2009

The Military Balance 2009
Editor’s Foreword
The Military Balance 2009 is a comprehensive and independent There have been calls for an enhanced international presence
assessment of the military capabilities and defence economics to supplement the existing UN force, which has proven ill-
of 170 states; it also functions as a reference work on develop- equipped to address the challenges in the east of the country.
ments in global military and security affairs. Meanwhile, the UN–African Union Hybrid Mission in the
As in recent editions there is focus on remaining opera- Darfur Region of Sudan continued to be under strength, as
tions in Iraq, notably the impact of the ‘surge’ of US troops and did the AU force further east in Somalia. Ethiopian forces
the Status of Forces Agreement signed by the US and Iraq in remained in Somalia in support of the Transitional Federal
November 2008. The number of coalition partners in Iraq is due Government and, as of late 2008, insecurity prevailed in large
to fall further towards the end of 2008. Some are considering portions of the country. Piracy has dominated international
Downloaded By: [B-on Consortium - 2007] At: 16:27 23 March 2009
whether to boost participation in Afghanistan. The Military perceptions of Somalia in the last year. While a number of
Balance discusses counter-insurgency efforts in that country warships have been despatched to the region to try to ensure
and the drive to improve the capacity of its security forces. The free passage for shipping, the coordination of such deploy-
activities of the NATO-led International Security Assistance ments, their rules of engagement and the legal environment
Force (ISAF) have expanded in the year, and ISAF troops are governing actions against pirates remained uncertain.
now tasked with interdicting drug traffickers and the destruc- In the United States, the incoming Obama administration
tion of opium factories. After defeats in open combat, insur- faces a raft of defence issues. While Afghanistan and Iraq will
gents established bases in areas where there was a smaller undoubtedly preoccupy the administration, other matters will
international presence and have continued to target perceived be pressing, such as decisions on equipment programmes, the
areas of weakness, such as the Afghan National Police. With a issue of force readiness and the strain on personnel of eight
presidential election scheduled to take place in 2009, delivering years of combat. Furthermore, it will be up to the new admin-
the security necessary to enable a credible election process will istration to set the Pentagon’s long-term priorities, such as
be of importance for the international forces. whether counter-insurgency and other missions contributing
As NATO marks its 60th anniversary in 2009, tensions remain to the ‘long war’ on terror will be at the centre of planning.
over burden-sharing in Afghanistan. Although the Alliance has The Pentagon, still led by Robert Gates, will have to consider
been able to secure increased commitments from its members such issues within the context of an economic crisis that will
during 2008, there is a growing need for Allies to collectively inevitably call into question the level of defence spending.
improve their efforts to define mission objectives, and criteria The effects of the banking crisis (that developed into an
for success. Meanwhile, 2008 also forced NATO to re-examine economic crisis) will have an impact on defence establish-
its expansion programme in the light of the sharp conflict ments around the world, not just in the US. Nations that
between Russia and aspirant-member Georgia. The conflict have spent considerable sums on foreign operations and
highlighted a number of capability gaps among the Russian expensive equipment programmes will find future mili-
forces deployed to Georgia, as well as obvious strengths. tary budgets pressured by the need to spend more on other
In East Asia, China’s military focus during 2008 was domestic priorities; nations that had funded defence expen-
on dealing with natural disasters, safeguarding the Beijing ditures through buoyant commodity export prices will
Summer Olympic Games and assisting in containing internal witness a fall in available revenues; and nations that based
unrest. The responses to the January storms and May earth- their public finances on other export sectors will also see a fall
quake in Sichuan province demonstrated that the PLA’s efforts in revenues as customer demand tails off. However, a poten-
to transform itself into a force capable of mobility and rapid tial positive aspect of these stringencies is that nations may
response clearly had some way to go. The PLA’s reputation be more willing to cooperate on operational deployments
was enhanced by positive and extensive media and Internet and procurement programmes, in a bid to reduce duplica-
coverage of its role in these crises; the PLA introduced a media tion. If 2008 is a guide, it is unlikely that the range of missions
spokesperson for the first time during the earthquake-recovery nations undertake, or the multiplicity of threats they face will
operations. However, there continued to be concern, especially diminish; while the long-term consequences of the banking
in the United States, about a general lack of transparency and crisis on public finances are not yet clear, how governments
the consequent difficulty in assessing PLA developments. move to balance these competing priorities will be of prime
Conflict continues to dominate the defence and secu- importance in the year ahead.
rity debate in Africa. Violence in the Democratic Republic of James Hackett
Congo has led to the displacement of over 250,000 civilians. Editor, The Military Balance
Preface
The Military Balance is updated each year to provide an accu- The data presented each year reflect judgements based on
rate assessment of the military forces and defence expen- information available to the IISS at the time the book is compiled.
ditures of 170 countries. Each edition contributes to the Where information differs from previous editions, this is mainly
provision of a unique compilation of data and information because of changes in national forces, but it is sometimes because
enabling the reader to discern trends through the examina- the IISS has reassessed the evidence supporting past entries.
tion of editions back as far as 1959. The data in the current An attempt is made to distinguish between these reasons for
edition are according to IISS assessments as at November change in the text that introduces each regional section, but care
2008. Inclusion of a territory, country or state in The Military must be taken in constructing time-series comparisons from
Balance does not imply legal recognition or indicate support information given in successive editions.
for any government. In order to interpret the data in the country entries
correctly, it is essential to read the explanatory notes begin-
General arrangement and contents ning on page 7.
The Editor’s Foreword contains a summary of the book and The large quantity of data in The Military Balance has been
general comment on defence matters. compressed into a portable volume by the extensive employ-
Part I of The Military Balance comprises the regional trends, ment of abbreviations. An essential tool is therefore the
military capabilities and defence economics data for coun- alphabetical index of abbreviations for data sections, which
tries grouped by region. Thus North America includes the appears at the back of the book.
US and Canada. Regional groupings are preceded by a short
introduction describing the military issues facing the region. Attribution and acknowledgements
There are essays on UN peacekeeping and defence industries The International Institute for Strategic Studies owes no alle-
in the Asia-Pacific region. There are tables depicting aspects giance to any government, group of governments, or any
of defence activity including selected major training exer- political or other organisation. Its assessments are its own,
cises, non-UN and UN multinational deployments, total US based on the material available to it from a wide variety of
aircraft holdings, international defence expenditure, and the sources. The cooperation of governments of all listed coun-
international arms trade. tries has been sought and, in many cases, received. However,
Part II contains information on selected non-state groups some data in The Military Balance are estimates.
with an essay detailing trends in non-state activity in 2008. Care is taken to ensure that these data are as accurate and
Part III comprises reference material. free from bias as possible. The Institute owes a considerable
There are maps showing selected deployments in Iraq, debt to a number of its own members, consultants and all
Afghanistan, Chad and the Central African Republic, as well those who help compile and check material. The Director-
as Georgia, NATO’s membership and partnership and coop- General and staff of the Institute assume full responsibility
eration arrangements, and anti-piracy activities off Somalia. for the data and judgements in this book. Comments and
The loose Chart of Conflict is updated for 2008 to show suggestions on the data and textual material contained
data on recent and current armed conflicts, including fatali- within the book are welcomed and should be communicated
ties and costs. to the Editor of The Military Balance at: IISS, 13–15 Arundel
Street, London WC2R 3DX, UK. Suggestions on the style and
Using The Military Balance method of presentation are also much appreciated.
The country entries in The Military Balance are an assess- Readers may use data from The Military Balance without
ment of the personnel strengths and equipment holdings applying for permission from the Institute on condition
of the world’s armed forces. Qualitative assessment is that the IISS and The Military Balance are cited as the source
enabled by relating data, both quantitative and economic, to in any published work. However, applications to repro-
textual comment. The strengths of forces and the numbers duce portions of text, complete country entries, maps or
of weapons held are based on the most accurate data avail- complete tables from The Military Balance must be referred
able or, failing that, on the best estimate that can be made. to the publishers. Prior to publication, applications should
In estimating a country’s total capabilities, old equipment be addressed to: Taylor and Francis, 4 Park Square, Milton
may be counted where it is considered that it may still be Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, with a copy to the Editor
deployable. of The Military Balance.
Explanatory Notes
been made to ensure accuracy, some transactions may

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
not be fulfilled or may differ – for instance in quantity –
Abbreviations are used throughout to save space from those reported. The information is arranged in the
and avoid repetition. The abbreviations may be both following order: land; sea and air.
singular or plural; for example, ‘elm’ means ‘element’ or
‘elements’. The qualification ‘some’ means up to, while GENERAL MILITARY DATA
‘about’ means the total could be higher than given. In
financial data, ‘$’ refers to US dollars unless otherwise Manpower
stated; billion (bn) signifies , million (m). Footnotes The ‘Active’ total comprises all servicemen and women
particular to a country entry or table are indicated by on full-time duty (including conscripts and long-term
leers, while those that apply throughout the book are assignments from the Reserves). When a gendarmerie
marked by symbols (* for training aircraft counted by or equivalent is under control of the MoD, they may
the IISS as combat-capable, and † where serviceability be included in the active total. Under the heading
of equipment is in doubt). A list of abbreviations for ‘Terms of Service’, only the length of conscript service
the data sections appears in the reference section (page is shown; where service is voluntary there is no entry.
!). ‘Reserve’ describes formations and units not fully
manned or operational in peacetime, but which can
COUNTRY ENTRIES be mobilised by recalling reservists in an emergency.
Unless otherwise indicated, the ‘Reserves’ entry
Information on each country is shown in a standard includes all reservists commied to rejoining the armed
format, although the differing availability of informa- forces in an emergency, except when national reserve
tion and differences in nomenclature result in some vari-
service obligations following conscription last almost
ations. Country entries include economic, demographic
a lifetime. The Military Balance bases its estimates of
and military data. Population aggregates are based on
effective reservist strengths on the numbers available
the most recent official census data or, in their absence,
within five years of completing full-time service, unless
demographic statistics taken from the US Census
there is good evidence that obligations are enforced for
Bureau. Data on ethnic and religious minorities are also
longer. Some countries have more than one category of
provided in some country entries. Military data include
‘Reserves’, often kept at varying degrees of readiness.
manpower, length of conscript service where relevant,
Where possible, these differences are denoted using the
outline organisation, number of formations and units
and an inventory of the major equipment of each service. national descriptive title, but always under the heading
This is followed, where applicable, by a description of of ‘Reserves’ to distinguish them from full-time active
the deployment of each service. Details of national forces forces.
stationed abroad and of foreign forces stationed within
the given country are also detailed. Other forces
Many countries maintain paramilitary forces whose
training, organisation, equipment and control suggest
ARMS PROCUREMENTS AND DELIVERIES
they may be used to support or replace regular military
Tables at the end of the regional texts show selected arms forces. These are listed, and their roles described, after
procurements (contracts and, in selected cases, contracts the military forces of each country. Their manpower is
involved in major development programmes) and deliv- not normally included in the Armed Forces totals at the
eries listed by country buyer, together with additional start of each entry. Home Guard units are counted as
information including, if known, the country supplier, paramilitary. Where paramilitary groups are not on full-
cost, prime contractor and the date on which the first time active duty, ‘(R)’ is added after the title to indicate
delivery was due to be made. While every effort has that they have reserve status.
8 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
stocks. Inventory totals for missile systems – such as

Units and formation strength surface-to-surface missiles (SSM), surface-to-air missiles
Company 100–200 (SAM) and anti-tank guided weapons (ATGW) – relate to
Battalion 500–800 launchers and not to missiles. Stocks of equipment held
in reserve and not assigned to either active or reserve
Brigade (regiment) 3,000–5,000
units are listed as ‘in store’. However, aircraft in excess of
Division 15,000–20,000 unit establishment holdings, held to allow for repair and
Corps (Army) 60,000–80,000 modification or immediate replacement, are not shown
‘in store’. This accounts for apparent disparities between
unit strengths and aircraft inventory strengths.
Non-state groups
The Military Balance continues to list in Part II selected
Deployments
non-state groups which pose a significant challenge to
The Military Balance mainly lists permanent bases and
state and international security. The list of non-state
operational deployments including peacekeeping oper-
groups, drawn from a wider database of such groups
ations, which are often discussed in the text for each
that is held within the IISS, is this year ordered according
to a defined identifying character of such groups, and regional section. Information in the country data files
then alphabetically. This year the IISS has added to its detail deployments of troops and military observers and,
analysis by producing a brief essay on trends in non- where available, the role and equipment of deployed
state activity. units; tables %! and %& in the country-comparisons
section constitute fuller listings of UN and non-UN
Equipment deployments, including of police and civilian personnel.
Quantities are shown by function and type, and represent In these tables, deployments are detailed by mission, by
what are believed to be total holdings, including active region, and with the largest troop contributing country
and reserve operational and training units and ‘in store’ at the head of the list.
Principal Ground Equipment Definitions
The Military Balance uses the following definitions of equipment:

Main Bale Tank (MBT). An armoured, tracked combat vehicle, weighing at least &.! metric tonnes
unladen, that may be armed with a turret-mounted gun of at least !mm calibre. Any new-wheeled
combat vehicles that meet the laer two criteria will be considered MBTs.
Armoured Combat Vehicle (ACV). A self-propelled vehicle with armoured protection and cross-country
capability. ACVs include:
Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV). An armoured combat vehicle designed and equipped to
transport an infantry squad, armed with an integral/organic cannon of at least 'mm calibre. Variants
of AIFVs are also included and indicated as such.
Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC). A lightly armoured combat vehicle, designed and equipped
to transport an infantry squad and armed with integral/organic weapons of less than 'mm calibre.
Variants of APCs converted for other uses (such as weapons platforms, command posts and commu-
nications vehicles) are included and indicated as such.
(Look-a-like. The term ‘look-a-like’ is used to describe a quantity of equipment, the precise role of
which is unknown, but which has the basic appearance – and often employing the chassis – of a known
equipment type.)
Artillery. A weapon with a calibre greater than mm for artillery pieces, and &mm and above for
mortars, capable of engaging ground targets by delivering primarily indirect fire. The definition also
applies to guns, howi+ers, gun/howi+ers, multiple-rocket launchers.
Explanatory Notes 9
Principal Naval Equipment Definitions
To aid comparison between fleets, the following definitions, which do not necessarily conform to national definitions,
are used:
Submarines. All vessels equipped for military operations and designed to operate primarily below the
surface. Those vessels with submarine-launched ballistic missiles are also listed separately under
‘Strategic Nuclear Forces’.
Principal Surface Combatant. This term includes all surface ships with both , tonnes full-load
displacement and a weapons system for purposes other than self-protection. All such ships are
assumed to have an anti-surface-ship capability. They comprise aircraft carriers (defined below);
cruisers (over 0, tonnes) and destroyers (less than 0, tonnes), both of which normally have an
anti-air role and may also have an anti-submarine capability; and frigates (less than 0, tonnes),
which normally have an anti-submarine role. Only ships with a flight deck that extends beyond two-
thirds of the vessel’s length are classified as aircraft carriers. Ships with shorter flight decks are shown
as helicopter carriers.
Patrol and Coastal Combatants. These are ships and craft whose primary role is protecting a state’s sea
approaches and coastline. Included are corvees (!–,! tonnes with an aack capability), missile
craft (with permanently fied missile-launcher ramps and control equipment) and torpedo craft (with
anti-surface-ship torpedoes). Ships and craft that fall outside these definitions are classified as ‘patrol’
and divided into ‘offshore’ (over ! tonnes), ‘coastal’ (!–! tonnes), ‘inshore’ (less than ! tonnes)
and ‘riverine’. The prefix ‘fast’ indicates that the ship’s speed can be greater than % knots.
Mine Warfare. This term covers surface vessels configured primarily for mine laying or mine counter-
measures (such as mine-hunters, minesweepers or dual-capable vessels). They are further classi-
fied into ‘offshore’, ‘coastal’, ‘inshore’ and ‘riverine’ with the same tonnage definitions as for ‘patrol’
vessels shown above.
Amphibious. This term includes ships specifically procured and employed to disembark troops and their
equipment onto unprepared beachheads by such means as landing craft, helicopters or hovercraft, or
directly supporting amphibious operations. The term ‘Landing Ship’ (as opposed to ‘Landing Craft’)
refers to vessels capable of an ocean passage that can deliver their troops and equipment in a fit
state to fight. Vessels with an amphibious capability but not assigned to amphibious duties are not
included. Amphibious craft are listed at the end of each entry.
Support and Miscellaneous. This term covers auxiliary military ships. It covers four broad categories:
‘underway support’ (e.g., tankers and stores ships), ‘maintenance and logistic’ (e.g., sealift ships),
‘special purposes’ (e.g., intelligence-collection ships) and ‘survey and research’ ships.
Merchant Fleet. This category is included in a state’s inventory when it can make a significant contribu-
tion to the state’s military sealift capability.
Weapons Systems. Weapons are listed in the following order: land-aack missiles, anti-surface-ship
missiles, surface-to-air missiles, guns, torpedo tubes, other anti-submarine weapons, and helicopters.
Missiles with a range of less than !km, and guns with a calibre of less than &mm, are not included.
Exceptions may be made in the case of some minor combatants with a primary gun armament of a
lesser calibre.
Aircraft. All armed aircraft, including anti-submarine warfare and maritime-reconnaissance aircraft, are
included as combat aircraft in naval inventories.
Organisations. Naval groupings such as fleets and squadrons frequently change and are often temporary;
organisations are shown only where it is meaningful.
Principal Aviation Equipment Definitions
Different countries often use the same basic aircraft in different roles; the key to determining these roles lies mainly
in aircrew training. In The Military Balance the following definitions are used as a guide:
Fixed Wing Aircraft

Fighter. This term is used to describe aircraft with the weapons, avionics and performance capacity for
aerial combat. Multi-role aircraft are shown as fighter ground aack (FGA), fighter, reconnaissance,
and so on, according to the role in which they are deployed.
Bomber. These aircraft are categorised according to their designed range and payload as follows:
Long-range. Capable of delivering a weapons payload of more than ,kg over an unrefuelled radius
of action of over !,km;
Medium-range. Capable of delivering weapons of more than ,kg over an unrefuelled radius of
action of between ,km and !,km;

Short-range. Capable of delivering a weapons payload of more than ,kg over an unrefuelled radius
of action of less than ,km.
Some bombers with the radius of action described above, but designed to deliver a payload of less than
,kg, and which do not fall into the category of FGA, are described as light bombers.
Helicopters
Armed Helicopters. This term is used to cover helicopters equipped to deliver ordnance, including for
anti-submarine warfare.
Aack. Helicopters with an integrated fire-control and aiming system, designed to deliver anti-armour,
air-to-ground or air-to-air weapons.
Combat Support. Helicopters equipped with area-suppression or self-defence weapons, but without an
integrated fire-control and aiming system.
Assault. Armed helicopters designed to deliver troops to the balefield.
Transport Helicopters. The term describes helicopters designed to transport personnel or cargo in support
of military operations.
Military formations
GROUND FORCES
The manpower strength, equipment holdings and
The national designation is normally used for army organisation of formations such as brigades and divi-
formations. The term ‘regiment’ can be misleading. It sions differ widely from country to country. Where
can mean essentially a brigade of all arms; a grouping possible, the normal composition of formations is given
of baalions of a single arm; or a baalion group. The in parentheses. It should be noted that where both divi-
sense intended is indicated in each case. Where there sions and brigades are listed, only independent or sepa-
is no standard organisation, the intermediate levels of rate brigades are counted and not those included in
command are shown as headquarters (HQ), followed divisions.
by the total numbers of units that could be allocated to
them. Where a unit’s title overstates its real capability, NAVAL FORCES
the title is given in inverted commas, with an estimate
given in parentheses of the comparable unit size typical Categorisation is based on operational role, weapon
of countries with substantial armed forces. For guide- fit and displacement. Ship classes are identified by the
lines for unit and formation strengths, see p. 0. name of the first ship of that class, except where a class
Explanatory Notes 11
is recognised by another name (such as Udaloy, Petya). cial defence budgets for the current year and previous
Where the class is based on a foreign design or has been two years are shown, as well as an estimate of actual
acquired from another country, the original class name defence expenditures for those countries where true
is added in parentheses. Each class is given an acronym. defence expenditure is thought to be considerably higher
All such designators are included in the list of abbrevia- than official budget figures suggest. Estimates of actual
tions. The term ‘ship’ refers to vessels with over , defence expenditure, however, are only made for those
tonnes full-load displacement that are more than &m countries where there are sufficient data to justify such a
in overall length; vessels of lesser displacement, but of measurement. Therefore, there will be several countries
&m or more overall length, are termed ‘craft’. Vessels listed in The Military Balance for which only an official
of less than &m overall length are not included. The defence budget figure is provided but where, in reality,
term ‘commissioning’ of a ship is used to mean the true defence-related expenditure is almost certainly
ship has completed fiing out and initial sea trials, and higher.
has a naval crew; operational training may not have All financial data in the country entries are shown
been completed, but otherwise the ship is available for both in national currency and US dollars at current year,
service. ‘Decommissioning’ means that a ship has been not constant, prices. US-dollar conversions are generally,
removed from operational duty and the bulk of its naval but not invariably, calculated from the exchange rates
crew transferred. Removing equipment and stores and listed in the entry. In a few cases, notably Russia and
dismantling weapons, however, may not have started. China, a US-dollar purchasing power parity (PPP) rate is
Where known, ships in long-term refit are shown as used in preference to official or market exchange rates.
such.
Definitions of terms
AIR FORCES Despite efforts by NATO and the UN to develop a stan-
dardised definition of military expenditure, many coun-
The term ‘combat aircraft’ refers to aircraft normally tries prefer to use their own definitions (which are often
equipped to deliver air-to-air or air-to-surface ordnance. not made public). In order to present a comprehensive
The ‘combat’ totals include aircraft in operational picture, The Military Balance lists three different measures
conversion units whose main role is weapons training, of military-related spending data.
and training aircraft of the same type as those in front-
line squadrons that are assumed to be available for oper- • For most countries, an official defence budget
ations at short notice. Training aircraft considered to be figure is provided.
combat capable are marked with an asterisk (*). Armed • For those countries where other military-
maritime aircraft are included in combat-aircraft totals. related outlays, over and above the defence
Operational groupings of air forces are shown where budget, are known, or can be reasonably esti-
known. Squadron aircraft strengths vary with aircraft mated, an additional measurement referred
types and from country to country. to as defence expenditure is also provided.
Defence expenditure figures will naturally be
DEFENCE ECONOMICS higher than official budget figures, depending
on the range of additional factors included.
Country entries in Part I include defence expenditures, • For NATO countries, an official defence budget
selected economic performance indicators and demo- figure as well as a measure of defence expen-
graphic aggregates. There are also international compar- diture (calculated using NATO’s definition) is
isons of defence expenditure and military manpower, quoted.
giving expenditure figures for the past three years in per
capita terms and as a % of GDP. The aim is to provide an NATO’s definition of military expenditure, the most
accurate measure of military expenditure and the alloca- comprehensive, is defined as the cash outlays of central
tion of economic resources to defence. All country entries or federal governments to meet the costs of national
are subject to revision each year, as new information, armed forces. The term ‘armed forces’ includes stra-
particularly regarding defence expenditure, becomes tegic, land, naval, air, command, administration and
available. The information is necessarily selective. support forces. It also includes paramilitary forces such
Individual country entries show economic perfor- as gendarmerie, the customs service and the border guard
mance over the past two years, and current demographic if these forces are trained in military tactics, equipped
data. Where these data are unavailable, information from as a military force and operate under military authority
the last available year is provided. Where possible, offi- in the event of war. Defence expenditures are reported
in four categories: Operating Costs, Procurement and obtain. This is the case in a few former command econ-
Construction, Research and Development (R&D) and omies in transition and countries currently or recently
Other Expenditure. Operating Costs include salaries involved in armed conflict. The Gross Domestic Product
and pensions for military and civilian personnel; the (GDP) figures are nominal (current) values at market
cost of maintaining and training units, service organisa- prices. GDP growth is real, not nominal, growth, and
tions, headquarters and support elements; and the cost inflation is the year-on-year change in consumer prices.
of servicing and repairing military equipment and infra- Dollar exchange rates relate to the last two years plus the
structure. Procurement and Construction expenditure current year. Values for the past two years are annual
covers national equipment and infrastructure spending, averages, while current values are the latest monthly
as well as common infrastructure programmes. It also value.
includes financial contributions to multinational military
organisations, host-nation support in cash and in kind, Calculating exchange rates
and payments made to other countries under bilateral Typically, but not invariably, the exchange rates shown
agreements. R&D is defence expenditure up to the point in the country entries are also used to calculate GDP
at which new equipment can be put in service, regard- and defence budget and expenditure dollar conver-
less of whether new equipment is actually procured. sions. Where they are not used, it is because the use of
Foreign Military Aid (FMA) contributions of more than exchange rate dollar conversions can misrepresent both
US$ million are also noted. GDP and defence expenditure. For some countries, PPP
For many non-NATO countries the issue of transpar- rather than market exchange rates are sometimes used
ency in reporting military budgets is fundamental. Not for dollar conversions of both GDP and defence expendi-
every UN member state reports defence budget data tures. Where PPP is used, it is annotated accordingly.
(even fewer real defence expenditures) to their elector- The arguments for using PPP are strongest for Russia
ates, the UN, the IMF or other multinational organisa- and China. Both the UN and IMF have issued caveats
tions. In the case of governments with a proven record concerning the reliability of official economic statistics
of transparency, official figures generally conform to the on transitional economies, particularly those of Russia,
standardised definition of defence budgeting, as adopted some Eastern European and Central Asian countries.
by the UN, and consistency problems are not usually a Non-reporting, lags in the publication of current statis-
major issue. The IISS cites official defence budgets as tics and frequent revisions of recent data (not always
reported by either national governments, the UN, the accompanied by timely revision of previously published
OSCE or the IMF. figures in the same series) pose transparency and consis-
For those countries where the official defence budget tency problems. Another problem arises with certain
figure is considered to be an incomplete measure of total transitional economies whose productive capabilities are
military-related spending, and appropriate additional similar to those of developed economies, but where cost
data are available, the IISS will use data from a variety and price structures are often much lower than world
of sources to arrive at a more accurate estimate of true levels.
defence expenditure. The most frequent instances of PPP dollar values are used in preference to market
budgetary manipulation or falsification typically involve exchange rates in cases where using such exchange rates
equipment procurement, R&D, defence industrial invest- may result in excessively low dollar-conversion values
ment, covert weapons programmes, pensions for retired for GDP and defence expenditure data.
military and civilian personnel, paramilitary forces and
non-budgetary sources of revenue for the military arising Arms trade
from ownership of industrial, property and land assets. The source for the data for the global and regional arms
The principal sources for national economic statistics trade is the US Congressional Research Service (CRS). It
cited in the country entries are the IMF, the Organisation is accepted that these data may vary in some cases from
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), national declarations of defence exports which is due in
the World Bank and three regional banks (the Inter- part to differences in the publication times of the various
American, Asian and African Development Banks). sets of data and national definitions of military-related
For some countries basic economic data are difficult to equipment.
Chapter One
North America
North America
THE United States run their services, the actions of commanders on the
ground and the willingness of service members to
To observers accustomed to the activities of the Donald keep enlisting and re-enlisting.
Rumsfeld years, with visible changes in doctrine,
overseas-basing plans, defence-resource alloca- Doctrine and policy
tions, or actual military operations seemingly every Nonetheless, the secretary of defense has made his
year of his six-year term as secretary of defense, the policy priorities clear through both formal statements
tenure of Dr Robert Gates (secretary of defense since and his shaping of Pentagon leadership. Traditional
December 2006) may seem relatively anti-climatic. issues of nuclear policy were addressed in October
However, during his period in office the United 2008, when Gates, noting air-force proposals to
States, along with Iraqi allies and coalition partners, tighten its handling of nuclear issues, spoke of his
has arguably turned around the security situation in belief that the Renewable Replacement Warhead
Iraq. There have also been changes in the senior lead- (RRW) programme needed ‘urgent attention’;
ership of both the US Army and US Air Force, with Congress has refused funding beyond the concep-
resignations arising from issues of management and tual stage. (President-elect Obama was reported as
competence on matters ranging from military health saying he was against a ‘premature’ decision to build
care to nuclear-weapons security. Furthermore, the an RRW.) Meanwhile, developing interagency coop-
secretary has publicly advocated larger diplomatic eration in a bid to leverage non-military instruments
and aid budgets, all the while underscoring that the of power has been a key and well-reported theme:
Department of Defense (DoD), too, must play its part in November 2007 Gates made the case for strength-
in nation-building missions and view operations such ening and better integrating soft-power capacities
as counter-insurgency and peacekeeping as top-tier with hard power and that ‘one of the most important
priorities for planning and budgeting purposes. lessons of … Iraq and Afghanistan is that military
Of course, the leadership of General David Petraeus success is not sufficient to win’. This was followed by
(formerly commander of Multi-National Force-Iraq the plea to expand funding for non-military foreign-
(MNF-I) and now commander of Central Command affairs programmes.
(CENTCOM)), General Raymond Odierno (formerly Meanwhile, Gates has emphasised the centrality of
Petraeus’s deputy and now successor as MNF-I the counter-terrorist campaign, with the August 2008
commander), and US Ambassador to Iraq Ryan National Defense Strategy saying that ‘for the fore-
Crocker undoubtedly helped to redefine America’s seeable future, winning the Long War against violent
role in Iraq, while other new ideas that the Pentagon is extremist movements will be the central objective of
now pushing, such as Africa Command (AFRICOM), the U.S.’. Some analysts report that the document may
have long been in gestation. Furthermore, while have met resistance in some quarters of the military,
firing service secretaries and chiefs of staff shows with willingness to support large standing forces, and
decisiveness and creates a culture of greater account- the purchase of systems like mine-resistant ambush-
ability, it does not necessarily produce a more effec- protected vehicles (MRAPs) over longer-term more
tive DoD, at least not immediately. But moves such established programmes perhaps being less than
as the October 2008 announcement of a new air-force wholehearted. Gates pushed back against such ideas.
command specifically to manage its nuclear assets A September 2008 speech at the National Defense
show that substantial organisational changes, as well University saw him focus on, among other key issues,
as personnel changes, are now being made. Now that ‘the shifts required for the US defense establishment –
Gates has been retained as the defence secretary in in priorities, procurement and institutional culture – as
the new Obama administration, there may be further we assess and balance future risk’; a speech that was,
developments in policy and organisation. Also he assured the audience, about hard power. Within an
important, however, will be the way military leaders overall framework of seeking ‘balance’ in US strategy
14 The Military Balance 2009
(such as addressing present as well as future conflicts be the planning focus and budgetary priority of the
and balancing traditional and ‘non-traditional’ mili- Pentagon. In the meantime Gates has, together with
tary capabilities), Gates considered the nature of the service chiefs, kept military readiness in respect-
future threats and future conflicts, the limits of mili- able shape; this is no mean feat in the current opera-
tary force and the need to consider the ‘psychological, tional environment, given that the US ground forces
cultural, political, and human dimensions of warfare’. together averaged 22 brigades deployed overseas at
He saw frustration over the ‘defense bureaucracy’s any given time throughout 2007 and 2008.
priorities and lack of urgency when it came to the
current conflicts’, saying that the US should ‘not be so Military readiness
preoccupied with preparing for future conventional Given the high tempo of US military operations, and
and strategic conflicts that we neglect to provide both the long tours and short rest times that many personnel
short-term and long-term all the capabilities neces- have to cope with, the US Army and US Marine Corps
sary to fight and win conflicts such as we are in today’. are holding up, though under severe strain. While
Noting the ever-rising cost and dwindling numbers most indicators are not worsening year on year, they
of platforms, Gates said that ‘resources are not unlim- are less healthy than in most periods of the 1980s and
ited [and] the dynamic of exchanging numbers for 1990s. Furthermore, the readiness of the US military
capability is perhaps reaching a point of diminishing is fragile, not indefinitely sustainable, and is exacting
returns’. Conventional modernisation programmes a heavy toll on many individuals even if it seems, at
deserved support, and the need for state-of-the-art present, to be reasonably good across the force.
systems would not fade, but he wondered whether
specialised, lower-cost, low-tech equipment suited to Personnel
stability and counter-insurgency operations were also In recent years, the military has accepted more
needed, in light of the contingencies US forces are recruits with general equivalency degrees (GEDs)
likely to face in the future and considering the diffi- rather than high-school diplomas to which they are
culties encountered in fielding MRAPs, up-armoured considered academically equivalent, has enlisted a
HMMWVs and ISR in Iraq. Ensuring that there was higher percentage of applicants scoring very low
also institutional support (in procurement terms, for on its aptitude tests, and has taken on more recruits
instance) for such programmes was necessary, so that aged over 40. These trend-lines on age and GEDs
in future the US would not have to ‘bypass existing have recently begun to cause concern, as noted in
institutions and procedures to get the capabilities we The Military Balance 2008 (p. 14). While figures for the
need’. other services have remained healthy, the army has
Such statements provide a backdrop for the new experienced some problems and, according to anal-
administration should it wish to challenge the services ysis by the National Priorities Project, the high-school
over some of their major weapons-modernisation graduation figure – which had been 83.5% in 2005,
plans and other priorities. So far, Gates has not made continued its decline to just over 70% in 2007.
major changes to these plans. Rather, he has used a Meanwhile, West Point graduates have been
combination of powerful rhetoric, doctrinal innova- remaining on active duty beyond their initial five-
tion, hirings and firings, and supplemental appropri- year commitment in substantial numbers, countering
ations from Congress to push his ideas and to set the suggestions that an unprecedented number of young
agenda. Gates’s term in the Obama administration graduates were leaving the service. The last year for
may see more fundamental debates take place over which data were available at time of writing (the
long-term Pentagon resource allocation. class of 2002, eligible to leave in 2007), showed a 68%
Under Gates’s leadership, the DoD has continued re-enlistment rate, only 4 percentage points below
to build on some of Rumsfeld’s better ‘transforma- the 1990s average. Company-grade officers (first and
tion’ ideas while scaling back plans that seemed too second lieutenants as well as captains) have not been
radical. But, notwithstanding the National Defense leaving at a greater-than-normal rate either, with the
Strategy, it will be up to the next administration to average rate during the Iraq War less than the average
consider the kinds of choices that will really set the of the late 1990s. Nonetheless, as has been noted by
long-term priorities of the department – deciding, the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the
most notably, whether counter-insurgency and other army is short of several thousand officers in aggre-
missions contributing to the ‘long war’ on terror will gate. This is largely because the army is increasing the
North America 15
number of officers needed as it enlarges the number Afghanistan have caused no major crisis. No more
North America
of brigades in its force structure, while not enough than 20% of the total inventory of most weapons has
young officers were recruited in the early 1990s, been in the Central Command theatre at any given
meaning that the current pool from which to recruit time, according to Congressional Budget Office
for mid-level positions is too small. (CBO) data published in 2007. For most major fighting
Moral waivers for matters such as criminal history vehicles and helicopters, there was no shortage of
have also increased substantially in recent years, with useable equipment for forces based in the US. There
a total of 860 soldiers and marines requiring waivers were, however, notable shortfalls of up-armoured
from convictions for felony crimes in 2007, up by 400 HMMWVs, MRAPs, Strykers and two of seven types
from the year 2006. Meanwhile, a 6 April 2008 New of truck. For the trucks, since there were substantial
York Times report focusing on operational stresses surpluses in some of the other five categories of truck,
noted that for one group of soldiers surveyed in 2008, there was probably little major problem. For the
among those who had been to Iraq on three or four armoured vehicles, however, there would clearly be
separate tours, the fraction displaying signs of post- great difficulty in finding a way to deploy many to a
traumatic stress disorders was 27% (in contrast to rapidly developing new crisis. The army equipment-
12% after one tour and 18.5% after two). As of early readiness issue is thus quite specific – potentially
2008, among the 513,000 active-duty soldiers who serious for some scenarios, much less so for others.
have served in Iraq, over 197,000 had served more On balance, however, while Iraq and Afghanistan
than once, and over 53,000 had deployed three or have taxed the equipment inventories of US ground
more times. forces in particular, the real strain now is on people,
not weaponry.
Training
The key training issue relates to the Army and Marine The services: acquisition programmes and
Corps. Most soldiers and marines have little time to other developments
do anything other than deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan, Gates has stressed that the ‘war on terror’ must be
return, rest and then prepare to go back. Generalised the Pentagon’s top priority. While this may be taken
training in other types of combat besides the counter- to mean that other things are lower on the priority
insurgency and counter-terrorism efforts pursued in list, the secretary and the administration have gener-
Iraq and Afghanistan is by necessity being neglected. ally left that observation implied rather than explicit,
The assumption is that forces which performed so notwithstanding Gates’s recent comment concerning
well in ‘traditional’ combat in 2003, and which have the need to institutionalise procurement procedures
been hardened by ongoing combat of a different type for capabilities, such as MRAPs, recently fielded in
since then, will remain proficient for the full range Iraq and Afghanistan. Moreover, major weapons
of possible missions for the foreseeable future, even programmes have not seen many cancellations or
without the full range of training as required by offi- reductions. This may be something for the Obama
cial doctrine. This can be periodically tested by asking administration, depending on its degree of concern
that troops be subjected to assessments of their skills over the size of the federal fiscal deficit and the US
in other types of combat on the training ranges (time defence budget.
and resources permitting), but it is hard to elimi- The US Air Force, prior to the replacement of
nate a level of uncertainty in measuring readiness. its chief of staff and top civilian in spring 2008,
On balance, current US soldiers and marines are so noted a shortfall of $20 billion in its annual budget,
battle hardened that, though their technical skills in largely due to its proposals to buy more fighter
some areas of high-intensity, large-scale manoeuvre aircraft in coming years. The plans on the books call
warfare have likely waned to some degree, their for replacing essentially all of its 20 tactical combat
overall readiness is good; however, this is not indefi- wings with ‘fifth generation’ aircraft, and the F-22 is
nitely sustainable. now equipping an increasing number of front-line
air-force squadrons. Since a wing typically includes
Equipment close to 100 planes, and since those next-generation
For most major types of vehicles – all classes of heli- aircraft (the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II) are esti-
copters, Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting vehi- mated by the CBO and GAO to cost an average of
cles, medium-weight trucks – the wars in Iraq and at least $150m and $95m respectively, the price tags
will rise considerably once costs such as R&D are also types may be countered by the need to upgrade to
included. There are, in addition, all the other costs match emerging technologies deployed by poten-
associated with manned and unmanned assets in air tial adversaries: a generational shift, therefore, may
and space – not to mention ongoing costs of opera- be just as cost-effective. Meanwhile, according to an
tions and people. October 2007 report by the Congressional Research
But the plans underpinning those budgetary Service (CRS) (‘F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter
calls have been questioned. Throughout much of the (JSF) Program: Background, Status, and Issues’),
post-Cold War era, some defence commentators and ‘program officials are also counting on the availability
budget hawks counselled the air force to reconsider of funding to procure the aircraft at efficient rates of
its modernisation plans. Analysts such as Lane Pierrot production … and now that the F-35 has reached
at the CBO, former Pentagon analyst Chuck Spinney, its production period, some would suggest that
and numerous think-tank specialists suggested that significant cost growth is less likely’. What is in less
buying all F-22s and F-35s was too expensive. Critics doubt, according to the same CRS report, is a general
called for cheaper approaches, such as buying new consensus that ‘the issue of the United States’ ageing
F-16 aircraft with modern avionics and stealthy coat- fighter fleet must be addressed’.
ings that could reduce the radar cross section (even if Meanwhile, the Air Force remains without a
not by the 90% or more that an F-35 might provide) – replacement for its ageing fleet of KC-135 tankers.
adequate for fighting the likes of Serbia and Iraq, and The contract for the KC-X project had been awarded
for backing up first-tier aircraft that could handle the to a Northrop-Grumman/EADS consortium, which
heaviest air-defence environments in possible future prompted a protest from rival Boeing. After the
combat against more modern powers. (Meanwhile, GAO overturned the deal, effectively reopening
the defence secretary has raised the possibility, in situ- the bidding, September 2008 saw Gates cancel the
ations where the US has air dominance, of employing competition, saying that the process could not be
‘lower cost, lower-tech aircraft that can be employed completed before January 2009 and that the procure-
in large quantities and used by our partners’.) ment should be deferred until the new administration
One idea that has been discussed is to reassess was in place. This deferred still further the in-service
the numbers of aircraft, particularly F-35s, intended date for the KC-X, due to replace airframes delivered
for purchase. At current levels, the F-35 programme no later than 1965. July 2008 saw the first B-52H stra-
will cost an average of about $14bn a year to 2023 and tegic bomber fly into retirement in a programme that
$10bn a year for several years thereafter. Moreover, it was due to retire 18 of the aircraft. While funding was
is proceeding at speed: according to the GAO, at the cited as one of the factors behind the decision, opera-
start of low-rate production the F-35 had only gone tional requirements for fewer of the aircraft were also
through three months of flight testing and less than cited.
1% of intended flight-test hours, in contrast to figures October 2008 saw the air force announce the
of 48 months and 20% for the F-22. If the F-35 were planned formation of a new command, entitled
scaled back, some analysts assert, the Air Force, Navy, Global Strike Command, following a review of the
and Marine Corps could retain plans to have about air force’s nuclear programmes. The new command
25 tactical combat wings with F-35s, but be expected will include the 8th Air Force (now in Air Combat
to equip at least ten with F-16s/F-18s to save money. Command (ACC) and comprising the B-2 and B-52
Alternatively, some analysts have said, the Air Force’s fleet) and 20th Air Force (currently under Air Force
preferred option of constituting its future tactical fleet Space Command). The B-1B fleet will remain in ACC
only of F-22 and F-35 aircraft could be respected, but while cyber and ISR duties will be transferred out of
the total number of wings cut back. 8th AF.
However, the CBO has pointed out that losing F-35 Since the tenure of General Eric Shinseki as chief
capacity might restrict fixed-wing operations from of staff, the US Army has been committed to a broad-
some navy expeditionary platforms as well as cause based modernisation of its entire force structure,
aircraft with less stealthy capabilities to be retained; known as the Future Combat System (FCS) (see The
the F-35, meanwhile, is not solely a US project, with Military Balance 2008, p. 16), a family of (originally)
eight other countries part of the programme. Those 18 major systems – 11 ground vehicles, 4 unmanned
in favour of the F-35 programme as presently envis- aerial vehicles, and 3 other major capabilities
aged argue that savings through upgrades to older (though in February 2007 four of the 18 systems were
North America 17
‘deferred’, and the fielding rate for brigade combat can begin afresh the process of acquiring a manned,
North America
teams (BCTs) was stretched out over five more years). armed reconnaissance helicopter. Cancellation of the
Estimated costs for procurement to 2025 are esti- programme means that the army will have to invest
mated at around $200bn in constant 2009 dollars. in maintaining and developing the existing Kiowa
The goal of FCS is to use information, networks, situ- Warrior fleet. In the same month, the army awarded
ational awareness, active defence and manoeuvre three contracts for technology development on
to ensure survivability to make ground forces more the Joint Light Tactical vehicle. This vehicle, a joint
efficient and enable manpower reductions. Critics of programme between the army, marines and Special
the programme have argued that pursuing so many Operations Command, will, according to the army,
capabilities at once risks confusion and that FCS has include variants that can carry infantry, carry out
been rushed in a number of technology areas, saying reconnaissance, act as C3 vehicles, carry heavy guns
that add-on capabilities can be as cheap, and nearly and serve as ambulances.
as effective, as creating new vehicle fleets. Moreover, The army has introduced a new Stability Operations
the army is already adding many new vehicles to its field manual (FM 3-07), placing stability operations
fleet, including several thousand Strykers and up to into doctrine, noting that in a contemporary opera-
15,000 MRAPs. The addition of so many new vehicles tional environment, conventional military opera-
to so many units, as well as the combat environments tions ‘will be conducted simultaneously with stability
in which such equipment is employed, has led some operations’. The manual states that military success
to assert that this equipment should be used and alone will not be sufficient to prevail during a time of
assessed before major new decisions are made. protracted confrontation and ‘during stability opera-
In 2006, the assistant director of the CBO detailed tions, U.S. military forces will partner with different
some alternative approaches that could be taken with U.S. government agencies, non-governmental agen-
FCS – for example, separating out its various strands so cies and coalition partners’.
that network elements would be pursued while vehi- While the US Navy shares with the air force
cles would be cancelled, instead refurbishing existing the challenge of buying the F-35, at least two of its
vehicles for the foreseeable future. The February 2007 various shipbuilding efforts have been seriously
‘restructuring’ of FCS was ‘part of a balancing act troubled to the point of contract reassessment – the
between equipping the current force and modernizing small Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) and the DDG-1000
the future force’ and the army intends to change the destroyer (which could in turn provide the hull for
near-term focus of FCS by fielding available capabili- the navy’s next-generation cruiser; in effect three ship
ties to Infantry BCTs in Iraq and Afghanistan, rather programmes are in jeopardy). Beyond the specific
than to Heavy BCTs. According to the US Army, problems with individual programmes the CBO has
while there is no FCS equipment in Afghanistan or pointed to a wider budgetary problem: the navy has
Iraq, ‘surrogate’ equipment such as micro air vehicles been buying ships at a slow pace in recent years, and
and pacbot robots is in-theatre. to make up for that it will need to increase its annual
FCS remains the army’s major procurement shipbuilding budget by as much as $15bn.
programme in the near term, and the Defense The navy has recently introduced new concepts,
Authorization Act for FY 2009 included over $3bn including a cheaper and smaller ship in the LCS (a
in funding for FCS programmes. In October 2008, crew of 75 instead of the more usual 200–300 and
Army Vice Chief of Staff General Peter Chiarelli said displacement of about 3,000 tonnes, less than half the
that the army needed to better ‘explain the revolu- common value), and retains a vision of a larger fleet.
tionary potential of these vehicles’. Chiarelli said that However, the cost of naval platforms continues to rise
current army vehicles were designed for the Cold – the navy appears likely to spend $500m per LCS,
War, and not for ‘full spectrum operations and asym- for example, more than twice the originally predicted
metric warfare’, and urged the army to accelerate FCS cost. But the navy has also, in recent years, become
modernisation. more innovative in how it uses its fleet. It has moved
October saw the army terminate the Armed to a strategy of ‘surging’ ships to key theatres over-
Reconnaissance Helicopter programme, which had seas rather than maintaining a constant, predictable,
been awarded to Bell Helicopter, after development constraining presence in each. The navy also rotates
costs tripled to $942m. The army will re-examine crews while vessels are deployed – a practice known
the planned capability of the helicopter so that it as ‘sea swap’ – where it needs to maintain a more
consistent geographic presence and lengthen vessel In August 2008, Minister of Defence Peter MacKay
deployments. announced new acquisition proposals designed to
In April, the chief of naval operations announced meet operational needs in Afghanistan as well as
the re-establishment of the US Fourth Fleet, headquar- build on current helicopter lift capability and re
tered in Mayport, FL. Fourth Fleet will be responsible instate a Chinook fleet. In the short term, Canada was
for navy ships, aircraft and submarines operating in to lease six commercial helicopters to meet short-term
the Caribbean and Central and South America. The operational requirements in Afghanistan as well as
commander of the Fourth Fleet is also the commander purchase six CH-47D Chinook helicopters from the
of US Naval Forces Southern Command and, as the US. Coupled with this was an announcement of an
command has operational responsibility for assigned intent to purchase CH-47Fs to meet Canada’s future
assets from east- and west-coast fleets operating in tactical medium-to-heavy lift requirements as well as
the SOUTHCOM AOR, the Pentagon reported that the procurement of Scan Eagle UAVs as a short-term
the new command would not lead to an increase in requirement and the two-year lease of a Heron UAV
forces assigned to Mayport. system. Upgrades to the surveillance suite of the
The navy has also assumed the lead role in US stra- CP-140 Aurora aircraft were also announced. Earlier,
tegic engagement with Africa. The navy’s principal in January, the government announced a contract
instrument here is the Africa Partnership Station for 17 C-130J Hercules aircraft to address fixed-wing
(APS) (part of the Global Fleet Station programme – tactical aircraft requirements and replace Canada’s
see The Military Balance 2008, p. 17). APS completed its older C-130Es. For the army, December 2007 saw an
first six-month exercise in the Gulf of Guinea in April agreement with the Netherlands for the purchase
2008, led by USS Fort McHenry and three other vessels, by Canada of 100 Leopard II MBTs (with 40 believed
having visited 12 countries and provided shipboard available for deployment); as an interim measure,
and shore-bound training for many regional naval 20 Leopard IIMs were loaned by Germany. Earlier
personnel. The navy has consolidated plans for announcements noted eight Arctic offshore-patrol
another six-month deployment and made the APS vessels, upgrades and service-life extensions for
a continuously operating concept. (See Sub-Saharan the Halifax frigates. Meanwhile, 2008 saw the last of
Africa, p. 280, and ‘The Africa Partnership Station’, Canada’s C-17s arrive at Trenton airbase.
IISS Strategic Comments, vol. 14, issue 6, August 2008.) After it had been outlined in a series of speeches,
Meanwhile, AFRICOM was declared active on 1 Ottawa published the Canada First Defence
October 2008 (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 16). Still Strategy. In an introductory note, the Prime
headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, after unsuc- Minister Stephen Harper said that rebuilding the
cessfully trailing Africa for potential locations, the Canadian forces was a fundamental requirement to
command has nonetheless been active in pursuing protect Canadians, defend sovereignty and ensure
military-to-military and diplomatic activities on the ‘that Canada can return to the international stage
continent and remains keen to stress its light footprint as a credible and influential country’. The docu-
and employment of activities designed to assist ‘active ment established a level of ambition for Canadian
security’ (See Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 280). 1 October forces: defend Canada; defend North America; and
also saw the activation of US Air Forces Africa, to contribute to international peace and security. The
be designated 17th Air Force – the air component of military can deliver, the document continued, by
AFRICOM. maintaining an ability to conduct six core tasks, at
times simultaneously: daily domestic and continental
Canada operations, including in the Arctic and through
NORAD; support for a major event in Canada,
The Harper administration, which in its defence-policy such as the 2010 Winter Olympics; response to a
pronouncements has emphasised both sovereignty major terrorist attack; support for civilian authori-
protection and expedition-oriented military activity, ties during a crisis in Canada, such as a natural
has continued to build Canadian military capabilities disaster; leadership or conduct of a major interna-
with announcements of new equipment acquisitions, tional operation for an extended period; and deploy-
building on the announcements – and inventory addi- ment of forces in response to crises elsewhere in the
tions – seen in recent years (see IISS Strategic Survey world for shorter periods. Force capacity would be
2008, pp. 91–2; The Military Balance 2008, pp. 24–5.) enhanced by investing in four ‘pillars’: personnel,
North America 19
equipment, readiness and infrastructure. To achieve (IMF) confirmed that, with a US recession virtually
North America
this, the document noted a desire to: certain, the key question was how long the downturn
would last and how deep it would be. Key determi-
• Increase force size to 100,000 (70,000 regular nants over the short term will be the effectiveness of
and 30,000 reserve) recent government initiatives to stabilise financial
• Replace core equipment fleets (15 ships market conditions and restore the flow of credit, as
to replace current destroyers and frigates; well as the behaviour of US households in the face
10–12 maritime patrol aircraft; 17 fixed- of their deteriorating balance sheets – falling house
wing search-and-rescue aircraft; 65 next- prices and weak equity markets have resulted in a
generation fighters; a fleet of land-combat 10% drop in household net wealth relative to Gross
vehicles and systems) Domestic Product (GDP). The drop in US house
• Strengthen readiness to deploy and the prices – up to 17% over the past year, depending on
ability to sustain forces once deployed the index used – is unprecedented since the Great
• Improve and modernise defence infrastruc- Depression and, although there are tentative signs of
ture stabilisation, a further decline is likely before a floor
appears, possibly in 2009.
While this 20-year programme is ambitious and On the fiscal front, the US government was
will require substantial funds, it does indicate that already heading for a budget deficit of 4.5% of GDP
lessons of Canada’s recent overseas military activi- in 2009, the highest among the G7, before the impact
ties are being studied. There is a clear statement of measures to rescue the banking and mortgage
that the government intends to continue overseas sectors filter through. Furthermore, in the medium
operations, and some of the key shortfalls that and long term the fiscal challenges associated with
operations in Afghanistan have identified (such as the retirement of the baby-boomer generation, who
tactical rotary-wing airlift) are being addressed. This will begin collecting Social Security and Medicare
is a response to the Manley Panel’s findings on the benefits in increasing numbers from 2008, will have
Afghanistan mission. This independent grouping to be balanced with adjustments in other spending
recommended continuing with the mission – which areas. This negative fiscal background suggests that
remains a matter of contention in Canada – contin- spending on discretionary sectors, mainly defence
gent on allied nations contributing an additional and security, will come under increasing pressure.
battlegroup to Kandahar and the acquisition of airlift
and UAV capacity. The panel’s recommendations FY2009 National Defence Budget
were approved in parliament through a compro- Request
mise motion which extended Canada’s mission in
Afghanistan until 2011. In February 2008, President George W. Bush submitted
his FY2009 defence budget request to Congress.
DEFENCE ECONOMICS – UNITED STATES The president asked for a total of US$611.1bn in
national-defence funding, of which the Department
Over the past year, the United States economy has of Defence (the so-called base budget) would receive
been buffeted by the deepening crisis in financial US$518.2bn. Defence-related nuclear programmes
markets, a major correction in the housing market and of the Department of Energy were earmarked
surging commodity prices in early 2008. The financial US$17.1bn and other agencies involved in defence
crisis that erupted in August 2007 after the collapse activities were allocated US$5.6bn. The request also
of the US subprime mortgage market entered a new, included ‘bridge funding’ of US$66bn for operations
tumultuous phase in summer 2008 with the demise of associated with the ‘global war on terror’. However,
the investment bank Lehman Brothers and the subse- given that spending on Iraq and Afghanistan reached
quent rescue of US mortgage giants Fannie Mae and US$189.3bn in FY2008, further supplemental requests
Freddie Mac. for the current fiscal year will have to be submitted.
Not surprisingly, forecasts for US economic Budget documents released with the request illustrate
growth and the government’s fiscal position deterio- the medium-term pressure building on US defence
rated as the year wore on. In their October 2008 World spending, even before the global financial crisis
Economic Outlook, the International Monetary Fund damaged the government’s fiscal manoeuvrability.
Table 1 National Defense Budget Authority FY2007–2013

($million, current figures) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Estimate Request Plan Plan Plan Plan
Military Personnel 130,756 120,326 128,903 132,298 137,739 143,038 147,963
Operations & Maintenance 240,252 222,305 180,416 182,088 187,843 190,828 197,783
Procurement 133,772 126,172 104,216 113,291 117,814 122,458 125,145
R,D,T & E 77,548 76,536 79,616 76,963 72,435 71,060 68,649
Military Construction 13,961 17,763 21,197 17,833 14,500 11,465 10,188
Family housing 4,024 2,871 3,203 2,652 2,074 2,019 1,812
Other 934 2,277 739 1,908 1,012 1,460 754
Total Department of Defense 602,247 568,250 518,290 526,779 533,417 542,328 552,294
Bridge funding 66,000
Department of Energy (defence-related) 17,189 16,371 17,167 17,067 17,295 16,945 17,081
Other (defence-related) 5,696 6,325 5,673 5,703 5,851 5,823 5,851
Total National Defense (inc. GWOT funding) 625,851[1] 693,215 [2] 607,129 549,774 556,292 565,135 575,643
[1]
incl a total of US$164bn in supplemental funding
[2]
incl a total of US$190bn in supplemental funding
Adjusted for inflation, the Future Years Defense In light of the future deterioration in the govern-
Plan indicates that the base budget will fall from ment’s fiscal position, the debate over viable levels
US$518bn in FY2009 to US$501bn in FY2013, which of national-defence funding is likely to become ever
raises significant questions about the affordability of more urgent. In a speech to the National Defense
the DoD’s future equipment programme and adds University, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates recog-
to concern that the Pentagon’s reliance on massive nised the growing budget problem facing the DoD
annual war-related supplemental funds may be when he said that the US military ‘must set priori-
distorting the true financial position of the US mili- ties and consider inescapable trade-offs and oppor-
tary. Furthermore, as the Iraq operation winds down, tunity costs’ while the Government Electronics &
any ‘savings’ are likely to be seen as a potential means Information Technology Association forecast that
to fund much-needed spending on infrastructure and procurement spending would fall from US$133bn in
efforts to reform America’s dysfunctional health-care 2007 to US$111bn by 2018. In response to growing
system. suggestions that defence spending may be about
Table 2 US Defence Expenditure (Outlays) as % of GDP

5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
% of GDP
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5 3.05 2.97 3.00 3.02 3.33 3.69 3.89 3.98 3.94 3.99
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
North America 21
to decline, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral focus widened from resetting to ‘reconstituting’ the
North America
Michael Mullen moved to pre-empt pressure for force, which effectively covers the purchase of new
cuts, calling for the budget to be kept at a guaran- equipment as well as the repair and replacement
teed minimum of 4% of GDP, approximately the of damaged systems. In 2007, the list of expenses
current level of spending when the base budget and that could be included in the supplemental was
supplemental appropriations are combined. Mullen expanded to include items in the broader war on
argued that this level of funding is needed because terrorism. The mounting lack of clarity in the O&M
of the stresses caused by the Iraq and Afghanistan budget was highlighted by the Congressional Budget
operations, the rising costs of new equipment, the Office (CBO) in April 2008 when it complained that
need to ‘reset’ equipment and forces after the wars supplemental requests do not use the same terms as
and the planned increase in the size of US ground appear in other DoD requests, making it difficult to
forces. determine the exact purpose for which the funding
In April 2008, the US Government Accountability is provided and, as a result, it could not identify the
Office (GAO) reported that the total acquisition costs factors that account for the growth in O&M appro-
for 95 major weapons programmes had increased by priations.
26% between 2006 and 2007, while development costs Congress has recently approved substantial
increased 40% from original estimates. In a written increases in military pay and benefits. These include
answer to the Senate Armed Services Committee pay increases of 0.5% above civilian pay indices in
(SASC), the GAO claimed that ‘several underlying seven out of the past eight years, three rounds of ‘pay-
systemic problems at the strategic level and at the table reform’ that gave larger rises to middle-grade
programme level continue to contribute to poor personnel, increased housing allowances to elimi-
weapon system outcomes’ and went on to suggest nate on-base and off-base discrepancies, TRICARE
that the Pentagon has failed to establish mean- (the military health-care scheme) for life and health
ingful priorities. Since 2000, the DoD has roughly insurance, adjustments to retired pay and veterans’
doubled its planned investment in new systems disability benefits, and large increases in enlistment
from US$790bn to US$1.6 trillion but the GAO and re-enlistment bonuses and special pay. All told,
pointed out that programmes consistently fail to the Congressional Research Service calculates that
deliver capabilities when promised and that current uniformed personnel now cost 40% more, in real
programmes are delivered an average of 21 months terms, than in 1999. A decision made in 2007 means
late, five months later than in 2000. Examples of cost that the upward pressure on personnel costs will
escalation are not hard to find. Between 1992 and continue as the army and marines are scheduled to
2004 the unit cost of an F-22 increased from $125m increase manpower by a combined 92,500 recruits
to $359m, while in the past few years the unit cost over the next five years, necessitating additional
of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter has risen by 40% to investment in military housing, family services and
US$98m and the cost of the army’s Future Combat medical benefits. The DoD already spends US$39bn
System has jumped from US$100bn in 2005 to as a year on health-care programmes, which the CBO
much as $234bn today. calculates will reach US$80bn by 2025.
As the cost of designing and producing new
weapons has risen dramatically, there has been a The Cost of Operations since
similar increase in the cost of maintaining and ‘reset- 11 September 2001
ting’ equipment, that is, repairing and replacing
worn or damaged equipment. Unfortunately, the With the enactment of the FY2008 Supplemental
combination of base and supplemental budgets Appropriations and FY2009 Bridge Funds on 30 June
has made analysis of these accounts troublesome. 2008, Congress has so far approved a total of about
Beginning in 2005, the DoD asked for funds to reset US$864bn for military operations, base security, recon-
equipment that had been damaged during opera- struction, foreign aid, embassy costs and veterans’
tions but later started to include major upgrades to health care for the three operations initiated since the
the repaired hardware, thus returning it to the field 11 September 2001 attacks: Operation Enduring Freedom
not only repaired but with significantly enhanced (Afghanistan and other counter-terrorist operations),
capabilities; the costs of which arguably should not Operation Noble Eagle (enhanced security at military
be borne by war-related appropriations. In 2006, the bases), and Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Table 3 Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan and other Table 4 FY2008 & 09 Global War on Terror
‘Global War on Terror’ Operations since 11 Supplementals
September 2001 US$ in millions
Iraq US$bn FY2008 FY2009
DoD 620.6 Continuing the Fight
Foreign Aid and Diplomatic Ops 34.2 Operations 76,868 36,360
VA Medical 2.5 Force Protection 30,461 3,555
Total 657.3 IED Defeat 4,269 2,970
Military Intelligence 3,706 1,768
Afghanistan Additional UAV & ISR - 894
DoD 160.1 Iraq Security Forces 3,000 2,000
Foreign Aid and Diplomatic Ops 12.4 Afghan Security Forces 2,700 3,666
VA Medical 0.4 Coalition Support 1,700 600
Total 172.9 CERP 1,219 1,722
Military Construction 1,694 -
Enhanced Security 28.3 Factory Restart 100 -
DoD Unallocated 5.5 Subtotal 125,718 53,537
TOTAL 864bn Reconstitution 46,366 9,462
Enhancing Ground Forces

In an August 2008 update, the CBO projected
BCTs/RCT 1,577
that additional war costs for the next ten years could
Restore the Force 5,403
range from US$440bn (if troop levels fall to 30,000
Strengthening the Army Guard and Reserve 994
by 2010) to US$865bn (if troop levels fall to 75,000 by
Subtotal 7,955 -
2013). Under these projections, total direct funding
for Iraq and Afghanistan could total between US$1.3 Additional Emergency Requests and
and US$1.7tr. The CBO also pointed out that, since Non-DoD Classified 9,275 2,960
the war has essentially been financed with borrowed
money, a more accurate analysis would also include TOTAL 189,316 65,960
at least another US$700m in interest payments.
As already noted, significant debate continues to
surround the use of supplemental funds, amid criti- appeared to open the way for including a far broader
cism that they are in part being used for non-war range of requirements. Particularly since the needs of
expenditures and are thus distorting the true budget the ‘longer war’ are relatively undefined and ’since
position of the US Armed Forces. For the past ten the long war on terror is now part of the Pentagon’s
years, DoD financial regulations defined the cost key mission as detailed in the national strategy’, it
of contingencies to include only incremental costs could be argued that these types of expenses should
directly related to operations. Until October 2006, that be included in the regular budget.
guidance was largely used by the services to prepare The effects of these changes in the definition of
their estimates for Iraq and the ‘global war on terror’, war costs are illustrated in the war-related procure-
with an emphasis on costs that ‘would not have been ment request. In FY2006 US$20.4bn was requested for
incurred had the contingency operation not been procurement, but this jumped to US$64bn in FY2008,
supported’. Investment requests are also supposed and while some of the increase reflects additional force
to be incremental and submitted ‘only if the expendi- protection and replacement of stressed equipment, a
tures were necessary to support the contingency oper- growing proportion may be in response to the guid-
ation’. However, in October 2006 Deputy Secretary of ance to fund the ‘longer war’. For example, the navy
Defense Gordon England issued new guidance to the had requested US$450m for six EA-18G aircraft and
services requiring them to submit requests that reflect the air force US$389m for two Joint Strike Fighters, as
the ‘longer war on terror’ rather than strictly the well as CV-22 Ospreys and C-130J transport aircraft.
requirements for operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and Eventually, several of these requests were withdrawn,
other counter-terror operations. This new definition possibly in anticipation that Congress would cut
North America 23
these aircraft. However, the FY2008 ‘supplemental’ Table 5 US Agency for International
North America
continued the practice, including as it did US$3.6bn Development: International Affairs
for 15 new C-17 transport aircraft and US$2.5bn for Budget
34 C-130J aircraft. Budget Authority in US$m FY2007 FY2008 FY2009
Similarly, in 2005, Congress agreed to provide Actual Estimate Request
US$5bn in the FY2005 & FY2006 supplementals for Assistance to the New Independent
states of the FSU 452 396 346
converting army and marine corps units into new
Assistance for Eastern Europe and
standard configurations – a process called ‘modu- the Baltics 462 293 275
larity and restructuring’ – on the understanding that Economic Support Fund 5,117 2,989 3,153
DoD would move these funds back to its regular International Military Education and
Training 85 85 90
budget in later years. However, far from eliminating
Foreign Military Financing 4,825 4,550 4,812
this practice, the FY2007 supplemental included an
Global HIV/Aids Initiative 3,246 4,661 4,779
additional US$3.6bn to convert two army brigade
Non-proliferation, Anti-Terrorism,
teams and create a further marine corps regimental Demining 463 483 499
combat team. The FY2008 war request also includes International Narcotics Control and
US$1.6bn to accelerate the process. Studies by the Law Enforcement 724 556 1,202
CBO and RAND have found that, in fact, modularity Andean Counterdrug Initiative 727 569 442
only marginally improves rotation schedules, the International Disaster and Famine
Assistance 526 429 298
main claim for including the reorganisation in war-
Migration and Refugee Assistance 963 1,023 764
related funding, and that supplemental funds have
Total International Affairs
had the effect of boosting the army’s regular budget. (excluding supplementals) 38,671 36,399 39,498
The whole budget category designated ‘reset’ is
also murky. For example, the DoD’s definition of reset
now includes more than replacing battle losses and Force Protection measures, including a further 63,000
equipment repair. It also includes recapitalisation, sets of body armour and, although there are no funds
which typically means upgrading current equipment for additional mine-resistant ambush-protected
and the repair and replacement of pre-positioned (MRAP) vehicles, there is US$2.6bn for the sustain-
equipment used in the war. However, given that the ment and transportation of vehicles in theatre. There
army was already planning to recapitalise equipment is also a total of US$3bn for continuing work on the
and modernise pre-positioned equipment stocks in Improvised Explosive Device Defeat programme,
line with new modular designs, it is not clear if these comprising US$800m for initiatives that disrupt
expenses are actually strictly incremental wartime IED activity, US$1.6bn for initiatives designed to
requirements. Likewise, in 2007 the GAO attested thwart the impact of IEDs after they are emplaced
that the army was unable to track reset with suffi- and US$500m to train and prepare units prior to and
cient accuracy to determine that funds appropriated during deployments.
for this purpose were being spent in the correct way.
There is also the fact that a lot of equipment currently Army
being repaired or replaced was originally slated for
repair and replacement at a later date. The army requested US$140bn in FY2009, up 7.6%
In FY2009, the DoD requested an initial US$66bn from the previous year, including a 2.5% increase
in bridge funding to continue operations in the ‘global in procurement funding to US$24.6bn. However, as
war on terror’. This is only a partial request, reflecting previously noted, the army is the largest recipient of
largely operational costs, and does not cover the full reset and reconstitution funds from the annual ‘global
cost of repair and replacement, which will be included war on terror’ supplemental, which makes the exact
in a further supplemental. The request supports the level of procurement somewhat difficult to decipher.
continued deployment of approximately 144,000 One clear trend in army procurement is the acqui-
service personnel in Iraq and 30,900 in Afghanistan sition of tactical and support vehicles. This amounted
and partially funds sustained daily operations at the to US$3.6bn in FY2009, including around US$1bn
post-surge level with an average troop strength of 15 each for the acquisition of Humvees, Medium and
Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) in Iraq and four BCTs Heavy Tactical Vehicles. These purchases will be
in Afghanistan. The request includes US$3.6bn for supplemented by ‘global war on terror’ procure-
Table 6 Major US Research & Development ment that has recently seen the fast-track delivery
FY2007–FY2009 of 12,000 14–24 ton heavy MRAP vehicles. With
Estimate Request the delivery of heavy MRAPs drawing to an end,
FY2007 FY2008 FY2009a attention has shifted to the urgent requirement for
Value Value Value
a new, lightweight, 7–10 ton MRAP. In November,
Classification Designation ($m) ($m) ($m)
a request for bids was issued that could pave the
Joint
way for the acquisition of up to 10,000 Mobile All
UAV Global Hawk 224 274 284
Terrain Vehicles (M-ATV) – to be delivered at the
rate of about 1,000 per month, in anticipation of the
Army
planned deployment of an additional 20,000 troops
Warfighter
Information to Afghanistan. However, the purchase of such
Network 119 320 414 huge numbers of essentially unplanned-for, tactical
SAM Patriot/MEADS 322 369 431 wheeled vehicles could upset the army’s longer-term
Future Combat
FCS System 3,348 3,268 3,157
buying plans – in particular, procurement of the
future Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). The JLTV is
Navy a five-year plan that calls for around US$1.3bn to be
AEA F/A-18G Growler 361 278 128 spent on 1,400 vehicles and 750 trailers for delivery
FGA F-35 JSF 2,109 1,868 1,532 between 2013 and 2015. Following a two-year com-
hel V-22 251 115 68 petition, in October 2008 the army had awarded a
VH-71 Executive two-year contract to three companies to develop new
hel Aircraft 613 225 1,047 technology for the programme; however, soon after
DDG DDG 1000 797 629 678 this decision was revealed, Textron–Boeing–SAIC
Littoral Combat and Northrop Oshkosh challenged the award, with
LCS Ship 663 304 371
the result that work on the programme has been
SSN Virginia 197 244 167
halted until the Government Accountability Office
AEW EC-2 483 791 484
sat MUOS 728 724 652
and an army-led board have reviewed the tender
SAM Standard 177 226 234
process.
Amphibious Having suffered cuts in its budget each year
EFV vehicles 314 247 316 from 2004 to 2008, the Future Combat System (FCS)
Joint Tactical received its full request in FY2009; in fact, an addi-
JTRS Radio 774 835 834
tional US$26m was provided to accelerate unmanned
Multi Mission
MPA Maritime Aircraft 1,099 862 1,132 air and ground vehicle acquisition. However, army
UAV ACAV 97 158 275 leaders say that cuts over previous years amounting
hel CH-53K 338 358 570 to around US$1bn will delay the delivery of spin-
out technologies and are pressing for the injection
Air Force of an additional US$2.3bn into the programme in
bbr B-2 214 295 351 2010 and 2011. A controversial scheme, rejected by
tpt C-17 170 180 236 the DoD comptroller’s office, would have seen the
tpt C-5 137 178 125 army drop plans to upgrade hundreds of Abrams
tpt C-130 185 250 172 tanks, scrap the purchase of 30 new tanks, reduce
FGA F-22 459 607 700 purchases of Bradley fighting vehicles and slash
FGA F-15 134 114 184 purchases of Stryker, before directing these savings
FGA F-16 124 70 123 into the FCS programme. The FCS has been gaining
FGA F-35 JSF 2,074 1,991 1,824 support among lawmakers and army leaders, thanks
hel CSAR -X 200 290 to successful tests demonstrating progress towards
sat AEHF 617 599 388 mobile battlefield networks including UAVs, robots
sat NAVSTAR GPS 291 482 304 and ground sensors to produce images in real time
sat SBIRS 677 583 529 through a high-bandwidth network. Language in the
sat TSAT 700 804 842 FY2009 Appropriations Bill indicates support for the
a
data refers to budget request rather than final appropriations army’s recently announced plan to change the near-
term focus of FCS, switching available capabilities to
North America 25
Table 7 US National Defense Budget Function1 and other selected budgets2 1992,
North America
1999–2009
(US$bn) National Defence Department Atomic Department Veterans Total Total Federal
Budget Function of Defense Energy of Administration Federal Budget
Defense Homeland Government Surplus/
Activities Security Outlays Deficit
FY BA Outlay BA Outlay BA BA (Gross) BA
1992 295.1 298.3 282.1 286.9 10.6 n.a. 33.9 1,381 -290
1999 292.1 274.9 278.4 261.3 12.4 13.0 44.1 1,702 125
2000 304.1 294.5 290.5 281.2 12.2 13.8 45.5 1,789 236
2001 335.5 305.5 319.4 290.9 13.0 16.4 47.6 1,863 128
2002 362.1 348.5 344.9 331.9 14.9 30.5 52.1 2,011 -157
2003 456.2 404.9 437.9 387.3 16.4 30.8 59.1 2,160 -377
2004 490.6 455.9 471.0 436.5 16.8 31.6 60.5 2,293 -412
2005 505.7 495.3 483.9 474.1 17.9 100.7 69.2 2,472 -318
2006 617.1 521.8 593.7 499.3 17.4 32.4 71.0 2,655 -248
2007 625.8 552.5 602.9 529.8 17.2 39.7 79.5 2,730 -162
2008 est. 693.2 607.2 670.5 583.1 16.4 41.1 87.9 2,931 -410
2009 est. 611.1 675.1 588.2 651.2 17.2 40.1 91.3 3,107 -407
Notes International Security Assistance (under Inter- presents its defence budget to Congress for the
FY = Fiscal Year (1 October–September) national Affairs), the Veterans Administration, next fiscal year, which begins on 1 October.
1
The National Defense Budget Function the US Coast Guard (Department of Homeland The government also presents its Future Years’
subsumes funding for the DoD, the DoE Security), nor for the National Aeronautics and Defense Program (FYDP), which covers the
Atomic Energy Defense Activities and some Space Administration (NASA). Funding for civil next fiscal year plus the following five. Until
smaller support agencies (including Federal projects administered by the DoD is excluded approved by Congress, the Budget is called the
Emergency Management and Selective from the figures cited here. Budget Request; after approval, it becomes the
Service System). It does not include funding for 2
Early in each calendar year, the US government Budget Authority.
Infantry Brigade Combat Teams, in high demand in Navy

Iraq and Afghanistan, and deferring the fielding of
these technologies to Heavy Brigade Combat Teams, The navy requested a total of US$149.3bn in FY2009,
which were originally intended to receive the initial including US$14.7bn for new aircraft and US$14.1bn
FCS spin-outs. for the building of new warships.
Although the president’s FY2009 budget request After the decision taken last year to drasti-
had originally included US$358m for the Armed cally scale back the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)
Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH), in October 2008 the programme, due to cost overruns and technology
DoD announced that it was scrapping the US$6.2bn problems, the FY2009 Appropriations Bill allocated
programme to replace its ageing OH-58D Kiowa Warrior. just over US$1bn for the procurement of two ships,
In July the army had announced that the contract with rather than the six that had originally been planned.
Bell Textron was running more than 40% over cost and The number of ships likely to be purchased in the
had therefore triggered a programme review under future was also reduced from six per year in 2010,
the Nunn–McCurdy statute. The embattled ARH 2011 and 2012 to three in 2010 and 2011, four in 2012
programme had been beset by delays and cost escala- and six in 2013. Following the dramatic cost overruns
tions since its inception in 2005; at that time, the unit with the programme Congress has placed a limit on
cost for each new helicopter was set at around US$8.5m the price of each vessel at US$460m compared to the
(including R&D), but by July 2008 this had grown original estimate of US$220m.
to more than US$12m and the DoD estimated the Another programme facing funding and ques-
final price would have been US$14m per unit. The tion marks over its future viability is the DDG 1000
army will now be invited to define a more coherent destroyer project. In its original FY2009 budget
and disciplined Kiowa replacement programme that request the navy had asked for US$2.5bn for the
includes more rigorous contract terms for its develop- procurement of one new ship to add to the two plat-
ment. forms procured in FY2007. The final Appropriations
Bill agreed the amount, but split the funding between September, however, Secretary of Defense
two ships, with US$1bn for a second vessel. It then Robert Gates terminated the process, suggesting
instructed the navy to complete financing of the split that it had become too compromised by long-
buy in the FY2010 budget. Furthermore, Congress standing disagreements in the defence industry,
is still supporting the funding of older DDG-51 DoD and Congress about the rigour and fair-
destroyers. The bill provides US$200m in advance ness of the process and that a ‘cooling-off’ period
procurement to preserve the option of building addi- would allow the new administration to conduct a
tional DDG-51s and, in effect, keeps both production fair and objective competition.
lines open. Following the cancellation of the KC-X programme,
Other notable developments include US$2.1bn the Appropriations Bill moved $62m requested in
for the procurement of another Virginia-class procurement and $832m requested in R&D for the
submarine and US$1.3bn in advance procurement tanker replacement programme into an already estab-
to facilitate production of two boats per year from lished ‘Tanker Replacement Fund’. This is an account
2010 onwards plus US$2.7bn to continue work on which sets no limit on the number of years for which
the new class of aircraft carriers, the first of which funds remain available and from which funds can be
is due to be delivered in 2015 at a total cost of shifted as needed to other accounts.
US$11bn. Fallout from the cancelled tanker programme also

affected the US$15bn replacement of the air force’s
Air Force ageing Pave Hawks with a new CSAR-X combat search
and rescue helicopter. The USAF originally awarded
The air force submitted a budget request of US$144bn, a contract for 141 rescue helicopters to Boeing in
which included US$2.1bn to cover increased fuel November 2006, but was forced to twice reopen
costs on top of plans for the procurement of 93 the competition after the GAO upheld protests by
aircraft, 52 UAVs, two satellites, four launch vehi- the losing bidders, Lockheed Martin and Sikorsky.
cles and more than 7,500 missiles and munitions. The CSAR-X competition has also come under the
It highlighted its five main modernisation and scrutiny of the Pentagon’s inspector general, who is
recapitalisation programmes: the tanker replace- investigating whether the air force broke any rules
ment KC-X programme; the CSAR-X combat search when it changed certain programme requirements.
and rescue helicopter; space systems; the F-35A In October 2008, Acquisition Secretary Sue Payton
Joint Strike Fighter; and a new long-range bomber. said further amendments were being made to the
However, despite a 9% increase in modernisation long list of changes already included in the proposal,
and recapitalisation funds, the air force is still far to ‘further clarify how the air force intends to make
short of the US$20bn additional funding that top its selection’, a reference to the service’s increased
officials have insisted will be needed every year for caution in acting prematurely following the KC-X
the next five years to reach its goals. Despite its being episode.
a top priority, there are no R&D funds for the next- Following its observation in 2007 that the air force
generation bomber. should consider extending the F-22 production line
Of the other five top priorities listed, two suffered beyond 2009, when the current order for 183 plat-
significant setbacks during the year. Firstly, the forms is due to be complete, Congress provided not
protracted and politically charged competition for only US$2.9bn to purchase 20 aircraft in FY09 but also
a US$35bn contract to build a new fleet of aerial added US$523m to keep the production line open and
refuelling tankers was eventually terminated in to allow for the possible procurement of an additional
September 2008. Earlier in the year, the air force 20 aircraft in future years.
had awarded an initial contract for 179 aircraft to Once again, the F-35A Joint Strike Fighter had its
a Northrop Grumman–EADS joint bid, but this budget met in full. Congress provided $6.3bn, the
quickly became the subject of an appeal by Boeing, amount requested, to the navy and air force for the
which claimed that the air force had not consid- F-35 Joint Strike Fighter programme; but it trimmed
ered its bid fairly. The matter was referred to the procurement from 16 to 14 aircraft and allocated
GAO, which upheld Boeing’s appeal and called $430m for alternate engine development – a peren-
for a new competition. In August the Pentagon nial congressional addition to the administration
released a revised request for proposals; by request.
North America 27
Canada – defence economics these or new C-130J aircraft. Then, in August 2008,
North America
the government announced that it was cancelling
Despite several years of rising defence expenditure, two of its major procurement programmes: the acqui-
Canada’s Department of National Defence (DND) sition of three Joint Support Ships (JSS) and a fleet
is still struggling to achieve all its operational and of 12 new Coast Guard patrol vessels. Plans for the
equipment ambitions. In 2006 the Conservative three multifunctional support ships have been on the
government committed to increase defence spending drawing board for nearly 15 years. The project was
by C$5.3bn over five years, with additional funds finally given the go ahead in 2006, and a budget of
to be made available for operations in Afghanistan C$2.1bn was allocated to the programme, although
and for major equipment purposes. In the 2008–09 this was calculated on the basis of costs prevailing in
budget round, the finance minister reaffirmed the 2005. In announcing the cancellation the government
commitment to increase defence spending by 1.5% a revealed that both teams contesting the bid had deliv-
year until 2011 after which he pledged that spending ered proposals ‘significantly over the established
would rise at 2% a year until 2020; however, analysts budget provisions’, suggesting that the initial budget
suggested that the impact of Canada’s operations in may have failed to take into account the escalation
Afghanistan (now extended until 2011) together with in the cost of shipbuilding materials (primarily steel
the rising costs of major platforms, would put pres- and copper) that has occurred since the budget was
sure on the DND’s ability to move ahead as outlined set. Although the government has not committed to
in the 2006 Canada First defence plan. In early 2008 restart the either the JSS or Coast Guard programmes,
the air force reported that it was facing a budget short- it has stated that the vessels remain a key priority,
fall which could force it to ground a range of aircraft particularly the JSS which were due to replace two
including CF-15 Hornets, C-130 transporters, Aurora 40-year-old steam-driven auxiliary oiler replenish-
patrol aircraft and Sea King helicopters; furthermore, ment vessels that, due their single-hulled design, will
although the government has allocated funds for the find their range of movements more limited after
purchase of four new C-17 transport aircraft, there is 2010 when many nations ban this type of vessel from
currently no budget to build appropriate hangers for their waters.
FORCES BY ROLE
Canada Ca 1 Task Force HQ
Command 3 bde gp HQs to form national or cadre of a
Canadian Dollar $ 2007 2008 2009
multi-national TF HQ or a Land Component
GDP CS$ 1.53tr Command (LCC) of a joint op.
US$ 1.43tr Mech Inf 1 Canadian Mechanised Brigade Group (1
per capita US$ 42,8521 CMBG) with 1 armd regt, (two Leopard 1C2
Growth % 2.7 0.7 sqns and 1 armd recce sqn), 2 mech inf bn, 1 lt
Inflation % 2.1 1.3 inf bn, 1 arty regt, 1 AD bty, 1 cbt engr regt);2
bde gp (2 CMBG and 5 CMBG) with 1 armd
Def exp CS$ 19.8bn
recce regt , 2 mech inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1 arty
US$ 18.4bn regt, 1 AD bty, 1 cbt engr regt
Def bdgt CS$ 18.7bn 18.8bn 19.4bn AD 1 indep regt
US$ 17.5bn 15.9bn Spt/Engr 1 indep regt
US$1= CS$ 1.07 1.18 Cbt Spt 3 MP pl, 3 MI coy
Population 33,212,696 Logistic 3 Svc bn
Med 3 Fd Amb bn
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 6%
MBT 86: 20 Leopard 2 A6M on lease; 66 Leopard 1C2
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 7% RECCE 203 LAV-25 Coyote
APC 1,364
Capabilities APC (T) 428: 78 Bv-206; ε 289 M-113; 61 M-577
ACTIVE 64,371 (Army 33,711 Navy 10,960 Air 19,700) APC (W) 936: 684 LAV-III Kodiak (incl 33 RWS); 167
MILLAV Bison (incl 25 EW, 32 amb, 32 repair, 32 recovery
CIVILIAN 9,350 (Coast Guard 9,350) and 10 C2)
MRAP 85: 75 RG-31 Nyala; 5 Cougar; 5 Buffalo
RESERVE 60,072 (Army 28,153 Navy 4,167 Air ARTY 296
2,317 Supplementary Ready Reserve 27,693 Primary TOWED 172 105mm 160: 34 C2 (M-101); 98 C3 (M-101);
Reserve List 2,742) 28 LG1 MK II; 155mm 12 M-777
Canadian Forces operations are organised with four joint MOR 81mm 100
operational commands. Canada Command (CANADACOM), SP 81mm 24 Bison
is responsible for all domestic and continental operations AT
through six regional sub-commands, Canadian Expeditionary MSL 608
Force Command (CEFCOM) is responsible for all international SP 33 LAV-TOW
operations. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command MANPATS 575: 435 Eryx; 140 TOW-2A/TOW-2B
(CANSOFCOM) is responsible for generating all Special RCL 84mm 1148 Carl Gustav; M2/M3
Forces operations and has forces permanently assigned to it. RL 66mm M-72 LAW
Canadian Operational Support Command (CANOSCOM) UAV • TACTICAL 19 Sperwer; Skylark
has responsibility for generation and employment of the AD
operational-level support to CANADACOM and CEFCOM SAM • SP 34 ADATS
(and if required CANSOFCOM) for logistics, movements, MANPAD Starburst
general engineering, health services, communications,
human resource management and military police support
Reserve Organisations
either through its permanently assigned forces or through Canadian Rangers 4,180 Reservists
augmented force generation. CANADACOM and CEFCOM The Canadian Rangers are a Reserve sub-component of
normally have no permanently assigned forces allocated the Canadian Forces, which provide a limited military
for operations but receive them from force generation presence in Canada’s northern, coastal and isolated
commands, Maritime Command (MARCOM), Land Forces areas. It is a volunteer, part-time force
Command (LFC) and Air Command (AIRCOM) each have Ranger 5 (patrol) gp (163 patrols)
forces normally assigned to them for force generation by
the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) who has full command. Militia 24,700 reservists
Canadian Forces are expanding and the expected strength Army 10 (bde gp) HQ
will be increasing to 70,000 Regular Force members and Armd 8 regt
30,000 Reserve Force members.
Armd Cav 2 regt
Armd Recce 6 regt
Organisations by Service Inf 43 regt
Fd Arty 14 regt, 2 indep bty
Army (Land Forces) 33,711 ADA 2 regt
North America 29
Engr 3 regt, 8 sqn air roles (AD, AT, SAR, trg) while remaining under direct 1
North America
Cbt Engr 1 regt Cdn Air Div control.
MP 5 coy 13 Wgs: 1 Wg (Kingston); 3 Wg (Bagotville); 4 Wg (Cold
Log 19 bn Lake); 5 Wg (Goose Bay); 8 Wg (Trenton); 9 Wg (Gander);
12 Wg (Shearwater); 14 Wg (Greenwood); 15 Wg (Moose
Medical 11 coy
Jaw); 16 Wg (Borden); 17 Wg (Winnipeg); 19 Wg (Comox);
22 Wg (North Bay). In addition, an Air Expeditionary Wg
Navy (Maritime Command) 10,960 (AEW) at Bagotville (up to 550 personnel) will train and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE deploy together, and will comprise a cmd element, an ops
SUBMARINES SSK 4: support flt and a mission support flt.
4 Victoria (ex-UK Upholder) each with 6 single 533mm
FORCES BY ROLE
TT each with Mk48 Sea Arrow HWT, (1 hull currently
operational) Strategic 1 (NORAD Regional) HQ located at
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 15 Surveillance Winnipeg; 1 Sector HQ at North Bay with
DESTROYERS • DDG 3 mod Iroquois each with 1 Mk 10 North Warning System Long Range;
41 VLS with 29+ SM-2 MR SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) 36 North Warning System Short Range; 4
each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, 2 CH-124 (SH-3) Sea Coastal; 2 Transportable (total of 52 Radar
King ASW hel stn)
FRIGATES • FFG 12 Halifax with 2 quad (8 eff.) with 8 Ftr/FGA 4 sqn with CF-18AM/CF-18BM Hornet (1
RGM-84 block II Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 octuple (16 eff.) sqn with 30 at Bagotville and 2 sqns with
Mk 48 Sea Sparrow with 16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 30 at Cold Lake (incl 19 with Ops & Trg
Mk 46 LWT, 2 Twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) with 24 Mk 46 unit, 1 at Tech Trg Unit))
LWT, (capacity either 1 CH-124 (SH-3) Sea King ASW hel MP 3 sqn (2 in Greenwood, 1 in Comox) with
or 1 CH-124 Sea King CH-124 (SH-3) ASW) 18 CP-140 Aurora*)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12 SAR 5 sqn (Comox – CC115 and CH149;
MCDV 12 Kingston Winnipeg – CC130; Trenton – CC130 and
FACILITIES CH146; Greenwood – CC130 and CH 149;
Gander – CH149) with 14 CH-149 and 3
Bases Located at Esquimalt (Pacific), Halifax (Atlantic),
CC-130 dedicated to SAR
Ottawa (National HQ), Quebec City (Naval
Reserve HQ). Commanders for MARPAC and Mar Hel 3 sqn (2 Shearwater, 1 Victoria) with 28
MARLANT directly or through their respective CH-124 Sea King
at-sea fleet commander, act as the MCC for the ISR 1 CU-170 Heron UAV detachment with 3
operational commands of CANADACOM and/or ac. 1 School (contracted) in Suffield with 2
CEFCOM.) CU-170 Heron
Tpt/SAR 1 sqn with 4 CC-17; 5 tpt/SAR sqns with 29
Logistic Support CC-130; 1 tpt/SAR sqn with 6 CC-115; 1 utl
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 16 sqn with 4 CC-138; 1 tpt sqn with 5 CC-150
AOR 2 Protecteur each with 3 CH-124 (SH-3)Sea King Polaris; 1 tpt sqn with 6 CC-144 Challenger
ASW hel Tkr 1 sqn with 5 CC-130; 1 sqn with 2 CC-150
YDT 8: 2 MCM support; 6 diving tender/spt less than (A-310 MRTT)
100 tonnes Hel 6 tac avn sqns (Edmonton, Petawawa,
TRG 6 Orca (2 additional vessels expected by 2010) Borden, Valcartier, St Hubert, Cagetown)
with 71 CH-146 Griffon; 3 cbt spt sqns
Reserves 4,167 reservists (Cold Lake, Bagotville, Goose Bay) with 8
HQ 1 HQ located at Quebec CH-146 Griffon
Navy 24 div (tasks: crew 10 of the 12 MCDV; harbour Trg 1 pilot trg school in Moose Jaw with
defence; naval control of shipping)
CT-155 Hawk, CT-156 Harvard II; 1 pilot
trg school in Southport with Grob 120A,
Air Force (Air Command) 19,699 (plus 2,344 Jet Ranger/Griffon and King Air; 1 pilot trg
reservists integrated within total Air Force school in Cold Lake with CT-155 Hawk; 1
structure) nav trg school in Winnipeg with CT-142
Flying hours 104,939 planned for the year Dash-8; 1 SAR trg school in Comox
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 Cdn Air Division (1 Cdn Air Div), HQ Winnipeg, is AIRCRAFT 111 combat capable
responsible for all CF air op readiness, combat air-spt, FGA 93: 61 CF-18AM Hornet, 18 CF-18BM Hornet (plus 14
air tpt, SAR, MR and trg. This HQ is the ACC HQ for CF-18A/B flying until 2009)
CANADACOM and CEFCOM. 1 Cdn Air Div wgs directly MP 18 CP-140 Aurora
support land forces (tac avn and UAV), maritime forces TPT/TKR 7: 2 A-310MRTT; 5 KC-130H
(maritime hel and long range MP), and Special Forces (hel) TPT 47: 4 CC-17; 24 C-130E/H (16 –E, 8–H, of which 3
with OPCOM status. Other wgs undertake directly related grounded though could be fitted with new wings); 6
CC-115 Buffalo; 4 CC-138 (DHC-6) Twin Otter; 6 CC-144B Sigs (Cdn Forces Joint Sig Regt) regt (strategic
Challenger; 3 CC-150 Polaris and operational signals and information
TRG 79: 19 CT-155 Hawk Mk-115; 26 CT-156 Harvard management)
II (T-6A-1 Texan II); 11 G120A Grob; 7 King Air C90B; 7 MP 1 (close protection ) coy
CT-139 Jet Ranger; 9 CT-146 Outlaw; (all contract owned); NBC 3 (3 Cdn support and 4 Cdn movement units)
4 CT-142 Dash 8 Nav Trainer coy (1 supply, 1 postal, 1 movement)
AIR DEMO 26 CT-144 Tutor Medical 1 (1 Cdn Forces Field Hospital) bn
HELICOPTERS
SAR 14 CH-149 Cormorant Canadian Coast Guard 4,554 (civilian)
ASW 28 CH-124 (SH-3) Sea King Incl. Department of Fisheries and Oceans; all platforms are
UTL 94: 9 CH-139 Jet Ranger; 85 CH-146 Griffon (incl 10 designated as non-combatant.
spec ops) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 60+
UAV 6 CU-161 Sperwer; 5 CU-170 Heron (leased for 3 yrs) PSO 4 Type-600
RADARS 53 PCO 6: 1 Tanu; 2 Louisbourg; 1 Quebecois; 1 Arrrow Post; 1
AD RADAR • NORTH WARNING SYSTEM 47: 11 Gordon Reid;
Long Range; 36 Short Range PCI 9: 4 Type-400; 3 Post Class; 1 Cumella Class; 1 Type 200
STRATEGIC 6: 4 Coastal; 2 Transportable PB 41: 10 Type 300-A; 31 Type-300B (SAR Lifeboats)
MSL LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 54
ACV 4 Penac
AAM AIM-7M Sparrow; AIM-9L Sidewinder; AIM-120C
AGB 6
AMRAAM
HEAVY ICEBREAKER 2: 1 Gulf class Type 1300; 1
ASM AGM-65 Maverick
Terry Fox class Type 1200
BOMBS
MEDIUM RIVER ICEBREAKER 4: 1 Modified R
Conventional: Mk 82; Mk 83; Mk 84 class+ Type 1200; 3 R class Type 1200
Laser-Guided: GBU-10/ GBU-12/ GBU-16 Paveway II; AGOR 10 (nearshore and offshore fishery vessels)
GBU-24 Paveway III AGOS 7
Navaids 24 (incl specialist vessels)
NATO Flight Training Canada Trg 3
AIRCRAFT HELICOPTERS
TRG 45: 26 CT-156 Harvard II/T-6A Texan II; 19 Hawk 20: 14 Bo-105; 3 Bell 206L Longranger; 3 Bell 212
MK115 (advanced wpns/tactics trg)
Deployment
Contracted Flying Services – Southport
AIRCRAFT Afghanistan
TRG 34: 11 Grob G120A; 7 King Air C90B; 7 CT-139 Jet NATO • ISAF • Operation Athena 2,500; Army: 1 lt inf bn
Ranger; 9 CT-146 Outlaw HQ; 2 lt inf coy; 1 armd sqn; 1 armd recce sqn; 1 arty bty;
1 UAV flt; 1 cbt engr sqn; 1 MP coy; 20 Leopard C2 MBT;
Canadian Special Operations some LAV III Kodiak; some LAV-25 Coyote; 6 M-777; some
Forces Command 1,500 Sperwer UAV
Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan (Op Archer)12
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNAMA (Operation Accius) 2 obs
Comd 1 HQ
SF 1 regt (3rd Bn Royal Canadian Regt; Bosnia-Herzegovina
expanding from 1 to 4 Coy with comd NATO • NATO HQ Sarajevo (Operation Bronze) 8
and spt elms) located at CFB Petawawa OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
Counter- 1 (JTF-II) bn (Domestic or specialist
Cyprus
Terrorist foreign ops) located at Dwyer Hill
UN • UNFICYP (Operation Snowgoose) 1
Special Ops 1 sqn located at CFB Petawawa, with
CH-146 Griffon Democratic Republic of Congo
NBC 1 coy located at CFB Trenton eqpt. with 4 UN • MONUC (Operation Crocodile) 10 obs
MILLAV Bison Egypt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MFO (Operation Calumet) 28
RECCE LAV Bison (NBC)
Europe
HEL • UTL CH-146 Griffon
NATO (ACO) 292
Canadian Operational Support Command HAITI
2,000 UN • MINUSTAH (Operation Hamlet) 5 obs
Comd 1 HQ Israel
Engr 1 (1 engr support unit) coy USSC (OperationProteus) 3
North America 31
Mediterranean sea Organisations by Service
North America
NATO • Active Endeavour 1 FFG
Middle East US Strategic Command
UN • UNTSO (Operation Jade) 7 obs Combined Service 1 HQ located at Offutt AFB (NE)
Five missions US nuclear deterrent; missile defence;
SERBIA
global strike; info ops; ISR
OSCE • Kosovo 3
Sierra Leone US Navy
IMATT (Operation Sculpture) 11 SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 14 Ohio (mod)
SSBN 730 each with up to 24 UGM-133A Trident D-5
Sudan strategic SLBM
UN • UNAMID (Operation Saturn) 5
UN • UNMIS (Operation Safari) 8; 22 obs US Air Force • Air Combat Command
Bbr 5 sqn (incl. 1 AFR) at 2 AFB with 76 B-52H
Syria/ISRAEL Stratofortress each with up to 20 AGM-86B nuclear
UN • UNDOF (Operation Gladius) 2 ALCM and/or AGM-129A nuclear ACM; 2 sqn
United states at 1 AFB with 19 B-2A Spirit each with up to 16
free-fall bombs (or up to 80 when fitted with Small
US CENTCOM (Operation Foundation) 8
Diameter Bombs); 4 B-52 test hvy bbr; 1 B-2 test

