburcio (leader) said
Cabinda - Renovada (FLEC-Renovada)/ they were giving up armed activity
Front for the Liberation of Cabinda
Frente de Libertacao do Enclave de Cabin- Ang 1980s 300 Ang Indep Cabinda region; operates from Congolese ports
da - Forcas Armadas de Cabinda/ Front for
Non-State Groups
Non-State
Groups
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Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
474
Abkhaz separatist regime Ga early 1990s 1,500+ Abkhazia Abkhaz indep; protect Abkhaz culture; de facto independence after 2008 war
South Ossetian separatist regime Ga early 1990s n.k. South Ossetia South Ossetian indep; de facto independence after 2008 war
Tripura Liberation Organisation Front (TLOF) Ind 1992 n.k. Ind Estb. indep state in Tripura, a majority Christian area
United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF) Ind 1990s n.k. Kuki Estb. indep Kuki state (Kukiland) for ethnic Kukis
United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) Ind 1979 3,000 Ind (Assam) Estb. sovereign socialist Assam
United Liberation Front of Barak Valley Ind 2002 50+ Ind (Assam) Estb. indep state for Karimanganj and Hailakandi (Assam)
(ULFBV)
United National Liberation Front (UNLF)/ Ind 1964 n.k. Ind (Assam) Estb. indep and socialist state of Manipur
Manipur Peoples’ Army (MPA)
United People’s Democratic Solidarity Ind 1999 150 Ind (Assam) Secession of Karbi-Anglong (Assam) Union of Karbi National Volunteers and Karbi
The Military Balance 2009
Sanjukta Mukti Fouj (SMF) Ind 1996 1,500 Ind (Assam) Estb. autonomous and socialist Assam. Military wing of the United Liberation Front of
Assam
Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT) Ind late 1980s 30 Ind Estb. indep Tamil State. Sponsored by LTTE
National Socialist Council of Nagaland- Ind/ My 1988 2,000 Ind, My Estb. indep socialist Greater Nagaland. Believed to have armed units though ceasefire
Khaplang (NSCN-K) with govt since 1997. Trg camps in My
South Maluku Republic/Republik Maluku Indo 1950 n.k. Ind (East) Estb. indep Christian Maluku
Selatan (RMS)
Transnistrian separatist regime Mol 1992 7,500 Transnistria Estb. indep state of Transnistria within the recognized borders of Mol. Maintain RF
support for separatist region
Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) My 1948 2–4,000 Th border Estb. Karen State with right to self-determination. Ongoing conflict with Democratic
Karen Buddhist Army, Armed wing of Kayin National Union
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) My 1948 800–2,000 My (Kayah State, Independence of Karenni State. Armed wing of Karenni National Progressive Party.
North) Operates near the border with Th
Kayin National Union (KNU)/Karen My 1959 5,000 My, Th Estb. indep Karen state. Involved in black market trading into Th, operates near the
National Union border with Th
Movement for the Actualisation of the Nga 1999 thousands Nga (Southeast) Estb. sovereign state of Biafra in Nga. Garner int’l support for Biafra
Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Ska 1972 8–11,000 N. and E. Ska Indep Tamil state; armed conflict began 1983; broke ceasefire in 2007; continues
/ World Tamil Association / World Tamil attacks within Ska; land, air and naval wing
Movement
Part Three
Reference
C-12 Super King Air (Huron) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech Ching-Kuo A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROC AIDC
C-17 Globemaster III . . . . . . . . . . . . US McDonnell Douglas Citabria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Champion
C-18 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing Citation (T-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
C-20 (Gulfstream III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream CJ-5 [Yak-18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC NAMC (Hongdu)
C-21 (Learjet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Learjet CJ-6 [Yak-18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC NAMC (Hongdu)
C-22 (Boeing 727) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing CL-215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-23 (Sherpa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Shorts CL-415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-26 Expediter/Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild CL-600/604 Challenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-27 Spartan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Alenia CM-170 Magister [Tzukit] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
C-32 [Boeing 757] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing CM-175 Zéphyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