US NORTHCOM / NORAD / NATO (ACT) 375 hvy bbr
Foreign Forces Air Force Space Command

Msl 9 sqn at 3 AFB with 450 LGM-30G Minuteman III
Italy 12 (Flying trg)
(capacity 1-3 MIRV Mk12/Mk12A per missile)
United Kingdom Army 500; 2 trg units; Air Force 57
United States Army 8; Navy 36; USAF 856; USMC 9 Strategic Recce/Intelligence Collection
(Satellites)
SPACE BASED SYSTEMS 58+
United States US SATELLITES 34+
IMAGERY 3+: Improved Crystal (visible and infra-
United States Dollar $ 2007 2008 2009
red imagery, resolution 6 inches); some Lacrosse
GDP US$ 13.8tr 14.5bn (formerly Indigo, radar imaging satellite resolution
per capita US$ 45,962 47,699 1–2m)
Growth % 2.0 1.6 ELINT/SIGINT 7: 2 Orion (formerly Magnum);
Inflation
2 Trumpet (successor to Jumpseat); 3 unknown
% 2.9 3.9
National Def (launched Aug 1994, May 1995, Apr 1996)
Budget ELECTRONIC OCEAN RECCE SATELLITE:
BA US$ 625bn 693bn EORSAT (detection of shipping by use of infra-red
Outlay US$ 552bn 607bn and radar)
NAVIGATIONAL SATELLITE TIMING AND
Request
RANGING 24 NAVSTAR Block 2R (components of
BA US$ 607bn
Global Positioning System (GPS) accuracy 1m)
Population 303,824,646 SENSORS • NUCLEAR DETONATION DETEC
TION 24: (detects and evaluates nuclear detonations.
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus Sensors deployed in NAVSTAR satellites)
Male 11% 4% 4% 3% 23% 5%
Female 10% 3% 3% 3% 23% 7%
Strategic Defenses – Early Warning
North American Aerospace Defense Command
(NORAD), a combined US–Ca org.
Capabilities SPACE BASED SYSTEMS • SATELLITES 4 Defense
ACTIVE 1,539,587 (Army 632,245 Navy 339,453 Air Support Programme DSP (Infra-red surveillance and
340,530 US Marine Corps 186,661 US Coast Guard warning system. Detects missile launches, nuclear
detonations, ac in afterburn, spacecraft and terrestrial
40,698)
infra-red events. Approved constellation: 3 operational
CIVILIAN 10,126 (US Special Operations Command satellites; 1 operational on-orbit spare.)
3,376 US Coast Guard 7,396) NORTH WARNING SYSTEM 15 North Warning
System Long Range (range 200nm); 40 North
RESERVE 979,378 (Army 547,050 Navy 126,211 Warning System Short Range (range 110–150km)
Air 191,038 Marine Corps Reserve 104,292 US Coast OVER-THE-HORIZON-BACKSCATTER RADAR
Guard 10,787) (OTH-B) 2: 1 AN/FPS-118 OTH-B (500–3000nm)
located at Mountain Home AFB (ID); 1 non- Armd Cav 1 heavy regt (3rd ACR) with 3 cav sqn (each: 3
operational located at Maine (ME) cav tps, 1 tk coy, 1 arty bty), 1 air cav sqn with
STRATEGIC 2 Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (3 atk tps, 1 lift coy), 1 chemical coy, 1 engr
BMEWS located at Thule, GL and Fylingdales Moor, coy, 1 MI coy; 1 regt (11th ACR) – OPFOR
UK; 1 (primary mission to track ICBM and SLBM; Armd Inf 1 bde (172nd) with (1 armd bn, 2 armd inf bn,
also used to track satellites) located at Clear (AK) 1 armd recce tp, 1 SP arty bty, 1 cbt engr bn,
SPACETRACK SYSTEM 11: 8 Spacetrack Radar 1 BSB)
located at Incirlik (Tu), Eglin (FL), Cavalier AFS (ND), Mech Inf 6 Stryker (SBCT) (each: 1 HQ coy, 3 Stryker
Clear (AK), Thule (GL), Fylingdales Moor (UK), Beale bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 recce sqn, 1 AT coy, 1 engr
AFB (CA), Cape Cod (MA); 3 Spacetrack Optical coy, 1 sigs coy , 1 MI coy ,1 BSB)
Trackers located at Socorro (NM), Maui (HI), Diego
Inf 8 IBCT (each: 2 inf bn, 1 recce sqn, 1 fd arty
Garcia
bn, 1 BSB, 1 BSTB)
USN SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM NAV
SPASUR 3 strategic transmitting stations; 6 strategic Air Aslt 4 BCT (each: 2 air aslt bn, 1 RSTA bn, 1 arty
receiving sites in southeast USA bn, 1 BSB, 1 BSTB (1 MI coy, 1 engr coy, 1
sigs coy))
PERIMETER ACQUISITION RADAR ATTACK
CHARACTERISATION SYSTEM PARCS 1 at AB 6 BCT (each: 2 para bn, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bn, 1
Cavalier AFS, (ND) BSB, 1 BSTB (1 MI coy, 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy))
PAVE PAWS 3 at Beale AFB (CA), Cape Cod AFS Arty 6 (Fires) bde (each: HQ coy, 1 MLRS bn, 1 atk
(MA), Clear AFS (AK); 1 (phased array radar 5,500km UAV coy , 1 TA coy, 1 BSB bn)
range) located at Otis AFB (MA) Engr 5 bde
DETECTION AND TRACKING RADARS AD 5 bde with MIM-104 Patriot
Kwajalein Atoll, Ascension Island, Antigua, Kaena
Cbt Avn 11 CAB (6 heavy, 3 medium, 2 light) (each: 1
Point (HI), MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MA)
aslt hel bn, 2 atk hel bn, 1 avn spt bn, 1 gen
GROUND BASED ELECTRO OPTICAL DEEP
spt avn bn); 1 (theatre avn) bde
SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM GEODSS
Socorro (NM), Maui (HI), Diego Garcia Spt 13 (Sustainment) bde (each: 1 BSTB, 2 Cbt Spt
STRATEGIC DEFENCES – MISSILE DEFENCES bn, 1 Sigs coy)
SEA-BASED: Aegis engagement cruisers and destroyers Cbt Spt 3 (Manoeuvre enhancement) bde (each: 1 spt
in Pacific Fleet bn, 1 sigs coy)
LAND-BASED: 21 ground-based Interceptors at Fort Surv 3 BfSB (each: 1 reconnaissance and
Greeley, AK; 3 ground-based interceptors at Vandenburg, surveillance sqn, 1 BSTB bn, 1 MI bn) forming
CA. WMD / 1 (CBRNE) comd (1 Chemical bde (2
NBC / EOD chemical bn), 1 asymmetric warfare regt
US Army 538,128; 67,048 active ANG; 27,069 (initially under direct FORSCOM C2), 2 EOD
active AR (total 632,245) gp (each: 2 EOD bn))
FORCES BY ROLE SF See US Special Operations Command
The US Army continues its accelerated transition pro- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
gramme. The aim at present is to have an Active Component MBT 7,620+ M1-A1/M1-A2 Abrams
of 19 Heavy Brigade Combat Teams (HBCT),(including 3 RECCE 96 Tpz-1 Fuchs
ACR), 23 Infantry BCT (IBCT) and 6 Stryker BCT (SBCT). AIFV 6,452 M-2 Bradley/M-3 Bradley
The Reserve is planned to comprise 6 HBCT, 21 IBCT and APC 28,574
1 SBCT. The SBCT has 3 manoeuvre bn instead of 2, as in APC (T) 13,943 M-113A2/M-113A3
the HBCT and IBCT. The HBCT has 2 combined arms bn, APC (W) 14,631: 4,131 Stryker
an armed recce sqn, an armd fires bn, a Brigade Support Bn MRAP 10,500
(BSB) and a Bde Special Troops Bn (BSTB). The IBCT has 2 ARTY 6,763+
inf bn, a Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisi- SP 155mm 2,087 M-109A1/M-109A2/M-109A6
tion (RSTA) squadron, a Fires bn, a BSB and a BSTB. The TOWED 1,780: 105mm 434 M-102; 416 M-119; 155mm
SBCT has three Stryker infantry bn, a RSTA sqn, a fires bn, 697 M-198; 233+ M-777 ( replacing M-198)
a BSB , and engr, sigs, MI and anti-armour coys. The army MRL 227mm 830 MLRS (all ATACMS-capable)
currently projects 18 division headquarters in the total force MOR 2,066: 81mm 990 M-252; 120mm 1,076 M-120/M-121
(10 Active and 8 National Guard). All were programmed to AT
convert to modular design by FY09, fully standardising the MSL 21,955
division headquarters across the force. The army is devel- SP 2,005: 1,379 HMMWV TOW; 626 M-901
oping plans to grow to include 76 BCTs (48 AC BCTs and 28 MANPATS 19,950: 950 Javelin (fire and forget); 19,000
RC BCTs) and approximately 225 support brigades. M47 Dragon
Comd 6 army HQ; 3 corps HQ 10 div HQ RL 84mm M136 (AT-4)
Armd 17 HBCT (each: 2 (combined arms) armd / AMPHIBIOUS 124+
armd inf bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 LCU 45: 11 LCU-1600 (capacity either 2 M1-A1 Abrams
BSTB bn, 1 BSB bn) MBT or 350 troops); 34 LCU-2000
North America 33
LC 79+: 6 Frank Besson (capacity 32 Abrams MBT); 73+ Engr 8 bde (40bn)
North America
LCM-8 (capacity either 1 MBT or 200 troops) Avn 2 (heavy) cbt avn bde; 6 (air expeditionary)
AIRCRAFT cbt avn bde (each: 1 aslt hel bn, 1 atk hel
RECCE 60: 2 O-2 Skymaster bn, 1 gen spt avn bn, 1 avn spt bn, 1 spt/sy
ARL 9: 3 Dash-7 ARL-M (COMINT/ELINT); 3 Dash-7 hel bn (each: 3 spt/sy coy – to become 4)); 5
ARL-1 (IMINT); 3 Dash-7 ARL-C (COMINT) theatre avn bde (transforming)
RC-12 49: 37 RC-12D Guardrail/RC-12H Guardrail/ WMD 32 WMD-CST (Weapons of Mass
RC-12K Guardrail; 12 RC-12P Guardrail/RC-12Q Destruction Civil Support Teams)
Guardrail AD 4 indep bn with MIM-104 Patriot;
EW• ELINT 9 RC-7 Dash 7 FIM-92A Avenger
TPT 208: 46 C-12C Huron/C-12R Huron; 90 C-12D Huron/
Spt 9 spt bde, 17 regional spt gps
C-12F Huron/C-12J Huron; 3 C-20 Gulfstream; 47 C-23A
Sherpa/C-23B Sherpa; 11 C-26 Metro; 2 C-31 Friendship; 2 Cbt Spt 14 (Manoeuvre enhancement) bde
C-37; 2 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1 U-21 Ute; 4 UV-18A Twin (transforming)
Otter Sigs 2 bde
UTL 27: 26 UC-35 Citation; 1 UV-20A Chiricahua
TRG 3 T-34 Turbo Mentor
Army Reserve 195,000 reservists (27,069 active)
HELICOPTERS Inf 5 div (exercise); 7 div (trg)
OBS 463 OH-58A Kiowa/OH-58C Kiowa Avn 1 theatre avn bde with (air aslt hel, atk hel
SAR 15 HH-60L Black Hawk and gen spt avn bns)

ATK 1,009: 634 AH-64A Apache/AH-64D Apache; 375 OH- Engr 4 bde
58D Kiowa Warrior Sig 1 bde
ASLT 36 AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird Spt 8 spt bde, 2 cbt spt bde
SPEC OP 124: 21 MH-47E Chinook, 43 MH-47G Chinook; Civil Affairs 36 (coys) bn opcon USSOCOM;
60 MH-60K Black Hawk/MH-60L Pave Hawk 12 (4 comd, 8 bde) HQ opcon USSOCOM
SPT 374: 324 CH-47D Chinook, 50 CH-47F Chinook,
Psyops 2 gp opcon USSOCOM
UTL 1,935: 1,484 UH-60A Black Hawk/UH-60L Black
Regional Spt 13 comd gps
Hawk/UH-60M Black Hawk; 4 UH-60Q Black Hawk; 447
UH-1H Iroquois utl/UH-1V Iroquois spt Army Standby Reserve 700 reservists
TRG 154 TH-67 Creek Trained individuals for mobilisation
UAV • TACTICAL 533: 20 Buster; 54 RQ-5A Hunter; 212
RQ-7A Shadow; 4 I-Gnat; 126 Desert Hawk; 100 BQM-147
US Navy 333,488; 5,965 active reservists (total
Exdrone; 17 Sky Warrior; some RQ-11 Raven
AD• SAM 1,281+
339,453)
Comprises 2 Fleet Areas, Atlantic and Pacific. All
SP 798: 703 FIM-92A Avenger (veh-mounted Stinger);
combatants divided into 6 Fleets: 2nd – Atlantic, 3rd –
95 M-6 Linebacker (4 Stinger plus 25mm gun)
Pacific, 4th – Caribbean, Central and South America, 5th –
TOWED 483 MIM-104 Patriot
Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, 6th – Mediterranean,
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
7th – W. Pacific; plus Military Sealift Command (MSC);
RADAR • LAND 251: 98 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty);
Naval Reserve Force (NRF); for Naval Special Warfare
56 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder (arty); 60 AN/TRQ-32 Teammate
Command, see US Special Operations Command element.
(COMINT); 32 AN/TSQ-138 Trailblazer (COMINT); 5 AN/
TSQ-138A Trailblazer EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES 71
Reserve Organisations STRATEGIC • SSBN 14 Ohio (Mod) SSBN 730 opcon US
STRATCOM each with up to 24 UGM-133A Trident D-5
Army National Guard 351,350 reservists (67,048 strategic SLBM
Active) TACTICAL 57
Currently capable of manning 8 divs after mobilisation. SSGN 4 Ohio, mod with total of 154 Tomahawk LAM (3
Under the army’s transformation process, the ARNG operational, 1 in refit expected ISD 2009)
will assume an end-state structure consisting of 28 BCT SSN 53:
(6 HBCT, 1 SBCT, 21 IBCT) 23 Los Angeles each with 4 single 533mm TT each with
FORCES BY ROLE Mk48 Sea Arrow HWT/UGM-84 Harpoon USGW
Comd 8 div HQ 23 Los Angeles imp, each with up to 12 Tomahawk
Armd 6 HBCT (2 more transforming to IBCT) LAM, 4 single 533mm TT each with Mk48 Sea Arrow
Mech Inf 1 SBCT HWT/UGM- 84 Harpoon USGW
3 Seawolf, each with 8 x 1 660mm TT each with up to
Lt Inf 19 IBCT (transforming)
45 Tomahawk LAM/UGM-84C Harpoon USGW, Mk48
Air Cav 1 sqn (3 air cav tps, 1 aslt tps)
Sea Arrow HWT
SF 2 gp opcon USSOCOM (total: 3 SF bn) 4 Virginia with SLCM Tomahawk, 4 single 533mm
Arty 42 indep bn (likely to become 7 Fires Bde) TT each with Mk48 ADCAP mod 6 HWT, 1 12 cell
Fd Arty 17 bde HQ (mostly non-operational) vertical launch system (12 eff.)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 107 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9

AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 11 MCM 9 Avenger (MCM-1) each with 1 SLQ-48 MCM
CVN 10: system, 1 SQQ-32(V)3 Sonar (mine hunting)
1 Enterprise (typical capacity 55 F/A-18 Hornet FGA ac; ML (none dedicated)
4 EA-6B Prowler ELINT EW ac; 4 E-2C Hawkeye AEW COMMAND SHIPS • LCC 2:
ac; 6 S-3B Viking ASW ac; 4 SH-60F Seahawk ASW hel; 2 Blue Ridge (capacity 3 LCPL; 2 LCVP; 700 troops; 1 med
2 HH-60H Seahawk SAR hel) with 3 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow utl hel)
octuple each with RIM-7M/RIM-7P, 2 Mk 49 RAM AMPHIBIOUS
(may be fitted) with 21 RIM-116 RAM SAM PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 31
9 Nimitz (typical capacity 55 F/A-18 Hornet FGA ac; 4 LHD 7:
EA-6B Prowler ELINT EW ac; 4 E-2C Hawkeye AEW ac; 7 Wasp (capacity 5 AV-8B Harrier II FGA; 42 CH-
4 SH-60F Seahawk ASW hel; 2 HH-60H Seahawk SAR 46E Sea Knight spt hel; 6 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel;
hel) each with 2–3 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple each with 3 LCAC(L) ACV; 60 tanks; 1,890 troops) each with
RIM-7M/RIM-7P, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42 RIM-116 RAM 2 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 32 RIM-7M/RIM-
SAM 7P, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42 RIM-116 RAM SAM,
CV 1 Kitty Hawk (typical capacity 50 F/A-18 Hornet FGA (Additional platform in build)
ac; 4 EA-6B Prowler ELINT EW ac; 4 E-2C Hawkeye AEW LHA 3:
ac; 4 SH-60F Seahawk ASW hel; 2 HH-60H Seahawk SAR 3 Tarawa (capacity 6 AV-8B Harrier II FGA ac; 12 CH-
hel) each with 3 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple each with 46E Sea Knight spt hel; 9 CH-53 Sea Stallion spt hel;
RIM-7M/RIM-7P, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42 RIM-116 RAM 4 LCU; 100 tanks; 1,900 troops) each with 2 Mk 49
SAM (Decommissioning planned ‘09) RAM with 42 RIM-116 RAM SAM
CRUISERS • CG • TICONDEROGA 22 Aegis Baseline LPD 9:
2/3/4 (CG-52-CG-74) each with, 1 comd and control, 6 Austin (capacity 6 CH-46E Sea Knight spt hel; 2
2 quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 2 61 LCAC(L) ACV/LCU; 40 tanks; 788 troops)
cell Mk 41 VLS (122 eff.) each with SM-2 ER SAM/ 3 San Antonio (capacity 1 CH-53E Sea Stallion hel or
Tomahawk LAM, 2 127mm gun 2 SH-60B Seahawk 2 CH-46 Sea Knight or 1 MV-22 Osprey; 2 LCAC(L);
ASW hel, (Extensive upgrade programme scheduled 14 AAAV; 720 troops) (additional 5 hulls in build;
from 2006-2020, to include sensors and fire control current programme totals 9 units)
systems, major weapons upgrade to include Evolved LSD 12:
Sea Sparrow (ESSM), SM-3 / SM-2 capability and 2 MK 4 Harpers Ferry (capacity 2 LCAC(L) ACV; 40 tanks;
45 Mod 2 127mm gun) 500 troops) each with 1–2 Mk 49 RAM with 21–42
DESTROYERS • DDG 52 RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 hel landing platform (for 2
28 Arleigh Burke Flight I/II each with Aegis comd and CH-35)
control, 1 32 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) with ASROC 8 Whidbey Island (capacity 4 LCAC(L) ACV; 40
tactical/ASSM SSM/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, 1 tanks; 500 troops) each with 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42
64 cell Mk 41 VLS (64 eff.) with ASROC/ASSM SSM/ RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 hel landing platform (for 2
SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, 2 quad (8 eff.) each CH-53)
with RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 42 AMPHIBIOUS CRAFT 282+
RIM-116 RAM SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with LCU 32 LCU-1600 (capacity either 2 M1-A1 Abrams
Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 hel landing platform MBT or 350 troops)
24 Arleigh Burke Flight IIA each eq. with Aegis comd LCVP 8
and control, 1 32 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) with ASROC LCPL 90
tactical/ASSM SSM/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, LCM 72
1 64 cell Mk 41 VLS (64 eff.) with ASROC/ASSM SSM ACV 80 LCAC(L) (capacity either 1 MBT or 60 troops;
tactical/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk TLAM, 2 quad (8 (undergoing upgrade programme))
eff.) each with RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 2 triple ASTT SF EQUIPMENT 6 DDS opcon USSOCOM
(6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 2 SH- FACILITIES
60B Seahawk ASW hel, (Ongoing programme for 10
Bases 1 opcon EUCOM located at Naples, It,
additional ships)
1 opcon EUCOM located at Soudha Bay, Gr,
FRIGATES 22
1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Yokosuka,
FFG 22 Oliver Hazard Perry each with 2 triple 324mm
J, 1 opcon EUCOM located at Rota, Sp, 1
ASTT (6 eff.) with 24 Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun,
opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Sasebo, J
(capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel)
LCS 1: Naval 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet (plus naval comms
1 Freedom with RIM-116 RAM, MK-15 Phalanx CIWS, 1 airbases facility) located at Andersen AFB, 1 opcon
57mm gun, (standard capacity either 2 MH-60 Seahawk US Pacific Fleet located at Diego Garcia,
hel or 1 MH-60 with 3 Firescout UAV) (1st of class BIOT
undergoing Sea Trials) SEWS 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Pine Gap,
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16 Aus
PFC 8 Cyclone Comms 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at NW Cape,
PCI 8 facility Aus
North America 35
SIGINT stn 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Pine Gap, Strategic Sealift Force
North America
Aus (At a minimum of 4 days readiness)
Support 1 opcon EUCOM located at Ankara, Tu, LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 25:
facility 1 opcon EUCOM located at Izmir, Tu, T-AOT 4 Champion
1 opcon US Pacific Fleet located at Diego T-AK 2
Garcia, BIOT, 1 opcon US Pacific Fleet T-AKR 19:
located at Singapore, Sgp FSS T-AKR 8 Algol
LMSR T-AKR 11: 7 Bob Hope; 2 Gordon; 2 Shughart
Combat Logistics Force Special Mission Ships
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17:
AOE 5: 4 Sacramento (capacity 2 CH-46E Sea Knight spt HSV 1
hel); 1 Supply (capacity 3 CH-46E Sea Knight spt hel) T-AG 1 Hayes
T-AGM 3; T-ARC 1
Navy Reserve Surface Forces T-AGOS 4: 1 Impeccable; 3 Victorious
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS
T-AGS 7: 1 John McDonnell; 6 Pathfinder
FFG 8 Oliver Hazard Perry in reserve each with 2 triple
324mm ASTT (6 eff.) with 24 Mk 46 LWT, 36 SM-1 MR US Maritime Administation Support • National
SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW Defense Reserve Fleet
hel) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 49:
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 15: T-AK 42: 39 T-AK (breakbulk); 3 T-AK (heavy lift)
MCM 5 Avenger in reserve each with 1 SLQ-48 MCM T-AO 7
system, 1 SQQ-32(V)3 Sonar (mine hunting)
MHC 10 Osprey in reserve each with 1 SLQ-48 MCM Ready Reserve Force
system, 1 SQQ-32(V)2 Sonar (mine hunting) Ships at readiness up to a maximum of 30 days
INSHORE UNDERSEA WARFARE 45 HDS/IBU/MIUW LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 56:
T-ACS 10 Keystone State
Navy Stand-by-Reserve 2,500 reservists T-AK 9: 3 T-AK (breakbulk); 6 T-AK (heavy lift)
T-AKR 31
Naval Reserve Force 123,711 T-AOT 6
Naval Inactive Fleet Augmentation Force • Active
Under 60–90 days notice for reactivation
Cargo handling 1 bn
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 20
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 5 CV Reserve
BATTLESHIP 1 BB
Cargo handling 12 bn
CRUISERS 3 CG
DESTROYERS 12: 4 DD; 8 DDG Naval Aviation 98,588
AMPHIBIOUS Operates from 11 carriers, 11 air wings (10 active 1 reserve).
LS 5 LKA Average air wing comprises 8 sqns: 4 each with 12 F/A-18
CRAFT 5 LCT (2 with F/A-18C, 1 with F/A18-E, 1 with F/A18-F) 1 with 8
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7: 5 AG; AO 2 S-3B, 1 with 6 SH-60, 1 with 4 EA-6B, 1 with 4 E-2C.
Military Sealift Command (MSC) FORCES BY ROLE
Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force Air wing 10 wg
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 43 COMD 2 sqn with E-6B Mercury
AFH 5: 3 Mars; 2 Sirius FGA 9 sqn with F/A-18E Super Hornet; 10 sqn
AEH 5 Kilauea with F/A-18F Super Hornet; 15 sqn with
ARS 2 Safeguard F/A-18C Hornet; 1 sqn with F/A-18A+
AH 2 Mercy eqpt. with 1 hel landing platform ASW 1 sqn with S-3B Viking; 9 sqn with SH-60B
ATF 4 Powhatan Seahawk; 10 sqn with HH-60H Seahawk;
HSV 1 SH-60F Seahawk; 1 sqn with MH-60R
T-AO 14 Henry J. Kaiser Seahawk
T-AOE RAS 4 Supply class ELINT 2 sqn with EP-3 Orion
T-AKEH 6 Lewis and Clark ELINT/ECM 13 sqn with EA-6B Prowler; EA-18G
Maritime Prepositioning Program Growler
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 32
MP 12 (land-based) sqn with P-3C Orion*
T-AK 6
AEW 10 sqn with total of E-2C Hawkeye
T-AKR 24:
LMSR T-AKR 11: 3; 8 Watson MCM 2 sqn with MH-53E Sea Dragon
T-AKRH 13 Spt 7 sqn with MH-60S Knight Hawk
T-AVB 2 Tpt 2 sqn with total of 37 C-2A Greyhound
Trg 1 (aggressor) sqn with F/A-18C Hornet/ F/A- MSL

18D Hornet / F/A-18E Super Hornet/ F/A-18F ASM AGM-65A/F Maverick; AGM-84D Harpoon; AGM-
Super Hornet; 14 sqn with T-2C Buckeye/T- 84E SLAM/SLAM-ER; AGM-114B/K/M Hellfire; AGM-
34C Turbo Mentor/T-44 Pegasus /T-44A 119A Penguin 3; AGM-88A HARM; AGM-154A JSOW
Pegasus; 2 sqn with TH-57B Sea Ranger/ AAM AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 Sidewinder; AIM-120
TH-57C Sea Ranger; 1 (aggressor) sqn with AMRAAM; RIM-116 RAM
F/A-18B Hornet/F/A-18 C Hornet / F/A-18D BOMBS
Hornet; 1 sqn with F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Conventional: BLU-109 (2,000lb); BLU-117/Mk 84
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (2,000-pound); BLU-110/Mk 83 (1,000-pound); BLU-111/
AIRCRAFT 1,138 combat capable Mk 82 (500-pound); Mk 46; Mk 50; Mk 54
FGA 939: 116 F/A-18A Hornet; 28 F/A-18B Hornet; 388 Laser-Guided: Paveway II; Paveway III (fits on Mk 82, Mk
F/A-18C Hornet; 137 F/A-18D Hornet; 109 F/A-18E 83 or Mk 84)
Super Hornet; 161 F/A-18F Super Hornet INS/GPS guided: JDAM (GBU-31/32/38); Enhanced
ASW 38 S-3B Viking* Paveway II
ELINT 13 EP-3 Orion Naval Aviation Reserve
ELINT/ECM 114: 113 EA-6B Prowler; 1 EA-18G Growler
MP 161 P-3C Orion* FORCES BY ROLE
AEW 68 E-2C Hawkeye FGA 1 sqn with F/A-18A+/C Hornet
ASW 1 sqn with HH-60F / SH-60F Seahawk;
COMD 16 E-6B Mercury

TKR 5 KC-130F Hercules MR 2 sqn with P-3C Orion
TPT 66: 4 C-12C Huron; 37 C-2A Greyhound; 1 C-20A AEW 1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye
Gulfstream III; 2 C-20D Gulfstream III; 5 C-20G Gulfstream MSC 1 sqn with HH-60H Seahawk; 1 sqn with
IV; 7 C-26D Metro III; 1 C-37; 1 CT-39G Sabreliner; 2 LC- MH-60S
130F Hercules; 1 LC-130R Hercules; 5 VP-3A Orion ECM 1 sqn with EA-6B Prowler
UTL 37: 2 RC-12F Huron; 2 RC-12M Huron; 2 U-6A
Log spt 1 wg (3 log spt sqn with C-40A Clipper, 3 log
Beaver; 26 UC-12B Huron; 1 UC-35D Citation Encore; 4
spt sqn with C-20 A/D/G Gulfstream; C-37A
UP-3A Orion
/ C-37B Gulfstream, 5 tactical tpt sqn with
TRG 689: 104 T-2C Buckeye; 308 T-34C Turbo Mentor;
C-130T Hercules, 4 log spt sqn with C-9B
9 T-38 Talon; 1 T-39D Sabreliner; 8 T-39G Sabreliner; 15
Skytrain II)
T-39N Sabreliner; 55 T-44A Pegasus; 74 T-45A Goshawk;
Trg 2 (aggressor) sqn with F-5E Tiger II/F-5F
75 T-45C Goshawk; 17 TA-4J Skyhawk; 21 TC-12B Huron;
Tiger II; 1 (aggressor) sqn with F/A-18C
2 TE-2C Hawkeye
Hornet
TRIALS AND TEST 51: 5 EA-18G Growler; 1 NF/A-18A
Hornet; 2 NF/A-18C Hornet; 3 NF/A-18D Hornet; 1 NP- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
3C Orion; 11 NP-3D Orion; 1 NT-34C Mentor test; 1 NU- AIRCRAFT 67 combat capable
1B Otter test; 2 QF-4N Phantom II; 16 QF-4S Phantom II; 2 FGA 25 F/A-18A+/C Hornet
X-26A test; 1 X-31A test; 1 YF-4J Phantom II (prototype, MP 12 P-3C Orion*
FGA); 1 YSH-60 Seahawk (prototype); 1 YSH-60 EW/ELINT 4 EA-6B Prowler
prototype; 1 YSH-60B Seahawk; 1 YSH-60F Seahawk AEW 6 E-2C Hawkeye
HELICOPTERS TPT 44: 19 C-130T Hercules; 9 C-40A Clipper; 16 C-9B
MCM 28 MH-53E Sea Dragon Skytrain II
OBS 3 OH-58A Kiowa UTL 11: 7 C-20 A/D/G Gulfstream; 1 C-37A Gulfstream;
SAR 68: 23 HH-1N Iroquois; 4 HH-46D Sea Knight; 38 3 C-37B Gulfstream
HH-60H Seahawk; 3 UH-3H Sea King TRG 30 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger*
ATK 4 AH-1Z Super Cobra HELICOPTERS 11 attack helicopters
ASW 220: 148 SH-60B Seahawk; 72 SH-60F Seahawk MCM 8 MH-53E Sea Stallion
SPT/SPEC OP 93: 8 MH-60R Strike Hawk; 85 MH-60S SAR 10 HH-60H Rescue Hawk
Knight Hawk (Multi Mission Support) ASW 11: 6 SH-60B Seahawk; 5 MH-60S Knight Hawk
SPT 18: 9 CH-53D Sea Stallion; 9 CH-53E Sea Stallion
UTL 19: 1 UH-1N Iroquois; 4 UH-1Y Iroquois; 9 UH-46D US Marine Corps 175,350; 11,311 active
Sea Knight; 3 UH-60L Black Hawk; 2 VH-3A Sea King reservists (total 186,661)
(VIP); 5 MV-22 Osprey 3 Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), 3 Marine Expeditionary
TRG 132: 44 TH-57B Sea Ranger; 82 TH-57C Sea Ranger; Brigade (MEB), 7 Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU) drawn
6 TH-6B in testing from 3 div. A Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) usually
TEST 3 N-SH-60B Seahawk consists of a Battalion Landing Team (1 inf bn, 1 arty bty,
UAV 42+: 1 lt armd recce coy, 1 armd pl, 1 amph aslt pl, 1 cbt engr
RECCE 2 RQ-4A Global Hawk (Under evaluation and pl, 1 recce pl), an Aviation Combat Element (1 Medium
trials) lift sqn with attached atk hel, FGA ac and AD assets) and
TAC 40+: 5 MQ-8B Fire Scout (Under evaluation and a composite Log bn, with a combined total of about 2,200
trials); 35 RQ-2B Pioneer men. Composition varies with mission requirements.
North America 37
FORCES BY ROLE Test 1 sqn with V-22 Osprey
North America
Marine 1 div (1st) with (3 inf regt (each: 4 inf bn) 1 arty VIP 1 sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight; CH-53E Sea
regt (4 arty bn), 1 armd bn, 2 (LAV-25) lt armd Stallion; VH-60N Presidential Hawk; VH-3D
recce bn, 1 recce bn, 1 amph aslt bn, 1 cbt engr Sea King
bn) AD 2 bn with FIM-92A Avenger; FIM-92A
1 div (2nd) with (3 inf regt (each: 4 inf bn) 1 arty Stinger (can provide additional heavy
regt (4 arty bn), 1 armd bn, 1 lt armd recce bn, calibre support weapons)
1 recce bn, 1 amph aslt bn, 1 cbt engr bn,);
1 div (3rd) with (1 inf regt ( 3 inf bn), 1 arty regt UAV 3 sqn with RQ-7B Shadow
(2 arty bn), 1 recce bn, 1 cbt spt bn (1 lt armd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
recce coy, 1 amph aslt coy, 1 cbt engr coy))
AC 370 combat capable
Spec Ops 3 MEF recce coy
FGA 354
Log 3 gp F/A-18 225: 46 F/A-18A/F/A-18 A+ Hornet 2 F/A-18B
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Hornet; 82 F/A-18C Hornet; 95 F/A-18D Hornet; 129
MBT 403 M1-A1 Abrams AV-8B Harrier II
RECCE 252 LAV-25 Coyote (25mm gun, plus 189 variants EW 26 EA-6B Prowler
excluding 50 mor, 95 ATGW see below) TKR 33+: 30+ KC-130J Hercules; 3 KC-130R Hercules
AAV 1,311 AAV-7A1 (all roles) TPT 3
ARTY 1,867+ 1 C-20G Gulfstream IV; 2 C-9B Nightingale

TOWED 1,282+: 105mm: 331 M-101A1; 155mm 595 UTL 16
M-198; 356+ M-777(to replace M-198) UC-12: 9 UC-12B Huron / UC-12F Huron
MOR 81mm 585: 50 LAV-M; 535 M-252 UC-35: 7 UC-35C Citation Ultra / UC-35D Citation
AT Encore
MSL 2,299 TRG 19
SP 95 LAV-TOW
3 T-34C Turbo Mentor; 16 TAV-8B Harrier
MANPATS 2,204: 1,121 Predator; 1,083 TOW
HELICOPTERS 152 attack helicopters
RL 2,764: 83mm 1,650 SMAW; 84mm 1,114 AT-4
ATK 152+: 146 AH-1W Cobra; 6+ AH-1Z Viper
AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
SAR 14
UAV 1072: 972 3D Max Dragon Eye; 100 BQM-147 Exdrone;
HH-1: 12 HH-1N Iroquois
some RQ-11 Raven
HH-46: 2 HH-46E Sea Knight
RADAR • LAND 23 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty)
SPT 358
Marine Corps Aviation 34,700 CH-46: 170 CH-46E Sea Knight
3 active Marine Aircraft Wings (MAW) and 1 MCR MAW CH-53: 180: 34 CH-53D Sea Stallion; 146 CH-53E Sea
Flying hours 365 hrs/year on tpt ac; 248 hrs/year on ac; Stallion
277 hrs/year on hel 8 VH-60N Presidential Hawk (VIP tpt)
UTL 101
FORCES BY ROLE
UH-1 90: 77 UH-1N Iroquois; 13 UH-1Y Iroquois
Ftr 2 sqn with F/A-18A Hornet / F/A-18A+
VH-3 11: 11 VH-3D Sea King (VIP tpt)
Hornet; 5 sqn with F/A-18C Hornet; 5 sqn
(All Weather) with F/A-18D Hornet TILTROTOR 72+
MV-22 68: 20 MV-22A Osprey: 47+ MV-22B Osprey
FGA 7 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II
(360 on order, deliveries continuing.)
ECM 4 sqn with total of EA-6B Prowler
V-22 Osprey 4
Tpt/CSAR 1 sqn with C-20G Gulfstream IV, C-9B
UAV • TACTICAL • 20 RQ-7B Shadow
Nightingale, UC-12B Huron/UC-12F Huron,
UC-35C Citation Ultra/UC-35D Citation AD
Encore, HH-1N Iroquois, HH-46E Sea Knight SAM • SP some FIM-92A Avenger
Tkr 3 sqn with KC-130J/R Hercules MANPAD some FIM-92A Stinger
MSL
Atk hel 7 sqn with AH-1W Cobra, UH-1N Iroquois
ASM AGM-65F IR Maverick / AGM-65E Maverick;
Spt hel 4 sqn with MV-22B Osprey; 10 sqn with
AGM-84 Harpoon; AGM-114 Hellfire
CH-46E Sea Knight; 3 sqn with CH-53D Sea
Stallion; 7 sqn with CH-53E Sea Stallion AAM AIM-9M Sidewinder; AGM-88A HARM;
AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-120 AMRAAM
Trg 1 sqn with F/A-18B Hornet, F/A-18C Hornet,
F/A18D Hornet; 1 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II, BOMBS
TAV-8B Harrier; 1 sqn with AH-1W Cobra, Conventional: CBU-59; CBU-99; MK-82 (500lb),
UH-1N Iroquois, HH-1N Iroquois; UH-1Y MK-83 (1000lb)
Venom; 1 sqn with MV-22A Osprey; 1 sqn Laser-Guided: GBU 10/12/16 Paveway II (fits on
with CH-46E Sea Knight; 1 sqn with CH-53E Mk82, Mk 83 or Mk 84)
Sea Stallion INS/GPS Guided: JDAM
Reserve Organisations US Coast Guard Aviation 7,960

AIRCRAFT
Marine Corps Reserve 92,000 reservists MP 57: 9 HU-25A Guardian (Additional 16 in reserve); 3
FORCES BY ROLE HU-25B (Additional 4 in store); 8 HU-25C (Additional
Marine 1 div (4th) with (3 inf regt (each: 3 Inf bn), 1 9 in store); 6 HU-25D; 2 HC-144A (CN-235-200;
arty regt (4 arty bn), 1 (LAV-25) lt armd recce Additional ac on order)
bn, 1 recce bn, 1 amph aslt bn, 1 cbt engr bn) SAR 27: 22 MC-130H Hercules (Additional 5 in store)
Spec Ops 2 MEF recce coy TPT 10: 6 C-130J Hercules; 1 C-37; 2 CN-235-200; 1
Log 1 gp C-143A Challenger
HELICOPTERS
Marine Corps Aviation Reserve 11,592 reservists SAR 137: 35 HH-60J Jayhawk (Additional 7 in store); 95
HH-65C (AS-366G1) Dauphin II
FORCES BY ROLE
UTL 8 MH-68A (A-109E) Power
Ftr 1 sqn with F/A-18A / F/A-18A+ Hornet
UAV 1 (trials)
Tkr 2 sqn with KC-130T Hercules
Atk hel 1 sqn with AH-1W Cobra; 9 UH-1N Iroquois US Air Force (USAF) 340,530
Spt hel 2 sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight; 1 det with CH- Flying hours ftr 189, bbr 260, tkr 308, airlift 343
53E Sea Stallion Almost the entire USAF (plus active force ANG and AFR)
Trg 1 sqn with F-5E Tiger II / F-5F Tiger II / F-5N is divided into 10 Aerospace Expeditionary Forces (AEF),
Tiger II each on call for 120 days every 20 months. At least 2 of the
10 AEFs are on call at any one time, each with 10,000–15,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE personnel, 90 multi-role ftr and bbr ac, 31 intra-theatre
AC 25 combat capable refuelling aircraft and 13 aircraft for intelligence,
FTR • F-5 13 surveillance, reconnaissance and EW missions.
1 F-5E Tiger II / F-5F Tiger II; 12 F-5N Tiger II
FGA 12 F/A-18A/A+ Hornet Air Combat Command (ACC) 96,000 active-
TKR 28 KC-130T Hercules duty members and civilians. (When mobilised,
UTL 7 over 57,000 ANG and AFR personnel, with
UC-12: 2 UC-12B Huron / UC-12F Huron about 859 ac, are assigned to ACC)
UC-35: 3 UC-35C Citation Ultra / UC-35D Citation ACC (Langley AFB, Va.), is the primary US provider of
Encore air combat forces. ACC operates ftr, bbr, recce, battle-
HELICOPTERS 18 attack helicopters management, and electronic-combat aircraft and in
ATK • AH-1 18: 18 AH-1W Cobra total, ACC and ACC-gained units fly more than 2,000
SPT 40 aircraft. It also provides C3I systems, and conducts global
24 CH-46E Sea Knight; 6 CH-53E Sea Stallion information operations. ACC numbered air forces (four
UTL 9 UH-1N Iroquois are active-duty) provide the air component to CENTCOM,
SOUTHCOM and NORTHCOM, with HQ ACC serving
Marine Stand-by Reserve 700 reservists as the air component to Joint Forces Commands. ACC also
Trained individuals available for mobilisation augments forces to EUCOM, PACOM and STRATCOM,
and the recently established AFRICOM.
US Coast Guard 40,698 (Military); 7,396
(civilian) ACC organisation
Two Area Commands: Pacific (Alameda, California) and First Air Force (Tyndall AFB, Fla.) provides surveillance
Atlantic (Portsmouth, Virginia), supervising 9 districts (4 and C2 for AD forces for CONUS in support of NORAD.
Pacific, 5 Atlantic). 2 (1 Atlantic, 1 Pacific) Maintenance and It provides forces necessary for US national defence.
Logistics Command Atlantic (MLCA). Assigned units include the CONUS Regional Air
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 161 Operations Centre, NORAD System Support Facility and
PSOH 41: 1 Alex Haley; 13 Famous; 12 Hamilton; 14 Reliance, the Southeast, Northeast and the Western Air Defence
1 Legend Sectors. Ten ANG ftr wg are assigned.
PSO 1 Eighth Air Force (Barksdale AFB, La.) provides C2ISR;
PFC 5 Cyclone long-range attack; and information operations forces.
PBC 114: 73 Marine Protector; 41 Island It provides conventional forces to US Joint Forces
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 92 Command and provides nuclear capable bombers,
ABU 16 Juniper specified Global Strike assets, and C2ISR capabilities to
AGB 4: 1 Mackinaw; 1 Healy; 2 Polar Icebreaker US Strategic Command. Eighth Air Force also supports
Trg 2 STRATCOM’s Joint Force Headquarters - Information
WLI 5 Operations and serves as the command element for air
WLIC 13 force-wide computer network operations.
WLM 14 Keeper Ninth Air Force (Shaw Air Force Base, S.C.) controls
WLR 18 ACC fighter forces based on the US east coast, and serves
WTGB 9 Bay Class as the air component for a 25-nation area within the
YTM 11 CENTCOM AOR.
North America 39
Tenth Air Force (NAS Joint Reserve Base, Fort Worth, Mission 25 sqn with F/A-22A Raptor; F-16 Fighting
North America
Tx.), directs more than 13,300 reservists and 900 civilians trg Falcon; F-15 Eagle; A-10 Thunderbolt II; OA-10
at 28 locations throughout the US. It currently commands Thunderbolt II; TU-2S; MC-130 Hercules;
Air Force Reserve Command units gained by five other HC-130 Hercules; KC-135 Stratotanker; C-130
major commands, including ACC. Hercules; C-135 Stratolifter; C-17 Globemaster;
Twelfth Air Force (Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.) controls C-21 Learjet; C-5 Galaxy; HH-60 Seahawk;
ACC’s conventional ftr and bbr forces based in the UH-1N Huey
western US and has the warfighting responsibility for Trials and Units with 2 B-1 Lancer; B-2 Spirit; B-52
SOUTHCOM as well as the US Southern Air Forces. testing Stratofortress; F-22 Raptor; F-117 Nighthawk;
Each numbered air force is composed of air wings; F-16 Fighting Falcon; F-15A Eagle/F-15B
allocated to these air wings are role-specific squadrons. Eagle/F-15C Eagle/F-15D Eagle; A-10
FORCES BY ROLE Thunderbolt II; U-2; EC-130E Commando
HQ (AF) 1 HQ located at Langley AFB (VA) Solo; E-3B Sentry; AC-130 Spectre; KC-135
Bbr 4 (non-STRATCOM mission capable) sqn with Stratotanker; C-135 Stratolifter; C-17
B-1B Lancer; 4 sqn opcon US STRATCOM Globemaster; T-38C Talon; NC-130 Hercules;
with B-52 Stratofortress; 2 sqn opcon US HH-60 Seahawk; UH-1N Huey
STRATCOM with B-2A Spirit (16 combat
ready) Reserve Organisations
Ftr 5 sqn with F/A-22A Raptor; 15 sqn with F-16C
Air National Guard 106,680 reservists

/F-16D Fighting Falcon; 8 sqn with F-15E Strike
Eagle; 7 sqn with F-15C/D Eagle FORCES BY ROLE
Attack/ 7 sqn with A-10 Thunderbolt II/OA-10A Bbr 1 B-2A Spirit sqn (personnel only)
FAC Thunderbolt II Ftr 3 sqn with F-15 Eagle; 1 sqn with F-16
Fighting Falcon
Recce 3 sqn with RC-135/U-2S; 2 sqn with E-8
J-STARS; OC-135B Open Skies FGA 6 sqn with A-10 Thunderbolt II/OA-10
Thunderbolt II; 2 sqn with F-15 Eagle; 20
EW 2 sqn with EC-130H Compass Call Solo
sqn with F-16 Fighting Falcon
AEW 1 wg (6 AEW sqn with E-3B Sentry/E-3C
Special Ops 1 sqn opcon USSOCOM with EC-130J
Sentry); E-4B)
Commando Solo; 1 sqn op con USSOCOM
SAR 6 sqn with HC-130N Hercules/HC-130P MC-130P Combat Shadow Hercules
Hercules/HH-60G Pave Hawk SAR 6 sqn with HC-130 Hercules; HH-60G
Trg 3 (aggressor) sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Pavehawk
Falcon; F-15C Eagle Strategic tpt 3 sqn with C-5A; 1 sqn with C-17
UAV 1 wg (6 sqn) with MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Globemaster (+ 2 sqn personnel only)
Predator and RQ-4A Global Hawk Tac tpt 20 sqn (+ 1 personnel only) with C-130E
Hercules/C-130H Hercules/C-130J Hercules;
Air Mobility Command (AMC) 1 sqn with C-40; 2 sqn with C-21 Learjet;
Provides strategic, tactical, special op airlift, aero medical Tkr 21 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker (+2 sqn
evacuation, SAR and weather recce. personnel only)
FORCES BY ROLE Mission trg 7 sqn with F-16 Fighting Falcon;
F-15 Eagle; C-130 Hercules
HQ (AF) 1 HQ located at Scott AFB (IL)
UAV 4 sqn with MQ-1Predator; 1 sqn with MQ-9
Air 2 Air Forces (total: 12 active air wg)
Reaper
Strategic tpt 2 sqn with C-5 Galaxy; 12 sqn with C-17
Globemaster III Air Force Reserve Command 67,500 reservists
Tactical tpt 7 sqn with C-130 Hercules FORCES BY ROLE
Op spt tpt 8 sqn with C-20 Gulfstream; C-21 Learjet; Bbr 1 sqn opcon US STRATCOM with
C-32; C-37; C-40 Clipper; VC-25 Air Force B-52H Stratofortress
One; UH-1N Huey
FGA 2 sqn with A-10 Thunderbolt II/OA-10
Tkr 12 sqn with KC-135 Stratotanker (+1 Thunderbolt II (+2 personnel only); 4 sqn
personnel only); 4 sqn with KC-10A with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon(+1 sqn
Extender DC-10 personnel only)
Special Ops 1 sqn opcon USSOCOM with MC-130E
Air Education and Training Command Combat Talon
FORCES BY ROLE SAR 3 sqn with HH-60G Pavehawk; 2 sqn
Air 7 sqn (AFR personnel) trained to use ac; with HC-130 Hercules
2 air forces (total: 11 air wg) Strategic tpt 3 sqn with C-5A Galaxy (+2 sqn
Flying trg 8 wg with T-1 Jayhawk; T-37 Tweet; personnel only); 1 sqn C-17 Globemaster
T-38 Talon; T-43; T-6 Texan II (+9 sqn personnel only)
Tac tpt 10 sqn with C-130E Hercules/C-130J TKR 512 (241 Active Force; 65 Reserve; 206 Air
Hercules National Guard): 59 KC-10A Extender DC-10 (tkr/tpt);
Tkr 7 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker (+2 sqn 182 KC-135 A/E/R/T Stratotanker (plus 65 Reserve, 206
personnel only); 4 sqn KC-10A Extender Air National Guard)
(personnel only); TRG 1,609 (all Active Force): 179 T-1A Jayhawk; 454
Weather recce 1 sqn with WC-130H Hercules/WC-130J T-6A Texan II1; 419 T-37B Tweet; 546 T-38A Talon; 11
Hercules T-43A
Mission trg 3 sqn with F-16 Fighting Falcon; A-10 TILT-ROTOR 6: 2 CV-22 Osprey (testing); 4 CV-22A
Thunderbolt II; C-130 Hercules Osprey (SOC)
UAV 1 sqn with RQ-4A (personnel only), 1 HELICOPTERS 189 (148 Active Force; 23 Reserve; 18 Air
sqn with MQ-1 (personnel only) National Guard): 64 HH-60G Pave Hawk (plus 23 Reserve;
18 Air National Guard); 62 UH-1N Huey (TPT); 2 MH-53J
Civil Reserve Air Fleet Pave Low III (SOC); 20 MH-53M Pave Low IV (SOC)
Commercial ac numbers fluctuate UAV Large: 11 RQ-4A Global Hawk; Medium: 10 MQ-9
AIRCRAFT • TPT 37 carriers and 1,376 aircraft enrolled, Reaper; 110 MQ-1 Predator;
including 1,273 aircraft in the international segment (990 Small/micro UAV: 1 Scan Eagle; some RQ-11; some Desert
long-range and 283 short-range), plus 37 national, 50 Hawk; some Battlefield Air Targeting Micro Air Vehicles
aeromedical evacuation segments and 4 aircraft in the (BATMAV).
Alaskan segment.
MSL 41,422+
Air Force Stand-by-Reserve 16,858 reservists ASM 26,422+: 1,142 AGM-86B ALCM; 460 AGM-
Trained individuals for mobilisation 129A Advanced Cruise Missile; 400+ AGM-130A; 150+
AGM-142 Popeye; 17,000+ AGM-65A Maverick/AGM-
US AIR FORCE INVENTORY
AIRCRAFT 2,693 combat capable 65B Maverick/AGM-65D Maverick/AGM-65G Maverick;
LRSA 160 (151 Active Force; 9 Reserve; 0 Air National 70+ AGM-84B Harpoon; 700+ AGM-86C CALCM; 6,500+
Guard): 65 B-1B Lancer; 19 B-2A Spirit; 67 B-52H AGM-88A HARM/AGM-88B HARM
Stratofortress (plus 9 Reserve; 18 in store) AAM 15,000+: 5,000+ AIM-120A AMRAAM/AIM-120B
TAC 2,622 (1,766 Active Force; 135 Reserve; 711 AMRAAM/AIM-120C AMRAAM; 3,000+ AIM-7M
Air National Guard): 122 F/A-22A Raptor (183 on Sparrow; 7,000+ AIM-9M Sidewinder
order); 396 F-15A/B/C/D Eagle (plus 126 Air National BOMBS
Guard); 217 F-15E Strike Eagle; 738 F-16C/D Fighting Conventional: BLU-109/Mk 84 (2,000lb); BLU-110/Mk
Falcon (plus 69 Reserve; 473 Air National Guard); 143 83 (1,000lb; BLU-111/Mk 82 (500lb)
A-10A Thunderbolt II (plus 46 Reserve; 84 Air National Laser-guided: Paveway II, Paveway III (fits on Mk82,
Guard); 70 OA-10A Thunderbolt II* (plus 6 Reserve; 18 Mk83 or Mk84)
Air National Guard); 25 AC130H/U* Spectre (SOC); 14 INS/GPS guided: JDAM (GBU 31/32/38); GBU-15
EC130H Compass Call; 6 EC130J Commando Solo (SOC) (with BLU-109 penetrating warhead or Mk 84); GBU-
(Air National Guard); 16 MC-130E/H Combat Talon I/II 39B Small Diameter Bomb (250lb); Enhanced Paveway
(SOC) (plus 14 Reserve); 23 MC-130P Combat Shadow III
(plus 4 Air National Guard); 12 MC-130W Combat
Spear US Special Operations Command 31,496;
RECCE 65 (55 Active Force; 10 Reserve; 0 Air National 3,376 (civilian); 11,247 reservists (SOF) (total
Guard): 5 TU-2S; 28 U-2S; 10 WC-130J Hercules (Reserve); 42,743 plus 3,376 civilians)
3 OC-135B Open Skies; 13 RC-135V/W Rivet Joint; 2 RC- Commands all active, reserve, and National Guard Special
135U Combat Sent; 2 WC-135 Constant Phoenix; 2 E-9A Operations Forces (SOF) of all services based in CONUS
TRIALS & TEST 8 (Active Force): 1 B-2 Spirit; 2 B-1B
FORCES BY ROLE
Lancer; 4 B-52 Stratofortress; 1 E-3 Sentry
COMD/AEW 54 (37 Active Force; 0 Reserve; 0 Air Combined Service 1 HQ located at MacDill AFB (FL)
National Guard): 33 E-3B/C Sentry; 17 E-8C J-STARS;
4 E-4B US Army
TPT 841 (460 Active Force; 156 Reserve; 225 Air SF 5 gp (each: 3 SF bn)
National Guard): 27 C-5A Galaxy (plus 32 Reserve); Ranger 1 regt (3-4 Ranger bn (QDR increased
47 C-5B Galaxy; 2 C-5C Galaxy; 3 C-5M Galaxy; 158 each bn by one coy))
C-17A Globemaster III (plus 8 Reserve; 8 Air National Sigs 1 bn
Guard); 151 C-130E/H/J Hercules (plus 103 Reserve; 181
Air National Guard); 5 C-20B Gulfstream III; 2 C-20H Avn 1 regt (160 SOAR) (4 Avn bn)
Gulfstream III; 35 C-21 Learjet (plus 21 Air National Psyops 1 gp (5 Psyops bn)
Guard); 4 C-32A; 9 C-37A; 2 C-40 B/C (plus 3 Reserve, Civil Affairs 1 bn (5 Civil Affairs coy)
2 Air National Guard); 2 VC-25A (Air Force One); 13
HC- 130P/N Hercules (plus 10 Reserve, 13 Air National EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Guard) UAV 57: 15 Tern; 14 Mako; 28 Snowgoose
North America 41
Reserve Organisations entire fleet of HH-53 Pave Low helicopters over the next
North America
two years with CV-22s, but not on a one-for-one basis as
Army National Guard USSOCOM presently plans to procure only 50 CV-22s by
SF 2 gp (total: 3 SF bn) 2017. USSOCOM would like to increase its MC-130 fleet
to 61 aircraft to accommodate the growth of army and
Army Reserve marine corps special operations forces.
Psyops 2 gp
Civil Affairs 12 (4 comd, 8 bde) HQ; 36 (coys) bn Reserve Organisations
US Navy 5,400 Air National Guard
The Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) is organ- Special Ops 1 sqn with EC-130J Commando Solo; 1 sqn
ised around eight SEAL Teams and two SEAL Delivery with MC-130P Combat Shadow
Vehicle (SDV) Teams. These components deploy SEAL
Teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams, and Special Boat
Air Force Reserve
Teams worldwide to meet the training, exercise, contin- Special Ops 1 sqn with MC-130E Combat Talon
gency and wartime requirements of theater command-
ers. Operationally up to two of the eight SEAL Teams are
Deployment
deployed at any given time.
FORCES BY ROLE Afghanistan
NSWC 1 comd; 8 SEAL team (48 pl); NATO • ISAF 20,600 • 2 lt inf IBCT
US Central Command • Operation Enduring Freedom –
2 SDV team
Afghanistan 11,100+ • 1 div HQ; 1 cbt avn bde; 1 spt bde; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ARNG lt inf IBCT
SF 6 DDS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (ISAF and OEF-A)
Naval Reserve Force AH-64 Apache, OH-58 Kiowa, CH-47 Chinook, UH-60 Black
Hawk, M119, M198, 1,122 MRAP, F-15E Strike Eagle, A-10
Delivery veh 1 det
Thunderbolt II, EC-130H Compass Call, C-130 Hercules,
Naval Special Warfare 6 (Gp) det; 3 det; 1 det HH-60 Pave Hawk, MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper
Special Boat 2 unit; 2 sqn
Antigua and Barbuda
HQ 1 (CINCSOC) det
US Strategic Command • 1 Detection and Tracking Radar
SEAL 8 det located at Antigua Air Station
FACILITIES ARabian gulf and indian ocean
Navy Special Warfare Command (NSWC), Coronado US Central Command • Navy • 5th Fleet • (5th Fleet’s
CA operating forces are rotationally deployed to the region
from either the Pacific Fleet or Atlantic Fleet.);
US Air Force
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE 1 CVN; 2 CG; 4 DDG; 1 FFG; 1 LHD; 1 LPD; 1 LSD; 2
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) PFC
includes about 13,000 active and reserve personnel. Maritime Security Operations • 1 DDG; 4 MCM
AFSOC HQ is at Hurlburt Field, FL, along with the 1st
Special Operations Wing (SOW), the 720th Special Tactics Ascension Island
Group, the 18th Flight Test Squadron, and the USAF US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar
Special Operations School. The 27th SOW is at Cannon AFB located at Ascension Auxiliary Air Field
NM. AFSOC plans to activate the 1st SOW at Hurlburt Atlantic OCEAN
Field using elements of the 16th SOW. The 352nd Special US Northern Command • US Navy • 2nd Fleet
Operations Group is at RAF Mildenhall, England, and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
the 353rd Special Operations Group, is at Kadena Air
5 SSBN; 1 SSGN; 27 SSN; 3 CVN; 8 CG; 20 DDG; 17
Base, Japan. Reserve AFSOC components include the
FFG; 5 PFC; 8 MCM; 3 LHD; 1 LHA; 6 LPD; 4 LSD
193rd Special Operations Wing, ANG, stationed at
Harrisburg, PA, the 280th Combat Communications Australia
Squadron, ANG, stationed at Dothan, AL, and the 919th US Pacific Command • US Army 27; US Navy 24; USAF 62;
Special Operations Wing, AFR, stationed at Duke Field, USMC 16 • 1 SEWS located at Pine Gap; 1 Comms facility
FL. AFSOC’s three active-duty flying units have over 100 located at Pine Gap; 1 SIGINT stn located at Pine Gap
fixed and rotary-wing aircraft.
Bahrain
2 wgs and 17 sqns with CV-22A; AC-130H Spectre/ AC-
US Central Command • US Army 22; US Navy 1,136; USAF 21;
130U Spectre*; MC-130E/H Combat Talon II; MC-130W/MC-
USMC 145; 1 HQ (5th Fleet)
130P Combat Shadow; C-130E Hercules; MH-53J Pave Low
III/MH-53M Pave Low IV: U-28A; MQ-1 Predator UAV Belgium
The first CV-22 tilt rotor squadron is expected to be US European Command • US Army 698; US Navy 102; USAF
combat ready in 2009. USSOCOM plans to replace its 475; USMC 26
BOSNIA-HerZEGOVINA FORCES BY ROLE

OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 1 HQ (US Air Force Europe (USAFE)) located at
Ramstein AB; 1 HQ (3rd Air Force) located at Ramstein
British Indian Ocean Territory
AB; 1 ftr wg located at Spangdahlem AB with (2 ftr sqn
US Strategic Command • US Navy 209; USAF 40 • 1 Spacetrack
with 21 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 1 atk/FAC sqn with 12
Optical Tracker located at Diego Garcia; 1 ground based
A-10 Thunderbolt II; 6 OA-10A Thunderbolt II); 1 airlift
electro optical deep space surveillance system (GEODSS)
wg located at Ramstein AB, with 16 C-130E Hercules; 2
located at Diego Garcia
C-20 Gulfstream; 9 C-21 Learjet; 1 CT-43 Boeing 737
US Pacific Command
US European Command • USMC 270
1 MPS sqn (MPS-2 with equipment for one MEB) located
at Diego Garcia, BIOT with 5 logistics and support ships Greece
• 1 naval airbase located at Diego Garcia, 1 support US European Command • US Army 8; US Navy 275; USAF
facility located at Diego Garcia 62; USMC 13 • 1 naval base located at Makri; 1 naval base
CANADA located at Soudha Bay; 1 air base located at Iraklion
US Northern Command • US Army 8; US Navy 36; USAF 85; Greenland (DA)
USMC 9 US Strategic Command • 1 ballistic missile early warning
Colombia system (BMEWS) located at Thule; 1 Spacetrack Radar
US Southern Command • US Army 66; US Navy 4; USAF 10; located at Thule
USMC 23 Guam
Cuba US Pacific Command • US Army 42; US Navy 1,093; USAF
US Army 311; US Navy 456 located at Guantánamo Bay; 1,791; USMC 9 • 1 air base; 1 naval base
USMC 136 located at Guantánamo Bay EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
3 SSN; 1 MPS sqn (MPS-3 with equipment for one MEB)
Djibouti
eqpt. with 4 Logistics and Support vessels
United States Africa Command • US Army 500; US Navy 700;
USAF 300; USMC 400 • 1 naval air base located at Djibouti Haiti
UN • MINUSTAH 4
Ecuador
United States Southern Command • US Army 12; US Navy 2; Honduras
USAF 22; USMC 6 • 1 Forward Operating Location (due to United States Southern Command • US Army 223; US Navy
close 2009 - Military, DEA, USCG and Customs personnel) 2; USAF 289; USMC 7 • 1 avn bn with CH-47 Chinook; UH-60
Egypt Black Hawk
MFO 687; 1 inf bn; 1 spt bn Iraq
EL SALVADOR NATO • NTM-I 10 to 20
US Southern Command • US Army 7; US Navy 1; USAF 1; US Central Command • Operation Iraqi Freedom 143,000
USMC 11 • 1 Forward Operating Location (Military, DEA, FORCES BY ROLE
USCG and Customs personnel) 1 corps HQ; 3 div HQ; 6 armd HBCT, 1 armd cav regt;
2 mech inf SBCT; 3 lt inf IBCT; 4 ARNG lt inf IBCT; 1
Georgia
USMC MEF HQ; 2 USMC RCT
OSCE • Georgia 4
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNOMIG 2 obs
M1 Abrams, M2 Bradley, M3 Bradley, Stryker, M109,
Germany M198, 9,341 MRAP, AH-64 Apache, OH-58 Kiowa, UH-60
US Africa Command • 1 HQ located at Stuttgart Black Hawk, CH-47 Chinook, F-16D Fighting Falcon; A-10
US Africa Command • USAF • 1 HQ (17th Air Force) located Thunderbolt II; C-130 Hercules; C-17 Globemaster III; HH-
at Ramstein AB; 100 pers. 60G Pave Hawk; RQ-1B Predator
US European Command • 1 Combined Service HQ
israel
(EUCOM) located at Stuttgart–Vaihingen
US European Command • US Army 40,018 (reducing; some US Army 8; US Navy 3; USAF 15; USMC 25 • 1 AN/TPY-2
deployed to Iraq) X-band radar located at Nevatim,
FORCES BY ROLE Italy
1 HQ (US Army Europe (USAREUR)) located at US European Command • US Army 3,264 • 1 AB IBCT
Heidelberg; 1 mech inf SBCT, 1 (hvy) cbt avn bde; 1 US European Command • US Navy 2,724
armd inf bde (1 armd HBCT currently deployed to 1 HQ (US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR)) located at Naples;
Iraq) 1 HQ (6th Fleet) located at Gaeta
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US European Command • USAF 3,934
M-1 Abrams; M-2/M-3 Bradley; Stryker, M109; MLRS; 1 ftr wg with 2 ftr sqn (with 21 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-
AH-64 Apache; CH-47 Chinook UH-60 Black Hawk 16D Fighting Falcon) located at Aviano; 1 MR sqn with 9
US European Command • US Navy 269 P-3C Orion located at Sigonella
US European Command • USAF 14,588 US European Command • USMC 43
North America 43
Japan Mediterranean SEA
North America
United States Pacific Command • US Army 2,544 • 1 HQ (9th US European Command • US Navy • 6th Fleet
Theater Army Area Command) located at Zama EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US Pacific Command • US Navy • 7th Fleet 3,725 • 1 HQ (7th 1 CG; 1 DDG; 1 LCC
Fleet) located at Yokosuka; 1 base located at Sasebo; 1 base NATO • Operation Active Endeavour • 1 FFG
located at Yokosuka Middle East
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNTSO 3 obs
1 CVN; 2 CG; 7 DDG; 1 FFG; 1 LCC; 2 MCM; 1 LHD; 1
LPD; 2 LSD moldova
US Pacific Command • USAF • 5th Air Force 12,504 OSCE • Moldova 2
FORCES BY ROLE Netherlands
1 HQ (5th Air Force) located at Okinawa - Kadena AB; 1 US European Command • US Army 268; US Navy 23; USAF
ftr wg located at Okinawa – Kadena AB with (2 ftr sqn 246; USMC 15
with total of 18 F-16 Fighting Falcon located at Misawa
AB); 1 ftr wg located at Okinawa – Kadena AB with (1 Netherlands ANTILLES
AEW sqn with 2 E-3B Sentry,1 SAR sqn with 8 HH-60G US Southern Command • 1 Forward Operating Location
located at Aruba
Pave Hawk, 2 ftr sqn with total of 24 F-15C Eagle/F-15D
Eagle); 1 airlift wg located at Yokota AB with 10 C-130H Norway
Hercules; 2 C-12J; 1 Special Ops gp located at Okinawa – US European Command • US Army 22; US Navy 4; USAF 40;
Kadena AB USMC 13 • 1 (APS) SP 155mm arty bn set
US Pacific Command • USMC 14,183
Pacific OCEAN
FORCES BY ROLE US Pacific Command • US Navy • 3rd Fleet
1 Marine div (3rd); 1 ftr sqn with 12 F/A-18D Hornet; 1 tkr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
sqn with 12 KC-130J Hercules; 2 spt hel sqn with 12 CH- 9 SSBN; 3 SSGN; 23 SSN; 5 CVN; 1 CV; 10 CG; 20 DDG;
46E Sea Knight; 1 spt hel sqn with 12 MV-22B Osprey; 3 spt 11 FFG; 1 PFC; 2 LHD; 2 LHA; 4 LPD; 5 LSD
hel sqn with 10 CH-53E Sea Stallion
philippines
Korea, Republic of US Pacific Command • US Army 14; US Navy 5; USAF 9; USMC
US Pacific Command • US Army • 8th Army 17,130 84
FORCES BY ROLE
Portugal
1 HQ (8th Army) located at Seoul; 1 div HQ (2nd Inf)
US European Command • US Army 26; US Navy 26 ; USAF 733;
located at Tongduchon, 1 armd HBCT; 1 (hvy) cbt avn
USMC 7 • 1 Support facility located at Lajes
bde, 1 arty (fires) bde; 1 AD bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Qatar
M-1 Abrams; M-2/M-3 Bradley; M-109; AH-64 Apache US Central Command • US Army 202; US Navy 5; USAF 197;
CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk; MLRS; MIM-104 USMC 40 • Elm 1 (APS) HBCT set
Patriot/FIM-92A Avenger; 1 (APS) HBCT set Saudi Arabia
US Pacific Command • US Navy 254 US Central Command • US Army 145; US Navy 27; USAF 83;
US Pacific Command • USAF • 7th Air Force 7,857 USMC 32
FORCES BY ROLE
1 (AF) HQ (7th Air Force) located at Osan AB; 1 ftr Serbia
wg located at Osan AB with (1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 1,492; 1 ARNG cbt spt
Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon, 1 ftr sqn with 12 bde
OSCE • Serbia 5
A-10 Thunderbolt II, 12 OA-10 Thunderbolt II); 1 ftr wg
OSCE • Kosovo 17
located at Kunsan AB with (1 ftr sqn with total of 20
F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon); 1 Special Singapore
Ops sqn US Pacific Command • US Army 9; US Navy 85; USAF 16; USMC
US Pacific Command • USMC 133 54 • 1 log spt sqn • 1 spt facility
kuwait SPAIN
US Central Command • Troops deployed as part of Op Iraqi US European Command • US Army 91; US Navy 688; USAF
Freedom • 2 AD bty eqpt with total of 16 PAC-3 Patriot; 315; USMC 144 • 1 air base located at Morón; 1 naval base
Elms 1 (APS) HBCT set located at Rota
Liberia Turkey
UN • UNMIL 6; 7 obs US European Command • US Army 60; US Navy 7; USAF 1,489;
USMC 14 • 1 air base located at Incirlik; 1 support facility
Marshall Islands located at Ankara; 1 support facility located at Izmir
US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar US Strategic Command • 1 Spacetrack Radar located at
located at Kwajalein Atoll Incirlik
United Arab Emirates Foreign Forces

US Central Command • US Army 2; US Navy 10; USAF 81;
Canada 8 USCENTCOM; 375 NORTHCOM (NORAD)
USMC 16
Germany Air Force: 23 Tornado IDS Strike/FGA ac
United Kingdom located at Holloman AFB (NM); 35 T-37B Tweet located at
US European Command • US Army 337; US Navy 405; USAF Sheppard AFB (TX); 40 T-38A Talon located at Sheppard
8,794; USMC 77 AFB (TX); Missile trg located at Fort Bliss (TX); School
FORCES BY ROLE located at Fort Bliss (TX) (GAF Air Defence); some
1 ftr wg located at RAF Lakenheath with (1 ftr sqn eqpt. (primary) trg sqn located at Goodyear (AZ) with Beech
with 24 F-15C Eagle/F-15D Eagle, 2 ftr sqn eqpt. with 24 F-33 Bonanza; some (joint jet pilot) trg sqn located at
F-15E Strike Eagle); 1 tkr wg located at RAF Mildenhall, Sheppard AFB (TX); 812 (flying trg) located at Goodyear
eqpt. with 15 KC-135 Stratotanker; 1 Special Ops gp AFB (AZ); Sheppard AFB (TX); Holloman AFB (NM); FAS
located at RAF Mildenhall with 5 MC-130H Combat Talon Pensacola (FL); Fort Rucker (AL); Army: 1 (battle) Army
II; 5 MC-130P Combat Shadow; 1 C-130E Hercules; 8 MH- gp (trg) (army trg area) with 35 Leopard 2; 26 Marder 1; 12
53J Pave Low III M-109A3G
US Strategic Command • 1 ballistic missile early warning Italy Air Force: 38
system (BMEWS) and 1 Spacetrack Radar located at United Kingdom Army, Navy, Air Force ε700
Fylingdales Moor
North America 45
Table 8 US Air Capability 2009
North America
AIR FORCE ARMY MARITIME
Marine
Air Air Air Naval Marine Corps
AIRCRAFT Active Force National Force US Naval Aviation Corps Aviation Coast Type
(fixed wing & rotary) Force Reserve Guard Total Army Aviation Reserve Aviation Reserve Guard Store Total
LRSA 151 9 0 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 178
B-1B Lancer 65 65 65
B-2A Spirit 19 19 19
B-52 Stratofortress 67 9 76 18 94
TAC 1776 135 711 2622 9 1333 80 403 25 44 13 4529
A-10 Thunderbolt II 143 46 84 273 273
AC-130H/U Spectre (SOC) 25 25 25
AV-8B Harrier II 0 152 152
E-2C Hawkeye (AEW) 0 68 6 74
EA-6B Prowler (EW) 0 113 4 26 143
EA-18G Growler (EW) 0 1 1

EC-130H Compass Call 14 14 14
EC-130J Commando Solo (SOC) 6 6 6
EP-3 Orion (EW) 0 13 13
F-5E/F Tiger II 0 30 1 31
F-5N Tiger II 0 12 12
F/A-18A/A+ Hornet 0 116 46 12 174
F/A-18A+/C Hornet 0 25 25
F/A-18B Hornet 0 28 2 30
F/A-18C Hornet 0 388 82 470
F/A-18D Hornet 0 137 95 232
F/A-18E Super Hornet 0 109 109
F/A-18F Super Hornet 0 161 161
F-15A/B/C/D Eagle 396 126 522 522
F-15E Strike Eagle 217 217 217
F-16C/D Fighting Falcon 738 69 473 1280 1280
F/A-22A Raptor 122 122 122
HC-144A 0 2 2
HU-25A Guardian 0 25 25
HU-25B Guardian 0 3 4 7
HU-25C Guardian 0 8 9 17
HU-25D Guardian 0 6 6
MC-130E/H Combat Talon I/II (SOC) 16 14 30 30
MC-130P Combat Shadow (SOC) 23 4 27 27
MC-130W Combat Spear 12 12 12
OA-10 Thunderbolt II 70 6 18 94 94
P-3C Orion 0 161 12 173
RC-7 Dash 7 (EW) 0 9 9
S-3B Viking (ASW) 0 38 38
RECCE 55 10 0 65 57 4 0 0 0 0 0 126
Dash-7 ARL-C 0 3 3
Dash-7 ARL-I 0 3 3
Dash-7 ARL-M 0 3 3
E9-A 2 2 2

Marine
O-2 Skymaster 0 2 2
OC-135B Open Skies 3 3 3
RC-12D/H/K Guardrail 0 37 37
RC-12F Huron 0 2 2
RC-12M Huron 0 2 2
RC-12P/Q Guardrail 0 12 12
RC-135U Combat Sent 2 2 2
RC-135V/W Rivet Joint 13 13 13
U-2S 28 28 28
TU-2S 5 5 5
WC-130J Hercules 10 10 10
WC-135 Constant Phoenix 2 2 2
COMD / AEW 54 0 0 54 0 84 6 0 0 0 0 144
E-2C Hawkeye (AEW) 0 68 6 74
E-3B/C Sentry (AWACS) 33 33 33
E-4B 4 4 4
E-6B Mercury 0 16 16
E-8C Joint Stars 17 17 17
TPT 460 156 225 841 235 99 92 18 6 37 0 1328
C-2A Greyhound 0 37 37
C-5A Galaxy 27 32 59 59
C-5B Galaxy 47 47 47
C-5C Galaxy 2 2 2
C-5M Galaxy 3 3 3
C-9B Nightingale 0 16 2 18
C-12C/R Huron 0 46 4 50
C-12D/F/J Huron 0 90 90
C-17 Globemaster III 158 8 8 174 174
C-20A Gulfstream III 0 1 1
C-20B Gulfstream III 5 5 3 8
C-20D Gulfstream III 0 2 2
C-20G Gulfstream IV 0 5 1 6
C-20H Gulfstream III 2 2 2
C-20A/D/G Gulfstream III/IV 0 7 7
C-21A Learjet 35 21 56 56
C-23A/B Sherpa 0 47 47
C-26 Metro 0 11 11
C-26D Metro III 0 7 7
C-31 Friendship 0 2 2
C-32A (Air Force Two) 4 4 4
C-37A 9 9 2 1 1 1 14
C-130E/H/J Hercules 151 103 181 435 435
C-37B 0 3 3
C-40A Clipper 0 9 9
North America 47
North America
Marine
C-40B/C 2 3 2 7 7
C-130J Hercules 0 6 6
C-130T Hercules 0 19 19
C-143A Challenger 0 1 1
Cessna 182 Skylane 0 2 2
CN-235-200 0 2 2
CT-39G Sabreliner 0 1 1
DC-9 0 8 8
HC-130P/N Hercules 13 10 13 36 36
MC-130H Hercules (SAR) 0 27 27
LC-130F Hercules 0 2 2
LC-130R Hercules 0 1 1
U-21 Ute 0 1 1
U-6A Beaver 0 2 2
UC-12B Huron (UTL) 0 26 26
UC-12B/F Huron (UTL) 0 0
UC-12M Huron (UTL) 0 0
UC-35 Citation (UTL) 0 26 7 33
UC-35D Citation Encore 0 1 1
UC-35C/D Citation Ultra/Citation 0 6 4 10
Encore
UP-3A Orion 0 4 4
UV-18A Twin Otter 0 4 4
UV-20A Chiricahua (UTL) 0 1 1
VC-25A (Air Force One) 2 2 2
VP-3A Orion 0 5 5
TKR 241 65 206 512 0 5 0 33 27 0 577
KC-10 A Extender (tkr/tpt) 59 59 59
KC-130F Hercules 0 5 5
KC-130J Hercules 0 30 30
KC-130R Hercules 0 3 3
KC-130T Hercules 0 28 28
KC-135 A/E/R/T Stratotanker 182 65 206 453 453
TRG 1609 0 0 1609 3 689 0 19 0 0 2320
T-1A Jayhawk 179 179 179
T-2C Buckeye 0 104 104
T-34C Turbo Mentor 0 3 308 3 314
T-37B Tweet 419 419 419
T-38A Talon 546 546 9 555
T-39D Sabreliner 0 1 1
T-39G Sabreliner 0 8 8
T-39N Sabreliner 0 15 15
T-43A 11 11 11
T-44A Pegasus 0 55 55

Marine
T-45A Goshawk 0 74 74
T-45C Goshawk 0 75 75
T-6A Texan II 454 454 454
TA-4J Skyhawk 0 17 17
TAV-8B Harrier 0 16 16
TC-12B Huron 0 21 21
TE-2C Hawkeye 0 2 2
TILT-ROTOR 6 0 0 6 0 5 0 71 0 0 82
CV-22 Osprey (being tested) 2 2 2
CV-22A Osprey (SOC) 4 4 4
MV-22A Osprey 0 5 20 25
MV-22B Osprey 0 47 47
V-22 Osprey 0 4 4
HELICOPTERS 148 23 18 189 4099 591 35 625 57 145 0 5741
AH-1W Cobra 0 146 18 164
AH-1Z Viper 0 4 6 10
AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird 0 36 36
AH-64A/D Apache 0 634 634
CH-46E Sea Knight 0 170 24 194
CH-47D Chinook 0 324 324
CH-47F Chinook 0 50 50
CH-53D Sea Stallion 0 9 34 43
CH-53E Sea Stallion 0 9 146 6 161
HH-1N Iroquois 0 23 12 35
HH-46D/E Sea Knight 0 4 2 6
HH-60G Pave Hawk 64 23 18 105 105
HH-60H Seahawk 0 38 10 48
HH-60J Jayhawk (SAR) 0 42 42
HH-60L Black Hawk 0 15 15
HH-65C (AS-366G1) Dauphin II 0 95 95
(SAR)
MH-47E Chinook 0 10 10
MH-47G Chinook 0 43 43
MH-53E Sea Dragon 0 28 8 36
MH-53J Pave Low III (SOC) 2 2 2
MH-53M Pave Low IV (SOC) 20 20 20
MH-60K/L Black Hawk 0 60 60
MH-60R Strike Hawk 0 8 8
MH-60S Knight Hawk 0 85 5 90
MH-68A (A-109E) Power (UTL) 0 8 8
N-SH-60B (TEST) 0 3 3
OH-58A Kiowa 0 0
OH-58A/C Kiowa 0 463 3 466
OH-58D Kiowa Warrior 0 375 375
North America 49
North America
Marine
SH-60B Seahawk 0 148 6 154
SH-60F Seahawk 0 72 72
TH-57B Sea Ranger 0 44 44
TH-57C Sea Ranger 0 82 82
TH-67 Creek (TRG) 0 154 154
TH-6B 0 6 6
UH-1H/V Iroquois 0 447 447
UH-1N Huey (tpt) 62 62 62
UH-1N Iroquois 0 1 77 9 87
UH-1Y Iroquois 0 4 13 17
UH-3H Sea King 0 3 3

UH-46D Sea Knight 0 9 9
UH-60A/L/M Black Hawk 0 1484 3 1487
UH-60Q Black Hawk 0 4 4
VH-3A Sea King 0 2 2
VH-3D Sea King (VIP tpt) 0 11 11
VH-60N Presidential Hawk (VIP tpt) 0 8 8
UAV 131 0 0 131 533 42 0 357 0 0 0 1063
BQM-147 Exdrone 0 100 200
Buster 0 20 20
Desert Hawk 0 126 126
I-Gnat 0 4 4
MQ-1 Predator 110 110 110
MQ-8B Fire Scout (trials) 0 5 5
MQ-9 Reaper 10 10 10
RQ-2B Pioneer 0 35 35
RQ-4A Global Hawk 11 11 2 13
RQ-5A Hunter 0 54 54
RQ-7A Shadow 0 212 212
RQ-7B Shadow 0 20 20
RQ-11 Raven
RQ-14 Dragon Eye (mini-UAV) 0 237
Sky Warrior 0 17 17
TRIALS/TEST 8 0 0 8 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 58
B-52 Stratofortress 4 4 4
B-1B Lancer 2 2 2
B-2 Spirit 1 1 1
E-3 Sentry 1 1 1
EA-18G Growler 0 5 5
NF/A-18A Hornet 0 1 1
NF/A-18C Hornet 0 2 2
NF/A-18D Hornet 0 3 3
NP-3C Orion 0 1 1
NP-3D Orion 0 11 11

Marine
NT-34C Mentor 0 1 1
NU-1B Otter 0 1 1
QF-4N Phantom II 0 2 2
QF-4S Phantom II 0 16 16
X-26A 0 2 2
X-31A 0 1 1
YF-4J Phantom II (prototype, FGA) 0 1 1
YSH-60 0 1 1
YSH-60B Seahawk (prototype) 0 1 1
YSH-60F Seahawk (prototype) 0 1 1
TOTAL AIRCRAFT 5871 304 2264 175 473 58 81 31 9257

TOTAL Combat Capable 2693 0 1138 67 393 25 0 18 4334
TOTAL HELICOPTERS 189 4099 591 35 625 57 145 0 5741
TOTAL UAVs 131 533 42 0 20 0 0 0 726
North America 51
Table 9 Selected US Arms Orders
North America
Estimate Request
FY2007 FY2008 FY2009
Classification Designation Units Value ($m) Units Value ($m) Units Value ($m)
AIR FORCE
FGA F-35 JSF 2 478 6 1,289 8 1,673
FGA F-22 20 2,719 20 3,131 20 3,054
FGA F-16 Upgrades 367 332 273
Bbr B-2 Upgrades 62 212 330
tpt C-17 22 4,332 258 367
tpt C-130J 14 1,076 9 681
tpt C-5 Upgrades 147 254 485
Tilt rotor V-22 3 305 5 450 6 409
UAV Global Hawk 5 391 5 510 5 658
AAM AMRAAM 59 114 148 193 281 294
ASM JASSM 163 156 115 160 260 240
Sat Wideband GS 1 361 1 322 22
Sat SBIR 2 1,664

Launcher EELV 3 852 4 1,091 4 1,205
ARMY
hel Light Utility Helicopter 26 148 43 228 36 224
hel UH-60 Blackhawk 66 1,086 78 1,248 63 925
hel AH-64D 1,446 773 608
hel CH-47 modifications 1,272 871 674
MRL HIMARS 44 190 57 225 57 246
ATGW Javelin 250 158 385 166 605 259
MBT Abrams modifications 828 785 341
AFV Stryker 245 1,430 92 959 119 1,174
Veh HMMWV 1,550 1,397 946
Veh FHTV 1,569 986 923
Veh FMTV 3,090 1,986 944
Veh ASV 461 283 195
UAV TUAS 292 237 316
SAM Patriot 112 494 108 469 108 512
Night Vision Devices 458 361 465
NAVY and MARINES
FGA F/A-18 E/F 37 2,684 24 2,028 23 1,868
FGA F-35 JSF 6 1,105 8 1,602
AEA F/A- 18G Growler 9 696 18 1,257 22 1,604
Tilt-rotor V-22 14 1,364 21 1,746 30 2,133
hel MH-60S 18 456 18 420 18 470
hel UH-1Y 11 493 15 415 20 474
hel MH-60R 25 793 27 839 31 1,045
AEW E-2C Hawkeye 2 202 3 496
Trg JPATS 20 145 44 293 44 289
MPA P-3 modifications 282 248 297
SLBM Trident 914 12 1,044 24 1,093
TCM Tomahawk 355 353 394 380 207 281
SAM Standard 75 137 75 158 70 228
CVN Carrier Replacement 318 1 3,021 2,712
CVN Refueling overhaul 950 606
SSN Virginia class 1 1,879 1 1,892 1 2,107
DDG DDG 1000 2 2,557 2,757 1 2,502
FFG Littoral Combat Ship 93 1 337 2 920
LPD LDP-17 83 1 1,448 103
LHA LHA Replacement 1 1,131 1,365
Table 10 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Canada

Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Leopard 2 MBT 100 _ Nl KMW 2007 – Ex Nl stock. 20 Leopard 2A6 (for conversion
to 2A6M) and 80 2A4. (20 2A6M and 2 ARVs
leased from Ge for use in Afg until delivery
completion)
LAV III / LAV 33 CAD49m Dom General 2007 2008 Chassis modification to infantry carrier
Piranha III Upgrade (USD46m) Dynamics config and integration of Remote Weapon
(GDLS) Station. Final delivery due Mar 2009
Halifax FFG SLEP 12 CAD3.1bn Dom Halifax and 2007 2010 SLEP: Halifax-class HCM/FELEX project. To
(USD2.9bn). Victoria be fitted with Sea Giraffe 150 HC surv radar.
Shipyards Final delivery due 2017
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium contract for collective purchase
of 294 ESSM
C-17 Tpt ac 4 USD660m- US Boeing 2007 2007 Delivery completed Apr 2008
Globemaster 670m
III (CC-177)
C-130J Super Tpt ac 17 USD1.4bn US Lockheed 2007 2010 To replace current CC130 E. Final delivery
Hercules Martin due 2013
CH-148 Tpt Hel 28 USD5bn US Sikorsky 2004 2008 (H-92 Superhawk). Incl USD1.8bn 20-year
Cyclone parts/training package. Deliveries subject
to delay
CH-47D Tpt Hel 6 CAD292m US Boeing 2008 _ Ex-US stock. For use in Afg until delivery of
Chinook 16 CH-47F+ (not signed for by Nov 2008)
CH-47F+ Tpt Hel 16 CAD4.7bn US Boeing _ _ Incl 20 year spt contract. Contract awaiting
Chinook signature as at Nov 2008
Heron UAV 2 CAD95m Il MDA 2008 2009 2 year lease. Maufactured by IAI
Scan Eagle UAV 1 CAD14m US Boeing 2008 2009 For use in Afg
Chapter Two
Caribbean and Latin America
Caribbean and
Latin America
DEVELOPMENTS IN REGIONAL awareness and patrol capabilities; discussions about
COOPERATION a possible regional defence council; nations signing
up to the Proliferation Security Initiative; and the
Governments in the Caribbean and Latin America Mérida Initiative (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 55).
continue to explore mechanisms designed to promote The summit’s final declaration noted other coopera-
defence and security cooperation as well as the estab- tive mechanisms, including the Inter-American Naval
lished dialogues on political and economic coopera- Conference (IANC); the Conference of American
tion (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 55). The VIII Armies (CAA); the System of Cooperation among
Conference of the Defence Ministers of the Americas the American Air Forces (SICOFAA); the CARICOM
(CDMA), which took place in Banff, Canada, from Standing Committee of Military Chiefs and the
2–6 September 2008 had as its theme ‘Hemispheric, Regional Security System (RSS). Meanwhile, August
Regional and Sub-regional Defence and Security 2008 saw defence ministers and representatives meet in
Enhancement: Confidence Building Through Buenos Aires to enact the Asociación Latinoamericana
Cooperation and Collaboration’. Although the de Centros de Mantenimiento de la Paz (Association of
meetings are primarily focused on defence matters, Latin American Peacekeeping Centres, or ALCOPAZ).
they seek to broaden cooperation on a set of multi- ALCOPAZ is intended to make it easier for member
dimensional security issues that affect the region, nations’ forces to share experiences of operations;
including drug and arms trafficking, people smug- enable standardisation of training and education;
gling, health care, pandemics, terrorism and natural and improve the capacities of personnel with regard
disasters. to peacekeeping operations. Argentina will hold the
The agenda focused on the region’s increasing role presidency of the organisation until July 2009.
in worldwide peacekeeping and disaster-response Another example of military cooperation can be
operations. Ministers agreed to explore the possi- seen in the Unidad de Operaciones de Mantenimiento
bility of establishing an inventory of capacities, and de Paz (Peacekeeping Operations Unit, or UMOP),
the creation of a civilian working group in support announced on 27 June by the presidents of Honduras,
of civilian relief agencies and organisations, with El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua – all members
the aim of improving response to natural disasters. of the Central American Armed Forces Conference
They also supported efforts by the Organisation (CFAC) – at the XXXII summit of the SICA (Central
of American States (OAS) to respond to disasters American Integration System). This unit (of battalion
through the Inter-American Committee on Natural strength) is intended for use in peacekeeping and
Disaster Reduction and reaffirmed the role of the humanitarian relief operations, particularly within
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian a UN remit. The Dominican Republic has since
Affairs in coordinating military and civil assets at its announced it will join the group. Each country has
disposal. Further, the final declaration noted a desire pledged an infantry company. UMOP is unique in
to encourage member states to ‘improve their capaci- that it is intended to have a dual role for peacekeeping
ties to participate voluntarily in peace operations and humanitarian relief after natural disasters.
in accordance with UN standards and procedures’, Meanwhile, MINUSTAH – the UN force in Haiti –
condemned terrorism and illegal armed groups and continues to be the region’s main collaborative effort.
pledged to fight transnational organised crime. As of 30 September 2008, the force consisted of 7,012
The meeting outlined a number of defence and troops from 17 countries and 1,868 police officers
security cooperation initiatives under way in the from 39. Brazil heads the mission and provides 1,212
hemisphere. US Defense Secretary Robert Gates troops, and Uruguay deploys 1,143. Both countries
noted existing cooperation, such as the Caribbean recently procured a number of systems that could
Community’s (CARICOM) improving domain- be useful in supporting their peacekeeping commit-
ments. Uruguay acquired 40 LAV-25 armoured The force will include an air group of eight helicop-
personnel carriers (APCs) from Canada and ten ters (two from each army and air force); a maritime
armed fast patrol boats, and modified a C-212 for the group composed of a missile frigate and an amphib-
surveillance role over Haitian waters; Brazil acquired ious vessel from Chile and two Meko 140 corvettes,
a dozen MOWAG Piranha APCs for its marine corps, a replenishment ship and four Dabur patrol boats
as well as logistic support ships for its navy. from Argentina; and a land group with two mecha-
Discussions within the region over a broader nised infantry battalions (one from each country),
South American defence identity progressed during each composed of a mix of army and marine units. A
the year, and were spurred by the diplomatic crisis general staff to coordinate the force was set up in 2006
arising from Colombia’s cross-border raid into and moves between Santiago and Buenos Aires each
Ecuador in March (see below). While Venezuela year (in March 2008 the staff moved to Santiago). In
proposed the creation of a NATO-style organisation August 2008, the Aurora Austral II exercise took place
(President Hugo Chávez reportedly wondered why, in Comodoro Rivadavia in Argentina, involving
given NATO’s existence, there could not be a ‘South around 270 Argentine troops from the Eighth Infantry
Atlantic Treaty Organisation’) linking the partici- Regiment as well as Chilean military personnel; the
pating countries’ armed forces, national guards and exercise tested planning, coordination and command
intelligence agencies to counter perceived threats, it and control for the Cruz del Sur force. Argentina also
seems that a Brazilian proposal – a defence council as collaborates with Brazil in joint production of the
part of the Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (Union Gaucho military vehicle (see The Military Balance 2008,
of South American Nations, or UNASUR) – has p. 56) and this year sent assistance to Bolivia (as did
gained most traction. (The treaty enacting UNASUR other American nations) following the floods in that
was signed in May 2008 in Brazil by leaders of 12 country in the early part of the year.
Latin American nations; the body is intended to boost There has been a resurgence in US defence cooper-
regional economic and political integration and will ation in the region, notwithstanding US involvement
have its headquarters in Quito, Ecuador and a parlia- in many of the regional defence groupings noted
ment in Cochabamba, Bolivia). earlier; in January 2008 US SOUTHCOM announced
In a side meeting during the CDMA conference that under the $300m Regional Aircraft Modernisation
in Banff, UNASUR defence ministers agreed that Program (RAMP) it would fund the acquisition of
the first meeting of the South American Defence tactical helicopters, light transports and light combat
Council would be take place during a UNASUR (designated air sovereignty) aircraft for the air forces
meeting in Viña del Mar, Chile, from 21–22 October of Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua.
2008, though this was later postponed until later in Another major event was the re-establishment,
the year. Initiatives mooted in advance of the meeting after 58 years, of the US Navy’s Fourth Fleet on 12
included seminars analysing defence policies, as well July (see US text, p. 18). Headquartered in Mayport,
as a UNASUR strategic studies centre. While it is Florida, the fleet has command over ships, aircraft
believed that the council will enable some coopera- and submarines operating in the Caribbean, Central
tion over training and doctrinal concepts, and some and South America. In light of the acknowledged
analysts assert that there may in the future be some multi-dimensional security threats facing the region,
cooperation over procurements, it is unlikely that the the re-established fleet will have broader roles, such
council will lead to a formal military alliance. as humanitarian relief and anti-narcotic activities,
However, while many activities and initiatives besides the normal patrol and conventional warfare
are taking place on the multilateral level, defence operations entrusted to the US Navy.
ties in the region – organisational contacts as well as
procurement – are, of course, also established bilat- Mérida Initiative
erally. A significant example is the joint Argentine– In Mexico, the adminstration of President Felipe
Chilean Cruz del Sur (Southern Cross) peacekeeping Calderón declared a war on organised crime just
force (see The Military Balance 2007, p. 52). A memo- days after taking office in December 2006, mobilising
randum of understanding was agreed in December 10,000 troops from the army, navy and federal police
2006, and it is believed that officials are now working to take back what were considered ungoverned and
towards standing up the force in 2009 and that it will ill-governed spaces (see The Military Balance 2008,
operate under the UN’s Standby Force arrangement. p. 55). In March 2007, US President George W. Bush
Caribbean and Latin America 55
and Calderón met in Mérida, Yucatán, and agreed ideological divides. The raid scored Colombia’s most
to intensify their cooperation efforts against narco- significant victory to date against FARC, killing the
trafficking and organised crime. After several months guerrillas’ second-in-command, Raúl Reyes, and
of joint planning, the Mérida Initiative – a multi-year obtaining much information of intelligence value
package designed to help combat illicit narcotics and from captured documents and computers.
reduce organised crime in the United States, Mexico The success of this mission came at considerable
Caribbean and
Latin America
and Central America – took shape in the form of a cost to Colombia’s hostage-release efforts and its
$1.4bn programme submitted to the US Congress in relations with its neighbours, as detailed in Strategic
October 2007. The initiative not only responded to Survey 2008, pp. 98–9. Reyes had been the guer-
a huge (generally believed to be more than $14bn a rillas’ point man in hostage negotiations. Although
year) north-bound narcotics trade route, but also a Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa’s initial response
southbound (US–Mexico) route composed of billions to the raid was rather muted, when he was informed
of narco-dollars and thousands of weapons destined by Ecuadorian officials that, contrary to Colombia’s
for the cartels. On 13 May 2008, the US Congress representations, it had initiated the action, Correa
approved the Mérida Initiative. The financing will hardened his stance and accused Colombian President
help modernise the security forces in Mexico and Álvaro Uribe of either being ‘poorly informed’ or
Central America, giving them additional capabilities ‘having brazenly lied’. On 2 March, Correa broke off
through the introduction of new surveillance tech- diplomatic ties with Colombia, sent 3,200 troops to the
nologies, training and improved mobility. Evidence border and began a six-nation tour to build support
of the escalation in this security threat facing Mexico for his demand that the OAS condemn Colombia’s
can be seen in the increase in firepower found in the violation of Ecuadorian sovereignty.
cartel’s inventories: rocket launchers, heavy machine In turn, Venzuelan President Hugo Chávez, an ally
guns and grenade launchers. Thus far, Congress has of Correa, ordered ten battalions to the Colombian
authorised $470m for Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 to the border, held a minute of silence for Reyes on his weekly
Mexican government, to be followed by $490m in FY radio and television broadcast, and accused Uribe of
2009 and $150m in FY 2010. One of the declarations in being a pawn of the ‘imperialist’ United States, which
the Mérida Initiative document notes that ‘the Mérida sought to foment conflict with Venezuela. At the Rio
Initiative reflects the belief that Mexican military Group Summit on 7 March 2008, Latin American
involvement is required in the short term to stabi- presidents urged the three Andean leaders to norma-
lise the security situation, but that most aspects of lise their relations. Uribe subsequently pledged not to
this problem fall into the realm of law enforcement’. breach the Ecuadorian border and to drop his legal
Funds allocated for the armed forces have therefore threats against Chávez. On 18 March, the crisis offi-
been limited to $334m ($205m in 2008, $120m in 2009 cially ended when the OAS issued a compromise reso-
and $9m in 2010). It is believed that radars, air surveil- lution ‘rejecting’ but not ‘condemning’ Colombia’s
lance and non-intrusive detection equipment, tactical violation of Ecuadorian sovereignty while reiter-
transport helicopters with night-operating capabili- ating the commitment of its member states to work
ties, surveillance aircraft and related maintenance together against insurgents and criminal organisa-
and training will be included in this funding. tions. But the underlying issues of border spillover
However, the initiative is not exclusive to Mexico. and the need for a multilateral counter-insurgency
Several Central American countries have stepped up approach remain. As noted earlier, these events acted
their commitment to the war against organised crime as a spur for development of the concept of a South
and about $385m has been earmarked for the region, American Defence Council.
mainly for law enforcement and public-security However, the diplomatic and security crisis
modernisation. stemming from the 1 March attack was, for Bogota,
perhaps balanced by the death of Raúl Reyes and
Colombia, FARC and regional reactions the reported information haul that resulted from the
On 1 March 2008, a purportedly retaliatory Colombian raid. During 2008, Colombia recorded a number of
cross-border raid into Ecuador touched off the region’s other successful operations against FARC. On 2 July
most serious diplomatic conflict in decades, exacer- Colombian forces mounted a notable, and successful,
bated by long-standing tension spilling over from the hostage-rescue mission when they freed the former
Colombian conflict and inflamed by Latin America’s presidential candidate and six-year captive Ingrid
Betancourt, along with three American contractors Colombia (an operation reportedly already costing
and other hostages. The obvious long-term infiltra- more than $100m a year) was also stepped up. It
tion of FARC by Colombian security forces, as well remains unlikely that the lease on the US Forward
as the audacious deception operation that made Operating Location (FOL) in Manta will be renewed
the rescue possible (segments of the operation were and US forces will have to vacate during 2009.
recorded and broadcast on television), cannot have Mexico’s forces have continued to be used increas-
helped the morale or internal cohesion of FARC, in ingly in anti-narcotics activities, with up to 45,000
a year when the organisation had already lost some deployed during the peak of operations in 2007–08;
of its senior leadership. As well as the death of Reyes, the Federal Forces Support Corps was dissolved
FARC’s leader Manuel ‘Tirofijo’ Marulanda Velez after Mexico’s Congress failed to provide funding
was reported to have died on 26 March, apparently for this de facto anti-narcotic force. Meanwhile, the
of natural causes. But FARC still retains considerable navy has continued to field locally built Polaris II
capacity and it engaged in more kidnappings after interceptor patrol craft and has announced orders for
the Betancourt rescue. Meanwhile, the Uribe admin- two CN-235MPA maritime patrol aircraft and two
istration remains burdened by the so-called ‘para- AS-565MB Panther helicopters for about $136m; the
politics’ scandal linking the government’s domestic air force will field a new ISR capability through the
supporters with paramilitary groups and, while Hermes 450 UAV in 2009.
the president remains popular at home, the allega- Guatemala has stepped up its participation in the
tions have tarnished his personal credibility among regional anti-crime war and its president announced
many in Washington, providing fodder for some in the acquisition of up to ten EMB-314 Super Tucano
Washington who have wanted to change US policy aircraft and ten fast patrol boats from Brazil.
towards Colombia (see Strategic Survey 2008, pp. After a year that saw an order to deploy ten battal-
100–101). Colombia’s next presidential election is due ions to the border with Colombia in response to that
in 2010 and if Uribe is to seek a third term he will have country’s attack on a FARC grouping inside Ecuador,
to secure a constitutional amendment. and continuing rhetoric directed against Washington,
Meanwhile, expansion of the armed forces has 7 September saw Venezuela’s President Chávez
continued, and in late August 2008 the Colombian declare his country a major strategic ally of Russia.
MoD announced that its force levels had reached Russia announced it would deploy long-range ASW
400,000 troops (the paramilitary National Police aircraft, a nuclear-powered cruiser, a destroyer
reports to the MoD). The air force announced a $200m and supporting vessels to hold joint exercises with
programme to acquire a further 13 Kfir fighters from Venezuelan forces before the end of 2008 (see Russia
Israel and upgrade the entire 24-aircraft fleet to the text, p. 208.) Two days after this announcement, two
Kfir C.10 standard. A single Boeing 767ER multi-role Russian Tu-160 Blackjack strategic bombers landed in
tanker/transport has also been acquired. The air force Venezuela to conduct a number of joint exercises with
is also receiving eight UH-60L Black Hawk helicop- Venezuelan forces. Venezuela has continued moves
ters, four C-295M medium transports and a variety of to boost procurement, as detailed on p. 52.
ISR platforms. The army received more UH-60 Black Late in the year, regional governments and
Hawks, but the bulk of the expansion was channelled regional political organisations were watching polit-
into new infantry brigades. ical developments in Bolivia with concern. Following
a proposed referendum on constitutional changes, the
Other developments president’s desire to redistribute wealth and provin-
For Ecuador, Colombia’s 1 March cross-border raid cial demands for greater autonomy, political differ-
against FARC provoked a shake-up of the entire ences between some of that nation’s regions and the
defence and intelligence community. Departures administration of President Evo Morales erupted into
included Defence Minister Wellington Sandoval, the violence and threatened stability. Morales declared a
joint forces chief and the three service commanders. state of emergency in Pando province and despatched
Following this, a number of the military’s long-time troops to the area, and there were anti-government
requirements were funded, including 24 EMB-314 protests in Beni, Santa Cruz and Tarija.
Super Tucano CAS aircraft, seven HAL Dhruv medium In 2008 Brazil finished an acquisition programme
lift helicopters and new Heron and Searcher UAVs. intended to fill short- and medium-term operational
Ecuador’s military presence on the border with requirements. This included the acquisition of a dozen
second-hand Mirage 2000 fighters from France, a pair the slowdown in the world’s advanced economies,
of logistic ships from the UK and 11 F-5E/F Tiger II sustained growth in other emerging economies has
fighters from Jordan. It also announced the launch (or kept commodity prices at elevated levels and this will
in some cases re-launch) of a number of requirements provide further support.
for its armed forces. The most important of these is In the wake of Venezuela’s high-profile arms
the FX2, a $2.2bn programme for the acquisition of purchases, primarily from Russia, several other coun-
Caribbean and
Latin America
up to 36 new-generation fighters, which could lead tries in the region, in particular those enjoying wind-
up to a 120 aircraft requirement by 2025. Funding for fall revenues derived from commodity exports, have
development of a nuclear submarine has also been increased their military budgets and embarked on
approved and some helicopter requirements have modernisation programmes. Countries such as Brazil
been converted into orders. The land forces continue and Colombia are poised to enter the market for new
development of the Urutu III family of vehicles which fighter aircraft and air-defence equipment. Although
are scheduled to replace most of the current light press coverage has often suggested that develop-
armoured fleet from 2011. ments to date constitute the emergence of a regional
‘arms race’, it should be remembered that much of
Latin America – Defence Economics the equipment currently in service dates from the
1950s and 1960s and that many recently announced

Economic activity in Latin America and the Caribbean programmes are primarily upgrades and replace-
grew by a robust 5.6% in 2007, capping the region’s ment of old technology. Defence spending across the
best four-year performance since the 1970s. Growth is region rose from US$24.7bn in 2003 to US$47.2bn in
forecast to moderate only slightly in 2008. Not surpris- 2008 and, although the fall in the US$ over that period
ingly, buoyant commodity markets helped several somewhat exaggerates the picture, in terms of national
export-orientated economies and, although the slow- income defence expenditure in 2007 measured 1.30%
down in the US is likely to dampen activity, in its 2008 of regional GDP compared to 1.42% at the turn of the
review of the region the IMF noted that whilst econo- century.
mies may slow, they are unlikely to be overwhelmed. With its economy benefiting from high oil prices
This would be a noticeable departure from recent during the first half of 2008, Venezuela once again
history, when periods of external economic stress increased its defence budget. In 2006, the orig-
invariably hit Latin America hard. However, changes inal budget had been set at Bs4.47tr, but was later
in domestic fundamentals – lower external debt, increased to Bs5.55tr, in 2007 the original budget was
higher international reserves and stronger balance set at Bs5.51tr but was almost certainly increased
sheets – appear to be making the region less vulner- during the year and in 2008 the initial budget figure
able to such external shocks. Furthermore, despite was Bs7.12tr (US$3.31bn). In addition to the offi-
Table 11 Caribbean and Latin America Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

2.0
1.5
% of GDP
1.0
0.5
1.49 1.42 1.42 1.49 1.42 1.35 1.29 1.33 1.26 1.30
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
cial central government budget allocation, the which was not forthcoming. Spain had to cancel plans
Venezuelan military has long been the recipient of to sell ten C-296 transport aircraft and two CN-235
additional funding provided under a government maritime patrol aircraft for the same reason, whilst
financing arrangement known as the Ley Paraguas, the French government withdrew the potential sale of
or ‘Umbrella Law’. In recent years, the Ley Paraguas three Scorpene submarines in response to US concerns
has provided significant additional resources to the that the acquisition would create a significant imbal-
armed forces: US$640m in 2005; US$279m in 2006; ance among the navies of the region.
and around US100m in 2007. However, from 2008 The impact of Venezuela’s military developments
this financing arrangement is thought to have been on the rest of the region is well illustrated by the
withdrawn, which helps explain the relatively large trend in Brazilian defence spending. Between 2000
increase in the official budget. and 2004 the defence budget fell from 2.0% percent
Following his visit to Russia in 2007, President to 1.4% of GDP; however, since 2005 the budget has
Hugo Chávez demonstrated the growing relation- increased by around 10% a year, and in 2008 reached
ship between the two countries with another visit to R42.7bn (US$20.1bn) compared to US$9.6bn in 2004.
Moscow in July 2008 during which a number of mili- The government has announced that the increase
tary purchases were discussed. Since Chávez came to in funds is driven primarily by the need to upgrade
office, Venezuela has purchased a significant amount and modernise parts of its ageing military inventory
of military hardware from Russia, including 100,000 and not a reaction to developments elsewhere in the
Kalashnikov rifles, more than 50 Mi-17V transport region. This will be a challenge given the unbalanced
and Mi-35M fire support helicopters, 12 Tor-M1 air- nature of the budget. In 2008, for example, only 8%
defence missile systems, 24 Su-30MKV multi-role of the budget (US$1.7bn) was made available for new
fighter aircraft and an extensive armaments package procurement and only US$122m was allocated to
comprising beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles, research and development.
precision-guided air-to-surface weapons, spare parts The two main programmes to benefit so far are
and crew-training programmes. During the 2008 the FX-2 fighter aircraft and the navy’s ambitious
summit, the two countries called for a strategic part- nuclear-submarine programme. In 2005, the air
nership in oil and defence, which Chávez suggested force’s intention to acquire 12 next-generation aircraft
would ‘guarantee Venezuela’s sovereignty’. Russian was cancelled due to lack of funds, and instead a
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin indicated that the dozen second-hand Mirage 2000s and a number of
two countries would also cooperate in areas such as second-hand F-5s were purchased from Saudi Arabia.
transport, space and high technology. It is thought In November 2007, however, the project was resur-
that the next phase of military procurement will see rected, with an initial budget allocation of US$2.2bn
Venezuela purchasing additional Su-30s, Il-76 trans- to go towards the acquisition of a first batch of 36
port aircraft, Il-78 aerial tankers, three improved Kilo- aircraft due to be delivered by 2013 – a total of 120
class submarines and a number of Mi-28 helicopters. supersonic fighters by 2025. Of particular interest
There is also speculation that Venezuela will diversify to Brazil in deciding which aircraft to buy will be
its supplier base and acquire a number of Karakorum the scope of technology transfer offered by bidding
8 multi-purpose planes from China in a deal which countries and it would appear that leading the field
could be worth around US$500m. in that area are France’s Rafale and Russia’s Su-35. In
Venezuela’s burgeoning relationship with Russia terms of industrial cooperation, it is thought France
was prompted by a US weapons embargo in the 1990s has offered Brazil a role in the development of a new
which made it impossible for the Venezuelan air force unmanned combat vehicle while Russia has held out
to maintain its fleet of American F-16 aircraft. Since the chance of participation in its new fifth-generation
then, Brazil, France and Spain have all had to cancel PAK-FA T-50 programme.
proposed weapons sales to Venezuela following Budget strains in recent years had forced the navy
pressure from the US. Brazil’s aerospace company, to scale down some of its long-held ambitions, partic-
Embraer, had intended to sell AMX-T trainer jets ularly the introduction of an indigenously designed
and Super Tucano light attack turboprop aircraft nuclear-powered submarine. However, the discovery
to the Venezuelan air force. However, because the of large oil reserves in Brazilian waters has focused
aircraft contain some US-manufactured parts, the sale attention back on the requirement. In February 2008,
required endorsement from the US State Department, the government announced that it would develop,
jointly with Argentina, a nuclear reactor for the been in service for nearly 50 years – the government
programme. France will provide the basic design has proposed a major overhaul of its armed forces.
of the platform, and the first vessel is due in service In February 2008 Colombia’s defence minister visited
around 2020. In the meantime, the navy will procure Israel and signed a contract for the delivery of 24 Kfir
three Scorpene-class submarines from French supplier C10 fighter aircraft, which will join the air force’s
DCN. Further evidence of the growing defence collab- nine C7s currently in service. Later in the year, the air
Caribbean and
Latin America
oration between the two countries was provided when force confirmed that it had ordered four CASA C-295
Eurocopter announced that it will build an expanded transport aircraft and indicated that it was looking at
facility in Brazil for the manufacture of its helicop- acquiring Boeing 767 transport, Beechcraft King Air
ters. The terms of the agreement require Brazil to 350 and Cessna 208 light transport aircraft as well as
buy up to 50 Super Cougar helicopters from Helibras, upgrading its fleet of UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters.
Eurocopter’s subsidiary in Latin America. Meanwhile As the world’s largest copper exporter, Chile
Eurocopter will spend up to US$500m expanding its continued to benefit from high commodity prices and,
existing production facilities. despite a drought and domestic-energy shortfalls, the
Increased tensions between Colombian govern- economy grew by 4.5% in 2008. In its 2008 Article IV
ment forces and FARC, which resulted in the Consultation with Chile, the IMF congratulated the
Colombian army crossing the border into Ecuador government on its prudent macroeconomic policy
in March 2008, once again resulted in a boost to the framework and strict adherence to the structural fiscal
defence budget. In 2008, the budget was pC12.6tr surplus rule, which have helped deliver beneficial
(US$ 5.5bn), 13.5% higher than the previous year, social and economic rewards and been instrumental
and despite an announcement in June 2008 that the in successfully managing the copper boom of recent
government had decided to reduce its total budget years. In 2008, the government is expected to record
expenditure for the fiscal year, in an effort to stem a budget surplus of 8% of GDP, whilst the country’s
the appreciation of the peso, military spending was two sovereign wealth funds now hold a combined
unaffected. Once spending on the National Police is 12% of GDP in assets, all invested abroad.
included, total military-related expenditure in 2008 Supported by the government’s healthy budget
amounts to pC18.7tr (US$8.23bn), some 4% of GDP, position, defence spending has increased at a steady
32% higher than the previous year and the highest rate in recent years. In 2008 the official budget of
in the region. As elsewhere in Latin America, the the Ministry of Defence was increased by a further
military in Colombia is also known to benefit from 8.3% to pCH1.43tr (US$2.3bn). However as noted in
additional funding derived from municipal govern- previous editions of The Military Balance, the armed
ments and from revenues from the armed forces’ own forces also receive funds derived from other sources,
security-related business activities, although no reli- including the military’s own business interests and
able estimates as to the scale of these extra funds money from Chile’s copper exports as legislated
exists. On top of these additional sources of funds, under the Copper Law, as well as funds from the
the military and National Police also benefit from social-security budget to cover the pensions of retire
regular ‘wealth taxes’ levied on the country’s wealthy military personnel. Taking these additional sources
residents, due to raise pC8.6tr between 2007 and of funding into account suggests that total national
2010. The new tax is thought to be specifically aimed defence-related expenditure in 2008 could have
at funding the expansion of the military and police been as high as pCH2.9tr (US$4.7bn), of which the
by 40,000 personnel, procuring pC3.6tr of new equip- Copper Law provided at least US$600m, although it
ment and pC1.5tr in logistical improvements. In FY is possible that up to US$1bn could have come from
2008, US President Bush requested US$56.4m in mili- this source. The status of the arcane Copper Law
tary equipment and training and US$244m under has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years
the Andean Counterdrug Initiative to be allocated as the high price of copper on international markets
to the Colombian government, all of which suggests has boosted revenues at CODELCO (the state mining
that total military-related expenditure probably company). For many years the law, under which 10%
approached US$11bn in 2008. of the value of CODELCO’s exports are allocated
Given the advanced age of much of its conven- to the military, resulted in additional funds for the
tional equipment – the navy’s frigates are more than armed forces of only $100–200m. However, as copper
20 years old and some of the artillery systems have prices have risen, so have payments to the military
and several MPs have expressed concern that such 2008 by the Air Force Commander-in-Chief General
a substantial part of defence funding is now not Ricardo Ortega. Chilean officials have hinted that
debated in Congress. Furthermore, CODELCO’s they want to avoid becoming too dependent on a
management has made it clear that it would like single supplier for their advanced fighter aircraft and,
to eliminate the mandatory payment and use the having taken delivery of 28 F-16 aircraft since 2005,
money for other projects and investments within the are looking further afield. During the visit, the Chilean
copper industry itself. As a result, the government delegation expressed a preference for the acquisition
has indicated that it will introduce new legislation of a European-built aircraft and spent time at an air
during 2008 which will rescind the law and lay out base viewing the Spanish Air Force’s 11th Combat
a four-year plan to fully fund the armed forces from Wing, equipped with Eurofighter Typhoons, as well as
within the state budget. visiting a Spanish assembly line where the aircraft is
Following several years of high-profile procure- produced.
ment orders, including F-16 aircraft, Scorpene subma- Mindful of developments elsewhere on the conti-
rines and second-hand frigates, the only major new nent, and in light of the deteriorating condition of
equipment order in 2008 was the announcement by much of its armed-forces equipment, in December
the air force that it had chosen Embraer’s EMB-314 2007 the president of Peru announced that a new
Super Tucano turboprop as its new basic trainer. ‘defence fund’ amounting to US$1.3bn would be
Under the contract, Embraer, which was in compe- made available to the military over and above the
tition with Switzerland’s Pilatus PC-21 aircraft, will regular annual defence allocation from the state
supply 12 aircraft together with training support and budget. The additional funds will be generated from
logistics equipment. As part of an associated indus- higher hydrocarbon revenues, the sale of surplus mili-
trial cooperation agreement, the Chilean aerospace tary property and austerity measures in other areas of
firm ENAER will be invited to join the development government spending. During the first three years of
of Embraer’s new C-390 transport aircraft. Other the ten-year plan the military will receive US$650m,
confirmed orders include a contract under which the with the rest of the funds spread over the following
navy will acquire an initial batch of three CASA C-295 seven years. While all three services are in desperate
maritime patrol aircraft to replace the ageing fleet of need of modernisation, the air force is of particular
P-3A Orions and a deal with EADS for the purchase of concern, with only around 30% of its aircraft in a
an Earth-observation satellite, 40% of the use of which serviceable condition, and the government is thought
will be available to the MoD. However, a contract to be keen to remedy this by acquiring second-hand
originally signed in 2007, under which the air force A-37 light attack aircraft from South Korea. Other
was due to acquire two second-hand A310 multi-role priorities include the overhaul of 12 Mirage 2000
tanker transport aircraft, was cancelled in May 2008, fighters, a number of MiG-29s, An-32 transport
leaving the long-range transport and tanker require- aircraft and attack helicopters. In the longer term, the
ment still unfulfilled. Ministry of Defence has expressed interest in over-
Signs that the air force has begun to consider the hauling its missile inventory, buying new air-control
future replacement of its fleet of F-5 Tiger fighter radars, installing an upgraded air-defence system
aircraft were evident during a visit to Spain in July and obtaining a command-and-control aircraft.
Antigua and Barbuda AB Argentina Arg

East Caribbean Argentine Peso P 2007 2008 2009
2007 2008 2009
Dollar EC$
GDP EC$ 3.1bn GDP P 812bn 961bn
US$ 1.1bn US$ 263bn 300bn
per capita US$ 16,525 per capita US$ 6,520 6,045
Caribbean and
Latin America
Growth % 6.1 2.1 Growth % 8.7 6.5
Inflation % 1.4 3.0 Inflation % 8.8 9.1
Def bdgt EC$ ε14m ε14m Def bdgt P 6.46bn 6.37bn
US$ 5.2m 5.2 US$ 2.09bn 1.99bn
US$1=EC$ 2.7 2.7 US$1=P 3.09 3.20
Population 69,842 Population 49,677,348
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 14% 4% 4% 4% 23% 2% Male 13% 4% 4% 4% 19% 4%
Female 14% 4% 4% 4% 23% 3% Female 12% 4% 4% 4% 19% 6%
Capabilities Capabilities
ACTIVE 170 (Army 125 Navy 45) ACTIVE 76,000 (Army 41,400 Navy 20,000 Air
(all services form combined Antigua and Barbuda Defence 14,600) Paramilitary 31,240
Force)
RESERVE none formally established or trained
RESERVE 75 (Joint 75)
Organisations by Service
Army 41,400
Army 125 A strategic reserve is made up of Armd, AB and Mech bdes
normally subordinate to corps level.
Navy 45 FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Comd 3 corps HQ (mob def)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCI 3: Mobile 1 Northeast force (1 jungle bde, 1 armd bde,
1 Dauntless; 1 Point; 1 Swift; (All vessels less than 100 Defence 1 trg bde); 1 Northern force (1 AB bde (1
tonnes) cdo coy), 1 mech inf bde, 1 mtn inf bde); 1
FACILITIES Patagonia and Southern Atlantic force (1 mtn
Base 1 located at St Johns inf bde, 1 armd bde, 3 mech inf bde)
Rapid 1 (rapid deployment) force (includes AB bde
Foreign Forces Reaction from corps level) (1 cdo coy)
Mot Cav 1 regt (presidential escort)
United States US Strategic Command: 1 detection and
Mot Inf 1 bn (army HQ escort regt)
tracking radar located at Antigua
Arty 1 gp (bn)
ADA 2 gp
Engr 1 bn
Avn 1 gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 213: 207 TAM, 6 TAM S21
LT TK 128: 112 SK-105A1 Kuerassier; 6 SK105A2 Kuerassier;
4 Patagón
RECCE 81: 47 AML-90; 34 M1114 HMMWV
AIFV 263 VCTP (incl variants); 114 M-113A2 (20mm
cannon)
APC (T) 294: 70 M-113 A1-ACAV; 224 M-113A2
ARTY 1,103
SP 155mm 37: 20 Mk F3; 17 VCA 155 Palmaria
TOWED 179: 105mm 70 M-56 (Oto Melara); 155mm
109: 25 M-77 CITEFA/M-81 CITEFA; 84 SOFMA l-33
MRL 105mm 4 SLAM Pampero 6 Espora (Ge MEKO 140) 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
MOR 883: 81mm 492; 120mm 353 Brandt MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm
SP 38: 25 M-106A2; 13 TAM-VCTM each with A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun,(capacity either 1
AT SA-319 Alouette III utl hel or 1 AS-555 Fennec utl hel)
MSL • SP 3 HMMWV with total of 18 TOW-2A PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 15
MANPATS msl PFT 2:
RCL 150 M-1968 1 Interpida (Ge Lurssen 45m) with 2 single 533mm TT
RL 385+ 66mm 385 M-72 LAW; 78mm MARA each with SST-4 HWT
AIRCRAFT 1 Interpida (Ge Lurssen 45m) with 2 single each with
PTRL/SURV 10: 10 OV-1D Mohawk (6 with SLAR) 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm TT each
TPT 16: 1 Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 CASA 212-200 Aviocar; with SST-4 HWT
2 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 3 G-222; 1 Gaviao 75A (Rockwell PCO 7:
Sabreliner 75A); 3 SA-226 Merlin IIIA; 5 SA-226AT Merlin 3 Irigoyen (US Cherokee AT)
IV/IVA 2 Murature (US King) (trg/river patrol) each with 3
UTL 3 Cessna 207 Stationair 105mm gun
TRG 5 T-41 Mescalero 1 Sobral (US Sotoyomo AT)
SURVEY 1 CE-500(survey) Citation 1 Teniente Olivieri (ex-US oilfield tug)
HELICOPTERS PCI 6: 4 Baradero less than 100 tonnes (Dabur); 2 Point
ARMED 6 UH-1H less than 100 tonnes
SAR 5 SA-315B AMPHIBIOUS 20: 4 LCM; 16 LCVP

SPT 3 AS-332B Super Puma LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12
UTL 31: 5 A-109; 1 Bell 212; 23 UH-1H Iroquois; 2 UH- AORH 1 Patagonia (US Durance) with 1 SA-316 Alouette
1H-II Huey II
III utl hel
TRG 8 UH-12E
AORL 1 Ingeniero Julio Krause
AD
AK 3 Costa Sur
SAM 6 RBS -70
AGOR 1 Commodoro Rivadavia
GUNS • TOWED 411: 20mm 230 GAI-B01; 30mm 21
AGHS 1 Puerto Deseado (ice breaking capability, use for
HS L81; 35mm 12 GDF Oerlikon (Skyguard fire control);
polar research)
40mm 148: 24 L/60 training, 40 in store; 76 L/60; 8 L/70
AGB 1 Almirante Irizar
RADAR • AD RADAR 11: 5 Cardion AN/TPS-44; 6
ABU 3 Red
Skyguard
TRG 1 Libertad
LAND 18+: M-113 A1GE Green Archer (mor); 18
RATRAS (veh, arty) FACILITIES
Bases Located at Ushuaio (HQ Centre), Mar
Navy 20,000 del Plata (SS and HQ Atlantic), Buenos
Commands: Surface Fleet, Submarines, Naval Avn, Marines Aires, Puerto Belgrano (HQ Centre),
Zarate (river craft)
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy Located at Mar del Plata (SS and HQ Atlantic), Naval airbases Located at Trelew, Punta Indio
Ushuaio (HQ South), Puerto Belgrano (HQ Construction and Located at Rio Santiago
Centre) Repair Yard
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3:
Naval Aviation 2,000
AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable
1 Salta (Ge T-209/1200) with 8 single 533mm TT with 14
STRIKE/FGA 3 Super Etendard (8 in store)
Mk 37/SST-4
ASW 5 S-2T Tracker*
2 Santa Cruz (Ge TR-1700) each with 6 single 533mm TT
with 22 SST-4 HWT MP 6 P-3B Orion*
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 14 TPT 4: 2 Beech 200F Super King Air; 2 F-28 Fellowship
DESTROYERS • DDG 5: UTL 6: 5 BE-200F/BE-200M; 1 AU-23 Turbo-Porter
4 Almirante Brown (Ge MEKO 360) each with 2 quad TRG 10 T-34C Turbo Mentor*
(8 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 B515 HELICOPTERS
ILAS-3 triple 324mm with 24 A244 LWT, 1 127mm ASW/ASUW 4 ASH-3H Sea King
gun, (capacity 1 AS-555 Fennec or Alouette III utl hel) UTL 9: 3 AS-555 Fennec; 6 SA-316B Alouette III*
1 Hercules (UK Type 42 - utilised as a fast troop MSL
transport ship), eq with 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm ASM 21 AM-39 Exocet; AS-12 Kegler; AS-11 Kilter; AS-
each with A244 LWT, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 SH- 25K CITEFA Martin Pescador
3H Sea King utl hel) AAM R-550 Magic
FRIGATES • FFG 9:
3 Drummond (Fr A-69) each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each Marines 2,500
with MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm FORCES BY ROLE
each with A244 LWT, 1 100mm gun Spt/Amph 1 force (1 marine inf bn)
Marine 1 (fleet) force (1 arty bn, 1 AAV bn, 1 TRG 55: 29 B-45 Mentor; 19 EMB-312 Tucano; 7 SU-
cdo gp, 1 ADA bn, 1 marine inf bn); 1 29AR (aerobatic team)
(fleet) force (2 marine inf bn, 2 navy det) HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE VIP 2: 1 S-70 Black Hawk, 1 S-76
RECCE 52: 12+ ERC-90F Sagaie; 40 M1097 HMMWV UTL 35: 6 Bell 212; 15 Hughes 369*; 4 MD-500D*; 3 SA-
APC (W) 24 Panhard VCR 315B Lama; 7 UH-1H Iroquois
AAV 25: 15 LARC-5; 10 LVTP-7 TRG 3 MD-500
Caribbean and
Latin America
ARTY 100 MSL
TOWED 105mm 18: 6 M-101; 12 Model 56 pack ASM Martin Pescador (ASM-2 Type-93)
howitzer AAM 6 AIM-9L Sidewinder; 30+ R-550 Magic; 150+
MOR 82: 70 81mm; 12 120mm Shafrir IV
AT AD
MSL • MANPATS 50 Cobra/RB-53 Bantam SAM 3 Roland; 50 SA-7 (170 msl)
RCL 105mm 30 M-1974 FMK-1 GUNS 88: 20mm: 86 Oerlikon/Rh-202 with 9 Elta
RL 89mm 60 M-20 EL/M-2106 radar; 35mm: 2 Oerlikon GDF-001 with
AD Skyguard radar
SAM 6 RBS-70 RADAR 6: 5 AN/TPS-43; 1 BPS-1000
GUNS 30mm 10 HS-816; 35mm GDF-001
Paramilitary 31,240
Air Force 14,600 (1,700 conscripts) Gendarmerie 18,000

4 Major Comds – Air Operations, Personnel, Air Regions,
Ministry of Interior
Logistics, 8 air bde
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Operations Command Region 5 comd
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 16 bn
Airspace 1 sqn with Mirage EA/DA (Mirage III/E) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Defence RECCE S52 Shorland
FGA/Ftr 5 (strategic air) sqn; 2 sqn with A-4AR/ APC (W) 87: 47 Grenadier; 40 UR-416
OA-4AR Skyhawk; 2 sqn with 14 IAI ARTY • MOR 81mm
Dagger Nesher A/B; AIRCRAFT
1 sqn with Mirage 5 Mara; 2 (tac air) sqn TPT 6: 3 PA-28-236 Dakota/PA-31P Pressurized Navajo;
with IA-58 Pucara 3 PC-6 Turbo-Porter
Tac Air 2 sqn with IA-58 Pucara UTL 1 Cessna 206
RECCE/Survey 1 sqn with Learjet 35A HELICOPTERS
SPT 3 AS-350 Ecureuil
SAR/Utl 3 sqn with Bell 212; Hughes 369*;
UTL 3 MD-500C/MD-500D
MD-500*; SA-315B Lama; UH-1H
Iroquois; UH-1N Prefectura Naval (Coast Guard) 13,240
Tpt/Tkr 1 sqn with B-707; 1 sqn with F-27 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 32:
Friendship; 1 sqn with DHC-6 Twin PCO 6: 1 Mandubi; 5 Mantilla
Otter; 2 sqn with KC-130H Hercules; PCI 25: 4; 21 PCI all less than 100 tonnes
C-130B Hercules; C-130H Hercules; PCR 1 Delfin
L-100-30; 1 (Pres) flt with B-757-23ER; AIRCRAFT
S-70 Black Hawk; 1 sqn with F-28 TPT 5 CASA 212 Aviocar
Fellowship HELICOPTERS
Trg Aviation school with B-45 Mentor SAR 1 AS-565MA
(basic); EMB-312 Tucano (primary); Su- SPT 1 AS-330L (SA-330L) Puma
29AR; 3 MD-500 UTL 2 AS-365 Dauphin 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRG 2 Schweizer 300C
FTR 12 Mirage EA/DA (Mirage IIIE) Deployment
FGA 89: 34 A-4AR/OA-4AR Skyhawk; 7 Mirage 5PA
(Mara); 11 IAI Dagger A, 3 Dagger B; 34 IA-58 Pucara Cyprus
LEAD-IN FTR TRG: 18 AT-63* UN • UNFICYP 296; 2 inf coy; 1 avn unit; 2 Bell 212
TKR 2 KC-130H Hercules Haiti
TPT 39: 5 B-707; 1 B-757-23ER; 3 C-130B Hercules; 5
UN • MINUSTAH 558; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital
C-130H Hercules; 8 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 4 F-27 Friendship;
6 F-28 Fellowship; 1 L-100-30; 5 Learjet 35A; 1 Learjet Middle East
LJ60 UN • UNTSO 5 obs
Serbia
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 46 Barbados Bds
UN • UNMIK 1 obs Barbados Dollar B$ 2007 2008 2009
Western Sahara GDP B$ 6.9bn 7.7bn
UN • MINURSO 3 obs US$ 3.5bn 3.9bn
per capita US$ 12,280 13,654
Bahamas Bs Growth % 3.3 1.7

Inflation % 4.0 9.0
Bahamian Dollar B$ 2007 2008 2009 Def bdgt B$ ε55m ε60m
GDP B$ 7.2bn US$ 27.5m 30.0m
US$ 7.2bn US$1=B$ 2.0 2.0
per capita US$ 23,556
Population 281,968
Growth % 2.8 1.0
Inflation % 2.4 4.5 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Def bdgt B$ 58m ε65m Male 10% 4% 4% 4% 23% 3%
US$ 58m 65m Female 10% 4% 4% 4% 25% 5%
US$1=B$ 1.0 1.0

Capabilities
Population 307,451
ACTIVE 610 (Army 500 Navy 110)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
RESERVE 430 (Joint 430)
Male 14% 5% 4% 4% 19% 3%
Female 14% 5% 4% 4% 21% 4%
Capabilities
Army 500
ACTIVE 860 (Royal Bahamian Defence Force 860) Inf 1 bn (cadre)
Organisations by Service Navy 110

FORCES BY ROLE
Royal Bahamian Defence Force 860 Navy 1 HQ located at HMBS Pelican, Spring Garden
Marine 1 coy (Marines with internal and base sy duties) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14 PC 3 Damen Stan Patrol 4207
PCO 2 Bahamas PCC 1 Kebir
PFC 3 Protector PCI 5: 2 Dauntless less than 100 tonnes; 3 Guardian less
PCI 2: 1 Challenger less than 100 tonnes; 1 Keith Nelson than 100 tonnes
less than 100 tonnes FACILITIES
PBF 4 Boston Whaler less than 100 tonnes Base located at HMBS Pelican, Spring Garden, secondary
PBI 3: 2 Dauntless less than 100 tonnes; 1 Fort Montague facilities St Ann’s fort, Bridgetown
less than 100 tonnes
AIRCRAFT
TPT 4: 1 Cessna 404 Titan; 2 PA-31; 1 Beech A-350 Super
King Air
UTL 2: 1 Cessna 208 Caravan; 1 P-68 Observer
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Coral Harbour, New Providence Island
Foreign Forces
Guyana Navy: Base located at New Providence Island
Belize Bze Bolivia Bol

Belize Dollar BZ$ 2007 2008 2009 Bolivian Boliviano B 2007 2008 2009
GDP BZ$ 2.5bn GDP B 103bn 126bn
US$ 1.25bn US$ 13.1 18.0bn
per capita US$ 4,246 per capita US$ 1,439 1,946
Caribbean and
Latin America
Growth % 1.2 4.0 Growth % 4.6 5.9
Def bdgt BZ$ ε36m ε38m Def bdgt B 1.27bn 1.80bn
US$ 18m 19m US$ 162m 257m
US$1=BZ$ 2.0 2.0 US$1=B 7.85 7.00
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2% Male 18% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2% Female 18% 6% 5% 4% 16% 3%
ACTIVE ε1,050 (Army ε1,050) ACTIVE 46,100 (Army 34,800 Navy 4,800 Air 6,500)
RESERVE 700 (Joint 700) Paramilitary 37,100
Organisations by Service Organisations by Service
Army ε1,050 Army 9,800; 25,000 conscript (total 34,800)

FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 3 bn (each: 3 inf coy) HQ: 6 Military Regions, 10 Div org and composition varies
Spt 1 gp Armd 1 bn
Cav 1 (aslt) gp; 5 (horsed) gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MOR 81mm 6 Mech Inf 2 regt
RCL 84mm 8 Carl Gustav Inf/Presidential Guard 1 regt
Inf 21 bn
Maritime Wing Mech Cav 1 regt
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
SF 3 regt
BOATS/CRAFT ε14 less than 100 tonnes
AB 2 regt (bn)
Air Wing Mot Cav 1 gp
FORCES BY ROLE Mot Inf 3 regt
MR/Tpt sqn with BN-2A Defender; BN-2B Defender Arty 6 regt (bn)
Trg unit with 1 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1 T67-200 ADA 1 regt
Firefly
Engr 6 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Avn 2 coy
AIRCRAFT
TPT 2: 1 BN-2A Defender; 1 BN-2B Defender EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TRG 2: 1 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1 T67-200 Firefly LT TK 54: 36 SK-105A1 Kuerassier; 18 SK-105A2 Kuerassier
RECCE 24 EE-9 Cascavel
Reserve APC 115+
Inf 3 coy APC (T) 54+: 4 4K-4FA-SB20 Greif; 50+ M-113
APC (W) 61: 24 EE-11 Urutu; 22 MOWAG Roland; 15
V-100 Commando
Foreign Forces LT VEH 10: 10 Koyak
United Kingdom Army 30 ARTY 311+
TOWED 61: 105mm 25 M-101A1; 122mm 36 (M-30)
M-1938
MOR 250+: 60mm M-224: 81mm 250 M-29; Type-W87;
107mm M-30; 120mm M-120
AT • MSL• MANPATS 50+ HJ-8 (2 SP on Koyak) TPT 33: 2 MA-60; 1 DC-10; 3 Beech 90 King Air; 7 RC-
RCL 106mm M-40A1; 90mm M-67 130A/C-130B/C-130H Hercules; 1 Cessna 152; 1 Cessna
RL 200+: 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm RPG-7V Knout; 89mm 210; 1 CV-440; 1 CV-580; 3 F-27-400 Friendship; 1 Aero-
200+ M-20 Commander 690; 4 IAI-201 Arava; 2 Learjet 25B/ 25D
AIRCRAFT (secondary VIP role); 1 PA-32 Saratoga; 3 PA-34 Seneca; 1
TPT 1 PA-34 Seneca Beech-1900; 1 BAe-146-100
UTL 1 Cessna 210 Centurion UTL 21: 19 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna 212; 1 Cessna 402
AD • GUNS • TOWED 37mm 18 Type-65 TRG 56: 1 Beech F-33 Bonanza; 9 Cessna 152; 2 Cessna
172; 28 A-122; 6 T-25; 10 T-34B Beech Turbo Mentor
Navy 4,800 HELICOPTERS
FORCES BY ROLE ARMED HEL 15 UH-1H Huey
Organised into 6 naval districts with Naval HQ located at UTL 2:1 AS-532AC Cougar; 1 HB-315B Lama
Puerto Guayaramerín AD•GUNS 18+: 20mm Oerlikon; 37mm 18 Type-65
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 54:
Paramilitary 37,100+
PCR 1 Santa Cruz National Police 31,100+
PBR 53
Frontier 27 unit
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19:
AH 2 Paramilitary 9 bde; 2 (rapid action) regt
TPT 11 (river transports)

SPT 6 Narcotics Police 6,000+
FOE (700) - Special Operations Forces
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Riberalta, Tiquina, Puerto Busch, Puerto
Guayaramerín, Puerto Villarroel, Trinidad, Puerto NON-STATE GROUPS
Suárez, Coral Harbour, Santa Cruz, Bermejo, see Part II
Cochabamba, Puerto Villeroel
Marines 1,700 (incl 1,000 Naval Military Deployment

Police) AFGHANISTAN
Marine 6 inf bn (1 in each Naval District) UN • UNAMA 1 obs
Mech inf 1 bn
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
MP 4 (naval MP) bn UN • MINURCAT 1 obs
Côte D’Ivoire
Air Force 6,500 (incl conscripts)
UN • UNOCI 3 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA 2 sqn with AT-33AN Shooting Star Democratic Republic of Congo
Trg/COIN 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer UN • MONUC 200; 7 obs; 1 inf coy
SAR/ 1 sqn with HB-315B Lama, AS-532AC Haiti
COMMS Cougar
UN • MINUSTAH 217; 1 inf coy
Tpt 1 sqn with Beech 90 King Air; 2 sqn with
MA-60; DC-10; RC-130A/C-130B/C- Liberia
130H Hercules; 1 sqn with F-27-400 UN • UNMIL 1; 3 obs
Friendship; IAI-201 Arava; CV-440; NEPAL
CV-580; Aerocommander 690; Beech-1900; UN • UNMIN 3 obs
BAe-146-100
Liaison 3 sqn with Cessna 152; PA-32 Saratoga; Serbia
PA-34 Seneca; Cessna 206; Cessna 210; Beech UN • UNMIK 1 obs
F-33 Bonanza sudan
Survey 1 sqn with Cessna 402; Learjet 25B/25D UN • UNMIS 18 obs
(secondary VIP role); Cessna 206
Trg 3 sqn with Cessna 152; Cessna 172; T-25;
T-34B Beech Turbo Mentor; A-122
Hel 1 (anti-drug) sqn with UH-1H Huey
AD 1 regt with Oerlikon; Type-65
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FGA 15 AT-33AN Shooting Star
Trg/COIN 18 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
ARTY 1,813+
Brazil Br SP 108: 105mm 71 M-108/M-7; 155mm 37 M-109A3
TOWED 367
Brazilian Real R 2007 2008 2009
105mm 272: 224 M-101/M-102; 40 L-118 Light Gun; 8
GDP R 2.55tr 2.83tr Model 56 pack howitzer; 155mm 95 M-114
US$ 1.31tr 1.33tr MRL 20+: 70mm SBAT-70; 20 ASTROS II
per capita US$ 6,939 6,961 MOR 1,318: 80mm 1,166: 79 Royal Ordnance L-16, 1,087
Caribbean and
Latin America
Growth % 5.4 5.2 M936 AGR; 120mm 152: 77 K6A3; 75 M2
AT
Inflation % 3.6 5.7
MSL • MANPATS 30: 18 Eryx; 12 Milan
Def exp R 39.88bn
RCL 343: 106mm 194 M-40A1; 84mm 149 Carl Gustav
US$ 20.55bn RL 84mm 540 AT-4; ALAC
Def bdgt R 41.71bn 42.72bn HELICOPTERS
US$ 21.49bn 20.15bn SPT 64: 19 AS-550U2 Fennec (armed); 8 AS-532 Cougar; 4
US$1=R 1.94 2.12 S-70A Black Hawk; 33 AS-365 Dauphin
TRG 16 AS-350 LI Ecureuil
Population 191,908,598 UAV 3 FS-01 Watchdog
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD
MANPAD 39 SA-18 Grouse (Igla) (grouped in pairs)
Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 20% 2%

GUNS 66: 35mm 39 GDF-001 towed (some with Super
Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 20% 4% Fledermaus radar); 40mm 27 L/70 (some with BOFI)
RADAR: 5 SABER M60
Capabilities
ACTIVE 326,435, (Army 190,000 Navy 67,000 Air Navy 67,000 (incl 3,200+ conscript)
69,435) Paramilitary 395,000 FORCES BY ROLE
Organised into 9 districts with HQ I Rio de Janeiro, HQ II
RESERVE 1,340,000 Salvador, HQ III Natal, HQ IV Belém, HQ V Rio Grande,
Terms of service 12 months (can be extended to 18) HQ VI Ladario, HQ VII Brasilia, HQ VIII Sao Paulo, HQ
IX Manaus
Organisations by Service EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 5:
Army 120,000; 70,000 conscript (total 190,000) 4 Tupi (Ge T-209/1400) each with 8 single 533mm TT each
FORCES BY ROLE with MK 24 Tigerfish HWT
HQ: 7 Mil Cmd, 12 Mil Regions; 7div (2 with Regional 1 Tikuna with 8 single 533mm TT with MK 24 Tigerfish
HQ) HWT (undergoing sea trials)
Armd 2 bde (2 armd cav bn , 2 armd inf bn, 1 arty bn, PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 16
1 engr bn) AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CV 1:
Mech 4 bde (each: 1 armd cav bn, 1 arty bn, 2 mech 1 Sao Paulo (Fr Clemenceau) (capacity 15-18 A-4 Skyhawk
Cav cav bn) FGA ac; 4-6 SH-3D/SH-3A Sea King ASW hel; 3 AS-355F/
SF 1 bde (1 SF bn, 1 Cdo bn) with training centre (SF) AS-350BA Ecureuil spt hel; 2 AS-532 Cougar utl hel)
FRIGATES 10
Mot Inf 9 bde (total: 29 mot inf bn)
FFG 9:
Lt Inf 2 bde (total: 6 lt inf bn) 3 Greenhaigh (UK Broadsword, 1 low readiness) 4
Jungle Inf 5 bde (total 15 bn) single each with 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2+
Security 1 bde (total: 6 lt inf bn) sextuple (12 eff.) with 32 Sea Wolf SAM), 6 single
AB 1 bde (1 arty bn, 3 AB bn) 324mm ASTT each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Lynx MK21A
Arty 6 (med) gp (Super Lynx) utl hel
SP Arty 4 gp 6 Niteroi each with 4 MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1
Albatros Octuple with 24 Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm
ADA 1 bde
ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 2 tube Bofors
Engr 2 gp (total: 11 engr bn) 375mm (2 eff.), 1 115mm gun, 1 Lynx MK21A (Super
Hel 1 bde (4 hel bn (each: 2 hel sqn)) Lynx) utl hel
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FF 1 Para (US Garcia) each with 1 Mk 112 Octuple with
MBT 224: 133 Leopard 1 A1BE; 91 M-60A3/TTS tactical ASROC, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46
LT TK 112 M-41B/M-41C LWT, 2 127mm gun, 1 Lynx MK21A (Super Lynx) utl hel
RECCE 416: 408 EE-9 Cascavel; 8 AV-VBL (low readiness, op. capability doubtful)
APC 807 CORVETTES • FSG 5:
APC (T) 584 M-113 4 Inhauma each with 1 single with 4 MM-40 Exocet
APC (W) 223 EE-11 Urutu tactical SSM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46
LWT, 1 114mm gun, 1 Lynx MK21A (Super Lynx) utl SPT 33: 7 AS-332 Super Puma; 18 AS-350 Ecureuil
hel (armed); 8 AS-355 Ecureuil (armed); (17 EC-725 Super
1 Barroso with 2 single with 4 MM-40 Exocet tactical Cougar on order)
SSM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 TRG 18 TH-57 Sea Ranger
114mm gun, 1 Lynx MK21A (Super Lynx) utl hel MSL • ASM: AM-39 Exocet; Sea Skua
PCO 14: 12 Grajau; 2 Imperial Marinheiro with 1 76mm
Marines 15,520
gun FORCES BY ROLE
PCC 10: 4 Bracui (UK River); 6 Piratini (US PGM) Amph 1 (Fleet Force) div (1 comd bn, 1 arty gp, 3 inf
PCI 4 Tracker (Marine Police) bn)
PCR 5: 2 Pedro Teixeira; 3 Roraima SF 1 bn
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • Marine 8+ (Regional) gp; 3 bn
MSC 6 Aratu (Ge Schutze) Engr 1 bn
AMPHIBIOUS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LSD 2: LT TK 18 SK-105 Kuerassier
2 Ceara (capacity either 21 LCM or 6 LCU; 345 troops) RECCE 6 EE-9 Cascavel
(US Thomaston) APC 35
LS • LST 1: APC (T) 30 M-113
1 Mattoso Maia (US Newport) (capacity 3 LCVP; 1 LCPL; APC (W) 12 Piranha IIIC
400 troops) AAV 25: 13 AAV-7A1; 12 LVTP-7
LSLH 1 Garcia D’Avila (UK Sir Galahad) (capacity 1 hel; 16 ARTY 49+
MBT; 340 troops) TOWED 41: 105mm 33: 18 L-118 Light Gun; 15 M-101;
CRAFT 46: 3 LCU; 35 LCVP; 8 LCM 155mm 8 M-114
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 37: MOR 18 81mm
AOR 2: 1 Gastao Motta; 1 Marajo AT
ASR 1 Felinot Perry (No Wildrake) MSL• MANPATS RB-56 Bill
AG 2: 1 (troop carrier); 1 (river tender) RCL 106mm 8 M-40A1
AH 3 RL 89mm M-20
AK 5 AD • GUNS 40mm 6 L/70 (with BOFI)
AGOR 2: 1 Ary Rongel (Ice-strengthened hull, used for
polar research); 1 Cruzeiro do Sul (reaserch) Air Force 69,435
AGHS 1 Sirius COMDABRA (aerospace defence), plus three general cmds
AGS 4: 1 Antares; 3 Amorim Do Valle (UK Rover) – COMGAR (operations), COMGAP (logistics), COMGEP
ABU 6: 1 (lighthouse tender); 5 (personnel).
ATF 5 Brazilian air space is divided into 7 air regions, each of
TPT 2 (river transport) which is responsible for its designated air bases.
TRG 4 Air assets are divided among five designated air forces
for operations (one temporarily deactivated).
AXL 3 Nascimento
I Air Force (HQ Natal) operates 3 avn gps (1º/5th, 2º/5th
AXS 1
and 1º/11th GAV) and a Tactical Training Group (GITE)
Naval Aviation 1,387 providing Air Combat Training for A-29A/B Super Tucano
and A-27 Tucano aircraft. I Air Force also operates AT-26
FORCES BY ROLE
Xavante, C-95 Bandeirante and UH-50 Esquilo helicopters.
FGA 1 sqn with 20 A-4 Skyhawk/A-4MB Skyhawk/
II Air Force (HQ Rio de Janeiro) has some 240 aircraft
TA-4 Skyhawk; 3 TA-4MB Skyhawk
organised into 3 Aviation Groups (7th, 8th and 10th GAVs).
ASW 1 sqn with 4 SH-3G Sea King/SH-3H Sea King 7th GAV, responsible for Coastal Patrol, operates P-95A/B
Utl 1 sqn with 7 AS-332 Super Puma; 4 sqn with Bandeirulhas armed for ASV and ASW from 4 air bases. 8th
18 AS-350 Ecureuil (armed); 8 AS-355 Ecureuil and 10th GAVs, with H-60L Blackhawk, H-1H, Super Puma
(armed) and Esquilo helicopters, are dedicated to SAR/utility, tpt
Atk Hel 1 sqn with 12 Mk21A Lynx ops and spec ops.
Trg 1 sqn with 18 TH-57 Sea Ranger III Air Force (HQ Brasilia) 1st Air Defence Group is
equipped with F-5EM/F-5BR Tiger II, AT-27 Tucano armed
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE trainers and Mirage 2000B/C. The main light attack/armed
AIRCRAFT 23 combat capable recce force, with anti-narcotic and anti-terrorist roles,
FGA 20 A-4 Skyhawk FGA/A-4MB Skyhawk FGA/TA-4 comprises 5 air groups with A-29 Super Tucano, AT-26
Skyhawk Trg* Xavante and A-1A/B; 6th GAV, with 5 EMB-145 AEW, 3 EMB-
TRG 3 TA-4MB Skyhawk* 145RS and 5 R-95 electronic recce aircraft, is responsible for
HELICOPTERS electronic surveillance, AEW and reconnaissance.
ASW 16: 12 Mk21A Lynx; 4 SH-3G/SH-3H Sea King; (4 V Air Force (HQ Rio de Janeiro) operates some 160 air
S-70B Seahawk on order) transport and flight refuelling aircraft from 5 air bases. Two
tpt gps operate C-295M, ERJ-145 tactical transports, C/KC- Deployment

130E/H Hercules tkr/tpts and KC-137 tankers.
FORCES BY ROLE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
AD Ftr 1 gp with F-2000B/C, F-5EM/FM, RC-95, R-99 UN • MINURCAT 3 obs
and R-99A; 3 sqn with F-5EM/AT-27; F-5E/F
Côte D’Ivoire
FGA 2 sqn with A-1A/B; 4 sqn with A-29A/B; 1 sqn
UN • UNOCI 3; 4 obs
with AT-26; 3 sqn with A-27
Caribbean and
Latin America
Recce 1 sqn with A-1A/B; 1 sqn with RT-26 Timor Leste
AWACS 1 sqn with R-99A/B UN • UNMIT 4 obs
MP 4 sqn with P-95A/ P-95B Haiti
Tkr 1 sqn with KC-130, 1 sqn with KC-137 UN • MINUSTAH 1,212; 1 inf bn(+); 1 engr coy
Tpt 1 sqn with VC-1A, VC-99A/B, VU-35; 1 sqn
Liberia
with VC-97, VU-9; 2 sqn with C-97; CH/VH-55,
9 sqn with C-95A/B/C and R-95; 1 sqn with UN • UNMIL 3
R-35A; 1 sqn with C-99, 3 sqn with C-130H/E, 2 NEPAL
sqn with C-98; 1 sqn with C-105A UN • UNMIN 6 obs
Hel 4 sqn with H-1H; 1 sqn with H-34 (VIP); 2 sqn
with H-50/H-55; 1 sqn with H-60L SUDAN
Trg 1 sqn with T-25, 3 sqn with T-27 ( incl. 1 UN • UNMIS 24 obs
aerobatics sqn); A-1B; U-19 WESTERN SAHARA
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • MINURSO 10 obs
AIRCRAFT 313 combat aircraft
FTR 71: 12 F-2000 (Mirage 2000B/C); 52 F-5EM/FM; 4 F-5E;
3 F-5F Chile Chl
FGA 204: 40 A-1 (AMX); 50 A-29A Super Tucano; 50 A-29B
Super Tucano (75 in service by by mid 2008) ; 10 AT-26A Chilean Peso pCh 2007 2008 2009
(Impala Mk.2); 2 AT-26B (Impala Mk.1); 28 AT-26 Xavante, GDP pCh 85.6tr 96.4tr
24 AT-27 Tucano US$ 164bn 156bn
RECCE: 12: 4 RA-1 (AMX)*; 4 RT-26 Xavante*; 4 RC-95
per capita US$ 10,074 9,495
MP: 19: 10 P-95A Bandeirulha (EMB-111)*; 9 P-95B
(EMB-111)*; 9 P-3AM Orion (delivery pending) Growth % 5.1 4.5
ELINT 22: 4 EU-93A (Hawker 800XP); 3 R-99B (EMB- Inflation % 4.4 8.9
145S); 3 R-35A (Learjet 36); 2 EU-93 (HS-125), 1 EC-93 Def expa pCh 2.73tr 2.90tr
(HS-125), 9 EC-95 (EMB-110B Bandeirante) US$ 5.23bn 4.70bn
AEW 5 R-99A (EMB-145RSA)
Def bdgt pCh 1.30tr 1.42tr
SAR 5: 4 SC-95B, 1 SC-130E
TKR 5: 2 KC-130H, 3 KC-137 (1 stored) US$ 2.51bn 2.31bn
TPT 121: 1 VC-1A (Airbus ACJ); 12 C-105 Amazonas US$1=pCh 522 617
(C-295M); 13 C-130H; 7 C-130E; 10 C-99A (ERJ-145); a
Including estimates for military pensions, paramilitary and Copper
59 C-95A/B/C; 4 VC-97 Brasilia; 7 C-97 Brasilia; 8 VU-9 Fund
Xingu; (2 EMB-190 on order) Population 16,454,143
UTL 55: 14 C-98 (Cessna 208) Caravan I; 13 U-7 (PA-34)
Séneca; 6 L-42, 22 U-42 Regente; 5 U-19 Ipanema Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 121: 11 A-1B (AMX-T)*; 22 T-25A/C; 42 T-26 Xavante; Male 13% 4% 4% 4% 21% 3%
41 T-27 Tucano Female 12% 4% 4% 4% 21% 5%
HELICOPTERS
UTL 87: 32 H-50 (AS-350B); 8 H-55 (AS-355); 9 H-34
(AS-332M Super Puma); 32 H-1H; 6 H-60L Blackhawk;
Capabilities
(EC-725 Super Cougar on order) ACTIVE 60,560 (Army 35,000 Navy 17,800 Air 7,760)
MSL • AAM MAA-1 Piranha, Python III, Super 530F, Magic 2 Paramilitary 41,500
Terms of service Army 1 year Navy and Air Force 22
Paramilitary 395,000 opcon Army months. Voluntary since 2005
Public Security Forces 395,000 RESERVE 40,000 (Army 40,000)
State police organisation technically under army control.
However the military control is lessening with authority
reverting to the individual states. Organisations by Service
UAV 3 Heron deployed by Federal Police for Amazon
and border patrols Army 22,000; 13,000 conscript (total 35,000)

6 military administrative regions. Currently being SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:
reorganised into 4 armoured, 2 motorised, 2 mountain and 2 O’Higgins (Scorpene) each with 6 single 533mm TT with
1 special forces brigade. 18 A-184 Black Shark HWT & SUT
Army 6 div (org, composition varies) 2 Thompson (Ge T-209/1300) each with 8 single 533mm TT
Composite 12 (reinforced) regt with 14 SUT HWT
Armd 2 bde (2 more being created) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
Armd Cav 2 regt FRIGATES • FFG 8:
1 Williams (UK Type 22) with 2x12 (24eff.) each with
Inf 10 regt
Sea Wolf naval SAM
Spec Ops 1 bde (4 SF bn)
2 Lattore (NL Jacob Van Heemskerck class) each with 2
Arty 3 regt twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Mk
Sigs 2 regt 13 GMLS with 40 SM-1 MR SAM, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon
Engr 2 regt quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-86C Harpoon tactical
Avn 1 bde SSM
2 Almirante Riveros (NL Karel Doorman class) each with
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
2 quad (8 eff.) Harpoon SSM, 1 Mk 48 Sea Sparrow with
MBT 339: 140 Leopard 2 A4, all yet to be delivered; 199
16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 4 single 324mm MK 32
Leopard 1 (24 in store)
MOD 9 ASTT with 4 MK 46 MOD 5 HWT, 1 76mm

AIFV 139 YPR-765
gun, (capacity 1 med hel)
APC 526
3 Almirante Cochrane (UK Duke Class Type 23) each
APC (T) 342 M-113A1/A2
with 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with Sting Ray
APC (W) 184 Cardoen Piranha
LWT, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-
ARTY 1,191
84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 32 canister Sea Wolf VLS
SP 155mm 37: 24 M-109A3; 13 (AMX) Mk F3
with Sea Wolf SAM, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 NAS-
TOWED 192: 105mm 144: 90 M-101; 54 Model 56 pack
howitzer; 155mm 48 M-68 332C Cougar)
MRL 160mm 12 LAR-160 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13
MOR 950: SP 120mm 130: 50 (on Piranha 6x6); 80 PFM 7:
M-5L1A; 81mm 650: 300 M-29; 150 Soltam; 200 FAMAE; 3 Casma (Il Sa’ar 4) each with 8 GI Gabriel I tactical SSM,
120mm 170: 110 FAMAE; 60 Soltam M-65 2 76mm gun
AT 4 Tiger (Ge Type 148) each with 4 single each with 1
MSL• MANPATS Milan; Spike MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
RCL 106mm M-40A1; 84mm Carl Gustav PCO 6 Ortiz (Taitao class)
AIRCRAFT AMPHIBIOUS • LS 5
TPT 10: 1 Beech 90 King Air; 1 Beech 58 Baron; 5 CASA LSM 2 Elicura
212 Aviocar; 2 CN-235; 1 CE-550 Citation II LST 3: 2 Maipo (capacity 7 tanks; 140 troops) (Fr Batral); 1
UTL 8 Cessna 208 Caravan I Valdivia (capacity 400 troops) (US Newport)
TRG 6 Cessna R172K Hawk XP LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10:
HELICOPTERS AOR 1 Araucano
SPT 15: 2 AS-332 Super Puma; 6 AS-350B3 Ecureuil; 1 AS- AS 1 (also used as general spt ship)
355F Ecureuil II; 6 SA-330 Puma AKSL 1
UTL 18 MD-530F Lifter (armed) AGOR 1 Vidal Gormez
AD AGS 1 Type 1200 (ice strengthened hull, ex-Ca)
SAM • MANPAD 24: 12 Mistral; 12 Javelin ATF 3: 2 Veritas; 1 Smit Lloyd
GUNS 68: TPT 1
SP 18: 20mm 18 Piranha/TCM-20; 35mm 30 Gepard on TRG • AXS 1
order MSL
TOWED 50: 20mm 50 M-167 Vulcan SSM 4 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM
FACILITIES
Navy 16,500; 1,300 conscript (total 17,800) Bases Located at Valparaiso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt,
FORCES BY ROLE Puerto Williams, Iquique, Punta Arenas
Main Command: Fleet includes FF and SS flotilla; Naval
Aviation, Marines, Seals and Transport Units. Naval Aviation 600
Navy 4 Naval Zones; 1st Naval Zone and main HQ AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable
located at Valparaiso (26S-36S); 2nd Naval Zone: MP 3 P-3A Orion; 3 CN-295MPA Persuader (on order)
at Talcahuano (36S-46S); 3rd Naval Zone at Punta TPT 15: 3 CASA 212A Aviocar; 8 Cessna O-2A
Arenas (46S to Antarctica); 4th Naval Zone at Skymaster*; 4 EMB-111 Bandeirante
Iquique (18S-26S) TRG 7 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
HELICOPTERS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

ASW 3 Bell 206 AS; 5 NAS-332C Cougar* AIRCRAFT 74 combat capable
SAR 8: 3 HH-65 Dauphin, 5 Bo-105S FTR 16: 13 F-5E Tigre III+; 3 F-5F Tigre III+
UTL 6: 4 Bell 206 JetRanger; 2 Bell 412 FGA 56: 26 F-16 (6 Block 50 F-16C; 4 F-16D; 11 F-16AM;
MSL •ASM AM-39 Exocet 6 F-16BM); 13 A-37B Dragonfly; 9 A-36CC Halcon; 8
T-36BB
Marines 3,400 RECCE 6: 1 Beech King Air; 2 Learjet 35A; 3 DHC-6-300
Caribbean and
Latin America
FORCES BY ROLE AEW 1 B-707 (IAI Phalcon)
Amph 1 bn ELINT 3 Beech 99 Petrel Alfa; 2 Beech 99 Petrel Beta
Marine 4 gp (total: 1 SSM bty (Excalibur Central TKR 1 B-707 TanqueroSP
Defence System), 2 Trg bn, 4 inf bn, 4 ADA TPT 66: 1 B-737-300; 1 B-737-500; 1 B-767ER; 1 C-130B
bty, 4 fd arty bty), 7 security det (one per naval Hercules; 2 C-130H Hercules; 4 CASA 212 Aviocar; 5
zone) DHC-6-100 Twin Otter; 8 DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; 1
Gulfstream IV; 31 PA-28-140 Cherokee; 3 Beech 99A; 6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cessna 0-2A; 2 Learjet 35A
LT TK 23 Scorpion TRG 44: 1 Mirage IIIBE; 38 T-35A/T-35B Pillan; 5 Cessna
APC (W) 25 MOWAG Roland 525 Citation CJ-1
LV 40 M1097 HMMWV with Avenger HELICOPTERS
ARTY 82 UTL 23: 1 Bo-105CBS-4; 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey (delivery
TOWED 32: 105mm 8 KH-178; 155mm 24 G-5 in progress); 10 UH-1H Iroquois; 1 S-70A-39 Black Hawk;
MOR 50 81mm 3 Bell 206B (trg)
RCL 106mm ε30 M-40A1 AD
AD • SAM • MANPAD Blowpipe SYSTEMS Mygale
SAM Mistral
Coast Guard
SP 5 Crotale
Integral part of the Navy
GUNS • TOWED 20mm M-163 Vulcan SP/M-167
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 61
Vulcan; 35mm GDF-005 Oerlikon
OPV 1 Piloto Pardo (OPV-80) (expected ISD ’09;
MSL • AAM AIM-9B Sidewinder/AIM-9J Sidewinder;
additional vessel in build)
Python III; Shafrir; BVR Derby
PCC 18 Alacalufe (Protector WPB class)
PCI 37: 8 Grumete Diaz (Dabor class); 18 Rodman; 11
(LMP, LSR class)
Paramilitary 41,500
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 5 Defender class; 1 Archangel Carabineros 41,500
class Ministry of Defence
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Force 7,300; 460 conscript (total 7,760) 13 Zones
Flying hours 100 hrs/year
Paramilitary 39 district; 174 comisaria
FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ftr /FGA 1 sqn with F-5E Tigre III; F-5F Tigre III; 1 sqn
APC (W) 20 MOWAG Roland
with Block 50 F-16C/F-16D Puma; 1 sqn with
F-16AM/F-16BM; MOR 60mm; 81mm
AIRCRAFT
Recce 1 (photo) unit with Beech A-100 King Air;
TPT 10: 4 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1 Cessna 550 Citation V;
DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; Learjet 35A
5 PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II
AEW ELINT B-707 Phalcon with Tpt gp. Beech 99 Petrel UTL 5: 2 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna 208; 2 Cessna 210
Alfa/Beta Centurion
CCT 2 gps with A-37B Dragonfly; A-36CC Halcon; HELICOPTERS • UTL 16: 2 BK-117; 10 Bo-105; 2 Bell
T-36BB; B-707 Tanquero 206 JetRanger; 2 EC-135
Tpt Liaison 3 gps with B-737-500 (VIP); B-737-300;
B-767ER; C-130B Hercules; C-130H Hercules;
Non-State Groups
CASA 212 Aviocar; DHC-6-100 Twin Otter;
DHC-6-300; Gulfstream IV; Learjet 35A; see Part II
PA-28-140 Cherokee; Beech 99A7; Cessna O-2A
Trg 1 gp with T-35A/B Pillan; CJ-1 Citation; Deployment
Mirage IIIBE, T-36 Halcon, Bell 206A
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Hel 3 gps with UH-1H; Bo-105CBS-4; Bell 412;
S-70A-39 Black Hawk; Bell 206B (trg) EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 21
AD 1 regt (5 AD gp) with Mygale; Mistral; M-163 Haiti
Vulcan/M-167 Vulcan; GDF-005; Oerlikon; UN • MINUSTAH 499; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; elm 1 engr
Crotale coy
India/Pakistan Rapid 3 COIN mobile bde (each: 4 COIN bn, 1 cbt

UN • UNMOGIP 2 obs Reaction spt bn)1 div (4th) with (1 airmob bde (2
airmob inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 SF
Middle East (anti-terrorist) bn, 1 airmob engr bn, 1 cbt
UN • UNTSO 3 obs spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde (16th)
(1 mech cav recce bn, 1 lt inf bn, 3 COIN
SERBIA bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp);1
UN • UNMIK 1 obs (28th Jungle) bde (2 inf, 3 COIN, 2 marine
(riverine) bn, 1 cbt spt bn); 1 bde (21st) with(3
x lt inf bn)
Colombia Co Lt Inf 1 div (3rd) with (1 bde (3rd) (1 cav recce bn,
3 lt inf bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 Fd arty
Colombian Peso pC 2007 2008 2009 bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 MP bn, 1 Gaula
GDP pC 356tr 401tr anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde (8th) (2 lt inf bn, 1
COIN bn, 1 Fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 Gaula
US$ 172bn 177bn
anti-kidnap gp coy); 1 bde (29th) (1 mtn inf
bn);
Growth % 7.7 4.0 1 div (5th) with 1 bde (1st) (1 cav recce bn, 2
Inflation % 5.5 7.3 lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 fd arty bn, 2 engr bn,
Def exp a pC 14.14tr 18.76bn 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde
US$ 6.80bn 8.27bn (6th) (2 lt inf bn,1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1
cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde
Def bdgt pC 11.1tr 12.6tr 12.1tr
(13th) (2 cav recce bn, 1 airmob inf bn, 2 lt inf
US$ 5.35bn 5.55bn bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 Fd arty bn, 1
FMA US$ 85.5m 55.0m 66.4m engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 2 MP bn);
US$1=pC 2,078 2,270 1 div (6th) with 1 bde (12th) (2 lt inf bn, 1 mtn
a
including paramilitaries inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 (26th) jungle bde
Population 45,013,674 (1 lt jungle inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
coast guard det); 1 (27th) bde (2 lt inf bn, 1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus COIN bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)
Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 19% 2% 1 div (7th) with 1 bde (4th) (1 cav recce bn, 3
Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 20% 3% lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, fd 1 arty bn, 2 engr bn, 1
cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp, 1 SF (anti-
Capabilities terrorist) coy); 1 bde (11th) (1 airmob inf bn, 1
lt inf bn, 2 COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn);
ACTIVE 267,231 (Army 226,352, Navy 30,729 Air 1 bde (14th) (3 lt inf bn, 2 COIN bn, 1 engr bn,
10,150) Paramilitary 144,097 1 cbt spt bn); 1 bde (17th) (2 lt inf bn, 1 COIN
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)
RESERVE 61,900 (Army 54,700 Navy 4,800 Air 1,200 EOD 6 EOD gp (bn)
Joint 1,200) SF 2 SF gp (bn); 1 SF anti-terrorist bn
Spt/Logistic 1 bde (1 spt bn, 1 maint bn, 1 supply bn, 1 tpt
Organisations by Service bn, 1 medical bn, 1 logistic bn)
Avn 1 bde (1 hel bn (2 cbt hel sqn), 1 avn bn)
Army 43,013; 183,339 conscript (total 226,352) Counter- 1 indep bde (1 spt bn, 3 counter-narcotics bn)
Narcotics
FORCES BY ROLE
Mech 1 (1st) div with (1 bde (2nd) (2 mech inf bn, EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 COIN bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 MP bn, RECCE 137: 123 EE-9 Cascavel; 6 M-8 (anti-riot vehicle); 8
1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp);1 bde M-8 with 1 TOW
(10th) (1 mech inf bn, 1 (med) tk bn, 1 mech APC 194
cav bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 2 fd arty bn, 2 engr bn, APC (T) 54 TPM-113 (M-113A1)
1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 EOD
APC (W) 140+: 80 BTR-80; 56 EE-11 Urutu; 4 RG-31
gp
Nyala
COIN 1 div (2nd) with (1 bde (5th) (3 lt inf bn, 1 fd
ARTY 584
arty bn, 1 AD bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 bde (18th) (1 airmob TOWED 101: 105mm 86 M-101; 155mm 15 155/52 APU
cav bn, 4 lt inf bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn);1 SBT-1
bde (30th) (1 cav recce bn, 2 lt inf bn, 1 COIN MOR 483: 81mm 125 M-1; 107mm 148 M-2; 120mm 210
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)) Brandt
AT AGS 1
MSL• SP 8+: 8 TOW; Nimrod ABU 1
MANPATS 10+: 10 TOW; SPIKE-ER FACILITIES
RCL 106mm 63 M-40A1 Bases Located at Puerto Leguízamo, Buenaventura,
RL 15+: 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm RPG-22, 89mm 15 M-20; (Pacific) Málaga, (Main HQ) Catagena,
90mm C-90C; 106mm SR-106 Barrancabermeja, Puerto Carreño, Leticia, Puerto
AIRCRAFT Orocue, Puerto Inirida
Caribbean and
Latin America
EW • ELINT 2 B-200 Super King Air
TPT 9: 2 CASA 212 Aviocar (Medevac); 1 CV-580; 2 PA-34 Naval Aviation 146
Seneca; 2 Rockwell Turbo Commander; 1 Beechcraft C-90; 1 AIRCRAFT
Antonov AN32 MP 3: CN-235MPA Persuader (Additional 2 ordered);
UTL 2 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan 1 PA-31 Navajo (upgraded for ISR)
TRG 5 Utva-75 TPT 7: 3 PA-28-140 Cherokee; 1 C-212 (Medevac); 2
HELICOPTERS Cessna 208 Caravan, 1 Gavilan 358
SPT 18: 8 Mi-17-1V Hip; 6 Mi-17-MD; 4 Mi-17-V5 Hip UTL 3: 2 Cessna 206; 1 PA-31 Navajo
UTL 101: 30 UH-1H-II Huey II; 31 UH-1N Twin Huey; 35 HELICOPTERS
UH-60L Black Hawk; 5 K-Max ASW 2 AS-555SN Fennec
AD UTL 9: 2 Bo-105; 4 Bell 412; 1 Bell 212; 1 BK-117
SAM • TOWED 3 Skyguard/Sparrow
GUNS 39+ Marines 14,000

SP 12.7mm 18 M-8/M-55 FORCES BY ROLE
TOWED 21+: 35mm GDF Oerlikon; 40mm 21 M-1A1 SF 1 bn; 2 (River) gp
(radar from 7 Eagle Eye systems)
Marine 1 bde (3 Marine bn, 2 COIN bn & 1 cmd &
spt bn); 2 (River) bde (one with 5 marine inf
Navy 23,515; 7,214 conscript (Total 30,729) bn second with 3 marine inf bn, 3 assault inf
FORCES BY ROLE bn & 1 cmd & spt bn)
Navy 1 HQ (Tri-Service Unified Eastern Command HQ)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
located at Puerto Carreño
no hy equipment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 8 BTR-80A (12 on order)
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 4
SSK 2: ARTY
2 Pijao (Ge T-209/1200) each with 8 single 533mm TT MOR 97: 20 81mm; 77 Commando 60mm
with 14 SUT HWT
SSI 2 Intrepido (It SX-506, SF delivery) Air Force 10,150
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES 6 Combat Air Commands (CACOM) plus. CACOM 7
FSG 4 Almirante Padilla each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with (former Oriental Air Group) responsible for air ops in
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm specific geographic area. Flts can be deployed or ‘loaned’
each with A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun, 1 Bo-105 / AS-555SN to a different CACOM
Fennec utl hel CACOM 1. (Capitán Germán Olano Air Base) operates 6
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 84 sqn (1 sqn with 9 Kfir C-7; 1 sqn with 11 Mirage-5COAM
PSOH 1 Reliance (maybe only 6 op), 2 Mirage-5CODM (used as command
PFO 1 Espartana (Sp Cormoran) post); 1 sqn with 8 AC-47T, Hughes 369; 1 sqn with 2 PA-31,
PCO 3: 1 PA-42, UH-1H; 1 sqn with 6 T-37C) and is dedicated to air
2 Lazaga defence and combat training.
1 Pedro de Heredia (US tugs) each with 1 76mm gun CACOM 2. (CT. Luis F. Gómez Niño Air Base) operates 4
PFC 1 Quita sueno (US Asheville) with 1 76mm gun sqn (1 sqn with 7 OV-10; 1 sqn with 12 EMB-312 Tucano*;
PCC 2 Toledo 1 sqn with 12 EMB-314 Super Tucano*; 1 sqn with MD500,
PCI 10: 2 Jaime Gomez; 2 Jose Maria Palas(Swiftships 105); UH-1H) and is dedicated to counter-insurgency and
2 Castillo Y Rada (Swiftships 110); 4 Point offensive operations.
PCR 66: 6 Nodriza (PAF-II) with B212 or B412 hel; 3 CACOM 3. (Mayor General Alberto Pauwels Rodríguez Air
Arauca; 20 Delfin; 4 Diligente; 11 Rio Magdalena; 2 Rotork; Base) operates 2 sqn (1 sqn with 12 Super Tucano; 1 sqn with
11 Andromeda (ex-Pirahna); 9 LPR-40 Tenerife (Further 8 Bell 212, 2 C-95, 2 Queen Air, 4 T-41D*) and is dedicated to
vessels on order) SAR and MP operations along the Caribbean Coast.
AMPHIBIOUS 8: CACOM 4. (Teniente Coronel Luis Franciso Pinto Parra Air
LCM 1 LCM-8 Base) operates 5 hel sqn (1 sqn with Hughes 369; 1 sqn with
LCU 7 Morrosquillo (LCU – 1466) UH-1H, Hughes 369; 1 sqn with Bell 206, Hughes 369; 2
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6: trg sqn with Bell 206, 10 Enstrom F-28F, 6 UH-1F) and is
AG 2 Luneburg (ex-Ge, acts as depot ship for patrol dedicated to tactical support operations and training.
vessels) CACOM 5. (Brigadier General Arturo Lema Posada
AGOR 2 Providencia Air Base) operates 1 gp with AH-60L Arpia III*, 2 UH-60
(CSAR); and is dedicated to SAR, tpt, and heavy hel TPT 37: 7 UH-1P Huey II; 12 Bell 212 Twin Huey; 2 Bell
support operations. 412HP/SP; 8 UH-60A Blackhawk; 8 UH-60L ordered
CACOM 6. (Capitán Ernesto Esguerra Cubides Air Base) TRG 16: 12 Bell 206B; 2 H500C; 1 H500ME; 1 Bell 212
operates 2 sqn with 5 Schweizer SA-2-337, 5 Cessna IV, 4 MSL•AAM Python III; R530
Fairchild C-26B, 1 Ce-208 and 1 B-300 Super King Air; and is
dedicated to anti-insurgency opearations. Paramilitary 144,097
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr/FGA/ 1 sqn with Kfir C-7; 1 sqn with Mirage-5COAM, National Police Force 136,097
Recce Mirage- 5CODM (used as command post); AIRCRAFT
1 sqn with AC-47T, Hughes 369; 1 sqn with 1 King 300; 2 King 300; 2 Caravan 208; 1 Caravan 208B;
A-37B/OA-37B; 1 sqn with OV-10; 1 sqn with 3 Cessna C-152; 5 Cessna 206; 2 Twin Otter; 1 C-99; 1
EMB-312 Tucano*; 2 sqn with EMB-314/A-29 DC-3; 2 C-26SA227-AC; 1 Turbo Truck
Super Tucano HELICOPTERS
Elint/EW 2 sqn with Schweizer SA-2-337, Cessna IV, UTL 67: 7 Bell 206L LongRanger; 12 Bell 212; 3 Bell
Fairchild C-26B, Ce-208, B-300 Super King Air 206B; 1 Bell 412; 2 MD 500D; 1 MD-530F; 34 UH-1H-II
SAR/ MP 1 sqn with Bell 212, C-95, Queen Air, T-41D* Huey II; 7 UH-60L
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130B, C-130H; 1 sqn with CN-
235M, Arava, C-212, King Air C90, Do-328; 1
Rural Militia 8,000
(Presidential) sqn with B-727, B-707 (tkr/tpt),

B-737-700 (BBJ), B-767ER, C295-M, F-28, Bell Non-State Groups
412, Bell 212 Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
Hel 1 gp with AH-60L Arpia III*, UH-60 (CSAR); 1 Est. strength: 10–11,000
sqn with MD500, UH-1H; 1 sqn with Hughes Major equipments include: improvised mortars;
369; 1 sqn with UH-1H, Hughes 369; 1 sqn
improvised explosive devices; rocket propelled grenades;
with Bell 206, Hughes 369; 2 trg sqn with Bell
mines; reports of some riverine capability
206, Enstrom F-28F, UH-1F
see Part II
Trg 1 (primary trg) sqn with PA-31, PA-42, UH-
1H; 1 sqn with T-37C; 1 (primary trg) sqn with
T-41D*; 1 sqn basic trg with T-34 DEPLOYment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Egypt
AIRCRAFT 117 combat capable MFO 357; 1 inf bn
FGA 22: 9 Kfir C-7 (being upgraded to C-10; 13 more on
order); 11 Mirage-5COAM (maybe only 6 op); 2 Mirage-
5CODM Foreign Forces
CCT/TRG 72: 7 AC-47T; 10 A-37B/OA-37B Dragonfly; United States US Southern Command: US Army 66; US
25 A-29 Super Tucano; 11 T-37C; 12 EMB-312 Tucano; 7 Navy 4; USAF 10; USMC 23
OV-10
RECCE 11: 6 Schweizer SA-2-37, 2 B-300 Super King Air;
3 Aero Commander Costa Rica CR
SURVEILLANCE 9: 5 Ce-650 Citation IV, 4 C-26B,
ELINT 2 Ce-208 Grand Caravan Costa Rican Colon C 2007 2008 2009
TPT 28: 1 B-737-700 (BBJ); 1 B-707 tkr/tpt; 1 B767ER; 4 GDP C 13.5tr 15.9tr
C-130B Hercules (plus 3 in store); 3 C-130H Hercules; 1 US$ 26.3bn 28.6bn
King Air C90; 4 C-212; 3 CN-235M; 4 C-295M; 1 Ce-208; 1 per capita US$ 6,354 6,815
Ce-550; 2 C-95 (EMB-110P1); 1 F-28T; 1 Arava
Growth % 7.3 4.0
TRG 32: 13 T-27*; 9 T-34; 10 T-41*
Inflation % 9.1 12.2
LIAISON 22: 2 B-300 Super King Air (Medevac); 1
Ce-185 Floatplane; 2 Ce-210; 2 Ce-337G/H; 1 Ce-401; Sy Bdgta C 82.1bn 105bn
3 Ce-404; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 1 PA-31T Navajo; 1 PA-42 US$ 159m 190m
Cheyenne; 4 PA-34 Seneca; 1 PA-44 Seminole; 2 Turbo US$1=C 516 555
Commander 1000 a
No armed forces. Paramilitary budget
HELICOPTERS
ATK 26: 1 MD-500MD Defender*; 4 MD530MG Population 4,195,914
Escorpion*; 7 H369HM*; 14 Sikorksy/Elbit AH-60L Arpia
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
III*
Male 15% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
UTL 34: 16 UH-1H Iroquois; 8 H500C; 2 H500M; 2 UH-
60Q; 6 UH-1H Female 14% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
Paramilitary 9,800 ACTIVE 49,000 (Army 38,000 Navy 3,000 Air 8,000)
Paramilitary 26,500
Organisations by Service Terms of service 2 years
RESERVE 39,000 (Army 39,000) Paramilitary

Paramilitary 9,800
Caribbean and
Latin America
1,120,000
Ready Reserves (serve 45 days per year) to fill out Active
Civil Guard 4,500 and Reserve units; see also Paramilitary.
Police 1 (tac) comisaria
Provincial 6 comisaria
Spec Ops 1 unit
Paramilitary 7 (Urban) comisaria (reinforced coy) Army ε38,000
Border Police 2,500 FORCES BY ROLE
3 Regional comd HQ, 3 army comd HQ
Sy 2 (Border) comd (8 comisaria)
Army 1 (frontier) bde; 14 (reserve) bde
Coast Guard Unit 400 Armd up to 5 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Mech Inf 9 bde (each: 1 armd regt, 1 arty regt, 1 ADA regt,
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20+ 3 Mech inf regt)
PFC 1 Isla del Coco (US Swift 32m) AB 1 bde
PCC 1 Astronauta (US Cape) ADA 1 regt
PCI 8: 5 less than 100 tonnes; 3 Point less than 100 SAM 1 bde
tonnes
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 10 (various)
MBT ε900 T-34/T-54/T-55/T-62
FACILITIES LT TK PT-76
Bases Located at Golfito, Punta Arenas, Cuajiniquil, RECCE BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Quepos, Limbe, Moin AIFV ε 50 BMP-1
APC • APC (W) ε500 BTR-152/BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60
Air Surveillance Unit 400 ARTY 1,730+
AIRCRAFT SP 40 2S1 Carnation 122mm/2S3 152mm
TPT 10: 1 DHC-7 Caribou; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 2 Cessna TOWED 500 152mm D-1 /122mm D-30 /152mm M-1937/
T210 Centurion; 1 PA-34 Seneca ; 4 Cessna U-206G 122mm M-30 /130mm M-46/ 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942
Stationair MRL SP 175 140mm BM-14/122mm BM-21
HELICOPTERS MOR 1,000 120mm M-38 /82mm M-41/120mm
UTL 2 MD-500E M-43/82mm M-43
STATIC 15 122mm 15 JS-2M (hy tk)
Rural Guard 2,000 AT
Ministry of Government and Police. Small arms only
MSL • MANPATS AT-1 Snapper; AT-3 9K11 Sagger
Paramilitary 8 comd
GUNS 700+: 100mm 100 SU-100 SP; 85mm D-44; 57mm
600 M-1943
AD
Cuba C SAM 200 SA-13 Gopher SP/SA-14 Gremlin; SA-16 Gimlet
Cuban Convertible MANPAD/SA-6 Gainful SP/SA-7 Grail MANPAD/SA-8
2007 2008 2009
Peso P Gecko SP/SA-9 Gaskin SP (300–1800 eff.)
GDP P 50.2bn 55.0bn GUNS 400
US$a 45.6 49.5 SP 57mm ZSU-57-2 SP/ 23mm ZSU-23-4 SP/ 30mm
per capita US$a 3,994 4,333 BTR-60P SP
Growth % 6.5
TOWED 100mm KS-19/M-1939 /85mm KS-
12/57mm S-60 /37mm M-1939/30mm M-53/23mm
Inflation % 3.1
ZU-23
Def exp a US$
a
PPP estimate Navy ε3,000
Population 11,423,952 FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 (HQ Western Comd) located at Cabanas;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 (HQ Eastern Comd) located at Holquin
Male 10% 4% 3% 3% 25% 5%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Female 10% 4% 3% 3% 25% 6% PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
PFM 6 Osa II† (FSU) each with 4 single each with SS- Paramilitary 26,500 active
N-2B Styx tactical SSM (missiles removed to coastal
defence units) State Security 20,000
PFC 1 Pauk II† (FSU) with 1 x4 Manual with SA-N-5 Grail Ministry of Interior
SAM, 4 single ASTT, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 76mm gun
MINE WARFARE AND MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 Border Guards 6,500
MSC 2 Sonya† (FSU) Ministry of Interior
MHC 3 Yevgenya† (FSU) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 ABU; 1 TRG PFI 20: 2 Stenka less than 100 tonnes (FSU); 18 Zhuk
FACILITIES
Youth Labour Army 70,000 reservists
Bases Located at Cabanas, Havana, Cienfuegos, Holquin,
Nicaro, Punta Movida, Mariel Civil Defence Force 50,000 reservists
Coastal Defence Territorial Militia ε1,000,000 reservists
ARTY • TOWED 122mm M-1931/37; 130mm M-46;
152mm M-1937
MSL• SSM 2+: Bandera IV (reported); 2 SS-C-3 Styx
Foreign Forces
United States US Army: 311; US Navy 456 (located at
Naval Infantry 550+ Guantánamo Bay); USMC 136 (located at Guantánamo Bay)
Amph aslt 2 bn
Anti-aircraft Defence and Revolutionary Air Dominican Republic DR

Force ε8,000 (incl conscripts) Dominican Peso
2007 2008 2009
Air assets divided between Western Air Zone and Eastern pRD
Air Zone GDP pRD 1.36tr 1.59tr
Flying hours 50 hrs/year US$ 41.1bn 45.6bn
FORCES BY ROLE per capita US$ 4,387 4,792

Ftr/ FGA 3 sqn with 2 MiG-29A Fulcrum, 1 MiG-29UB, 16 Growth % 8.5 4.7
MiG-23ML Flogger/4 MiG-23MF/4 MiG-23UM, 4 Inflation % 6.1 12.3
MiG-21ML Def bdgt pRD ε9.0bn ε 10.0bn
Tpt 1 exec tpt sqn with 3 Yak-40 (VIP), 3 An-24, 2 US$ 271m 284m
Mi-8P
US$1=pRD 33.2 35.1
Hel 2 cbt hel sqn with 8 Mi-17, 4 Mi-35
Trg 2 tac trg sqns with 5 Zlin Z-142 (primary), 7 Population 9,507,133
L-39C (basic), 7+ MiG-21UMr Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 18% 3%
AIRCRAFT 31 combat capable (179 stored) Female 16% 5% 4% 4% 17% 3%
FTR/FGA 31: 2 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 1 MiG-29UB; 16
MiG-23 ML Flogger; 4 MiG-23MF; 4 MiG-23UM; 4 Capabilities
MiG-21ML; (in store: 2 MiG-29; 20 MiG-23BN; 4 MiG-
23MF; 6 MiG-23ML; 2 MiG-23UM; 70 MiG-21bis; 28 ACTIVE 49,910 (Army 40,410 Navy 4,000 Air 5,500)
MiG-21PFM; 30 MiG-21F; 7 MiG-21UM; 4+ MiG-17; 6 Paramilitary 15,000
MiG-15UTI)
TPT 12: 3 Yak-40; 3 An-24; 2 Il-76; 2 An-32; 1 An-30; 1 Organisations by Service
An-2; (in store: 18 An-26 Curl; 8 An-2 Colt)
HELICOPTERS
ATK 4 Mi-35 Hind Army 15,000
SPT 10: 2 Mi-8P Hip; 8 Mi-17;(in store: 8 Mi-35; 12 FORCES BY ROLE
Mi-17; 5 Mi-14) 5 Defence Zones
TRG 59: 25 L-39 Albatros; 8 MiG-21U Mongol A*; 4 MiG- Armd 1 bn
23U Flogger*; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum*; 20 Z-326 Trener Master Air Cav 1 bde ( 1 cdo bn, 1 (6th) mtn regt, 1 sqn with
AD • SAM SA-3 Goa; SA-2 Guideline towed 9 OH-58 Kiowa; 12UH-1H (op by Air Force),
MSL 4 R-22; 2 R-44 Raven II)
ASM AS-7 Kerry Inf 6 bde: 1st and 3rd (each: 3 inf bn); 2nd (4 inf
AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AA-2 Atoll; AA-7 bn, 1 mtn inf bn); 4th and 5th (each: 2 bn); 6th
Apex; AA-8 Aphid ( 1 inf bn) (total: 16 inf bn)
FACILITIES SF 3 bn
Surface To Air 13 with SA-3 Goa SAM; SA-2 Guideline Arty 2 bn
Missile Site Towed SAM (active) Engr 1 bn
Presidential 1 regt HELICOPTERS

Guard UTL 34: 2 Bell 430 (VIP); 9 CH-136 Kiowa; 3 Schweizer
Security 1(MoD) bn 333; 8 Huey II; 12 UH-1H
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AD • GUNS 20mm 4
LT TK 12 M-41B (76mm)
APC (W) 8 LAV-150 Commando Paramilitary 15,000
ARTY 104
Caribbean and
Latin America
TOWED 105mm 16: 4 M-101; 12 Reinosa 105/26 National Police 15,000
MOR 88: 81mm 60 M-1; 107mm 4 M-30; 120mm 24 Expal
Model L
AT Ecuador Ec
RCL 106mm 20 M-40A1
Ecuadorian Sucre ES 2007 2008 2009
GUNS 37mm 20 M3
HEL GDP ES 1,075tr
OBS 8: 4 OH-58A Kiowa; 4 OH-58C Kiowa US$ 43.0bn
UTL 6: 4 R-22; 2 R-44 per capita US$ 3,126
Growth % 2.5 3.0
Navy 4,000 Inflation % 2.1 8.5
FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt ES 19.3tr 22.9tr
Marine Sy 1 unit
US$ 773m 918m
Navy 1 HQ located at Santo Domingo
US$1=ES 25,000 25,000
SEAL 1 unit
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Population 13,927,650
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
PCO 4:
2 Balsam Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
2 Tortuguero (US ABU) Female 16% 5% 5% 4% 17% 3%
PCI 8: 2 Canopus; 2 Swift (35mm); 4 Bellatrix (US
Sewart Seacraft) All less than 100 tonnes Capabilities
PBR 4 Damen Stan 1505
AMPHIBIOUS 1 Neyba (US LCU 1675)
ACTIVE 57,983 (Army 46,500 Navy 7,283 Air 4,200)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5: Paramilitary 400
AG 2 Draga Contencion Terms of Service conscription 1 year, selective
AT 3
RESERVE 118,000 (Joint 118,000)
FACILITIES Ages 18–55
Bases Located at Santo Domingo, Las Calderas
Naval Aviation Unit Organisations by Service

HELICOPTERS
SAR / UTL 2 Bell 206A-1 (CH 136) Army 46,500
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Force 5,500
4 div (org, composition varies) (total: 1 armd bde, 1 SF bde,
1 arty bde, 1 engr bde, 1 avn bde, 3 jungle bde, 5 inf bde); 3
FORCES BY ROLE
(hy mor) coy.
CBT 1 sqn with Super Tucano
Armd cav 1 bde
SAR/Medivac/Hel/ 1 sqn with Bell 430 (VIP); Huey II; UH-
1H; Schweizer 333; CH-136 Kiowa Armd Recce 3 sqn
Liaison
Tpt 1 sqn with CASA 212-400 Aviocar; Mech Inf 2 bn
Ce-206; PA-31 Navajo Inf 13 bn; 10 (jungle) bn
Trg 1 sqn with T-35B Pillan AB/SF 6 bn
AD 1 bn with 20mm Arty 1 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SP Arty 1 gp
AIRCRAFT MRL 1 gp
CBT 8 EMB-314 Super Tucano (on order)
ADA 1 gp
TPT/MP 5: 3 CASA 212-400 Aviocar; 1 PA-31 Navajo; 1
Ce-206 Engr 3 bn
TRG 6 T-35B Pillan Avn 5 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5:

LT TK 24 AMX-13 AG 1
RECCE 67: 25 AML-90; 10 EE-3 Jararaca; 32 EE-9 Cascavel; AWT 2
APC 123 AGOS 1 Orion
APC (T) 95: 80 AMX-VCI; 15 M-113 ATF 1
APC (W) 28: 18 EE-11 Urutu; 10 UR-416 FACILITIES
ARTY 517+ Bases Located at Guayaquil (main base),
SP 155mm 5 (AMX) Mk F3 Galápagos Islands
TOWED 100: 105mm 78: 30 M-101; 24 M-2A2; 24 Model Naval airbase Jaramijo
56 pack howitzer; 155mm 22: 12 M-114; 10 M-198
MOR 412+: 81mm 400 M-29; 107mm M-30 (4.2in); 160mm Naval Aviation 375
12 M-66 Soltam AIRCRAFT
AT MP 5: 1 CN-235-100; 1 CN-235-300M; MP 2 Beech
RCL 404: 106mm 24 M-40A1; 90mm 380 M-67 200T MP; 1 Beech 300 (CATPAS)
AIRCRAFT TPT 2: 1 Beech 200 Super King Air; 1 Beech 300 Super
TPT 13: 1 Beech 100 King Air; 1 Beech 200 Super King Air; King Air;
2 CASA 212; 2 CN-235; 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 1 DHC-5D TRG 6: 4 T-35B Pillan; 2 T-34C Turbo Mentor
Buffalo; 4 IAI-201 Arava; 1 PC-6 Turbo-Porter HELICOPTERS
TRG 8: 3 MX-7-235 Star Rocket; 3 T-41D Mescalero; 2 CJ-6 UTL 8: 2 Bell 230; 3 Bell 206B; 3 Bell 206A
HELICOPTERS
UAV 6: 4 IAI Searcher Mk.2; 2 IAI Heron
ATK 18 SA-342 Gazelle (13 w/ HOT)
SPT 14: 3 AS-332B Super Puma; 3 AS-350 Ecureuil; 5 Mi- Marines 2,160
17-1V Hip; 3 SA-330 Puma (in store) Cdo 1 unit (no hy wpn/veh)
UTL 2 SA-315B Lama
Marine 5 bn (on garrison duties)
AD
SAM • MANPAD 203+: 75 Blowpipe; 18 Chaparral; 20+ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SA-7 Grail; 90 SA-18 Grouse (Igla) ARTY
GUNS 240 MOR 32+ 60mm/81mm/120mm
SP 44 M-163 Vulcan AD
TOWED 196: 14.5mm 128 ZPU-1/-2; 20mm 38: 28 SAM • MANPAD 64 Mistral/SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
M-1935, 10 M-167 Vulcan; 40mm 30 L/70/M1A1
Air Force 4,200
Navy 7,283 (incl Naval Aviation, Marines and
Coast Guard) Operational Command
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2: Air 2 wg
2 Shyri† (Ge T-209/1300, undergoing refit in Chile) each Ftr 1 sqn with Mirage F-1JE (F-1E); Mirage F-1JB
with 8 single 533mm TT with 14 SUT HWT (F-1B)
FGA 3 sqn (1 with A-37B Dragonfly; 1 sqn with Kfir
FRIGATES • FFG 2:
CE; Kfir C-2; Kfir TC-2; 1 sqn with BAC-167
1 Presidente Eloy Alfaro† (ex-UK Leander batch II) each
Strikemaster); 2 sqn with Super Tucano (on order)
with 4 single each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 3
twin (6 eff.) each with Mistral SAM, (capacity 1 Bell 206B CCT 1 sqn with A-37B; BAC-167 Strikemaster
JetRanger II utl hel)
1 Condell (mod UK Leander; under transfer from Chile) Military Air Transport Group
with 4 single each with 1 MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 FORCES BY ROLE
triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 x 114mm SAR/Liaison 1 sqn with Bell 206B JetRanger II;
gun, (capacity 1 Bell 206B JetRanger II utl hel) SA-316B/SA-319 Alouette III; ALH
CORVETTES • FSG 6: Tpt 4 sqn with B-727; C-130B Hercules,
6 Esmeraldas (4†) each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with C-130H Hercules; DHC-6 Twin Otter; F-28
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) with Aspide Fellowship; Sabreliner 40/60
SAM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm each with A244 LWT, 1 Liaison Beech E90 King Air; Gaviao 60; HS-748
76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform (upgrade programme
TAME 1 mil controlled airline with Airbus
ongoing)
A-320; EMB-170; EMB-190
Trg units with Cessna 150; T-34C Turbo
PFM 3 Quito (Ge Lurssen TNC-45 45m) each with 4
Mentor; T-41 Mescalero; MXP-650
single each with 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm
gun (upgrade programme ongoing) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 1: AIRCRAFT 57+ combat capable
1 Hualcopo (capacity 150 troops) (US LST-512-1152) FTR 13: 12 Mirage F-1JE; 1 F-1BJ
FGA 44+: 25+ A-37B Dragonfly; 7 Kfir CE, 4 C.2, 2 TC.2;

6 BAC-167 Strikemaster; 24 EMB-314 Super Tucano (on El Salvador ElS
order delivery 2009)
El Salvador Colon C 2007 2008 2009
TPT 26: 2 A320; 6 HS-748; 3 B-727; 1 Beech E-90 King
Air; 4 C-130B; 1 C-130H; 2 EMB-170; 1 EMB-190; 3 GDP C 200bn 230bn
DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 F-28 Fellowship; 2 Sabreliner 40/60 US$ 22.9bn 26.3bn
TRG 37: 16 Ce-150; 15 T-34C; 1 MXP-650; 5 T-41 per capita US$ 3,294 3,720
Caribbean and
Latin America
HEL 14: 4 SA-316B Alouette III / SA-319 Alouette III Utl Hel; Growth % 4.7 3.0
8 Bell 206B JetRanger II; 1 HB-315B Gaviao; 1 ALH (6 more
Inflation % 3.9 7.6
on order)
MSL •AAM 60 Python III; 50 Python IV; R-550 Magic; Def bdgt C 974m 1.0bn
Super 530; Shafrir US$ 111m 115m
AD FMA US$ 7.2m 4.7m 4.8m
SAM 7 M-48 Chaparral US$1=C 8.75 8.75
SP 6 SA-8 Gecko
MANPAD 185+: 75 Blowpipe; SA-7; 20 Igla-1 (SA-16) Population 7,066,403
Gimlet; 90 SA-18 Grouse Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
GUNS
Male 19% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2%
SP 28 M-35 with 20mm
TOWED 82: 23mm 34: 34 ZU-23; 35mm 30: 30 Female 18% 5% 5% 4% 16% 3%
GDF-002 (twin); 37mm 18: 18 Ch
Capabilities
Paramilitary
ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 13,850 Navy 700 Air 950)
Police Air Service Paramilitary 17,000
2 B206B Jet Ranger, 1 R-22; 1 AS-350B Ecureuil Terms of Service conscription 18 months voluntary
Coast Guard 500 RESERVE 9,900 (Joint 9,900)

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41+
PCC 11: 2 Manta (Ge Lurssen 36m), 3 Vigilante Organisations by Service
(Protector), 4 10 de Agosto, 2 Espada
PCI 8: 1 PGM-71; 1 Point; 6 Rio Puyango, Army 9,850; 4,000 conscript (total 13,850)
PBR 14: 2 Río Esmeraldas; 4 Piraña; 8 Interceptor
FORCES BY ROLE
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 8
6 Military Zones
Army 1 (special sy) bde (2 border guard bn, 2 MP bn)
DEPLOYment Armd cav 1 regt (2 armd cav bn)
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD Inf 5 bde (each: 3 inf bn)
UN • MINURCAT 2 obs Spec Ops 1 gp (1 SF coy, 1 para bn, 1 (naval inf) army coy)
Arty 1 bde (1 AD bn, 2 fd arty bn)
Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 2 obs Engr 1 comd (2 engr bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Haiti
RECCE 5 AML-90; 4 (in store)
UN • MINUSTAH 67; elm 1 engr coy
APC (W) 38: 30M-37B1 Cashuat (mod); 8 UR-416
Liberia ARTY 217+
UN • UNMIL 1; 3 obs TOWED 105mm 54: 36 M-102; 18 M-56 (Yug)
MOR 163+: 81mm 151 M-29; 120mm 12+: M-74 in store;
sudan 12 UBM 52
UN • UNMIS 20 obs AT
RCL 399: 106mm 20 M-40A1 (incl 16 SP); 90mm 379 M-67
Foreign Forces RL 94mm 791 LAW
AD
United States US Southern Command: US Army 12; US
GUNS 35: 20mm 31 M-55; 4 TCM-20
Navy 2; USAF 22; USMC 6; 1 Forward Operating Location
(due to close in 2009)
Navy 700 (incl some 90 Naval Inf and SF)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PCC 3 Camcraft (30m)
PCI 3 less than 100 tonnes
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 33 River Boats
AMPHIBIOUS LEBANON
LCM 3 UN • UNIFIL 46
FACILITIES Liberia
Bases Located at La Uníon UN • UNMIL 26; 3 obs
Minor Bases Located at La Libertad, Acajutla, El Triunfo,
Meanguera Is, Guija Lake SUDAN
UN • UNMIS 5 obs
Naval Inf (SF Commandos) 90 Western Sahara
SF 1 coy UN • MINURSO 6 obs
Air Force 950 (incl 200 Air Defence)

Flying hours 90 hrs/year on A-37 Dragonfly FGA ac
Foreign Forces
United States US Southern Command: US Army 7; US
FORCES BY ROLE Navy 1; USAF 1; USMC 11; 1 Forward Operating Location
FGA/ sqn with A-37B Dragonfly; O-2A Skymaster;
RECCE CM-170 Magister
Tpt 1 sqn with Bell 407; Bell 412 Twin Huey; MD-500; Guatemala Gua
UH-1H Iroquois (incl 4 SAR); 1 sqn with Basler
Guatemalan
Turbo-67; IAI-201 Arava; SA-226T Merlin IIIB; 2007 2008 2009
Quetzal q
Cessna 210 Centurion; C-47; Cessna 337G GDP q 323bn 391bn
Trg sqn with Rallye 235GT; T-35 Pillan; T-41D US$ 42.1bn 52.1bn
Mescalero; TH-300
per capita US$ 3.309 4,010
Hel armed sqn with UH-1M Iroquois
Growth % 5.7 4.5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Inflation % 6.8 10.6
Def bdgt q 1.27bn 1.36bn
FGA 5 A-37B Dragonfly
US$ 166m 181m
RECCE 14: 10 O-2A O-2A/B Skymaster*; 4 OA-37B
Dragonfly* US$1=q 7.67 7.50
TPT 4: 3 Basler Turbo-67; 2 C-47R Skytrain; 1 Cessna Population 13,002,206
337G Skymaster; 1 SA-226T Merlin IIIB; IAI-201 Arava
UTL 2 Cessna 210 Centurion Age 0–14 15 –19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 13: 5 Rallye 235GT; 5 T-35 Pillan; 1 T-41D Mescalero; Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
2 CM-170 Magister Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
HELICOPTERS
UTL 39 : 1 Bell 407; 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 7 MD-500; 22 Capabilities
UH-1H Iroquois (incl 4 SAR); 5 UH-1M Iroquois *
TRG 6 TH-300 ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 13,444 Navy 986 Air 1,070)
MSL • AAM Shafrir Paramilitary 19,000
Paramilitary 17,000 RESERVE 63,863 (Navy 650 Air 900 Armed Forces
62,313)
National Civilian Police 17,000 (National Armed Forces are combined; the army provides
Ministry of Public Security log spt for navy and air force)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS •PBR 10
River Boats
AIRCRAFT • RECCE 1 O-2A Skymaster Organisations by Service
HELICOPTERS • UTL 3: 1 MD-500D; 1 MD-520N; 1
UH-1H Iroquois Army 13,444
The cavalry regts have a strength of 118, 7 AFV. The arty gp
non-state groups is 3 bty of 4 guns.
See Part II FORCES BY ROLE
15 Military Zones
Armd 6 sqn
DEPLOYment Cav 2 regt
Côte D’Ivoire Inf 1 (strategic) bde (2 inf bn, 1 SF pl, 1 recce sqn, 1
UN • UNOCI 3 obs (lt) armd bn, 1 arty gp); 5 (regional) bde (each:
3 inf bn, 1 cav regt, 1 arty gp,); 1 (frontier) det
Iraq SF 1 bde (1 trg coy, 1 SF coy)
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 200; 1 inf bn AB 2 bn
Engr 1 bn HELICOPTERS
MP 1 bde (3 bn) UTL 20: 9 Bell 206 JetRanger; 7 Bell 212 (armed); 1 Bell 412
Trg 1 bn Twin Huey (armed); 3 UH-1H Iroquois
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tactical Security Group
RECCE 7 M-8 in store Air Military Police
APC 52 Armd 1 sqn
APC (T) 15: 10 M-113; 5 in store
Caribbean and
Latin America
CCT 3 coy
APC (W) 37: 30 Armadillo; 7 V-100 Commando
ARTY 161 AD 1 bty (army units for air-base sy)
TOWED 105mm 76: 12 M-101; 8 M-102; 56 M-56
MOR 85: 81mm 55 M-1; 107mm 12 M-30 in store; Paramilitary 19,000 active (incl. Treasury Police)
120mm 18 ECIA
AT
National Police 19,000
Army 1 (integrated task force) unit (incl mil and
RCL 120+: 105mm 64 M-1974 FMK-1 (Arg); 106mm 56
treasury police)
M-40A1; 75mm M-20
SF 1 bn
RL 89mm M-20 in store (3.5in)
AD• GUNS • TOWED 32: 20mm 16 GAI-D01; 16 M-55 Paramilitary 21 (departments) region
Treasury Police 2,500

Reserves
Inf ε19 bn
non-state groups
Navy 986 See Part II
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 36: DEPLOYment
PCI 10: 6 Cutlass less than 100 tonnes; 1 Kukulkan less
than 100 tonnes (US Broadsword 32m); 2 Sewart less than Côte D’Ivoire
100 tonnes; 1 Dauntless less than 100 tonnes UN • UNOCI 5 obs
PCR 20 Democratic Republic of Congo
PBI 6 Vigilante
UN • MONUC 105; 5 obs; 1 SF coy
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Santo Tomás de Castilla, Puerto Quetzal Haiti
UN • MINUSTAH 118; 1 MP coy
Marines 650 reservists lebanon
Marine 2 bn under strength UN • UNIFIL 2
NEPAL
Air Force 1,070) UN • UNMIN 1 obs
3 air bases – Guatemala City, Santa Elena Petén, Retalhuleu
SUDAN
FORCES BY ROLE UN • UNMIS 1; 7 obs
Serviceability of ac is less than 50%
FGA/Trg 1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly; 1 sqn with PC-7
Turbo Trainer Guyana Guy
Tpt 1 sqn with Basler Turbo-67; Beech 100 King Air;
Beech 90 King Air; F-27 Friendship; IAI-201 Guyanese Dollar G$ 2007 2008 2009
Arava; PA-31 Navajo GDP G$ 217bn
Liaison 1 sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 206 US$ 1.1bn
Trg some sqn with Cessna R172K Hawk XP; T-35B
Hel 1 sqn with Bell 206 JetRanger; Bell 212 (armed);
Growth % 5.6 4.6
Bell 412 Twin Huey (armed); UH-1H Iroquois
FGA 4 A-37B Dragonfly US$1=G$ 200 200
TPT 14: 4 Basler Turbo-67; 1 Beech 100 King Air; 1 Beech
90 King Air; 1 Cessna 310; 2 F-27 Friendship; 4 IAI-201 Population 770,794
Arava; 1 PA-31 Navajo Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UTL 2 Cessna 206
Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 19% 2%
TRG 15: 5 Cessna R172K Hawk XP; 6 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*;
4 T-35B Pillan Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 20% 3%
Capabilities Haiti RH
ACTIVE 1,100 (Army 900 Navy 100 Air 100) Haitian Gourde G 2007 2008 2009
Paramilitary 1,500 GDP G 226bn
Active numbers combined Guyana Defence Force
US$ 6.1bn
RESERVE 670 (Army 500 Navy 170) per capita US$ 702
Growth % 3.2 2.5
Organisations by Service Inflation % 9.0 14.5
US$1=G 36.8 39.1
Army 900
Population 8,924,553
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 1 bn Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
SF 1 coy Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 11% 2%
Engr 1 coy Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 2%
Spt 1 (spt wpn) coy
Presidential Guard 1 bn
Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE No active armed forces. On 1 June 2004, following a period

RECCE 9: 6 EE-9 Cascavel (reported); 3 S52 Shorland of armed conflict, the United Nations established a multi-
ARTY 54 national stabilisation mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). The
TOWED 130mm 6 M-46† mission has an authorised strength of up to 6,700 military
MOR 48: 81mm 12 L16A1; 82mm18 M-43; 120mm 18 personnel and 1,622 civilian police. A National Police Force
M-43 of some 2,000 pers remains operational.
Navy 100
Foreign Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5 Argentina 558; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital
PCC 1 Orwell (ex-UK) Bolivia 217; 1 inf coy
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 4 boats Brazil 1,212; 1 inf bn(+); 1 engr coy
FACILITIES Canada 5 (Operation Hamlet)
Bases Located at Georgetown, New Providence Island (Bs) Chile 499; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; elm 1 engr coy
Croatia 3
Air Force 100 Ecuador 67; elm 1 engr coy
FORCES BY ROLE France 1
Tpt unit with; 1 Y-12 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey ; 1 Rotorway Guatemala 118; 1 MP coy
162F Jordan 754; 1 inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Nepal 1,079; 2 inf bn
AIRCRAFT Paraguay 31
TPT 1 Y-12 Peru 205; 1 inf coy
HELICOPTERS Philippines 157; 1 HQ coy
UTL 2: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 1 Rotorway 162F Sri Lanka 959; 1 inf bn
United States 4
Paramilitary 1,500+ Uruguay 1,143; 2 inf bn; 1 avn unit
Guyana People’s Militia 1,500+
DEPLOYment
Navy Base located at New Providence Island, Bahamas
PC 7: 6 Swift 21m; 1 Swift 26m

Honduras Hr PBR 5 less than 100 tonnes
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 15 (river boats)
Honduran Lempira L 2007 2008 2009 AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 1 Punta Caxinas
GDP L 232bn 270bn FACILITIES
US$ 12.3bn 14.3bn Bases Located at Puerto Cortés, Puerto Castilla, Amapala
Caribbean and
Marines 830
Latin America
Growth % 6.3 4.2
Marine 3 indep coy
Def bdgt L 1.43bn 1.80bn Air Force 2,300
US$ 76m 95m FORCES BY ROLE
US$1=L 18.9 18.9 FGA 1 sqn with 8 A-37B Dragonfly; 1 sqn with 8
F-5E Tiger II
Tpt sqn with 1 C-130A Hercules; 2 C-47 Skytrain
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Trg/COIN some sqn with 2 Cessna 182 Skylane; 5
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2% T-41B/D; 9 EMB-312
Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
Liaison some sqn with 4 Cessna 185; 1 Cessna 401; 1
PA-31 Navajo; 1 PA-32T Saratoga

Capabilities Hel 2 sqn with 5 Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 2 Hughes
500; 2 UH-1H Iroquois
ACTIVE 12,000 (Army 8,300 Navy 1,400 Air 2,300) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Paramilitary 8,000 AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable
FTR 8 F-5E Tiger II
RESERVE 60,000 (Joint 60,000; Ex-servicemen
FGA 8 A-37B Dragonfly
registered) TPT 12: 1 C-130A Hercules; 2 C-47 Skytrain; 2 Cessna 182
Skylane; 4 Cessna 185; 1 Cessna 401; 1 PA-31 Navajo; 1
Organisations by Service PA-32T Saratoga
TRG 14: 5 T-41B/D; 9 EMB-312
Army 8,300 HELICOPTERS
UTL 9: 5 Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 2 Hughes 500; 2 UH-1H
FORCES BY ROLE
Iroquois
6 Military Zones
MSL • AAM Shafrir
Armd cav 1 regt (1 lt tk sqn, 1 ADA bty, 1 arty
bty, 1 recce sqn, 2 mech bn)
Paramilitary 8,000
Inf 1 bde (3 inf bn); 3 bde (each: 1 arty bn,
3 inf bn) Public Security Forces 8,000
Spec Ops 1 (special tac) gp (1 SF bn, 1 inf/AB Ministry of Public Security and Defence
bn) Region 11 comd
Engr 1 bn
Presidential Guard 1 coy
non-state groups
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
See Part II
LT TK 12 Scorpion
RECCE 57: 13 RBY-1 RAMTA; 40 Saladin; 3 Scimitar; 1 Sultan
ARTY 118+ DEPLOYment
TOWED 28: 105mm: 24 M-102; 155mm: 4 M-198
Western Sahara
MOR 90+: 60mm; 81mm; 120mm 60 FMK-2; 160mm 30
UN • MINURSO 6 obs
M-66 Soltam
AT • RCL 170: 106mm 50 M-40A1; 84mm 120 Carl Gustav
AD • GUNS 48: 20mm 24 M-55A2; 24 TCM-20 Foreign Forces
United States US Southern Command: US Army: 223;
Reserves US Navy 2; USAF: 189; USMC 7; 1 avn bn with CH-47
Inf 1 bde Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk
Navy 1,400
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PFC 3 Guaymuras (Swift 31m)
PFI 1 Copan less than 100 tonnes (US Guardian 32m)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Jamaica Ja AIRCRAFT
TPT 1 BN-2A Defender
Jamaican Dollar J$ 2007 2008 2009
UTL 1 Cessna 210M Centurion
GDP J$ 747bn 925bn TRG 2 DA-40-180FP Diamond Star
US$ 10.6bn 12.5bn HELICOPTERS
9 per capita US$ 3,806 4,469 SPT 4 AS-355N Ecureuil
UTL 6: 3 Bell 407; 3 Bell 412EP
Growth % 1.2 0.7
Def bdgt J$ 7.61bn
DEPLOYment
US$ 108m Sierra Leone
US$1=J$ 71.0 73 IMATT 1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Mexico Mex
Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 15% 3% Mexican Peso NP 2007 2008 2009
Female 17% 5% 5% 4% 15% 4% GDP NP 11.1tr
US$ 1.02tr
Capabilities per capita US$ 9,433
ACTIVE 2,830 (Army 2,500 Coast Guard 190 Air 140) Growth % 3.2 2.1
(combined Jamaican Defence Force) Inflation % 4.0 4.9
RESERVE 953 (Army 877 Navy 60 Air 16) Def bdgta NP 43.4bn 48.2bn
US$ 3.98bn 3.79bn
Organisations by Service US$1=NP 10.9 12.7
a
Excluding paramilitaries
Army 2,500 Population 109,955,400
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 2 bn Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Engr 1 regt (4 engr sqn) Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 17% 2%
Spt 1 bn Female 15% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 4 LAV-150 Commando
Capabilities
MOR 81mm 12 L16A1 ACTIVE 255,506 (Army 188,000 Navy 55,961 Air
Reserves 11,545) Paramilitary 30,700
Inf 1 bn Reserve 39,899 (Armed Forces 39,899)
Coast Guard 190
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PFC 1 Fort Charles (US 34m) Army 188,000
PFI 1 Paul Bogle less than 100 tonnes (US-31m) FORCES BY ROLE
PCI 6: 4 Dauntless; 2 Point less than 100 tonnes 12 regions (total: 45 army zones (total: 24 mot cav regt, 17
PBF 3 armd regt, 8 arty regt, 101 inf bn, 8 arty gp, 25 indep inf
PB 3 Cornwall (Damen Stan 4207) coy))
FACILITIES Strategic 1 corps (1 cbt engr bde, 1 armd bde, 3 rapid
Bases Located at Port Royal, Pedro Cays Reserve reaction bde)
Minor Base Located at Discovery Bay Inf 1 corps (Pres Gd) (1 SF gp, some spt units, 1
mech inf bde, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 log bde, 1 MP
Air Wing 140 bde)
Plus National Reserve SF 1 corps (11 SF bn, 2 para bde, 1 logistic bde, 1
FORCES BY ROLE amph bde (4 SF bn))
Tpt/MP 1 flt with 1 BN-2A Defender; 1 Cessna 210M Para 1 bde
Centurio; 2 DA-40-180FP Diamond Star (trg) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SAR/Tpt 2 flt with 4 AS-355N Ecureuil; 3 Bell 407; 3 RECCE 245: 124 ERC-90F1 Lynx (4 trg); 40 M-8; 41 MAC-1;
Bell 412EP 40 VBL (8 with Milan)
APC 709 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19:

APC (T) 475: 398 DNC-1 (mod AMX-VCI); 40 HWK-11; AG 1 Manzanillo (troop transport ship, also deployed as
34 M-5A1 half-track; 3 M-32 Recovery Sherman SAR and disaster relief ship)
APC (W) 234: 95 BDX; 25 DN-4; 19 DN-5 Toro; 26 LAV-150 AK 3
ST; 25 MOWAG Roland; 44 VCR (3 amb; 5 cmd post) AGOR 3: 2 Robert D. Conrad; 1 Humboldt
ARTY 1,390 AGS 4
TOWED 123: 105mm 123: 40 M-101; 40 M-56; 16 M-2A1, ATF 4
Caribbean and
Latin America
14 M-3; 13 NORINCO M-90 TRG 4: 1 Manuel Azuela; 2 Huasteco (also serve as troop
MOR 1,267: 81mm 400 M-I, 400 Brandt, 300 SB transport, supply and hospital ships); AXS 1
120mm 167: 75 Brandt; 60 M-65; 32 RT61 FACILITIES
AT Bases Located at Vera Cruz, Tampico, Chetumal,
MSL • SP 8 Milan (VBL) Ciudad del Carmen, Yukalpetén, Lerna, Frontera,
RL 1,187+ 64mm RPG-18 Fly 82mm B-300 73mm RPG-16 Coatzacoalcos, Isla Mujéres, Acapulco, Ensenada,
GUNS 37mm 30 M3 La Paz, Guaymas, Mayport (FL), US, Salina Cruz,
AD Puerto Madero, Lazaro Cádenas, Puerto Vallarta,
GUNS 80
TOWED 12.7mm 40 M-55; 20mm 40 GAI-B01 Naval Aviation 1,250
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 55,961
AEW 1 sqn with 3 E-2C; 2 Rockwell Sabreliner 60

Two Fleet Commands: Gulf (6 zones), Pacific (11 zones) MR 1 sqn with 8 CASA 212PM Aviocar*; 1 sqn with 7
FORCES BY ROLE L-90 Redigo; 5 sqn with 4 Beech F-33C Bonanza; 1
Navy 1 HQ located at Acapulco; 1 HQ (exercise) located Cessna 404 Titan; 12 MX-7 Star Rocket; 6 Lancair
at Vera Cruz IV-P; 4 Beech 55 Baron; (2 CN-235MPA Persuader
on order)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 7 Tpt 1 sqn with 6 AN-32B Cline; 1 VIP sqn with 1
DESTROYERS • DD 1: DHC-8 Dash 8; 2 Beech 90 King Air; 5 Rockwell
1 Netzahualcoyotl (Quetzacoatl, US Gearing) with 2 twin Turbo Commander 1000; 3 Learjet 24
127mm gun (4 eff.), with 1 Bo-105 utl hel Hel 5 sqn with 21 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip (8
FRIGATES • FF 6: armed); 2 sqn with 2 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; 2 AS-555
2 Bravo (US Bronstein) each with 1 Mk 112 Octuple (8 eff.) Fennec; 4 AS-565MB; 6 MD 902 Explorer (stored);
with tactical ASROC, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 2 sqn with 11 Bo-105 CBS-5
46 LWT, 1 hel landing platform EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
4 Allende (US Knox) each with 1 Mk 112 Octuple with AIRCRAFT 7 combat capable*
ASROC/RGM-84C Harpoon SSM, 1 Mk 29 GMLS with Sea RECCE 14: 7 CASA 212PM Aviocar* 7 L-90TP Redigo
Sparrow SAM, 2 twin TT (4 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 AEW 3: 3 E-2C Hawkeye;
127mm gun, with 1 MD-902 utl hel TPT 23: 6 AN-32B Cline; 1 DHC-8 Dash 8; 2 Rockwell
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 171 Sabreliner 60; 3 Learjet 24; 5 Rockwell Turbo Commander
PSOH 20: 1000; 2 Beech 90 King Air; 1 Cessna 404 Titan; 4 Beech
4 Sierra (capacity 1 MD-902 Explorer) 55 Baron; 6 Lancair IV-P
2 Oaxaca each with 1 AS-565 MB Panther utl hel (4 TRG 31: 4 Beech F-33C Bonanza; 8 Z-242L; 7 L-90
additional hulls in build) Redigo; 12 MX-7 Star Rocket
4 Durango with 1 57mm gun, each with 1 Bo-105 utl hel HELICOPTERS
4 Holzinger (capacity 1 MD-902 Explorer) RECCE 8: 6 MD-902 Explorer; 2 AS-565MB Panther
6 Uribe (Sp Halcon) each with 1 Bo-105 utl hel SPT 23: 2 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; 21 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/
PFM 2 Huracan (Il Aliya) with Phalanx CIWS and 4 Gabriel Mi-8 Hip spt hel
SSM UTL 14: 2AS-555 Fennec; 11 Bo-105 CBS-5; 4 MD-500E;
PCO 10 Leandro Valle (US Auk MSF) (being withdrawn 2 R-22 Mariner; 1 R-44
from service from 2009 to be replaced with 4 additional FACILITIES
Oaxaca class) Trg School 1 with 8 Z-242L; 1 R-44; 4 MD-500E; 4
PCC 25: 20 Azteca; 3 Cabo (US Cape Higgon); 1 Democrata; Schweizer 300C
1 Caribe
PCI 6: 4 Isla less than 100 tonnes (US Halter); 2 Punta less Marines 19,328
than 100 tonnes (US Point) FORCES BY ROLE
PCR 48 (Modified Stridsbat 90) less than 100 tonnes Inf 3 bn
PBF 60 all less than 100 tonnes; 48 Polaris (Swe CB90);
Amphibious Reaction Force 2 bde
4 Polaris II (Swe IC 16M; 16 additional vessels under
construction); 6 Acuario; 2 Acuario B AB 1 bn
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 3: 2 Papaloapan (US Newport); 1 SF 2 coy
Panuco (ex US LST -1152) Presidential Guard 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Paramilitary 30,700

APC (W) 29: 3 BTR-60 (APC-60); 26 BTR-70 (APC-70)
ARTY 122 Federal Preventive Police 14,000
TOWED 105mm 16 M-56 Public Security Secretariat
MRL 122mm 6 Firos-25 AIRCRAFT
MOR 60mm/81mm 100 TPT 17: 2 An-32B Cline; 1 CN-235M; 5 Cessna 182
RCL 106mm M-40A1 Skylane; 1 Cessna 404 Titan; 1 Gulfstream II; 1 Learjet 24;
AD • SAM • MANPAD 5+ SA-18 Grouse (Igla) 1 Rockwell Sabreliner 60; 5 Rockwell Turbo Commander 5
UTL 1 Cessna 210 Centurion
Air Force 11,545 HELICOPTERS
FORCES BY ROLE SPT 8: 2 AS-350B Ecureuil; 4 Mi-17 Hip; 1 SA-330C
Ftr/CCT 1 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II; 4 sqn with Puma; 1 SA-330F Puma
PC-7, PC-9M UTL 23: 1 AS-555 Fennec; 14 Bell 206 JetRanger; 1 Bell
Surv/Recce 1 sqn with EMB-145 Erieye (AEW), EMB- 212; 5 EC-120; 2 MD-530F Lifter
145RS (Remote Sensing), SA-2-37B, C-26B TRG 7 Bell 206B
UAV
Anti-narc sqn with Cessna T206H; Bell 206
TUAV 2 S4 Ehécatl
Spraying
miniUAV 2 E1 Gavilán
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130E; C-130K; L-100-20; B-727;
1 sqn with An-32B, PC-6B, IAI-201/202 Rural Defense Militia 18,000

Arava; 1 Presidential gp with B-757, Inf 13 units
B-737; Gulfstream III; Learjet 35; Turbo
Horsed Cav 13 units
Commander; As-332 Super Puma; EC225; 1
VIP tpt gp with S-70; Cessna 500 Citation;
Beech-200 non-state groups
Liaison 6 sqn with Ce-182S; 1 sqn with Ce-206 See Part II
Hel 1 sqn with MD-530F; 1 sqn with S-70A-24
Black Hawk, S-65 Yas’ur 2000, B-412, SA-330S;
1 sqn with Mi-8T; Mi-17; Mi-26T; 3 sqn with Nicaragua Nic
Bell 212, Bell 206B; 1 sqn with Bell 206B; Bell Nicaraguan Gold
2007 2008 2009
206L Cordoba Co
GDP Co 105bn 131bn
Trg 5 sqn with PT-17; SF-260EU; Beech F-33C
Bonanza; PC-7 US$ 5.7bn 6.7bn
UAV unit with Hermes 450 (delivery 2009); Skylark per capita US$ 1,005 1,155
Mk.I Growth % 3.9 3.0
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Def bdgt Co 675m 809m
FTR 10: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tiger II US$ 36m 41m
COIN/TRG 68: 66 PC-7, 2 PC-9M* US$1=Co 18.4 19.6
RECCE 8: 2 EMB-145RS; 2 SA-2-37A; 4 C-26B
AEW 1 EMB-145AEW Erieye
TPT 37: 4 B-727; 2 B-737; 1 B-757; 1 Beech 200; 2 C-130 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
E; 4 C-130K; 1 L-100-20; 1 Cessna 500 Citation; 11 Male 19% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%
IAI-201/202 Arava; ; 2 An-32B; 4 PC-6B; 1 Rockwell Turbo Female 18% 6% 5% 4% 15% 2%
Commander 680; 2 Gulfstream III; 2 Learjet 35
UTL 67: 3 Cessna 206; 56 Cessna 182; 8 Cessna T206H Capabilities
(anti-narc spraying);
TRG 65: 28 Beech F-33C Bonanza; 26 SF-260EU; 11 PT-17; ACTIVE 12,000 (Army 10,000 Navy 800 Air 1,200)
HELICOPTERS Terms of service voluntary, 18-36 months
CBT 20 MD-530MF
SPT 150 : 20 Mi-17; 9 Mi-8T; 1 Mi-26T; 4 S-65C Yas’ur Organisations by Service
2000; 6 S-70A-24 Black Hawk; 2 SA-330S; 4 AS332L; 14
Bell 206B JetRanger II; 7 Bell 206L; 23 Bell 212; 4 Bell
412 ; 4 AS332L (VIP), 2 EC225 (VIP); 50 Bell 206 (anti-
Army ε10,000
narcotics spraying) FORCES BY ROLE
MSL • AAM AIM-9J Sidewinder Region 6 comd (total: 1 tk coy, 11 inf coy)
UAV TUAV 2 Hermes 450 (delivery 2009) Comd 1 regt (1 inf bn, 1 (sy) army bn)
Mini-UAV 2 Skylark Mk.I Mil 2 det (total: 2 inf bn)
Mech 1 (lt) bde (1 tk bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 recce bn, 1 AT

gp, 1 fd arty gp (2 fd arty bn)) Panama Pan
SF 1 bde (3 SF bn) Panamanian
2007 2008 2009
Engr 1 bn Balboa B
GDP B 19.7bn 24.2bn
Tpt 1 regt (1 (APC) army bn)
US$ 19.7bn 24.2bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Caribbean and
MBT 127: 62 T-55; 65 in store
Latin America
LT TK 10 PT-76 in store Growth % 11.5 8.3
RECCE 20 BRDM-2 (12 with AT-3 9K11 Sagger) Inflation % 4.2 9.2
APC (W) 166: 102 BTR-152 in store; 64 BTR-60 Def bdgt B ε200m 226
ARTY 800 US$ 200m 226m
TOWED 42: 122mm 12 D-30; 152mm 30 D-20 in store
US$1=B 1.0 1.0
MRL 151: 107mm 33 Type-63: 122mm 118: 18 BM-21; 100
GRAD 1P (BM-21P) (single-tube rocket launcher, man Population 3,292,693
portable)
MOR 607: 82mm 579; 120mm 24 M-43: 160mm 4 M-160 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
in store Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 19% 3%
AT Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 18% 3%
MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger (12 SP on

BRDM-2) Capabilities
RCL 82mm B-10
RL 73mm RPG-16/RPG-7 Knout ACTIVE 0 Paramilitary 12,000
GUNS 461: 100mm 24 M-1944; 57mm 264 ZIS-2 M-1943;
90 in store; 76mm 83 ZIS-3
AD • SAM • MANPAD 200+ SA-14 Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet/
SA-7 Grail
Paramilitary 12,000
Navy ε800
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
National Police Force 11,000
No hy mil eqpt, small arms only
PFI 5: 3 Dabur less than 100 tonnes; 2 Zhuk† less than Police 18 coy
100 tonnes (FSU) SF 1 unit (reported)
PBR 19 Assault Craft Paramilitary 8 coy
FACILITIES Presidential Guard 1 bn under strength
Bases Located at Corinto, Puerto Cabezzas, El Bluff MP 1 bn
Air Force 1,200 National Maritime Service ε600

Tpt sqn with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; Cessna 404 Titan Air Wing 1 HQ located at Amador
(VIP)
Trg/Utl some sqn with T-41D Mescalero EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ADA 1 gp with ZU-23; C3-Morigla M1
PCO 1 Independencia (US Balsam class)
Hel some sqn with Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H (VIP/tpt/
PCC 5: 2 Panquiaco (UK Vosper 31.5m); 3 (various)
armed)
PCI 10: 3 Chiriqui less than 100 tonnes (US); 1 Negrita
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE less than 100 tonnes; 5 Tres De Noviembre less than 100
AIRCRAFT tonnes (US Point); 1 US MSB Class (MSB 5)
TPT 6: 1 An-2 Colt; 4 An-26 Curl; 1 Cessna 404 Titan PBR 25
(VIP)
FACILITIES
TRG 1 T-41D Mescalero
HELICOPTERS Bases Located at Amador, Balboa, Colón
SPT 16: 1 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H (VIP); 3 (tpt/armed);
12† (tpt/armed) National Air Service 400
AD • GUNS 36: 18 ZU-23; 18 C3-Morigla M1 FORCES BY ROLE
MSL • ASM AT-2 Swatter Tpt sqn with BN-2B Islander; CASA 212M Aviocar;
PA-34 Seneca; Presidential flt with Gulfstream II;
S-76C
Trg unit with T-35D Pillan
Hel Sqn with Bell 205; Bell 212; UH-1H Iroquois
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

AIRCRAFT MBT 5 M4A3 Sherman
TPT 9: 1 BN-2B Islander; 5 CASA 212M Aviocar; 1 LT TK 12 M-3A1 Stuart
Gulfstream II; 2 PA-34 Seneca RECCE 30 EE-9 Cascavel
TRG 6 T-35D Pillan APC (W) 10 EE-11 Urutu
HELICOPTERS ARTY 95
TPT 2 S-76C TOWED 105mm 15 M-101
UTL 21: 2 Bell 205; 6 Bell 212; 13 UH-1H Iroquois MOR 81mm 80
AT
RCL 75mm M-20
Paraguay Py RL 66mm M-72 LAW
Paraguayan AD • GUNS 13: 20mm 3 on M-9; 40mm 10 M-1A1
2007 2008 2009
Guarani Pg
GDP Pg 60.4tr 68.5tr Reserves
US$ 12.0bn 15.5bn Cav 4 regt
per capita US$ 1,800 2,269 Inf 14 regt
Growth % 6.8 5.5
Inflation % 8.1 10.5 Navy 1,100; 850 conscript (total 1,950)
Def bdgt Pg 503bn 576bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

US$ 100m 135m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 28
PCR 8: 2 (ROC); 1 Capitan Cabral; 2 Capitan Ortiz less
US$1=Pg 5,032 4,420
than 100 tonnes (ROC Hai Ou); 1 Itapu; 2 Nanawa†
Population 6,831,306 MISC BOATS/CRAFT 20
AMPHIBIOUS 2 LCT
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: 2 AKSL (also serve as
Male 19% 5% 4% 4% 16% 2% river transport); 1 TRG
Female 19% 5% 4% 4% 15% 3% FACILITIES
Bases Located at Asunción (Puerto Sajonia), Bahía Negra,
Capabilities Cuidad Del Este
Paramilitary 14,800 Naval Aviation 100
Terms of service 12 months Navy 2 years FORCES BY ROLE
Utl 1 sqn with 2 HB-350 Esquilo; 1 OH-13 Sioux
RESERVE 164,500 (Joint 164,500)
Liaison 1 sqn with 2 Cessna 310; 1 Cessna 210 Centurion;
2 Cessna 150; 1 Cessna 410
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT
Army 6,100; 1,500 conscript (total 7,600) UTL 4: 2 Cessna 310; 1 Cessna 210 Centurion; 1 Cessna
The infantry regiments, each of which forms the major 410
peace-time element of the six infantry ‘divisions’ have a TRG 2 Cessna 150
strength of little more than 500. The three cavalry ‘divisions’ HELICOPTERS
each have two regiments with a strength of approximately
SPT 2 HB-350 Esquilo
750.
UTL 1 OH-13 Sioux
FORCES BY ROLE
3 corps HQ Marines 700; 200 conscript (total 900)
Army 3 corps (each: 2 inf div, 1 cav div, Marine 3 bn under strength
1 arty gp); 6 inf div in total; 20
(frontier) det
Air Force 900; 200 conscript (total 1,100)
Armd Cav 3 regt
FORCES BY ROLE
Cav 3 div (each: 2 (horse) regt)
Tac some sqn with 2 AT-33A Shooting Star;
Inf 6 regt (bn)
3 EMB-312 Tucano; 5 EMB-326 Xavante
Arty 2 gp (bn); 1 gp divided between 2 of SAR/Liaison some sqn with 2 Cessna 402B; 1 PA-32R
the corps Saratoga; 3 Cessna U-206 Stationair; 2
ADA 1 gp PZL-104 Wilga 80; I Beech 33 Debonair; 2
Engr 6 bn Beech A36 Bonanza; 1 Cessna 210 Centurion;
Presidential Guard 1 unit (1 inf bn, 1 SF bn, 1 arty bty, 1 1 EMB-720D Minuano; 1 EMB-721C
MP bn, 1 (lt) armd sqn) Sertanejo; 1 EMB-810C Seneca
Tpt some sqn with 1 C-47 Skytrain; 5 CASA

212 Aviocar; some (Presidential) flt with 1 Peru Pe
B-707; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter Peruvian Nuevo Sol
Trg some sqn with 3 T-35A Pillan; 4 T-35B 2007 2008 2009
NS
Pillan; 6 Neiva T-25 Universal GDP NS 341bn 379bn
Hel some sqn with 3 HB-350 Esquilo; 7 UH-1H US$ 109bn 123bn
Iroquois per capita US$ 3,812 4,244
Caribbean and
Latin America
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Growth % 8.9 9.2
AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable Inflation % 1.8 5.6
FGA 4: 2 AT-33A Shooting Star; 2 in store
Def bdgt NS 3.82bn 4.15bn
TPT 20: 1 B-707; 1 Beech 55 Baron (army co-op); 1 C-47
Skytrain; 5 CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 Cessna 310 (army US$ 1.22bn 1.35bn
co-op); 2 Cessna 402B; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 PA-32R US$1=NS 3.12 3.06
Saratoga; 1 Beech 33 Debonair; 2 Beech A36 Bonanza; 1
Cessna 210 Centurion; 1 EMB-720D Minuano; 1 EMB-
721C Sertanejo; 1 EMB-810C Seneca; Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UTL 6: 1 Cessna 206 (army co-op); 3 Cessna U-206
Male 16% 5% 4% 4% 18% 2%
Stationair 2 PZL-104 Wilga 80
Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 18% 3%
TRG 21: 3 EMB-312 Tucano*; 5 EMB-326 Xavante*; 3
T-35A Pillan; 4 T-35B Pillan ; 6 Neiva T-25 Universal

HELICOPTERS Capabilities
SPT 3 HB-350 Esquilo ACTIVE 114,000 (Army 74,000 Navy 23,000 Air
UTL 7 UH-1H Iroquois
17,000) Paramilitary 77,000
Paramilitary 14,800 RESERVE 188,000 (Army 188,000) Paramilitary
7,000
Special Police Service 10,800; 4,000 conscript
(total 14,800)
DEPLOYment
Army 74,000
AFGHANISTAN FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNAMA 1 obs 4 Military Regions
Côte D’Ivoire North Region
UN • UNOCI 2; 8 obs Cav 1 bde (1st) (4 mech bn, 1 arty gp)
Inf 1 bde (1st reinforced) (1 tk bn, 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp);
Democratic Republic of Congo 2 bde (7th & 32nd) (each: 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp)
UN • MONUC 11 obs Jungle 1 bde (6th) (4 jungle bn, 1 arty gp, 1 engr bn)
Haiti Inf
UN • MINUSTAH 31 Central Region
Liberia Inf 1 bde (1st) (4 mech bn, 1 arty gp); 2 bde (2nd &
31st) (each: 3 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp); 1 bde (8th) (3
UN • UNMIL 1; 3 obs
mot inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1 AD bn)
NEPAL SF 1 bde (1st) (4 SF bn, 1 airmob arty gp); 1 bde (3rd)
UN • UNMIN 5 obs (3 cdo bn, 1 airmob arty gp, 1 AD gp)
SUDAN Arty 1 gp (regional troops)
UN • UNMIS 8 obs Avn 1 bde (1 atk hel / recce hel bn, 1 avn bn, 2 aslt hel
/ tpt hel bn)
WESTERN SAHARA
Trg 1 armd bde (18th) (1 armd bn, 2 tk bn, 1 armd inf
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 SP fd arty gp)
South Region
Armd 1 bde (3rd) (3 mech inf bn, 1 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp,
1 AD gp, 1 engr bn); 1 bde (3rd) (2 tk bn, 1 armd
inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1 AD gp, 1 engr bn)
SF 1 gp (regional troops)
Mtn Inf 1 bde (4th) (1 armd regt, 3 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp); 1
bde (5th) (1 armd regt, 2 mot inf bn, 3 jungle coy,
1 arty gp)
Arty 1 gp (regional troops) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14

AD 1 gp (regional troops) PFM 6 Velarde (Fr PR-72 64m) each with 4 single each
Engr 1 bn (regional troops) with 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
PCR 5:
Eastern Region 2 Amazonas each with 1 76mm gun
Jungle 1 bde (5th) (1 SF gp, 3 jungle bn, 3 jungle coy, 1 2 Maranon each with 2 76mm gun
Inf jungle arty gp, 1 AD gp, 1 jungle engr bn) 1 Huallaga with 40mm gun, (Additional vessel in build)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MISC BOATS/CRAFT 3 craft (for lake patrol)
MBT 240: 165 T-55; 75 in store AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 4 Paita (capacity 395 troops)
(US Terrebonne Parish)
LT TK 96 AMX-13
RECCE 95: 30 BRDM-2; 15 Fiat 6616; 50 M-9A1 AOR 1 Mollendo
APC 299 AOT 2
APC (T) 120 M-113A1 ARS 1 Guardian Rios
APC (W) 179: 150 UR-416; 25 Fiat 6614; 4 Repontec AH 1
ARTY 998 AGS 4: 1 Carrasco; 2 (coastal survey vessels); 1 (river
SP • 155mm 12 M-109A2 survey vessel for the upper Amazon)
TOWED 290 TRG • AXS 1
105mm 44 M-101; 24 M-2A1; 60 M-56; 24 Model 56 pack TRV 1
howitzer; 122mm; 36 D-30; 130mm 36 M-46; 155mm 66:

FACILITIES
36 M-114, 30 Model 50
Bases Located at Callao (Ocean), Puerto Maldonaldo
MRL • 122mm 22 BM-21
(River), Iquitos (River), Talara (Ocean), Puno (Lake),
MOR 674+: 81mm/107mm 350; 120mm 300+ Brandt/
Paita (Ocean), San Lorenzo Island (Ocean)
Expal Model L
SP 107mm 24 M-106A1 Naval Aviation ε800
AT • MSL • MANPATS 350 AT-3 9K11 Sagger / HJ-73C
FORCES BY ROLE
RCL 106mm M-40A1
AIRCRAFT MR 2 sqn with 5 Beech 200T Maritime Patrol; 3
TPT 9: 2 An-28 Cash; 3 AN-32B Cline; 1 Beech 350 Super SH-3D Sea King; 3 AB-212 (Bell 212); 1 F-27
King Air; 2 PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II; 1 PA-34 Seneca Friendship
UTL 8: 3 Cessna U-206 Stationair; 1 Cessna 208 Caravan Tpt 1 flt with 2 AN-32B Cline
I; 4 IL-103 Liaison 1 sqn with 4 Mi-8 Hip; 5 Bell 206B JetRanger II
HELICOPTERS Trg 1 sqn with 5 T-34C Turbo Mentor; 6 Enstrom F28F
SPT 34: 14 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; 8 in store; PZL Mi-2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Hoplite 9; Mi-26T 1; 2 in store
AIRCRAFT
UTL 2 A-109K2;
MP 5 Beech 200T Maritime Patrol
TRG 5 Enstrom F-28F
TPT 2 An-32B Cline
AD
ELINT 1 F-27 Friendship
SAM • MANPAD 298+: 70 SA-14 Gremlin; 128 SA-16
TRG 5 T-34C Turbo Mentor
Gimlet; 100+ SA-7 Grail
HELICOPTERS
GUNS 165
ASW 3 SH-3D Sea King
SP 23mm 35 ZSU-23-4
SPT 4 Mi-8 Hip
TOWED 23mm 130: 80 ZU-23-2; 50 ZU-23;
UTL 8: 3 AB-212 (Bell 212); 5 Bell 206B JetRanger II
TRG 6 Enstrom F28F
Navy 23,000 (incl 1,000 Coast Guard)
MSL • ASM AM-39 Exocet
Commands: Pacific, Lake Titicaca, Amazon River
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Marines 4,000
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6: FORCES BY ROLE
4 Angamos (Ge T-209/1200) each with 6 single 533mm TT Inf 1 (jungle) bn; 2 (indep) bn; 1 gp
each with A-185 HWT
Cdo 1 gp
2 Angamos in refit/reserve (Ge T-209/1200) each with 6
single 533mm TT each with A-185 HWT Marine 1 bde (1 arty gp, 1 spec ops gp, 1 recce bn,
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 9 1 (amph veh) amph bn, 2 inf bn)
CRUISERS • CG 1 Almirante Grau (Nl De Ruyter) with EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
8 single each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 4 twin 152mm APC (W) 35+: 20 BMR-600; V-100 Commando; 15 V-200
gun (8 eff.) Chaimite
FRIGATES • FFG 8 Carvajal (mod It Lupo) each with 8 ARTY 18+
single each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 1+ Albatros octuple TOWED 122mm D-30
with Aspide SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with A244 MOR 18+: 81mm; 120mm ε18
LWT, 1 127mm gun, with 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) Utl/SH-3D RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1
Sea King ASW AD • GUNS 20mm SP (twin)
Air Force 17,000 Security Police 21,000

FORCES BY ROLE
Air Force divided into five regions – North, Lima, South, Technical Police 13,000
Central and Amazon.
Coast Guard 1,000
Ftr 1 sqn with MiG-29C Fulcrum; MiG-29SE
Personnel included as part of Navy
Fulcrum; MiG-29UB Fulcrum
FGA 1 sqn with M-2000P (M-2000E) Mirage;
Caribbean and
Latin America
PCC 5 Rio Nepena
M-2000DP (M-2000ED) Mirage; 1 sqn with
PCI 16: 3 Dauntless less than 100 tonnes; 13 various
A-37B Dragonfly; 3 sqn with Su-25A Frogfoot
AIRCRAFT
A†; Su-25UB Frogfoot B†*
TPT 2 F-27 Friendship
RECCE 1 (photo-survey) unit with Learjet 36A; C-26B
Tpt 3 gp; 7 sqn with An-32 Cline; B-737; DC-8-62F; Rondas Campesinas ε7,000 gp
DHC-6 Twin Otter; FH-227; L-100-20; PC-6 Peasant self-defence force. Perhaps 7,000 rondas ‘gp’, up
Turbo-Porter; Y-12(II); 1 (Presidential) flt with to pl strength, some with small arms. Deployed mainly
F-28 Fellowship, Falcon 20F in emergency zone.
Tkr KC-707-323C
Liaison 1 sqn with PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II; UH-1D
Iroquois
Non-State Groups
Atk Hel/ 1 sqn with Mi-24 Hind/Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-17TM see Part II

Aslt Hel Hip H;
Spt Hel 3 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H; BO-105C; Bell 206 DEPLOYment
JetRanger; AB-212 (Bell 212); Bell 412 Twin
Huey; Schweizer 300C Côte D’Ivoire
Trg drug interdiction sqn with EMB-312 Tucano; UN • UNOCI 3 obs
MB-339A; T-41A/T-41D Mescalero; Z-242 Democratic Republic of Congo
AD 6 bn with SA-3 Goa UN • MONUC 4 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Haiti
FTR 18: 15 MiG-29C Fulcrum; 3 MiG-29SE Fulcrum UN • MINUSTAH 205; 1 inf coy
FGA 32: 10 A-37B Dragonfly; 2 M-2000DP (M-2000ED) Liberia
Mirage; 10 M-2000P (M-2000E) Mirage; 10 Su-25A Frogfoot UN • UNMIL 2; 2 obs
A†
RECCE 6: 2 Learjet 36A; 4 C-26B SUDAN
TKR 1 KC-707-323C UN • UNMIS 18 obs
TPT 35: 6 An-32 Cline; ; 1 B-737; 2 DC-8-62F; 5 DHC-6 Twin
Otter; 1 Falcon 20F; 5 L-100-20; 1 PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne
II; 8 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 2 Y-12(II) (incl 4 in stiore) Suriname Sme
TRG 59: 18 EMB-312 Tucano; 10 MB-339A; 2 MiG-29UB
Fulcrum*; 6 T-41A Mescalero/T-41D Mescalero; 15 Z-242; 8 Suriname Dollar gld 2007 2008 2009
Su-25UB Frogfoot B†* GDP gld 5.75tr 6.57tr
HELICOPTERS US$ 2.10bn 2.40bn
ATK 16 Mi-24 Hind/Mi-25 Hind D per capita US$ 4,461 5,042
SPT 23: 10 Mi-17TM Hip H; 5 MI-8; 13 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT)
Growth % 5.5 6.5
Hip H
UTL 33: 14 AB-212 (Bell 212); 10 Bo-105C; 8 Bell 206 Inflation % 6.4 15.5
JetRanger; 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey Def bdgt gld ε60bn
TRG 6 Schweizer 300C US$ 22m
AD US$1=gld 2,740 2,740
SAM 100+: SA-3 Goa; 100+ Javelin
MSL Population 475,996
ASM AS-30
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AAM AA-2 Atoll; AA-8 Aphid; AA-10 Alamo; AA-12
Adder; R-550 Magic Male 15% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
Female 14% 5% 4% 4% 19% 3%
Paramilitary • National Police 77,000
(100,000 reported) Capabilities
APC (W) 100 MOWAG Roland
General Police 43,000 (All services form part of the army)
Organisations by Service Organisations by Service

Army 1,400 Army ε3,000
Mech Cav 1 sqn Inf 4 bn
Inf 1 bn (4 inf coy) SF 1 unit
MP 1 bn (coy) Spt 1 bn
RECCE 6 EE-9 Cascavel MOR 6: 81mm L16A1
APC (W) 15 EE-11 Urutu AT
MOR 81mm 6 RCL 84mm ε24 Carl Gustav
RCL 106mm: M-40A1 RL 82mm 13 B-300
Navy ε240 Coast Guard 1063

Marine 1 HQ located at Staubles Bay
PCI 3 Rodman† less than 100 tonnes (100)
PBR 5 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

FACILITIES PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 25
Base Located at Paramaribo PCO 1 Nelson (UK Island)
PFC 2 Barracuda (Sw Karlskrona 40m) non-operational
PCI 10: 4 Plymouth less than 100 tonnes; 4 Point less than
Air Force ε200
100 tonnes; 2 Wasp less than 100 tonnes
FORCES BY ROLE MISC BOATS/CRAFT 12: 2 Aux Vessels; 10 boats
MP 2 CASA 212-400 Aviocar*
FACILITIES
Trg/Tpt 1 sqn with 1 BN-2 Defender*; 1 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
Bases Located at Staubles Bay, Hart’s Cut, Point Fortin,
Liaison 1 Cessna U-206 Stationair; 1 Cessna 182
Tobago, Galeota
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable Air Wing 50
MP 2 CASA 212-400 Aviocar* AIRCRAFT
TPT 1 BN-2 Defender* TPT 5: 2 C-26 Metro; 1 Cessna 310; 2 PA-31 Navajo
UTL 1 Cessna U-206 Stationair; 1 Cessna 182 ANTI-CRIME UNIT 4: 1 Sikorsky S-76 Sprit; 1
TRG 1 PC-7 Turbo Trainer* AS-355F Ecureuil 2; 1 Aeros-40B SkyDragon; 1
Westinghouse Skyship 600
National Helicopter Services Ltd 7: 4 Bo-105 (1
Trinidad and Tobago TT dedicated to support police); 3 S-76
Trinidad and
2007 2008 2009
Tobago Dollar TT$
GDP TT$ 134bn 157bn Uruguay Ury
US$ 21.2bn 25.2
Uruguayan Peso pU 2007 2008 2009
per capita US$ 20,067 24,100
Growth % 5.5 5.0 GDP pU 541bn 604bn
Inflation % 7.9 10.1 US$ 23.5bn 27.6bn
Def bdgt TT$ ε350m per capita US$ 6,823 7,930
US$ 55m Growth % 7.4 6.5
US$1=TT$ 6.32 6.22 Inflation % 8.0 6.8
Def bdgt pU 6.99bn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus US$ 304m
Male 11% 5% 6% 4% 22% 4% US$1=pU 23.0 21.9
Female 10% 5% 5% 4% 20% 5% Population 3,447,778
Capabilities Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 12% 4% 4% 4% 20% 5%
ACTIVE 4,063(Army 3,000 Coast Guard 1,063)
(All services form the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force) Female 11% 4% 4% 4% 21% 8%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES
ACTIVE 25,382 (Army 16,891 Navy 5,491 Air 3,000) FFG 3:
2 Uruguay (Port Joao Belo) with 2 triple 550mm ASTT (6
Paramilitary 920
eff.) each with L3 HWT, 2 single, 2 100mm gun
1 Artigas (Ger Freiburg) with HB-355 med hel
Organisations by Service PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 26
Caribbean and
Latin America
PCC 3 (Fr Vigilante 42m)
Army 16,891 PCI 3: 2 Colonia less than 100 tonnes (US Cape); 1
Uruguayan units are sub-standard size, mostly around Paysandu less than 100 tonnes
30%. Div are at most bde size, while bn are of re-inforced PBR 20: 4 UPF-Class; 16 Vigilante 27’
coy strength. Regts are also coy size, some bn size, with the MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
largest formation being the Armd Cav Regt ’2 Regimento MSC 3 Temerario (Kondor II)
Tnte. Gral Pablo Ganarza de Caballeria Blindado‘ with 20 AMPHIBIOUS 4: 2 LCVP; 2 LCM
M-41A1UR and 14 M-113 A1. Each tank regt (sqn size) has
ARS 1 Vanguardia
only 7 T-55s, while 5 of the 6 Mech Cav Regts have only 6
AR 1 Luneburg (ex-Ge, general spt ship)
M-64/-93 on strength.
AG 1 Maldonado
FORCES BY ROLE AGHS 2: 1 Helgoland; 1 Triestre
4 Military Regions/div HQ ABU 1 Sirius

Cav 1 Armd Cav regt; 6 Mech Cav regt; 2 Tank TRG • AXS 1
regt; 1 (Ceremonial) Horse regt
FACILITIES
Armd Inf 1 bn Bases Located at Montevideo (main base), Fray
Mech Inf 8 bn Bentos, Rio Negro (river)
Inf 5 Inf bn Naval airbases Located at La Paloma, Laguna del Sauce
Para 1 bn
Naval Aviation 280
Arty 1 Strategic Reserve regt; 5 Field Arty gp
FORCES BY ROLE
Engr 1 bde (3 engr bn) ASW flt with 1 Beech 200T Maritime Patrol* ; 1
Cbt engr 4 bn BAe Jetstream T2
AD 1 gp Utl / SAR 1 sqn with 3 Wessex MK60/HC2; 6 Bo-105
M
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Trg/Liaison flt with 2 T-34C Turbo Mentor
MBT 15 T-55
LT TK 38: 16 M-24 Chaffee; 22 M-41A1UR EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 163: 15 EE-9 Cascavel; 48 GAZ-39371 Vodnik; 47 AIRCRAFT 1 combat capable
OT-93; 53 OT-64 M-93 ASW / MP 2: 1 BAe Jetstream T2; 1 Beech 200T
AIFV 18 BMP-1 Maritime Patrol*
TRG 2 T-34C Turbo Mentor
APC 166:
HELICOPTERS
APC (T) 29: 24 M-113A1UR; 3 M-93 (MT-LB); 2 PTS
UTL 9: 3 Wessex HC2/MK60; 6 Bo-105 M
APC (W) 137: 54 Condor; 43 OT-64 SKOT; 40 MOWAG
Piranha Naval Infantry 450
ARTY 185 Marine 1 bn (under strength)
SP 122mm 6 2S1 Carnation
TOWED 44: 105mm 36: 28 M-101A1; 8 M-102; 155mm 8 Coast Guard 1,600
M-114A1 Prefectura Naval (PNN) is part of the Navy
MOR 135: 81mm 91: 35 M1, 56 LN; 120mm 44 SL PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
AT PCC 2
MSL • MANPATS 15 Milan MISC BOATS/CRAFT 9 Type-44
RCL 69: 106mm 69 M-40A1
UAV • TACTICAL 1 Charrua Air Force 3,000
AD • GUNS • TOWED 14: 20mm 14: 6 M-167 Vulcan; Flying hours 120 hrs/year
8TCM-20 (w/ Elta M-2016 radar) FORCES BY ROLE
FGA 1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly, 1 sqn with IA-58B
Navy 4,491 (incl 1,600 Prefectura Naval (Coast Pucará
Guard)) Tpt 1 sqn with C–130B Hércules; EMB–110C
FORCES BY ROLE Bandeirante; EMB–120 Brasilia; CASA C-212
Navy HQ located at Montevideo Aviocar
Liaison sqn Cessna 206H; T– 41D; L–21 Piper

Survey 1 flt with EMB–110 Bandeirante Venezuela Ve
Trg some sqn with PC- 7U Turbo Trainer; SF–260 EU; Venezuelan Bolivar
2007 2008 2009
UB 58 Baron Bs
GDP Bs 489tr 704tr
Hel 1 sqn with AS–365 Dauphin; Bell 212; UH–1H
Iroquois US$ 228bn 328bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FGA 15: 10 A–37B Dragonfly; 5 IA–58 B Pucará Growth % 8.4 6.0
9 TPT 8: 2 C–130B Hércules; 3 CASA C–212 Aviocar; 2 EMB– Inflation % 18.7 27.2
110C Bandeirante; 1 EMB-120 Brasilia Def exp Bs ε6tr
SURVEY 1 EMB–110 Bandeirante US$ 2.79bn
LIAISON 16: 4 T–41D; 11 Cessna 206H; 1 L–21 Piper
Def bdgt Bs 5.51tr 7.12tr
TRG 19: 5 PC-7U Turbo Trainer; 12 SF-260 EU; 2 UB-58
Baron US$ 2.56bn 3.31bn
HELICOPTERS • UTL 11: 1 AS–365 Dauphin; 4 Bell 212; 6 US$1=Bs 2,147 2,147
UH–1H Iroquois
Paramilitary 920 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 15% 5% 5% 5% 18% 2%

Guardia de Coraceros 470
Female 14% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
Guardia de Granaderos 450
Capabilities
DEPLOYment ACTIVE 115,000 (Army 63,000 Navy 17,500 Air
11,500 National Guard 23,000)
Afghanistan
Terms of service 30 months selective, varies by region for all
UN • UNAMA 1 obs services
Côte D’Ivoire RESERVE 8,000 (Army 8,000)
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
Democratic Republic of Congo Organisations by Service
UN • MONUC 1,324; 47 obs; 1 inf bn; 3 rvn coy(-)
Egypt
Army ε63,000
MFO 83 (trg and tpt) FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 div (4th) (1 armd bde, 1 Lt armd bde, 1 mot cav
Georgia bde, 1 AD bty)
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs Mot Cav 1 div (9th) (1 mot cav bde, 1 ranger bde, 1 sec
Haiti and spt bde)
UN • MINUSTAH 1,143; 2 inf bn; 1 avn unit Inf 1 div (1st) (1 armd unit, 1 SF unit, 2 inf bde, 1
arty unit, 1 AAA bty, 1 spt unit); 1 div (2nd) (2
India/Pakistan inf bde, 2 ranger bde (each: 2 ranger bn), 1 AD
UN • UNMOGIP 2 obs Bty, 1 special dev and security bde); 1 div (3rd)
Nepal (1 inf bde, 1 ranger bde (2 ranger bn), 1 comms
UN • UNMIN 3 obs regt, 1 MP bde)
lt Inf 1 div (5th) (2 jungle inf bde each (3 jungle inf bn,
SUDAN 1 hy mor bty), 1 engr bn, 1 cav sqn)
UN • UNMIS 1 obs
AD 1 bty with 8 Tor M1 (18 more to be delivered)
Western Sahara AB 1 para bde
UN • MINURSO 6 obs Cbt Engr 1 corps (3 regt)
Avn 1 comd (1 ac bn, 1 armd hel bn, 1 reccce bn)
Logistics 1 Log Comd (2 regt)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 81 AMX-30V
LT TK 109: 31AMX-13; 78 Scorpion 90
RECCE 431: 42 Dragoon 300 LFV2; 79 V-100/-150; 310 UR-
53AR50 Tiuna
APC 91
APC (T) 45: 25 AMX-VCI; 12 VCI-PC; 8 VACI-TB
APC (W) 46: 36 Dragoon 300; 10 TPz-1 Fuchs PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6:
ARTY 370 PFM 3 Federación (UK Vosper 57m) each with 2 single
SP 155mm 12 (AMX) Mk F3 each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM
TOWED 92: 105mm 80: 40 M-101; 40 Model 56 pack PCO 3 Constitucion (UK Vosper 37m) each with 1 76mm gun
howitzer; 155mm 12 M-114 AMPHIBIOUS
MRL 160mm 20 LAR SP (LAR-160) LST 4 Capana (capacity 12 tanks; 200 troops) (FSU
MOR 246+: 81mm 165; 120mm 60 Brandt Alligator)
Caribbean and
Latin America
SP 21+: 81mm 21 Dragoon 300PM; AMX-VTT CRAFT 4: 1 LCM-8; 2 Margarita LCU (river comd); 1 LCVP
AT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4
MSL • MANPATS 24 IMI MAPATS AORH 1
RCL 106mm 175 M-40A1 AGOR 1 Punta Brava
RL 84mm AT-4 AGHS 2
GUNS 76mm 75 M-18 Hellcat ATF 1
AD TRG • AXS 1
SAM 8 Tor M1 FACILITIES
MANPAD RBS-70; Mistral Bases Located at Puerto Caballo (SS, FF, amph
GUNS and service sqn), Caracas, Punto Fijo
SP 40mm 6+ AMX-13 Rafaga (patrol sqn)
TOWED 40mm M-1; L/70
Minor Bases Located at Maracaibo (Coast Guard),

AIRCRAFT Ciudad Bolivar, El Amparo, La Guaira
TPT 17: 4 IAI-102/201/202 Arava; 1 Beech C90 King Air; (Coast Guard)
12 M28 Skytruck
Naval airbases Located at Turiamo, Puerto Hierro,
UTL 8: 2 Cessna 206; 2 Cessna 207 Stationair; 1 Cessna La Orchila
172; 3 Cessna 182 Skylane
TRG 1 C-90 King Air
Naval Aviation 500
HELICOPTERS
FORCES BY ROLE
ATK 12: 12 Mi-35M2
SPT 39: 20 Mi-17-1V; 2 AS-61D; 10 Bell 412EP; 2 Bell ASW 1 sqn with 7 AB-212 (Bell 212)
412SP; 4 UH-1H in store; 1 Bell 205A-1 in store MP flt with 3 CASA 212-200 MPA
TPT 3 Mi-26T2 Spt flt with 4 Bell 412EP Twin Huey
UTL 8: 4 Bell 206B Jet Ranger, 1 Bell 206L-3 Longranger II Tpt 1 sqn with 1 Beech 200 Super King Air; 4 CASA 212
RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty) Aviocar; 1 Rockwell Turbo Commander 980C
MSL • ASM AS-11 Kilter Trg 1 sqn with 2 Cessna 310Q; 2 Cessna 402;
1 Cessna 210 Centurion, 1 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II; 1
Reserve Organisations Bell TH-57A Sea Ranger
Reserves 8,000 reservists EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Armd 1 bn AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable
Inf 4 bn MP 3 CASA 212-200 MPA*
Ranger 1 bn TPT 11: 1 Beech 200 Super King Air; 1 Beech C90 King
Arty 1 bn Air; 4 CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 Cessna 310Q; 2 Cessna 402;
1 Rockwell Turbo Commander 980C
Engr 2 regt
UTL 1 Cessna 210 Centurion
HELICOPTERS
Navy ε14,300; ε3,200 conscript (total 17,500) ASW 7 AB-212 ASW (Bell 212)*
Naval Commands: Fleet, Marines, Naval Aviation, Coast UTL 5: 1 Bell 206B JetRanger II (trg); 4 Bell 412EP Twin
Guard, Fluvial (River Forces) Huey; Bell TH-5 7A Sea Ranger
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 HQ (HQ Arauca River) located at El Amparo; Marines ε7,000
1 HQ (HQ Fluvial Forces) located at Ciudad FORCES BY ROLE
Bolivar; 1 HQ located at Caracas HQ 1 div HQ
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Amph 1 (amph veh) bn
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2: Inf 2 (river) bn; 6 bn
2 Sabalo (Ge T-209/1300) each with 8 single 533mm TT Arty 1 bn (1 AD bn, 3 fd arty bty)
each with 14 SST-4 HWT
Marine 1 (river) bde; 2 (landing) bde
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES
FFG 6 Mariscal Sucre (It mod Lupo) each with 8 single Engr 1 BCT; 4 bn
each with Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 1 Albatros Octuple with 8 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Aspide SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with A244 LWT, 1 APC (W) 32 EE-11 Urutu
127mm gun, 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hels, AAV 11 LVTP-7 (to be mod to -7A1)
ARTY • TOWED 105mm 18 M-56 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

MOR 120mm 12 Brandt AIRCRAFT 94 combat capable
AD • GUNS • SP 40mm 6 M-42 FTR/FGA 68: 24 Su-30MKV; 7 VF-5, 3 NF-5B; 17 F-16A
AD • SAM RBS-70 Fighting Falcon; 4 F-16B Fighting Falcon; 10 Mirage 50V; 3
AT•AT-4 Skip Mirage 50DV
RCL 84mm M3 Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1 COIN 11: 8 OV-10A/E Bronco*; 3 AT-27*
EW 4: 2 Falcon 20DC; 2 C-26B,
Coast Guard 1,000 TPT 53: 1 A-319CJ; 2 B-707; 1 B-737; 5 Beech 200 Super
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE King Air; 2 Beech 65 Queen Air; 5 Beech 80 Queen Air; 6
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • C-130H Hercules; 10 Ce-182N Skylane; 6 Ce-206 Stationair;
CORVETTES • FS 2: 4 Ce-208B Caravan; 1 Ce-500 Citation I; 3 CE-550 Citation
2 Almirante Clemente each with 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.), 2 II; 1 Cessna 551; 1 G-222; 1 Learjet 24D; 2 Shorts 360
76mm gun Sherpa; 1 SD-330 ; 1 Falcon 50 (VIP)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 43 TRG 27: 15 EMB-312 Tucano*; 12 SF-260E
PCI 20: 12 Gavion less than 100 tonnes; 4 Petrel (USCG HELICOPTERS
Point class); 2 Manaure; 2 Guaicapuro CSAR 2 AS-532 Cougar
TPT 16: 6 AS-332B Super Puma; 10 AS-532 Cougar (incl
PCR 23: 3 Terepaima (Cougar); 7 Polaris I; 2 Protector; 6
2 VIP)
Courage; 5 Interceptor
UTL 14 3 UH-1B, 9 UH-1H, 2 Bell 412SP
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2 Los Tanques (salvage
AD
ship)
SAM 14+: 4 Tor-M1 (further 8 on order); 10+ Barak
FACILITIES MANPAD RBS-70
Minor Base 1 (operates under Naval Comd and GUNS
Control, but organisationally separate) TOWED 228+: 20mm: 114 TCM-20; 35mm; 40mm 114
located at La Guaira L/70
RADARS • LAND Flycatcher
Air Force 11,500 MSL ASM AM-39 Exocet
Flying hours 155 hrs/year AAM AIM-9L Sidewinder; AIM-9P Sidewinder
R530
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr/FGA 1 gp with Mirage 50V/DV; 1 gp with CF-5; 2 National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de
gp with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon; 1 gp with Su- Cooperacion) 23,000
30MKV (Internal sy, customs) 8 regional comd
COIN 1 gp with OV-10A/E Bronco*; AT-27* APC (W) 44: 24 Fiat 6614; 20 UR-416
ECM 1 sqn with Falcon 20DC, C-26B MOR 50 81mm
Tpt 3 gp and Presidential flt with A-319CJ, B-737; PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
Gulfstream III/Gulfstream IV; Learjet 24D; BOATS/CRAFT 52 boats/craft
B-707; C-130H Hercules; G-222; HS-748 AIRCRAFT
TPT 13: 1 Beech 200C Super King Air; 1 Beech 55 Baron; 2
Liaison Beech 200 Super King Air; Beech 65 Queen Air;
Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 Beech 90 King Air; 2 Cessna 185; 4
Beech 80 Queen Air; Ce-182/206/208; Shorts 360;
IAI-201 Arava; 2 Cessna 402C
Cessna 500 Citation I; CE-550 Citation II; Cessna
UTL/TRG 21: 5 Cessna U-206 Stationair; 11 M-28
182 Skylane
Skytruck; 3 Cessna 152 Aerobat; 1 PZL 106 Kruk; 1 PLZ
Hel sqns with AS-332B Super Puma; AS-532 Cougar, M-26 Isquierka
UH-1B/H/N: Bell 212/ 412 HELICOPTERS • UTL 44+: 4 A-109; 1 AB-212 (Bell 212);
Trg 1 gp with 15 EMB-312 Tucano*; 12 SF-260EV; 12 Bell 206B/L JetRanger; 6 Mi-17; 10 Bell 412; AS-350B; 9
AD 1 bty Tor-M1 (3 bty planned); Barak AS-355F Ecureuil; 1 Enstrom F-28C/1 F-280C
Table 12 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Caribbean and Latin America
Due
Argentina (Arg)
OPV 80 OPV Up to 5 USD125m Dom / Ge – 2009 2010 Based on Fassmer OPV 80 design
Caribbean and
Latin America
UH-3H Sea King Hel 6 See notes US – 2007 2008 Ex-US stock. 4 at USD4.5m each
plus 2 for spares. Navy ISD 2008. 2
delivered by Aug 2008
Brazil (Br)
Leopard 1A5 MBT 270 EUR8m Ge – 2006 2008 Ex-Ge stock. 30 for trg and 20 engr
role. To replace M-41C and M-60A3
NAPA 500 PCO 2 – Fr / Dom INACE/ CMN 2006 2009 To be commissioned 2009
(Vigilante 400
CL 54)
CASA C-295 Tpt ac 12 USD298m Sp EADS CASA 2005 2006 To replace BAF C-115 Buffalo.
Deliveries ongoing
P-3A Orion MPA 8 USD401m Sp EADS CASA 2005 2008 Upgrade to P-3AM. Option on a 9th
Upgrade ac
EC725 Super Tpt Hel 50 USD2bn Dom EADS Brazil 2008 2010 Included as part of a new hel
Cougar manufacturing plant
Derby BVRAAM – – Il Rafael 2006 2006 For F-5M ftr. Delivery status uncertain
A-Darter AAM – ZAR1bn RSA / Denel 2007 – In development
(USD143m) Dom
Chile (Chl)
Satellite Sat 1 USD72m Fr / Ge EADS 2008 2010 Role incl border surv and military
uses. Financed by military
Leopard 2A4 MBT 140 USD125m Ge – 2006 – Ex and refurbished Ge MBT
Piloto Pardo OPV 2 See notes Dom/Ge ASMAR – 2008 Part of USD54m Maritime Zone Patrol
Vessel (PZM). Vessels: Piloto Pardo and
Capitán Toro. Option for 2 more OPV
Harpoon Block II ASSM 10 – US McDonnell 2006 2007 Mk 631
AURS Douglas
C-295 MPA 3 USD120m Sp EADS CASA 2007 – For navy. Cost incl ASM and torp.
Option for a further 5 MPA
EMB-314 Super Trg ac 12 USD120m Dom Embraer 2008 2009 –
Tucano
AS 365F Hel 4 USD24m Irl Rotor 2008 – Ex-Irish Air Corps. For navy
Dauphin 2 Leasing
Bell 412 Hel 12 – US Bell 2007 – 4 rotor blade version
Colombia (Co)
OPV 80 OPV 1 – Dom COTECMAR 2008 – Based on Fassmer design
Shipyard
Scanter 2001 SURV 4 – Da Terma 2008 2008 For Almirante Padilla FF. For maritime
Radar security. Final delivery due 2013
767-200ER MRTT 1 USD50m - US Boeing 2007 2009 –
USD65m
C-295 Tpt ac 4 EUR100m Sp EADS CASA 2007 2009 Final cost depends on additional
(USD160m) equipment supplied
EMB-314 Super Trg/light 12 USD110m- Br Embraer 2008 – Contract value estimated
Tucano atk ac 130m
Dominican Republic (DR)

EMB-314 Super light atk 8 USD94m Br Embraer 2008 2009 Incl trg, spares and log spt for five
Tucano ac years
Table 12 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Caribbean and Latin America
Due
Ecuador (Ec)
Shyri (Type SSK SLEP 2 USD120m Chl ASMAR/ 2008 2012 SLEP. To extend service life by 20
209/1300) DCNS years
Heron, Searcher UAV 6 USD23m Il IAI 2008 2009 2 Heron, 4 Searcher, plus radar,
control stations, spares and trg
Peru (Pe)
Clavero-Class PCI 2 – Dom Sima – 2008 First of class (CF-16) launched Jun
2008
MiG-29S/UB FGA 8 – RF MiG 2008 – SLEP: avionics, sensors, comms and
(‘Fulcrum-C/B’) SLEP airframe
Trinidad and Tobago (TT)

– PSOH 3 GBP150m UK VT Group 2007 2010 For Coast Guard. (TTS Gaspar Grande
(USD296m) and TTS Chacachacare supplied until

PSOH delivered)
– PFC 6 TTD390.8m Aus/NZ Austal 2008 2010 For maritime security activities
(USD62.4m)
Uruguay (Ury)
3-D Lanza Radar 2 USD25m Sp Indra 2007 2008 3-year contract. One fixed, one
portable. Final delivery due end-2008
IA 58 Pucará FGA 3 – Co – 2008 – Ex-Co stock. For spares
Venezuela (Ve)
JYL-1 Radar 9 USD150m PRC – 2005 2007 Incl C2 centre, spares, trg, tech spt
and lease of satcom system. First 3
systems delivered Nov 2007
Tor-M1 AD 3 bty Undisclosed RF Rosoboron- 2006 2007 First battery delivered Dec 2007
export
BVL type PBC 4 See notes Sp Navantia 2005 2008 EUR1.2bn (USD1.5bn) incl 4 FS. To
replace 6 Constitution-class PCF. Final
delivery due 2011
POV FS 4 See notes Sp Navantia 2005 – EUR1.2bn (USD1.5bn) incl 4 PBC
Project 636 (Imp SSK 1 – RF – 2008 – Varshavyanka (Original procurement
Kilo) plan of 3 SSK reduced for financial
reasons
Griffon 2000TD ACV 9 – UK Griffon 2008 2009 Domestically assembled
Su-30MK2V FGA 24 See notes RF Sukhoi 2006 2007 Total contract USD1.5 bn (est.
USD30m -USD45m per unit).
Delivery completed Aug 2008.
Option on a further 12 in doubt
Il-76 Tpt ac 4 – RF Ilyushin 2008 2008 Two due Nov 2008, two 2009. Ve may
order up to 12 Il-76
JL-8 Nanchang Ftr/trg 24 Undisclosed PRC Hongdu 2008 2009 –
(K-8 Karokorum)
Mi-28N Night Hel 4 – RF Rosoboron- 2008 2009 To replace OV-10 Bronco ac
Hunter export
Mi-17V5 Hel 14 See Notes RF Rosoboron- 2006 2008 Part of USD484m order with 2
export Mi-35M and 2 Mi-26T (delivered).
Reports suggest possible order of 20
further Mi-17-V5. Civil or military use
is unclear
Chapter Three
Europe
NATO AT 60 ally ensure the rule of law. This included training and
equipment support for the Afghan National Army
A series of divisive issues confront NATO as it and also involved a progressive transfer of respon-
approaches its 60th anniversary in 2009. There is a sibility away from ISAF towards Afghan forces.
growing need for Allies to improve their efforts to Thirdly, NATO stressed the need for a ‘comprehen-
define a common understanding of their objectives sive approach’ to the counter-insurgency operation,
Europe
in Afghanistan, given that the continuing absence of combining all aspects of governance, reconstruction,
any clear strategic success threatens the long-term development and security. Fourthly, NATO leaders
sustainability of the NATO mission. Indeed, a debate pointed to the need to engage Afghanistan’s neigh-
is underway over how the international community bours, particularly Pakistan, to help combat violent
should define ‘success’ in Afghanistan. 2008 also saw extremism and narcotics trafficking.
the Alliance examine its expansion programme and In the months preceding Bucharest, tensions over
the ambitions for it, in the light of the sharp conflict burden-sharing ran high. US Secretary of Defense
between Russia and NATO-aspirant Georgia. On the Robert Gates wrote to his European counterparts
margins of NATO’s informal ministerial meeting in asking them to make more troops and equipment
London in September 2008, some analysts questioned available. The Canadian government let it be known
NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer that it would withdraw from the Afghanistan mission
about whether the Alliance needed to rethink the unless Allies sent at least an additional 1,000 soldiers
balance between expeditionary missions and the in support of the operation. France announced that
traditional task of collective defence. Others have it would send an extra battalion (some 800 troops),
urged caution over expansion, saying that this should Poland pledged an additional 400, the Czech Republic
follow NATO’s strategic interests, and not be an insti- around 120 special-forces personnel and Romania,
tutional priority in itself. Portugal and soon-to-be-member Croatia also prom-
In the face of a strengthening insurgency in ised small increases. Non-NATO member Georgia
Afghanistan, NATO has increasing problems in also announced an extra 500 troops, while Germany
forging a common understanding of objectives for said it would make available an additional 1,000
its mission in Afghanistan and, despite the declared troops from late 2008. The German parliament passed
intention to adopt a comprehensive approach, coun- a corresponding resolution on 16 October 2008 which
tries contributing troops to ISAF – each of which had also extended Germany’s overall contribution by 14
responsibility for a specific area of the country – were months. It was also reported that some 18 additional
likely to continue to adopt their own approaches to helicopters were made available by Allies for opera-
security and development in those areas (see IISS tions in Afghanistan. But while NATO was able to
Strategic Survey 2008, p. 300). Meanwhile, disputes secure increased commitments, the wider debate over
over burden-sharing and the restrictions, or ‘caveats’, force generation continued.
placed by some governments on the activities of their At Bucharest, there was disagreement among Allies
forces continue to simmer (see The Military Balance about the question of whether Georgia and Ukraine
2008, p. 102). At the Alliance’s Bucharest Summit in should be admitted to NATO’s Membership Action
April 2008, NATO leaders sought to counter concerns Plan (MAP), a key step on the road to membership.
over mission cohesiveness by publishing ‘ISAF’s Washington put strong pressure on Allies to admit
Strategic Vision’, which detailed four guiding prin- both countries. However, several members, including
ciples for NATO activities. Firstly, it was underlined France and Germany, opposed extending MAP
that NATO was committed for the long term and status to these two aspirants for a variety of reasons,
that this was a shared commitment. Secondly, NATO including territorial disputes in Georgia, an uncertain
would work to enhance Afghan leadership so that political situation in Ukraine, and less openly because
Afghan security forces and institutions could eventu- of vocal Russian opposition to such a move. Unable to
Map 1 NATO’s cooperation and partnership programmes
CANADA
UNITED STATES
FINLAND
ICELAND NORWAY SWEDEN
ESTONIA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
NETHERLANDS
DENMARK
UNITED KINGDOM POLAND
BELARUS RUSSIA
IRELAND CZECH REP.
GERMANY
BELGIUM SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN
LUXEMBOURG AUSTRIA MOLDOVA
FRANCE GEORGIA ARMENIA
SWITZERLAND ROMANIA
AZERBAIJAN
SLOVENIA BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN
SPAIN ITALY
PORTUGAL GREECE TURKEY TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN
MALTA
TUNISIA ISRAEL
MOROCCO FYR
ALGERIA CROATIA MACEDONIA JORDAN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ALBANIA
EGYPT
MONTENEGRO SERBIA
MAURITANIA
Founder members (1949) Individual Partnership Action Membership Action Plan (MAP): Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
Plan (IPAP): Armenia – December Albania – signed April 1999 (July 2008, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and
From 1952 United Arab Emirates
From 1955 2005; Azerbaijan – May 2005; signed accession protocols; ratification ongoing)
Georgia – October 2004; Kazakhstan Croatia – signed May 2002 (July 2008, PfP ‘Partnership
From 1982 for Peace’ countries
– January 2006; Moldova – May 2006 signed accession protocols; ratification ongoing)
From 1999 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mediterranean
Contact countries: Australia, Japan,
From 2004 (FYROM) – signed April 1999 Dialogue countries
New Zealand, South Korea
This map does not mark out those countries engaged in intensified dialogue with NATO (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, Montenegro, Ukraine) Source: NATO
© IISS
bridge the divide, Allies did not grant MAP status to about its name with Greece before it could receive an
either country. However, a compromise was reached invitation to join the Alliance.
under which the summit declaration stated: ‘NATO
welcomes Ukraine’s and Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic NATO AFTER THE RUSSIA–GEORGIA
aspirations for membership in NATO. We agreed CONFLICT
today that these countries will become members of
NATO.’ This phrasing was reportedly inserted into While the dust has not yet completely settled after the
the declaration directly by the leaders after protracted short but intense war between Georgia and Russia,
negotiations. However, the two countries still awaited the perception that Georgia’s leaders are at least
MAP status. Meanwhile, Albania and Croatia were partially to blame for the violence, as well as Russia’s
invited to join NATO, and signed the accession proto- willingness to employ armed force, will likely have
cols on 9 July 2008. The Former Yugoslav Republic of a significant impact on policy debates in NATO as
Macedonia (FYROM), which like Albania and Croatia the Alliance moves towards its anniversary summit
had MAP status and was a candidate for member- in spring 2009 and works on a new strategic concept.
ship, was told that it would need to resolve a dispute As was suggested during meetings of NATO defence
Europe 101
ministers in London in September and Budapest in Missile defence