C-37A [Gulfstream V] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream CN-212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/IPTN
C-38A (Astra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI CN-235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/IPTN
C-42 (Neiva Regente) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Cochise T-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
C-46 Commando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Curtis Comanche PA-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
C-47 DC-3 (Dakota) (C-117 Skytrain) . . . . . . . US Douglas Commander Aero-/TurboCommander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
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OPV off-shore patrol vessel RRC/F rapid-reaction corps/force STO(V)L short take-off and (vertical)
org organised/organisation RRC rapid raiding craft landing
OSV oceanographic survey vessel RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance and str strength
OTH/-B over-the-horizon/backscatter target acquisition SUGW surface-to-underwater GW
(radar) RV re-entry vehicle SURV surveillance
OTHR/T over-the-horizon radar/targeting RY royal yacht SUT surface and underwater target
PAAMS principal anti-air missile system SACLOS semi-automatic CLOS sy security
PAC Patriot advanced capability SAM surface-to-air missile t tonnes
para paratroop/parachute SAR search and rescue tac tactical
pax passenger/passenger transport sat satellite TASM tactical air-to-surface missile
aircraft SBCT Stryker brigade combat team temp temporary
PB/C/I/O/R patrol boat / coastal / inshore / SDV swimmer delivery vehicles THAAD theatre high altitude area defence
offshore / riverine
SEAD suppression of enemy air defence tk tank
PC/C/I/M/O/OH/R/T/F patrol craft / coastal
SEWS satellite early warning station tkr tanker
/ inshore / with SSM / offshore / offshore
with helicopter / riverine / torpedo / fast SF special forces TLAM tactical land-attack missile
PDMS point defence missile system SHORAD short range air defence TLE treaty-limited equipment (CFE)
pdr pounder SIGINT signals intelligence TMD theatre missile defence
pers personnel SLAM stand-off land-attack missile torp torpedo
PF/C/I/M/OH/T fast patrol craft / coastal SLBM submarine launched ballistic missile TOW tube launched optically wire guided
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/ inshore / with SSM / offshore with SLCM submarine launched cruise missile tpt transport
helicopter/ torpedo SLEP service life extension programme tr trillion
PGM precision guided munitions SMASHEX submarine search, escape and trg training
PHM patrol hydrofoil with SSM rescue exercise TriAD triple AD
PHT patrol hydrofoil with torpedo SMAW shoulder-launched multi-purpose TRV torpedo recovery vehicle
PKO peacekeeping operations assault weapon
TT torpedo tube
PPP purchasing-power parity SOC special operations capable
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
PR photo-reconnaissance SP self propelled
UCAV unmanned combat aerial vehicle
prepo pre-positioned Spec Op special operations
URG under-way replenishment group
PSO/H offshore patrol vessel over 60 spt support
USGW underwater to surface guided
metres / with helicopter sqn squadron weapon
PTG guided missile patrol craft SRAM short-range attack missile utl utility
PTRL/SURV patrol / surveillance SRBM short-range ballistic missile UUV unmanned undersea vehicle
PVO anti-aircraft defence (Russia) SS diesel submarine V(/S)TOL vertical(/short) take-off and
qd quadrillion SSAN submersible auxiliary support vessel landing
R&D research and development SSBN ballistic-missile submarine nuclear- veh vehicle
RAM rolling airframe missile fuelled VLS vertical launch system
RAS replenishment at sea SSC diesel submarine coastal VSHORAD very short range air defence
RCL ramped craft logistic SSG attack submarine diesel, non-ballistic VSRAD very short range air defence
missile launchers
RCWS remote controlled weapon station wg wing
SSGN SSN with dedicated non-ballistic
RCT regimental combat team missile launchers WLIC Inland construction tenders
recce reconnaissance SSI diesel submarine inshore WMD weapon(s) of mass destruction
RF response force SSK patrol submarine with ASW capability WTGB Icebreaker tugs
regt regiment SSM surface-to-surface missile YDG degaussing
RIB rigid inflatable boat SSN attack submarine nuclear powered YDT diving tender
RL rocket launcher START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks/ YTL light harbour tug
ro-ro roll-on, roll-off Treaty YTM medium harbour tug
RPV remotely piloted vehicle StF stabilisation force
Reference
486 The Military Balance 2009
488
The Military Balance 2009