October 2008, the question of how NATO can better NATO Allies acknowledged at Bucharest that the
implement its transformation agenda, in particular planned European-based US missile-defence assets
improve capabilities in the areas of strategic airlift, (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 101) would signifi-
helicopters and Alliance ground surveillance, as cantly contribute to the protection of European Allies
well as the logistics to improve the deployability and from long-range ballistic missiles. The Alliance set out
sustainability of multinational forces, is now over- to define, by its next summit in 2009, ways in which
shadowed by a more fundamental question about US missile-defence assets in Europe could be linked
whether NATO has struck the right balance between to NATO’s own efforts in this area. Among existing
traditional collective defence tasks and expeditionary activities of NATO members in this sphere are the
missions for international crisis-management opera- Active Layered Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence
tions, such as in Afghanistan. At the London meeting, (ALTBMD) programme, preliminary work to support
Europe
NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer potential decisions on a missile-defence system to
argued that the capabilities needed for both these protect NATO territory and population centres, and
major contingencies are broadly the same; in other cooperation on theatre missile defence with Russia.
words the Georgia war should not distract NATO ALTBMD, to which Allies have allocated some €700m,
from its focus on transformation. Nonetheless, some is scheduled to reach initial operating capability by
NATO countries, including the Baltic states, have 2010 with full operating capability planned for 2015.
expressed the need for better contingency planning, It is mainly designed to protect deployed NATO
in particular with regard to Russia. It is likely that forces against ballistic missiles but could also be used
NATO will respond to such concerns with increased as part of a territorial missile-defence system. Thus,
exercise activity in the Baltic states. ALTBMD could potentially function as a bolt-on to
While some analysts argue that NATO will likely the US system, possibly providing complete coverage
enter an enlargement pause after the Balkans expan- of European NATO territory. An important mile-
sion currently underway (and those NATO govern- stone was reached in February 2008 when an inte-
ments who at Bucharest argued that Georgia’s gration test bed opened in the Netherlands ahead of
unsettled territorial disputes represented an unac- schedule. The facility will test designs to allow US
ceptable liability will see their thinking confirmed), and European technology to work together and will
NATO did strengthen its ties to Georgia with the thus provide insights into whether and how technical
creation of the NATO–Georgia Commission on integration of the different elements can be achieved.
15 September 2008. The commission will seek to Meanwhile, July 2008 saw the US and Czech
deepen political dialogue and cooperation, support governments sign an agreement following lengthy
Georgia’s progress towards NATO membership negotiations on the proposed emplacement of the
(including democratic and institutional reforms), mid-course radar for the Europe-based components of
and serve as a framework to coordinate Allied assis- the US missile-defence system. This was followed by
tance to Georgia as it seeks to recover from the recent a second agreement, signed in September, governing
conflict. At the time of writing it remained unclear the status of US forces deployed to the base. At time
what form NATO assistance to Georgia would take. of writing both agreements were still awaiting parlia-
Assessment teams travelled to Tbilisi in September mentary approval in the Czech Republic. Parliament
and the US Congress approved an aid package did not begin deliberations until after the US presi-
that could total up to $1bn over the next two years. dential elections in November and it was not clear
Allies will seek to assist with the reconstruction of whether the government could muster a majority to
infrastructure and the economy in general but will pass the agreements. Public opinion and many parlia-
also make an effort to help Georgia rebuild its shat- mentarians remained sceptical.
tered armed forces. For Georgia, a crucial question is Negotiations with Poland, the proposed site of the
whether it would seek to rebuild a military mainly ten-interceptor field, were difficult up to the summer.
geared towards making a contribution to expe- Warsaw presented a list of demands as it hardened
ditionary missions, a direction in which defence- its position from that of the previous government
reform plans pre-August pointed, or whether to reflect the perception that the interceptors would
territorial defence will again become the structuring make Poland a target for hostile strikes and that it was
purpose of the military. owed something for supporting the US in Iraq and
Afghanistan. US officials repeatedly baulked at the size aircraft (two through the Foreign Military Sales process
of the assistance package for armed-forces moderni- and one as a US contribution). Flown and maintained
sation that Poland seemed to demand. However, by international crews, the C-17s will form a Heavy
the conflict in Georgia accelerated the process and, Airlift Wing, initially under US command. Based at
on 14 August, Poland and the US signed a prelimi- Papa air base in Hungary, the crews will conduct
nary agreement allowing for the interceptor site to missions based on national requirements and can
be located by the Baltic Sea. While the agreement is be employed on NATO, EU or UN missions. But the
awaiting ratification at time of writing, Warsaw has delivery schedule for the C-17s has slipped slightly,
indicated that it will insist on the permanent deploy- with delivery of the first aircraft now expected in
ment of US Patriot missile systems to upgrade Polish spring 2009. The remaining two are to follow in
air-defence capability. summer 2009. Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania,
the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovenia
Capabilities: tactical and strategic lift and the United States signed the SAC MoU, as did
Tactical and strategic airlift continue to be two the two Partnership for Peace countries Finland and
pressing shortfalls plaguing EU and NATO missions Sweden. However, the Czech Republic, Italy and
alike, with support helicopters in particular Latvia, despite being signatories to the SAC letter of
remaining scarce. However, there is some movement intent, have not signed the memorandum of under-
by Europe’s leaders towards addressing these issues. standing and thus have, at least for the time being,
An effort to increase the deployability of helicopters, dropped out of the initiative.
discussed in NATO since late 2007, gained some trac- Meanwhile, Europe’s other major airlift
tion when British Prime Minister Gordon Brown programme, the A-400M, has slipped further behind
and French President Nicolas Sarkozy announced in schedule. The A-400M is planned to replace the
March 2008 that they would set up a fund to address C-130 and C-160 in many European air forces. While
the issue. The trust fund would make money avail- airframe assembly proceeds and in mid 2008 the
able to NATO members and NATO Partnership for first complete airframe was rolled out in Seville, the
Peace countries to invest in upgrading helicopters, project has been hampered by difficulties stemming
for instance so that they can operate in more varied from the chosen power plant. The first full power test
environments, and in advanced training. While took place in early September 2008 and ground testing
precise details of this initiative remained unclear at and flight testing on board another aircraft will have
time of writing, it emerged that the UK made more to take place before the first A-400M engine integra-
than €7m available and other NATO Allies pledged tion tests, ground tests and eventually flight tests take
an additional €5–6m to the fund at NATO’s Bucharest place. EADS announced in September that the first
Summit. While SHAPE would administer, although flight of the A-400M, planned for before the end of
not control, the fund, countries would be able to 2008, had been postponed. According to the Defence
access it for NATO, EU or UN missions, but are Select Committee in 2007, delays to this programme
likely to have to commit to a sustained contribution have resulted in the extension of C-130K service lives
to multinational operations for funds to be released. for the UK’s Royal Air Force. (The original out-of-
Given that both NATO and the EU recognise the service date had been 2010.)
urgent need to improve helicopter deployability, this
initiative might prove a constructive way to focus on EUROPEAN UNION
a specific capability need but bypass bureaucratic and
political hurdles that continue to block more effective Operational update
NATO–EU cooperation. Of course, even with this, the The European Union continued to expand its oper-
fundamental hurdle of persuading governments to ational activity under the heading of its European
offer their helicopters for operations will remain. Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). The most ambi-
NATO’s Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC) initia- tious EU military mission to date, a UN-mandated
tive (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 103) took a major bridging operation in Chad and the Central African
step forward on 1 October 2008 when 12 nations Republic (CAR), was launched on 28 January 2008
signed a memorandum of understanding. This after initial delays. The operation, EUFOR Tchad/
agreement activates the NATO Airlift Management RCA, was scheduled to last for 12 months before
Organisation, which will acquire three C-17 transport being replaced by a follow-on UN force (see The
Europe 103
Map 2 Europe’s military activities in Chad and the CAR
EUFOR Force headquarters Airlift includes: On 5 November 2008 the EU Force strength by
Special Forces and Russia signed an agreement nation (current as
SF French SA330 Puma – 4
on Russian participation in EUFOR of October 2008):
LOG Rear logistical support AS341 Gazelle – 4
Tchad/RCA, which will involve Albania 63
Polish Mi-17 Hip-H – 3 (1 kept 120 troops and 4 helicopters.
Forward base Austria 186
in reserve)
Belgium 62
Unit boundary Leased Mi-8 Hip – 2 Iriba (Pol) Bulgaria 2
Russian Mi-8 Hip – 4
Croatia 15
NIGER Cyprus 2
EUFOR Czech Republic 2
SF European Union 1
Finland 61
Lake Chad France 1,669
Europe
QRF
Forchana (Fr, Slovenia) Germany 4
Abéché
(Fr, Swe, Alb, Fin) Greece 4
NIGERIA LOG SUDAN Hungary 3
N’Djamena CHAD Ireland 419
Italy 99
Lithuania 2
Goz Beïda (Ire, Neth)
Luxembourg 2
Netherlands 73
Poland 404
SF Portugal 2
CAMEROON
Romania 2
Birao (Fr) Slovakia 1
Slovenia 15
Spain 91
Sweden 77
United Kingdom 4
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
© IISS
Military Balance 2008, p. 104). Deployments began people are in the area of operations, which spans
in February 2008 and initial operating capability some 280,000 square kilometres. One problem in
(which formally triggered its 12-month mandate) force generation was obtaining enough transport
was reached on 15 March 2008. The force, set to reach helicopters able to operate in the environment. At
some 3,700 personnel, numbered 3,419 in theatre as time of writing the EU was trying to finalise arrange-
of October 2008, with the largest contingents coming ments with Russia to secure four transport helicop-
from France (1,669), Poland (404), Ireland (419), ters. While this had become politically awkward after
Austria (186) and Italy (99). EUFOR was deployed in Russia’s war with Georgia, EU officials insisted that
a rear force headquarters in N’Djamena, a force head- the mission was not dependent on the Russian contri-
quarters at Abéché and had three battalions deployed bution, though it remained hard to see how shortfalls
to eastern Chad in Iriba, Forchana and Goz Beïda. could otherwise be fixed. General Nash summed up
It also deployed a detachment to Birao in CAR. The persistent force-generation problems: ‘I had a shop-
death of a French soldier in March 2008, who had ping list. I didn’t get everything I needed.’ Further
inadvertently crossed the border with Sudan, was non-EU member-state contributions came from
the first fatality on an ESDP mission. While major Albania and Croatia. (See Sub-Saharan Africa text,
hostile incidents had not occurred by autumn 2008, p. 272.)
EUFOR patrols have come under fire from unidenti- As Kosovo declared itself independent in February
fied armed groups. 2008, the EU formally launched a Civilian Rule of
Force Commander Lt-Gen. Patrick Nash, from Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo), intended
Ireland, repeatedly underlined the logistical chal- to support the building of a legal system and initially
lenges: the size of the area of operations, the austere mandated for two years (see IISS Strategic Survey 2008,
terrain, a harsh climate and lack of existing infrastruc- pp. 169–73). However, the failure of Kosovo to win
ture. Furthermore, an estimated 500,000 displaced widespread international recognition complicated the
mission, since the UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) requirements were viewed as a high priority – it was
continued to have authority. By July 2008 EULEX intended to mark a significant increase in operational
still had just 400 staff, and deployments of interna- capabilities.
tional experts only increased at the end of September. To this end, more resources were promised in
EULEX announced that initial operational capability areas such as intelligence, satellite surveillance, UAVs
would be declared by December. and special forces. The White Paper also indicated a
Launched in June 2007, the EU’s police mission switch in the areas in which French forces expected
in Afghanistan, EUPOL Afghanistan, was as of to have to intervene in large numbers for strategic
September 2008 some 275-strong, of which around effect, with emphasis on the troubled arc from North
90 were local staff, and consisted of police, law Africa through the Middle East and the Indian Ocean
enforcement and justice experts, deployed at central, at the expense of former African colonies. It was in
regional and provincial levels. The three-year mission this region that there was greatest risk of a ‘strategic
is intended to assist the Afghan government with the shock’ demanding urgent intervention, and in this
creation of civilian policing arrangements. This was context France’s bases at Réunion and Djibouti, as
the first time that the EU had sent civilian personnel well as a planned base at Abu Dhabi, would take on
into an active conflict zone. Shortly before full deploy- heightened importance. Meanwhile, plans to stream-
ment was reached in June 2008, the Council of the line France’s defence establishment, trimming some
European Union announced its intention to double 54,000 uniformed and civilian personnel, reducing
the original numbers of international experts, a move combat-aircraft numbers and eliminating a large
that has yet to be implemented. Meanwhile, in a bid to number of military facilities, were due to be put into
help stabilise the situation, the EU launched a civilian effect. Defence spending was expected to be held at
monitoring mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia) on approximately 2% of GDP while France attempted
15 September. On 10 October, the mission confirmed to reduce spending on personnel and insert more
that Russian forces had withdrawn from the zones money into investment, in particular in equipment.
adjacent to South Ossetia and Abkhazia. EUMM is Military spending on space was also set to increase
initially mandated for 12 months with a scheduled sharply. Overall, the key thrust of the White Paper
review after six months. was to define a way to make French armed forces
more useable for modern operations and to tightly
Other developments integrate internal and external security instruments.
France’s White Paper on defence and security policy, Meanwhile, France continues to be heavily
published in June 2008, introduced a new element involved at the sharp end of fighting in Afghanistan,
into reforms of Europe’s armed forces by seeking having a total of over 3,000 personnel deployed in
to set integrated force goals for both foreign inter- the country and supporting areas. On 18 August, a
vention and national defence. The document took reconnaissance force of French and Afghan troops
the view that the same flexibility, deployability and was ambushed east of Kabul near Sarobi; ten French
interoperability were necessary to deal with both soldiers died and 21 were injured during this engage-
missions abroad and domestic security contingen- ment, with fighting continuing long after the Quick
cies. Therefore the document, setting goals for the Reaction Force from Kabul had arrived. Earlier
next 15 to 20 years, put renewed emphasis on having in the year France had increased its personnel in
highly flexible capabilities that would be useable in Afghanistan, and French leaders have stressed the
the widest range of eventualities. To four existing importance they attach to the mission in Afghanistan.
strategic-policy goals – deterrence, intervention Meanwhile, 1 October saw France deploy three Mirage
(previously called projection), prevention and protec- 2000-5 aircraft to Al-Dhafra airbase in the United
tion – was added a new one: connaissance et anticipa- Arab Emirates, following on from a memorandum of
tion, or ‘knowledge-based security’. The ‘operational understanding signed between the two countries in
contract’ specifying how many ground troops the January. It is believed that the French presence will
forces were expected to be able to commit to opera- include a naval support facility and army personnel.
tions was adjusted to 30,000 plus an additional 10,000 March saw the last Le Triomphant-class SSBN rolled
for internal-security missions. While this was a reduc- out at Cherbourg. Le Terrible is due to undergo trials
tion from the previous theoretical level of 50,000 – set and testing over the next two years before joining
in 1994 when national defence and NATO Article V the fleet. In mid year it was reported that France had
Europe 105
decided to scale back the proposed number of hulls to Effects System (FRES) programme (designed to
be acquired through the Frégates Européennes Multi- replace the Saxon, FV430 and CVR(T) vehicles). It is
Mission (FREMM) programme being jointly pursued intended that the FRES ’family’ will comprise Utility,
with Italy; the first vessels are due in service in 2011. Reconnaissance, Medium Armour, Manoeuvre
It was also announced that a decision on the devel- Support and Basic Capability Utility vehicles.
opment of the aircraft-carrier programme had been Following other force relocations from Germany in
delayed until 2011–12, with cited reasons including recent years, it was announced in May that the head-
the need to concentrate on current requirements and quarters of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
a possible reassessment of the propulsion system. and the UK’s 102 Log Bde and 1 Sig Bde would relo-
The United Kingdom, meanwhile, indicated to cate to the UK. More than 4,000 personnel under
industry in May 2008 that it intended to proceed with the command of 20 Armoured Brigade were due to
plans to build two new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft take over the UK’s presence in Southern Iraq from
Europe
carriers, displaying the UK’s desire to maintain an November 2008. Earlier in the year, UK Prime Minister
expeditionary-warfare capability. It was announced Gordon Brown said that he expected a ‘fundamental
that the first of the class would enter service in 2016, change of mission’ for UK forces in Iraq from 2009
and the year saw a raft of contracts issued for systems and that ‘just as last year we moved from combat to
associated with the vessels; all of which will make it “overwatch”, we would expect a further fundamental
more problematic to substantially amend or cancel change of mission in the first months of 2009 as we
the contract. While the aviation strike package is due make the transition to a long term bilateral partner-
to comprise the F-35 Lightning, Harrier may fly from ship with Iraq, similar to the normal relationships
the first of class unless there are further delays in the which our military forces have with other important
project. Meanwhile, HMS Daring, the first Type-45 countries in the region’. The UK also planned to sign
destroyer, was still undergoing weapons trials in late the Convention on Cluster Munitions in December
2008 with the second of class, HMS Dauntless, due to 2008; it was stated by the FCO that UK forces had
begin its sea trials around that time. The total number ceased to use the two cluster munitions retained by
of Type-45 hulls has, however, been lowered from the UK and had started the procedure to withdraw
eight to six. The Royal Navy also announced that it them from service.
was exploring with industry a new main gun fit for
the warship, with a 155mm weapon being exam- Europe – Defence Economics
ined. Meanwhile, it was reported that three Type-42
destroyers had been placed into ‘extended readiness’ Even before the financial crisis rocked the world’s
ahead of their scheduled out-of-service dates; this money markets in September 2008, the outlook for
would reduce the navy’s available escort fleet from defence spending in most European countries was
25 to 22 vessels. (In 1998, the Strategic Defence Review constrained. While the long-term consequences of
had advocated a reduction from 35 to 32 vessels.) the banking crisis on the real economy are not yet
September saw the UK’s First Sea Lord list, among clear, it is obvious that the cost of the various rescue
his priorities for the navy, the need to ‘conduct the packages together with the likelihood of a significant
phased regeneration of the amphibious entry capa- recession will have a negative impact on govern-
bility’. This is an indication of the stresses that have ment finances and that this will result in reduced
been placed on the commando regiments by their outlays on discretionary sectors such as defence. The
operations in Afghanistan and Iraq and the need fiscal positions of Western European countries differ
to renew training in amphibious operations. Early widely and, although some countries have made
October 2008 saw 3 Cdo Bde take over from 16 Air significant progress towards consolidation since the
Assault Bde in Helmand province (1 Rifles, from the previous economic downturn in 2001, France, the
British Army, have been placed under 3 Cdo for oper- UK, Greece, Portugal, Ireland and Italy are still far
ational purposes); UK forces continue to be involved from their medium-term objectives and are likely to
in combat, stabilisation and reconstruction activities once again breach the Maastricht deficit limit of 3%
in Afghanistan, and there are around 8,000 personnel of GDP. Although the rules of the revised Stability
in-theatre (see Central and South Asia, p. 332) and Growth Pact provide room for fiscal objectives to
Meanwhile, May saw the Piranha 5 selected as be adjusted in response to changing economic condi-
the utility-vehicle variant in the army’s Future Rapid tions, the IMF has warned that governments should
only use this flexibility to stabilise the financial sector cles; and in the second phase a total of 275 4×4 wheeled
and that, given the challenges associated with an AFVs and 80 6×6 wheeled AFVs will be procured. One
ageing population, fiscal policy should be consistent of the financial difficulties facing the MoD, according
with achieving medium-term objectives. Under these to budget documents, is estimating in advance the
circumstances it is likely that defence spending will costs of peace missions being carried out by Spanish
come under scrutiny. forces. Spain has hundreds of personnel deployed
The consequences of the economic slowdown are in Bosnia and Kosovo and has suggested that both
illustrated by the proposed 2009 Spanish defence missions should be reappraised, possibly converting
budget. Following several years of growth in Spanish the EUFOR Althea mission in Bosnia into an ‘essen-
defence spending, during which time expenditure has tially civilian operation’.
jumped from €7.6bn in 2000 to €12.7bn in 2007, the Despite concern by the EU that France has not
Ministry of Defence faces a 3.9% cut in spending in been doing enough to address its fiscal deficit and
2009. Defence is one of the three ministries most signif- bring it back in line with conditions attached to
icantly affected by the government’s austerity budget membership of the European single currency, the
and the MoD acknowledges it is facing a ‘restrictive deteriorating economy has forced the government
budgetary year’. With personnel costs rising by at least to postpone its effort to achieve a balanced budget
2% in 2009, cuts are likely to be most widely felt in by 2010. In 2008, the government released its long-
investment accounts. Indeed, the Ministry of Science anticipated new Defence White Paper before the full
and Innovation (where military R&D is financed) has impact of the global financial crisis had developed
already revealed that it will be cutting defence R&D in Europe, and the budget assumptions included in
by around 12%, and it seems likely that procurement the document may prove to be optimistic. Central to
spending will also fall, particularly for the Scorpene the White Paper were decisions that France would
submarine and Tiger attack helicopter programmes. fully integrate itself within NATO’s command struc-
The defence minister has, however, made it clear that, ture, maintain its nuclear deterrent, focus on home-
despite its smaller budget, the MoD will go ahead land security and significantly reduce manpower.
with its plan to equip the army with a new fleet of According to the document, 54,000 personnel will be
mine-protected armoured fighting vehicles replacing cut from the armed forces, with the air force facing
the current fleet that are unable to withstand attacks the steepest cuts, of 24% of its staff, while the army
from improvised explosive devices. The programme will lose 17% of its personnel and the navy 11%. In
is due to be carried out in two phases: under the first terms of financing, the White Paper provides a total
phase the army will receive 120 4×4 wheeled Lince of €377bn (excluding military pensions) between 2009
light multipurpose vehicles, 220 wheeled armoured and 2020 and stipulates that defence spending will be
fighting vehicles and 100 RG-31 armoured 4×4 vehi- held constant in real terms until 2012, after which it
Table 13 NATO Ex-US Defence Expenditure as % of GDP
3.0
2.5
2.0
% of GDP
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.06 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.84 1.83 1.80 1.73
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Europe 107
will increase annually to 2020 by 1% above the rate tional outlays in Chad, push spending on foreign
of inflation. It suggests that the significant reduc- military operations, having been as low as €600m in
tion in manpower will generate substantial savings 2006, to over €1bn in 2009.
that will be subsequently reinvested in the procure- Having been forced to peg its defence budget
ment budget, which will receive an average of €18bn (excluding military pensions) at around €24bn between
a year until 2020, although if the savings resulting 2000 and 2005, Germany has managed to make modest
from the restructuring process are less than forecast annual increases in spending since then, although a
the procurement budget will no doubt come under change in the composition of the budget in 2006 makes
some strain. direct comparisons with previous years difficult. The
Whilst the White Paper provides broad outlines of budget for 2009 and 2010 has been set at €31bn. With
French defence policy and a funding schedule for the elections in 2009 no changes in defence funding are
coming years, an associated procurement document likely to be made until 2011 – barring a significant dete-
Europe
covering the period 2009–14 has yet to be completed. rioration in economic conditions – after which the new
The delay in issuing a new six-year equipment government will set out its medium-term plans for the
programme appears to be a result of the government’s defence budget (the second biggest government outlay
intention, as outlined in the White Paper, to channel after the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment).
funds in new directions such as space and intelli- The 2009 defence budget includes an 11% jump
gence at the expense of spending on more traditional in procurement spending to €5.27bn and is substan-
platforms like warships and aircraft. As a result of tially higher than the 2008 budget had projected. The
new spending priorities, the MoD is having to nego- increase is due in particular to extra money neces-
tiate stretch-outs and cuts in the delivery of big-ticket sary for ongoing shipbuilding and higher payments
items, including new FREMM multi-mission frigates, towards the A-400M transport aircraft. An extra €220m
Rafale fighter aircraft and Tiger combat helicopters. will be needed to fund the ongoing construction of
The White Paper included a reduction in the number Class-125 frigates and a second batch of 212A-class
of FREMM frigates from 17 to 11 and the delivery submarines, whilst payment towards the A-400M
schedule was stretched from one vessel every eight will more than double to €375m in 2009. Payments
months to one every 12–14 months. Defence Minster towards NH90 helicopters, and other support heli-
Hervé Morin has repeatedly warned that the coming copters, will be cut; but research and development
six-year plan will include a range of equipment cuts funding is unchanged at €1.16bn. As outlined in the
and delays, saying that investment would need to Bundeswehrplan 2009, over the coming four years
increase by more than 40% in order to pay for all the the German armed forces’ equipment priorities will
programmes currently planned and that, as such an be strategic transport, theatre and global reconnais-
outcome is ‘impossible, … priorities will need to be sance, command-and-control systems and strategic
defined and choices made’. air defence. However, the plan also recognises that, as
With the 2009–14 plan yet to be finalised, the there are likely to be insufficient funds to fulfil all the
choices and priorities that Morin identified appear proposed programmes on schedule, legacy systems
to have escaped the 2009 defence budget, which currently in use will have to remain in service longer
includes €17bn in capital investment, up 7% from than anticipated, causing a potential jump in future
€15.9bn the previous year. This funding will maintenance costs. As a result, the air force is already
include final payments on the delivery of 14 Rafale preparing for a fall in its number of flying hours and
aircraft, eight Tiger helicopters, 34 Caesar 155mm a drop in operational readiness; both of which have
self-propelled artillery systems, 96 VBCI armoured been cited by pilots as reasons they are planning to
vehicles and more than 2,700 FELIN future infantry leave the service.
soldier systems. Major new orders to receive initial Tight budgetary conditions have also led to
funding in the budget include 150 naval cruise concerns that Germany may pull out of its partner-
missiles, three FREMM frigates, 60 Rafale aircraft, 332 ship with Italy and the US in working towards a new
VBCI armoured vehicles and a second Barracuda-class Medium Extended Air Defence System (MEADS).
nuclear-powered submarine. The cost of France’s The Bundestag (parliament) originally approved
involvement in overseas operation continues to the acquisition of 17 MEADS systems in 2005, allo-
grow. The significant increase in troops deployed cating a budget of €800m to replace the existing
in Afghanistan will, together with unexpected addi- HAWK systems by 2014. However, in May 2008 the
defence secretary told parliament that completing included a pledge to increase defence spending by a
the programme in the planned time and cost enve- modest annual rate of 1.5% above the rate of inflation.
lope would generate severe risks and that if the However, with consumer-price inflation reaching
development did not get back on track ‘we should over 5% in 2008, it remains to be seen how generous
consider abandoning it’. In a written briefing, seen the Treasury will be. Furthermore, given that infla-
more as a warning to industry than a realistic threat, tion within the defence sector is generally acknowl-
he reported that industry had underestimated the edged to be higher than inflation within the economy
technological and financial expenditure needed for at large, the UK defence budget will remain under
the project and that corrective measures taken by considerable pressure and will place even more
project managers had yet to show any success. More emphasis on the ‘value for money’ reforms outlined
positive progress was made in the quest for a new in the CSR, which are intended to produce savings of
real-time reconnaissance capability, after the govern- £2.7bn a year by 2010. At the time of writing, details
ment opened a competitive bid for the requirement. of the 2008 Planning Round had yet to be made avail-
Under the plan, Germany will acquire five medium- able, but it is likely that when a final budget does
altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles. emerge it may include cuts amounting to as much as
At present the choice appears to be between General £2bn. An illustration of the ongoing financial difficul-
Atomics Aeronautical Systems MQ-9 Predator B and a ties facing the MoD emerged in June 2008 when it was
joint venture between Rheinmetall Defence and Israel announced that plans to order two additional Type-45
Aerospace Industries, which will jointly market the air-defence destroyers had been abandoned, reducing
IAI Heron aircraft. the class to just six in total. Announcing the decision,
In contrast to many European members of NATO, Armed Forces Minister Bob Ainsworth said it was a
Poland has maintained steady annual increases in matter of investment and ‘the reality is that we do
defence spending whilst also reducing the govern- not have unlimited resources’, even though the Royal
ment budget deficit to below 3% of GDP in prepara- Navy has long argued that a force of eight vessels
tion for membership of the euro. Since joining NATO would be necessary to generate sufficient numbers for
in 1999, Poland has attempted to fix its spending on a simultaneous carrier task group and an amphibious
defence at 1.95% of GDP. During this time the armed task group. Commenting on the problems in funding
forces have reduced manpower levels, sold military the MoD’s full equipment programme, the House of
installations and bases and withdrawn large amounts Commons Defence Committee reported in March 2008
of obsolete equipment, with the aim of having one- that the MoD would need to take ‘difficult decisions’
third of their number organised, equipped and trained in order to compile a realistic and affordable equip-
to NATO standards by 2008. These moves were made ment programme, and cautioned that this may mean
in line with a shift in security strategy that replaced ‘cutting whole equipment programmes, rather than
an emphasis on territorial defence with prioritising just delaying orders or making cuts to the number of
participation in NATO and EU international opera- platforms ordered’. Particular comment was directed
tions. Following Russia’s conflict with Georgia in towards the ongoing Nimrod MRA.4 programme,
summer 2008, Poland announced that, alongside an which is now some £800m (25%) over budget and 92
increase in spending in 2009, the MoD would begin months behind schedule. The committee urged the
a new z60bn (US$22.7bn) ten-year modernisation minister of the newly created Defence Equipment
phase to run from 2009 to 2018. Perhaps not surpris- and Support organisation to look closely at the
ingly given the Polish decision to site parts of the US programme and assess whether it is ever likely to
missile-defence system on its territory, air defence is deliver the capability required during the timescale
viewed as a priority over the coming decade. needed and, if not, they recommended that the MoD
Of all the major economies in Europe, the UK ‘should withdraw for the programme’ altogether.
found itself at the forefront of the global financial There was a noticeable difference in the develop-
crisis and, with the government providing signifi- ment of two of the armed forces’ flagship programmes
cant levels of support to the domestic banking during 2008. In February, it emerged that the MoD
industry at the same time as a recession looms, the had delayed launching full-scale production of
UK’s fiscal position is set to deteriorate. In theory, the its Future Rapid Effects System (FRES) armoured
three-year Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) vehicle, citing budget shortfalls, and delayed main
published in 2007 and covering the period 2008–10 gate status until 2010. As well as a delay to the
Europe 109
production schedule it now appears likely that the Reaper armed UAVs that were brought into service
size of the programme will also be radically reduced, within 15 months. However, many UOR projects
from an original requirement for 3,300 vehicles to are in fact filling capability gaps that were identi-
possibly as few as 1,300 units of all variants. Progress fied many years ago but could not be met due to
in the second half of the year included the selection of funding reduction in the core defence budget. In
General Dynamics UK as the ‘provisional winner’ of the case of armoured vehicles, the MoD has spent
the competition to produce the utility-vehicle version upwards of £500m on various programmes over the
of FRES, although no contract has yet been signed, years – FFLAV, TRACER, Boxer and FRES – but as
and the role of systems integrator is still unclear. each neared production the MoD and the Treasury
Despite the fact that Thales UK was selected for this baulked at funding the manufacture of the vehicles.
role, Atkins (which ran the Initial Assessment Phase) The result is that until the current UOR programme,
is still thought to have a significant contract with the the army had not taken delivery of a new armoured
Europe
FRES Integrated Project Team. fighting vehicle for ten years. Although the UOR
More positive news came with the final signing of mechanism has now provided hundreds of new
a contract to build two 65,000-tonne aircraft carriers mine-protected vehicles, this method of procure-
for the Royal Navy. First outlined in the 1998 Strategic ment makes the vehicles more expensive to support,
Defence Review, the future carrier programme had creates interoperability problems with legacy equip-
been delayed for several years, not least due to the ment and offers limited technology growth paths.
reorganisation of the UK maritime industry in line
with proposals made in the 2005 Defence Industrial Non-NATO Europe –
Strategy. Contracts so far authorised include £1.32bn Defence Economics
for the construction of super-modules of both ships
by BVT Surface Fleet; £300m of the construction of For several years, Sweden has been in the process
super-modules at the BAE Systems yard at Barrow- of implementing major cuts in both troops numbers
in-Furness; £675m for the bow section and final and its military spending. Under a 1999 plan titled
assembly by Babcock Marine; £425m for design and ‘The New Defence’, the Swedish armed forces have
engineering for Thales UK; and £275m for design carried out the largest, most extensive reform in their
and supply of Missions Systems for BAE Systems history, switching from a focus on territorial defence
Integrated Systems Technologies (Insyte). to smaller, more flexible units capable of undertaking
The cost of the UK’s role in Iraq and Afghanistan overseas peacekeeping missions in conjunction with
continues to mount. In February 2007, the govern- allied nations under UN mandates. Alongside reduc-
ment revealed that spending on the two operations tions in manpower have been demands from the
in FY2007/08 would almost double to £3.2bn – a 72% government that all elements of the defence system
increasing to £1.64bn in Iraq and a 112% increase to become more transparent, reduce costs and optimise
£1.64bn in Afghanistan, much higher than previous defence platforms and procurement funds. In line
predictions made by the Ministry of Defence. MPs on with the reorganisation, defence spending has fallen
the Commons Defence Select Committee expressed from 2.0% of GDP in 2000 to 1.5% of GDP in 2007. As
their concern that MoD forecasts were so inaccu- part of the forthcoming 2010–14 military development
rate, and they demanded to be provided with more plan it was envisaged that spending would full even
detail on how the money was being spent, adding further. In June 2008, Defence Minister Sten Tolgfors
that they were particularly surprised that costs revealed that cost-cutting measures in the new devel-
in Iraq had surged when the number of deployed opment plan would include the reduction of the air
troops had fallen. A total of £990m in FY2007/08 force’s Gripen fleet, the phasing out of some ground-
will be spent on ‘Capital Additions’, the bulk of based air-defence units and a considerable cut in the
which will be in the form of equipment supplied number of tanks. These cuts would be balanced by
under the Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) a broader and deeper level of Nordic cooperation,
mechanism. Since 2001, more than £3.5bn has been joint Baltic surveillance and participation in NATO’s
spent on UORs and government ministers have air-situation picture. Other highlights emphasised
pointed to the success of the MoD in delivering Sweden’s capacity to carry out missions at brigade
a huge range of urgently needed pieces of equip- level, measures to strengthen the armed forces’
ment, 204 in 2007, including the acquisition of MQ-9 capability to work in coastal areas, and improved
helicopter capabilities. However, even before these implemented. Although no specific budget details
aspects of the proposed plan became public there are available, it was thought that the new plan would
was a clash over the level of existing defence funding include cuts of anything from SEK2bn to SEK5bn a
between the government and the Ministry of Defence, year during the lifetime of the plan.
which claimed that it was facing a shortfall of at least Unlike its neighbour, Finland has maintained
US$250m in its 2008 budget. In light of the shortfall, defence spending at a constant level, around 1.4%
Supreme Commander Haken Syren outlined a number of GDP, for the past decade and has kept territorial
of areas, such as manpower recruitment, air-force defence high on its agenda. A new White Paper is
flight operations and land-forces exercises, that could imminent and it had been anticipated that it would
be streamlined to bring operational costs into line contain long-term plans to reconcile funding limi-
with the US$5.2bn 2008 budget. In response, Tolgfors tations and future capability goals by reducing the
made it clear that the proposed measures were unac- armed forces’ mobilisation strength and creating
ceptable and had the appearance of emergency cuts. a smaller but better-equipped and -trained force.
He demanded tighter control over budgetary matters, However, in response to events in Georgia, the Finnish
including a monthly financial report submitted by government called for a 15% increase in the 2009
the military to the government. However, following defence budget, while the defence minister suggested
Russia’s military incursion into Georgia in August that in future the budget should increase by a fixed
2008, the government is thought to be re-examining amount each year. The White Paper may be amended
several aspects of the draft 2010–14 plan, in particular and cuts to mobilisation strength, for example, may
the serious budget cuts that were likely to have been be put on hold.
Table 14 Non-NATO Europe Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

2.0
1.5
% of GDP
1.0
0.5
1.59 1.46 1.42 1.33 1.30 1.27 1.21 1.16 1.16 1.19
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
NATO Europe 111
TOWED 105mm 12 LG1 MK II

Belgium Be MOR 66: 81mm 18; 120mm 48
AT • MSL • MANPATS 132 Milan
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 SAM 36 Mistral
GDP € 331bn 350bn RADARS 12 Land (battlefield surveillance)
US$ 453bn 473bn
per capita US$ 43,631 45,461
Reserves 2,040
Growth % 2.8 1.4 Territorial Support Units
Inflation % 1.8 3.7 Army 11 unit
Def expa € 3.65bn
US$ 5.00bn
Navy Component 1,628
Def bdgt € 2.75bn 2.83bn 2.99bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Europe (NATO)
US$ 3.77bn 3.82bn
FRIGATES
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 FFG 2 Karel Doorman each with 2 quad (8 eff.) Harpoon
including military pensions SSM, 1 16 cell Mk 48 VLS with 16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow
a
Population 10,403,951 SAM, 4 single 324mm MK 32 MOD 9 ASTT with 4 MK 46

MOD 5 HWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 med hel)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 7% PCR 10
MINE WARFARE 6 • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 6
Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 24% 9%
MHC 6 Aster (Tripartite – Flower class)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8: 1 Stern AG; 1 Belgica
Capabilities AGOR; 4 AT; 1 Spt (log spt/comd, with hel platform); TRG
ACTIVE 38,844 (Army 14,263 Navy 1,628 Air 7,322 1 YDT
Medical Service 1,912 Joint Service 13,719) FACILITIES
Bases Located at Zeebrugge, Ostend
RESERVE 2,040
Naval Aviation
Organisations by Service HELICOPTERS
UTL 3 SA-316B Alouette III (part of the Air Component)
Land Component 14,263 Air Component 7,322
FORCES BY ROLE Flying hours 165 hrs/yr on cbt ac. 500 hrs/yr on tpt ac.
1 Comd HQ (COMOPSLAND) 200 hrs/yr for trg purposes
Comd 2 bde HQ
FACILITIES
Rapid Reaction 1 gp (1 cdo bn, 2 para bn Air bases Located at Coxijde, Kleine-Brogel, Florennes,
Mech 1 bde (1st) (2 inf regt, 1 armd regt, 1 fd Bierset, Beauvechain, Melsbroek
arty regt, 1 lt arty bty, 1 recce regt, 1
FORCES BY ROLE
logistic bn); 1 bde (7th) (2 inf regt, 1
AD/FGA/ 2 (Tac) wg with F-16 MLU Fighting Falcon (4
armd regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 recce regt,
Recce ADX/FBX sqn, 1 AD/FGA/trg unit)
1 logistic bn)
Recce/Psyops 1 unit (CIMIC) SAR 1 unit Sea King MK48
SF 1 gp Tpt 1 wg with A-310-222; C-130H Hercules;
ERJ-135 LR; ERJ-145 LR; Falcon 20 (VIP);
AD 1 regt (2 SAM bty with Mistral)
Falcon 900B
Engr 2 bn
Trg 1 wg (1 trg sqn with SF-260D/SF-260M, 1 Fr/
MP 1 gp
Be trg unit with Alpha Jet)
Logistic 6 bn
Hel 1 wg with A-109 (obs); SA-318 Alouette II
EOD 1 unit
UAV 1 sqn with B-Hunter
FACILITIES
Trg Centre 1 (para); 1 (cdo) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FGA 60 F-16 MLU Fighting Falcon (Mid-Life Update)
MBT 40 Leopard 1A5 TPT 20: 2 A-310-222; 11 C-130H Hercules; 2 ERJ-135 LR; 2
AIFV 47: 32 YPR-765(25mm); 15 YPR-765 (PC) ERJ-145 LR; 2 Falcon 20 (VIP); 1 Falcon 900B
APC 280 TRG 60: 28 Alpha Jet; 32 SF-260D/M
APC (T) 212: 164 M-113; 48 YPR-765 fus HELICOPTERS
APC (W) 68: 60 Pandur; 8 Piranha III (Test) SAR 4 Sea King MK48
ARTY 78 UTL 33: 30 A-109 (obs); 3 SA-318 Alouette II
UAV 18 B-Hunter systems

SAM 24 Mistral Bulgaria Bg
MSL
Bulgarian Lev L 2007 2008 2009
AAM AIM-120B AMRAAM; AIM-9M/N Sidewinder
ASM AGM-65G Maverick GDP L 56.5bn 66.1bn
BOMBS US$ 39.8bn 45.6bn
Conventional: Mk 84, Mk 82, BLU 109 per capita US$ 5,433 6,277
Infra-red: 6 LANTIRN, 7 Sniper
Growth % 6.2 6.3
Laser-Guided: GBU-10/ GBU-12 Paveway II; GBU-24
Paveway III Inflation % 7.6 12.2
INS/GPS guided: GBU-31 JDAM Def exp L 1.25bn
US$ 881m
Non-state groups Def bdgt L 1.19bn 1.28bn
See Part II US$ 840m 886m
FMA (US) US$ 9.6m 6.5m 9.0m
Deployment US$1=L 1.42 1.45
Afghanistan Population 7,262,675

NATO • ISAF 497; Air Component: 4 F-16 Fighting Falcon Ethnic groups: Turkish 9%; Macedonian 3%; Romany 3%
Central African republic/Chad Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 69
Male 7% 3% 4% 4% 23% 8%
Democratic Republic of Congo Female 7% 3% 3% 4% 25% 10%
EU • EUSEC RD CONGO 10
UN • MONUC 7 obs Capabilities
France ACTIVE 40,747 (Army 18,773 Navy 4,100 Air 9,344
NATO • Air Component • TRG: 29 Alpha Jet located at Central Staff 8,530) Paramilitary 34,000
Cazeaux/Tours Terms of service 9 months
Lebanon
RESERVE 302,500 (Army 250,500 Navy 7,500 Air
UN • UNIFIL 485; Land Component: 1 inf coy; 14 M-113;
8 APV-2 Dingo II; 13 MOWAG Piranha III; 3 Pandur Navy 45,000)
Component: 1 FFG
MIDDLE EAST
UN • UNTSO 2 obs
Army 18,773
Serbia
Forces are being reduced in number.
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 195
FORCES BY ROLE
SUDAN Mil District 1 corps HQ
UN • UNMIS 4 obs Armd 1 bde
Armd Recce 1 regt
Foreign Forces Mech Inf 2 bde
NATO HQ, Brussels; HQ SHAPE, Mons Lt Inf 1 bde
United Kingdom Army 180; Navy 80; Air Force 140 SF 1 bde
United States Army 698; Navy 102; USAF 475; USMC 26 Arty 1 arty bde
MRL 1 bde
Engr 1 regt
NBC 1 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 1,474: 400 T-72, 32 in store; 165 T-55, 877 in store
RECCE 18 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 (non-op)
AIFV 214: 81 BMP-1; 19 in store; 114 BMP-2 / BMP-3
APC 2,409
APC (T) 2,169: 626 MT-LB; 1,144 look-a-likes; 399 in
reserve in store
APC (W) 240: 120 BTR-60; 120 in reserve in store
ARTY 1,666
SP • 122mm 692: 358 2S1 Carnation; 334 in store
NATO Europe 113
TOWED 393: 100mm 16 M-1944 in store (BS-3); 122mm FACILITIES

112: 87 (M-30) M-1938 in store; 25 M-1931/37 in store Bases Located at Atya, Balchik, Vidin, Sozopol, Burgas,
(A-19); 130mm 60 M-46 in store; 152mm 205+: 150 D-20; Varna
55 in store; M-1937 (ML-20)
MRL 122mm 222: 216 BM-21; 6 in store Naval Aviation
MOR 120mm 359: 210 2S11 SP Tundzha; 149 in store HELICOPTERS
AT ASW 6 Mi-14 Haze (3 operational) to be replaced by 6
MSL • MANPATS 436: 200 AT-3 9K11 Sagger in store; AS-565MB Panther 2010–2011
236 AT-4 9K111 Spigot / AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
Coastal Arty
GUNS 276: 100mm 126 MT-12; 85mm 150 D-44 in store
AD FORCES BY ROLE
SAM • SP 24 SA-8 Gecko Arty 2 regt; 20 bty
MANPAD SA-7 Grail EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Europe (NATO)
GUNS 400 100mm KS-19 towed/ 57mm S-60 towed/23mm MSL • TACTICAL • SSM: SS-C-1B Sepal; SS-C-3 Styx
ZSU-23-4 SP/ZU-23 towed GUN • 130mm 4 SM-4-1
RADARS • LAND GS-13 Long Eye (veh); SNAR-1 Long
Trough (arty); SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty); SNAR-2/-6 Naval Guard
Pork Trough (arty); Small Fred / Small Yawn (veh, arty) Gd 3 coy
Army Reserve 250,500 reservists Air Force 9,344

Army 4 bde Flying hours 30 to 40 hrs/yr
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 4,100 1 AD Cmd,1 Tactical Aviation Cmd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Ftr/Recce 3rd Fighter Air Base (Graf Ignatievo). 1 sqn with
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum; 1 sqn with MiG-21bis/
SSK 1 Slava† (FSU Romeo) with 8 single 533mm TT with UM Fishbed
14 SAET-60 HWT FGA 22nd Attack Air Base (Bezmer). 2 sqn with
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 4 Su-25K/UBK Frogfoot (5 upgraded to NATO
FRIGATES 4 compatibility)
FFG 1 Drazki (Be Weilingen) with 2 twin (4 eff.) each Tpt 16th Tpt Air Base (Sofia) with CJ-27; An-2 Colt;
with MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1 MK29 Sea Sparrow octuple An-26 Curl; L-410 UVP; TU-134B Crusty; PC-
with RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 ASTT with total of 12M
2 L5 HWT, 1 mle 54 Creusot-Loire 375mm (6 eff.), 1 Trg Air Trg Base (Dolna Milropolia) with L-39ZA
100mm gun Albatros (advanced); PC-9M (basic)
FF 1 Smeli (FSU Koni) with 1 twin (2 eff.) with 2 SA-N-4 Hel 24th Hel Air Base (Krumovo) with Mi-24D/V
Gecko SAM, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 2 twin 76mm Hind D; AS 532AL Cougar; Mi-17 Hip; Bell 206
gun (4 eff.) JetRanger
FS 2 Pauk each with 1 SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 4 single
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
406mm TT, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19 FTR 46: 20 MiG-29 Fulcrum A/UB; 26 MiG-21bis/UM
PFM 7: Fishbed
1 Tarantul II with 2 twin (4 eff.) with 4 SS-N-2C Styx FGA 34 Su-25K/UBK Frogfoot
tactical SSM, 2 quad (8 eff.) with 8 SA-N-5 Grail SAM, TPT 16: 1 An-2 Colt; 3 An-26 Curl; 2 C-27J (3 more to be
1 76mm gun delivered); 1 AN-30 Clank; 7 L-410UVP/L-410UVP-E; 1
6 Osa I/II † each with 4 SS-N-2A Styx/SS-N-2B Styx TU-134B Crusty; 1 PC-12M
PFI 9 Zhuk less than 100 tonnes TRG 20: 14 L-39ZA Albatros; 6 PC-9M (basic)
PBI 3 Nesebar (Be Neustadt) HELICOPTERS
MINE COUNTERMEASURES 17 ATK 18 Mi-24D/V Hind D* (12 being upgraded to NATO
MHC 1 (Tripartite - Be Flower class) standard)
MSC 8: 4 Sonya; 4 Vanya SPT 23: 5 AS 532AL Cougar (7 more to be delivered for
MSI 8: 6 Olya, less than 100 tonnes; 2 Yevgenya, less than tpt/CSAR at rate of 3/yr); 17 Mi-17 Hip (6 to be upgraded
100 tonnes to NATO standard)
AMPHIBIOUS 8 UTL: 6 Bell 206 JetRanger
LSM 2 Polnochny A (FSU) (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) UAV Yastreb-2S
CRAFT • LCU 6 Vydra AD
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 14: 1 AORL; 1 AOL; 1 ARS; SAM SA-10 Grumble (quad) SP/SA-2 Guideline towed/
5 ATS; 3 AGS; 1 YDG; 2 YDT SA-3 Goa/SA-5 Gammon static (20 sites, 110 launchers)
MSL
AAM AA-11 Archer; AA-2 Atoll; AA-7 Apex; AA-10 Czech Republic Cz
Alamo
ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-7 Kerry; AS-10 Karen Czech Koruna Kc 2007 2008 2009
FACILITIES GDP Kc 3.47tr 3.52tr

Air base 1 (ttr/recce), 1 (FGA) US$ 172bn 190bn
Hel base 1 (hel) per capita US$ 16,823 18,563
School 2 with L-39ZA Albatros trg ac (advanced); Growth % 6.6 4.0
PC-9M (basic trg) Inflation % 3.0 6.8
Def exp Kc 53.9bn
Paramilitary 34,000 US$ 2.66bn
Border Guards 12,000 Def bdgt Kc 54.9bn 54.2bn 55.8bn
Ministry of Interior US$ 2.71bn 2.91bn
FORCES BY ROLE FMA (US) US$ 3.2m 1.9m 3.5m
Paramilitary 12 regt US$1=Kc 20.2 18.6
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS ε50
Ethnic groups: Slovak 3%; Polish 0.6%; German 0.5%

PCI ε12 PB 2 (FSU, under 100 tonnes)
MISC BOATS/CRAFT: ε38 various craft all under 100 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
tonnes
Male 8% 3% 3% 4% 25% 6%
Railway and Construction Troops 18,000 Female 7% 3% 3% 4% 25% 8%
Security Police 4,000 Capabilities

ACTIVE 24,083 Paramilitary 3,100
Deployment
CIVILIAN 11,568 (MOD Staff 8,853)
Afghanistan
Armed Forces being reorganised. Full operational
NATO • ISAF 460 capabilities are planned to be achieved in 2010–12. The
Armenia/Azerbaijan Military Forces are Joint Forces composed of Army, Air
OSCE • Minsk Conference 1 Force and Joint Forces Support Units.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 116 Organisations by Service
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
CENTRAL African republic/chad
Army 13,375 military, 1,779 civilian (total
15,154)
FORCES BY ROLE
Georgia Rapid Reaction 1 bde (4th) (2 mech bn, 1 AB bn, 1 mot
OSCE • Georgia 2 inf bn)
Iraq Mech 1 bde (7th)(1 armd bn, 2 mech inf bn,
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 156; Army: 1 inf coy; 1 inf 1 mot inf bn)
pl (withdrawal by end of 2008) SF 1 gp
Arty 1 bde (13th) (2 arty bn)
Moldova
Recce 1 bn
OSCE • Moldova 1
Presidential Guard 1 bde (Subordinate to Ministry of
Serbia Interior) (2 Gd bn (each: 3 Gd coy), 1
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 51; Army: elm 1 engr coy Presidential Sy coy)
OSCE • Kosovo 3 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNMIK 1 obs MBT 181: 181 T-72CZ
AIFV 508: 257 BMP-1; 175 BMP-2; 76 BPzV
APC • APC (T) 29 OT-90
APC (W) 43 OT-64
LAV 19: IVECO DV LMV Panther
ARTY 305
SP 152mm 106: 48 M-77 Dana; 7 trg; 51 in store
MRL 122mm 60: 16 RM-70; 3 trg; 41 in store
NATO Europe 115
MOR 120mm 139: 85 M-1982; 8 SPM-85; 6 trg; 40 in Joint Forces Support Units
store CBRN 2 CBRN bn, 1 CBRN warning
AT• MSL 671 centre
SP 496: 3 9P133 BRDM-2 Sagger; 21 9P148 BRDM-2 Engr rescue 1 bde (1 engr bn, 7 engr rescue bn)
Spandrel; 472 9S428 CIMIC/Psyops 1 (103rd) Centre with (1coy (1
MANPATS 175 9P135 (AT-4 9K111) Spigot CIMIC pl, 1 PSYOPS pl)
RADARS • LAND 3 ARTHUR Logistics 1 bde (1 spt bn; 1 supply bn)
Active Reserve EW 1 Centre
FORCES BY ROLE
Territorial Def 14 comd
Paramilitary 3,100
Inf 14 coy (1 per territorial comd) (each: 1 Border Guards 3,000
logistic pl, 3 inf pl, 1 cbt spt pl)
Europe (NATO)
Internal Security Forces 100
Air Force 4,938 military, 936 civilian (total
5,874) Deployment
The principal task is to secure the integrity of the Czech
Republic’s airspace. This mission is fulfilled within NATO Afghanistan
Integrated Extended Air Defence System (NATINEADS) NATO • ISAF 415; Army: 19 IVECO DV LMV Panther
and, if necessary, by means of the national reinforced air UN • UNAMA 1 obs
defence system of the CR. In addition, the Air Force pro-
vides close air support for the Land Forces, and performs Armenia/Azerbaijan
tasks associated with the transportation of troops and ma- OSCE • Minsk Conference 1
terial.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Flying hours 100hrs/yr combat ac 150 for tpt ac OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
5 Air bases
cENtral african republic/chad
FORCES BY ROLE
Integrated with Jt Forces EU • EUFOR • Tcahd/RCA 2
Ftr/FGA 1 sqn JAS 39C/ JAS 39D Gripen Democratic Republic of Congo
FGA 1 sqn with L-159 ALCA (Lead-in ftr trg); 1 sqn UN • MONUC 3 obs
L-39ZA
Tpt 2 sqn with Airbus A-319CJ; Tu-154M Careless; Georgia
An-26 Curl; CL-601 Challenger; L-410 Turbolet; OSCE • Georgia 1
Yak-40 Codling UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
Trg 1 Aviation Trg Centre with L-39C; Z-142C;
Iraq
L-410 Turbolet; EW-97 Eurostar
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 17
Hel 2 attack sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind*; 2 aslt/tpt
sqn with Mi-171S; PZL W-3A SOKOL; Mi-8 Hip NATO • NTM-I up to 10
AD 1 (msl) bde Liberia
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNMIL 3 obs
AIRCRAFT 38 combat capable MOLDOVA
FTR/FGA 14: 12 JAS 39C; 2 JAS 39D Gripen
OSCE • Moldova 1
FGA: 24 L-159 ALCA
TPT 20: 2 Airbus A-319CJ (to replace 2 TU-154M Careless); Serbia
2 Tu-154M Careless; 5 An-26 Curl; 1 CL-601 Challenger; 8 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 400; Army: 1 inf coy
L-410 Turbolet; 2 Yak-40 Codling UN • UNMIK 1 obs
TRG 31: 12 L-39ZA*, 8 L-39C Albatros; 8 Z-142C; 2 L-410
Turbolet; 1 EW-97 Eurostar
HELICOPTERS
ATK 24: 18 Mi-35; 6 Mi-24 Hind*
SPT 40: 31 Mi-171S; 1 MI-8; 8 PZL W3A (SOKOL)
UAV 2 Sojka 3
AD • SAM SA-13 Gopher; SA-6 Gainful; RBS-70; (SA-7 Grail
available for trg RBS-70 gunners)
MSL • AAM AIM-9M Sidewinder; AIM-120 AMRAAM
BOMBS
Conventional: GBU Mk 82; Mk 84
Laser-guided: GBU Paveway
APC (W) 118 Piranha III (incl variants)

Denmark Da ARTY 246
SP 155mm 24 M-109
Danish Krone kr 2007 2008 2009
TOWED 157: 105mm 60 M-101; 155mm 97 M-114/
GDP kr 1.69tr 1.79tr M-139
US$ 312bn 324bn MRL 227mm 12 MLRS
per capita US$ 56,981 59,140 MOR • SP 81mm 53 M-125A2
Growth % 1.7 1.0 AT
MSL • SP 56 TOW on M113
Inflation % 1.7 3.3
MANPATS 20 TOW
Def exp a kr 21.9bn RCL 84mm 349 Carl Gustav
US$ 4.02bn RL 84mm 4,200 AT-4
Def bdgt kr 22.7bn 22.7bn 22.4bn HELICOPTERS
US$ 4.17bn 4.10bn ATK 12 AS-550C2 Fennec*(with TOW)
US$1=kr 5.44 5.54 MD-500M OH-6 Cayuse 13
a
including military pensions
RADAR • LAND ARTHUR
Navy 2,992; 306 civilian; 200 conscript (total
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 3,498)

Male 10% 3% 3% 3% 25% 6% EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 8% PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES
FSG 3 Niels Juel each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
Capabilities with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 6 cell Mk 48 VLS (12
eff.) with 12 Sea Sparrow SAM, 1 76mm gun
ACTIVE 29,550 (Army 14,240 Navy 3,498 Air 3,572
Joint 8,240 (incl civilians))
PSOH 4 Thetis each with 2 twin (4 eff.) with Stinger, 1
Terms of service 4–12 months
76mm gun, 1 Super Lynx MK 90B
Home Guard 53,507 (Army) 40,800 (Navy) 4,500 PFM 4 Flyvefisken (capacity 60 mines) each with 2 Mk
(Air Force) 5,307 (Service Corps) 2,900 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) with RGM-84C Harpoon/RGM-
Denmark hosts The Multinational Stand-By High Readi- 84L Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 6 cell Mk 48 VLS with 6 Sea
ness Brigade for United Nations Operations (SHIRBRIG), Sparrow SAM, 2 single 533mm TT, 1 76mm gun
PFT 2 Flyvefisken (Patrol fit) each with 1 Mk 48 Sea
with headquarters in Garderkasernen.
Sparrow VLS with Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 single 533mm TT,
1 76mm gun
Organisations by Service PCC 9: 1 Agdlek; 2 Knud Rasmussen; 4 Barsoe; 2 Diana
PCI 30 in reserve (Home Guard)
Army 8,240; 6,000 conscript (total 14,240) MINE WARFARE 14
FORCES BY ROLE MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MHC 4 Flyvefisken
Army 1 (op) comd MCMV 4 MSF MK-I
Mech Inf 1 div (1 mech inf bde with (1 tk bn, 2 MHD 6 Sav
mech inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 MP coy) ( 1 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17:
bde (lower readiness, exclusively a trg MRV 2 Holm-class (Multi Role – MCM, Survey and
bde and consists of 9 different trg units. general training) (Less than 200 tonnes; six of class
The bde can, if necessary, be transformed expected)
to a composition equivalent to the 1st AE 1 Sleipner
Bde)) AG 2 Absalon (flexible-support-ships) each with 2 octuple
Recce 1 bn VLS with 16 RGM-84 Block 2 Harpoon 2 SSM tactical, 4
twin (4 eff.) with Stinger SAM, 3 12 cell Mk 56 VLS with
SF 1 unit
36 RIM-162B Sea Sparrow naval SAM, 1 127mm gun
Engr 1 bn (capacity 2 LCP, 7 MBT or 40 vehicles; 130 troops)
AD 1 bn AGB 3; ABU 2 (primarily use for MARPOL duties); AK
Rapid Reaction 1 bde (SHIRBRIG) 4 Ro/Ro; Tpt 2; RY 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FACILITIES
MBT 91: 51 Leopard 2 A4/2A5; 40 Leopard 1A5 Bases Located at Korsøer and Frederikshavn
RECCE 122: 32 Eagle 1 (MOWAG); 90 Eagle IV Naval airbases Located at Karup, Jutland
APC 409
APC (T) 291: 242 M-113 (incl variants); 40 IKK (CV); Naval Aviation
9 CV9030 MkII HELICOPTERS • ASW 8 Super Lynx MK90B
NATO Europe 117
Air Force 3,311 plus 116 civilian, 145 conscript Bosnia-Herzegovina

(total 3,572) NATO • NATO HQ Sarajevo 2
Three air bases Democratic Republic of Congo
Flying hours 165 hrs/yr
UN • MONUC 2 obs
Tactical Air Comd Georgia
FORCES BY ROLE OSCE • Georgia 1
Ftr/FGA 2 sqn with F-16AM/F-16BM Fighting Falcon UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
SAR /Spt 1 sqn with S-61A Sea King; EH-101 Merlin; 1 India/Pakistan
sqn with AS-550 Fennec (obs)
UN • UNMOGIP 4 obs
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130J-30 Hercules; CL-604
Challenger (MR/VIP) Iraq
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 33 (sy forces)
Europe (NATO)
Trg 1 flying school with SAAB T-17
NATO • NTM-I 14
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 48 combat capable UN • UNAMI 3 obs
FTR: 48 F-16AM/F-16BM Fighting Falcon Liberia
TPT 7: 4 C-130J-30 Hercules; 3 CL-604 Challenger UN • UNMIL 2 obs
TRG 28 SAAB T-17
HELICOPTERS Middle East

ASW 15: 7 S-61A Sea King (being phased out); 8 EH-101 UN • UNTSO 10 obs
Merlin (6 more to be delivered 2010)
NEPAL
UTL 12 AS-550 Fennec
MSL UN • UNMIN 1 obs
ASM AGM-65 Maverick POLAND
AAM AIM-120A AMRAAM; AIM-9L/X Sidewinder Army 25 (Da elm corps HQ (multinational))
BOMBS
INS/GPS-guided: GBU-31 JDAM; EGBU-12/GBU-24 Serbia
Paveway LGB NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 311: Army: 1 inf gp (1
scout sqn, 1 inf coy)
Control and Air Defence Group UN • UNMIK 1 obs
1 Control and Reporting Centre, 1 Mobile Control and
Reporting Centre. 4 Radar sites. No SAM. Sudan
UN • UNMIS 3; 5 obs
Reserves
Home Guard (Army) 40,800 reservists (to age 50) Estonia Ea
Army 5 (local def) region (each: up to 2 mot inf bn); 2
regt cbt gp (each: 1 arty bn, 3 mot inf bn) Estonian Kroon kn 2007 2008 2009
GDP kn 243bn 275bn
Home Guard (Navy) 4,500 reservists (to age 50)
US$ 21.3bn 23.7bn
organised into 30 Home Guard units
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 32 per capita US$ 16,198 18,130
PC 32: 18 MHV800; 6 MHV900; 6 MHV90; 2 MHV70 Growth % 6.3 -1.5
Home Guard (Air Force) 5,307 reservists (to age 50)
Home Guard (Service Corps) 2,900 reservists Def exp kn 3.92bn
US$ 344m
Non-state groups Def bdgt kn 3.93bn 4.93bn 5.80bn
See Part II US$ 345m 425m
FMA (US) US$ 4.0m 1.5m 3.0m
Deployment US$1=kn 11.4 11.6
Afghanistan Population 1,307,605

NATO • ISAF 750; Army: 2 mech inf coy; 1 tk pl; 1 hel Ethnic groups: Russian 26%; Ukrainian 2%; Belarussian 1%
det; 4 Leopard 2A5
UN • UNAMA 1 obs Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 8% 4% 4% 3% 21% 6%
ARabian Gulf and indian Ocean
Maritime Security Operations Navy: 1 AG Female 8% 4% 4% 3% 24% 11%
FACILITIES
Capabilities Bases Located at Tallinn, Miinisadam
Paramilitary 2,100 Air Force 300
Defence League 10,859
FORCES BY ROLE
RESERVE 16,000 (Joint 16,000) FACILITIES
Terms of service 8 months, officers and some specialists 11 Air base 1 air base, 1 surveillance wg
months. EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT
Organisations by Service TPT 2 An-2 Colt
HELICOPTERS • UTL 4 R-44
Army 2,200; 2,500 conscript (total 4,700)
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 2,100
4 Def region; 14 districts. All units except Scouts bn are
reserve based
Border Guard 2,100
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Inf 1 Bde (3 inf bn )
FORCES BY ROLE
Recce 1 bn
The maritime element of the Border Guard also fulfils the
Arty 1 bn task of Coast Guard
Peacekeeping 1 bn (Scouts) Paramilitary 1 regt; 3 (rescue) coy
Air Defence 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Engineer 1 bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 57
PCO 2: 1 Ko; 1 Valvas
Defence League 10,859 PCC 7: 1 Vapper; 1 Maru; 3 KBV-100; 1 Pikker; 1 Storm
15 Districts PCI 48: 37 less than 100 tonnes; 11 (PVK type)
AIRCRAFT • TPT 2 L-410UVP Turbolet; 1 Cessna 172
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS • SPT 2 Mi-8 Hip; 2 AW-139; 1 Schweizer
APC (W) 89: 7 Mamba; 58 XA-180 Sisu; 20 BTR-80; 3 300C
BTR-70; 1 BTR-60
ARTY 293
TOWED 62: Deployment
105mm 38 M 61-37; 155mm 24 FH-70
Afghanistan
MOR 231:
NATO • ISAF (RC S UKTF Helmand) 120; 1 mech inf coy
81mm 51: 41 B455; 10 NM95; 120mm 179: 14 2B11; 165
41D with 4 Mamba; 12 XA-180 Sisu; 1 mor det with 3 81mm; 1
AT EOD team
MANPAT Milan Bosnia-Herzegovina
RCL 160 EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 2
106mm: 30 M-40A1; 90mm 130 PV-1110
AD Georgia
MANPAD SAM Mistral OSCE • Georgia 1
FACILITIES Iraq
Centre 1 (peace ops)
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 35; Army: 1 inf pl
NATO • NTM-I 3
Navy 300 (inclusive of a platoon size conscript
unit) Middle East
Lat, Ea and L have set up a joint Naval unit BALTRON UN • UNTSO 2 obs
with bases at Liepaja, Riga, Ventspils (Lat), Tallinn (Ea),
MoLDOVA
Klaipeda (L).
OSCE • Moldova 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES NATO AOR
• FS 1 Admiral Pitka with 1 76mm gun NATO • NRF 1 MCM (2008 to be 1 EOD team and 1
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 MCM in 2009 )
MHC 4: 2 Lindau; 2 Admiral Cowan (ex-UK Sandown)
(additional unit expected early ‘09) Serbia
MSI 2 Frauenlob (Kalev) OSCE • Serbia 2
ML 1 Lindormen NATO • KFOR • 30; Army: 1 inf pl
NATO Europe 119
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
France Fr AIRCRAFT 60 combat capable
FGA 60 M-2000N Mirage
Euro € 2007 2008 2009
TKR 14: 11 C-135FR; 3 KC-135 Stratotanker
GDP € 1.86tr 1.98tr
US$ 2.55tr 2.67tr Gendarmerie 41
per capita US$ 41,869 41,791
Growth % 2.2 0.8
Army 134,000; 25,000 (civilian)
FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % 1.6 3.5
regt normally bn size
Def exp a
€ 44.28bn
Army 4 (task force) HQ; 1 (land) comd HQ; 5 region HQ
US$ 60.66bn Armd 1 bde (Fr/Ge bde 2,500 personnel) (1 mech inf
Def bdgtb € 36.2bn 30.38bn 32.02bn regt, 1 armd cav regt); 2 bde each (1 armd regt,
Europe (NATO)
US$ 49.5n 41.1bn 2 armd inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 Lt Armd 2 bde with (2 armd cav regt, 2 mech (APC) inf
a
including military pensions b budget presentation changed regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
Mech Inf 2 bde (each: 1 armd regt, 1 armd inf regt, 1 mech
Population 64,057,790 inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
Air Mob 1 bde (3 cbt hel regt)

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Mtn Inf 1 bde (1 armd cav regt, 3 mech inf regt, 1 arty
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 23% 7%
regt, 1 engr regt )
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 23% 9%
AB 1 bde (1 armd cav regt, 4 para regt, 1 arty regt, 1
engr regt, 1 spt regt,)
Capabilities Arty/AD 1 bde (3 SAM regt (1 with I-HAWK MIM-23B),
ACTIVE 352,771 (Army 134,000 Navy 43,995 Air 2 MLRS regt,)
57,600 Central Staff 5,200 Service de Santé 8,600 Engr 1 bde (5 engr regt, 1 CBRN regt)
Gendarmerie 103,376) Sigs 1 bde (7 sigs regt, 1 spt regt)
EW/Int 1 bde (1 recce cav regt, 2 UAV regt, 1 EW regt,
CIVILIAN 46,390 (Army 25,000 Navy 10,265 Air 1 int bn)
8,400 Gendarmerie 1,925)
Foreign Legion 7,700
RESERVE 70,300 (Army 18,000 Navy 6,000 Air 5,800 Armd Cav 1 regt (incl in lt armd bde above)
Gendarmerie 40,000) Mech Inf 1 regt (incl in lt armd bde above)
Lt inf 1 regt (Guyana)
Organisations by Service Para 1 regt (incl in AB bde above)
Spt 1 regt
Strategic Nuclear Forces Trg 1 Inf regt
Navy 2,200 Marines 18,100

SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 4 Marine 14 regt (France); 4 regt (Africa); 15 regt (French
1 L’Inflexible M4 S 615 with 16 M-45 strategic SLBM overseas possessions)
each with 6 TN-75 nuclear warheads, 4 single 533mm
TT each with up to 18 F-17 HWT/L5 HWT/SM-39 Special Operation Forces 2,300
Exocet tactical USGW
FORCES BY ROLE
3 Le Triomphant S 616 each with 16 M-45 strategic SLBM
HQ 1 comd
each with 6 TN-75 nuclear warheads, 4 single 533mm
Para 2 regt
TT each with up to 18 F17 Mod 2 HWT/SM-39 Exocet
Cbt hel 1 sqn
tactical USGW (add’l vessel under trials expected ISD
late 2009) FACILITIES
AIRCRAFT • STRIKE/FGA 24 Super Etendard Training Centre 3
Air Force 1,800 Reserves 18,500

Reservist form:
Air Strategic Forces Command 99 UIR (Reserve Intervention Units) of about 105 to 115
Strike 3 sqn with M-2000N Mirage each with 1 troops, for ‘Proterre’ (combined land projection forces)
ASMP missile, 2 Magic 2 missiles; (for battalions.
conv missions – MK82 and GBU) 18 USR (Reserve Specialised Units), of about 85 troops, in
Tkr 1 sqn with C-135FR; KC-135 Stratotanker specialised regiments.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE warheads, 4 single 533mm TT each with up to 18 F17

MBT 637: 400 Leclerc; 237 AMX-30 Mod 2 HWT/SM-39 Exocet tactical USGW (additional
RECCE 1,802: 335 AMX-10RC; 187 ERC-90F4 Sagaie; 1,280 vessel under trials expected ISD late ’09)
VBL M-ll TACTICAL • SSN 6:
AIFV 609 AMX-10P/PC 6 Rubis each with 4 single 533mm TT with F-17 HWT/
APC (W) 3,894: 3,806 VAB; 61 VAB BOA; 27 VAB NBC SM-39 Exocet tactical USGW
ARTY 598 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 32
SP 155mm 90: 74 AU-F-1; 16 CAESAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 2:
TOWED 155mm 98 TR-F-1 CVN 1 Charles de Gaulle with 4 octuple VLS each with
MRL 227mm 61 MLRS Aster 15 SAM, 2 Sadral sextuple each with Mistral SAM
MOR 120mm 349 RT-F1 (capacity 20 Super Etendard FTR/FGA ac; 12 Rafale M
AT • MSL ftr; 3 E-2C Hawkeye AEW ac; 2 SA-360 Dauphin SAR hel;
SP 399: 99 VAB HOT ; 112 VAB Milan; 188 VAB Eryx; 3 SA-321 Super Frelon SAR hel)
MANPATS 553 Milan CVH 1 Jeanne d Arc with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with
RL 84mm AT-4 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, (capacity 8 SA-319B
AIRCRAFT Alouette III ASW hel), 2 100mm gun
TPT 17: 5 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 12 TBM-700 DESTROYERS • DDG 12:
HELICOPTERS 288 attack helicopters 2 Cassard each,with 2 quad (8 eff.) with 8 MM-40 Exocet
ATK 288: 8-16 AS-665 Tiger (8 due 2009); 272 SA-342M tactical SSM, 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 40 SM-1 MR SAM,
Gazelle (all variants) 2 single ASTT each with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun, each
RECCE 24: 24 AS-532 Horizon with 1 AS-565SA Panther ASW hel
SPT 106: 106 SA-330 Puma 7 Georges Leygues each with 1 Mk 46 LWT, 8 MM-40
UAV 50: 35 CL-289 (AN/USD-502); 15 SDTI/Sperwer Exocet tactical SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 26 Crotale
AD • SAM 455+ SAM, 2 single ASTT each with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun,
TOWED 26+ MIM-23B; I-HAWK MIM-23B each with 2 Lynx utl hel
MANPAD 882 Mistral 2 Forbin each with 1 48-cell VLS with Aster 15 SAM /
RADAR • LAND 74: 10 Cobra; 64 RASIT/ RATAC Aster 30 SAM, 2 Sadral sextuple each with Mistral
SAM, 2 twin TT (4 eff.) each with MU-90, 2 76mm, each
Gendarmerie 103,376, 1,925 civilians. 40,000 with 1 NH90 TTH utl hel, (both vessels undergoing
reservist acceptance trials)
3,193 (Headquarters); 4,092 (Administration); 2,051 1 Suffren (Duquesne) with 4 single with 4 MM-38 Exocet
(Maritime Air (personnel drawn from other departments)); tactical SSM, 4 single ASTT each with 1+ L5 HWT, 1
16,754 (Mobile); 4,999 (Republican Guard, Air Tpt, Arsenals); twin (2 eff.) with 48 Masurca SAM, 2 100mm gun
5,444 (Schools); 63,162 (Territorial); 1,925 (civilians); 3,640 2 Tourville each with 6 single with MM-38 Exocet tactical
(Overseas); 41 opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces SSM, 2 single ASTT with Mk 46 LWT/MU-90, 2 100mm
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE gun, each with 2 Lynx Mk4 (Lynx MK3) ASW hel
LT TK 28 VBC-90 FRIGATES 20
APC (W) 153 VBRG-170 FFH 11:
ARTY MOR 157+ 60mm; 81mm 6 Floreal each with, 2 single with 2 MM-38 Exocet
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41 tactical SSM, 1 100mm gun, each with 1 AS-565SA
PCO 1 Fulmar Panther ASW hel
PCC 1 Patra 5 La Fayette (space for fitting 2 x 8 cell VLS launchers
PCR 1 Stellis for Aster 15/30), 2 quad (8 eff.) with 8 MM-40 Exocet
PCI 38 (all less than 100 tonnes) tactical SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with Crotale SAM, 1
HELICOPTERS 100mm gun, (capacity either 1 AS-565SA Panther
SPT 32 AS-350B Ecureuil ASW hel or 1 SA-321 Super Frelon SAR hel)
UTL 17: 8 EC-135; 9 SA-316 Alouette III/SA-319 Alouette FF 9 D’Estienne d’Orves each with 4 MM-40 Exocet
III tactical SSM, 4 single ASTT, 1 100mm gun
Navy 43,995; 10,265 (civilian); 2,200 opcon PCO 20: 1 Arago; 1 Grebe; 10 L’Audacieuse; 8 Leopard
Strategic Nuclear Forces (total 46,195 plus (Instruction)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 21
10,265 civilians)
MCCS 1 Loire
FORCES BY ROLE MCM SPT 7: 3 Antares; 4 Vulcain
Navy 1 HQ opcon HRF (N) located at Toulon; 1 HQ MHC 13 Eridan
opcon ALFOST located at Brest AMPHIBIOUS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 8
SUBMARINES 9 LHD 2 Mistral (capacity mixed air group of up to 16
STRATEGIC • SSBN 3: NH-90 or SA-330 Puma utl hel or AS-532 Cougar utl hel
3 Le Triomphant S 616 opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces or AS-665 Tigre atk hel; 2 LCAC or 4 LCM; 60 AVs; 450
each with 16 M-45 SLBM each with 6 TN-75 nuclear troops)
NATO Europe 121
LPD 2 Foudre (capacity 4 AS-532 Cougar; either 2 Edic ASW 74: 16 AS-565SA Panther; 31 Lynx Mk4 (Lynx
LCT or 10 LCM; 22 tanks; 470 troops;) MK3); 27 SA-319B Alouette III
LS • LST 4 Batral (capacity 12 trucks; 140 troops) UTL 9 AS-365 Dauphin 2
(additional 1 in reserve) MSL
CRAFT 19: 4 LCT; 15 LCM ASM AM-39 Exocet; ASMP
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 43: AAM AS 30 Laser; MICA; R-550 Magic 2
AORH 4 Durance (capacity either 1 SA-319 Alouette III utl
hel or 1 AS-365 Dauphin; 2 utl hel or 1 Lynx utl hel) Marines 2,500
AF 3
AR 1 Jules Verne (capacity 1 SA-319 Alouette III utl hel) Commando Units
AG 1 Recce 1 gp
AGOR 2 Aslt 3 gp
AGI 1 Dupuy de Lome Atk Swimmer 1 gp
Europe (NATO)
AGM 1 Raiding 1 gp
AGS 3 Spt 1 gp
YDT 2
YTM 25 Fusiliers-Marin 1,600
FACILITIES Force 9 units - 14 (Naval Base) gp
Protection
Bases 1 (HQ) located at Toulon, 1 (HQ) located at

Brest, 1 located at Cherbourg , 1 located at
Lorient, 1 (HQ) located at Papeete (Tahiti), 1 Public Service Force
located at Dzaoudzi (Mayotte), 1 (HQ) located Naval personnel performing general coast guard, fishery
at Port-des-Galets (La Reunion), 1 located protection, SAR, anti-pollution and traffic surveillance
at Fort de France (Martinique), 1 located duties. Command exercised through Maritime
at Nouméa (New Caladonia), 1 located at Prefectures (Premar): Manche (Cherbourg), Atlantique
Cayenne, Gf (Brest), Mediterranee (Toulon)
Naval Located at Nimes-Garons, Landivisiau, Ships incl in naval patrol and coastal totals
air bases Lann-Bihoue, Hyères PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5
PSO 1 Albatros
Naval Aviation 6,400 PCC 4: 3 Flamant; 1 Sterne
Flying hours 180 to 220 hrs/yr on Super Etendard strike/ AIRCRAFT • TPT 4 N-262 Fregate
FGA ac HELICOPTERS • UTL 4 AS-365 Dauphin 2
FORCES BY ROLE
Nuclear 50 Super Etendard (incls Strategic Nuclear Reserves 6,000 reservists
Strike Forces)
Territorial Command • Atlantic
Ftr 1 sqn with 16 Rafale M F2 CECLANT
ASW 1 sqn with 31 Lynx Mk4 (Lynx MK3); 1 sqn Navy 1 HQ located at Brest
with 16 AS-565SA Panther
MR 1 sqn with 10 N-262 Fregate Indian Ocean
MP 2 sqn with 27 Atlantique 2* ALINDIEN
AEW 1 sqn with 3 E-2C Hawkeye Navy 1 (afloat) HQ located at Toulon
SAR 1 sqn with 9 AS-365F Dauphin 2; 1 sqn with
8 SA-321 Super Frelon Mediterranean
CECMED
Trg 1 sqn with 13 SA-319B Alouette III; 12 SA-
316B Alouette; 1 unit with N-262 Fregate; 1 Navy 1 HQ located at Toulon
unit with 8 CAP 10; 9 Rallye MS-880*
North Sea/Channel
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE COMAR CHERBOURG
AIRCRAFT 90 combat capable Navy 1 HQ located at Cherbourg
FTR 10 Rafale M F1(in store); 16 Rafale M F2
STRIKE/FGA 50 Super Etendard (incl Strategic Nuclear Pacific Ocean
Forces) ALPACI
MP 36: 27 Atlantique 2*; 4 Falcon 50M; 5 Falcon 200 Navy 1 HQ located at Papeete, PF
Gardian
AEW 3 E-2C Hawkeye
TPT 21: 11 EMB-121 Xingu; 10 N-262 Fregate
Air Force 57,600; 8,400 (civilian); 5,800
TRG 23: 8 CAP 10; 6 Falcon 10 MER; 9 Rallye MS-880*
reservists;
HELICOPTERS
SAR 8 SA-321 Super Frelon Air Forces Command 17,000
Combat Brigade Air Space Control Brigade

Ftr Multi-role 2 AD sqn (St Dizier) plus test and Air Space 1 Surveillance & Control sqn with E-3F
evaluation at Mont-de-Marsan with Rafale Sentry; 1 Helios 1A satellite obs sqn (Creil)
F2-B/F2-C/F3) AD 8 sqn with Crotale 3000, Crotale upgraded &
FTR 4 sqn with M-2000C Mirage and M-2000B Crotale NG; 20mm 76T2; Mistral
Mirage (Cambrai and Orange), M-2000-5 Radar 5 (Control)
Mirage (Dijon)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FGA 4 sqn with M-2000D Mirage (Nancy), SPACE BASED SYSTEMS • SATELLITES
F-1CT Mirage (Colmar); 1 composite 2 IMAGERY 1 Helios-2a (Creil)
sqn with Mirage 2000-C/Mirage 2000-D AIRCRAFT
(Djibouti) AEW 4 E-3F Sentry
Recce 2 sqn with F-1CR Mirage (Reims AD SYSTEMS STRIDA (Control)
EW 1 flt with C-160G Gabriel (ESM) (Metz) SAM Crotale 3000; Crotale upgraded and Crotale NG;
OCU 1 sqn equipped with Mirage 2000B; 1 sqn SATCP
with Mirage Fl-B (Colmar) GUNS 20mm 76T2
LAUNCHER Mistral
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 261 combat capable Security and Intervention Brigade

Multi-role 35: 27 Rafale F2-B (twin-seat); 8 Rafale F2-C 34 protection units
(single-seat); F3 33 fire fighting and rescue sections
FTR 74: 22 M-2000-5 Mirage; 52 M-2000C Mirage 3 intervention paratroop commandos
FGA 88: 66 M-2000D Mirage; 22 F-1CT Mirage
RECCE 39 F-1CR Mirage Air Training Command
EW • ELINT 2 C-160G Gabriel (ESM) Over 6,000 personnel
TRG 25: 8 F-1B Mirage*; 17 M-2000B Mirage* FORCES BY ROLE
MSL Trg some sqn with EMB-121 Xingu; Alpha Jet; CAP 10;
AAM MICA; R-550 Magic 2; Super 530D; EMB-312 Tucano; TB-30 Epsilon; Grob G120A-F
ASM AS-30L; SCALP; Apache EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
BOMBS AIRCRAFT
Laser-guided: GBU-12 Paveway II TPT 23 EMB-121 Xingu
TRG 164: 91 Alpha Jet; 25 EMB-312 Tucano; 25 TB-30
Air Mobility Brigade Epsilon (incl many in storage); 18 Grob G120A-F; 5 CAP
FORCES BY ROLE 10
Tpt heavy sqn with A-310-300; A-319;
A-340-200 (on lease) Reserves 4,300 reservists
Tkr/tac tpt 6 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30;
C-160 Transall; Transall C-160NG Non-State Groups
SAR/trg/tpt/ 7 light sqn with CN-235M; DHC-6 Twin see Part II
utl Otter; Mystère 20 (Falcon 20); Falcon 50
(VIP); Falcon 900 (VIP); TBM-700; EC 725 Deployment
Caracal; AS-555 Fennec
OCU 1 sqn with SA-330 Puma; AS-555 Fennec Afghanistan
1 unit with C-160 Transall NATO • ISAF 3,000 (Operation Pamir): 1 combined arms
Hel 5 sqn with AS-332 Super Puma; SA-330 Puma; BG (GTIA Kapisa) with (1 para regt, elm 1 armd cav regt,
AS-532 Cougar (tpt/VIP); AS-555 Fennec elm 1 arty regt, elm 1 engr regt); 6 Mirage 2000D/SEM; 3
EC-725 CSAR hel; 2 Gazelle atk hel
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan (Operation
AIRCRAFT
Epidote) 35
TPT 106: 3 A-310-300; 2 A-319 (VIP); 2 A-340-200 (on
lease); 5 C-130H; 9 C-130H-30; 42 C-160 Transall; 20 ARABIAN GULF and INDIAN OCEAN
CN-235M; 5 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 4 Falcon 50 (VIP); 2 Maritime Security Operations • 3 FFH; 1 FF; 1 PCO (incl
Falcon 900 (VIP); 12 TBM-700; Mystère 20 forces drawn from standing deployments in the Indian
TPT/TKR 15 Transall C-160NG Ocean)
HELICOPTERS Bosnia-Herzegovina
CSAR 6 EC 725 Caracal EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea (Operation Astrée)101; Air
SPT 36: 7 AS-332 Super Puma; 29 SA-330 Puma Force 1 TBM-700
UTL 45: 3 AS-532 Cougar (tpt/VIP); 42 AS-555 Fennec OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 7
NATO Europe 123
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Germany

Operation Boali 230; Army: 1inf coy; 1 spt det Army 2,800 (incl elm Eurocorps and Fr/Ge bde (2,500));
1 (Fr/Ge) army bde (1 army HQ, 1 armd cav regt, 1 mech
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHad
inf regt)
EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 1,711; Army: 1 mtn inf bde with
(1 armd cav regt, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 lt arty regt); 1 log bn HAITI
UN • MINUSTAH 1
Chad
Operation Epervier 1,150; Army: 4 inf coy; 1 recce sqn with Indian Ocean
ERC-90F1 Air Force: 1 avn gp with 6 F-1CR/F-1CT Mirage, Army 1,000 (incl La Réunion and TAAF); 1 (Marine ) para
1 C-135, 3 C-160 Transall; 1 hel det with 3 SA-330 Puma regt; 1 (Foreign Legion) inf det; 1 SMA regt
Navy 1 base located at Dzaoudzi (Mayotte), 1 (HQ)
Côte D’Ivoire located at Port-des-Galets (La Réunion ) 2 FFH with 2
Operation Licorne 1,800; Army: 1 (Marine) inf bn ; 1 AS-555 Fennec utl hel; 1 PC; 2 PCI; 1 LSM
Europe (NATO)
combined arms BG ; 1 hel bn ; 1 Gendarme sqn Air Force Air Force 1 tpt unit; 2 C-160 Transall; 1 spt hel; 2 AS-555
1 C-160 Transall, 1 CN-235 Fennec
UN • UNOCI 181; 2 obs ; 1 engr coy Gendarmerie 5 coy; 1 SA-319 Alouette III
Democratic Republic of Congo KYRGYZSTAN
UN • MONUC 5 obs NATO • ISAF 1 C-135 tkr
Djibouti Lebanon
Army 2,850; 1 (Foreign Legion) BG with ( 1 engr coy, 1 UN • UNIFIL 2,177; Army 1 combined arms BG with (2
arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy); 1 (Marine) combined arms mech inf coy, 1 armd sqn, 1 arty tp); 1 engr coy; 13 Leclerc;
regt with ( 1 engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy) 35 AMX-1; 4 155mm Grande Cadence de Tir; 6 Mistral; 2 Cobra
Navy: 1 Atlantique radar Navy 1 FF 1 PC
Air Force: 1 Air unit with 10 M-2000C/D Mirage; 1 C-160 Liberia
Transall; 3 SA-342 Gazelle; 7 SA-330 Puma; 1 AS-555 Fennec; UN • UNMIL 2
1 SA-319 Alouette III
Martinique
Egypt Navy 1 naval base located at Fort de France
MFO 17; Air Force: 1 CN-235M
Middle East
French Guiana UN • UNTSO 2 obs
Army 1,500 1(Foreign Legion) inf regt; 1 (Marine) inf regt;
1 SMA regt MOLDOVA
Navy 150; 2 PCI (P 400) OSCE • Moldova 2
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 4 SA-330 Puma; 3 AS-555 Fennec New Caledonia
Gendarmerie 3 coy; 1 AS-350 Ecureuil Army 1,000; 1 (Marine) mech inf regt; 2 SMA coy; 6 ERC-
90F1 Lynx
French Polynesia
Navy 510; 1 base with 1 Floreal FFH; 1 Albatros OPV; 2
Army 700 (incl Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique); 1
Gardian located at Nouméa
(Marine) inf regt; 3 SMA coy
Air Force some air det; 1 tpt unit; 3 CASA 235 MPA; 5
Navy 710; 1 HQ located at Papeete; 1 FFH with 1 AS-565SA
SA-330 Puma; 2 AS-555 Fennec
Panther ASW hel; 2 PCI (P-400); 1 LSM; 1 AOT; 3 Gardian
Gendarmerie 4 coy; 2 AS-350 Ecureuil
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 2 CN-235M; 1 AS-332 Super Puma; 1
AS-555 Fennec Senegal
Army 610; 1 (Marine) inf bn with (1 recce sqn with ERC-
French West Indies
90F1 Lynx)
Army 1,000; 2 (Marine) inf regt; 2 SMA regt Navy 230; 1 Atlantique
Navy 450; 1 FFH; 1 PCI; 1 LSM Air Force 1 C-160 Transall; 1 AS-555 Fennec
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 3 CN-235M; 2 SA-330 Puma; 1 AS-
555SN Fennec Serbia
Gendarmerie 4 coy; 2 AS-350 Ecureuil NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 1,830 ; Army: 1 inf bn; 1
Gendarmerie regt; some spt units (incl atk hel)
Gabon OSCE • Serbia 1
Army 800; 1 recce pl with ERC-90F1 Lynx; 1 (Marine) inf
OSCE • Kosovo 7
bn; 3 SA-330 Puma Air Force 2 C-160 Transall; 1 AS-555
Fennec sudan
UN • UNAMID 2
Georgia
OSCE • Georgia 4 Tajikistan
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs NATO • ISAF 160; 1 C-130 Hercules; 2 C-160 Transall
UAE force categories will be specifically trained and equipped

3 Mirage 2000-5, 1 KC-135F at al-Dhafra (To operate along- for their respective missions. Their overall capability will be
side UAE Mirage-9s) enhanced as required from the Army, Air Force, Navy, Joint
Support Service and Central Medical Service. The Army
Western Sahara
forces consists of five divisional headquarters, three of them
UN • MINURSO 18 obs are deployable, and a total of twelve brigades. Forces are
tailored to form Response Forces (1st Armd Div/Ge/Fr Bde),
Foreign Forces 1 bde Special Forces, 1 air mobile div and four stabilisation
Belgium Air Force: 29 Alpha Jet trg ac located at Cazaux/ brigades. The Response Forces brigades are structured to
Tours fight in a divisional context supported by the capabilities
of the divisional troops. The stabilisation brigades would
Germany Army: 209 (Ge elm Eurocorps)
normally deploy under the command of the Air Mobile
Singapore Air Force: 200; 1 trg sqn with 4 A-4SU Super
Div HQ and receive any additional capability from its
Skyhawk; 10 TA-4SU Super Skyhawk
Army Support Arms bde. The Special Operations Division
Headquarters is designed to provide a multinational special
Germany Ge forces headquarters at command level. Its airborne brigades
are generally capable of concurrently conducting operations
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 against irregular forces and military evacuation operations.
The Joint Support Service assists the individual services
GDP € 2.42tr 2.48tr

in terms of logistics, command support and protection.
US$ 3.32tr 3.35tr Its assets include psyops capabilities, logistic follow on
per capita US$ 40,364 40,670 support, communication systems and EW-capabilities.
Growth % 2.5 1.8 Medical support is provided by the Joint Medical Service.
Inflation % 2.3 2.9 FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 div (1st) (RF)with (2 armd bde each (1-2
armd bn, 1-2 armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 armd
Def exp a € 30.73bn
recce coy); spt (armd recce, UAV, MRL, engr,
US$ 42.1bn AD regt, NBC units))
Def bdgt € 28.4bn 29.5bn 30.1bn Mech 1 (13) div (StF) with 2 bde each (1 armd, 2
US$ 38.88bn 39.86bn armd inf , 1 recce, 1 engr, 1 sig, 1 log bn);
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 1 div (10) (StF) with 1 bde (1 armd, 2 armd Inf,
a
including military pensions 1 recce, 1 engr, 1 sig,1 log bn), 1 bde (3 mtn inf
bn, 1 recce, 1 engr, 1 sig,1 log bn)
Population 82,369,548 Spec Ops 1 div (RF) SF comd, 2 (31, 26) airborne bde
each (2 para bn, 1 recce coy, 1 UAV unit, 1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
engr coy), 1 SF bde)
Male 7% 3% 3% 3% 25% 8%
Air Mob 1 Div (RF) 1 air manoeuvre bde (1 atk hel bn,
Female 7% 3% 3% 3% 24% 10% 1 spt hel bn, 1 air mob inf regt) 1 air tpt bde (2
med tpt (CH-53) hel regt, 1 lt tpt (NH-90) regt
Capabilities ( in future)), 1 spt bde ( arty, AD, NBC)
ACTIVE 244,324 (Army 160,794 Navy 22,950 Air Inf I lt inf bn (Ge/Fr Bde)
60,580) Arty 1 bn (Ge/Fr Bde)
Terms of service 9 months; 10–23 months voluntary. Reserves: Engr 1 cbt engr coy (Ge/Fr Bde)
junior ranks to age 45; NCOs and officers to 60. Trg 1 BG with (35 Leopard 2; 26 Marder 1; 12
RESERVE 161,812 (Army 144,548 Navy 3,304 Air M-109A3G)
13,960) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 2,035: 1,472 Leopard 2 (350 to be upgraded to A6); 563
Leopard 1A1/1A3/1A4/1A5 (in store)
Organisations by Service RECCE 496: 202 Fennek; 210 SPz-2 Luchs; 84 Tpz-1 Fuchs
(NBC)
Army 118,228; 42,566 conscript (total 160,794) AIFV 2,223: 2,085 1 A2 Marder/1 A3 Marder; 133 Wiesel (with
Germany contributes to all multinational Corps HQs in 20mm gun) 5 Puma (in development)
Europe and is the Framework Nation for European Corps, APC 2,343
(Strasbourg), the German-Netherlands Corps (Münster) APC (T) 1,287 M-113 (incl 317 arty obs and other variants)
and the Multinational Corps Northeast (Szczecin). APC (W) 1,056: 147 APCV-2 Dingo; 909 TPz-1 Fuchs (incl
German transformation is due to be complete in 2010 variants)
and is proceeding on schedule. Three force categories ARTY 1,364
constitute the core of transformation: Response Forces SP 155mm 679; 499 M-109A3G; 180 PzH 2000
(RF), Stabilisation Forces (StF) and support forces. These TOWED 165: 105mm 10 M-101; 155mm 155 FH-70
NATO Europe 125
MRL 227mm 129 MLRS PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PFM 10

MOR 120mm 391 Tampella 10 Gepard each with 2 twin (4 eff.) with MM-38 Exocet
AT • MSL 1,277 tactical SSM, 1 Mk 49 RAM with 21 RIM-116 RAM SAM,
SP 194 Wiesel (TOW) 1 76mm gun
MANPATS 1,083 Milan MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 37:
AMPHIBIOUS 13 LCM (river engineers) MHC 14: 9 Frankenthal; 5 Kulmbach
HELICOPTERS MSC 5 Ensdorf
ATK 192 BO-105, B0-105 M (PAH-1) (with HOT) MSD 18 Seehund
RECCE 2 BO-105M AMPHIBIOUS • LC 3
SPT 93 CH-53G Stallion LCM 1
UTL 144+: 14 EC-135; 12 SA 313 Alouette II; 118 UH-1D LCU 2 Type 521
Iroquois LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 31
UAV 363: 160 AOLOS-289/CL-289 (AN/USD-502); 115 AO 2 Walchensee Type 703
Europe (NATO)
Aladin; 28 LUNA X-2000; 60 KZO AOT 2 Spessart Type 704
AD AFH 2 Berlin Type 702 (capacity either 2 NH-90 utl hel
SAM 148+ or 2 Sea King MK41 SAR hel; 2 RAMs)
SP 120 Roland AE (AMMO) 1 Westerwald Type 760
TOWED 28 PAC-3 Patriot AG 6: 3 Schwedeneck Type 748; 3 Stollergrund Type 745
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger (incl some Ozelot SP) AGOR 1 Planet Type 751
GUNS 1,288 AGI 3 Oste Type 423

TOWED 20mm 1,155 Rh 202 AT 5
SP 35mm 135 Gepard Trg 1
RADAR • LAND 137+: Cobra; 18 M-113 A1GE Green Archer SPT 6 Elbe Type 404 (2 specified for PFM support; 1
(mor); 85 RASIT (veh, arty); 34 RATAC (veh, arty) specified for SSK support; 3 specified for MHC/MSC
support)
Navy 19,162; 3,788 conscript (total 22,950) Trial Ship 2
Previous Type Comds have been merged into two Flotillas. FACILITIES
Flotilla I combines SS, MCM, PBF and SF whilst Flotilla II Bases Located at Olpenitz, Wilhelmshaven, Glücksburg
comprises 2 FF and Aux squadrons. (Maritime HQ), Warnemünde, Eckernförde, Kiel
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 12: Naval Aviation 2,260
8 Type 206A each with 8x1 533mm ASTT each with DM2 AIRCRAFT
HWT MP 10: 2(Atlantic); 8 AP-3C Orion
4 Type 212A (2 further vessels on order) each with 6 TPT 2 Do-228 (2 pollution control)
single 533mm TT with 12 A4 Seehecht DM2 HWT HELICOPTERS
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 18 SAR 21 Sea King MK41 (SAR)
FRIGATES 15 ASW 22 Sea Lynx MK88A (ASW/ASUW)
FFGHM 3: MSL • TACTICAL • ASM Sea Skua
3 Sachsen each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each
with RGM-84F tactical SSM, 1 32 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 Air Force 50,310; 10,270 conscript (total
eff.) with 24 SM-2 MR SAM, 32 RIM-162B Sea Sparrow 60,580)
SAM, 2 Mk 49 RAM each with 21 RIM-116 RAM SAM; Flying hours 150 hrs/year
(capacity either 2 NH-90 utl hel or 2 Lynx utl hel) Missile trg Located at Fort Bliss (TX), US
FFG 12:
4 Brandenburg each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with Air Force Command
MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 21
FORCES BY ROLE
RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 Mk 41 VLS with 16 RIM-7M/
Air 3 div
RIM-7P, 4 x1 324mm ASTT each with Mk 46 LWT, 1
76mm gun, (capacity either 2 MK88 Sea Lynx ASW Ftr 2 wg (4 sqn with F-4F Phantom II); 2 wg
hel or 2 Sea Lynx MK88A ASW) with EF-2000 Eurofighter
8 Bremen each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) FGA 2 wg (4 FGA sqn with Tornado IDS); 1 wg
each with RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon (2 FGA sqn with Tornado ECR* plus IDS)
tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 16 Recce 1 wg (2 recce sqn with Tornado IDS (recce))
RIM-7M/RIM-7P, 2 Mk 49 RAM with 21 RIM-116 Radar 3 (tac air control) gp
RAM SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with
SAM 3 wg (each 2 SAM gp) with MIM-104 Patriot
Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 2 MK88
Trg sqns with 35 T-37B Tweet; 40 T-38A Talon
Sea Lynx ASW hel or 2 Sea Lynx MK88A ASW)
CORVETTES 3 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FS 3 Braunschweig (K130) (further two of class expected AIRCRAFT 298 combat capable
2009-2010) FTR 109: 33 EF-2000 Eurofighter; 76 F-4F Phantom II
STRIKE/FGA : 156 Tornado IDS (incl 42 recce); another Georgia

64 in store OSCE • Georgia 7
SEAD 33 Tornado ECR* UN • UNOMiG 11 obs
TRG 75: 35 T-37B Tweet; 40 T-38A Talon
AD • SAM • TOWED MIM-104 Patriot Italy
MSL Navy; 3 MP ac (in ELMAS/Sardinia)
ASM KEPD 350; AGM-65B/D/G Maverick EU • EUFOR • EUFOR (Air) 200 Air Forces
ASSM Kormoran 2 LEBANON
ARM AGM-88B HARM
UN •UNIFIL 234; Navy: 1 MHC; 1 MSC; 1 SPT
AAM AIM-9L/Li Sidewinder; Iris-T; LFK Iris-T (being
introduced); AIM 120A/B AMRAAM Mediterranean Sea
BOMBS NATO • Operation Active Endeavour 1 FFG
LGB: GBU-24 Paveway III
MOLDOVA
Transport Command OSCE • Moldova 1
FORCES BY ROLE Poland
Tkr/tpt 1 (special air mission) wg with 7 A-310 Army 67 (Ge elm Corps HQ (multinational))
(4 MRTT, 3 MRT); 6 CL-601 Challenger;
Serbia
3 AS-532U2 Cougar II (VIP)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 2,249; Army: 1 inf bn

Tpt 3 wg (total: 4 tpt sqn with 80 UH-1D (76 SAR,
HQ; 3 inf coy; elm 1 hel bn; elm 1 recce coy; elm 1 engr
tpt, liaison, 4 VIP)( 1 OCU); 3 tpt sqn with 83
coy; 1 sigs bn; 1 CIMIC coy; elm 1 log unit; elm 1 MP
C-160 Transall (1 OCU))
coy; 1 med unit. Equipment incl 26 Leopard C2; 17 SPz-2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Luchs; 25 Marder 1; 54 TPz-1 Fuchs; 10 M-109A3G; 6 Wiesel
AIRCRAFT • TPT 96: 7 A-310 (incl tpt/tkr); 83 C-160 (TOW); 3 CH-53 Sea Stallion; 9 UH-1D Iroquois
Transall; 6 CL-601 Challenger (VIP) OSCE • Serbia 3
HELICOPTERS • UTL 83: 3 AS-532U2 Cougar II (VIP); OSCE • Kosovo 18
80 UH-1D Iroquois (76 SAR, tpt, liaison, 4 VIP)
SIERRA LEone
Training IMATT 1
OCU 1 with 23 Tornado IDS Sudan
NATO joint Sheppard AFB (TX) with 35 T-37B, 40 UN • UNMIS 6; 33 obs
pilot trg T-38A
United States
Army 1 (battle) army gp (trg) (army trg area) with 35
Non-State Groups Leopard 2; 26 Marder 1; 12 M-109A3G Air Force 812
see Part II (flying trg) located at Goodyear AFB (AZ); Sheppard AFB
(TX) with 35 T-37 Tweet trg ac and 40 T-38 Talon trg ac;
Deployment Holloman AFB (NM) with 23 Tornado IDS; NAS Pensacola
(FL); Fort Rucker (AL)
Afghanistan NATO • Air Force • Missile trg located at Fort Bliss (TX)
NATO • ISAF 3,310 (PRTs in Kunduz and Fayzabad; Primary trg sqn located at Goodyear AFB (AZ), Joint jet
QRF in RC-N.) Army eqpt. incl Marder AIFV; TPz-1 Fuchs; pilot trg sqn located at Sheppard AFB (TX); some Beech
Fennek; 100 Dingo II; LUNA UAV Air force eqpt. incl 6 F-33 Bonanza
Tornado ECR (SEAD); CH-53 spt hel; C-160 tpt ac
UZBEKISTAN
UN • UNAMA 1 obs
NATO • ISAF 163: C-160 Transall tpt ac
ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG; 1 AOT
Foreign Forces
Bosnia-Herzegovina Canada NATO 292
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 138. Equipment incl 28 France Army: 1 (Fr/Ge) army bde (1 army HQ, 1 armd cav
SPz-2 Luchs; TPz-1 Fuchs; 3 CH-53 Sea Stallion; 4 UH-1D rgt, 1 mech inf regt); 2,800 (incl elm Eurocorps and Fr/Ge
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 bde (2,500))
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD Italy Air Force: 91 (NAEW Force)
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 4 Netherlands Air Force: 300
United Kingdom Army 22,000; 1 army corps HQ
Djibouti
(multinational); 1 armd div Royal Navy 30; Air Force 320
Operation Enduring Freedom Navy 100: 1 sqn with AP-3C
United States US Africa Command: Army; 1 HQ located
France at Stuttgart USAF; 1 HQ (17th Air Force) located at
Army 209 (Ge elm Eurocorps) Ramstein AB. US European Command: 1 combined
NATO Europe 127
service HQ (EUCOM) located at Stuttgart-Vaihingen Comd 1 HQ; 4 corps HQ (incl NDC-GR)

Army 40,018 (reducing; some deployed to Iraq); 1 HQ Armd 1 div HQ; 4 bde (each: 1 mech inf bn,
(US Army Europe (USAREUR) located at Heidelberg; 1 SP arty bn, 2 armd bn)
1 mech inf SBCT; 1 armd inf bde; 1 (hvy) cbt avn bde (1 Recce 5 bn
armd HBCT deployed to Iraq); 1 (APS) armd HBCT eqpt. Mech Inf 3 div HQ; 7 bde (each: 1 armd bn, 1 SP arty bn,
set (transforming); some M-1 Abrams; some M-2/M-3 2 mech bn)
Bradley; some Stryker; some M-109; some MLRS; some Inf 1 div HQ ; 5 bde (each: 1 armd bn, 1 arty regt,
AH-64 Apache; some CH-47 Chinook; some UH-60 Black 3 inf regt)
Hawk Navy 269 USAF 14,588; 1 HQ (US Airforce Europe SF 1 comd (1 (cdo) amph bde; 1 cdo para bde)
(USAFE)) located at Ramstein AB; 1 HQ (3rd Air Force) Marine 1 bde
located at Ramstein AB; 1 ftr wg located at Spangdahlem
Fd Arty 1 bde (8 regt (incl 2 bn MLRS))
AB with (1 atk/FAC sqn with 12 A-10 Thunderbolt II; 6
Air Mob 1 bde
OA-10 Thunderbolt II, 2 ftr sqn each with 21 F-16C Fighting
Europe (NATO)
Falcon); 1 airlift wg located at Ramstein AB with 16 C-130E AD 3 bn (2 I-HAWK, 1 TOR M1)
Hercules; 2 C-20 Gulfstream; 9 C-21 Learjet; 1 CT-43 Boeing Avn 1 bde ( 1 avn regt (2 atk hel bn), 1 spt hel bn,
737; USMC 270 3 avn bn)
Log 2 div (4 bde)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Greece Gr
MBT 1,620: 102 Leopard 2 HEL (Leopard 2 A6); 180 Leopard 2

A4; 511 Leopard 1; 324 M-60A1 / M-60A3; 503 M-48A5
Euro € 2007 2008 2009
RECCE 242 VBL
GDP € 228bn 234bn AIFV 377 BMP-1
US$ 312bn 316bn APC (T) 2,105: 432 Leonidas Mk1/Leonidas Mk2; 1,673
per capita US$ 29,172 29,490 M-113A1/M-113A2
ARTY 3,163
Growth % 4.0 3.2
SP 348: 155mm 221: 197 M-109A1B/M-109A2/M-
Inflation % 3.0 4.2
109A3GEA1/M-109A5; 24 PzH 2000; 203mm 127 M-110A2
TOWED 412: 105mm 283: 265 M-101; 18 M-56; 155mm
Def expa € 6.31bn 129 M-114
US$ 8.65bn MRL 151: 122mm 115 RM-70 Dana; 227mm 36 MLRS
(incl ATACMS)
MOR 2,252: 81mm 1,632; 107mm 620 M-30 (incl 231 SP)
US$ 5.31bn 5.62bn
AT
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 MSL 1,108
a
including military pensions and procurement SP 362: 320 M-901; 42 Milan HMMWV
MANPATS 746: 196 9P163 Kornet-E; 262 9K111 AT-4
Spigot; 248 Milan; 40 TOW
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus RCL 4,090:
SP 106mm 746 M-40A1
Male 7% 3% 3% 4% 24% 8%
MANPAT 3,344: 84mm 2,000 Carl Gustav; 90mm 1,344
Female 7% 3% 3% 4% 24% 10% EM-67
AIRCRAFT
Capabilities TPT 3: 1 C-12C Huron; 2 C-12R/AP Huron
UTL 38 U-17A
ACTIVE 156,600 (Army 93,500 Navy 20,000 Air
HELICOPTERS
31,500 Joint 11,600) Paramilitary 4,000 ATK 32: 20 AH-64A Apache; 12 AH-64D Apache
Terms of service: Conscripts in all services up to 12 months SPT 15 CH-47D Chinook
UTL 114: 14 AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger; 100 UH-1H
RESERVE 237,500 (Army 198,000 Navy 8,000 Air Iroquois
31,500) UAV 12-18 Sperwer
AD
Organisations by Service SAM 1,722
SP 113: 21 SA-15 Gauntlet (TOR-M1); 38 SA-8B Gecko;
54 ASRAD HMMWV
Army 93,500; ε35,530 conscript TOWED 42 I-HAWK MIM-23B
FORCES BY ROLE MANPAD 1,567 FIM-92A Stinger
Field army to re-org. Units are manned at 3 different levels GUNS
– Cat A 85% fully ready, Cat B 60% ready in 24 hours, Cat TOWED 683: 20mm 160 Rh 202; 23mm 523 ZU-23-2
C 20% ready in 48 hours (requiring reserve mobilisation). RADAR • LAND 76: 3 ARTHUR, 5 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder
There are 3 military regions (arty, mor); 8 AN/TPQ-37(V)3; 40 BOR-A; 20 MARGOT
National Guard 34,500 reservists 4 Votsis (Fr La Combattante IIA) each with 4 MM-38
Internal security role Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Inf 1 Div 5 Roussen (Super Vita) with 8 MM-40 Exocet tactical
Para 1 regt ASSM
PFT 4 Andromeda (No Nasty) each with 4 single 533mm
Fd Arty 8 bn
TT each with SST-4 HWT
ADA 4 bn PC 2 Stamou with 4 single SS 12M tactical SSM
Avn 1 bn PCO 8: 2 Armatolos (Dk Osprey); 2 Pirpolitis; 4 Machitis
PCC 2 Tolmi
Navy 16,000; 4,000 conscript; (total 20,000) PCI 4
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MINE COUNTERMEASURES 11
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 10: MHC 4: 2 Evropi (UK Hunt); 2 Evniki (US Osprey)
8 Glavkos (Ge T-209/1100) each with 8 single 533mm TT MSC 7Alkyon (US MSC-294)
each with UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW, SUT HWT AMPHIBIOUS
2 Papanikolis (Poseidon class) (Ge T-214) (two more in LS • LST 5:
build; 3rd in trials expected to commission mid ‘09.) with 5 Chios (capacity 4 LCVP; 300 troops) each with 1 hel
8 single 533mm TT each with UGM-84C Harpoon tactical landing platform (for med hel)
USGW, SUT HWT CRAFT 59: 2 LCT; 4 LCU; 31 LCVP; 11 LCM; 7 LCA
ACV 4 Kefallinia (Zubr) (capacity either 3 MBT or 10

FRIGATES • FFG 14: APC (T)s; 230 troops;)
4 Standard Class Batch I (Elli class) (NL Kortenaer Batch LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 21:
2) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with AORH 1 AE Etna
RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 AOT 6: 2; 4 (small)
Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 16 RIM-7M/RIM-7P AE 2 (ex-Ge Luneburg)
Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin ASTT (4 eff.) each with Mk AWT 6
46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl AGHS 3
hel) TPT 2
2 Standard Class Batch II (Elli class) (NL Kortenaer TRG 1
Batch 2) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each FACILITIES
with RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon tactical Bases Located at Salamis, Patras, Soudha Bay
SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 16 RIM-7M/
RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin ASTT (4 eff.) each Naval Aviation
with Mk 46 LWT, 2 76mm gun, (capacity 2 AB-212 (Bell FORCES BY ROLE
212) utl hel) ASW 1 Division with 11 S-70B Seahawk; 8 AB-212 (Bell
4 Standard Class Batch III (Elli class) (NL Kortenaer 212)ASW; 2 SA-319 Alouette III
Batch 2) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each MP 2 sqn with 6 P-3B Orion; 2 CL-415GR (CL-415)
with RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon tactical
SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 16 RIM-7M/ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin ASTT (4 eff.) each AIRCRAFT
with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 AB-212 (Bell MARITIME PATROL 6 P-3B Orion
212) utl hel) SPT 2 CL-415GR (CL-415)
4 Hydra (Ge MEKO 200) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each HELICOPTERS 11 attack helicopters
with RGM-84G Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 16 cell Mk 48 ASW 11 S-70B Seahawk
VLS with 16 RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple ASTT UTL 10: 8 AB-212 (Bell 212); 2 SA-319 Alouette III
(6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity MSL
1 S-70B Seahawk ASW hel) ASM AGM-119 Penguin
CORVETTES • FS 3: ASSM MM-40 Exocet
3 Niki (Ge Thetis) each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6
eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 twin 40mm gun (4 eff.) Air Force 31,500 (incl 11,000 conscripts)
PFM 20: Tactical Air Force
5 Kavaloudis (Fr La Combattante II, III, IIIB) each with 6 FORCES BY ROLE
RB 12 Penguin tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm TT each AD/FGA 4 sqn with F-16CG/DG Block 30, Fighting
with SST-4 HWT, 2 76mm gun Falcon; 3 sqn with F-16CG/DG Block 52+
4 Laskos (Fr La Combattante II, III, IIIB) each with 4 Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn with M-2000-5 Mk 2
MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm TT each Mirage; 2 sqn with M-2000E/BGM Mirage; 2
with SST-4 HWT, 2 76mm gun sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 2 sqn with A/TA-
2 Votsis (Fr La Combattante) each with 2 Mk-141 Harpoon 7E/H Corsair II
twin each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Recce 1 sqn with RF-4E Phantom II
76mm gun AEW 1 sqn with EMB-145H Erieye
NATO Europe 129

AIRCRAFT 271 combat capable AIRCRAFT • TRG 104: 40 T-2C/E Buckeye; 19 T-41D; 20
FTR 25 M-2000-5 Mk 2 Mirage (20 -5EG, 5 -5BG) T-6A Texan II; 25 T-6B Texan II
FGA 227: 20 M-2000EG/BG Mirage; 71 F-16CG/DG
Block 30 Fighting Falcon: 58 F-16 C/D Block 52+ Fighting Paramilitary • Coast Guard and Customs
Falcon; 35 F-4E Phantom II ; 43 A/TA-7E/H Corsair II 4,000
RECCE 19 RF-4E Phantom II* PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 90: 4 PCO;
AEW 6: 4 EMB-145H Erieye 1 PFC; 7 PCC; 39 PBC; 39 PBI
MSL AIRCRAFT • UTL 4
AAM AIM 120B/C AMRAAM; AIM-7E/F Sparrow; 2 Cessna 172RG Cutlass
AIM-9L/AIM-9P Sidewinder; MICA; R-550 Magic 2; 2 TB-20 Trinidad
Super 530; IRIS-T
ASM AGM-65A/B/G Maverick; SCALP EG Non-State Groups
Europe (NATO)
ASSM AM 39 Exocet see Part II
ARM AGM-88 HARM
BOMBS
Conventional: GBU-8B HOBOS
Deployment
Laser-guided: GBU-12/ GBU-16 Paveway II; GBU-24 Afghanistan
Paveway III NATO • ISAF 137; Army: 1 engr coy Air Force: 1 C-130
Air Defence ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
FORCES BY ROLE Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG
SAM 6 sqn/bty PAC-3 Patriot with 36 launchers Bosnia-Herzegovina
[MIM-104 (A/B SOJC/D GEM)]; 2 sqn/bty with EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 45
S-300 PMU-1 with 12 launchers; 12 bty Skyguard
with Sparrow RIM-7/GUNS; 9 Crotale NG/GR; 4
SA-15 Gauntlet (Tor-M1) Central African Republic/CHAD
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 15
AD Cyprus
SAM TOWED 61+: 36 PAC-3 Patriot; 12 S-300 Army 950 (ELDYK army); ε200 (officers/NCO seconded to
PMU-1; 9 Crotale NG/GR; 4 SA-15 Gauntlet (Tor-M1); Greek-Cypriot National Guard) (total 1,150)
some Skyguard/Sparrow 1 mech bde (1 armd bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn)
GUNS 35+ 35mm MBT 61 M-48A5 MOLF
APC (T) 80 Leonidas
Air Support Command ARTY 24
FORCES BY ROLE TOWED • 155mm 12 M-114
CSAR 1 sqn with S-332 Super Puma SP 12: 175mm 6 M-107; 203mm 6 M-110A2
Tpt 3 sqn with C-130B Hercules; C-130H Hercules;
Georgia
YS-11-200; C-47 Skytrain; Do-28; 1 sqn with C-27J
Spartan (8 AT and 4 AAR); 1 sqn with EMB-135; OSCE • Georgia 1
Gulfstream V UN • UNOMIG 4 obs
Hel 1 sqn with AS-332 Super Puma (SAR); AB-205A LEBANON
(Bell 205A) (SAR); AB-212 (Bell 212) (VIP, tpt); UN • UNIFIL 192; Navy: 1 Elli FFG; 1 PB
Bell 47G (liaison)
Serbia
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 744 (128 more on
AIRCRAFT • TPT 39: 5 C-130B Hercules; 10 C-130H
standby in Greece); Army: 2 mech inf bn
Hercules; 12 C-27J Spartan (8 AT and 4 AAR) – being
OSCE • Kosovo 6
delivered; 2 C-47 Skytrain; 6 Do-28; 2 EMB-135; 1
Gulfstream V; 1 YS-11-200 SUDAN
HELICOPTERS UN • UNMIS 3 obs
SPT 10 AS-332 Super Puma
Western Sahara
UTL 17: 4 AB-212 (Bell 212) (VIP, tpt); 13 AB-205A (Bell
205A) (SAR),
TRG 7 Bell 47G (liaison)
Foreign Forces
Air Training Command United States US European Command: Army 8; Navy: 275;
FORCES BY ROLE USAF 62; USMC 13; 1 naval base located at Makri; 1 naval
Trg 5 sqn with T-2C/E Buckeye; T-41 D; T-6A/B Texan II base located at Soudha Bay; 1 air base located at Iraklion
TOWED 152mm 16 D-20

Hungary Hu MOR 82mm 50
AT • MSL • MANPATS 130: 30 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 100
Hungarian Forint f 2007 2008 2009
AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
GDP f 25.3tr 27.3tr RADAR • LAND 15: 3 RAT-31 DL; 6 P-18; 6 SZT-68U
US$ 139bn 138bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 2
per capita US$ 13,962 13,898 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES MSR
Growth % 1.3 1.9 3 Nestin
Inflation % 8.0 6.3 FACILITIES
Training Centre 2
Def exp f 279bn
US$ 1.53bn
Def bdgt f 341bn 321bn 291bn Air Component 5,664
US$ 1.86bn 1.62bn Flying hours 50 hrs/yr
FMA (US) US$ 2.4m 1.0m 2.0m FORCES BY ROLE
US$1=f 183 198 Multirole 1 tac ftr wg (1 sqn with JAS-39 Gripen: 1 sqn
with MiG-29B/MiG-29UB Fulcrum)
Population 9,930,915 Tpt 1 (mixed) wg with An-26 Curl; Mi-8 Hip;
Ethnic groups: Romany 4%; German 3%; Serb 2%; Romanian 1%; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
Slovak 1% Trg 1 sqn with L-3970; Yak-52
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Atk hel 1 (cbt) bn with Mi-24 Hind
AD 1 radar regt; 1 (mixed) regt with Mistral; SA-6
Male 8% 3% 3% 4% 23% 6%
Gainful
Female 8% 3% 3% 4% 25% 9%
NATO AT 3 ‘Strategic Airlift Capability’ C-17 based at
Papa air base
Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ACTIVE 25,207 (Army 10,936,Air 5,664 Joint 8,607) AIRCRAFT 27 combat capable
Paramilitary 12,000 MULTIROLE 14 JAS-39 Gripen (12 -C, 2 -D)
FTR 11 MiG-29B Fulcrum
RESERVE 44,000 (Army 35,200 Air 8,800)
TPT 4 An-26 Curl
Terms of service 6 months. Reservists to age 50.
TRG 21: 10 L-39ZO Albatros; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum*; 9
Yak-52
Hungary’s armed forces have reorganised into a joint ATK 12 Mi-24 Hind
force. SPT 17: 10 Mi-8 Hip; 7 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
AD • SAM 61
Joint Component 8,607 SP 16 SA-6 Gainful
FORCES BY ROLE MANPAD 45 Mistral
Comd 1 (HDF) HQ RADAR: 3 RAT-31DL, 6 P-18: 6 SZT-68U; 14 P-37
CS 1 Bde MSL
EOD 1 Riverine ptrl bn AAM AIM 120C AMRAAM on order; 84 AA-10 Alamo;
210 AA-11 Archer; 60 AIM-9 Sidewinder
Land Component 10,936 (incl riverine ASM 20 AGM-65 Maverick: 150 AT-2 Swatter; 80 AT-6
element)
Armd 1 bn
Border Guards 12,000 (to reduce)
Lt inf 2 bde (total: 5 Lt inf bn)
SF 1 bn
FORCES BY ROLE
Engr 1 bde
Paramilitary 1 (Budapest) district (7 Rapid Reaction
CBRN 1 bn
coy); 11 (regt/district) regt
Log 1 regt
Sigs 1 regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 68 BTR-80
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 120: 35 T-72, 85 in store
AIFV 164 BTR-80A Deployment
APC (W) 304 BTR-80
ARTY 219+ Afghanistan
SP 122mm 153+ 2S1 Carnation in store NATO • ISAF 240; Land Component: 1 lt inf coy
NATO Europe 131
ARMENIA/AZERbaijan Iceland Coast Guard 130

OSCE • Minsk Conference 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Bosnia-Herzegovina PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCOH: 3:
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 158; Land Component: 1 2 Aegir; 1 Odinn
inf coy
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • RESEARCH CRAFT
1 Baldur
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 F-27-200 Friendship
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 3 HELICOPTERS
Cyprus SPT 1 AS-322L1 Super Puma
UN • UNFICYP 84; Land Component: elm 1 inf coy UTL 1 AS-365N Dauphin 2
Egypt FACILITIES
Europe (NATO)
MFO 26 (MP) Base Located at Reykjavik
Georgia
OSCE • Georgia 4
UN • UNOMIG 7 obs Italy It
Iraq Euro € 2007 2008 2009

NTM-I up to 10 GDP € 1.53tr 1.61tr
Lebanon US$ 2.10tr 2.17bn
UN • UNIFIL 4 per capita US$ 36,162 37,418
Serbia Growth % 1.5 -0.1
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 317: Land Component: 1 Inflation % 2.0 3.6
mot inf coy Def exp a € 27.57bn
OSCE • Serbia 2 US$ 37.7bn
OSCE • Kosovo 2 Def bdgt € 14.44bn 15.40bn 14.34bn
Western Sahara US$ 17.79bn 20.81bn
UN • MINURSO 6 obs US$1=€ 0.73 0.74
a
including military pensions and carabinieri
Iceland Icl Population 58,145,321
Icelandic Krona K 2007 2008 2009 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
GDP K 1.26tr 1.51tr Male 7% 2% 3% 3% 25% 8%
US$ 20.0bn 13.5bn Female 7% 2% 3% 3% 25% 10%
per capita US$ 66,189 44,266
Growth % 4.9 0.3 Capabilities
Inflation % 5.1 9.8
ACTIVE 292,983 (Army 108,000, Navy 34,000, Air
Sy Bdgt a K ε3.57bn ε3.87bn
43,016 Carabinieri 107,967) Paramilitary 142,933
US$ 55.8m 34.6m
US$1=K 64 112 Terms of service all professional
Iceland has no armed forces. Budget is mainly for coast guard.
RESERVES 41, 867 (Army 38,633 Navy 3,234)
a
Population 304,367
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Organisations by Service

Male 11% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5%
Female 11% 4% 4% 4% 22% 6%
Army 108,000
FORCES BY ROLE
Capabilities Comd 1 comd HQ (COMFOTER)
Rapid 1 NATO HQ (NRDC-IT); 1 (Mantova) Div (1st
ACTIVE NIL Paramilitary 130 Reaction FOD) with (1 armd bde with (3 tk , 2 mech inf,
1 arty, 1 engr regt, 1 log bn); 1 cav bde with (3
Organisations by Service cav, 1 amph, 1 arty regt); 1 AB bde with (1 SF,
SF RSTA, 3 para, 1 cbt engr regt); 1 air mob
Paramilitary bde with ( 1cav, 1 airmob, 2 aviation regt ))
Mech 1 (Acqui) Div (2nd FOD) with (1 (Pinerolo) Navy 34,000

mech bde with (1 tk, 3 mech inf, 1 SP arty, 1
FORCES BY ROLE
cbt engr regt);1 (Granatieri) mech bde with
Fleet 1 Fleet Commander CINCNAV with 6
(1 cav, 2 mech inf, 1 SP arty regt); 1 (Sassari)
subordinate operational commands
mech bde with (2 mech inf, 1cbt engr regt); 1
Navy COMFORAL (Front – Line Forces located
Bersaglieri (Garibaldi) bde with (1 tk, 1 cav, 2
at Taranto), COMFORPAT (Patrol Forces
heavy mech inf , 1 SP arty, 1 cbt engr regt); 1
located at Augusta), COMFORDRAG (MCM
(Aosta) bde (1 cav, 3 mech inf, 1 SP arty, 1 cbt
Forces located at La Spezia), COMFORSUB
engr regt))
(Submarine Forces located at Taranto),
Mtn Inf 1 (Tridentina) Div with (1 bde (Taurinense, COMFORAER (Naval Aviation Forces located
Julia) each with (3 mtn inf (2nd, 3rd,4th), 1 cav at Rome), COMFORSBARC (Amphibious/
(3rd Nizza Cavalleria), 1 arty 1 mtn cbt engr , Landing Forces located at Brindisi).
regt) 1 spt bn; 1 bde (Julia) with (3 mtn inf (5th,
Maritime 1 High Readiness Forces HQ
7th, 8th), 1 arty 1 mtn cbt engr regt, 1 spt bn));
1 (6th) indep mtn inf regt; 2 trg (6th, 16th) Mtn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
inf regt SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 7:
SF 1(4th Alpini) mtn inf AB regt 4 Pelosi (imp Sauro, 3rd and 4th series) each with 6 single
533mm TT each with 12 Type A-184 HWT / DM2A4
EW 1 (CIS/EW) comd (1 EW/RISTA bde with (1
HWT
RISTA , 1 EW, 1 HUMINT bn, 2 sigs bde)

1 Sauro (2nd series) with 6 single 533mm TT each with 12
Spt 1 comd Type A-184 HWT
Arty 1 arty bde (1 hy arty regt, 1 NBC regt, 2 arty 2 Salvatore Todaro (Type 212A) with 6 single 533mm TT
regt, 1 psyops regt) each with 12 Type A-184 HWT / DM2A4 HWT
AD 1 AD bde (2 (HAWK) SAM regt, 2 SHORAD PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 24
regt) AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVS 2:
Engr 1 engr bde (3 engr, 1 CIMIC regt) 1 G. Garibaldi with 2 single 533mm ASTT with Mk 46
Avn 1 avn bde (1 avn bn, 3 avn regt) LWT, 2 Albatros octuple with (16 eff.) Aspide SAM, 4
twin (8 eff.) with up to 4 Mk 2 Otomat SSM, (capacity
Log 1 log div (4 manoeuvre log regt, 4 tpt regt)
mixed air group of either 15 AV-8B Harrier II; 17 SH-3D
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Sea King or EH101 Merlin)
MBT 320: 200 C1 Ariete; 120 Leopard 1A5 1 Cavour with 1 32-cell VLS with Aster 15 Naval SAM
RECCE 300 B-1 Centauro 2 76mm gun, (capacity 8 AV-8B Harrier II; 12 EH101
AIFV 200 VCC-80 Dardo Merlin)
APC DESTROYERS • DDG 2:
APC (T) 1,716: 205 Bv-206; 384 M-113 (incl variants); 1 Andrea Doria with 1 48-cell VLS with Aster 15 SAM
1,127 VCC-1 Camillino/VCC-2 /Aster 30 SAM, 2 twin TT (4 eff.) each with MU-90, 3
APC (W) 617: 57 Fiat 6614; 560 Puma 76mm, (capacity either 1 EH101 spt hel or 1 NH90 TTH
AAV 14 LVTP-7 utl hel) (Undergoing acceptance trials, ISD expected
ARTY 1,524 late ‘09 – 2nd vessel expected ISD expected 2010)
SP 155mm 254: 236 M-109L; 18 PzH 2000 2 Luigi Durand de la Penne (ex-Animoso) each with 2
TOWED 155mm 164 FH-70 quad (8 eff.) each with 8 Milas AS/Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 1
MRL 227mm 22 MLRS Mk 13 GMLS with 40 SM-1 MR SAM, 2 triple 324mm
MOR 401: 81mm 256; 120mm 145 RT-F1 ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Albatros octuple
with 16 Aspide SAM, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 AB-212
AT
(Bell 212) utl hel)
MSL • MANPATS 1,406: 1,000 Milan; 406 I-TOW
FRIGATES • FFG 12:
RCL 80mm 482 Folgore
4 Artigliere each with 8 single each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat
RL 110mm 2000 Pzf 3 Panzerfaust 3
SSM, 1 Albatros octuple with 8 Aspide SAM, 1 127mm
AIRCRAFT
gun, (capacity 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel)
TPT 6: 3 ACTL-1 (Do-228); 3 P-180
8 Maestrale each with 4 single with 4 Mk 2 Otomat SSM,
HELICOPTERS 1 Albatros octuple with 16 Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm
ATK 59 A-129ESS Mangusta ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 single 533mm
SPT 22 CH-47C Chinook ASTT each with A-184 Black Shark HWT, 1 127mm gun,
UTL 142: 60 AB-205; 43 AB-206 JetRanger; 18 AB-212; (capacity 2 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel)
21AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey CORVETTES • FS 8 Minerva each with 1 Albatros octuple
AD (8eff.) with Aspide SAM, 1 76mm gun
SAM 132 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
TOWED 68: 36 MIM-23 HAWK; 32 Skyguard/Aspide PSOH 10:
MANPAD 64 FIM-92A Stinger 4 Cassiopea each with 1 76mm gun, with 1 AB-212 (Bell
GUNS • SP 25mm 64 SIDAM 212) utl hel
NATO Europe 133
6 Comandante Cigala Fuligosi each with 1 76mm gun, Marines 2,000

(capacity 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) or 1 NH-90 utl hel) FORCES BY ROLE
PCO 4 Esploratore Op 1 San Marco regt (1,300 Marine)
Log 1 regt
MHC 12: 8 Gaeta; 4 Lerici
AMPHIBIOUS LC 1 gp
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 3 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
2 San Giorgio each with 1 76mm gun (capacity 3-5 hel APC (T) 40 VCC-2
EH101 ASW hel; NH-90; SH3-D; AB-212; 1 CH-47 AAV 18 AAV-7
Chinook spt hel; 3 LCM 2 LCVP; 30 trucks; 36 APC (T)s; ARTY • MOR 12: 81mm 8 Brandt; 120mm 4 Brandt
350 troops); 1 San Giusto with 1 76mm gun, (capacity 4 AT • MSL• MANPATS 6 Milan
EH101 Merlin ASW hel; 1 CH-47 Chinook spt hel; 3 LCM AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
2 LCVP; 30 trucks; 36 APC (T)s; 350 troops).
Special Forces Command
Europe (NATO)
CRAFT 26: 17 LCVP; 9 LCM
FORCES BY ROLE
AORH 3: 1 Etna (capacity 1 EH-101 or 1 NH-90); 2 Diving 1 op
Stromboli Navy SF 1 op
AOT 7 SF 1 comd
ARS 1 FACILITIES
AKSL 6 Centre 1 (Research)
AWT 7
School 1
AGOR 3
AGHS 1
AGS 2
Air Force 43,016
ABU 5 4 Commands – Air Sqn Cmd (air defence, attack, recce,
ATS 7 mobility, support, force protection, EW ops); Training;
Logistics; Operations (national and international exercises)
AT 9 (coastal)
TRG 9: 7 AXS; 2 FORCES BY ROLE
Trial Ship 1 Ftr 2 sqn with F-2000A Typhoon; 3 sqn with
TRV 1 F-16A/ F-16B Fighting Falcon on lease; 1 sqn
with MB-339CD* (slow mover interceptor)
YDT 2
YTM 32 FGA 3 sqn with Tornado IDS; 3 sqn with AMX
Ghibli (50% of 1 sqn devoted to recce)
FACILITIES
Bases Located at La Spezia (HQ), Taranto (HQ), Brindisi, ECR/SEAD 1 sqn with Tornado ECR*
Augusta MR 1 sqn opcon Navy with BR 1150 Atlantic*
EW 1 sqn with G-222VS
Naval Aviation 2,200 CSAR 4 sqn with HH-3F Pelican* ; 1 sqn with AB-212
FORCES BY ROLE ICO
FGA Fixed wing strike unit with AV-8B Harrier II SAR 3 det with AB-212
ASW 5 sqn with AB-212AS (Bell 212 ASW/ASUW); Tkr/Tpt 1 sqn with B-707-320C (being replaced by
EH-101; SH-3D Sea King; EH-101 B-767 MRTT from 2009); MB-339A RM; 1 sqn
Aslt hel some sqn with SH-3D Sea King; AB-212 (Bell with G-222TM
212) Cal/Tpt 1 sqn with P-180; P-166-DL3
Trg Flight with 2 TAV-8B Harrier Tpt 2 sqn with C-130J Hercules; 1 sqn with C-27J
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Liaison 2 sqn (VIP tpt) with A-319CJ; Falcon 50; Falcon
900EX; Falcon 900 Easy; SH-3D Sea King.
FGA 15 AV-8B Harrier II Trg 1 sqn with F-2000 Typhoon; 1 sqn with MB-
TRG 2 TAV-8B Harrier 339A (aerobatic team); 1 sqn with NH-500D; 1
HELICOPTERS 41 attack helicopters sqn with AMX-T Ghibli; 1 sqn with MB-339A;
1 sqn with MB-339CD*; 1 sqn with SF-260M
ASW 41: 27 AB212 ASW ASuW; 8 EH-101 ASW; 6 SH-
3D ASW/ASuW Sea King AD 7 bty with Spada towed SAM
SPT 18: 8 EH-101 ASH; 6 SH-3D ASH Sea King; 4 EH-101 UAV 1 sqn with RQ-1B Predator
EW EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UTL 6 AB-212ASH (Bell 212) AIRCRAFT 249 combat capable
MSL FTR 56: 27 F-2000A Tranche 1 Typhoon (8 -T, 19 -S); first
ASM AGM-65 Maverick; some Marte Mk 2 of 52 F-2000 Tranche 2 being delivered; 25 F-16A/4 F-16B
AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9L Sidewinder Fighting Falcon on lease to 2010
STRIKE/FGA 138: 70 Tornado IDS; 68 AMX Ghibli APC (T) 25: 10 VCC-1 Camillino; 15 VCC-2
ECR/SEAD 16 Tornado ECR* APC (W) 12 Puma
MP 10 BR 1150 Atlantic* AC: 1 P180 Avant
TPT 90: 3 A-319CJ; 1 B-707-320C; 4 B-767MRTT from HELICOPTERS 88: 88 A-109;/AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger/
2009; 22 C-130J Hercules; 7 C-27J; 9 G-222; 2 Falcon 50 AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey
(VIP); 3 Falcon 900EX (VIP); 2 Falcon 900 Easy; 6 P-166-
DL3; 15 P-180 ; 20 SIAI-208 20 (liaison) Training
TRG 143: 23 AMX-T Ghibli; 55 MB-339A (18 aero team, 37 FORCES BY ROLE
trg); 29 MB-339CD*; 36 SF-260M Trg 1 HQ
HELICOPTERS FACILITIES
SAR 26 HH-3F Pelican (of which 6*) School 5
UTL 34: 32 AB-212 (Bell 212) (6 ICO, 26 SAR); 2 SH-3D
Center of Excellence 1
Sea King (liaison/VIP)
TRG 50 NH-500D
UAV • RECCE 3 RQ-1B Predator. Some Sky-X under test. Paramilitary 142,933
AD • SAM
Customs
TOWED Spada
(Servizo Navale Guardia Di Finanza)
MSL
AAM AIM 120B/C AMRAAM; AIM-7E Sparrow; AIM-
PCO 3 Antonio Zara

9L Sidewinder; IRIS-T PFC 24 Corrubia
ARM AGM-88 HARM PCC 32: 7 Mazzei; 25 Bigliani
ASM SCALP EG Storm Shadow PCI 24 Meatini
BOMBS LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • TRG 1
Laser-guided/GPS: Enhanced Paveway II; Enhanced
Paveway III Coast Guard 11,266
(Guardia Costiera – Capitanerie Di Porto)
Carabinieri 107,967 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 96:
The Carabinieri are organisationally under the MoD. They PSO 6 Saettia
are a separate service in the Italian Armed Forces as well as PCO 1
a police force with judicial competence. As a military force PFC 4
they carry out military police and security tasks in support PCC 9
of the armed forces in Italy and abroad. As a national police PCI 76 less than 100 tonnes
force the carabinieri report to the Minister of the Interior LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • TRG 1 (ex-US Bannock)
and are tasked with the maintainance of public order AIRCRAFT
and law enforcement, as well as criminal investigations, MP 2 ATR-42 MP Surveyor
counter terrorism and counter organised crime. The TPT 14 P-166-DL3
Carabinieri Territorial Command Structure is based on 5 HELICOPTERS • UTL 12 AB-412SP Griffin
Inter-Regional Commands; 5 Regional Commands; 102
Provincial Commands; and one Group Command. In Non-State Groups
addition there are 17 Territorial Depts; 18 Group Comd; see Part II
538 Company Comd; 44 Lieutenancy Comd; 4,624 Station
Comd.
Deployment
Mobile and Specialised Branch Afghanistan
Comd 1 HQ
NATO • ISAF 2,350; Army: some AIFV Dardo; 6 A-129
Mangusta; 3 CH-47; Air Force: 2 RQ-1 Predator; 2 C27-J;
Spec Ops 1 gp (ROS) some C-130
Mobile 1 div (1 Mobile bde (1st)(1 Horsed Cav Albania
regt, 11 Mobile bn); 1 Mobile bde(2nd) (1 NATO 2 (HQ Tirana)
(1st) AB regt, 1 (Special Intervention) GIS Delegazione Italiana Esperti (DIA) 24
gp, 2 (7th,13th)Mobile regt))
Arabian gulf and indian ocean
Specialised 1 div (1 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Martime Security Operations 1 DDG
Carabinieri HQ; 9 Carabinieri HQ (spt
to Civil Ministries)) Bosnia-Herzegovina
Hel 1 gp EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 248
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 18 Fiat 6616 Canada
APC 37 Air Force 12 (flying trg)
NATO Europe 135

EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 99 Latvia Lat
Democratic Republic of Congo Latvian Lat L 2007 2008 2009
EU • EUSEC RD Congo 1 GDP L 13.9bn 16.5bn
Egypt US$ 27.3bn 31.7bn
MFO 79; 1 coastal patrol unit per capita US$ 12,061 14,131
Georgia Growth % 10.3 -0.9
OSCE • Georgia 1 Inflation % 10.1 15.9
Germany Def exp L 231m
Air Force 91 (NAEW Force) US$ 453m
Def bdgt L 2227m 267m 294m
India/Pakistan
Europe (NATO)
US$ 445m 513m
UN • UNMOGIP 7 obs
FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 1.5m 3.0m
Iraq
US$1=L 0.51 0.52
NATO • NTM-I Training Mission 72
Lebanon
UN • UNIFIL 2,420; 3 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 FF; 1 PB Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Malta Male 7% 4% 4% 3% 22% 6%
Air Force 16; 2 AB-212 (Bell 212) Female 7% 4% 4% 3% 25% 11%
Armed Forces
49 MIATM cbt Sp (Missione Italiana d’Assistenza Tecnico Capabilities
Militare)
ACTIVE 5,187 (Army 1,526 Navy 700 Air 480 Central
Middle East Support 782 Administration and Command 1,055
UN • UNTSO 7 obs Other Forces (TRADOC) 644) Paramilitary 11,034
Serbia (National Guard 11,034)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 2,192; Army: 1 combined RESERVE 11,204 (Army 11,204)
arms BG; 1 mtn inf coy; 1 engr unit; 1 hel unit; 1 sigs unit;
1 CSS unit Carabinieri: 1 regt
OSCE • Serbia 4 Organisations by Service
OSCE • Kosovo 15
Army 1,526
United States
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Force 38 (flying trg)
Inf 1 bde (2 inf bn)
Western Sahara SF 1 unit
National Guard 10,483 part-time soldiers
Inf 14 bn
Foreign Forces
Fd Arty 1 bn
Germany 3 MP ac (in ELMAS/Sardinia); 200
AD 1 bn
United States US European Command: Army 3,264; 1
AB IBCT; some M-119; some M-198; Navy 2,724; 1 HQ Engr 1 bn
(US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR)) located at Naples; 1 NBC 1 bn
HQ (6th Fleet) located at Gaeta USAF 3,934; 1 ftr wg with EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(2 ftr sqn with 21 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting MBT 3 T-55 (trg)
Falcon located at Aviano); 1 MR Sqn eq. with 9 P-3C Orion
RECCE 2 BRDM-2
located at Sigonella USMC 43
ARTY 121
TOWED 100mm 26 K-53
MOR 95: 71mm40; 82mm 5; 120mm 50
AT
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 84mm AT-4; 90mm
GUNS 143: 76mm 3; 90mm 140
AD
SAM • MANPAD 5 Strela 2M (SA-7) Grail
GUNS • TOWED 52: 14.5mm 2 ZPU-4; 20mm 10 FK-20;
23mm 16 GSH-23; 30mm 2: 1; 1 AK-230; 40mm 22 L/70
Navy 700 (incl Coast Guard)

1 Naval HQ commands a Naval Forces Flotilla separated
Lithuania L
into two squadrons: an MCM squadron and a Patrol Boat Lithuanian Litas L 2007 2008 2009
squadron.
GDP L 96.7bn 113bn
Lat, Ea and L have set up a joint Naval unit* BALTRON
US$ 38.4bn 44.1bn
with bases at Liepaja, Riga, Ventspils (Lat), Tallinn (Ea),
Klaipeda (L).*Each nation contributes 1–2 MCMVs per capita US$ 10,732 12,381

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS Inflation % 5.8 11.3
PFB 4 Storm with 1 L-70 40mm gun, 1 TAK-76 76mm Def exp L 1.12bn
gun US$ 447m
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 6 Def bdgt L 1.14bn 1.28bn 1.46bn
MHC 4: 1 Lindau; 3 Imanta (Dutch Alkmaar; 2 further US$ 450m 500m
vessels to transfer by ’09) FMA (US) US$ 5.4m 1.5m 3.1m
MSC 2 Kondor
US$1=L 2.52 2.56
AG 1 Vidar Population 3,565,205
SPT 1 Varonis (C3 and support ship, ex- Buyskes) Ethnic groups: Lithuanian 84.6%; Polish 6.3%; Russian 5.1%;
YDT 1 Belarussian 1.1%
FACILITIES Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Bases Located at Liepaja, Daugavgriva (Riga)
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5%
Female 8% 4% 4% 3% 24% 9%
Air Force 480
AIRCRAFT Capabilities
TPT 3: 2 An-2 Colt; 1 L-410 Turbolet
HELICOPTERS • SPT 6: 4 Mi-17; 2 PZL Mi-2 ACTIVE 8,850 (Army 7,380 Navy 470 Air 1,000)
Paramilitary 14,600
Administration and Command 759; 296 Terms of service 12 months.
conscript (total 1,055) RESERVE 6,700 (Army 6,700)
Central Support 590; 192 conscript (total 782) Organisations by Service
Other Forces (TRADOC) 457; 187 conscript Army 2,590; 220 conscript; 4,570 active
(total 644) reserves (total 7,380)
FORCES BY ROLE
Paramilitary 11,034 1 mil region
Reaction 1 bde (Iron Wolf) (2 mech inf bn, 2 mot inf bn, 1
National Guard 551 (full time); 10,483 (part- Force arty bn)
time) (total 11,034) Engr 1 bn
Security 1 MP bn
Trg 1 regt
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Afghanistan RECCE 10 BRDM-2
NATO • ISAF 70 APC (T) 187 M-113A1
ARTY 133
Bosnia-Herzegovina TOWED 105mm 72 M-101
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 2 MOR 120mm 61 M-43; 60mm
AT • MSL 28
GEORGIA SP 10 M1025A2 HMMWV with Javelin
OSCE • Georgia 1 MANPATS 18 Javelin
RCL 84mm 273 Carl Gustav
Iraq
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 3 (withdrawal by 2008) Reserves
Moldova National Defence Voluntary Forces 4,570 active
OSCE • Moldova 1 reservists
Territorial Def 5 regt; 36 bn (total: 150 Def coy)
Serbia Trg 1 bn
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 19 Avn 1 sqn
NATO Europe 137
Special Operation Force Deployment

SF 1 gp (1 CT unit; 1 Jaeger bn, 1 cbt diver unit)
Afghanistan
NATO • ISAF 200
Navy 350; 120 conscript (total 470)
Lat, Ea and L established a joint naval unit BALTRON with Bosnia-Herzegovina
bases at Liepaja, Riga, Ventpils (Lat), Tallinn (Ea), Klaipeda EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 1
(L), HQ at Tallinn CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 2
•FFL 1 Grisha III with 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 1 twin (2 GEORGIA
eff.), 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.) UN • UNOMIG 2 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 Iraq
PB 1 Standard Flex 300 (Da Flyvefisken) (Patrol fit) with
Europe (NATO)
NATO • NTM-I 4
1 76mm gun, (2 additional vessels due on transfer from
Da) Serbia
PFB 2 Storm NATO • KFOR • Joint Guardian 34 • OSCE • Kosovo 2
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
MHC 2 Suduvis (Lindau) FOREIGN FORCES
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AG 1 Vidar

NATO air policing mission
FACILITIES
Base Located at Klaipeda
Luxembourg Lu
Air Force 860; 140 conscript (total 1,000)
Euro € 2007 2008 2009
GDP € 36.0bn
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 49.3bn
Air base, Airspace Surveillance and Control Command
(ASSCC), AD btn, Maintenance depot per capita US$ 102,692
AIRCRAFT Inflation % 2.7 4.0
TPT 4: 1 C-27J Spartan (2 more to be delivered in 2009); 1 Def exp € 204m
An-26 Curl; 2 L-410 Turbolet US$ 279m
TRG 2 L-39ZA Albatros
Def bdgt € 263m
HELICOPTERS • SPT: 9 Mi-8 Hip (tpt/SAR)
AD • RBS-70 AD system US$ 360m
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74
Joint Logistics Support Command 1,050 Population 486,006
conscipt 170 (total 1,220)
Foreign citizens: ε124,000
FORCES BY ROLE
1 mil region Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Log 1 spt bn (forward); 1 spt bn (main) Male 10% 3% 3% 3% 24% 6%
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 8%
The Joint Training and Doctrine Command
(Tradoc) 670 Conscripts 480 (Total 1,350) Capabilities
Facilities 3 (Each service has a training school)
Recce 1 trg centre ACTIVE 900 (Army 900) Paramilitary 612
Engr 1 trg centre
Trg 1 regt Organisations by Service
Paramilitary 14,600 Army 900

FORCES BY ROLE
Riflemen Union 9,600 Recce 2 coy (1 to Eurocorps/BE div, 1 to NATO pool of
deployable forces)
State Border Guard Service 5,000 Lt inf 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Coast Guard 540 ARTY • MOR 81mm 6
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCC 3 AT • MSL• MANPATS 6 TOW
AMPHIBIOUS • LC • ACV 1 UCAC RL 66mm M-72 LAW
Air Force Organisations by Service

FORCES BY ROLE
None, but for legal purposes NATO’s E-3A AEW ac have Army 21,483
Lu registration FORCES BY ROLE
Air 1 sqn with 17 E-3A Sentry (NATO standard); 1 Corps HQ (GE/NL)
3 B-707 (trg) Mech 2 bde (13, 43) (each: 2 armd inf bn, 1 tk bn, 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE armd recce sqn, 1 SP arty bn (2 bty), 1 engr
AIRCRAFT bn, 1 maint coy, 1 medical coy)
AEW 17 E-3A Sentry (NATO standard) Air Mob 1 bde (11) (3 inf bn, 1 mor, 1 AD , 1 engr, 1
TPT 3 B-707 (trg) med, 1 supply, 1 maint coy)
SF 5 coy (1 counter-terrorist, 1 mtn , 1 amph, 1
Paramilitary 612 para unit)
EOD 28 EOD teams (10 national, 18
Gendarmerie 612 expeditionary, 6 diving)
Engr 1 gp (3 engr bn)
Deployment CS 1 Bde (101) with (1 AD comd (3 bty); 1
ISTAR bn (2 armd recce sqn, 1 EW coy, 1
Afghanistan UAV bty, 1 arty bty); 1 CIS bn; 1 engr bn
NATO • ISAF 9 Logistic Sp 1 bde (3 maint coy, 2 tpt / supply bn, 1 med
Bosnia-Herzegovina bn)
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 60 Leopard 2A6
central african republic/chad
RECCE (W) 148 Fennek
AIFV 224 YPR-765; CV9035 (deliveries from 2009)
LEBANON APC • APC (W) 70: 70 XA-188 Sisu
UN • UNIFIL 1 LFV 49 Bushmaster IMV; 188 Aslt SV
ARTY 357:
Serbia SP 155mm 24: 24 PzH 2000
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 23 TOWED 155mm 113: 13 FH-70 (trg); 20 M114; 80
M114/M-139
Netherlands Nl MOR 179: 81mm 113 L16/M1
TOWED 120mm 68 Brandt
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 AT
SP 96 Fennek MRAT
GDP € 567bn 599bn
MANPATS 906+: 72 MR Spike (Gill); 834 Pzf
US$ 777bn 809bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6: 3 PBR; 3
per capita US$ 46,873 48,630 PCC
Growth % 3.5 2.3 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 tpt (tk)
Inflation % 1.6 2.4 UAV 43: 30 Sperwer; 5 Aladin; 8 MALE
Def exp € 8.13bn AD
SAM
US$ 11.14bn
SP 18 Fennek with FIM-92A Stinger (delivery complete
2009); 18 MB with FIM-92A Stinger
US$ 11.46bn 10.93bn MANPAD 18 FIM-92A Stinger
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 GUNS• SP35mm 60 Gepard (in store for sale)
RADAR • LAND 6 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor);
WALS; Squire
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Reserves 3,005 reservists
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 25% 6%
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 25% 7% National Command
Cadre bde and corps tps completed by call-up of
Capabilities reservists (incl Territorial Comd)
Inf 5 bn (Could be mob for territorial defence).
ACTIVE 40,537 (Army 21,483 Navy 9,468 Air 9,586 )
Paramilitary 5,953 Navy 9,468 (incl 2,598 Marines)
RESERVE 3,339 (Army 3,005 Air 296, Paramilitary 38) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Men to age 35, NCOs to 40, officers to 45 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:
NATO Europe 139
4 Walrus each with 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea CSS 1 bn (2 CSS units, 1 Sea Based Support Group,
Arrow HWT/UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW (equipped 1 Role 2 medical facility)
for Harpoon but not embarked) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 6 ATV 74 BVS-10 Viking
DESTROYERS • DDG 4: ATV/S 153 BV-206D
4 Zeven Provinciën each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad APC (W) 20 XA-188 Sisu (Patria)
(8 eff.) each with 8 RGM-84F Harpoon tactical SSM, 1
ARTY • MOR 32: 81mm 18; 120mm 14 Brandt
40 cell Mk 41 VLS (40 eff.) with 32 SM-2 MR SAM, 32
AT • MSL • MANPATS • MRAT Gill
enhanced Sea Sparrow SAM (quad pack), 2 twin ASTT
RL 84mm SRAT Pantserfaust III Dynarange 2000
(4 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Otobreda 127mm gun,
(capacity 1 Lynx MK86 ASW hel)
FRIGATES • FFG 2:
2 Karel Doorman each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8
Air Force 9,586
Europe (NATO)
eff.) each with RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon,
1 Mk 48 VLS with 16 RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin FORCES BY ROLE
324mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT 1 76mm Comd 1 logistics HQ; 1 Tac Air HQ; 1 Education
gun, (capacity 1 Lynx ASW hel) HQ
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • Ftr/FGA/ 5 (multi role) sqn with F-16 MLU AM/15
MHC 10 Alkmaar (tripartite) Recce F-16 MLU BM Fighting Falcon

AMPHIBIOUS SAR 1 sqn with AB-412SP Griffin
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 2: Tpt 1 sqn with KDC-10/ DC-10; C-130H/C-
1 Rotterdam (capacity either 6 Lynx utl hel or 4 NH-90 130H-30 Hercules; Fokker 50; Gulfstream IV
utl hel; either 6 LCVP or 4 LCU or 4 LCM; either 170
Trg 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer
APC (T) or 33 MBT; 600 troops)
Hel 1 sqn with CH-47D Chinook; 1 sqn with AS-
1 Johan de Witt (capacity 6 NH-90 utl hel or 4 EH101
532U2 Cougar II; SA-316 Alouette III; 1 sqn
Merlin; either 4 LCVP or 2 LCU or 2 LCM; either 170
with AH-64D Apache;
APC (T) or 33 MBT; 610 troops)
CRAFT 17: 5 LCU; 12 LCVP AD 4 sqn (total: 7 AD Team. 4 AD bty with
MIM-104 Patriot (TMD capable))
AORH 1 Amsterdam with capacity for 4 Lynx or 2 NH-90 NATO, EU Strategic Airlift Interim Solution (SALIS)
AOL 1 Zuiderkruis with capacity for 2 Lynx or NH-90 2 An-124 hvy flt transport in full-time
AORL 1 Patria lease. Coord Centre in Eindhoven, based in
TRG 2 Leipzig, Germany
SPT 1 Pelikaan EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TRV 1 Mercuur AIRCRAFT 87 combat capable
YDT 4 FGA 87 F-16 MLU AM/F-16 MLU BM Fighting Falcon
YFS 4 TKR 2 KDC-10
FACILITIES TPT 8: 1 DC-10; 2 C-130H; 2 C-130H-30 Hercules; 2 Fokker
Bases Located at Den Helder, Willemstad (Dutch 50; 1 Gulfstream IV
Antilles) TRG 13 PC-7 Turbo Trainer
Naval airbase Located at De Kooy (hel) HELICOPTERS
ATK 29 AH-64D Apache
Naval Aviation (part of NL Defence SPT 11 CH-47D Chinook
Helicopter Command) UTL 24: 3 AB-412SP Griffin; 17 AS-532U2 Cougar II; 4
HELICOPTERS 21: 14 ac in use; 7 (extended mainte-
SA-316 Alouette III
nance)
AD • SAM
ASW/SAR 14 SH-14D Lynx* (ASW/SAR); SH-14D Lynx*
TOWED 32 MIM-104 Patriot (TMD capable with 136
to be replaced by 12 NH-90 NFH and 8 NH-90 TNFH
PAC-3 msl, of which 32 delivered)
first hel expected 2009)
MANPAD 284 FIM-92A Stinger
Marines 3,100 MSL
AAM AIM-120B AMRAAM; AIM-9L/M/N Sidewinder
FORCES BY ROLE
ASM AGM-114K Hellfire; AGM-65D/G Maverick
Marine 2 Infantry bn (1 cadre); 1 bn (integrated with
BOMBS
UK 3 Cdo Bde to form UK/NL Amphibious
Landing Force) Conventional Mk 82; Mk 84
CS 1 Amphibious support bn (Staff, 1 recce coy, Laser-guided GBU-10/ GBU-12 Paveway II; GBU-24
2 mor coy, 1 AD plt, SF, 2 Amphibious Beach Paveway III (all supported by LANTIRN)
Units, 1 Maritime Joint Effect Battery MJEB, 1 FACILITIES
AD plt) 2 F-16 air bases
Paramilitary 5,953 Foreign Forces

United Kingdom Air Force 120
Royal Military Constabulary 5,953
United States US European Command: Army 268; Navy
FORCES BY ROLE
23; USAF: 246; USMC 15
Paramilitary 6 district (total: 60 Paramilitary ‘bde’)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIFV 24 YPR-765 Norway No
Norwegian Kroner kr 2007 2008 2009
Deployment GDP kr 2.28tr 2.58tr
Afghanistan
US$ 390bn 396bn
NATO • ISAF 1,770; Army:1 inf BG; 40 Bushmaster IMV;
per capita US$ 84,367 85,200
some YPR-765; 12 Fennek; 3 Pzh SP; some Sperwer UAV
Growth % 3.7 2.5
Air Force: 4-8 F-16 Fighting Falcon; 6 AH-64D Apache; 5 AS-
332U2 Cougar; some C-130 Inflation % 0.7 3.6
Operation Enduring Freedom 6 Def exp kr 32.5bn
US$ 5.54bn
ARABIAN GULF and indian ocean
Maritime Security Operations 1 DDG Def bdgt kr 32.7bn 31.5bn 31.8bn
US$ 5.58bn 4.83bn

Bosnia-Herzegovina
US$1=kr 5.86 6.52
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 75
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Population 4,644,457
BURUNDI Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

UN • BINUB 1 obs Male 10% 3% 3% 3% 24% 6%
central african republic/chad Female 10% 3% 3% 3% 23% 7%
EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 90; Marines: 1 recce pl
Capabilities
CURAÇAO
Navy Base located at Willemstad ACTIVE 19,100 (Army 6,500 Navy 3,150 Air 2,700,
Home Guard 750, Central Support 6,000)
Democratic Republic of Congo Terms of service: conscription with maximum 18 months of
EU •EUSEC RD Congo 3 duty. Conscripts initially serve 12 months at the age of 19
Germany to 21, and then up to 4-5 refresher training periods until
the age of 35, 44, 55 or 60 depending on rank and function.
Air Force 300
Numbers above includes conscripts during initial service.
Iraq
RESERVE 45,250 (Army 270 Navy 320 Home Guard
NATO • NTM-I 7
44,250 Central Support, Adm. and Com. 350)
lebanon Reserves: readiness varies from a few hours to several days;
SSR Lebanon • Bilat 2 obligation to age of 44, (conscripts remain with fd army
units to age of 35, officers to 55, regulars to 60)
MIDDLE EAST
UN •UNTSO 11 obs
Netherlands Antilles
(NL, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles operate a Coast Army 3,550; 3,950 conscript (total 7,500)
Guard Force to combat org crime and drug smuggling.
Norway has one brigade – Brigade North – which trains new
Comd by Netherlands Commander Caribbean. HQ
personnel of all categories, provides units for international
Curaçao, bases Aruba and St. Maarten.) Navy 20; 1 FFG
operations, and is a low readiness brigade for the whole
Marines 1 (cbt) amph det; 1 (2 coy) marine bn (rotation
spectrum of operations. The brigade can move out on a
will now be with army commencing 2009); 1 coy at Aruba;
short notice, but will then have a different training level
1 base located at Willemstad Air Force 2 Fokker 60
in different units, restricting the operational capability to
SERBIA some degree. At any given time around 1/3 of the brigade
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 9 will be trained and ready to conduct operations across the
OSCE • Serbia 1 whole spectrum. Other organisational elements are the
OSCE • Kosovo 3 Training and Doctrine Command and the Army Special
Operations Forces. For the Army in particular, there are no
SUDAN mobilisation units, reserves only fill up vacant slots in the
UN • UNMIS 2; 14 obs serving units. The exception is the ‘Telemark bataljon’ and
NATO Europe 141
some ISTAR, CS and CSS units, where the majority of the Mistral SAM, 1 twin 533mm ASTT (2 eff.) with 2 T-61
soldiers are volunteers on short term contracts after their HWT (Hauk Class phased decommissioning from 2009)
initial compulsory service. 3 mod Hauk each with 6 single each with 1 RB 12 Penguin
Joint Command is exercised from The Norwegian tactical SSM, 1 SIMBAD (2 eff.) manual with 2 Mistral
National Joint Headquarters. SAM, 1 twin 533mm ASTT (2 eff.) with 2 T-61 HWT
FORCES BY ROLE (Hauk Class will be decommissioned in 2008)
Army 1 HQ 6 Skjold each with 8 NSM ASSM; 1 twin (2 eff.) with
Mech inf 1 bde (2 mech inf, 1 mot inf, 1 arty, 1 engr Mistral Naval SAM; 1 76mm gun (3 units expected ISD
HQ, CIS, ISTAR coy, MP coy and CSS units) 2009, 2 units expected ISD 2010)
SF 1 bn MINE WARFARE 6
ISTAR 1 bn (EW, MI, LR recce, UAV(2009)) MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MSC 3 Alta MHC 3
Inf 1 bn (His Majesty the King’s Guards) Oksoy
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 20
1 lt recce bn (HQ and garrison coy,
Europe (NATO)
Border Guard LCP 20 S90N
border control coy, training coy)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AS 1 Horten
MBT 72: 52 Leopard 2A4; 20 Leopard 1A5NO (for trg only) ATS 1 Valkyrien
AIFV 104 CV9030N AGI 1 Marjata
APC 598 AGS 5
APC (T) 523 M-113 (incl variants) RY 1 Norge

APC (W) 75 XA-186 Sisu/XA-200 Sisu TRG 2 Hessa
ARTY 434 YDT 7
SP 155mm 56 M-109A3GN
FACILITIES
MRL 227mm 12 MLRS (in store)
Bases Located at Bergen, Ramsund and Trondenes
MOR 262:
SP 36: 81mm 24 M-106A1; 12 M-125A2
81mm 226 L-16
Coast Guard
AT
PSOH 10: 1 Svalbard; 3 Nordkapp each with 6 single
MSL • SP 97 NM-142 (twin TOW ALT turret)
(fitted for but not embarked) with RB 12 Penguin
MANPATS 710: 424 Eryx; 286 TOW /TOW-2
tactical SSM, with 1 Lynx utl hel (SAR/recce); 5 Nornen
RCL 84mm 2,517 Carl Gustav
Class; 1 Harstad
RL 66mm M-72 LAW
PCO 4 (leased from commercial contractors)
HELICOPTERS • ASW/ SAR 6 Lynx MK86; 14 NH-90
Navy 1,900; 1,250 conscripts (total 3,150 –
TTH (to be delivered from 2012); (Air Force-manned)
3,470 incl reserves)
Joint Command - Norwegian National Joint Headquarters.
The Royal Norwegian Navy is organised into three elements
Air Force 1,450; 1,250 conscript (total 2,700)
Joint Command – Norwegian National HQ
under the command of the Chief of Staff of the Navy; the
naval units ‘Kysteskadren’, the schools ‘Sjoforsvarets Skoler’
and the coast guard ‘Kystvakten’. FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE FGA 3 sqn with F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon
Navy 1 HQ MR 1 sqn with P-3C Orion* (MR)); P-3N Orion (pilot
Naval Units Surface, Underwater, Mine Warfare and trg)
Coast Guard SAR 1 sqn with Sea King MK43B
SF 1 coy EW/CAL 1 sqn with Falcon 20C (EW, Flight Inspection
ISTAR 1 coy (Naval Rangers) Service)
EOD 1 plt Tpt 1 sqn with C-130J Hercules
Trg 1 sqn with MFI-15 Safari
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Hel 2 sqn with Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 1 sqn with Lynx
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6 Ula each with 8
MK86
single 533mm TT each with A3 Seal DM2 HWT
SAM 12 bty with NASAMS II
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 3
FFGHM 3 Fridjof Nansen with 2 quad (8 eff.) with total EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
of 8 NSM ASSM (under acquisition), 1 MK41 VLS with AIRCRAFT 52 combat capable
32 enhanced Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin (4 eff.) with total FTR 48 F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon (plus 9 held in
of 4 Sting Ray LWT, 1 76mm; (additional 2 vessels under reserve)
construction); (capacity NH-90 TTH hel – operated by MP 6: 4 P-3C Orion*; 2 P-3N Orion (pilot trg)
the RoNAF – to be delivered from 2012) TPT 5: 2 C-130J (second pair in 2010); 3 Falcon 20C)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PFM 7 TRG 15 MFI-15 Safari
3 Hauk each with 6 single each with 1 RB 12 Penguin HELICOPTERS
tactical SSM, 1 SIMBAD twin (2 eff.) manual with 2 SAR 12 Sea King MK43B (SAR)
UTL 18 Bell 412SP Twin Huey (12 tpt, 6 SF) Command. Several of these elements do not provide forces
ASW/ SAR Coastguard: 6 Lynx Mk86 (to be replaced by as such, but others do, and they are are responsible for
8 NH-90TTH from 2012 onwards) logistics and CIS in support of all forces in Norway and
AD abroad.
SAM
TOWED NASAMS
MSL
Deployment
09 AAM AIM-120B AMRAAM; AIM-9L Sidewinder Afghanistan
BOMBS NATO • ISAF 455; Army: 1 mech inf coy; 1 spt coy
Laser-guided: EGBU-12 Paveway II
UN • UNAMA 2 obs
INS/GPS guided: JDAM
FACILITIES Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bases: Rygge, Bodo, Orland, Bardufoss, Sola, EU • Operation Althea 8
Gardemoen
Egypt
MFO 9
Home Guard 425; 325 conscripts (total 750 –
bn
45,000 with reserves) Georgia
Joint Command - Norwegian National Joint Headquarters OSCE • Georgia 1
The Home Guard is a separate organisation, but with
LEBANON
close co-operation with all services. The Home Guard
UN • UNIFIL 5
can be mobilised on very short notice for local security
operations. The main body of the Home Guard is land Middle East
us forces, but it also includes smaller elements for naval and UN • UNTSO 11 obs
air operations support. The Home Guard partly leans on
recruitment and basic training conducted in the services, Serbia
and partly operates its own schools. NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 25
OSCE • Serbia 4
Land Home Guard 40,700 with reserves UN • UNMIK 1
13 Home Guard Districts with mobile Rapid Reaction
Sudan
Forces (4,550 troops in total) as well as reinforcements
and follow-on forces (36,150 troops in total). The UN • UNMIS 6; 17 obs
reinforcements and follow-on forces are organised in
company size ‘Home Guard Areas’, mainly intended for Foreign Forces
local security operations. United States US European Command: Army 22; Navy 4;
Naval Home Guard 1,800 with reserves USAF 40; USMC 13; 1 (APS) 155mm SP Arty eqpt. set
Consisting of 4 Rapid Reaction Forces (Coy size), with
a total of 450 troops, and 17 ‘Naval Home Guard Areas’
with a total of 1300 troops. From 2009, the Naval Home
Poland PI
Guard will be equipped with 2 vessels of the Nornen class Polish Zloty z 2007 2008 2009
and 12 smaller vessels, deployed along the Norwegian GDP z 1.16tr 1.27tr
coastline. In addition, a number of civilian vessels can be
US$ 421bn 481bn
requisitioned as required.
per capita US$ 10,930 12,505
Air Home Guard 2,500 with reserves Growth % 6.6 5.2
Provides force protection and security detachments for Inflation % 2.5 4.5
air bases. Def exp z 22.03bn
US$ 7.98bn
Central Support, Administration and
Command 5,400; 1,600 conscripts (total 6,000 Def bdgt z 20.15bn 22.55bn 24.86bn
– 6,350 with reserves) US$ 7.30bn 8.54bn
Joint Command - Norwegian National Joint Headquarters FMA (US) US$ 28.5m 27.0m 27.0m
(NJHQ) US$1=z 2.76 2.64
Central support, administration and command includes
military personnel in all joint elements, including among
Ethnic groups: German 1.3%; Ukrainian 0.6%; Belarussian 0.5%
others the Ministry of Defence, the NJHQ, Regional HQ
North (to be replaced by the NJHQ in 2009), the Defence Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Command and Staff College, the Norwegian Defence
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 23% 5%
Logistics Organisation (DLO), the Norwegian Armed
Forces Logistics Training Command and the CIS Training Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 23% 8%
NATO Europe 143
HELICOPTERS
Capabilities ATK 54: 32 Mi-24D Hind D; 22 PZL Mi-2URP Hoplite
ACTIVE 121,808 (Army 62,762, Navy 10,864, Air SPT 91: 37 PZL W-3A Sokol/PZL W-3W Sokol; 17 Mi-8T
Hip spt/Mi-8U Hip trg; 24 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; 13 Mi-17T
23,327, Joint 24,855) Paramilitary 21,400
Hip spt/Mi-17U Hip H trg
Terms of service 12 months (to be 9 months from 2005)
UAV• TACTICAL 7 MALE on order
RESERVE 222,003 (Army 102,310 Navy 9,132 Air AD
30,834Joint 79,727) SAM 971
SP 144: 80 GROM Poprad; 64 OSA-AK
MANPAD 827: 465 Strzla 2; 362 GROM
Organisations by Service GUNS 399
SP 23mm 32 ZSU-23-4
Land Forces Command 33,329; conscript TOWED 23mm 367 ZU-23-2
29,433 (total 62,762)
Europe (NATO)
RADAR • LAND SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty)
Land Forces Command directly controls airmobile bdes
and their avn. Transition to lighter forces is continuing Navy 6,592 conscript 4,272 (total 10,864)
but is hampered by lack of funds. The military police are Comd Navy HQ
directly under the Minister of National Defence and are 1 Surface Combatant Flotilla
transforming with 15% (1,540 personnel) forming special 1 Coastal Defence Flotilla
units of bn size to enable their support to counter-terrorism, 1 Naval Aviation bde (3 Naval Sqn)
VIP protection and NATO operations.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 5
Comd 1 (2nd) Mech Corps HQ; MNC NE Corps SSK 5:
HQ 4 Sokol with 8 single 533mm TT
Armd 1 armd cav div (11th) (2 armd cav, 1 mech 1 Orzel (ex-Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT with 12
bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty,2 AD regt 1 engr bn) T-53/T-65 HWT
Mech 1 div (1st) (1 armd ,1 mech, 1 mtn bde, 1 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
recce bn, 1 arty, 1 AD regt, 1 engr bn); FRIGATES 3
1 div (12th) (3 mech, 1 coastal bde, 1 arty, 2 FFG 2 Pulawski (US Oliver Hazard Perry class) each with
AD regt , 1 engr bn); 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 36 SM-1 MR SAM, 4 RGM-84D/F
1 div (16th) 1 Armd, 3 mech bde , 1 recce Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 triple 3x 324mm ASTT (6 eff.)
bn, 1 arty, 1 AD regt, 1 engr bn) each with 24 A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-
Airmob 1 aslt bde (6th) (2 aslt, 1 para bn), 1 air 2G Super Seasprite ASW hel)
cav bde (25th) (2 spt hel bn, 2 air cav bn, 1 FF 1 Kaszub with 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with
Casevac Unit) SET-53 HWT, 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2
Recce 2 regt RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 1 76mm gun
Arty 2 bde CORVETTES • FSG 5:
2 Tarantul each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 4 SS-N-2C
Engr 2 bde
Styx tactical SSM, 1x4 manual with SA-N-5 Grail SAM,
Avn 1 cbt regt (49th) with (3 attack sqn with
1 76mm gun
Mi-24, 1 recce sqn with Mi-2) ;
3 Orkan (GDR Sassnitz. Refit programme in progress)
1 combat regt (56th) (1 atk sqn with Mi-
each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RBS-15M tactical
24V, 2 recce sqn with Mi-2, 1 spt sqn with
SSM, 1 x4 Manual with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 1 76mm
Mi-2)
gun
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 20
MBT 949: 128 Leopard 2 2A4; 232 PT-91 Tward; 589 T-72 MSC 13 Goplo
MBT/T-72M1D/T-72M1 MHC 7: 3 Krogulec; 4 Mamry
RECCE 459 BRDM-2 AMPHIBIOUS 8
AIFV 1508: LS • LSM 5 Lublin (capacity 9 tanks; 135 troops)
AIFV (T) 1,297 BMP-1 CRAFT • LCU 3 Deba (capacity 50 troops)
AIFV (W) 211 Rosomak (Patria) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 33
APC 693 Type variants AORL 1
MRAP 40 Cougar AOL1
ARTY 946 MRV 1 Project 890
SP 484: 122mm 373 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 111 M-77 ARS 4
Dana AGI 2 Moma
MRL 122mm 225: 195 BM-21; 30 RM-70 Dana AGS 8: 2; 6 (coastal)
MOR 237: 98mm 99 M-98; 120mm 138 M-120 ATF 3
AT • MSL • MANPATS 327: 129 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 77 TRG 6: 1 AXS
AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 18 AT-5 9K113 Spandrel; 7 AT-7 9K115 YDG 2
Saxhorn; 96 Spike LR YTM 5
FACILITIES MSL
Bases Located at Kolobrzeg, Gdynia (HQ), Swinoujscie, AAM AA-8 Aphid; AA-3 Anab; AA-11 Archer, AIM-9
Hel Peninsula (Spt), Gdynia-Babie Doly Sidewinder, AIM 120C AMRAAM
ASM AS-7 Kerry; AGM-65J/G Maverick
ASW / 1 sqn with MI-14PL Haze A; MI-14PS Haze C;
SAR PZL W-3RM Anakonda; PZL MI-2; SH-2G Super
Border Guards 14,100
Ministry of Interior and Administration
Seasprite
Tpt /Utl 1 sqn with An-28B1R; An-28E Maritime Border Guard
1 sqn with An-28; An-28TD; PZL W-3T; PZL PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19:
W-3RM; Mi-17; PZL MI-2 1 PSO; 2 PCO; 1 PCC; 2 PCI; 7 PBF; 6 PB
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT Prevention Units of Police 6,300; 1,000
TPT 3: 1 An-28; 2 An-28TD conscript (total 7,300)
UTL 10: 8 An-28B1R; 2 An-28E OPP–Ministry of Interior
HELICOPTERS
ASW 14: 10 MI-14PL; 4 SH-2G Super Seasprite Deployment
SAR 10: 3 Mi-14PS Haze C; 7 PZL W-3RM Anakonda

SPT 6: 2 PZL W-3T Sokol; 2 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; 2 Afghanistan
PZL MI-2 NATO • ISAF 1,130; Army; 35 Rosomak; 68 other IFV; 4
Mi-24 Hind; 2 Mi-17 Hip
Air Force 15,091 conscript 8,236 (total 23,327) Armenia/Azerbaijan
Flying hours 160 to 200 hrs/year OSCE • Minsk Conference 1
2 AD Corps: North and South
Bosnia-Herzegovina
2 tac air bde: 1st (5 sqn, 4 air bases); 2nd (3 sqn, 2 air bases)
1 tpt air bde: 3rd (4 sqn, 4 air bases) EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 204; Army: 1 inf coy
1 spec air tpt: 36th CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/Chad
2 radar bde
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 404; Army: 1 inf bn
4 Control and Reporting Centres
UN • MINURCAT 1 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Multi-role 3 sqn with F-16C/D Block 52+ Côte D’Ivoire
Ftr 2 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum A/UB UN • UNOCI 2 obs
FGA/Recce 3 sqn with Su-22M-4 Fitter Democratic Republic of Congo
Tpt 4 sqn with C-295M; An-26; PZL M-28 Bryza. 1 UN • MONUC 3 obs
regt with Tu-154M; Yak-40; An-26
Georgia
Trg trg units with PZL-130; TS-11; An-28
OSCE • Georgia 2
Hel 5 sqn with PZL W-3 Sokol; Mi-2; Mi-8MT; Bell UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
412 Twin Huey; PZL SW-4 (trg)
SAM 3 bde with SA-3 Goa; 1 indep regt with SA-3; Iraq
SA-4 Ganef; SA-5 Gammon NATO • NTM-I up to 10
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Lebanon
AIRCRAFT 128 combat capable UN • UNIFIL 488; Army: 1 inf coy; 1 log bn
Multi Role 48: 36 F-16C, 12 F-16D Fighting Falcon
Liberia
FTR 24 MiG-29A Fulcrum
FGA 48 Su-22M-4 Fitter UN • UNMIL 2 obs
TPT 36: 5 An-26 Curl; 2 An-28 Cash; 8 CASA C-295M; Mediterranean Sea
15 M-28 Bryza TD; 2 Tu-154 Careless; 4 Yak-40 Codling. (5 NATO • Operation Active Endeavour 1 FFG
C-130E being delivered 2008–2009)
TRG 98: 54 PZL TS-11; 36 PZL-130; 8 MiG-29UB moldova
Fulcrum* OSCE • Moldova 1
HELICOPTERS Serbia
SPT 66: 17 PZL W-3 Sokol; 11 Mi-8MT Hip; 38 PZL Mi-2 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 271; Army: 1 inf bn
UTL 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey OSCE • Kosovo 4
TRG 6 PZL SW-4
UN • UNMIK 1 obs
AD • SAM 625: 500 SA-3 Goa
SP 75 SA-4 Ganef Sudan
STATIC 50 SA-5 Gammon UN • UNMIS 2 obs
NATO Europe 145
Syria/Israel Garrison 2 (Madeira and Azores) gp (Madeira 2 inf

UN • UNDOF 347; 1 inf bn bn (RG 1 and RG 2), Azores 1 Inf bn (RG
3) 1 AD unit)
WESTERN SAHARA
UN • MINURSO 1 obs Reserves 210,000 reservists
Territorial Def 3 bde (on mob)
Foreign Forces EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Denmark Army: 25 (De elm Corps HQ (multinational)) MBT 224: 37 Leopard 2A6; 86 M-60A3; 8 M-60A4, 7 M-60;
86 M-48A5
Germany Army: 67 (Ge elm Corps HQ (multinational))
RECCE 40: 15 V-150 Chaimite; 25 ULTRAV M-11
APC 353
Portugal Por APC (T) 280: 240 M-113; 40 M-557
APC (W) 73 V-200 Chaimite
Europe (NATO)
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 ARTY 350+
SP 155mm 20: 6 M-109A2; 14 M-109A5
GDP € 161bn
TOWED 135: 105mm 97: 21 L-119; 52 M-101; 24 M-56;
US$ 222bn 155mm 38 M-114A1
per capita US$ 20,851 COASTAL 21: 150mm 9; 152mm 6; 234mm 6 (inac-
tive)
Growth % 1.9 0.6

Inflation % 2.4 3.0 MOR 174+: 81mm (incl 21 SP); 107mm 76 M-30 (incl 14
SP); 120mm 98 Tampella
Def expa € 2.47bn
AT
US$ 3.38bn MSL • MANPATS 118: 68 Milan (incl 6 ULTRAV-11);
Def bdgt € 1.88bn 1.96bn 2.07bn 50 TOW (incl 18 M-113, 4 M-901)
US$ 2.57bn 2.65bn RCL 402: 106mm 128 M-40; 84mm 162 Carl Gustav;
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 90mm 112
a
including military pensions
AD
SAM • MANPAD 52: 37 Chaparral; 15 FIM-92A
Population 10,676,910 Stinger
GUNS • TOWED 93: 20mm 31 Rh 202; 40mm 62 L/60
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 9% 3% 4% 4% 22% 7% Navy 8,690; (total 10,120) incl Marines
Female 8% 3% 3% 4% 24% 10% EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 1 Albacora with 12
Capabilities single 550mm TT (8 bow, 4 stern) each with 12 E14/E15
HWT
ACTIVE 42,910 (Army 26,700 Navy10,120 Air 7,100) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 11
Paramilitary 47,700 FFG 3
3 Vasco Da Gama each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8
RESERVE 210,900 (Army 210,000 Navy 900)
eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 Mk
Reserve obligation to age 35
36 triple 324mm ASTT each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Mk 29
Sea Sparrow octuple with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 1
Organisations by Service 100mm gun, (capacity 2 Lynx MK95 (Super Lynx) utl
hel)
Army 26,700 2 Karel Dorman class (ex-Netherlands transfer agreed
5 Territorial Comd (2 mil region, 1 mil district, 2 mil zone) 2006 expected ISD ’08 and ’09 respectively)
FF 1 Commandante Joao Belo each with 2 Mk32 triple
FORCES BY ROLE 324mm ASTT each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 100mm gun, 1 hel
Rapid Reaction 1 bde (1 (RI 3) Inf bn, 1 AT coy, 1 Recce landing platform
sqn, 1 AD bty, 1 Engr coy, 1 Fd Arty bn, 2 CORVETTES • FSH 7
(RI 10 and 15) Para bn) 3 Baptista de Andrade each with 1 100mm gun, 1 hel
Mech inf 1 bde (1 (RC4) Tk regt, 2 (1st and 2nd) landing platform
Mech Inf bn) 4 Joao Coutinho each with 2 76mm gun, 1 hel landing
Lt inf 1 (Intervention) bde (1 (RC 6) Cav regt, platform
1 (RE3) Engr bn, 1 (RAAA 1) AD bn, 1 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17
(RA4) Fd Arty bn, 3 (RI13,14 and 19) Inf PSOH 1 Viana do Castelo (expected ISD ‘09)
bn) PCO 4 Cacine
Spec Ops 1 unit PCI 9: 5 Argos; 4 Centauro
Cdo 1 bn PCR 3: 2 Albatroz; 1 Rio Minho
MP 1 regt AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 1 LCU
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10: MSL

AORLH 1 Bérrio (ex UK Rover) with 1 hel landing AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9J/ AIM-9L/ AIM-9P
platform (for medium hel) Sidewinder; AIM-7M Sparrow
AGS 4 ASM AGM-65A Maverick; AGM-84A Harpoon
ABU 2 BOMBS
TRG 3 AXS Laser-guided: Paveway II
FACILITIES
Base Located at Lisbon Paramilitary 47,700
Naval airbase Located at Montijo
National Republican Guard 26,100
Support bases Leca da Palmeira (North), Portimao (South),
APC (W): some Commando Mk III (Bravia)
Funchal (Madiera), Ponta Delgada (Azores)
HELICOPTERS • UTL 7 SA-315 Lama
Marines 1,430 Public Security Police 21,600
FORCES BY ROLE
Police 1 det
Deployment
Lt inf 2 bn
Spec Ops 1 det Afghanistan
Fire spt 1 coy NATO • ISAF 70
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNAMA 1

ARTY •MOR 15 120mm
ANGOLA
Naval Aviation Navy 11 (Technical military cooperation)
HELICOPTERS • UTL 5 Lynx MK95 (Super Lynx) Bosnia-Herzegovina
Air Force 7,100
Flying hours 180 hrs/year on F-16 Fighting Falcon central african republic/chad
FORCES BY ROLE UN • MINURCAT 1 obs
Air 1 (op) COFA comd; 5 (op) gp Timor Leste
FGA 1 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn ISF (Operation Astute) 127
with F-16 MLU Fighting Falcon UN • UNMIT 3 obs
Surv 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar
Iraq
MR 1 sqn with P-3P/C Orion*
NATO • NTM-I 8
CSAR/SAR/ 1 sqn with with EH-101 Merlin; SA-330S
Fishery Puma LEBANON
Protection UN • UNIFIL 146; 1 engr coy
Tpt 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 sqn with
Falcon 50; 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules MOZAMBIQUE
Liaison/utl 1 sqn with FTB337 Skymaster (Cessna 337) Navy 7
Trg 1 sqn with TB-30 Epsilon; 1 sqn with SA-316 SÃo Tome and PrincipÉ
Alouette III; 1 sqn with Alpha Jet Navy 1
Air Force 5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AIRCRAFT • TPT 1: 1 CASA 212 Aviocar
AIRCRAFT 25 combat capable Serbia
FTR 19: 16 F-16A/3 F-16B Fighting Falcon (21 F-16 MLU NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 253; Army: 1 inf bn
by 2010) (KTM)
MP 6 P-3P Orion* OSCE • Serbia 1
RECCE 2 CASA 212B Aviocar (survey)
OSCE • Kosovo 3
TPT 45: 6 C-130H Hercules (tpt/SAR); 24 CASA 212A
UN • UNMIK 2 obs
Aviocar (tpt/SAR, Nav/ECM trg, fisheries protection). To
be replaced by 12 C-295; 12 FTB337 Skymaster (Cessna
337) 12 (being phased out); 3 Falcon 50 (tpt/VIP) Foreign Forces
TRG 41: 25 Alpha Jet (FGA/trg); 16 TB-30 Epsilon United States US European Command: Army 26; Navy 26;
HELICOPTERS USAF 733; USMC 7; 1 Support facility located at Lajes
SPT 12 EH-101 Merlin (6 SAR, 4 CSAR, 2 fishery
protection); 4 SA-330S Puma (SAR)
UTL 18 SA-316 Alouette III (trg, utl)
UAV 34 Armor X7
NATO Europe 147
TOWED 390: 122mm 42 (M-30) M-1938 (A-19); 152mm

Romania R 348: 245 M-1981 Model 81; 103 gun/howitzer M1985
MRL 122mm 150 APR-40
Lei 2007 2008 2009
MOR 120mm 274 M-1982
GDP lei 404bn AT
US$ 166bn MSL • MANPATS 144: 20 9P122 BRDM-2 Sagger; 76
per capita US$ 7,463 9P133 BRDM-2 Sagger; 48 9P148 BRDM-2 Spandrel
Growth % 6.0 8.6 GUNS 100mm 233: 208 M1977 Gun 77; 25 SU-100 SP
AD • GUNS 60
Inflation % 4.8 8.2
SP 35mm 18 Gepard
Def exp lei 7.39bn TOWED 42: 35mm 24 GDF-203; 37mm 18
US$ 3.04bn RADARS • LAND 8 SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty)
Def bdgt lei 7.63bn 7.52bn 9.83bn
Europe (NATO)
US$ 3.14bn 2.76bn Navy 6,500
FMA (US) US$ 14.4m 11.1m 15.0m Navy HQ with 1 Naval Operational Component, 1 Fleet
Command, 1 Frigate Flotilla, 1 Riverine Flotilla (Danube
US$1=lei 2.43 2.73
based)
Population 22,246,862 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ethnic groups: Hungarian 9% PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 7

FRIGATES • FFG 3:
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 2 Regele Ferdinand (ex UK Type-22), each with 1 76mm
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 22% 6% gun (capacity 1 IAR-330 (SA-330) Puma), (platforms
Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 23% 9% undergoing upgrades)
1 Marasesti with 4 twin (8 eff.) with 8 SS-N-2C Styx
Capabilities tactical SSM, each with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 triple
533mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Russian 53–65 ASW, 2
ACTIVE 73,200 (Army 43,000 Navy 6,500 Air 10,200 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 2 x2 76mm gun (4 eff.),
Joint 13,500) Paramilitary 79,900 (capacity 2 IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III utl hel)
RESERVE 45,000 (Joint 45,000) CORVETTES • FS 4:
2 Tetal I each with 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.) each
with Russian 53-65 ASW, 2 RBU 2500 Smerch 1 (32 eff.),
Organisations by Service 2 twin 76mm gun (4 eff.)
2 Tetal II each with 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 2
Army 43,000 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1
FORCES BY ROLE IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III utl hel)
1 Joint Ops Comd (corps), 1 Land Forces HQ. Readiness PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17
is reported as 70–90% for NATO designated forces and PSO 3 Zborul each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 4 SS-N-
40–70% for 7 bde (in generation and regeneration) 2C Styx tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
HQ 2 Div PCR 14:
Mech Inf 1 bde (2 regt NATO designated) ) 5 Brutar each with 1 BM-21 MRL RL, 1 100mm gun
3 Kogalniceanu each with 2 100mm gun
Inf 1 bde (1 regt NATO designated)
6 VD 141 (ex MSI now used for river patrol)
Mtn Inf 1 bde (1 regt NATO designated)) MINE WARFARE 11
Arty 1 bde; 1 regt MINE COUNTERMEASURES 10
Engr 1 bde MSO 4 Musca
Log 2 bde MSI 6 VD 141 (used for River MCM)
Mech 1 (NATO Designated) regt MINELAYERS • ML 1 Cosar with up to 100 mines
Mtn Inf 1 (NATO Designated) regt LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11: 3 AOL; 2 AE; 1 AGOR;
1 AGS; 2 ATF; 2 YDG
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRG 1 AXS
MBT 316: 165 T-55; 42 TR-580; 109 TR-85 M1 FACILITIES
AIFV 49 MLI-84 Base Located at Tulcea, Braila (Danube), Mangalia,
APC 1,073 Constanta (coast)
APC (T) 75MLVM
APC (W 998: 69 B33 TAB Zimbru; 392 TAB-71; 155 Naval Infantry
TAB-77; 382 TABC-79; FORCES BY ROLE
TYPE VARIANTS 505 APC Naval inf 1 bn
ARTY 838
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SP 122mm 24: 6 2S1 Carnation; 18 Model 89
APC (W) 16: 3 ABC-79M; 13 TABC-79M
Air Force 10,200 Côte D’Ivoire

Flying hours 120 hrs/year UN • UNOCI 7 obs
FACILITIES Democratic Republic of Congo

Air bases 3 combat air bases with Lancer and Puma. UN • MONUC 23 obs
1 Tpt air base Georgia
1 Trg air base OSCE • Georgia 1
FORCES BY ROLE UN • UNOMiG 2 obs
HQ (AF) 1 AF HQ: 1 (op) air ops centre, 1 AD bde, 1 Iraq
engr regt
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 499; Army: 1 inf bn; some
Ftr 2 sqn with MiG-21 Lancer C Piranha IIIC
FGA 4 sqn with MiG-21 Lancer A/Lancer B NATO • NTM-I 2
Tpt/survey/ 1 tpt ac sqn with An-24 Coke, An-26 Curl,1 Liberia
spt hel An-30 Clank; C-130 B/H Hercules; 2 multi-role
UN • UNMIL 3 obs
hel sqns with IAR-330 Puma SOCAT; 1 tpt
hel with IAR-330 (SA-330) Puma NEPAL
Trg 1 sqn with IAR-99 Soim; 1 sqn with IAK-52; UN • UNMIN 5 obs
1 sqn with 12 An-2; 1 sqn with IAR-316B Serbia
(Alouette III)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 150
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE OSCE • Kosovo 3
AIRCRAFT 72 combat capable UN • UNMIK 3 obs
FTR 20 MiG-21 Lancer C
Sudan
FGA 52 MiG-21 Lancer A/B
UN • UNMIS 14 obs
TPT 10: 1 C-130H; 4 C-130B Hercules; 4 An-26 Curl; 1
An-30 Clank
TRG 43: 21 IAR-99 Soim; 12 IAK-52; 10 An-2 Slovakia Slvk
HELICOPTERS
SPT 60: 23 IAR-330 Puma SOCAT; 37 IAR-330 (SA-330) Slovak Koruna Ks 2007 2008 2009
Puma GDP Ks 1.85tr 2.04tr
UTL 7 IAR-316B (SA-316B) Alouette III
US$ 81.5bn 91.0bn
UAV 65 Shadow 600
per capita US$ 14,969 16,595
AD • SAM 9 SA-2 Guideline, 8 HAWK PIP III
MSL Growth % 10.4 7.4
AAM R-550 Magic 2; Python 3; AA-8 Aphid; AA-11 Inflation % 1.9 3.9
Archer; AA-2 Atoll Def exp Ks 30.7bn
ASM SPIKE-ER US$ 1.35bn
Def bdgt Ks 28.5bn 31.2bn 31.5bn
Paramilitary 79,900 US$ 1.25bn 1.38bn
Border Guards 22,900 (incl conscripts) FMA (US) US$ 3.7m 1.0m 2.0m
Ministry of Interior US$1=Ks 22.7 22.6
Gendarmerie ε57,000 Population 5,455,407

Ministry of Interior Ethnic groups: Hungarian 11%; Romany ε5%; Czech 1%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Deployment Male 9% 4% 4% 4% 23% 5%
Afghanistan Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 24% 7%
NATO • ISAF 725; Army: 1 inf bn; some TAB-77; some
TABC-79; some Piranha IIIC Capabilities
Operation Enduring Freedom 50 ACTIVE 17,445 (Army 7,297 Air 4,192 Cental Staff
UN • UNAMA 1 obs 2,320 Support and Training 3,636)
Terms of service 6 months
Bosnia-Herzegovina
central african republic/CHAD Army 7,297
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 2 1 Land Forces Comd HQ
NATO Europe 149
FORCES BY ROLE HELICOPTERS

Mech inf 1 bde (1st)( 3 mech inf bn (11th, 12th 13th), ATK 16 Mi-24D Hind D/Mi-24V Hind E
1 1log spt bn; 1 bde (2nd) (2 mech inf bn SPT 17: 10 Mi-17 Hip H; 1 Mi-8 Hip; 6 PZL MI-2 Hoplite
(21st 22nd), 1 tk bn, 1 mixed SP arty bn ,1 AD • SAM
log spt bn) SP SA-10B Grumble; SA-6 Gainful
Recce 1 (5th Special) regt MANPAD SA-7 Grail
Engr 1 bn MSL
NBC 1 bn AAM AA-8 Aphid; AA-11 Archer; AA-10 Alamo
ASM S5K/S5KO (57mm rockets); S8KP/S8KOM (80mm
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
rockets)
MBT 245 T-72M
AIFV 383: 292 BMP-1; 91 BMP-2
APC 132: Deployment
Europe (NATO)
APC (T) 108 OT-90
Afghanistan
APC (W) 24: 17 OT-64; 7 Tatrapan (6x6)
NATO • ISAF 70
ARTY 338
SP 193:122mm 1 2S1 Carnation; 45 in store; 152mm Bosnia-Herzegovina
131: 119 M-77 Dana; 12 in store; 155mm 16 M-2000 EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 40
Zuzana

TOWED 122mm 51 D-30
MRL 84: 122mm 59 RM-70; 122/227mm 25 RM-70/85 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
MODULAR EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 1
MOR 120mm 12: 8 M-1982; 4 PRAM SPM Cyprus
AT • MSL • MANPATS 425: AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-5
UN • UNFICYP 196; elm 1 inf coy; 1 engr pl
9K113 Spandrel; SP 9S428 with Malyutka Sagger on
BMP-1, 9P135 Fagot on BMP-2, 9P148 with Spandrel on GEORGIA
BRDM) OSCE • Georgia 1
AD
Middle east
SAM • TOWED SA-13 Gopher
UN • UNTSO 2 obs
SP 48 SA-13 Gopher
MANPADS SA-16 Gimlet; SA-7 Grail Serbia
RADAR • LAND SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 196; Army: 1 inf coy
OSCE • Serbia 1
Air Force 4190 OSCE • Kosovo 1
Flying hours 90 hrs/yr for MiG-29 pilots (NATO
Integrated AD System); 140 hrs/yr for
Mi-8/17 crews (reserved for EU & NATO), Slovenia Slvn
min 20hrs/yr for remainder
3 air bases – Sliac air base equipped with cbt and trg ac; Slovenian Tolar t 2007 2008 2009
Presov air base with atk and spt hel; Kuchyna air tpt wg GDP t/€ 7.58tr
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 45.2bn
Ftr 1 wg with MiG-29/UB/ SD/AS Fulcrum; MiG- per capita US$ 22,473
21MF/UB Fishbed
Growth % 6.1 4.3
FGA/ 1 sqn with Su-22M-4 Fitter K
Inflation % 3.6 5.9
Recce
Debt US$
Trg L-29 Delfin; L-39 Albatros
Def exp t 124bn
Hel 1 wg with Mi-24D Hind D/Mi-24V Hind E*;
Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; PZL MI-2 US$ 741m
Hoplite Def bdgt t 126bn 560m 631m
AD 1 bde with SA-10B Grumble; SA-6 Gainful; SA-7 US$ 750m 756m
Grail US$1=t/€ Euro from
168 0.73
2008
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FTR 43: 22 MiG-29 /MiG-29 UB Fulcrum (12 MiG-29SD/ Ethnic groups: Croat 2.8%; Serb 2.4%
AS modernised to NATO standard); 21 MiG-21 MF/UB Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Fishbed
Male 7% 3% 4% 4% 25% 6%
FGA 3 Su-22M-4 Fitter K
TRG 16: 1 L-29 Delfin, 15 L-39 Albatross Female 7% 3% 3% 4% 25% 9%
AD
Capabilities SAM 138
ACTIVE 7,200 (Army 7,200) Paramilitary 4,500 SP 6 Roland II
MANPAD 132: 36 SA-16 Gimlet; 96 SA-18 Grouse
RESERVE 3,800 (Army 3,800) (Igla)
Organisations by Service Paramilitary 4,500

Police 4,500 (armed); 5,000 reservists (total
Army 7,200 9,500)
1 Force Comd
HELICOPTERS • UTL 5: 1 A-109; 2 AB-206 (Bell 206) Jet
FORCES BY ROLE Ranger; 1 AB-212 (Bell 212); 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey
Inf 1 bde (3 mot inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 recce coy, 1
Log bn)
SF 1 unit Deployment
ISTAR 1 bn Afghanistan
Sigs 1 bn NATO • ISAF 70
Engr 1 bn
Bosnia-Herzegovina
CBRN 1 bn
MP 1 bn OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 70: 40 M-84; 30 T-55S1
EU •EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 15
APC (W) 124: 85 Valuk (Pandur); 39 Patria
ARTY 140 IRAQ
TOWED 18: 155mm 18 TN-90 NATO • NTM-I 2
MOR 116: 82mm 60; 120mm 56: 8 M-52; 16 M-74; 32
Lebanon
MN-9
AT • MSL • SP 24: 12 BOV-3 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 12 BOV-3 UN • UNIFIL 14
AT-4 9K111 Spigot Middle East
MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111Spigot UN • UNTSO 2 obs
Reserves Serbia
Mtn Inf 1 bn (6 Coy) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 360; Army: 1 inf bn HQ;
Tk 1 bn 2 mot inf coy; 1 CSS coy
OSCE • Serbia 2
Army Maritime Element 47
FORCES BY ROLE
Maritime 1 bn (part of Sp Comd) Spain Sp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Euro € 2007 2008 2009
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1 Super GDP € 1.05tr 1.11tr
Dvora MKII
US$ 1.43tr 1.50tr
FACILITIES per capita US$ 35,560 37,045
Base Located at Koper
Growth % 3.7 1.4
Air Element 530 Inflation % 2.8 4.6

Def expa € 12.77bn
FORCES BY ROLE
1 fixed wg sqn; 1 rotary wg sqn; 1 AD bn; 1 airspace US$ 17.49bn
control bn; 1 avn school; 1 air maintenance coy; 1 mil Def bdgt € 7.69bn 8.14bn 8.24bn
ATC coy. All at Cerklje air base. US$ 10.54bn 11.00bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$1=€ 0.73 0.74
AIRCRAFT a
including military pensions plus extra budgetary expenditure
TPT 3: 1 L-410 Turbolet; 2 PC-6 Turbo-Porter
TRG 12: 3 PC-9; 9 PC-9M* Population 40,491,051
HELICOPTERS Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UTL 12: 4 AS 532AL Cougar; 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey
Male 7% 3% 3% 4% 24% 7%
(some armed)
TRG 3 AB-206 (Bell 206) Jet Ranger Female 7% 3% 3% 4% 24% 9%
NATO Europe 151
Logistic 2 div (each: 3 logistic regt)

Capabilities Medical 1 bde (1 logistic unit, 1 field hospital unit, 3
ACTIVE 221,750 (Army 95,600 Navy 23,200 Air medical regt)
20,900 Joint 9,450 Guardia Civil 72,600) Paramilitary Territorial 1 (Canary Islands) comd (lt inf bde (1 HQ
760 bn, 3 lt inf regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 AD regt,
1 engr bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 spt hel bn, 1 sig
RESERVE 319,000 (Army 265,000 Navy 9,000 Air coy)); 1 (Balearic Islands) comd (1 HQ bn, 1
45,000) inf regt, 1fd arty regt, 1engr bn, 1 logistic bn,
1 lt inf div HQ); 2 (Ceuta and Melilla) comd
(each: 1 HQ bn, 1 Inf regt, 1 Inf bn, 1 cav regt,
1 arty regt, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy,
1 lt inf div HQ)
Army 95,600
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Europe (NATO)
4 Area Defence Forces. The principal deployable elements
are 1 mech div consisting of 3 mech bde, and the rapid MBT 404: 164 Leopard 2A4; 56 Leopard 2A5E; 184
reaction force (FAR) consisting of 1 legion, 1 AB and 1 M-60A3TTS;
airmob bde; with arty, cav and sigs regts in support. Spain RECCE 297: 69 B-1 Centauro; 228 VEC-3562 BMR-VEC
provides one of the NATO High Readiness Force (Land) AIFV 135 Pizarro (incl variants)
HQ which provides the Land Component Command of the APC 1,465
NATO Rapid Response Corps Spain NRDC-SP. APC (T) 966 M-113 (incl variants)
FORCES BY ROLE APC (W) 499: BMR-600 / BMR-600M1
Infantry regiments usually comprise 2 bn. Spain deploys ARTY 2,037
its main battle tanks within its armd/mech inf formations, SP 214: 105mm 56 M-108; 155mm 96 M-109A5 203mm
and its armd cav regt 62 M-110A2
Comd 1 corps HQ (NRDC-SP) (1 HQ bn, 1 shell TOWED 290
bn); 2 div HQ (coordinative role) 105mm 226: 56 L-118 light gun; 170 Model 56 pack
Armd 1 bde (12th) (1 HQ bn, 1 armd inf regt, 1 howitzer
mech inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 recce bn, 1 engr 155mm 64: 52 M-114; 12 SBT-1
bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy) COASTAL 50:
Armd Cav 1 bde (2nd) (1 engr bn, 1 HQ bn, 1 armd cav 155mm 8 SBT 52; 305mm 3; 381mm 3; 6in 36
regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 logistic bn, 2 light armd MRL 140mm 14 Teruel
cav regt, 1 sig coy) MOR 1,469:
Mech Inf 2 bde (10th and 11th) (each: 1 HQ bn, 1 mech SP 556: 81mm 446; 120mm 110 SP
inf regt, 1 mech inf bn, 1 recce bn, 1 SP arty 81mm 594; 120mm 319
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy) AT
Air Mob 1 bde (7th) (1 HQ bn, 1 inf regt, 1 inf bn, 1 MSL
recce bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic SP 174: 106 Milan; 68 TOW
bn, 1sig coy) MANPATS 718: 260 Spike (of 600 being delivered); 28
Mtn Inf 1 bde (1st) (1 engr unit, 1 HQ bn, 1 logistic HOT; 298 Milan; 132 TOW
bn, 1 fd arty bn, 2 mtn inf regt) RCL 106mm 507
Lt inf 1 div HQ; 1 bde (La Legion) (1 HQ bn, 1 inf HEL
regt, 1 recce bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logis- ATK AS-665 Tiger
tic bn, 1 sig coy, 1 light mech inf regt); 1 bde OBS 9 OH-58 Kiowa
(5th) (1 HQ bn, 2 lt inf regt, 1 armd inf bn, 1 fd SPT 17 HT-17D (CH-47D) Chinook
arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logistic bn, 1 sig coy) HU.21 (AS-332) Super Puma
SF 1 comd (1 HQ bn, 3 Spec Ops bn, 1 sig coy) UTL 103: 28 BO-105; 6 HU.18 (Bell 212); 15 AS-532UC
Cougar; 16 AS-532UL Cougar; 38 HU-10B (UH-1H)
AB 1 bde (6th) (1 HQ bn, 1 para bn, 1 air aslt bn,
1 air mob bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 logis- Iroquois
tic bn, 1 sig coy) AD
SAM 249
Fd Arty 1 comd (3 fd arty regt)
SP 18 Roland
Coastal Arty 1 comd (1 sig unit, 1 coastal arty regt)
TOWED 51: 36 I HAWK Phase III MIM-23B; 13
ADA 1 comd (5 ADA regt, 1 HQ bn, 1 sig unit) Skyguard/Aspide; 2 Spada
Engr 1 bde (1 NBC regt, 1 engr bridging regt, 1 MANPAD 180 Mistral
engr regt, 1 railway regt) GUNS • TOWED 267: 20mm 175 GAI-B01; 35mm 92
Sig / EW 1 bde (2 EW regt, 2 sig regt) GDF-002
Avn 1 comd (FAMET) (1 atk hel bn, 1 logistic unit RADAR
(1 spt coy, 1 supply coy), 1 sig bn, 2 spt hel AIRBORNE Sentinel RMK1
bn, 1 tpt hel bn, 1 avn bde HQ) LAND 2 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor)
Reserves 265,000 reservists Naval Air Located at Mahón (Menorca), Porto Pi

Cadre units Stations (Mallorca)
Railway 1 regt
Armd Cav 1 bde Navy – Maritime Action Force
Inf 3 bde FORCES BY ROLE
Navy Canary Islands Maritime Command (Cadiz)
Maritime Action Command (Ferrol) Maritime
Navy 23,200 (incl Naval Aviation and Marines) Action Command, Balear Islands Maritime Area
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 comd HQ located at Madrid
PSOH 12: 5 Descubierta; 4 Serviola; 3 Alboran
1 Strike Group
PSO 11: 1 Chilreu; 9 Anaga, 1 Buquesde Accion Maritime
2 Frigate Squadrons
(BAM - 1st of 4 vessels on order)
1 Submarine Flotilla
PFC 5 Barcelo
1 MCM Flotilla
PCC 6: 4 Conejera 2 Toralla
1 Naval Aviation Flotilla
PBR 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 27:
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4: AWT 2
4 Galerna each with 4 single 533mm TT each with 20 F17 AGOR 2 (with ice strengthened hull, for polar research
Mod 2/L5 duties in Antarctica)

PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 12 AGHS 2
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVS 1 Principe de Asturias AGS 2
(capacity 10 AV-8B Harrier II FGA ac /AV-8B Harrier II ATF 2
Plus FGA ac; 8 SH-3 Sea King ASW hel; 2 HU-18 (Bell 212) AT 2
utl hel AK 3
FRIGATES • FFG 11: YDT 1
4 Alvaro de Bazan each with 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) TRG 11: 1 AX; 5 AXL; 5 AXS
with 24 Mk 46 LWT, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
each with RGM-84F tactical SSM, 1 48 cell Mk 41 VLS Naval Aviation 814
(LAM capable) with 32 SM-2 MR SAM, 64 RIM-162B Flying hours 150 hrs/year on AV-8B Harrier II FGA ac;
Sea Sparrow SAM (quad packs), 1 127mm gun; Baseline 200 hrs/year on hel
5 Aegis C2, (capacity 1 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel)
FORCES BY ROLE
1 Baleares (limited operational role only; planned for
COMD/tpt 1 sqn with HU-18 (Bell 212)
decommissioning ‘09) with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8
eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk FGA 1 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II Plus; AV-8B
112 octuple (8 eff.) with 16 tactical ASROC, 1 Mk 22 Harrier II
GMLS with 16 SM-1 MR SAM, 2 twin ASTT (4 eff.) ASW 1 sqn with SH-3D Sea King; 1 sqn with SH-
each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun 60B Seahawk
6 Santa Maria each with 2 Mk32 triple 324mm each EW 1 flt with SH-3D Sea King (AEW)
with 6 Mk 46 LWT, 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 32 SM-1 MR Liaison 1 flt with CE-550 Citation II
SAM, 8 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Trg 1 flt with 1 TAV-8B Harrier on lease (USMC)
(capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MCCS 1 Diana AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable
MHO 6 Segura FGA 16: 12 AV-8B Harrier II Plus; 4 AV-8B Harrier II
AMPHIBIOUS TPT 3 CE-550 Citation II
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 4 TRG 1 TAV-8B Harrier on lease (USMC)
LHD 1 Juan Carlos I (capacity 4 LCM; 42 APC; 46 MBT; MP 7 P-3 Orion
700 troops; able to operate as alternate platform for CVS HELICOPTERS
aviation group) ASW 24: 3 SH-3D Sea King (AEW); 9 SH-3; 12 SH-60B
LPD 2 Galicia (capacity 6 AB-212 or 4 SH-3D Sea King; 4 Seahawk
LCM or 6 LCVP; 130 APC or 33 MBT; 450 troops) UTL 18: 8 HU-18 (Bell 212); 10 Hughes 500MD
LS • LST 1 Pizarro (2nd of class in reserve) MSL
CRAFT 20 LCM ASM AGM-119 Penguin, AGM-65G Maverick
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3 AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9L Sidewinder
AORH 2: 1 Patino; 1 Cantabria (expected ISD ‘09)
AO 1 Marines 5,300
FACILITIES FORCES BY ROLE
Bases Located at El Ferrol, Rota (Fleet HQ), Marine 1 bde (2500) (1 mech inf bn, 2 inf bn, 1
Cartagena (ALMART HQ, Maritime Action), arty bn, 1 log bn, 1 spec ops unit)
Las Palmas (Canary Islands) Marine Garrison 5 gp
NATO Europe 153
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TPT 106: 2 A-310; 6 B-707 (incl EW & tkr); 7 C-130H
MBT 16 M-60A3TTS /C-130H-30 Hercules; 57 CASA 212 Aviocar; 7 CASA
APC (W) 18 Piranha C-295 (9 on order to replace some CASA 212); 14 CN-235
AAV 19: 16 AAV-7A1/AAVP-7A1; 2 AAVC-7A1; 1 AAVR- (12 tpt, 2 VIP); 2 Cessna 550 Citation V (recce); 3 F-27
7A1 Friendship (SAR); 5 Falcon; 20 (3 VIP, 2 EW); 2 Falcon 900
ARTY 18 (VIP); 1 Beechcraft C90 King Air
SP 155mm 6 M-109A2 SPT/Firefighting 16: 15 Canadair CL-215; 1 CL-415
TOWED 105mm 12 M-56 (pack) TRG 126: 46 CASA C-101 Aviojet; 21 DO-27 (liaison/trg);
AT • MSL • MANPATS 24 TOW-2 22 Beech F-33C Bonanza (trg); 37 E-26 (T-35) Pillan
RL 90mm C-90C HELICOPTERS
AD • SAM • MANPAD 12 Mistral SPT 17: 5 AS-330 (SA-330) Puma; 12 HU-21 (AS-332)
Super Puma
Air Force 27,300 (of whom 6,006 civilian) UTL 25: 15 EC-120 Colibri; 2 AS-532 (VIP); 8 S-76C
Europe (NATO)
Flying hours 120 hrs/year on hel/tpt ac; 180 hrs/year on AD
FGA/ftr SAM Mistral; R-530
TOWED Skyguard/Aspide
FORCES BY ROLE MSL
Ftr/OCU 2 sqn with EF Typhoon; 1 EF Typhoon OCU; AAM AIM-120B/C AMRAAM; AIM-9L/ AIM-9M/ AIM-
2 sqn with F-1CE (F-1C) Mirage/F-1EDA/ 9N/ AIM-9P Sidewinder; AIM-7F/M Sparrow, R-530
Mirage F-1EE (F-1E) ARM AGM-88A HARM;

FGA 5 sqn with EF-18A (F/A-18A)/EF-18B (F/A- ASM AGM-65A/G Maverick; AGM-84C/D Harpoon;
18B) Hornet; EF-18 MLU Taurus KEPD 350
MP 1 sqn with P-3A Orion*; P-3B Orion* (MR) BOMBS
EW 1 sqn with B-707; CASA 212 Aviocar; Conventional: Mk 82; Mk 83; Mk 84; BLU-109;
Falcon 20 (EW) BPG-2000; BR-250; BR-500;
SAR 1 sqn with F-27 Friendship (SAR), HU-21 BME-330B/AP; CBU-100 (anti-tank)
(AS-332) Super Puma; 1 sqn with CN-235 Laser-guided: GBU-10/16 Paveway II; GBU-24 Paveway III
(maritime surv/SAR); 1 sqn with CASA 212
Aviocar, HU-21 (AS-332) Super Puma; 1 sqn Central Air Command (Torrejon)
with CASA 212 Aviocar, AS-330 (SA-330) Puma 4 Wg
Spt 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar; Cessna 550 Ftr 2 sqn with EF-18 (F/A-18) Hornet
Citation V (recce); Canadair CL-215 Spt 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar; Cessna 550 Citation
Tkr/tpt 1 sqn with KC-130H Hercules; 1 sqn with V; 1 sqn with Canadair CL-215/CL-415; 1 sqn with
Boeing 707 B-707; CASA 212 Aviocar (EW); Falcon 20; 1 sqn
with CASA 212 Aviocar; HU-21 (AS-332) Super
Tpt 1 sqn with CN-235 (12 tpt, 2 VIP); 1 sqn
Puma (SAR)
with C-130H/C-130H-30 Hercules; 1 sqn
with CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 sqn with A-310, Tpt 1 sqn with A-310; B-707 (tkr/tpt); 1 sqn with
Falcon 900; 1 sqn with Beechcraft C90 King HU-21 (AS-332) Super Puma (tpt); 2 sqn with
Air (VIP), HU-21 (AS-332) Super Puma; 1 sqn CN-235; 1 sqn with CASA C-295; 1 sqn with
with Boeing 707, Falcon 20 Falcon 20/Falcon 900; 1 Beechcraft C90 King Air
Tkr 1 sqn with A-310; B-707 Trg 1 sqn with CASA C-101 Aviojet; 1 sqn with E-24
(Beech F-33) Bonanza; 1 sqn with CASA 212
OCU 1 sqn with EF-18A (F/A-18A)/EF-18B (F/A-
Aviocar
18B) Hornet
Lead-in trg 2 sqn with F-5B Freedom Fighter Eastern Air Command (Zaragosa)
Trg 2 sqn with CASA C-101 Aviojet; 1 sqn with 2 Wg
CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 sqn with Beech F-33C Ftr 2 sqn with EF-18 (F/A-18) Hornet
Bonanza (trg); 2 sqn with EC-120 Colibri; Spt 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar; AS-330 (SA-330)
S-76C; 1 sqn with E-26 (T-35) Pillan Puma
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tpt 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 sqn with KC-
AIRCRAFT 181 combat capable 130H Hercules (tkr/tpt); C-130H Hercules
FTR 83: 18 EF Typhoon Tranche 1 (10 C.16/8 CE.16) (87 OCU 1 sqn with EF-18 (F/A-18) Hornet
Typhoon on order); 45 F-1CE (F-1C) Mirage/F-1EDA
Mirage F-1EE (F-1E)/Mirage F-1EE (F-1E); 20 F-5B Freedom Strait Air Command (Seville)
Fighter (lead-in ftr trg) 4 Wg
FGA 91: 90 EF-18A (F/A-18A)/EF-18B (F/A-18B) Hornet; 1 Ftr 1 sqn with EF-18 (F/A-18) Hornet; 1 sqn with
EF-18 MLU (first of 67 MLU EF-18 to be delivered) Typhoon; 2 sqn with F-1CE (F-1C) Mirage/
MP 13: 2 P-3A Orion*; 5 P-3B Orion* (MR); 6 CN-235 Mirage F-1BE (F-1B)
maritime surv/SAR MP 1 sqn with P-3A Orion/P-3B Orion
TKR 7: 5 KC-130H Hercules, 2 Boeing 707 Lead-in trg 2 sqn with F-5B Freedom Fighter
Trg 2 sqn with EC-120B Colibri; S-76C; 1 sqn Bosnia-Herzegovina

with E-26 (T-35) Pillan; 1 sqn with CASA EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 376; Army: 1 inf bn HQ; 1
C-101 Aviojet; 1 sqn with CASA 212 Aviocar inf coy; 1 recce pl
Canary Island Air Command (Gando)
1 Wg CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
FGA 1 sqn with EF-18 (F/A-18) Hornet
SAR 1 sqn with F-27 Friendship; HU-21 (AS-332)
Super Puma Democratic Republic of Congo
Tpt 1 detachment with 2 CN-235 UN • MONUC 6 obs
Logistic Support Air Command GEORGIA

Trials and 1 sqn with F-5A Freedom Fighter test; F-1 OSCE • Georgia 1
Testing Mirage test; EF-18 (F/A-18) Hornet test; CASA LEBANON
212 Aviocar test; CASA C-101 Aviojet test UN • UNIFIL 1,139; 1 inf bn; 1 PB
Mediterranean sea
Other Military Forces 73,360
NATO • Operation Active Endeavour 1 FFG
Guardia Civil 72,600 Serbia

9 regions, 56 Rural Comds NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 620; 1 combined arms
FORCES BY ROLE BG
Inf 17 (Tercios) regt OSCE • Kosovo 17
Spec Op 10 (rural) gp UN • UNMIK 2
Sy 6 (traffic) gp; 1 (Special) bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Foreign Forces
APC (W) 18 BLR United States US European Command Army 91; Navy 688;
HELICOPTERS USAF 315; USMC 144; 1 air base located at Morón; 1 naval
ARMED 26 BO-105ATH base located at Rota
UTL 12: 8 BK-117; 4 EC135P2
Guardia Civil Del Mar 760 Turkey Tu

New Turkish Lira L 2007 2008 2009
PCC 15
PCI 1 GDP L 856bn 978bn
PBF 22 US$ 658bn 652bn
PB 15 per capita US$ 9,253 9,069
Growth % 4.6 3.5
Emergencies Military Unit (UME) Inflation % 8.8 9.6
FORCES BY ROLE Def exp a L 17.73bn
HQ 1 (div)
US$ 13.64bn
Air 1 gp
Def bdgt L 12.9bn 13.3bn
Emergency 5 bn
Intervention US$ 9.96bn 8.84bn
FMA (US) US$ 14.2m 6.8m 12.0m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=L 1.30 1.50
AIRCRAFT
a
including coast guard and gendarmerie
Firefighting 24 Canadair CL-215/CL415
HELICOPTERS Population 71,892,807
UTL 4 EC 135 Ethnic groups: Kurds ε20%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Non-State Groups
Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 20% 3%
see Part II
Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 19% 4%
Deployment Capabilities
Afghanistan ACTIVE 510,600 (Army 402,000 Navy 48,600 Air
NATO • ISAF 780 60,000) Paramilitary 102,200
NATO Europe 155
Terms of service 15 months. Reserve service to age of 41 for UAV 215+: AN/USD-501 Midge; Falcon 600/Firebee; CL-89;
all services. Active figure reducing 19 Bayraktar
RECCE • TAC 196 Gnat 750 Harpy
RESERVE 378,700 (Army 258,700 Navy 55,000 Air AD
65,000) Paramilitary 50,000 SAM • MANPAD 935: 789 FIM-43 Redeye (being
withdrawn); 146 FIM-92A Stinger
Organisations by Service GUNS 1,664
SP 40mm 262 M-42A1
Army ε77,000; ε325,000 conscript (total TOWED 1,402: 20mm 439 GAI-D01; 35mm 120
GDF-001/GDF-003; 40mm 843: 803 L/60/L/70; 40 T-1
402,000)
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor)
FORCES BY ROLE
4 Army HQ; 10 corps HQ Navy 14,100; 34,500 conscript (total 48,600
Armd 17 bde
Europe (NATO)
inclusive Coast Guard 2,200 and Marines 3,100)
Mech inf 15 bde
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 2 div; 11 bde HQ 1 (Ankara) Naval Forces Command HQ (1
Trg/inf 4 bde (Altinovayalova) Training HQ, 1 (Gölcük) Fleet HQ
SF 1 comd HQ with (4 Cdo bde) HQ, 1 (Istanbul) Northern Sea Area HQ, 1 (Izmir)
Southern Sea Area HQ)
Cbt hel 1 bn
Avn 4 regt; 3 bn (total: 1 tpt bn, 2 trg bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Trg/arty 4 bde SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 14
SSK 14:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 6 Atilay (Ge Type 209/1200) each with 8 single 533mm
MBT 4,205: 2,876 M-48A5 T1/M-48A5 T2 (1,300 to be ASTT each with 14 SST-4 HWT
stored); 170 Leopard 1A1; 227 Leopard 1A3; 274 M-60A1; 658 8 Preveze/Gur (Ge Type 209/1400) each with 8 single
M-60A3 533mm ASTT each with UGM-84 Harpoon tactical
RECCE 250+: ε250 Akrep; ARSV Cobra USGW, Tigerfish HWT
AIFV 650 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 23
APC (T) 3,643: 830 AAPC; 2,813 M-113/M-113 A1/M-113A2 FFG 23:
ARTY 7,450+ 2 Barbaros (MOD Ge MEKO 200 F244, F245) each with
SP 868+: 105mm 391: 26 M-108T; 365 M-52T; 155mm 222 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C
M-44T1; TU SpH Storm (K-9) Thunder; 175mm 36 M-107; Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with
203mm 219 M-110A2 24 Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm TT each with Mk
TOWED 685+: 105mm M-101A1; 155mm 523: 517 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 AB-212 utl hel
M-114A1/M-114A2; 6 Panter; 203mm 162 M-115 2 Barbaros (MOD Ge MEKO 200 F246, F247) each with
MRL 84+: 70mm 24; 107mm 48; 122mm T-122; 227mm 12 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C
MLRS (incl ATACMS) Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 8 cell Mk 41 VLS with 24 Aspide
MOR 5,813+ SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT each with Mk 46
SP 1,443+: 81mm; 107mm 1,264 M-30; 120mm 179 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 AB-212 utl hel
TOWED 4,370: 81mm 3,792; 120mm 578 6 Burak (Fr d’Estienne d’Orves) each with 2 single each
AT with 4 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 twin Manual with
MSL 1,283 SIMBAD twin, 4 single ASTT each with 4 L5 HWT, 1
SP 365 TOW 100mm gun
MANPATS 918: 186 Cobra; ε340 Eryx; 392 Milan 8 Gaziantep (ex-US Oliver Hazard Perry-class) each with
RCL 3,869: 106mm 2,329 M-40A1; 57mm 923 M-18; 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 36 SM-1 MR SAM, 4+ RGM-84C
75mm 617 Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm each with
RL 66mm M-72 LAW 24 Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 S-70B Seahawk
AIRCRAFT ASW hel)
TPT 7: 4 Beech 200 Super King Air; 3 Cessna 421 1 Muavenet (ex-US Knox-class) each with 1 Mk16 Mk
UTL 98 U-17B 112 octuple with ASROC/RGM-84C Harpoon SSM
TRG 63: 34 7GCBC Citabria; 25 T-41D Mescalero; 4 T-42A (from ASROC launcher), 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.)
Cochise each with 22+ Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1
HELICOPTERS AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel)
ATK 37 AH-1P Cobra/AH-1W Cobra 4 Yavuz (Ge MEKO 200 F244, F245) each with 2 Mk 141
OBS 3 OH-58B Kiowa Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon
SPT 50 S-70B Black Hawk tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with 24
UTL 162: 2 AB-212 (Bell 212); 10 AS-532UL Cougar; 12 Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm each with Mk 46
AB-204B (Bell 204B); 64 AB-205A (Bell 205A); 20 Bell 206 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel
JetRanger; ε45 UH-1H Iroquois; 9 Bell 412 Twin Huey PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 43
TRG 28 Hughes 300C PSO 8: 1 Trabzon; 6 Karamursel (Ge Vegesack); 1 Hisar
PFM 25: HELICOPTERS

8 Dogan (Ge Lurssen-57) each with 1 76mm gun, 2 ASW 10: 3 AB-204AS (Bell 204AS); 7 S-70B Seahawk
quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C UTL 11 AB-212 (Bell 212)*
Harpoon
8 Kartal (Ge Jaguar) each with 4 single each with RB 12 Naval Forces Command
Penguin tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm TT HQ Located at Ankara
7 Kilic each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each
with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun (2 Fleet
additional vessels on order) HQ Located at Gölcük
2 Yildiz each with 1 76mm gun, 2 quad (8 eff.) each with
RGM-84A Harpoon/RGM-84C Harpoon Northern Sea Area
PCO 6 Turk HQ Located at Istanbul
PCC 4 PGM-71
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 22 Southern Sea Area
MCM 6 spt (tenders) HQ Located at Izmir
MHC 7: 5 Edineik (Fr Circe); 4 Aydin (additional vessels
on order) Training
MSC 5 Silifke (US Adjutant) HQ Located at Altinovayalova
MSI 4 Foca (US Cape)
AMPHIBIOUS
Air Force 60,000
LS 5
2 tac air forces (divided between east and west)
LST 5:
2 Ertugrul (capacity 18 tanks; 400 troops) (US
Terrebonne Parish) FORCES BY ROLE
1 Osman Gazi (capacity 4 LCVP; 17 tanks; 980 Ftr 3 sqn with F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting
troops;) Falcon; 2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 2 sqn with
2 Sarucabey (capacity 11 tanks; 600 troops) F-5A Freedom Fighter/F-5B Freedom Fighter
CRAFT 41: 24 LCT; 17 LCM FGA 5 sqn with F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 49: Falcon; 3 sqn with F-4E Phantom II
AORH 2 Recce 1 sqn with RF-4E Phantom II
AORL 1 AEW Sqn forming with B-737 AEW&C
AOT 2
SAR sqn with 20 AS-532 Cougar (14 SAR/6 CSAR)
AOL 1
Tpt 1 (VIP) sqn with C-20 Gulfstream; CN-235; UC-35
AF 2
Citation; 2 sqn with CN-235; 1 sqn with C-160
ASR 1
Transall; 1 sqn with 13 C-130B Hercules/C-130E
ARS 1
Hercules
AWT 13: 11; 2 (harbour)
Tkr sqn with 7 KC-135R Stratotanker
ABU 2
ATF 3 Liaison 10 base flt with CN-235 (sometimes); UH-1H
TPT 1 Iroquois
TRV 3 OCU 1 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 1 sqn with F-16C
YTM 17 Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn with
F-5A Freedom Fighter/F-5B Freedom Fighter
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Gölcük, Erdek, Canakkale, Eregli, Bartin, Trg 1 sqn with T-37B Tweet/T-37C Tweet; T-38A
Izmir, Istanbul, Foka, Aksaz, Antalya, Mersin, Talon; 1 sqn with 40 SF-260D; 1 sqn with 28 T-41
Iskanderun Mescalero
SAM 4 sqn with 92 MIM-14 Nike Hercules; 2 sqn with 86
Marines 3,100 Rapier; 8 (firing) unit with MIM-23 HAWK
Arty 1 bn (18 guns) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Marine 1 HQ; 1 regt; 3 bn AIRCRAFT 435 combat capable
FTR 87 F-5A/F-5B Freedom Fighter; (48 being upgraded as
Naval Aviation lead-in trainers)
FORCES BY ROLE FGA 348: 213 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (all being upgraded
ASW some sqn with AB-204AS (Bell 204AS); AB-212 to Block 50 standard (further 30 F-16 Block 52+ on order);
(Bell 212); S-70B Seahawk 135 F-4E Phantom II (88 FGA, 47 ftr (52 upgraded to
Trg 1 sqn with CN-235; ATR-72 Phantom 2020))
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE RECCE 35 RF-4E Phantom II (recce)
AIRCRAFT • MP •ASW 7: 6 CN-235; 1 Alenia ATR-72 AEW 1 B-737 AEW&C (first of 4)
(additional ac on order) TKR 7 KC-135R Stratotanker
NATO Europe 157
TPT 77: 13 C-130B Hercules/C-130E Hercules; 16 Transall Non-State Groups

C-160D; some C-20 Gulfstream; 46 CN-235 (tpt/EW); 2
see Part II
UC-35 Citation (VIP)
TRG 198: 40 SF-260D (trg); 60 T-37B Tweet/T-37C Tweet;
70 T-38A Talon; 28 T-41 Mescalero Deployment
HELICOPTERS
Afghanistan
UTL 20 UH-1H Iroquois (tpt, liaison, base flt, trg schools);
NATO • ISAF 800
20 AS-532 (14 SAR/6 CSAR)
UAV 18 Gnat 750; 10 Heron ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
AD Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG
SAM 178+: 86 Rapier
Bosnia-Herzegovina
TOWED: MIM-23 HAWK
STATIC 92 MIM-14 Nike Hercules EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 242; Army: 1 inf coy
Europe (NATO)
MSL Cyprus (northern)
AAM AIM-120A/B AMRAAM; AIM-9S Sidewinder; Army ε36,000
AIM-7E Sparrow, Shafrir 2 1 army corps HQ; some air det; 1 armd bde; 1 indep mech
ARM AGM-88A HARM
inf bde; 2 inf div; 1 cdo regt; 1 arty bde; 1 avn comd; 8
ASM AGM-65A/G Maverick; Popeye I
M-48A2 training; 441 M-48A5T1/M-48A5T2; 361 AAPC

BOMBS
(incl variants); 266 M-113 (incl variants); (towed arty)
Conventional BLU-107; GBU-8B HOBOS (GBU-15)
102: 105mm 72 M-101A1; 155mm 18 M-114A2; 203mm
Infra-Red 40 AN/AAQ 14 LANTIRN; 40 AN/AAQ 13
12 M-115; (SP) 155mm 90 M-44T; (MRL) 122mm 6 T-122;
LANTIRN
(MOR) 450: 81mm 175; 107mm 148 M-30; 120mm 127
Laser-guided Paveway I; Paveway II
HY-12; (AT MSL) 114: 66 Milan; 48 TOW; (RCL) 106mm
Paramilitary 192 M-40A1; 90mm M-67; RL 66mm M-72 LAW; (AD
towed) 20mm Rh 202; 35mm GDF 16 GDF-003; 40mm 48
Gendarmerie/National Guard 100,000; M-1; 3 U-17 utl ac; 1 AS-532UL Cougar; 3 UH-1H Iroquois
50,000 reservists (total 150,000) utl hel; 1 PCI less than 100 tonnes
Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defence in war
Georgia
FORCES BY ROLE OSCE • Georgia 4
Army 1 (Border) div; 2 bde
UN • UNOMiG 5 obs
Cdo 1 bde
IRAQ
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
NATO • NTM-I up to 10
RECCE Akrep
APC (W) 560: 535 BTR-60/BTR-80; 25 Condor LEBANON
AIRCRAFT UN • UNIFIL 506
RECCE • OBS Cessna O-1E Bird Dog 1 Engr Bridging coy; Navy Task Force PB 2
TPT 2 Do-28D
HELICOPTERS Serbia
SPT 33: 14 S-70A Black Hawk; 19 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 544; Army: 1 inf bn HQ;
H 2 inf coy; 1 log coy; elm 1 hel bn; elm 1 recce coy; elm 1
UTL 23: 1 AB-212 (Bell 212); 8 AB-204B (Bell 204B); 6 engr coy; elm 1 MP coy Marines: 1 coy Gendarmerie: 1 pl
AB-205A (Bell 205A); 8 AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger OSCE • Serbia 3
OSCE • Kosovo 5
Coast Guard 800 (Coast Guard Regular
element); 1,050 (from Navy); 1,400 conscript Sudan
(total 3,250) UN • UNMIS 3
PSO 30
Foreign Forces
PFC 17
PCC 8 Israel Air Force: up to 1 ftr det (occasional) located at
PBF 19 Akinci with F-16 Fighting Falcon
PBI 14 United States US European Command: Army 60; Navy 7;
AIRCRAFT USAF 1,489; USMC 14; 1 support facility located at Izmir;
TPT 3 CN-235 (MP) 1 support facility located at Ankara; 1 air base located
HELICOPTERS at Incirlik • US Strategic Command: 1 Spacetrack Radar
UTL 8 AB-412EP (SAR) located at Incirlik
drawing on 5 armd regts, 5 armd recce regts, 6 SP arty regts,

United Kingdom UK 9 armd inf bn, 3 mech inf bn and 20 lt inf bn. Within Joint
Hel Comd is 16 Air Aslt Bde with 2 para bn and 2 air aslt
British Pound £ 2007 2008 2009
bn. The two operational divisions have become a mix of
GDP £ 1.38tr 1.46tr force types having armoured infantry units as well as light
US$ 2.77tr 2.56tr in their structure. Additional spt is provided from theatre
per capita US$ 45,577 42,029 troops. For army units within 3 Cdo Bde, who now have an
Growth % 3.0 1.0 additional army infantry bn, see the Naval section.
Inflation % 2.3 3.0
Comd 1 (ARRC) Corps HQ , 1 (6th) div HQ
Armd 1 div (1st) with (2 armd bde (7th and 20th)
Def exp £ 31.62bn
(each: 1 armd regt, 2 armd inf bn, 1 lt inf bn),
US$ 63.2bn (1 bde (4th) (1 armd regt, 1 armd inf regt, 1
Def bdgt a £ 29.96bn 34.05bn mech regt, 2 lt inf bn); (1 lt inf bde (52nd) 2 lt
US$ 59.9bn 59.7bn inf bn, 1 Gurkha bn) 3 armd recce regt; 1 cbt
US$1=£ 0.50 0.57 spt gp (3 SP arty regt; 1 AD regt; 3 cbt engr;
a
= Defence Budget data from 2008 expressed in Resource Accounting 1 engr regt))
and Budgeting terms. No cash equivalent available Mech 1 div (3rd) with (1 Mech bde (1st) (1 armd
regt, 1 Armd Inf regt, 1 Mech inf regt, 1 Lt
inf bn); 1 mech bde (12th) (1 armd regt, 1

Religious groups: Northern Ireland 1,685,267; Protestant and armd inf bn, 1 mech inf bn,); 1 Mech bde
other Christian 53.1%; Roman Catholic 43.8%
(19th) (1 Armd inf regt, 3 Lt inf bn); 1 Mech
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus bde (11th) (3 Lt inf bn); 2 Recce regt; 1 cbt spt
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 7% gp (2 SP arty regt; 1 arty regt; 1 AD regt; 2
cbt engr regt; 2 engr regt))
Female 9% 3% 3% 3% 23% 8%
Air Asslt 1 bde (16th) (2 para bn, 2 air aslt bn, 1 arty
Capabilities bn, 1 engr regt)
Lt Inf 4 bn
ACTIVE 160,280 (Army 95,780 Navy 30,880 Air Arty 1 bde HQ; 1 regt (trg); 1 MLRS regt, 1 STA
33,620) regt, 1 UAV regt
RESERVE 199,280 (Army 134,180 Navy 22,200 Air SF 1 (SAS) regt, 1 SF Spt gp
42,900) SF/Recce 1 regt (600 strong)
Includes both trained and those currently under training and Surv
within the Regular Forces. Gurkha 1 bn (1 more in 52nd Bde above)
Engr 1 bde (2 EOD regt, 1 Air Spt)
Organisations by Service Atk Hel 2 regt
Spt Hel 3 regt, 4 indep flt
Strategic Forces 1,000 Flying Trg 1 regt
NBC 1 (joint) regt (army/RAF)
Armed Forces Log 2 bde
RADAR • STRATEGIC 1 Ballistic Missile Early Warning AD 1 bde HQ; (OPCOM Air), 1 regt with Rapier
System BMEWS located at Fylingdales Moor C
Royal Navy Home Service Forces • Gibraltar 200
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 4:
4 Vanguard each with 4 533mm TT each with Spearfish
reservists; 150 active reservists (total 350)
HWT, up to 16 UGM-133A Trident D-5 SLBM (Each Reserves
boat will not deploy with more than 48 warheads, but
each missile could carry up to 12 MIRV, some Trident Territorial Army 37,260 reservists
D-5 capable of being configured for sub-strategic role) The Territorial Army has been reorganised to enable
MSL • STRATEGIC 48 SLBM (Fewer than 160 the regular army to receive relevant manpower support
operational warheads) from their associated territorial unit.
Armd 2 regt
Army 89,020; 3,520 (Gurkhas); 3,240 active Armd Recce 2 regt
reservists (total 95,780) Inf 13 bn
Regt normally bn size
SF 2 regt (SAS)
FORCES BY ROLE
AB 1 bn
1 Land Comd HQ, 1 Corps HQ, 3 deployable div HQ, 8
deployable bde HQ and 1 tri-service Joint Hel Comd. The Obs 1 regt
UK Field Army has a capability to form 46 battlegroups Arty 3 lt regt, 1 UAV regt
NATO Europe 159
MLRS 1 regt the Permanent Joint Headquarters (PJHQ). In addition the

Engr 5 regt, 1 EOD regt, 1 sqn, 1 geo sqn , 1 cdo RN may declare units to various national, NATO or UN
sqn commands and groups not listed here.
Avn 2 regt Administratively, a single top level budget (TLB)
AD 1 regt merger has brought the Fleet and Personnel/Training
Headquarters under a unified structure based at Whale
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Island, Portsmouth. The new Fleet Headquarters has three
MBT 386 CR2 Challenger 2 main roles: Force Generation – the generation of forces
RECCE 475: 137 Sabre; 327 Scimitar; 11 Tpz-1 Fuchs at the appropriate level of readiness to meet the required
AIFV 575 MCV-80 Warrior outputs through Fleet Capability Integration Groups.
APC 2,718 Force Deployment – Commander Operations manages
APC (T) 1,883: 380 Bulldog Mk 3 (106 up-armoured for maritime operations from the Fleet Operations Division
Iraq); 771 AFV 432; 597 FV 103 Spartan; 135 FV4333
located at Northwood. Resource Management – financial
Stormer
Europe (NATO)
management of the Fleet HQ, programming, planning,
APC (W) 835: 649 AT105 Saxon (being phased out, except
corporate communications, civilian management, corporate
for Northern Ireland); 186 Mastiff
governance and performance management. Below the
TYPE VARIANTS 1,675 AIFV/APC
Fleet HQ, RN surface and sub-surface units are structured
CPV 100: 100 Jackal administratively into three Flotillas based in Portsmouth,
ARTY 877 Devonport and Faslane. Aircraft are split between two
SP 155mm 178 AS-90 Braveheart

Typed Air Stations at Culdrose and Yeovilton with a SAR
TOWED 105mm 166 L-118 Light gun/L-119
detachment at Prestwick Airport, Scotland. Royal Marines
MRL 227mm 63 MLRS; GMLRS
remain under 3 Cdo Bde with a 1 star RM commander,
MOR 470: 81mm SP 110; 81mm 360
RM Units are located at Arbroath, Plymouth, Taunton and
AT • MSL 800+
Chivenor.
SP 60 Swingfire (FV 102 Striker)
MANPATS 740 Milan; TOW EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RL 94mm LAW-80 SUBMARINES 13
AC • RECCE 3 BN-2T-4S Defender (4th on order); 1 STRATEGIC • SSBN 4:
Beechcraft King Air 350ER (3 more on order) 4 Vanguard, opcon Strategic Forces, each with 4 533mm
HELICOPTERS TT each with Spearfish HWT, up to 16 UGM-133A
ATK 67 AH-64D Apache Trident D-5 SLBM (Each boat will not deploy with more
OBS 133 SA-341 Gazelle than 48 warheads, but each missile could carry up to 12
ASLT 99: 77 Lynx AH MK7*; 22 Lynx AH MK9 MIRV, some Trident D-5 capable of being configured
UAV • TACTICAL Hermes 450; Desert Hawk; Buster; for sub strategic role)
Watchkeeper (from 2010) TACTICAL • SSN 8:
AD • SAM 339+ 1 Swiftsure each with 5 single 533mm TT each with
SP 135 HVM Spearfish HWT/ 5 UGM – 84 Harpoon tactical USGW
TOWED 57+ Rapier FSC 7 Trafalgar each with 5 single 533mm TT each with
MANPAD 147 Starstreak (LML) Spearfish HWT/12 Tomahawk tactical LAM/5 UGM 84
RADAR • LAND 157: 4-7 Cobra; 150 MSTAR Harpoon tactical USGW
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 27
BOATS/CRAFT 4 workboats AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CV 2:
AMPHIBIOUS 4 LCVP 2 Invincible (1 in reserve) with 3 single MK 15 Phalanx
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6 RCL CIWS, (capacity ‘tailored air group’ 8–12 Harrier
GR9A; 4 Merlin HM MK1 ASW hel; 4 Sea King ASAC
Royal Navy 30,690; 190 active reservists (total MK7 AEW hel)
30,880) DESTROYERS • DDGH 8
The Royal Navy has undergone major changes to its 4 Type-42 Batch 2 each with 1 twin (2 eff.) with 22 Sea
organisational structure. Starting in 2002 with Fleet First Dart SAM, 2 single MK 15 Phalanx CIWS, 1 114mm
and ending in 2007 with the single Top Level Budget (TLB) gun, (capacity 1 Lynx utl hel), (1 decommissioning mid
merger and a ‘transformed’ Headquarters. ’09; 2 additional units at extended readiness)
Operationally, Full Command is held by Commander in 4 Type-42 Batch 3 each with 1 twin (2 eff.) with 22 Sea
Chief FLEET with operational command and operational Dart SAM, 2 single MK 15 Phalanx CIWS, 1 114mm
control delegated for all Units not involved in operations gun, (capacity 1 Lynx utl hel)
to Commander Operations, a 2 star based at Northwood, 1 Daring (Type-45) (capacity either 1 Lynx MKS ASW
London. The 2002 review created permanent Battle Staffs hel or 1 Merlin HM MK1 ASW hel) (undergoing sea
allowing for operations to be commanded by either one trials, ISD expected ‘10, additional vessels in build)
of two 2 star Commanders or two subordinate 1 star FRIGATES • FFG 17
Commanders, depending on the scale of the operation. RN 4 Cornwall (Type-22 Batch 3) each with 2 Mk 141
and RM units are also frequently assigned to UK Joint Rapid Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon
Reaction Force (JRRF), under the operational command of tactical SSM, 2 sextuple (12 eff.) each with 1 Sea Wolf
SAM, 1 Goalkeeper CIWS, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 2 ASW/Atk hel 1 sqn with Lynx MK3 / Lynx MK8; Lynx
Lynx utl hel) MK3 (in indep flt)
13 Norfolk (Type-23) each with 2 twin 324mm ASTT (4 AEW 3 sqn with Sea King AEW MK7
eff.) each with Sting Ray LWT, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad
SAR 1 sqn and detached flt with Sea King HAS
(8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1
MK5 utl
32 canister Sea Wolf VLS with Sea Wolf SAM, 1 114mm
Spt 3 sqn with Sea King HC MK4; some
gun, (capacity either 2 Lynx utl hel or 1 Merlin HM
(Fleet) sqn with Beech 55 Baron (civil
MK1 ASW hel)
registration); Cessna 441 Conquest (civil
registration); Falcon 20 (civil registration);
PSOH 1 River (mod)
Grob 115 (op under contract); 1 sqn with
PSO 3 River
Lynx AH MK7 (incl in Royal Marines
PCI 16 Archer (trg)
entry)
PBF 2 Scimitar
Trg 1 (operational evaluation) sqn with
ICE PATROL 1 Endurance (RN manned)
Merlin HM MK1*; Sea King HC MK4; 1
sqn with Jetstream T MK2/TMK3; 1 sqn
MCC 8 Hunt (incl 4 mod Hunt)
with Lynx MK3
MHO 8 Sandown
AMPHIBIOUS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 7 AIRCRAFT 13 combat capable
LPD 2 Albion (capacity 2 med hel; 4 LCVP; 6 MBT; 300 FGA 13 Harrier GR8/9A
troops) TPT 21: 1 Beech 55 Baron (civil registration); 1 Cessna
LPH 1 Ocean (capacity 18 hel; 4 LCU or 2 LCAC; 4 441 Conquest (civil registration); 19 Falcon 20 (civil
LCVP; 800 troops) registration)
LSD 4 Bay (capacity 4 LCU; 2 LCVP; 1 LCU; 24 CR2 TRG 29: 5 Grob 115 (op under contract); 2 Harrier T10;
Challenger 2 MBT; 350 troops) (RFA manned) 12 Hawk T MK1 (spt); 10 Jetstream T MK2/T MK3
CRAFT 47: 13 LCU; 34 LCVP HELICOPTERS 119 atk hel
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5 ATK 6 Lynx AH MK7 (incl in Royal Marines entry)
AGHS 3: 1 Scott; 2 Echo; ASW/ASuW 113: 71 Lynx MK3/Lynx MK8; 42 Merlin
AGS 2: 1 Roebuck; 1 Gleaner (inshore/coastal) HM MK1
MSL • STRATEGIC 48 SLBM opcon strategic forces UTL/SAR 15 Sea King HAS MK5 Utility
(Fewer than 160 operational warheads) AEW 13 Sea King AEW MK7
FORCES BY ROLE SPT 37 Sea King HC MK4 (for RM)
Navy/Marine 1 party located at Diego Garcia, BIOT MSL
FACILITIES ASM Sea Skua
Bases Located at Portsmouth (Fleet HQ), Faslane, AAM AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-120C AMRAAM
Devonport, Gibraltar
Royal Marines Command 7,500 (incl RN and
Naval Located at Prestwick, Culdrose, Yeovilton Army elements)
airbases
FORCES BY ROLE
LCA 3 sqn opcon Royal Navy; 1 sqn (539
Royal Fleet Auxiliary Aslt Sqn RM)
Support and Miscellaneous vessels are mostly manned
Sy 1 Fleet Protection Group, opcon Royal
and maintained by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA),
Navy
a civilian fleet owned by the UK MoD, which has
Navy Naval Parties. Various Royal Marines
approximately 2,500 personnel with type cmd under
det opcon to RN
CINCFLEET.
SF 4 sqn
AORH 4: 2 Wave Knight; 2 Fort Victoria Cdo 1 (declared to NATO) bde (3 cdo
AOR 2 Leaf regt, 1 lt inf bn (army) 1 cdo arty regt
AORLH 2 Rover (army))
AFH 2 Fort Grange Cdo AD arty 1 bty (army)
AR 1 Diligence Cdo engr 2 sqn (1 army, 1 TA)
AG 1 Argus (Aviation trg ship with secondary role as Logistic 1 bn
Primarily Casualty Receiving Ship) Cdo lt hel 2 sqn opcon Royal Navy
RoRo 6 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (T) 150 BvS-10 Viking
Naval Aviation (Fleet Air Arm) 6,200 MOR 81mm
FORCES BY ROLE AMPHIBIOUS 28
FGA 1 sqn with 13 Harrier GR9A; 1 T10 Harrier ACV 4 Griffon 2000 TDX (M)
ASW/ASUW 4 sqn with Merlin HM MK1 LC 24 RRC
NATO Europe 161
HELICOPTERS Tkr/tpt 1 sqn with Tristar C2; Tristar K1; Tristar

ATK/SPT 43: 6 Lynx AH MK7; 37 Sea King HC MK4 KC1; 1 sqn with VC-10C1K; VC-10K3/VC-
AD • SAM • SP HVM 10K4
RADAR • LAND 4 MAMBA (Arthur) Tpt 4 sqn with C-130K/C-130J Hercules; 1 (comms)
sqn with BAe-125; BAe-146; AS-355 Squirrel;
Air Force 33,480; 140 active reservists (total 2 BN-2A Islander CC2; 3; 1 sqn with 4 C-17
33,620) Globemaster
Responsibility for RAF capability rests with Air Command OCU 5 sqn with Typhoon, Tornado F-3; Tornado GR4;
which operates from a single, fully integrated HQ at High Harrier GR7/T10; Nimrod MR2
Wycombe. Its role is to provide a fully operational and CAL 1 sqn with Hawk T MK1A/Hawk T MK1W/
flexible combat air force. Air Cmd comprises more than 500 Hawk T MK1
aircraft and 42 stations or units, and it supports operations
in the Gulf region and Afghanistan as well as maintaining Trg Units (including postgraduate training on
Europe (NATO)
an RAF presence in Cyprus, Gibraltar, Ascension Island 203(R) sqn) with Sea King HAR-3; Beech 200
and the Falkland Islands. Super King Air; Dominie T1; Grob 115E Tutor;
Air Cmd operations are delegated to two operational Hawk T MK1A/Hawk T MK1W/Hawk T MK1;
groups. No 1 Group, the Air Combat Group, controls the Tucano T MK1 (Shorts 312); T67M/M260
RAF’s combat fast jet aircraft (Typhoon, Tornado and Harrier), Firefly; Sea King HAR-3A
and has eight airfields in the UK plus RAF Unit Goose Hel 3 sqn with CH-47 Chinook; 2 sqn with Merlin
Bay in Canada. No 2 Group, the Combat Support Group, HC MK3; 2 sqn with SA-330 Puma; 1 sqn
controls Air Transport and Air-to-Air Refuelling (AT/AAR); Griffin; 3 sqn with Sea King HAR-3
Intelligence Surveillance, Targeting and Reconnaissance
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(ISTAR); and Force Protection (FP) assets. No 22 (Training)
Gp recruits RAF personnel and provides trained specialist AIRCRAFT 343 combat capable
personnel to the RAF and other two Services. FTR 128: 57 Typhoon (incl 2 Tranche 2); 71 Tornado F-3
RAF Expeditionary Air Wings, designed to generate a STRIKE/FGA 176: 114 Tornado GR4; 62 Harrier GR7/
readily identifiable structure that is better able to deploy GR7A/GR9
discrete units of agile, scaleable, interoperable and capable RECCE 29: 24 Tornado GR4A*; 5 Sentinel RMK1
air power, operate from RAF Main Operating Bases as MP 15 Nimrod MR2*
follows: ELINT 3 Nimrod R1
RAF Waddington – No 34 EAW (ISTAR); RAF Lyneham AEW 7 E-3D Sentry
– No 38 EAW (Air Transport); RAF Coningsby – No 121 TPT 66: 6 C-17A Globemaster; 19 C1/C3 (3 C-130K; 16
EAW (Multi Role); RAF Cottesmore – No 122 EAW (Fighter C-130K-30 Hercules); 24 C4/C5 (14 C-130J-30; 10 C-130J
/Ground Attack); RAF Leuchars – No 125 EAW (Fighter); Hercules); 6 BAe-125 CC-3 5; 2 BAe-146 MKII; 7 Beech 200
RAF Leeming – No 135 EAW (Fighter); RAF Marham – No
Super King Air on lease; 2 BN-2A Islander CC2/3
138 EAW (Fighter/Ground Attack); RAF Lossiemouth – No
TPT/TKR 25: 3 Tristar C2 (pax); 2 Tristar K1 (tkr/pax); 4
140 EAW (Fighter/Ground Attack); RAF Kinloss – No 325
Tristar KC1 (tkr/pax/cgo); 10 VC-10C1K (tkr/cgo); 4 VC-
EAW (Maritime Patrol & Surveillance). The deployable
elements of each station form the core of each EAW, 10K3; 2 VC-10K4
reinforced by assigned Capability-based Module Readiness TRG 359: 38 Firefly M260 T67M; 9 Dominie T1; 99 Grob
System (CMRS) personnel and elements of the Air Combat 115E Tutor; 112 Hawk T MK1/1A; 95 Tucano T1; 6 Harrier
Support Units (ACSUs). EAWs enable the RAF to train as T10/T12
cohesive Air Power units which are capable of transitioning HELICOPTERS
quickly from peacetime postures and deploying swiftly on SPT 140: 40 CH-47 HC2/2A Chinook; 28 HC MK3 Merlin;
operations. 43 SA-330 Puma HC1; 25 Sea King HAR-3A; 4 Bell 412EP
Flying hours 210/yr on fast jets; 290 on tpt ac; 240 on Griffin HAR-2
support hels; 90 on Sea King TRG 43: 31 AS-355 Squirrel; 12 Bell 412EP Griffin HT1
FORCES BY ROLE UAV • RECCE/ATK 5: 2 MQ-1 Predator A; 3 MQ-9 Predator B
Strike/ 5 sqn with Tornado GR4; 2 sqn with Tornado MSL
attack GR4A AAM AIM-120B/AIM-120 C5 AMRAAM; AIM-132
Multirole 4 sqn (incl 1 Op Eval Unit) with Typhoon; 2 ASRAAM; Skyflash; AIM-9L / AIM-9L/I Sidewinder
sqn with Tornado F-3 ARM ALARM
Off support 2 sqn with Harrier GR7/ GR7A/GR9/ T10/T12; ASM Brimstone; Storm Shadow; AGM-65G2 Maverick
ASSM AGM-84D Harpoon; Stingray
ELINT 1 sqn with Nimrod R1
BOMBS
MR 2 sqn with Nimrod MR2*
Conventional Mk 82; CRV-7; BL/IBL/RBL755 (to be
ISTAR 2 sqn with E-3D Sentry; 1 sqn with Sentinel withdrawn from service by end- 2009);
RMK1; 1 sqn with Predator A/B UAV Laser-Guided/GPS: Paveway II; GBU-10 Paveway III;
SAR 2 sqn with Sea King HAR-3A/Sea King HAR-3 Enhanced Paveway II/III; GBU-24 Paveway IV
Royal Air Force Regiment Bosnia-Herzegovina

FORCES BY ROLE EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 12
Air 3 (tactical Survival To Operate (STO)) + HQ; OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
6 (fd) sqn British Indian Ocean Territory
Trg 1 (joint) unit (with army) with Rapier C Royal Navy 40
1 Navy/Marine party located at Diego Garcia
Tri-Service Defence Hel School Brunei
HELICOPTERS : 28 AS-350 Ecureuil; 7 Griffin HT1 Army 550; 1 Gurkha bn; 1 jungle trg centre; 1 hel flt with
3 hel
Volunteer Reserve Air Forces
(Royal Auxiliary Air Force/RAF Reserve) Canada
Air 1 (air movements) sqn; 2 (intelligence) sqn; Army 500; 2 trg units
5 (field) sqn; 1 (HQ augmentation) sqn; 1 Air Force 57
(C-130 Reserve Aircrew) flt CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD
Medical 1 sqn EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 4
Croatia
Non-State Groups EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea some spt/log personnel
see Part II Cyprus

Army 1,678; 2 inf bn; 1 hel flt
Deployment Navy 42
Air Force 1,071; 1 SAR sqn with 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 1
Afghanistan radar (on det)
NATO • ISAF 8,330 (UK forms 4 BG covering Helmand UN • UNFICYP 260; 1 inf coy
Province (BGN, BGNW, BGS and the Regional Manoeuvre
Democratic Republic of Congo
BG). Ground forces are supported by an air gp of fixed
and rotary wing ac.) UN • MONUC 6 obs
Army: 1 recce regt; 2 lt inf bn; 1 arty regt; 1 GMLRS tp; Falkland Islands
STA; 1 UAV bty; 1 EOD tp; 1 spt bn; 1 theatre log spt gp; 1 Army 420; 1 AD det with Rapier FSC
medical bn; 29 Warrior; 130 Mastiff; 12 L-118; 4 GMLRS; 8 Navy 420
AH-64D Apache; 5 Lynx; some Hermes 450; some Predator Air Force 680; 1 Ftr flt with F-3 Tornado; 1 SAR sqn with
B; some Desert Hawk Sea King HAR-3A/Sea King HAR-3; 1 tkr/tpt flt with C-130
Royal Navy: 1 bde HQ (3rd Cdo); 2 cdo regt; 55 Viking; 6 Hercules; VC-10 K3/4
Sea King HC Mk4 Georgia
Air Force: 8 Harrier/Tornado; 4 C-130 Hercules; 8 CH-47 OSCE • Georgia 2
Chinook UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
Armenia/Azerbaijan Germany
OSCE • Minsk Conference 1 Army 22,000; 1 army corps HQ, 1 armd div
Ascension Island Navy 30
Air Force 23 Air Force 320
Atlantic (North) Gibraltar
Atlantic Patrol Task (N) Maritime force 1 DD / FF; 1 AO Army 270 (incl 175 men of Gibraltar regt)
Atlantic (South) Air Force 70 some (periodic) AEW det
Atlantic Patrol Task (S) Maritime force 1 DD / FF; 1 OPV Iraq
(Falkland Islands Patrol Ship, Ice Patrol (rotational six MNF-I 4,100 (UK force has embedded trg teams with 14th
months)); 1 AO Iraqi Army Div; remainder form a manoeuvre gp.)
Army: (1 composite) HQ; 1 armd bde (7th) with (3 mech inf
Arabian GULF and INDIAN OCEAN
bn; 1 recce regt; 1 armd regt; 1 arty regt; 1 engr regt; some
Maritime Security Operations 3 FFG; 2 MCC; 2 MHO
spt units); 16 Challenger; 56 Warrior; 50 Bulldog; 56 Mastiff;
Belgium 100 Jackal 26 Vector LPV; 3 AS-90; some Phalanx CIWS; 3
Army 180 BN-2T-4S Defender; 6 Lynx; 8 Desert Hawk
Navy 80 Royal Navy: 1 Navy Transition Team Navy / Cdo team
(training the Iraqi Riverine Patrol Service .
Air Force 140
Air Force: 2 Nimrod MR2; 4 C-130J Hercules; 6 EH101 Merlin
Belize NATO • NTM-I 10 to 20
Army 30 UN • UNAMI 1 obs
NATO Europe 163
Kenya Serbia
Army trg team 52 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 164; Army: 1 inf coy
OSCE • Serbia 4
Kuwait
OSCE • Kosovo 5
Army 35
Air Force 10 Sierra Leone
IMATT 63 (incl trg team, tri-service HQ and spt)
LIBERIA
UN • UNIOSIL 1 obs
UN • UNMIL 3 obs
SUDAN
MOLDOVA
UN • UNAMID 1; 1 obs
OSCE • Moldova 1
UN • UNMIS 3
NATO Maritime AOR
United States
NATO • SNMCMG-1 • 1 MCM /MCMV
Europe (NATO)
Army/Navy/Air Force ε700
Nepal
Army 280 (Gurkha trg org) Foreign Forces
Netherlands United States US European Command: Army 337; Navy
Air Force 120 405; USAF 8,794; 1 ftr wg located at RAF Lakenheath with
(1 Ftr sqn with 24 F-15C Eagle/F-15D Eagle, 2 Ftr sqn with

Oman
24 F-15E Strike Eagle); 1 tkr wg located at RAF Mildenhall
Army 40 with 15 KC-135 Stratotanker; 1 Special Ops gp located at
Navy 20 Mildenhall with 5 MC-130H Combat Talon II; 5 MC-130P
Air Force 20: 1 Tristar tkr Combat Shadow; 1 C-130E Hercules; 8 MH-53J Pave Low III
QATAR USMC 77 • US Strategic Command: 1 Ballistic Missile
Early Warning System (BMEWS) located at Fylingdales
Air Force 8 Tornado GR4
Moor; 1 Spacetrack radar located at Fylingdales Moor;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Albania Alb MBT 3
APC (T) 11: 5 VM 90 Protedo; 6 Type 5310
Albanian Lek 2007 2008 2009
ARTY
GDP lek 981bn 1.97tr TOWED 18 152 mm
US$ 10.9bn 21.6bn MOR 81: 82mm 81
per capita US$ 3,014 5,973 AD
Growth % 6.0 6.1
GUNS 42 37mm M-1939 /S 60
Inflation % 2.9 4.0 Navy Element
Def bdgt lek 17.9bn 21.3bn FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 198m 233m The Albanian Navy Brigade under the command of
FMA (US) US$ 3.0m 2.1m 4.0m JFC is organised into two naval flotillas with additional
US$1=lek 90.4 91.4 hydrographic, logistics, auxiliary and training support
services. The first Flotilla is located in Durrës; the other
Population 3,619,778 is located in Vlorë.
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 14% 5% 4% 4% 20% 4%
PFC 1 Shanghai II† (PRC)

Female 13% 5% 4% 4% 19% 4%
PFI 2 Po-2† (FSU)
PB 17: 3 Mk3 Sea Spectre; 8 V-4000; (for Coast Guard
Capabilities use); 6 (various)
In April 2008, at NATO’s Bucharest summit, Albania was PBR 12: 7 Type 2010; 1 Type 303; 4 Type 227; (for
invited to start accession talks with the Alliance. In July Coast Guard use)
2008 Albania signed the protocols of accession relating to MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 1
NATO membership and, at time of writing, the ratification MSO 1 T-43
process was ongoing. LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5: 1 LCT 4 AG
ACTIVE 14,295 (Joint Force Comd 8,150, Support FACILITIES
Command 4,300 , TRADOC 1,000, MoD and General Base 1 located at Durrës (HQ), 1 located at Vlorë
Staff 795) Paramilitary 500
Air Element
Terms of service conscription 12 months
The Air Brigade which belongs to JFC is organised in
The Albanian Armed Forces (AAF) is a joint, primarily
one Helicopter Base (Farka) and two Reserve Air Bases
land-oriented force centred on light infantry capabilities (Gjadër & Kucova, an Active Air Base (Rinas), Air Defense
supported by naval and air units. Battalion (Marikaj), Air Surveillance Operation Centre
(ASOC - Rinas), Aircraft Maintenance Centre (Kucove)
Organisations by Service and Meteorological Service Centre (Laprak). Pilots and
other aircraft crew aim to fly at least 10 - 15 hrs/year.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Joint Forces Command (JFC)
HELICOPTERS 16
RECCE 7 AB-206C
Land Element
UTL 3 AB-205; 5 Bo-105; 1 A-109
(JFC) consists of the Rapid Reaction Brigade, Commando
Regiment, Area Support Brigade, Air Brigade, Naval
Brigade, Logistics Battalion and Communications Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)
Battalion. JFC units maintain the readiness to conduct and TRADOC consists of the Defense Academy, Military
support international peace support and humanitarian University, NCO Academy, Basic Training Brigade, the
operations, and multipurpose tasks in support of consolidated Troops School, Centre for Defense Analysis
Albanian crisis management. The Alb armed forces are and Training Support Centre.
being re-constituted. Restructuring is now planned to be
completed by 2010 Support Command (SC)
FORCES BY ROLE SC consists of the Logistics Brigade, GS Support Regiment,
Rapid Reaction 1 lt inf bde Infrastructure Regiment, Personnel and Recruiting Centre,
Cdo 1 regt Military Hospital, Systems Development Centre and
Military Police Battalion.
Arty 1 bn
FORCES BY ROLE
Spt 1 bde Med 1 Hosp
Sigs 1 bn Security 1 MP bn
Logistics 1 bn Logistics 1 bde (1 GS Spt Regt (tpt, EOD,maint)
Non-NATO Europe 165
Paramilitary ε500 FORCES BY ROLE

Army 1 (1st) corps HQ (1 indep tk bn, 1 maint bn, 1
indep recce bn, 2 indep MR regt);1 (2nd) corps HQ
Deployment (1 indep arty bn, 1 indep tk bn, 1 indep recce bn,
1 indep rifle regt, 2 indep MR regt); 1 (3rd) corps
Afghanistan HQ (1 indep sigs bn, 1 indep rifle regt, 1 indep
NATO • ISAF 140; 1 inf coy arty bn, 1 indep tk bn, 1 indep recce bn, 1 indep
rocket bn, 1 maint bn, 4 indep MR regt); 1 (4th)
Bosnia-Herzegovina corps HQ (1 indep sigs bn, 1 indep SP arty bn, 4
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 13 indep MR regt);1( 5th) corps HQ (with 2 fortified
areas) (1 indep MR regt, 1 indep rifle regt);
MR 1 bde (trg)
EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 63 SF 1 regt
Arty 1 bde
(Non-NATO)
Georgia
Europe
SP Arty 1 regt
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs
AT 1 regt
Iraq Engr 1 regt with Demining centre
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 240 AD 1 SAM bde; 2 regt; 1 (Radiotech) regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 110: 102 T-72; 8 T-54
Foreign Forces
AIFV 104: 80 BMP-1; 7 BMP-1K; 5 BMP-2; 12 BRM-1K
Italy 2 (HQ Tirana); 24 DIA APC (W) 136: 11 BTR-60; 100 look-a-like; 21 BTR-70; 4
BTR-80
ARTY 229
Armenia Arm SP 38: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 28 2S3
TOWED 121: 122mm 59 D-30; 152mm 62: 26 2A36; 2
Armenian Dram d 2007 2008 2009 D-1; 34 D-20
GDP d 3.23tr 3.80tr MRL 51: 122mm 47 BM-21; 273mm 4 WM-80
MOR 120mm 19 M-120
US$ 9.4bn 12.4bn
AT • MSL 22
SP 13 9P149 MT-LB Spiral
Growth % 13.8 10.0 MANPATS 9 AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
Inflation % 4.4 9.4 AD • SAM
Def bdgt d 101bn 121bn 132bn SP SA-4; SA-6
US$ 296m 395m TOWED SA-2; SA-3
FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 3.0m 3.0m
Air and Defence Aviation Forces 2,220
US$1=d 342 306
AD/Air 1 (Joint) comd; 2 air bases, 1 avn sqn
a
= ppp estimate
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Population 2,968,586 AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable
FTR: 1 MiG-25 Foxbat
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus FGA: 15 Su-25 Frogfoot
Male 12% 5% 5% 4% 17% 4% TPT : 2 Il-76 Candid
Female 11% 5% 5% 4% 22% 6% TRG: 4 L-39 Albatros
HELICOPTERS
ATK: 8 Mi-24P Hind*
Capabilities RECCE: 2 Mi-24K
ACTIVE 42,080 (Army 38,945 (Air/AD Aviation CBT SPT 14: 2 Mi-24R; 10 Mi-8MT; 2 Mi-9
TPT: 9 PZL MI-2
Forces (Joint) 915, other Air Defence Forces 2,220))
GUNS
Terms of service conscription 24 months. Reserves some mob SP ZSU-23-4
reported, possibly 210,000 with military service within 15 TOWED 23mm ZU-23-2
years. RADAR • LAND 4 SNAR-10
Paramilitary 4,748
Army 13,840; 25,105 conscripts (total 38,945) FORCES BY ROLE
5 Army Corps HQ Paramilitary 4 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Air Service forms part of the army. Some 66,000 reservists
AIFV 55: 5 BMD-1; 44 BMP-1; 1 BMP-1K; 5 BRM-1K a year undergo refresher trg, in tranches.
APC (W) 24 BTR-152/BTR-60/BTR-70 Terms of service 6 months recruit trg, 30 days reservist
refresher trg for volunteers; 90–120 days additional for
Border Troops officers, NCOs and specialists.
Ministry of National Security
AIFV 43: 5 BMD-1; 35 BMP-1; 3 BRM-1K Organisations by Service
APC (W) 23: 5 BTR-60; 18 BTR-70
Joint Command - Army 15,700; 12,500
Deployment conscript (total 28,200)
BOSNIA-herzegovina 25,000 conscripts trainedper year.
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 FORCES BY ROLE
Mech Inf 2 bde (1 tk bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 inf bn, 1 SP
Serbia arty/ recce bn, 1 engr bn, 1 spt bn)
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 34 Inf 2 bde (3 inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 recce/arty bn 1
OSCE • Kosovo 1 spt bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Foreign Forces
MBT 114 Leopard 2 A4

Deployment in Armenia and Azerbaijan unless stated LT TK 119: 48 SK-105 Kuerassier; 71 in store
Bulgaria OSCE 1 AIFV 112 Ulan
Czech Republic OSCE 1 APC 458
Hungary OSCE 2 APC (T) 367: 261 4K4E Saurer/4K4F Saurer (incl look-a-
Poland OSCE 1 likes); 106 in store
APC (W) 91: 71 Pandur; 20 APCV-2 Dingo II
United Kingdom OSCE 1
ARTY 684
Russia 3,214: 1 tk bn; 3 MR regt; 74 MBT; 330 ACV; 14
SP 155mm 189 M-109A2/M-109A3/M-109A5ÖE
APC (T) / APC (W); 68 arty; 8 mor; 8 MRL; 1 base
TOWED 105: 105mm 85 IFH (deactivated); 155mm 20
Military Air Forces at Yerevan: 1 ftr sqn with 18 MiG-29
M-1A2 (deactivated)
Fulcrum; 2 SAM bty with S-300V; 1 SAM bty with SA-6 MRL 128mm 16 M-51 (deactivated)
MOR 374: 107mm 133; 120mm 241: 158 M-43; 83 in store
Austria A AT • MSL 461
SP 89 RJPz-(HOT) Jaguar 1 in store
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 MANPATS 372: 307 RB-56 Bill; 65 in store
RCL 1,420: 106mm 374 M-40A1 in store; 84mm 1,046
GDP € 273bn 284bn Carl Gustav
US$ 374bn 384bn AD • GUNS 469: 20mm 56; 413 in store
per capita US$ 45,608 46,771
Growth % 3.1 2.0 Joint Command - Air Force 3,300, 3,400
Inflation % 2.2 3.1 conscript (total 6,700)
Flying hours 180 hrs/year on hel/tpt ac
Def exp € 2.25bn 2.03bn
130 hrs/year on FGA/ftr
US$ 3.10bn 2.75bn
HQ (AF) is part of Joint Force Cmd. 2 bde – 1 airspace
Def budget € 2.63bn surveillance, 1 air support
US$ 3.60bn
FORCES BY ROLE
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74
Ftr 1 wg (2 sqn) at Zeltweg with EF Typhoon
Population 8,205,533 Recce/ 1 sqn with PC-6B Turbo Porter
Liaison
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130K Hercules
Male 8% 3% 3% 3% 25% 6%
Hel 1 sqn with S-70A Black Hawk; 2 sqn with
Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 25% 10% AB-212 (Bell 212)
SAR/Utl 2 wg with SA-319 Alouette III
Capabilities Recce/ 1 wg with OH-58B Kiowa
ACTIVE 34,900 (Army 28,200 Air 6,700) Liaison
Trg Trg units with PC-7 Turbo Trainer, Saab
CIVILIAN 9,500 (Joint 9,500) 105Öe*, AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger
RESERVE 195,000 (Joint structured 35,000, 160,000 AD 2 bn
Joint unstuctured) Air surv 1 radar bn, some local radar stns
Non-NATO Europe 167
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 59 combat capable Azerbaijan Az
FTR 15 single-seat Typhoon Tranche 1, Block 5
Azerbaijani Manat m 2007 2008 2009
TPT 16: 3 C-130K Hercules; 13 PC-6B Turbo Porter
TRG 44: 16 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 28 Saab 105Öe* GDP m 27bn 40bn
HELICOPTERS US$ 32bn 50bn
OBS 11 OH-58B Kiowa per capita US$ 3,897 6,069
SPT 9 S-70A Black Hawk
Growth % 23.4 16.0
UTL 58: 23 AB-212 (Bell 212); 11 AB-206A (Bell 206A)
JetRanger; 24 SA-319 Alouette III Inflation % 16.6 22.4
AD Def bdgt m 796m 1.01bn
SAM 34 Mistral (plus 42 in store) with fire control radar US$ 936m 1,258m
GUNS 146: 20mm 72 (all in store); 35mm 50 with 25 FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 2.9m 3.0m
Skyguard (24 35mm and 5 Skyguard in store)
(Non-NATO)
US$1=m 0.85 0.81
RADAR 1 Goldhaube (1 3DLRR in delivery) with
Europe
MRCS-403 Selenia land, RAC 3D land Population 8,177,717
MSL • AAM AIM-9P3 Sidewinder and IRIS-T
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
Male
Deployment 14% 5% 5% 4% 18% 3%
Female 13% 5% 4% 4% 20% 5%

Afghanistan
NATO • ISAF 1 Capabilities
Bosnia-Herzegovina ACTIVE 66,940 (Army 56,840 Navy 2,200 Air 7,900)
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 103 Paramilitary 15,000
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Terms of service 17 months, but can be extended for ground
forces.
EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 175 RESERVE 300,000
Reserves some mobilisation, 300,000 with military service
CYPRUS
within 15 years
UN UNFICYP 5 obs
EU • EU SEC RD Congo 1
Georgia Army 56,840
UN • UNOMIG 2 obs 5 Army Corps HQ
OSCE • Georgia 5 FORCES BY ROLE
MR 23 bde
Middle East
Arty 1 bde
UN • UNTSO 6 obs
MRL 1 bde
Serbia AT 1 regt
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 623 (1 inf bn HQ, 2 inf
coy, elm 1 hel bn, elm 1 recce coy, elm 1 engr coy, elm 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MP coy, elm 1 log unit) MBT 320: 220 T-72; 100 T-55
AIFV 127: 20 BMD-1; 44 BMP-1; 41 BMP-2; 1 BMP-3; 21
OSCE • Serbia 1
BRM-1
OSCE • Kosovo 14
APC 468
Syria/Israel APC (T) 404: 11 BTR-D; 393 MT-LB
UN • UNDOF 383; 1 inf bn APC (W) 64: 25 BTR-60; 28 BTR-70; 12 BTR-80A
ARTY 282
WESTERN SAHARA SP 122mm 12 2S1 Carnation
UN • MINURSO 2 obs TOWED 132: 203mm 3 2S7; 152mm 3-6 2S3 122mm 80
D-30; 152mm 52: 22 2A36; 30 D-20
GUN/MOR 120mm 26 2S9 NONA
MRL 65: 300mm 12 9A52 Smerch; 122mm 53 BM-21
MOR 120mm 47 PM-38
AT • MSL • MANPATS ε250 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-4 9K111
Spigot/AT-5 9K113 Spandrel/AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn
AD • SAM • SP ε40 SA-13 Gopher/SA-4 Ganef/SA-8 Gecko
(80–240 eff.)
MSL • SSM ε4 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka)
RADAR • LAND SNAR-1 Long Trough/SNAR-2/-6 Pork Non-State Groups

Trough (arty); Small Fred/Small Yawn/SNAR-10 Big Fred
see Part II
(veh, arty); GS-13 Long Eye (veh)
UAV 6: 3 Orbiter; 3 Aerostar
Deployment
Navy 2,200 Afghanistan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE NATO • ISAF 45
PSO 1 Woodnik 2 Class (additional trg role) Bosnia-herzegovina
PCO 2 Petrushka OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
PCC 1 Turk; 1 Point Iraq
PCI 1 Zhuk MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 88 (withdrawal by end 2008)
MSI 2 Yevgenya Serbia
AMPHIBIOUS 5 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 34
LSM 3: 2 Polnochny A (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops); 1 OSCE • Kosovo 2
Polynochny B (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
LCU 2 Vydra† (capacity either 3 AMX-30 MBT or 100 Foreign Forces
troops)
OSCE numbers represents total deployment in Armenia

LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • ARS 1
and Azerbaijan unless stated
FACILITIES Bulgaria OSCE 1
Base Located at Baku Czech Republic OSCE 1
Hungary OSCE 2
Air Force and Air Defence 7,900 Poland OSCE 1
FORCES BY ROLE United Kingdom OSCE 1
Ftr 1 sqn with MiG-25 PD Foxbat; MiG-25PU Foxbat
FGA 1 regt with MiG-21 Fishbed; Su-25 Frogfoot; Su-24
Fencer; Su-17 Fitter; Su-25UB Frogfoot B Belarus Bel
Tpt 1 sqn with An-12 Cub; Yak-40 Codling Belarusian Ruble r 2007 2008 2009
Trg L-29 Delfin; L-39 Albatros; Su-17U Fitter GDP r 96tr 115tr
Hel 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind*; Mi-8 Hip; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite US$ 44bn 55bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE per capita US$ 4,594 5,649
AIRCRAFT 47 combat capable Growth % 8.2 9.2
FTR 37: 23 MiG-25PD Foxbat (+9 in store); 4 MiG-21
Fishbed (+1 in store)
FGA 15: 6 Su-25 Frogfoot; 5 Su-24 Fencer; 4 Su-17 Fitter
TPT 4: 1 An-12 Cub; 3 Yak-40 Codling Def bdgt r 1.23tr 1.44tr
TRG 46: 28 L-29 Delfin; 12 L-39 Albatros; 3 MiG-25PU US$ 572m 681m
Foxbat*; 1 Su-17U Fitter; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot B* US$1=r 2.150 2,113
HELICOPTERS
ATK 15 Mi-24 Hind* Population 9,685,768
SPT 20: 13 Mi-8 Hip; 7 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
UAV 4 Aerostar
AD • SAM 100 SA-2 Guideline towed/S-125 Neva (SA-3 Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5%
Goa)/S-200 Vega (SA-5 Gammon) static Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 24% 10%
Paramilitary ε15,000 Capabilities

Border Guard ε5,000 ACTIVE 72,940 (Army 29,600 Air 18,170 Joint
Ministry of Internal Affairs 25,170) Paramilitary 110,000
AIFV 168 BMP-1/BMP-2 Terms of service 9–12 months
APC (W) 19 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80 RESERVE 289,500 (Joint 289,500 with mil service
within last 5 years)
PFI 2 Stenka
PCI 2 (ex-US)
Militia 10,000+
Ministry of Internal Affairs Joint 25,170 (Centrally controlled units and
APC (W) 7 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80 MOD staff )
Non-NATO Europe 169
Army 29,600 Air Force and Air Defence Forces 18,170

FORCES BY ROLE Flying hours 15 hrs/year
FORCES BY ROLE
MoD Comd Tps Ftr 2 bases with Su-27P Flanker-B/Su-27UB Flanker
SF 1 bde C; MiG-29S Fulcrum C/MiG-29UB Fulcrum
SSM 2 bde FGA/recce 4 sqn with Su-24MK Fencer D/Su-24MR
Sigs 2 bde Fencer-E; Su-25 Frogfoot/Su-25UB Frogfoot B
Tpt 1 base with An-12 Cub; An-24 Coke; 6 An-26
Ground Forces Curl; IL-76 Candid; Tu-134 Crusty
Arty 1 gp (5 bde)
Trg sqns with L-39 Albatros
Cbt Engr 1 bde
Atk hel sqns with Mi-24 Hind
Engr Bridging 1 bde
Spt hel some (combat) sqn with Mi-24K Hind G2;
NBC 1 regt
(Non-NATO)
Mi-6 Hook; Mi-24R Hind G1; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-26
Europe
Mob 1 bde Halo
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
North Western Op Comd AIRCRAFT 175 combat capable
Mech 1 indep bde FTR/FGA 175: 23 Su-27P Flanker-B FTR/Su-27UB Flanker
Mob 2 bde C; 35 Su-24MK Fencer D FGA/Su-24MR Fencer-E recce;

Arty 2 regt 41 MiG-29S Fulcrum C FTR/MiG-29UB Fulcrum MiG-
MRL 1 regt 29U; 76 Su-25 Frogfoot FGA/Su-25UB Frogfoot B
SAM 1 bde TPT 27: 3 An-12 Cub; 1 An-24 Coke; 6 An-26 Curl; 4 Il-76
Candid; (+12 Il-76 civil available for mil use); 1 Tu-134
Crusty
Western Op Comd
TRG L-39 Albatros
Mech 1 indep bde
HELICOPTERS
Mob 2 bde ATK 50 Mi-24 Hind
Arty 2 regt RECCE 8 Mi-24K Hind G2
MRL 1 regt SPT 180: 14 Mi-26 Halo; 29 Mi-6 Hook; 8 Mi-24R Hind G1;
Engr 1 regt 125 Mi-8 Hip; 4 Mi-24R Hind G1
MSL
SAM 1 bde
ASM AS-10 Karen; AS-11 Kilter; AS-14 Kedge
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ARM AS-11 Kilter
MBT 1,586: 92 T-80; 1,465 T-72; 29 T-55 AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AA-7 Apex; AA-8
AIFV 1,588: 154 BMD-1; 109 BMP-1; 1,164 BMP-2; 161 Aphid
BRM
APC 916 Air Defence
APC (T) 88: 22 BTR-D; 66 MT-LB AD data from Uzal Baranovichi EW radar
APC (W) 828: 188 BTR-60; 446 BTR-70; 194 BTR-80 1 AD bde (2 bn) with SAM/AAA units, ECM/ECCM
ARTY 1,499 units
SP 578: 122mm 246 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 296: 13 2S19 AD • SAM 175 SA-10 Grumble (quad) SP/SA-3 Goa/SA-5
Gammon static (175–700 eff.). First S-300PS delivered to
Farm; 163 2S3; 120 2S5; 203mm 36 2S7
replace SA-3
TOWED 452: 122mm 202 D-30; 152mm 250: 50 2A36; 136
2A65; 58 D-20; 6 M-1943
GUN/MOR 120mm 54 2S9 NONA
Paramilitary 110,000
MRL 338: 122mm 213: 5 9P138; 208 BM-21; 132mm 1 Border Guards 12,000
BM-13; 220mm 84 9P140 Uragan; 300mm 40 9A52 Smerch Ministry of Interior
MOR 120mm 77 2S12
AT • MSL • MANPATS 480 AT-4 9K11 Spigot/AT-5 9K111 Militia 87,000
Spandrel/AT-6 9K114 Spiral/AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn (some Ministry of Interior
SP)
AD • SAM • SP 350 SA-11 Gadfly/SA-12A Gladiator/
Ministry of Interior Troops 11,000
SA-12B Giant (Twin)/SA-13 Gopher/SA-8 Gecko (700–2,100
eff.) Deployment
RADAR • LAND GS-13 Long Eye/SNAR-1 Long Trough/
Georgia
SNAR-2/-6 Pork Trough (arty); some Small Fred/Small Yawn/
OSCE • Georgia 2
SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty)
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 96: 36 FROG/SS-21 Scarab Serbia
(Tochka); 60 Scud OSCE • Kosovo 1
Foreign Forces APC (T) 79 M-113A2

APC (W) 70: 22 BOV, 9 look-a-likes; 3 BTR-70; 29 OT-60,
Russia: Military Air Forces: 4 SAM units with SA-10
7 look-a-likes
Grumble (quad)
ARTY 1,469
Bosnia–Herzegovina BiH TOWED 730: 105mm 161: 36 L-118 Light Gun; 24 M-2A1;
101 M-56; 122mm 268 D-30; 130mm 74: 61 M-46; 13 M-82;
Converted Mark 2007 2008 2009 152mm 30: 13 D-20; 17 M-84 155mm 197: 119 M-114A2;
GDP mark 19.7bn 21.4bn 78 M-1
US$ 13.9bn 14.8bn MRL 147: 107mm 28 Type-63; 122mm 42: 1 BM-21; 5
per capita US$ 3.048 3,215 GRAD; 36 APRA 40; 128mm 76: 23 M-63; 20 M-77; 35
M-91; 262mm 1 SVLR
Growth % 6.8 5.5
MOR 568: 82mm 57; 120mm 511: 22 M-74; 399 M-75; 13
Inflation % 1.5 8.5
UB M-52; 27 MB-120 mm
Def bdgt mark 279m 324m AT • MSL
US$ 196m 223m SP 24: 6 LRS POLO; 3 POLO 9P122; 9 POLO 9P133; 6
FMA (US US$ 8.5m 3.3m POLO M-83
US$1=mark 1.42 1.45 MANPATS 260: 157 AT-3 9K11 Sagger / Milan; 52 AT-4
Spigot; 51 HJ-8
GUNS 100mm 112 MT-12/T-12
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus AD • SAM
Male 10% 4% 4% 4% 25% 5%
TOWED SA-2 Guideline
MANPAD SA-14 Gremlin; SA-16 Gimlet
Female 9% 4% 4% 4% 24% 6%
GUNS 19+
Capabilities SP 20mm BOV-3 SPAAG
TOWED 19+: 20mm M-55; 23mm 19 ZU-23; 30mm
ACTIVE 8,543 (Joint Operational Command 142 M-53; 57mm S-60
State Joint Staff 193 AFBiH 7,472, AF/AD 736)
Bosnia-Herzegovina established a single State level army Air Wing
in a major reform process from 2003 – 2006. The State FORCES BY ROLE
Forces now consist of three mixed infantry brigades, one Avn 1 Avn regt
tactical support brigade, and an air force /air defence
brigade and a minor reserve component (about 50% of EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
the standing forces) consisting of former professional AC 19 combat capable
soldiers. FGA 13: 6 J-21 (J-1) Jastreb; 7 J-22 Orao 1
Bosnia-Herzegovina may sell the fixed wing elements of its RECCE 2 IJ-21 (RJ-1) Jastreb
air force in the near future TRG 4: 1 N-62 Super Galeb G-4*; 3 NJ-21 Jastreb TJ-1*
HEL 27
Organisations by Service ATK 7 HN-45 GAMA SA-341/SA-342 Gazelle
SPT 4: 3 Mi-8; 1 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
UTL 16: 1 Mi-34 Hermit; 15 UH-1H Iroquois
State Joint Staff 193; State Joint Operational
Command 142 ; AF/AD 736
Deployment
AFBiH 7,472,
FORCES BY ROLE
Op 1 comd UN • MONUC 5 obs
Inf 3 bde Georgia
Cbt Spt 1 comd, 1 bde OSCE • Georgia 1
Trg 1 comd Serbia
Log 1 comd, 4 bn OSCE • Serbia 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Due to the ongoing restructuring processes, inconsistencies Foreign Forces
may exist. Numbers include stored armaments.
MBT 325: 71 M-84; 50 AMX-30; 45 M-60A3; 142 T-55; 12 All countries part of EUFOR – Operation Althea unless
T-54, 5 T-34 otherwise stated.
AIFV 128: 25 AMX-10P; 103 M-80 Albania 13
APC 149 Armenia OSCE 1
Non-NATO Europe 171
Austria 103 • OSCE 4

Azerbaijan OSCE 1
Capabilities
Bulgaria 116 • OSCE 2 In April 2008, at NATO’s Bucharest summit, Croatia was
Canada NATO HQ Sarajevo (Op Bronze) 8 • OSCE 1 invited to start accession talks with the Alliance. In July
Chile 21 2008 Croatia signed the protocols of accession relating to
Czech Republic OSCE 1 NATO membership and, at time of writing, the ratification
Denmark NATO HQ Sarajevo 2 process was ongoing.
Estonia 2 ACTIVE 18,600 (Army 11,390 Navy 1,850 Air 3,500
Finland 53 • OSCE 2 Joint 1,860) Paramilitary 3,000
France 101 • OSCE 7 The armed forces of Croatia are subject to arms limitations
Germany 138 • OSCE 5 established under the Dayton Peace Accord. An agreement
Greece 45 • OSCE 1 signed by BiH, its two entities, Cr and FRY on 14 June 1996,
(Non-NATO)
established ceilings for holdings of the armed forces of the
Hungary 158; 1 inf coy • OSCE 2
Europe
parties. Terms of service 6 months.
Ireland 43 • OSCE 5
Italy 248 • OSCE 8 RESERVE 21,000 (Army 18,500 Navy 250 Air 2,250)
Kyrgyzstan OSCE 2
Latvia 2
Lithuania 1
Luxembourg 1 Joint 1,860 (General Staff )
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 12; 2 Mi-8
hel Army 11,390
Netherlands 75 • OSCE 3 FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 bde
Poland 204; 1 inf coy
Inf 1 bde
Portugal 51
SF 1 bn
Romania 58 • OSCE 1
MRL 1 regt
Russia OSCE 4 AT 1 regt
Slovakia 40 • OSCE 2 ADA 1 regt
Slovenia 34 • OSCE 1 Engr 1 regt
Spain 376; (1 inf bn HQ; 1 inf coy; 1 recce pl) • OSCE 3 Gd 3 regt (org varies)
Sweden OSCE 3 MP 1 regt
Switzerland 25; Air Force: 2 AS-532 utl hel EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Tajikistan OSCE 2 MBT 261: 72 M-84; 3 T-72M; 186 T55; 30 decommissioning
Turkey 242; 1 inf coy AIFV 103: 103 M80; 1 decommissioning
United Kingdom 12 • OSCE 1 APC 38
APC (T) 16 BTR-50
United States • OSCE 10
APC (W) 22: 9 BOV-VP; 13 LOV OP
ARTY 1,436
Croatia Cr SP 122mm 8 2S1 Carnation
TOWED 416: 105mm 165: 89 M-2A1; 29
Croatian Kuna k 2007 2008 2009 decommissioning; 47 M-56H1 decommissioning;
122mm 95: 53 D-30; 42 M-1938 decommissioning;
GDP k 275bn 304bn
130mm 78: 44 M-46; 34 M-46H1 152mm 41: 20 D-20; 18
US$ 51bn 57bn M-84; 3 M 84H; 155mm 18 M-1H1; 203mm 19 M-2
per capita US$ 11,418 12,722 MRL 222
Growth % 5.6 3.8 SP 42: 122mm 39: 1 SVLR M 96 Typhoon, 7 M91Vulkan
Inflation % 2.9 7.0 31 BM-21 Grad; 128mm 2 LOV RAK M91 R24; 262mm
1 M-87 Orkan
Def bdgt k 4.51bn 5.11bn
MOR 790: 82mm 475: 339 LMB M96; 136
US$ 843m 962m decommissioning; 120mm 315: 310M-75; 5 UBM 52
US$1=k 5.36 5.32 AT • MSL 567
SP 43 POLO BOV 83
MANPATS 560+: 418 AT-3 9K11 Malyjutka (Sagger);
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus 81 AT-4 9K111 Fagot (Spigot); 23 AT-7 9K115 Metis
(Saxhorn); 38 9K113 Konkurs M1; Milan (reported)
Male 9% 3% 4% 3% 23% 6%
RL 73mm RPG-22 Net/RPG-7 Knout; 90mm M-79
Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 24% 10% GUNS 100mm 133 T-12
AD • GUNS 463 TPT 2 An-32 Cline

SP 62: 20mm 45: 44 BOV-3 SP; 1 decommissioning; Firefighting 5: 1 AT-802F; 4 Canadair CL-415
30mm 17 BOV-3 UTL/TRG 24: 20 PC-9M; 4 UTVA-75 being replaced by 5
MANPADS 619: 539 9K32M Strella 2M (SA-7 Grail); 80 Zlin Z242L (basic trg)
9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) HELICOPTERS
TOWED 401: 20mm 390: 177 M55; 213 SPT 24: 10 Mi-171Sh; 11 Mi-8MTV; 3 Mi-8T
decommissioning; 40mm 11 UTL 8 Bell 206B JetRanger II
AD • RADAR 8: 5 FPS-117; 3 S-600
Navy 1,600; 250 conscript (total 1,850) AD • SAM
Navy Central Command located at Split, with two naval SP SA-10 Grumble (quad); SA-9 Gaskin
districts; NAVSOUTH and NAVNORTH MANPAD SA-14 Gremlin; SA-16 Gimlet
FORCES BY ROLE MSL • AAM AA-2 Atoll; AA-8 Aphid
Navy 1 HQ located at Split
Paramilitary 3,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SDV 2 Mala Police 3,000 armed
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES
• FSG 2 Kralj each with 2–4 twin (8 eff.) each with RBS-
15B tactical SSM Deployment

Afghanistan
PFM 1 Koncar with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with RBS-15B
tactical SSM NATO • ISAF 280
PCC 4 Mirna BURUNDI
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 1 UN • BINUB 1 obs
MHI 1 Korcula
AMPHIBIOUS central african republic
LCT 2 EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 15
LCVP 4
Côte d’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
AGS 1 Moma (FSU, trg); ASR 1; AKL 1;
FACILITIES CYPRUS
Bases Located at Split, Pula, Sibenik, Dubrovnik, UN • UNFICYP 4
Ploce
GEORGIA
Minor Bases Located at Lastovo, Vis UN • UNOMIG 3 obs
Coastal Defence HAITI

UN • MINUSTAH 3
FORCES BY ROLE
SSM 3 bty with RBS-15K India/Pakistan
Arty 21+ bty UN • UNMOGIP 8 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LEBANON

MSL • TACTICAL • SSM RBS-15K UN • UNIFIL 1
LIBERIA
Marines UN • UNMIL 4
Inf 2 indep coy
Serbia
OSCE • Serbia 1
Air Force and Air Defence 3,500
Flying hours 50 hrs/year OSCE • Kosovo 5
FORCES BY ROLE SUDAN

Two air bases UN • UNMIS 5
Ftr/FGA 2 mixed sqns with MiG-21bis/MiG-21 UMD SYRIA/ISRAEl
Fishbed UN • UNDOF 95; 1 inf coy
Tpt 1 tpt ac sqn, 2 tpt hel sqn
Western Sahara
Firefighting1 sqn UN • MINURSO 7 obs
Trg 1 trg ac sqn, 1 trg hel sqn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Foreign Forces

AIRCRAFT 12 combat capable United Kingdom EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea (spt/
FTR 12: 8 MiG-21bis; 4 MiG-21UMD Fishbed log)
Non-NATO Europe 173
RL 1,850+: 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm 850 RPG-7 Knout;

Cyprus Cy 112mm 1,000 APILAS
AD • SAM 90
Cypriot Pound C£ 2007 2008 2009 SP 6 SA-15 Gauntlet; Mistral
GDP C£ 9.1bn STATIC 24 Aspide
US$ 21.7bn MANPAD 60 Mistral
GUNS • TOWED 80: 20mm 36 M-55; 35mm 24 GDF-003
(with Skyguard); 40mm 20 M-1 in store
Growth % 4.4 3.4
Inflation % 2.1 4.6 Maritime Wing
Def bdgt C£ 209m 365m FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 498m 493m SSM 1 (coastal defence) bty with 3 MM-40 Exocet
US$1=C£ 0.41 0.74 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(Non-NATO)
Population 792,604 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
Europe
PCC 6: 1 Kyrenia (Gr Dilos); 2 Rodman 55; 1 Salamis; 2
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus Cantieri Vittoria
Male 11% 4% 4% 3% 22% 5% MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 3 MM-40 Exocet
Female 10% 4% 4% 3% 22% 6%
Air Wing
AIRCRAFT
Capabilities TPT 1 BN-2 Islander
ACTIVE 10,000 (National Guard 10,000) TRG 2 PC-9
Paramilitary 750 HELICOPTERS
ATK 16: 12 Mi-35P Hind; 4 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
Terms of service conscription, 25 months, then reserve to age
SPT 2 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite in store
50 (officers 65)
UTL 4: 2 Bell 206C JetRanger III; 2 UH-1H Iroquois
RESERVE 60,000 (National Guard 60,000)
Paramilitary 750+
Organisations by Service Armed Police 500+
FORCES BY ROLE
National Guard 1,300; 8,700 conscript (total Mech 1 (rapid-reaction) unit
FORCES BY ROLE APC (W) 2 VAB VTT
Home Guard 1 comd HQ AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 BN-2A Defender
Army 1 corps HQ HELICOPTERS • UTL 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey
Navy 1 comd HQ
Air 1 comd HQ Maritime Police 250
Armd 1 bde (3 armd bn)
PCC 7: 5 SAB-12; 2 Cantieri Vittoria
SF 1 comd (regt) (3 SF bn) PFI 3: 2 Evagoras; 1 Shaldag
Lt Inf 2 div HQ; 2 bde HQ
Arty 1 comd (regt)
Deployment
Spt 1 (svc) bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE central african republic
MBT 154: 41 T-80U; 61 AMX-30; 52 AMX-30 B2 EU • EUFOR Tchad/RCA 2
RECCE 139: 15 EE-3 Jararaca; 124 EE-9 Cascavel LEBANON
AIFV 43 BMP-3 UN • UNIFIL 2
APC 310
APC (T) 184: 16 AMX-VCI; 168 Leonidas
APC (W) 126 VAB (incl variants)
Foreign Forces
ARTY 526+ Argentina UNFICYP 296; 2 inf coy; 1 avn unit
SP 155mm 24: 12 Mk F3; 12 Zuzana Austria UNFICYP 5
TOWED 104: 100mm 20 M-1944; 105mm 72 M-56; Canada UNFICYP 1
155mm 12 TR-F-1 Croatia UNFICYP 4
MRL 22: 122mm 4 BM-21; 128mm 18 M-63 Plamen Greece Army: 1 armd bn; 1 (incl 950 (ELDYK) army) mech
MOR 376+: 81mm 240+: 70+ M-1/M-29 in store; 170 E-44; bde; 2 mech inf bn; 1 arty bn; 61 M-48A5 MOLF MBT; 80
107mm 20 M-2/M-30; 120mm 116 RT61 Leonidas APC (T); 12 M-114 155mm towed; 950 (ELDYK
AT • MSL • MANPATS 67: 22 HOT; 45 Milan army); ε200 (officers/NCO seconded to Greek-Cypriot
RCL 184: 106mm 144 M-40A1; 90mm 40 EM-67 National Guard)
Hungary UNFICYP 84; elm 1 inf coy MRL 122mm 6 T-122

Slovakia UNFICYP 196; elm 1 inf coy; 1 engr pl Mor 450: 81mm 175; 107mm 148 M-30; 120mm 127
United Kingdom Army 1,678; 2 inf bn; 1 hel flt; Navy 42; HY-12
Air Force 1,071; 1 hel sqn with 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey • AT
UNFICYP 260: 1 inf coy Msl • MANPATS 114: 66 Milan; 48 TOW
RCL 106mm 192 M-40A1; 90mm M-67
RL 66mm M-72 LAW
TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT AD • GUNS
DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE TOWED 20mm Rh 202; 35mm 16 GDF-003; 40mm 48
CONTROL M-1
AC 3 U-17 Utl
Data presented here represent the de facto situation on the HEL 4: 1 AS-532UL Cougar utl; 3 UH-1H Iroquois utl
island. This does not imply international recognition as a PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 1 PCI less
sovereign state. than 100 tonnes
Capabilities
ACTIVE 5,000 (Army 5,000) Paramilitary 150 Finland SF
Terms of service conscription, 24 months, then reserve to age
Euro € 2007 2008 2009
50.
GDP € 177bn 186bn

RESERVE 26,000 (first line 11,000 second line US$ 244bn 251bn
10,000 third line 5,000)
per capita US$ 46,547 47,924
Growth % 4.5 2.5
Inflation % 1.6 3.4
Def exp € 2.30bn
Army ε5,000
US$ 3.15bn
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 7 bn Def bdgt € 2.31bn 2.53bn 2.75bn
US$ 3.17bn 3.41bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ARTY US$1=€ 0.73 0.74
MOR 73 120mm Population 5,244,749
AT
MSL • MANPATS 6 Milan Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
RCL 36 106mm 3% 3% 24% 6%
Male 9% 3%
3% 3% 24% 10%
Paramilitary Female 9% 3%
Armed Police ε150 Capabilities

SF 1 (Police) unit
Coast Guard Paramilitary 3,100
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 Terms of Service 6-9-12 months (12 months for officers
PCC 5: 2 SG45/SG46; 1 Rauf Denktash; 2 US Mk 5 NCOs and soldiers with special duties. 35,000 reservists a
PCI 1 year do refresher training: total obligation 40 days (75 for
NCOs 100 for officers) between conscript service and age
50 (NCOs and officers to age 60). Reserve total reducing
Foreign Forces to 340,000.
Turkey
CIVILIAN 4,600 (Army 3,000 Navy 500 Air 1,100)
Army ε36,000
1 army corps HQ, some air det, 1 armd bde, 1 indep RESERVE 237,000 (Army 202,000 Navy 32,000 Air
mech inf bde, 2 inf div, 1 cdo regt, 1 arty bde, 1 avn comd 35,000) Paramilitary 18,900
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 8 M-48A2 MBT
TRG 441 M-48A5T1/M-48A5T2
APC (T) 627: 361 AAPC (T) (incl variants); 266 M-113
(T) (incl variants) Army 5,900; 15,600 conscript (total 21,500)
ARTY FORCES BY ROLE
SP 155mm 90 M-44T Has no peacetime structure. recent re-organisation has
TOWED 102; 105mm 72 M-101A1; 155mm 18 involved the replacement of the previous commands with
M-114A2; 203mm 12 M-115 seven Military Provinces. The Finnish army Maintains
Non-NATO Europe 175
a mobilisation strength of about 300,000. In support Navy 2,000; 3,700 conscript (total 5,700);
of this requirement two cycles each for about 15,000 civilian 500
conscripts and 17,000 reservists take place each year. FORCES BY ROLE
After conscript training, reservist commitment is to the Naval Command HQ located at Turku; with two subordinate
age of 60. Reservists are usually assigneed to units within Naval Commands; 1 Naval bde; 3 Spt elm (Naval Materiel
their local geographical area. All service appointments or Cmd, Naval Academy, Naval Research Institute)
deployments outside Finnish borders are voluntary for all EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
members of the armed services. All brigades are reserve PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
based. Any ‘Reaction Forces’ are regular elements and PFM 8:
volunteers under contract. 4 Hamina each with 2 twin (4 eff.) with 4 15SF (RBS-
Comd 1 Army HQ; 7 Provincial Military HQ`s and 15M) RBS-15 SSM, 1 Sadral sextuple with Mistral SAM
districts 4 Rauma each with 2 single with 2 15SF (RBS-15M)
Rapid 1 regt (Utti)(SF gp, Ab gp, hel Sqn) RBS-15 SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) with 4 15SF (RBS-15M)
(Non-NATO)
Reaction RBS-15 SSM, 1 Sadral sextuple with Mistral SAM
Europe
PCC 2 Kiisla
Armd 1 bde with (3 composite armd bn, 1 Armd
Recce coy, 1 AT coy, 1 Fd arty regt, 1 sigs bn, 1 MINE WARFARE 19
AD bn, 1 Log bn, 1 engr bn,) MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MSI 13: 7 Kiiski; 6
Kuha
Jaeger 3 bde with (3 Jaeger bn, 1 AT coy, 1 HQ coy, 1

MINELAYERS • ML 6:
sigs coy, 1 AD bn, 1 engr bn, 1 Fd arty regt, 1
2 Hameenmaa each with 1 Sadral octuple with
Log coy, 1 Recce coy); 2 regts
Umkhonto SAM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), up to 150–200
Arty 1 bde mine (undergoing upgrade programme)
Engr 1 Bde 3 Pansio each with 50 mine
AD 2 regt 1 Pohjanmaa with up to 100–150 mine
AMPHIBIOUS
Sig 1 regt
LCU 7: 2 Kala; 3 Kampela; 2 Lohi
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LCP 66: 36 Jurmo; 30 Meriuisko
MBT 100 Leopard 2 A4 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 30:
AIFV 184: 6 BMP-1; 76 BMP-2; 102 CV90 AGOR 1 Aranda (Ministry of Trade)
APC 518 AKSL 15: 6 Hauki; 4 Hila; 5 Valas
APC (T) 114: 16 MT-LBU; 98 MT-LBV AGB 9: 2 Karhuj; 2 Urho; 2 Tarmo; 2 Fennica; 1 Botnica
APC (W) 404: 96 BTR-60; 260 XA-180 Sisu/XA-185 Sisu; (Board of Navigation control)
AGS 1 Prisma (Maritime Administration)
48 XA-203 Sisu
TRG 3 Fabian Wrede
ARTY 1,354
TRIAL 1
SP 90: 122mm 72 PsH 74 (2S1) Carnation 152mm 18 Telak
FACILITIES
91 (2S5)
Base Located at Upinniemi (Helsinki) and Turku
TOWED 654: 122mm 84 H 63 (D-30); 130mm 36 K 54;
152mm 180 H 88-38/H 88–40; 155mm 54 K 83/K 98
Coastal Defence
MOR 120mm 610 KRH 92 ARTY •COASTAL 118: 130mm 102: 30 K-53tk (static);
HEL 72 K-54 RT; 100mm 16 (TK) tank turrets
SPT 13: 3 Mi-8 Hip; 3 NH-90; 7 Hughes 500 D/E MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 4 RBS-15K
Utl 7 Hughes 500 D/E
UAV • TACTICAL 6 Ranger Air Force 3,100; 1,600 conscript (total 4,700)
AD • SAM Wartime strength – 35,000
SP 16 +: 16 ITO 05 (ASRAD); ITO 90 (Crotale NG); ITO 3 Air Comds: Satakunta (West), Karelia (East), Lapland
96 (SA-11) Gadfly (North). Each Air Comd assigned to one of the 3 AD areas
MANPAD: 86 (SA-16) Gimlet; ITO 86M (SA-18) Grouse into which SF is divided. 3 ftr wings, one in each AD area.
(Igla); ITO 05 Flying hours 120 hrs/year
GUNS 23mm; 30mm; 35mm; 57mm FORCES BY ROLE
FGA 3 wg with F/A-18C Hornet; F/A-18D
Reserve Organisations Hornet
60,000 in manoeuvre forces and 220,000 in Advanced AD/ 3 sqn with Hawk MK50/Hawk MK51A;
Attack Trg/Recce F-27 Maritime Enforcer (ESM/Elint)
territorial forces
Tpt 1 sqn with C-295M; F-27 Friendship;
Jaeger 5 bde
Learjet 35A
Inf 6 bde; 29 bn/ BG; 170 coy Liaison 4 sqn with PA-31-350 Piper Chieftain;
CS/CSS engr, AD, sigs, log L-90 Redigo
Survey 1 sqn with Learjet 35A (survey, ECM trg, Middle East
target-towing) UN • UNTSO 13 obs
Trg Trg unit with L-70 Vinka
Moldova
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE OSCE • Moldova 1
FGA 61: 54 F/A-18C Hornet; 7 F/A-18D Hornet Serbia
ASW 1 F-27 Maritime Enforcer (ESM/Elint) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 450
TPT 15: 2 C-295M; 1 F-27 Friendship; 3 Learjet 35A; 3 OSCE • Kosovo 4
(survey; ECM trg; tgt-tow); 6 PA-31-350 Piper Chieftain Sudan
TRG 86: 49 Hawk MK50/Hawk MK51A; 28 L-70 Vinka; 9
UN • UNMIS 1
L-90 Redigo
MSL • AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9 Sidewinder
Reservists 35,000 reservists Georgia Ga

Georgian Lari 2007 2008 2009
Paramilitary
GDP lari 17.1bn 20.4bn
Frontier Guard 3,100 US$ 10.2bn 14.5bn
Ministry of Interior. 4 Border Guard Districts and 2 Coast

Guard Districts
FORCES BY ROLE Growth % 12.4 3.5
Land 4 Boarder Guard Districts Inflation % 9.2 10.0
Coast 6 (offshore patrol) sqn with 7 OPV; 7 ACV; 60 Def bdgt lari 957m 1,545m
Guard PB
US$ 573m 1,095m
Air 1 (patrol) sqn with 2 Do-228 (maritime surv);
3 AS-332 Super Puma; 3 AB-206L (Bell 206L) FMA (US) US$ 9.7m 9.0m 11.0m
LongRanger; 4 AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey; 1 US$1=lari 1.67 1.41
AB-412EP (Bell 412EP) Twin Huey
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 74 Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
OPV 7 Male 10% 4% 4% 3% 21% 6%
PB 60
Female 9% 4% 4% 3% 23% 9%
ACV 7
AIRCRAFT • TPT 2 Do-228 (MP)
HELICOPTERS
Capabilities
SPT 3 AS-332 Super Puma ACTIVE 21,150 (Army 17,767 Navy 495 Air 1,310
UTL 8: 4 AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey; 1 AB-412EP National Guard 1,578) Paramilitary 11,700
(Bell 412EP) Twin Huey; 3 AB-206L (Bell 206L) Terms of service conscription, 18 months
Reserve 18,900 reservists on mobilisation
Deployment
Afghanistan FORCES BY ROLE
NATO • ISAF 80 Although forces and manpower remain largely intact
much equipment as well as important bases have been de-
Bosnia-Herzegovina
stroyed.
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 53 1 Land Forces HQ
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Recce 1 bn
central african republic/Chad MRR 2 bde
EU • EUFOR Tchad/CAR 61 SF 1 bn
Georgia Marine Inf 2 bn (1 cadre)
OSCE • Georgia 5 Arty 1 regt
Peacekeeping 1 bn
India/Pakistan
UN • UNMOGIP 5 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Considerable amounts of equipment have been lost and or
Liberia removed.
UN • UNMIL 2 MBT 53: 37 T-72; 23 T-55; 3 T-54
Non-NATO Europe 177
AIFV 77: 26 BMP-1; 50 BMP-2; 1 BRM-1K Deployment

APC 32
APC (T) 10 MT-LB Afghanistan
APC (W) 22: 1 BTR-60; 1 BTR-70; 20 BTR-80 NATO • ISAF 1
ARTY 236 Serbia
SP 39: 152mm 13 2S3; 24 DANA; 1 2S19 203mm 1 2S7 OSCE • Serbia 1
TOWED 111: 122mm 97: 94 D-30; 3 M-30; 152mm 14: 3
OSCE • Kosovo 1
2A36; 11 2A65
MRL 21: 122mm 15 BM-21; 6 RM70
Foreign Forces
MOR 65: 120mm 26 M-120; 14 2B11;25 M75
AT ε50 All part of UNOMIG unless otherwise stated. UNOMIG
MSL ε10 and OSCE personnel operated in areas including
GUNS ε40 Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
AD • SAM • SP SA-13 Gopher Albania 3 obs
(Non-NATO)
Austria 2 obs • OSCE 5
Europe
Navy 495 Bangladesh 7 obs
Significant damage sustained to Navy and Coast Guard Belarus OSCE 2
units during military operations against Russian Forces Bosnia-Herzegovina OSCE 1
- August 2008. Bulgaria OSCE 2
FORCES BY ROLE Croatia 3 obs

Navy 1 HQ located at Tbilisi Czech Republic 5 obs • OSCE 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Denmark 5 obs • OSCE 1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 Egypt 5 obs
PCC 4: 2 Dilos; 1 Turk; 1 Akhneta Estonia OSCE 1
AMPHIBIOUS 2 LCU Finland OSCE 5
FACILITIES France 3 obs • OSCE 4
Bases Located at Tbilisi, Poti Germany 11 obs • OSCE 7
Greece 4 obs • OSCE 1
Air Force 1,310 (incl 290 conscript) Ghana 1 obs
1 avn base, 1 hel air base Hungary 7 obs • OSCE 4
AIRCRAFT 8 combat capable Indonesia 4 obs
FGA 8: 3 Su-25 Frogfoot; 4 Su-25K Frogfoot A Italy OSCE 1
TPT 9: 6 An-2 Colt; 1 Tu-134A Crusty (VIP); 2 Yak-40 Jordan 7 obs
Codling Kazakhstan OSCE 1
TRG 10: 9 L-29 Delfin; 1 Su-25UB Frogfoot B* Korea, Republic of 7 obs
HELICOPTERS
Latvia OSCE 1
ATK 8 Mi-24 Hind
Lithuania 2 obs
SPT 18: 16 Mi-8T Hip; 2 Mi-14
Moldova 1 obs • OSCE 1
AD • SAM 1-2 bn Buk-MI (SA-11), 8 Osa-AK (SA-8B) (two Mongolia 1 obs
bty), 6-10 Osa-AKM updated SAM systems. Nepal 1 obs
Nigeria 1 obs
National Guard 1,578 active reservists opcon Norway OSCE 1
Army Pakistan 10 obs
MRR 1 bde (plus trg centre) Poland 5 obs • OSCE 2
Romania 2 obs • OSCE 1
Paramilitary 11,700 Russia 5 obs • OSCE 1
Serbia OSCE 1
Border Guard 5,400 Slovakia OSCE 1
Coast Guard Spain OSCE 1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11 Sweden 3 obs • OSCE 2
PCI 11: 7 Zhuk; 2 Point; 2 Dauntless (all less than 100 Switzerland 4 obs • OSCE 1
tonnes) Turkey 5 obs • OSCE 4
Ukraine 5 obs; 3 OSCE
Ministry of Interior Troops 6,300 United Kingdom 5 obs • OSCE 2
United States 2 obs • OSCE 4
Non-State Groups Uruguay 3 obs
see Part II Yemen, Republic of 3 obs
TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT TOWED 66: 88mm 42 25-PDR; 105mm 24 L-118 Light
Gun
DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE CONTROL MOR 471: 81mm 400; 120mm 71
Following the August war between Russia and Georgia, the AT
areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia declared themselves MSL • MANPATS 57: 36 Javelin; 21 Milan
independent. Data presented here represent the de facto RCL 84mm 444 Carl Gustav
situation and does not imply international recognition as RL 84mm AT-4
sovereign states. AD
SAM • MANPAD 7 RBS-70
GUNS • TOWED 40mm 32 L/70 each with 8 Flycatcher
FOREIGN FORCES
Russia Army ε7,600; 2 MR bde; at locations incl Gudauta Reserves 14,500 reservists
(Abkhazia), Djava and Tskhinvali (S. Ossetia); some The Reserve consists of two levels. Of these the
troops may remain from former peacekeeping contingent ‘Integrated’ Reserve would provide nine rifle companies
at Gali. (one per regular infantry battalion, three cavalry troops
(one per regular squadron) and three field batteries (one
per regular field artillery regiment) on mobilisation. The
Ireland Irl three reserve brigades form the ‘Non-Integrated’ Reserve
and unlike the regular infantry battalions their component
Euro € 2007 2008 2009 battalions have a variable number of rifle companies, five
GDP € 190bn 194bn having four companies each, three having three and one
having only two.
US$ 260bn 262bn
Inf 3 bde (Non Integrated)(each: 1 fd arty regt (2
per capita US$ 63,341 63,079 fd arty bty), 1 fd engr coy, 1 cav recce sqn,1
Growth % 6.0 -1.8 log bn)
Inflation % 2.9 3.4 Inf 9 Coy (integrated ); 9 inf bn (non integrated
Def bdgt € 970m 1,000m 1,036m 31 coy)
US$ 1.32bn 1.35bn Cav 3 Tps (integrated)
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74 Arty 3 bty (integrated)
Log 1 bn
AD 3 bty
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
Male 11% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5% Navy 1,110
Capabilities PSOH 1 Eithne with 1 hel landing platform (for
Dauphin)
ACTIVE 10,460 (Army 8,500 Navy 1,110 Air 850)
PSO 7: 3 Emer; 2 Orla (UK Peacock) each with 1 76mm
RESERVE 14,875 (Army 14,500 Navy 300 Air 75) gun; 2 Roisin each with 1 76mm gun
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Cork, Haulbowline
Army ε8,500 Air Corps 850

FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE
Air 2 ops wg; 2 spt wg; 1 comms and info sqn; 1 air
Armd Recce 1 sqn
corps college
Inf 3 bde (each: 3 inf bn, 1 cav recce sqn, 1 fd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
arty regt (2 fd arty bty), 1 fd engr coy, 1 log
bn) AIRCRAFT
MP 2 CASA 235 MPA
Ranger 1 coy Police Support 1 BN Defender 4000
AD 1 regt (1 AD bty) TPT 3: 1 Beech 200 Super King Air; 1 Gulfstream GIV; 1
Constr Engr 1 coy Learjet 45 (VIP)
UTL 5 Cessna FR-172H
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRG 8 PC-9M
LT TK 14 Scorpion HELICOPTERS:
RECCE 37: 18 AML-20; 19 AML-90 UTL 13: 2 EC-135 P2 (incl trg/medevac); 3 SA-316B
APC (W) 82: 80 Piranha III (incl variants); 2 XA-180 Sisu Alouette III; 6 AW139; 1 EC135 T2 ; 1 AS 355N (police
ARTY 537 support)
Non-NATO Europe 179
Deployment Organisations by Service

Afghanistan
Army 9,760
NATO • ISAF 7
FORCES BY ROLE
Bosnia-Herzegovina 2 Corps HQ (cadre)
EU • EUFOR 43 Tk 1 bn
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 Inf 2 bde
SF 1 (Special Purpose) unit (1 SF bn, 1 Ranger bn)
Arty 1 (mixed) regt
EU • EUFOR Tchad/CAR 445; 1 inf bn
Engr 1 regt
Côte D’Ivoire Border 1 bde
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(Non-NATO)
Democratic Republic of Congo MBT 61: 31 T-72A; 30 T-55A
Europe
UN • MONUC 4 obs RECCE 51: 10 BRDM-2; 41 M-1114 HMMWV
AIFV 11: 10 BMP-2; 1 BMP-2K
Lebanon APC 207
UN • UNIFIL 7 APC (T) 48: 8 Leonidas; 30 M-113A; 10 MT-LB
APC (W) 159: 58 BTR-70; 12 BTR-80; 89 TM-170 Hermelin

Middle East
ARTY 879
UN • UNTSO 11 obs
TOWED 144; 105mm 36: 18 M-2A1; 18 M-56; 122mm
Serbia 108 M-30 M-1938
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 80 MRL 18: 122mm 6 BM-21; 128mm 12
MOR 717: 60mm 234; 82mm 340; 120mm 143
OSCE • Serbia 2
AT • MSL • MANPATS 12+: 12 Milan; AT-3 Sagger
OSCE • Kosovo 6
RCL 57mm; 82mm M60A
UN • UNMIK 4 obs
Western Sahara
Reserves
Inf 8 bde
Arty 1 regt
AT 1 regt
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav AD 1 regt
Republic FYROM Marine Wing

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS
Macedonian Denar d 2007 2008 2009
PCR 4
GDP d 339bn 364bn
US$ 7.6bn 8.0bn Air Force 1,130
per capita US$ 3,689 3,864 FORCES BY ROLE
Growth % 5.0 5.5 FGA 1 sqn with Su-25K Frogfoot A/Su-25UB Frogfoot B
(in store)
Inflation % 2.3 8.5
Atk hel 1 sqn with Mi-24V Hind E; Mi-24K Hind G2
Def bdgt d 7.02bn 7.48bn
Trg trg unit with Z-143L; Z-242
US$ 157m 163m Trg hel sqn with UH-1H Iroquois
FMA (US) US$ 3.4m 2.8m 3.5m Tpt hel 1 sqn with Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; Mi-8MTV Hip H
US$1=d 44.7 45.7 Surv 1 sqn with Cessna 337 Skymaster on lease
AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable (in store)
Age 0 – 1 4 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus FGA 3 Su-25K Frogfoot A; 1 Su-25UB Frogfoot B (in store)
Male 11% 4% 4% 4% 22% 5% TPT 1 Cessna 337 Skymaster on lease (surv)
TRG 4: 1 Z-143L; 3 Z-242
Female 10% 4% 4% 4% 22% 6%
HELICOPTERS
ATK 10 Mi-24V Hind E
Capabilities RECCE 2 Mi-24K Hind G2
ACTIVE 10,890 (Army 9,760 Air Force 1,130) SPT 7: 3 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; 4 Mi-8MTV Hip H
Paramilitary 7,600 TRG 2 UH-1H Iroquois
Terms of service 6 months AD • SAM 67
SP 8 SA-13 Gopher
RESERVE 21,000 (Joint 21,000) MANPAD 59: 5 SA-16 Gimlet; 54 SA-7 Grail
Paramilitary Logistic 1 regt (No 3)with (1 HQ coy, 1 elec & mech sqn,
1 ammo & explosives coy, 1 engr sqn) 1 regt (No
Police 7,600 (some 5,000 armed) 4) with ( 1 HQ coy, 1 C3I coy, 1 catering coy, 1
incl 2 SF units security coy ( Revenue Security Corps), 1 band)
APC BTR APC (W)/M-113A APC (T)
HELICOPTERS • UTL 3: 1 AB-212 (Bell 212); 1 AB-206B Maritime Squadron
(Bell 206B) JetRanger II; 1 Bell 412EP Twin Huey The AFM maritime element is organised into 5 Divisions:
Offshore Patrol; Inshore Patrol; Rapid Deployment and
Non-State Groups Training; Marine Engineering and Logistics.
see Part II EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
OPV 1 Diciotti
Deployment PCI 4: 2 Bremse; 2 Swift
PBC 2 Marine Protector
Afghanistan
PB 2 Cantieri Vittoria
NATO • ISAF 135
Bosnia-Herzegovina Air Wing
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 12 Wing HQ, 1 Base Party. 1 Flt Ops Div; 1 Maint Div; 1
Integrated Logs Div; 1 Rescue Section

Iraq
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 80 (withdrawal by end 2008)
AIRCRAFT
LEbanon TPT/MP 2 BN-2B Islander
UN • UNIFIL 1 TRG 5 Bulldog T MK1
HELICOPTERS
Serbia
SAR/UTL 7: 5 Alouette III SA-316B (2 utl, 3 SAR/utl); 2
OSCE • Kosovo 3 Nardi-Hughes 500M
TRG 1 Bell 47G2
AD • GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4; 40mm 40 L/70
Malta M
Maltese Lira ML 2007 2008 2009 Foreign Forces
GDP ML 2.3bn Italy 49 cbt Spt MIATM (Missione Italiana d’Assistenza
US$ 7.4bn Tecnico Militare); Air Force: 16; 2 Bell 212 utl hel
Growth % 3.7 2.8 Moldova Mol
Inflation % 0.6 3.7
Def bdgt ML 13.6m Moldovan Leu L 2007 2008 2009
US$ 44m GDP L 53.3bn 64.0bn

US$1=ML 0.31 0.74 US$ 4.4bn 6.2bn
Population 403,532
Growth % 4.0 6.5
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus Inflation % 12.4 13.7
Male 9% 4% 4% 4% 23% 6% Def bdgt L 232m 245m
Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 24% 8% US$ 19.2m 23.8m
US$1=L 12.1 10.3
Capabilities
ACTIVE 1,954 (Armed Forces of Malta 1,954)
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
RESERVE 167 (Emergency Volunteer Reserve Force Male 10% 5% 4% 4% 20% 4%
120 Individual Reserve 47)
Female 10% 5% 4% 4% 23% 6%
Organisations by Service Capabilities

ACTIVE 6,000 (Army 5,150 Air 850) Paramilitary
Armed Forces of Malta 1,954
2,379
FORCES BY ROLE Terms of service 12 months
Inf 1 regt (No1) with (1 HQ coy, 3 inf coy, 1 spt
coy) RESERVE 66,000 (Joint 66,000)
Non-NATO Europe 181
Organisations by Service GEORGIA

OSCE • Georgia 1
Army 1,671; 3,479 conscript (total 5,150) UN • UNOMIG 1 obs
FORCES BY ROLE Iraq
Mot Inf 3 bde (1st, 2nd and 3rd) MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom 20
SF 1 bn
Liberia
Arty 1 bde
UN • UNMIL 3 obs
Engr 1 bn
Gd 1 (MOD) indep unit SERBIA
Peacekeeping 1 bn (22nd) OSCE • Serbia 1
OSCE • Kosovo 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIFV 44 BMD-1 Sudan
(Non-NATO)
APC 315 UN • UNMIS 2 obs
Europe
APC (T) 64: 9 BTR-D; 55 MT-LB
APC (W) 251: 11 BTR-80; 91 TAB-71; 149 look-a-like Foreign Forces
ARTY 148
TOWED 69: 122mm 17 (M-30) M-1938; 152mm 52: 21 All OSCE unless otherwise stated.
2A36; 31 D-20 Bulgaria 1

GUN/MOR • SP 120mm 9 2S9 Anona Czech Republic 1
MRL 220mm 11 9P140 Uragan Estonia 2
MOR 59: 82mm 52; 120mm 7 M-120 Finland 1
AT France 2
MSL • MANPATS 117: 71 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 19 AT-5 Germany 1
9K113 Spandrel; 27 AT-6 9K114 Spiral Latvia 1
RCL 73mm 138+ SPG-9
Poland 1
GUNS 100mm 36 MT-12
Russia ε1,500 (including ε500 peacekeepers) Military Air
AD • GUNS • TOWED 37: 23mm 26 ZU-23; 57mm 11
Forces 7 Mi-24 Hind / Mi-8 Hip spt hel
S-60
RADAR • LAND 1+: 1 L219/200 PARK-1 (arty); GS-13 Ukraine 10 mil obs (Joint Peacekeeping Force)
Long Eye/SNAR-1 Long Trough (arty); Small Fred/Small United Kingdom 1
Yawn/SNAR-10 Big Fred/SNAR-2/-6 Pork Trough (veh, arty) United States 2
Air Force Command 850

1 Air Force base, 1 AD regt Montenegro Mnt
FORCES BY ROLE Euro € 2007 2008 2009
Trg/Tpt 2 sqn with An-2 Colt; Yak-18; An-26 Curl; An-72
GDP € 1.9bn 2.1bn
Coaler; Mi-8 MTV1/PS Hip
US$ 2.6bn 2.8bn
SAM 1 regt with SA-3 Goa
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Growth % 9.7 7.5
AIRCRAFT • TPT 6: 2 An-2 Colt; 1 Yak-18; 1 An-26 Curl;
2 An-72 Coaler Inflation % 3.6 9.2
HELICOPTERS • SPT 6: 5 Mi-8 MTV1, 1 Mi-8 PS Hip Def bdgt € 43.0m
AD • SAM 12 SA-3 Goa US$ 59m
US$1=€ 0.73 0.74
Paramilitary 2,379
Ministry of Interior Population 678,177
OPON 900 (riot police) Capabilities

ACTIVE 4,500 (Army 2,500 Navy 2,000) Paramilitary
10,100
Non-State Groups
see Part II Army 2,500
It is likely that the land forces of Montenegro plan to
Deployment have a strength of 2,400 and that the force will be totally
professional. The personnel structure of the security forces
Côte D’Ivoire is aimed to be compatible with standards of developed
UN • UNOCI 4 obs democratic countries and the practice of Euro Atlantic
structures with 400 officers, 900 non commissioned officers, HEL 20: 1 sqn with separate army support, tpt and utlity
900 professional soldiers and 200 civilian administrators. In flts. 15 SA 341/SA 342L Gazelle (only half airworthy) and 5
terms of capacity, 60 percent are planned to serve national Mi-8T (stored awaiting overhaul)
defence purposes and 40 percent international peacekeeping
missions. In addition Montenegro will have to recreate the Paramilitary ε10,100
training facilities that it formerly used in Serbia.
Montenegrin Ministry of Interior Personnel
The current military structure will be transformed
ε6,000
into one in which the command and training structures
would account for 7 percent of manpower; 50 percent of Special Police Units ε4,100
the soldiers would belong to the land forces, 20 percent to
the navy, 10 percent to the air force with 13 percent for the Non-State Groups
logistic elements. The resulting structure will probably be
see Part II
an all arms light mobile infantry battlegroup with aviation
support as well as a small SF unit.
DEPLOYMENT
Navy 1,100; 900 Marines (total 2,000) Liberia
Current organisation and equipment are outlined below.
UN • UNMIL 2 obs
A new armed forces organisational structure is under
SErbia
development (1 Naval Cmd HQ with 3 Operational Naval

Units (Patrol Boat; Coastal Surveillance; SAR) additional OSCE • Kosovo 1
Sig, Log and Trg units with a separate Coast Guard
Element).
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Serbia Ser
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SDV 2 † (Mala) Serbian Dinar d 2007 2008 2009
GDP d 2.15bn 2.73bn
FFG 1 Kotor with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2C Styx tactical
SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) with SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, 2 RBU 6000 US$ 36.8bn 44.9bn
Smerch 2 (24 eff.) per capita US$ 3,627 4,420
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 Growth % 7.1 6.0
PFM 2 Rade Koncar each with 2 single each with 1 SS-N- Inflation % 6.8 10.7
2B Styx tactical SSM Def bdgt d 57.5bn 57.5bn
PB 2 Mirna (Type140) (Police units)
US$ 985m 943m
MHC 2 Sirius US$1=d 58.4 61.0
AMPHIBIOUS 11 Population 10,159,046
LCT 1 Silba (capacity either 6 medium tk or 7 APCs or
4 towed 130mm or 300 troops) with 1 quad (4 eff.) with Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
SA-N-5 Grail SAM, up to 94 mine Male 9% 4% 4% 4% 22% 6%
LCU 10: 3 (Type 21); 7 (Type 22) Female 9% 4% 4% 4% 23% 8%
AOTL 1; TPT 2 Lubin (PO-91); AXS 1 Capabilities
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Kumbor, Novi Sad (river comd), Bar,
ACTIVE 24,257 (Army 11,180, Air Force and Air
Tivat Defence 4,155, Training Command 3,108, MoD 5,814)
RESERVE 54,249
Marines 900 Terms of service 6 months
FORCES BY ROLE
Coast Arty 1 bde with 36 M-46 Catapult
MP 1 bn
Mot Inf 2 bde (each: 2 army regt (each: 2 army bn)) Army 9,456 conscripts 1,724 (11,180 in total)
Lt inf 1 bde Reconstruction continues
ARTY • SP • 130mm 36 M-46 Catapult Comd 1 Land Forces HQ
Mech 4 bde (3 (2nd 3rd and 4th) Mech bde (each: 1
Air Force MRL bn, 1 SP Arty bn, 1 AD bn, 1 Inf bn, 2 Mech
Golubovci (Podgorica) air base under army command. Inf bn, 1 Tk bn), 1 (1st) Mech bde (1 AD bn, 2
AC 19: 1 mixed sqn with 15 G-4 Super Galeb (of which 8–9 Mech Inf bn, 1 Inf bn, 1 SP Arty bn, 1 MRL bn,
serviceable); 4 UTVA-75 (basic trg). 1 Engr bn))
Non-NATO Europe 183
Gd 1 bde (Ceremonial, 2 MP bn, 1 anti terrorist bn) MSL

SF 1 bde with (1 anti terrorist, 1 cdo, 1 para bn) AAM : 20 AA-8 (R-60K; R-60MK); AA-10 (R-27R) and
Sig 1 bde AA-11 ( R-73) are time expired
Arty 1 (mixed) bde (3 arty bn, 1MRL bn) ASM Maverick
Riverine 1 det (under review)
NBC 1 bn Non-State Groups
see Part II
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 224: 209 M-84; 15 T-72
AIFV 332 M-80 Deployment
ARTY 1,169
SP 122mm 79 2S1 Carnation Côte D’Ivoire
TOWED 378: 105mm 162 M-56; 122mm 78 D-30; UN • UNOCI 3 obs
130mm 24 M-46; 152mm 42 M-84; 155mm 72: 66 M-1; 6
(Non-NATO)
Europe
M-65
MRL 128mm 81: 20 M-63 Plamen; 61 M-77 Organj UN • MONUC 6
MOR 631: 82mm 385 M-69; 120mm 246: 41 M-74; 205 GEorgia
M-75 OSCE • Georgia 1
AT • MSL
SP 103 BOV-1 AT-3 9K11 Sagger Liberia

MANPATS 142+: 142 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111 UN • UNMIL 6 obs
Spigot
RCL 650: 105mm 650 M-65;
Foreign Forces
AD • SAM 168
SP 60 SA-6 Gainful/ 9K31 Strela-1 SA-9 Gaskin All OSCE.
MANPAD 108 Strela-2M Austria 1
GUNS SP 20mm BOV-3 SPAAG; 30mm BOV-30; Bosnia-Herzegovina 1
M-53/59 SP; 57mm ZSU-57-2 Croatia 1
TOWED 60+ 12.7mm M-55; 20mm M-75; 30mm M-53
Estonia 2
40mm: 60 Bofors
France 1
Reserve Organisations Georgia 1
Territorial brigades 8. Germany 3
Hungary 2
Air Force and Air Defence 4,155 Ireland 2
Comprises a HQ, 2 wg (Batajnica air base near Belgrade Italy 4
and Ladevci air base, central Serbia), a SAM bde and an Moldova 1
air surveillance ops crentre.
Netherlands 4
Flying hours: Ftr – 40 per yr
Portugal 1
FORCES BY ROLE
Slovakia 1
Ftr 1 comp sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum/MiG-21bis
Slovenia 2
FGA 2 sqn with J-22 Orao 1; G-4 Super Galeb
Sweden 3
Recce 2 sqn with 4 J-22 Orao 1*; 3 MiG-21R Fishbed H*
Turkey 3
Tpt 1 comp sqn with An-26, Yak-40, Do-28, Mi-8
Ukraine 1
Trg 1 comp sqn with UTVA 75 (basic trg), G-4 Super
Galeb (adv trg/light atk), SA-341/342 Gazelle United Kingdom 4
SAM SAM bde (4 bn) with S-125M1T (SA-3); SA-6 Kub, United States 5
SA-7/14/16 MANPAD
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT
FTR 30: 4 MiG-29B Fulcrum; 1 MiG-29UB Fulcrum; 20 DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE
MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N; 5 MiG-21UM Mongol B
CONTROL
FGA 27: 16 J-22 Orao 1; 11 G-4 Super Galeb
RECCE 7: 4 J-22R Orao 1*; 3 MiG-21R Fishbed H* Data presented here represent the de facto situation in
TPT 12: 8 An-26 Curl; 2 Do-28 Skyservant; 2 Yak-40 Kosovo. This does not imply international recognition as
Codling a sovereign state. In February 2008 Kosovo declared itself
TRG 15 UTVA-75 independent. Serbia remains opposed to this, and while
HELICOPTERS Kosovo has not been admitted to the United Nations, a
SPT 53: 15 Mi-8, 15 H-42; 19 H-42M; 2 Mi-24, 2 Mi-17 number of states have recognised Kosovo’s self-declared
AD • SAM 2 bn SA-3; 3 bn SA-6 status.
Foreign Forces Portugal 253; 1 inf bn (KTM) • UNMIK 2 obs • OSCE

(Kosovo) 3
All under Kosovo Force (KFOR) cmd unless otherwise
Romania 150 • UNMIK 3 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 3
specified. KFOR has been deployed in Kosovo since 1999.
Russia UNMIK 1 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
Argentina 46 • UNMIK 1 obs
Slovakia 196; 1 inf coy • OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Armenia 70 • OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Slovenia 360; 1 inf bn HQ; 2 mot inf coy; 1 CSS coy
Austria 623; 1 inf bn HQ; 2 inf coy; elm 1 hel bn; elm 1
recce coy; elm 1 engr coy; elm 1 MP coy; elm 1 log unit• Spain 620; 1 combined arms BG • UNMIK 2 obs • OSCE
OSCE (Kosovo) 14 (Kosovo) 17
Sweden 253 • OSCE (Kosovo) 6
Azerbaijan 34 • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
Switzerland 220 (military volunteers); 1 inf coy; 1 spt coy; elm
Bangladesh UNMIK 2 obs
1 hel bn; elm 1 MP coy; elm 1 log unit • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
Belarus OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Tajikistan OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Belgium 195
Turkey 544; 1 inf bn HQ; 2 inf coy; 1 marine coy; 1 log
Bolivia UNMIK 1 obs
coy; 1 Gendarmerie pl; elm 1 hel bn; elm 1 recce coy; elm 1
Bosnia-Herzegovina OSCE (Kosovo) 8 engr coy; elm 1 MP coy • OSCE (Kosovo) 5
Bulgaria 51; elm 1 engr coy • UNMIK 1 obs • OSCE Ukraine 185 • UNMIK 4 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
(Kosovo) 3
United Kingdom 164; 1 inf coy• OSCE (Kosovo) 5
Canada OSCE (Kosovo) 3
United States 1,492; 1 ARNG cbt spt bde• OSCE (Kosovo)
Chile UNMIK 1 obs 17

Croatia OSCE (Kosovo) 5 Uzbekistan OSCE (Kosovo) 2
Czech Republic 400; 1 inf coy • UNMIK 1 obs
Denmark 311; 1 inf gp (1 scout sqn, 1 inf coy) • UNMIK
1 obs Sweden Swe
Estonia 30; 1 inf pl
Swedish Krona Skr 2007 2008 2009
Finland 450 • OSCE (Kosovo) 4
France 1,830; 1 inf bn; 1 Gendarmerie regt; some spt unit GDP Skr 3.07tr 3.13tr
(incl atk hel) • OSCE (Kosovo) 7 US$ 455bn 423bn
Georgia OSCE (Kosovo) 1 per capita US$ 50,361 46,817
Germany 2,249; 1 inf bn HQ; 3 inf coy; elm 1 hel bn; elm Growth % 2.7 1.2
1 recce coy; elm 1 engr coy; 1 sigs bn; 1 CIMIC coy; elm 1 Inflation % 2.2 3.2
log unit; elm 1 MP coy; 1 med unit; 26 C2 Leopard MBT; 17 Def bdgt a Skr 41.6bn 38.9bn
SPz-2 Luchs recce; 25 Marder 1 AIFV; 21 APC (T); 54 TPz-1
US$ 6.77bn 5.25bn
Fuchs APC (W); 10 M-109A3G 155mm SP; 6 Wiesel (TOW)
msl; 3 CH-53G Stallion spt hel; 9 UH-1D Iroquois utl hel • US$1=Skr 6.75 7.41
OSCE (Kosovo) 18 a
Excluding Civil Defence
Greece 744; 2 mech inf bn • OSCE (Kosovo) 6
Hungary 317 • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
Ireland 280; 1 mech inf coy; 1 log coy • UNMIK 4 obs • Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
OSCE (Kosovo) 6 Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 24% 7%
Italy 2,192;1 combined arms BG; 1 mtn inf coy; 1 engr Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 23% 10%
unit;1 hel unit; 1 sigs unit; 1 CSS unit;1 Carabinieri regt •
OSCE (Kosovo) 15 Capabilities
Jordan UNMIK 1 obs
Latvia 19
Paramilitary 600 Voluntary Auxiliary Organisations
Lithuania 34 • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
42,000
Luxembourg 23
Terms of service: Army, Navy 7–15 months; Air Force 8–12
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of OSCE
months
(Kosovo) 3
Moldova OSCE (Kosovo) 2 RESERVE 262,000 (Army 225,000 Navy 20,000 Air
Mongolia 36 17,000)
Montenegro OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Morocco 216; 1 inf det Organisations by Service
Netherlands 9 • OSCE (Kosovo) 3
New Zealand UNMIK 1 obs Army 4,400; 5,800 conscript (total 10,200)
Norway 25 • UNMIK 1 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Pakistan UNMIK 1 obs 1 Joint Forces Comd, 22 Training Detachments whose main
Poland 271; 1 inf bn • UNMIK 1 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 4 task is to provide support to the Home Guard and other
Non-NATO Europe 185
voluntary defence organisations; the Military Districts PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
were disbanded in 2005. The army has been transformed PFM 2:
to provide brigade sized task forces depending on the 2 Stockholm each with 4 single ASTT (may not be fitted)
operational requirement. Sweden provides the majority of each with Tp 431 LWT, 4 twin (8 eff.) each with RBS-
forces to the EU Nordic Battlegroup. 15M tactical SSM, 4 Saab 601 mortars
Army 1 Div HQ (on mobilisation) PCR 12 Tapper
Armd 3 regt MINE WARFARE 24
Cav 1 regt MINE COUNTERMEASURES 17
Mech 8 bn MCMV 4: 3 Styrso; 1 Uto
MHC 7: 2 Landsort ; 5 Koster
Arty 2 bn
MSD 6: 5 Sam; 1 Sokaren
AD 2 bn MINELAYERS 7
Engr 3 bn ML 1 Carlskrona
Log 4 bn ML(I) 2
(Non-NATO)
Europe
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MLC 4: 1 Furusund
MBT 280: 120 Strv-122 (Leopard 2); 160 Strv-121 (Leopard 2A4) AMPHIBIOUS
AIFV 372 Strv 9040 (CV 9040) LCM 17 Trossbat
APC 837 LCU 23
LCPL 145 Combatboat
APC (T) 635: 222 Pbv 401A (56 Ambulance version 4020);
363 Pbv 302; 50 Bv S 10 Viking LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 30:
APC (W) 202 XA-180 Sisu/XA-203 Sisu ARS 1 Furusund (former ML)
ARTY 282 AG 6: 2; 1 Carlskrona with 1 hel landing platform (former
SP 24 Archer (being delivered) ML); 1 Trosso (mostly used as a depot ship for corvettes
TOWED 155mm 50 FH-77B and patrol vessels but can also be used as HQ ship); 2
MOR 120mm 208 Arkosund (former ML); 2 (various)
AT • MSL • MANPATS RB-55; RB-56 Bill AK 1 Visborg
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav AKSL 1
RL 84mm AT-4 AGI 1
AIRCRAFT AGS 2
UAV • TACTICAL 3 Sperwer Trg 3: 2 AXS; 1 Gassten
AD • SAM TPT 1
SP 16 RBS-70 TRV 2
TOWED RBS-90 YDT 1
MANPAD RBS-70 YTM 2
GUNS • SP 40mm 30 Strv 90LV YTL 9
RADAR • LAND ARTHUR (arty); M-113 A1GE Green FACILITIES
Archer (mor) Bases Located Karlskrona, naval det at Muskö
Support base Located at Göteborg
Navy 1,800; 600 (Coastal Defence); 700
conscript; (total 3,100)
FORCES BY ROLE
Coastal Defence 600
Maritime forces restructured FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 2 Surface flotillas Amph 1 bde; 1 bn
Maritime 1 Surveillance and info bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Amphib 1 Amph bde (1 Amph bn) APC (W) 3+ Piranha
SS 1 Submarine flotilla ARTY • MOR 81mm; 120mm 70
AD • SAM RBS-70
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MSL • SSM 96: 6 RBS-15KA; 90 RBS-17 Hellfire
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK4: GUNS 24+: 40mm L-70; 75mm; 105mm; 120mm 24 CD-80
2 Gotland (AIP powered) each with 2 x1 400mm TT with 6 Karin (mobile)
Tp 432/Tp 451, 4 single 533mm TT with 12 Tp 613/Tp 62
2 Sodermanland (AIP fitted) each with 6 single 533mm TT
Air Force 2,700; 900 conscript; (total 3,600)
with 12 Tp 613/Tp 62, 6 Tp 432/Tp 451
Flying hours 110 to 140 hrs/year
SSI 1 Spiggen II midget submarine
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES Units: F 7, Skaraborg Wing in Såtenäs; F 17, Blekinge
FSG 5 Visby with 8 RBS-15 SSM, 4 single ASTT each with Wing in Ronneby; F 21, Norrbotten Wing in Luleå; Heli-
Tp 45 LWT, Saab 601 mortar, 1 Bofors 57mm, 1 hel landing copter Wing in Linköping (also operates in Luleå, Såtenäs
plaform (for med hel); (1st of class assuming interim and Ronneby; Air Combat School (LSS) in Uppsala
operational role ’08; additional vessels ISD expected by FORCES BY ROLE
2010 ) COMD 1 HQ (2 air base bn)
Ftr/FGA/Recce 4 sqn with JAS 39 A/B (C/D) Gripen: 1 India/Pakistan

(Gripen) sqn (declared for Rapid Reaction UN • UNMOGIP 7 obs
Force)
Korea, republic of
SIGINT 1 sqn with S-102B (Gulfstream IV SRA-4)
NNSC 5 obs
AEW 1 sqn with S-100B Argus
Tpt 4 sqn with C-130E Hercules/Tp-84 Middle East
(C-130H) Hercules; Tp-102A (Gulfstream UN • UNTSO 6 obs
IV); Tp-100A (Saab 340)
NEPAL
Trg 1 trg school with SK-60
UN • UNMIN 2 obs
AD 1 (fighter control and air surv) bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Serbia
AIRCRAFT 165 combat capable NATO • KFOR 253
MULTIROLE 165: 82 JAS 39A/14 39B Gripen (31 JAS OSCE • Serbia 3
A/B to be updated to C/D standard); 56 JAS 39C/13 39D OSCE • Kosovo 6
Gripen (By 2012, will have reduced to 75 JAS 39C and 25
JAS 39D), Sierra Leone
EW • ELINT 2 S-102B (Gulfstream IV SRA-4) UN • UNIOSIL 1 obs
AEW 4 S-100B Argus
Sudan
TPT 15: 8 C-130E Hercules/Tp-84 (C-130H) Hercules (7
tpt, 1 tkr); 1 Tp-100A (VIP); 1 Tp-102A (Gulfstream IV); UN • UNMIS 2; 3 obs
5 Tp-100A (Saab 340)
TRG 80 SK-60
MSL Switzerland CH
ASM RB-15F; RB-75 (AGM-65) Maverick
Swiss Franc fr 2007 2008 2009
AAM RB-99 (AIM-120B) AMRAAM; RB-74 (AIM-9L)
Sidewinder; RB-71 (Sky Flash) GDP fr 508bn 519bn
BOMB BK-39 US$ 423bn 459bn
per capita US$ 56,036 60,580
Armed Forces Hel Wing (included in Air
Force figures) Growth % 3.3 1.7
FORCES BY ROLE Inflation % 0.7 2.2
Hel 1 bn with 3 HKP-14 (NH 90); 8 HKP-10 (AS-332) Def bdgt fr 4.46bn 4.52bn 4.42bn
Super Puma (SAR); 14 HKP-4 (Boeing Vertol 107) US$ 3.52bn 3.94bn
(ASW/tpt/SAR); 12 HKP-15 (A-109M); 17 HKP-9A US$1=fr 1.20 1.13
(Bo-105CB) (trg)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
SPT 25: 3 HKP-14 (NH 90); 8 HKP-10 (AS-332) Super
Male 9% 3% 3% 3% 25% 6%
Puma (SAR); 14 HKP-4 (Boeing Vertol 107) (ASW/tpt/
SAR) Female 8% 3% 3% 3% 25% 9%
UTL 29: 12 HKP-15 (A-109M); 17 HKP-9A (Bo-105CB)
(trg) Capabilities
Voluntary Auxiliary Organisations 42,000
ACTIVE 22,823 (Joint 3,823, 19,000 conscript)
Deployment RESERVE 218,200 (Army 131,700, Air 33,300,
Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 10,800
Afghanistan
NATO • ISAF 280
Command Support Organisation 12,400) Civil
Defence 85,000
Bosnia-Herzegovina
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Terms of service 18 weeks compulsory recruit trg at age
19–20 (19,000 (2006)), followed by 7 refresher trg courses
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD (3 weeks each) over a 10-year period between ages 20–30.
EU • EUFOR Chad/CAR 79 (189,000 continuation trg (2006))
UN • MONUC 5 obs Organisations by Service
Georgia
OSCE • Georgia 2 Joint 3,823 active; 19,000 conscript; 224,700 on
UN • UNOMIG 3 obs mobilisation; (total 22,600 – 243,400)
Non-NATO Europe 187
Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 10,800 6 air base cmds, 1 flt trg unit, 1 GBAD trg unit, 1 air force
on mobilisation cmd support trg unit
Log 1 bde Flying hours 200–250 hrs/year
FORCES BY ROLE
Command Support Organisation 12,400 on incl AD units, mil airfield guard units
mobilisation Ftr 3 sqn with F/A-18C/-18D Hornet; 3 sqn with F-5E
Spt 1 (comd) bde Tiger II; 1 sqn with F-5F Tiger II/F-5F
Tpt 1 sqn with PC-6 Turbo-Porter; Do-27; Falcon-50;
Land Forces (Army) 131,700 Cessna 560 XL Citation; DHC-6 Twin Otter; Beech
With the exception of military security all units are non- 350 Super King Air; Beechcraft 1900D; PC-12
active – being re-organised Trg 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer; PC-21; 1 sqn with
FORCES BY ROLE PC-9 (tgt towing)
4 Territorial Regions Hel 6 sqn with AS-332 Super Puma; AS-532 Cougar;
(Non-NATO)
Armd 1 bde (1 sigs bn, 3 tk bn, 1 armd recce bn, 1 SA-316 Alouette III; AS365-N1 Dauphin
Europe
engr bn, 2 SP Arty bn, 3 mech inf bn); 1 bde (1 UAV 1 bn with 4 Systems ADS 95 Ranger
armd recce bn, 1 sigs bn, 3 tk bn, 3 mech inf
bn, 1 sp arty bn, 1 engr bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Armd/Arty 1 bde (trg)
FTR 57: 45 F-5E Tiger II; 12 F-5F Tiger II
Inf 1 bde (trg); 1 bde (3 inf bn, 1 (mt) rifle bn, 1

FGA 33: 26 F/A-18C Hornet; 7 F/A-18D Hornet
armd recce bn, 1 SP Arty bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 engr
TPT 19: 15 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 1 Falcon-50; 1 Cessna 560
bn); 1 bde (4 inf bn, 1 armd recce bn, 2 SP arty
XL Citation; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 Beech 350 Super King
bn, 1 sigs bn,); 1 bde (1 engr bn, 4 inf bn, 2 SP
Air; 1 Do-27; 1 Beechcraft 1900D; 1 PC-12 (owned by
arty bn, 1 armd recce bn, 1 sigs bn); 1 bde (3
armasuisse, civil registration)
inf bn, 1 armd recce bn, 1 (mt) rifle bn, 2 SP
TRG 54: 37 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 6 PC-21; 11 PC-9 (tgt
arty bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 engr bn)
towing)
Mtn Inf 1 bde (1 SP Arty bn, 3 Mtn Inf bn, 1 Sigs bn, 1 HELICOPTERS
Armd Recce bn); 1 bde (2 Mtn Inf bn, 1 Armd SPT 15 AS-332 Super Puma
Recce bn, 1 SP Arty bn, 1 Sigs bn); 1 bde (1 Fd UTL 48: 12 AS-532 Cougar; 35 SA-316 Alouette III (being
Arty bn, 1 (mt) Rifle bn, 1 Armd Recce bn, 1
replaced by 18 Eurocopter EC635 by end 2009) ; 1
Sigs bn, 2 Mtn Inf bn)
AS365-N1 Dauphin
Engr Rescue1 bde (trg) UAV • RECCE 4 Systems ADS 95 Ranger
Sigs 1 bde (trg) MSL • AAM AIM-120B AMRAAM; AIM-9P/X Sidewinder
Supply 1 bde (trg)
Air Defence
Sy 1 bde
FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ADA GBAD can be used to form AD clusters to be
MBT 353 Pz-87 Leo (Leopard 2) deployed independently as task forces. From
RECCE 329: 154 Eagle I; 175 Eagle II January 2009, up to 9 GBAD bns can be formed
AIFV 154 CV9030 (B/L-84 Rapier; FIM-92A Stinger; 35mm guns and
APC (W) 407 Piranha Skyguard fire control radar).
AIFV/APC look-a-likes 538: M-113/Piranha II (8x8)/Piranha
IIIC (8x8)/CV 9030 CP EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ARTY 884 AD • SAM • TOWED Rapier
SP 155mm 348 M-109/U MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
MOR434: SP 120mm 132 M-64 GUNS 35mm
81mm 302 M-113 with M-72/91 RADARS • AD RADARS Skyguard
AT
MSL Civil Defence 85,000
SP 110 TOW-2 SP Mowag Piranha (not part of armed forces)
MANPATS 3,393 M47 Dragon
RL 67mm 10,958 PZF 44 Panzerfaust Deployment
UAV • TACTICAL Ranger Bosnia-Herzegovina
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 25; Air Force: 2 AS-532
PBR 11 Aquarius Cougar hel
BURUNDI
Air Force 33,300 on mobilisation (incl air UN • BINUB 1 mil advisor
defence units and military airfield guard units)
The Air Force is an integral part of the Armed Forces, Democratic Republic of Congo
organised into: UN • MONUC 3 obs
Georgia resulting 3 corps (div) formation organisation is:

OSCE • Georgia 1 Comd 1 (ground forces) comd (1 AM bde, 1 msl bde, 2
UN • UNOMIG 4 obs SF regts, 1 Presidential Guard regt, 1 engr regt);
1 (MoD) gp (1 engr bde, 1 sy bde)
Korea, Republic of
6 Corps 1 tk bde, 3 mech bde, 1 AB bde, 1 arty bde, 1
NNSC 5 officers
MRL regt, 1 AD regt
Middle East 8 Corps 1 tk bde, 2 mech bde, 1 AM bde, 1 arty bde, 1
UN • UNTSO 10 obs AD regt
NEPAL 13 Corps 3 mech bde, 1 mech regt, 1 AM regt, 1 arty bde,
UN • UNMIN 2 monitors 1 MRL regt, 1 AD regt
Serbia FORCES BY ROLE:

Tk 2 bde
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise up to 220 (military
volunteers); 2 hel Mech 8 bde, 1 regt
OSCE • Kosovo 2 AB 1 bde
Air Mob 2 bde, 1 regt
Arty 3 bde, 2 MRL regts
Ukraine Ukr AD 3 regt
Ukrainian Hryvnia h 2007 2008 2009 SF 2 regt

GDP h 708bn 930bn SSM 1 bde
US$ 140bn 177bn
Northern Op Comd
To be disbanded
Growth % 7.6 6.4
Inflation % 12.8 25.3 Southern Op Comd Administrative
Def bdgt ha 9.1bn 15.9bn From Western Comd the 6th and 13th Corps will form.
The likely composition for the 6th is 2 mech bde (3), 1
US$ 1.8bn 3.03bn
tank bde (1), 1 air mob bde (1) and arty bde . The 13th
FMA (US) US$ 9.5m 4.7m
bde in scheduled to be composed of 1 light inf bde (0),
US$1=h 5.03 5.26 2 mech inf bde (3) and 1 arty bde (1). Present number of
a
= excluding military pensions bde shown in ()
Western Op Comd Administrative
Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 77.8%; Russian 17.3%; Belarussian 0.6%;
Moldovan 0.5%; Crimean Tatar 0.5% EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 2,984: 6 T-84; 167 T-80; 1,032 T-72; 1,667 T-64; 112
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus T-55
Male 8% 4% 4% 4% 21% 5% RECCE 600+ BRDM-2
Female 8% 4% 4% 4% 25% 10% AIFV 3,028: BMD 138: 60 BMD-1, 78 BMD-2; 994 BMP-1;
1,434 BMP-2; 4 BMP-3; 458 BRM-1K
Capabilities APC 1,432
APC (T) 44 BTR-D
ACTIVE 129,925 (Army 70,753 Navy 13,932 Air APC (W) 1,388: 136 BTR-60; 857 BTR-70; 395 BTR-80
45,240) Paramilitary 84,900 ARTY 3,351
Terms of Service Army, Air Force 18 months, Navy 2 years SP 1,226: 122mm 600 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 527: 40 2S19
Farm; 463 2S3; 24 2S5; 203mm 99 2S7
RESERVE 1,000,000 (Joint 1,000,000) TOWED 1,065: 122mm 371: 369 D-30; 2 (M-30) M-1938;
mil service within 5 years
152mm 694: 287 2A36; 185 2A65; 215 D-20; 7 ML-70
GUN/MOR 120mm 69:
Organisations by Service SP 67 2S9 Anona
TOWED 2 2B16 NONA-K
Ground Forces (Army) 70,753 MRL 554: 122mm 335: 20 9P138; 315 BM-21; 132mm 2
FORCES BY ROLE BM-13; 220mm 137 9P140 Uragan; 300mm 80 9A52 Smerch
The three army mechanised corps are now under MOR 120mm 437: 318 2S12; 119 PM-38
command of Army HQ and the territorial commands will AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-4 9K111 Spigot/AT-5 9K113
be disbanded. The transformation of the army is due to Spandrel/AT-6 9K114 Spiral
be completed by 2015. The proposed structure is: a Joint GUNS 100mm ε500 MT-12/T-12
Rapid Reaction Force, a Main Defence Force; and Strategic HELICOPTERS
Reserve. Some units will become subordinate to the Army ATK 139 Mi-24 Hind
HQ namely a msl bde, SF and a NBC protection group. The SPT 38 Mi-8 Hip
Non-NATO Europe 189
AD • SAM • SP 435: 60 SA-11 Gadfly; ε150 SA-13 Gopher; FACILITIES

100 SA-4 Ganef; 125 SA-8 Gecko Bases Located at Sevastopol, Kerch,
GUNS 470: Donuzlav, Chernomorskoye, Odessa,
SP 30mm 70 2S6 Ochakov
TOWED 57mm ε400 S-60 Construction and Located at Nikolaev, Balaklava
RADAR • LAND Small Fred/Small Yawn/SNAR-10 Big Repair Yards
Fred (arty)
MSL • SSM 212: 50 FROG; 90 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka); Naval Aviation ε2,500
72 Scud-B AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable
ASW 10 Be-12 Mail*
Navy 11,932; 2,000 conscript (total 13,932 incl. TPT 16: 5 An-12 Cub; 1 An-24 Coke; 8 An-26 Curl;
Naval Aviation and Naval Infantry) 1 Il-18 Coot; 1 Tu-134 Crusty
After intergovernmental agreement in 1997, the Russian HELICOPTERS
Federation Fleet currently leases bases in Sevastopol and ASW 72: 28 Ka-25 Hormone; 2 Ka-27E Helix; 42 Mi-14
(Non-NATO)
Europe
Karantinnaya Bays and also shares facilities jointly with Haze
Ukr warships at Streletskaya Bay. The overall serviceability SPT 5: 5 Mi-6 Hook
of the fleet is assessed as low.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Naval Infantry 3,000
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 1 Foxtrot (T-641)† Naval inf 1 bde

FRIGATES 1 Air Forces 45,240
FF 1 Hetman Sagaidachny (RF Krivak III) with 1 Twin (2 Air 3 air cmd – West, South, Centre plus Task
eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, 2 quad 533mm ASTT Force ‘Crimea’. Flying hours 40-50hrs/yr
(8 eff.) each with T-53 HWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity 1
Ka-27 Helix ASW hel) FORCES BY ROLE
CORVETTES • FS 3 Grisha (II/V) each with 1 twin (2 eff.) Ftr 5 bde with MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker
with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, up to 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 FGA/Bbr 2 bde with Su-24M Fencer; Su-25 Frogfoot
(24 eff.), 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.) each with SAET-60 Recce 2 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer*
HWT, 1 76mm gun Tpt 3 bde with An-24; An-26; An-30; Tu-134
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5 Crusty; Il-76 Candid
PFM 1 Tarantul II
Spt hel sqns with Mi-8; Mi-9; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
PHM 2 Matka each with 2 single with 2 SS-N-2C Styx/
SS-N-2D Styx, 1 76mm gun Trg sqns with L-39 Albatros
PFT 1 Pauk I with 1 quad with 4 SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 4 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Single 406mm TT, 1 76mm gun AIRCRAFT 211 combat capable
PCI 1 Zhuk FTR 116: 80 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 36 Su-27 Flanker
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 4 FGA 72: 36 Su-25 Frogfoot; 36 Su-24 Fencer
MHC 1 Yevgenya RECCE 23 Su-24MR*
MSC 1 Sonya TPT 49: 3 An-24 Coke; 21 An-26 Curl; 3 An-30; 2 Tu-134
MSO 2 Natya Crusty; 20 Il-76 Candid
AMPHIBIOUS TRG 39 L-39 Albatros
LS 2: HELICOPTERS • SPT 38: 4 Mi-9; 31 Mi-8 Hip; 3 PZL Mi-2
LSM 1 Polnochny C (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) Hoplite
LST 1 Ropucha with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with SA-N-5 AD • SAM 825 SA-10 Grumble (quad)/SA-11 Gadfly/SA-
Grail SAM, 2 57mm twin gun (4 eff.), 92 mine, (capacity 12A Gladiator SA-2 Guideline (towed)/ SA-3 Goa (towed)/
either 10 MBT or 190 troops; either 24 APC (T) or 170 SA-5 Gammon (static)/SA-6 Gainful
troops) MSL
CRAFT ACV 1 Pomornik (Zubr) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) ASM: AS-10 Karen; AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler; AS-13
each with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, (capacity 230 troops; either Kingbolt; AS-14 Kedge; AS-15 Kent; AS-9 Kyle
3 MBT or 10 APC (T))
ARM: AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler
AAM: AA-10 Alamo; AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid; AA-9
AGF 1 Bambuk
Amos
AR 1 Amur (can also act as a cmd ship or as a spt ship for
surface ships and submarines)
AWT 1
Paramilitary
AGS 2: 1 Moma (mod); 1 Biya
MVS ε39,900 active
ABU 1
(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
TRG • 3 AXL
YDG 1 FORCES BY ROLE
YDT 20: 8 Yelva; 12 Mil Region 4 tps
YTM 6 MP 1 (Internal Security) tps
Border Guard 45,000 active Deployment

Maritime Border Guard AFGHANISTAN
The Maritime Border Guard is an independent NATO • ISAF 3
subdivision of the State Comission for Border Guards
and is not part of the navy.
UN • MONUC 11 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Air Wing 1 (gunship) sqn Georgia
Air 3 sqn OSCE • Georgia 3
MCM 1 sqn UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
Paramilitary 2 (river) bde; 1 (aux ship) gp; 4 (cutter) IRAQ
bde NATO • NTM-I 3
Trg 1 div MNF-I • Op Iraq Freedom 37
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Liberia
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 45 UN • UNMIL 302; 3 obs; 1 avn unit
PFT 3 Pauk I each with 4 SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 4 single
406mm TT, 1 76mm gun MOLDOVA
PHT 3 Muravey each with 2 single 406mm TT, 1 10 mil obs
76mm gun Serbia

PFC 10 Stenka each with 4 single 406mm TT, 4 NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 185
30mm gun
OSCE • Serbia 1
PCC 1
OSCE • Kosovo 2
PCI 16 Zhuk
PBR 12 UN • UNMIK 4 obs
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT SUDAN
AGF 1 UN • UNMIS 13 obs
AIRCRAFT • TPT: An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; An-72
Coaler; An-8 Camp
HELICOPTERS • ASW: Ka-27 Helix A Foreign Forces
Russia ε13,000 Navy 1 Fleet HQ located at Sevastopol; 1
Civil Defence Troops 9,500+ (civilian) indep naval inf regt; 102 AIFV/APC (T)/APC (W); 24 arty;
(Ministry of Emergency Situations) Army Strategic Deterrent Forces Dnepr Radar Stn located at
4 indep bde; 4 indep regt Sevastopol and Mukachevo
Europe 191
Table 15 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, NATO Europe

Due
Belgium (Be)
Piranha IIIC APC 242 EUR700m CH Mowag 2006 2010 First batch (138 veh) due by 2010.
(USD844m) Second (81) and third batches (23)
due 2010–2015. Option on further
104
Dingo II APC 352 – Ger KMW 2006 – Option on further 132
Consortium contract for collective
purchase of 294 ESSM
Europe
A-400M Tpt ac 7 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 –
NH-90 Hel 8 – Int’l EADS 2007 – 4 TTH, 4 NFH. Option on 2 further hel
Bulgaria (Bg)
Flower-class MHC 1 See notes Be – 2008 2009 Ex Be stock. EUR54m (USD85m) incl
2 Wielingen-class FF. Vessel name:
Myosotis (to be renamed Tsibar)
Gowind FS 2 EUR800m Fr DCNS 2008 2012 Option on a further 2
(USD1.25bn)
C-27J Spartan Tpt ac 5 USD257.7m It Alenia 2006 2007 First ac delivered Nov 2007. To replace
An-26
AS-532 Cougar Hel 12 See notes Int’l Eurocopter 2005 2008 For army. AUR360m (USD460m) incl 6
AS-565. Final delivery due 2009
AS-565 Hel 6 See notes Int’l Eurocopter 2005 2010 For navy. AUR360m (USD460m) incl
Panther 12 AS-532
Czech Republic (Cz)

Pandur II APC 107 – A General 2008 2008 To replace OT-64 SKOT. Contract re-
Dynamics negotiated 2008. No of APC reduced
from 199 and dependent on trials
Dingo II APC 15 CZK 499m Ge KMW 2008 2008 Four delivered by Feb 2008, remainder
(EUR 20.1) due by Nov 2008
AIM-120C-5 AAM 24 (EUR 26.9m US Raytheon 2005 2008 For 14 JAS-39 Gripen
(AMRAAM) USD39.1m)
Denmark (Da)
CV9035 MkIII AIFV 45 DKK1.68bn Swe BAE 2005 2007 Nine delivered by Oct 2008. Final
(USD273m) delivery due 2009
Patrol Frigates FFG 3 DKK4.3bn Nl – 2006 2012 Projekt Patruljeskib
(USD471m)
EH101 Merlin Hel 6 – Int’l Agusta 2007 2009 To replace 6 EH101 sold to UK
Westland
Estonia (Ea)
Mistral 2 VSHORAD 25 EUR60m Int’l MBDA 2007 2008 To operate with Giraffe 3D radar. First
(USD79m) batch delivered 2008, second due
early 2009

Due
Sandown MCMV 3 EEK800m UK – 2006 2007 Ex UK MCMV. ENS Admiral Cowan
(USD65m) (Fmr HMS Sandown) and ENS Sakala
(Fmr HMS Inverness) delivered by
Jan 2008. HMS Bridport due Jan
2009
L-410 Turbolet Tpt / MPA 1 Cz / Swe LET 2007 – Equipped with MSS 6000 maritime
surv system
France (Fr)
Syracuse 3 Sat 3 EUR2.3 bn Dom Alcatel 2000 2003 Second launched 2006. Third due for
(USD2.9 bn) Alenia Space launch 2010
VBCI 8x8 IFV 117 – Dom Nextar 2000 2008 To replace AMX10P. Infantry combat
(VCI) role and command post (VPC)
role. Total requirement of 700
AMX-10P AIFV 108 EUR50m Dom Nextar 2005 2007 Upgrade. 54 delivered 2007
Upgrade (USD60m)
Buffalo MRAP 5 USD3.5 US Force 2008 2008 –
Protection
VB2L (LAV) 4x4 LAV/recce 91 – Dom Panhard 2006 2007 Delivery status uncertain
Petits Véhicules LAV 314 See notes Dom Panhard 2004 2008 EUR150m (USD239m) if all options
Protégé (PVP) for 933 LAV taken. Thirty delivered by
Apr 2008
CAESAR Arty 72 EUR300m Dom Nextar 2004 2007 Final delivery due 2011
155mm (USD362m)
Eryx ATGW – EUR66.5m Int’l MBDA 2006 2008 Trg and combat msl. Final delivery
(USD86m) due 2011
Horizon DDG/FFG 2 – Dom / It DCNS 1999 2005 Forbin commissioning due Jun 2008,
Chevalier Paul commissioning due 2009
FREMM FFG 8 EUR11.1bn Dom / It DCNS 2002 2012 Multi mission FFG. First-of-class FNS
(USD13.3bn) Aquitaine scheduled for commissioning
2012. 8 ordered, 9 more possible
Barracuda SSN 6 EUR8bn Dom DCNS 2006 2016 One SSN to be delivered every two
(USD10.5bn) years until 2027. First to enter service
2017
Le Triomphant SSBN 1 – Dom DCNS 2000 2010 4th of class. 3 already in service
(Le Terrible, S
619)
M51 SLBM – See notes Dom – 1996 2008 To replace M-45 and equip SSBN Le
Terrible. EUR5.7bn incl upgrade spt
installations. 3 ship-sets of 16 msl
each and spare msl EUR2.8bn
SCALP NLACM 250 EUR910m Int’l MDBA 2007 2013 To be deployed on new SSN and FFG
(USD1.2bn)
Mu-90 Impact Torp 150+ – Int’l Eurotorp – 2008 Deployment initially in Georges
Block 1 Leygues-class and Forbin-class DD,
Atlantique ATL-2 MPA and Lynx
shipborne hel
Black Shark Torp 10 – Dom DCNS 2008 To replace F17 Mod 2 and meet next-
derivative generation HWT requirement
Rafale FGA 120 – Dom Dassault 1984 2006 Final delivery due 2015. Plans for 294,
but may be reduced following 2008
White Paper
A-400M Tpt ac 50 – Int Airbus 2003 2009 In devt. Final delivery due 2010
C-130H Tpt ac 14 EUR43m Dom Lockheed 2008 – Avionics upgrade. To extend service
Hercules upgrade (USD63m) Martin life to 2020–25
Europe 193

Due
Eagle 1 / SIDM UAV – See notes Int’l EADS 2001 2009 In development. Total programme
cost: USD1.4 bn
AS-665 Tiger Hel 80 – Dom/Ge Eurocopter 1999 2005 40 HAD, 40 HAP variant. 10 delivered
by Sep 2007
AGM-114 ASM – – US Lockheed 2007 – For 40 Tiger. Final delivery due
Hellfire II Martin 2012. No. of msl and contract
value undisclosed, but projected
requirement of 680
NH-90 TTH Hel 12 See notes Int’l NH 2007 2012 For army aviation. 12 firm orders with
Industries option for a further 56. EUR1.8bn if all
Europe
options taken
NH-90 NFH Hel 27 – Int’l NH 2000 2009 For navy. Final delivery due 2019
Industries
EC135 Hel 12 EUR233m Int’l Eurocopter 2007 2008 12 firm orders; 25 options. For
Gendarmerie. To replace Alouette III

EC145 Hel 7 EUR65 m Int’l Eurocopter 2006 2008 To replace Alouette III
(USD83 m)
EGBU-12 LGB – USD 22m US Raytheon 2008 – For Mirage 2000D
Enhanced
Paveway II
Germany (Ge)
Phase 2 of Sat – EUR938.7m Dom Astrium 2006 2008 2 comms sat, tac and strat ground
SATCOMBw (USD1.1bn) stations plus network control sys. Due
programme to start regular op 2009
Puma AIFV 405 EUR3 bn Dom PSM 2007 2010 To replace Marder 1A3/A4/A5 AIFVs
(USD4.3 bn)
Bv-206S AFV 81 EUR67m Swe Rheinmetall 2005 2009 Final delivery due 2009
Duro APC 100 EUR84m Swe Rheinmetall 2005 2009 Final delivery due 2009
Dingo 2 APC 54 – Dom KMW 2008 2008 50 in standard ptrl veh config and 4 in
repair veh config
Mungo AFV 388 – Dom KMW 2004 2005 Deliveries ongoing
Boxer (8x8) APC 200 – Dom/Nl ARTEC 2006 2009 135 APC and 65 CP variants. Option
GmbH for 72 heavy armoured ambulances
Fennek ARSV 202 – Dom / Nl ARGE 2001 2003 178 in recce role and 24 in combat
Fennek engineer role
Fennek ARSV 10 EUR31.3 m Dom / Nl ARGE 2007 2009 Joint fire support role (JFSR)
(USD46.1m) Fennek configuration
Wiesel 2 LAV 17 EUR9m Dom Rheinmetall 2006 2007 13 config in ambulance role, 2 Wiesel
(USD11.7m) 2 driver trg vehicles and 2 trg models
plus log spt
Skyshield 35 SHORAD – EUR48m Dom Rheinmetall 2007 2009 To counter rocket, arty and mortar atk.
/ NBS (USD64.1m) For possible use in Afg
IRIS-T SLS AAM – EUR123m Dom Diehl BGT 2007 – Surface-launched variant of infra-red
(USD166m) guided IRIS-T AAM. ISD from 2012.
Secondary msl for Army MEADS
F125 FFG 4 EUR2bn Dom TKMS 2007 2014 Due to displacement and role, may
also be classified as DDG
K-130 FS 5 – Dom TMS 2001 2008- First FS delivered early 2008.
2009 Remaining vessels due early 2009.
Type 212A SSK 2 – Dom HDW 2006 – Due to enter service from 2012.
Systems and propulsion upgrades
underway

Due
Eurofighter FGA 79 – Int’l Eurofighter 2004 2008 Tranche 2. Tranche 3 order (68 ac) due
(Typhoon) GmbH to be signed 2009
A-400M Tpt ac 60 See notes Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 Deliveries due to begin 2010. Unit
cost officially USD80m, but likely to
rise
A-310 MRTT 4 – Dom Airbus 2001 2004 First ac delivered 2007
A319 / VIP tpt ac 6 USD270m Dom Airbus 2007 2010 2 A319 due 2010, 4 Global 5000 to be
Bombardier delivered 2011. To replace Bombardier
Global 5000 Challenger 601 fleet
AS-665 Tiger Hel 80 USD2.6bn Dom Eurocopter 1984 2005 20 delivered by Sep 2008
(UHT variant)
PARS 3 LR ATGW 680 EUR380m Dom PARSYS 2006 2014 For 80 army Tiger atk hel
(Trigat) msl (USD486m)
NH-90 TTH Hel 80 – Nl NH 2000 2007 50 for army, 30 for air force
Industries
NH-90 TTH Hel 42 – Nl NH 2007 – Order part of option for 54 hel signed
Industries in 2000. 30 for army air corps and 12
for air force
VFW-Sikorsky Hel 40 EUR520m Dom Sikorsky 2007 2007 Upgrade. Final delivery due 2010.
CH-53G Upgrade (USD684m) Upgraded hel to remain in service
until 2030
Eurohawk UAV 5 EUR430m Int’l EADS/ 2007 2010 Final delivery due 2015
(USD559m) Northrop
Grumman
KEPD 350 ASM 600 EUR570 m Swe/Dom Taurus 1998 2004 For Tornado IDS. 300 delivered by
(USD728.5 m) Systems mid-2007
Greece (Gr)
Leopard MBT 170 – Ge KMW 2003 2006 90 delivered by Jun 2008. Final
2A6/2HEL delivery due 2009
Katsonis- SSK 4 – Ge TMS/ HDW 2000 2005 First of class (Papanikolis) delayed.
classType 214 Second of class (Pipinos) currently
in trials (Nov 2008). Fourth vessel
ordered 2002
Laskos- PCF 4 – Dom Elefsis – 2008 Upgrade/refit. HS Laskos delivered Apr
class (La 2008. HS Ypoploiarchos Mikonios due
Combattante Jul 2008, HS Plotarchis Blessas Sept
III) 2008 and HS Ypoploiarchos Troupakis
Mar 2009
Roussen/Super PFM 2 EUR630m Dom Elefsis/ VT 2003 2007 Further order following delivery of
Vita (USD800m) initial 3
Roussen/Super PFM 2 EUR299m Dom Elefsis/ VT 2008 2010 Further order to bring total to 7
Vita (USD405m) Roussen
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of a USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium for collective purchase of
294 ESSM
F-16 Block 52+ FGA 30 USD1.99bn US Lockheed 2005 2009 Deliveries ongoing. 20 F-16C and 10
Martin F-15D. Option for a further 10. To be
fitted with DB-110 airborne recce
system
M-2000-5 Mk2 FGA 10 – Dom Hellenic – 2007 Upgrade. Modernisation of M-2000EG
Mirage Upgrade Aerospace to M-2000-5 Mk2 standard
Europe 195

Due
MICA AAM 200 See notes Fr MDBA 2000 – Incl additional order of 100 in 2004.
EUR424m inc 56 SCALP EG. For
M-2000-5 Mk2 Mirage
SCALP EG ALCM 56 See notes Fr MDBA 2000 – Incl additional order of 34 in 2004.
EUR424m inc 200 MICA. For M-2000-5
Mk2 Mirage
AH-64D Atk hel 12 – US Boeing 2003 2007 Incl option for 4 further hel. First
Apache delivery Jan 2007
Longbow
AH-64A Atk hel 20 – US – 2008 2012 Upgrade to D standard to commence
Europe
Apache Upgrade 2010
NH-90 TTH Hel 20 EUR657m Nl EADS 2002 2005 16 tac tpt variants and 4 Special Op
variants. Option on further 14
Iceland (Icl)
– PCO 1 EUR30m Chl 2006 2009 To replace Odinn PCO
(USD39.6m)
Italy (It)
Bv-206 AFV 146 EUR83m UK Alvis 2003 2004 2 orders (first for 112; second for 34).
(USD100m) Final delivery due 2009
Cougar MRAP 6 – US Force 2008 2008 –
Protection
Buffalo MRAP/ 4 – US Force 2008 2008 –
MCM Protection
PzH 2000 How 70 – Ge OTO Melara/ 1999 2004 Final delivery due 2009
KMW
ITS Cavour CV 1 EUR900m Dom Fincantieri 2000 2009 Delivered Apr 2008. Due to enter
(USD1.3bn) service Apr 2009
Horizon FFG 2 – It/Fr Orizzonte 1999 2007 Joint It/Fr project. First of class
Sistemi launched 2006. 2nd of class due for
Navali commissioning 2009. Andrea Doria
and Caio Duilio
FREMM FFG 6 EUR1,628m Dom /Fr Orizzonte 2002 2010 Requirement of 10 Multi-Mission FFG.
(USD2,361m) Sistemi Batch 1 ( 2 vessels) in production.
Navali Batch 2 (4 vessels) funding confirmed
Mar 2008 – deliveries due 2014 –
2017
Mu-90 Impact Torp 100+ – Int’l Eurotorp – 2008 For De La Penne-class DD, Maestrale-
Block 1 class FF, ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi and 2
Andrea Doria-class (Horizon) FFG
Eurofighter FGA 121 – Int’l Eurofighter 1985 2004 Tranche 1 ordered 1998 (29 ac).
(Typhoon ) GmbH Tranche 2 ordered 2004 (46 ac).
Tranche 3 order (46 ac) due to be
signed 2009
KC-767 MRTT 4 – US Boeing – 2008 First 2 deliveries due mid 2009
ATR-42MP MPA 1 – Dom Alenia 2008 2010 For maritime security ops
M-346 Trg ac 15 – Dom Alenia 2006 2009 Initial production model first flown
Apr 2008
NH-90 TTH Hel 116 – Nl Agusta- 1987 2007 60 for army; 56 for navy. Deliveries
Westland commenced Dec 2007, 5 IOC versions
delivered by Mar 2008

Due
AW139 SAR Hel 2 – – Agusta- 2008 2009 Likely to replace current fleet of
Westland Agusta-Bell 412HP hel
Latvia (Lat)
Alkmaar MHC 5 EUR57m NI – 2005 2006 Ex Nl stock. First ship delivered Mar
(USD69m) 2007. Final delivery due 2009
Lithuania (L)
Flyvefisken- PCF 3 – Da – 2006 2008 Ex Da stock. LVS Zemaitis (Fmr HDMS
class (Standard Flyvefisken), delivered May 2008. Fmr
Flex 300) HDMS Hajen and Lommen due late
2008
Luxembourg (Lu)
A-400M Tpt ac 1 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 In development
Dingo 2 ASRV 48 – Ge Thales/ KMW 2008 2010 To meet Protected Recce Vehicle
requirement and be deployed in Afg
Netherlands (Nl)
Boxer (8x8) APC 200 EUR595m Ge / Dom ARTEC 2006 _ 19 cargo/C2, 27 cargo, 55 CP variants,
(USD747m) GmbH 58 ambulances and 41 engr. To
replace YPR 765
Bushmaster LACV 10 Aus Thales 2007 _ 5 to replace those damaged in Afg,
Australia remainder for reserve and trg
Bushmaster LACV 13 AUD17m Aus Thales 2008 2008 _
(USD16m) Australia
CV9035NL AIFV 184 EUR749m Swe Hagglunds 2004 2007 150 in IFV and 34 in CP configuration.
(USD981m Final delivery due 2010
PzH 2000 How 57 _ Ge KMW 2000 2004 Final delivery due 2009
PAC-3 Patriot SAM 32 See notes US Lockheed 2005 2007 Part of 136 msl (USD532m) US FMS
Martin
Stinger SAM 18 EUR23m Ge KMW 2005 2007 Each system incl Fennek 4x4 recce
Weapon (USD27.7m) vehicle with Aselsan turret and 2
Platform banks of Stinger. Final delivery 2008
Walrus-class SSG SLEP 4 EUR50-150m Dom _ 2011 2018 Incl combat systems and nav
(USD77- – see upgrades. Pre-SLEP programme to
232m) Notes commence 2008
Consortium for collective purchase of
294 ESSM
C-130H Tpt ac 2 EUR54m US _ 2005 2008 Ex-USN EC-130Q being refurbished to
Hercules (USD65m) C-130H standard
NH90 Hel 20 _ Int’l NH 1987 2007 Final 4 due 2013
Industries
Ch-47F Tpt hel 6 USD335m US Boeing 2007 2009 Final delivery due 2010
Chinook
Enhanced LGB 200 _ US Raytheon 2008 _ For F-16AM ac upgraded with Litening
Paveway II ATP
EGBU-12
(GBU-49/B)
500 lb
Europe 197

Due
Norway (No)
Javelin ATGW 90 USD86m US Raytheon 2004 2006 90 command launch units plus 526
msl
Fridtjof Nansen FFG 5 _ Sp Navantia 2000 2006 KNM Otto Sverdrup, second of class,
commissioned May 2008. Final FFG
due for commissioning 2010
Oksoy class / MCMV 2 _ Fr Thales 2007 Sonar upgrade involving the delivery
Alta class of 6 TSM2022 MK3 N hull mounted
sonars
Naval Strike Final delivery due 2014. For 5 Fridtjof
Europe
SSM – NOK2.2746bn Dom KDA 2007 –
Missile (NSM) (USD466m) Nansen-class FF and 6 Skjold-class fast
strike craft
Consortium for purchase of 294
ESSM
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 4 USD608m US Lockheed 2007 2008 First delivered Nov 2008. Final delivery
Hercules Martin due 2010
P-3 Orion MPA SLEP 6 USD95m US Lockheed 2007 2009 SLEP. Final delivery due Mar 2010
Martin
Poland (Pl)
AMV XC-360P APC 690 USD 1.7bn SF Patria 2003 2004 Final delivery due 2014
Cougar 4x4 MRAP 40 – US Force 2008 2009 30 due by Nov 2008, remainder due
Protection early 2009. On loan for ISAF use
AS-90 SP How 72 – UK BAE Systems 1999 2007 For development of 155 mm/52 Krab
Braveheart SP How
Spike-LR ATGW 264 PLN1.487bn Fr Rafael/ ZM 2003 2004 264 launchers and 2,675 msl. Manuf
(USD512m) Mesko in Pl under licence. Final delivery due
2013
BM-21 MRL 36 PLN97m (USD Dom Centrum 2008 2010 Upgrade to WR-40 Langusta MRL
launchers 43.9m) Produkcji standard. Incl option for 5 launchers
Wojskowej
Project FSG 2 Zl 77m Dom SMW 2004 2008 Based on Ge MEKO A100. Option for
621-Gawron (USD24.8m) further 5
RBS 15 Mk 3 ASM 36 PLN560m Swe ZM Mesko 2006 2009 For navy. Incl spares, spt, trg and
(USD178m) simulator
F-16C/D FGA 48 – US Lockheed 2002 2006 36 F-16C and 12 F-16D. 37 delivered
Martin by Mar 2008
M28B-1R/bis ASW/MPA 3/4 – Dom PZL – 2008 First delivered 2008. Remainder
(Bryza-1R/bis) expected by 2010
PZL SW-4 Hel 22 PLN112m Dom PZL-Świdnik 2006 2007 9 due by end of 2008. Final deliveries
(USD37.8) due 2009. Incl trg simulator
Mi-17-1V Tpt hel 7 See notes RF – 2006 2008 Refurbished ex-RF stock. Unit cost:
PLN50 - 60m (USD17 - 21m). 4
delivered Mar 2008. Remainder due
Jul 2008. Further contract possible
Orbiter UAV 4 PLN10m Il Aeronautics 2008 2008 Each system incl 3 UAV,
(USD4.7m) Defense groundstations and datalinks
Systems
Portugal (Por)
Leopard 2A6 MBT 37 EUR80m Nl – 2008 2008 Ex-Nl stock. Incl 2 trg tk. First 8 due
(USD113m) 2008, remaining 29 due 2009

Due
Pandur II 8x8 APC 260 EUR344.3m A Steyr 2005 2006 240 for army in 11 config. 20 for
(USD415m) Daimler marines in 4 config. Final delivery due
Puch Spezial 2009
fahrzeug
GmbH
Type M Karel FF 2 EUR240m Nl – 2006 2008 Ex Nl stock. NRP Bartolomeu Dias (Fmr
Doorman (USD306.3m) HrMs van Nes) due Dec 2008, NRP
Dom Francisco de Almeida (Fmr HrMs
Val Galen) due Nov 2009
Viana do PSOH 10 Dom ENVC 2002 2006 2 Pollution Control Vessels and 8
Castelo PSOH. Final delivery due 2015
(NPO2000)
Type 209PN SS 2 EUR800m Ge TKMS 2004 2009 Tridente launched Jul 2008, delivery
(USD958m) due end of 2009. Arpão due 2010. To
replace 3 Albacora-class SS
Consortium for purchase of 294
ESSM
C-295M Tpt ac 12 EUR270m Int’l EADS 2006 2008 To replace C212
(USD326m)
Romania (R)
Piranha IIIC APC 31 EUR38m CH Mowag 2006 2007 To replace TAB vehicles used by army
(USD49m) in Afg and Iraq
C-27J Tpt ac 7 EUR220m It Alenia 2006 2007 –
(USD293m)
IAR-330 Puma Hel 3 – Dom Eurocopter – 2007 Upgraded for maritime ops. First
delivered Jan 2007. 2 for Regina Maria
and Regele Ferdinand. Final delivery
due 2008
Slovakia (Slvk)
Mi-17 SAR Hel 4 – Dom LOTN 2004 2008 Upgrade to SAR role. First delivered
Jun 2008
Slovenia (Slvn)
Patria 8x8 APC 135 SIT66.61bn SF Patria 2007 2007 First APC delivered by end 2007. Final
(USD365.9m) delivery due 2013
Spain (Sp)
Leopard 2E MBT 239 EUR1.94bn Dom/Ge General 1998 2003 Sp version of 2A6. Incl 16 ARV and
(USD2.34bn) Dynamics 4 trg tk. First delivery 2004. Final
SBS deliveries due 2009
Pizarro AIFV 212 EUR707m Dom General 2003 2005 In five variants. Final deliveries due
(USD853m) Dynamics 2010
SBS
IVECO LMV LAV 80 EUR25m Dom IVECO 2008 – 78 standard personnel carriers, 2
(USD38) medevac variant
IVECO LMV LAV 40 EUR14.4m Dom IVECO 2007 2008 Part of project to replace 750 6 x 6
(USD21.3m) BMR (Blindado Medio de Rueda) LAV
ARTHUR Radar Undis- EUR59m Swe SAAB 2006 2007 Final delivery due 2009
closed (USD77.5m) Microwave
Europe 199

Due
SBT (V07) How 70 EUR181m Dom General 2005 – 4 155/52 APU SBT (V07) how, plus
(USD216m) Dynamics design and production of 66 how
(SIAC). Also retrofit of 12 APU SBT
how from V06 to V07 version and 82
towing vehicles
Spike-LR ATGW See notes USD424.5m US General 2007 2007 260 launchers, 2600 msl and spt
Dynamics service. Final delivery due 2014
SBS
Alvaro de FFG 1 EUR71.5m Dom Navantia 2005 2012 Roger de Lauria. Option for one more
Bazan F-100 (USD105.4m) FFG. Weapons to incl MK 41 Baseline
Europe
VII
Alvaro de FFG 1 USD117m US Lockheed 2007 2012 Weapons contract: Aegis system for
Bazan F-100 Upgrade Martin Roger de Lauria
Buques PCO 4 EUR340m Dom Navantia 2005 2009 To be named Meteoro, Rayo,
de Accion Relámpago and Tornado. Deliveries
Maritima delayed by over 1 year

(BAM)
Buque de Apro- AORH 1 USD210m Dom Navantia 2005 2007 Cantabria, Similar to Patiño class
visionamiento
de Combate
(BAC)
Strategic LHD 1 – Dom Navantia 2003 2009 Juan Carlos I. Capacity for 6 NH90 hel
Projection or 4 CH-47
Ship
S-80 Scorpene SSK 4 – Dom Navantia 2003 2011 All to be fitted with towed array
handling systems (TAHS)
ESSM SAM – See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Part of a USD223m NATO SeaSparrow
Consortium for purchase of 294 ESSM
(Typhoon) GmbH Tranche 2 ordered 2004 (33 ac).
signed 2009
AV-8B Harrier II FGA 4 EUR11.5m Dom EADS 2008 2011 Upgrade: To AV-8B Harrier II Plus
upgrade (USD17.8m) standard
A-400M Tpt ac 27 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 Programme ongoing
C-295 Tpt ac 2 EUR46.9m Int’l EADS CASA 2007 – Incl retrofit of an ac already in-service
(USD64.2m)
C-295 MPA 5 – Int’l EADS CASA 2007 2008 Conversion to maritime patrol role
upgrade (VIGMA). First ac delivered Feb 2008
CN-235-500 SAR ac 3 – Int’l EADS CASA 2006 – SAR and pollution control ac
CN-235 S300 MPA ac 2 – Int’l EADS CASA 2007 2008 For Guardia Civil maritime patrols over
the Atlantic
EC-135 Hel 4 – Int’l Eurocopter 2007 – For Emergencies Military Unit
AS 532AL Hel 5 EUR116m Int’l Eurocopter 2008 – 3 for army air wing. 2 for Emergencies
Cougar (USD171m) Military Unit
NH-90 TTH Hel 45 – Int’l NH 2007 2010 –
Industries
AS-665 Tiger Hel 24 – Fr Eurocopter 2003 2007 First 3 hel delivered May 2007
(HAD)
Air Land Spike ASM See notes USD64m US General 2008 2012 For army AS 665 Tiger. 44 launchers
Msl Sys Dynamics and 200 msl
Searcher Mk II UAV 4 EUR17m Dom EADS 2007 – –
(USD23m)
KEPD 350 ASM 43 – Ge Taurus – 2008 For EF-18 and Typhoon. 2 delivered by
Taurus Systems Jan 2008

Due
Turkey (Tu)
M60 A1/ Sabra MBT 170 USD688m Il IMI 2002 2006 Final deliveries due 2010
Mk III Upgrade
Leopard MBT 162 USD160m Dom Aselsan 2002 2006 Fire-control systems upgrade
1A1/1A1A4 Upgrade
Leopard 2A4 MBT 298 EUR365m Ge – 2005 – Ex-Ge stock. 100 delivered by Jun
(USD440m) 2007
Altay MBT 250 See notes Dom/ROK Otokar 2007 – 4 initial prototypes by 2014 for approx
USD500m. To be followed by an order
for 250 units following testing
Firtina How 20 – ROK Samsung 2001 2003 ROK Techwin K9 Thunder. Total
155mm/52-cal requirement of 300. Deliveries
ongoing
Kornet E ATGW 80 USD100m RF Rosoboron- 2008 2009 Includes 800 msl and related
export components
Rapier Mk 2B SAM 840 – UK MBDA 1999 2000 80 a year for 10 years. Deliveries
ongoing
Ada-class FSG 8 – Dom Istanbul 1996 2011 First of class, TCG Heybeliada launched
Naval 2008, ISD 2011. Part of Milgem project
Shipyard which incl requirement for 4 F-100
class FFG
Kilic PCM 9 – Dom/Ge – 1993 2007 Final 2 PCM to be commissioned 2008
and 2009
Hel-capable PC/SAR 4 USD325m Dom Fincantieri 2006 2010 Based on Comandante-class PCO
patrol vessel design. For Coast Guard. Final
delivery due 2011
56m PB PB 16 EUR402m Dom – 2007 – Final delivery due 2015
(USD545m)
F-16C/D Block FGA 30 USD1.78bn US Lockheed 2007 2011 Final delivery due 2014. All to be fitted
50 Martin with Advanced Integrated Defensive
Electronic Warfare Suite (AIDEWS)
F-16C/D FGA 216 USD635m US Lockheed 2006 Upgrade. 216 modernisation kits,
Upgrade Martin flight testing, training, technical spt
and sustainment activities
A-400M Tpt ac 10 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2012 Programme ongoing
B-737 AEW 4 USD1bn US Boeing 2002 2009 Peace Eagle programme. Delivery
delayed due to integration problems
ATR-72 MPA 10 USD210m It Alenia 2005 2010 First five deliveries by 2010. Final
Aeronautica delivery due 2012
KT-1 Woong- Trg ac 40 USD500m Dom / KAI / TAI 2007 2009 To replace T-37 trg ac. Option for 15
Bee ROK further ac
S-70B Seahawk Hel 17 – US Sikorsky 2006 2009 –
Mangusta Hel 30 USD2.7bn Int’l Augusta- 2007 – Option for further 20 hel. Quoted
A129/ T129 Westland contract value is for 50 hel
Heron UAV 10 – II Israel UAV 2005 – Navy to receive 2, army 4 and navy 4
Partnership
AGM-84H ASM 49 USD79.1m US McDonnell 2007 2008 Incl 3 SLAM-ER instrumented
SLAM-ER Douglas recoverable air test vehicles and 59
msl containers. Final delivery due
2011
Europe 201

Due
United Kingdom (UK)
Cougar MRAP 157 USD94m US Force 2008 – Ordered under Ridgeback programme
Protection
BvS10 Viking APC 21 – Dom BAE Systems 2007 2008 Prototypes due by end 2007. Follows
Hägglunds initial USD145m contract in 2005, to
provide RM with 108 Viking
BvS10 Viking APC 14 GBP14m Dom BAE Systems 2008 2008 Nine ARV, 4 troop carriers and 1 cmd
(USD28m) Hägglunds vehicle
Bushmaster LACV 24 AUD33 m Aus Thales 2008 – –
Europe
Australia
Jackal 4x4 CPV 130 – Dom Babcock – – 100 delivered by Jul 2008
Jackal 4x4 CPV 72 GBP20m Dom Babcock 2008 – –
(USD39.5m)
2400TD LC ACV 4 GBP3.26m Dom Griffon 2008 2009 To replace 2000TD

(USD6.5m) Hovercraft
Javelin ATGW 300 – US – 2003 2006 Requirement for up to 5,000 msl
Soothsayer EW – (USD237m) US Lockheed – 2006 Battlefield EW. First increment
Martin (USD130m) delayed to 2008
Future Carrier CV 2 GBP3.9bn Dom – 2007 2014 In development. Several spt contracts
(USD8bn) signed 2008. HMS Queen Elizabeth
(2014) and HMS Prince of Wales (2016)
Ocean CVH 1 GBP30m Dom Babcock 2007 2008 Upgrade. Part of the Surface Ship
Upgrade (USD59.6m) Marine Support Alliance. Sea trials began Sep
2008. Deployment due early 2009
Type-45 DDG 6 See notes Dom VT Group 2001 2008 Initial budget projection: GBP5.47bn.
Daring and BAE Overall cost now expected to be
GBP6.46bn (USD12.7bn). First of class
ISD due 2010. Option on further
vessels dropped 2008
UK PAAMS SAM – – Dom EUROPAAMS 1994 – Development with Fr/It To arm
Type-45. Utilises Aster 15 and 30 msl
Astute SSN 4 See notes Dom BAE 1994 2008 First vessel launched Jun 2007,
but commissioning delayed. 4th
GBP200m (USD303.8m) vessel,
Audacious, ordered 2008. To be fitted
with Tomahawk Block IV SLCM
Trafalgar-class SSN 7 – Dom Babcock 2007 2008 Weapons upgrade for Tomahawk
upgrade Marine Block IV SLCM. HMS Torbay and HMS
Turbulent completed by Oct 2008
Seawolf point MLU 17 GBP300m Dom BAE 2000 2017 Seawolf MLU for 13 VLSW-equipped
defence (USD591m) Type 23 FFG and 4 CLSW-configured
missile system Type 22 Batch 3 ships
F 35 Joint FGA 138 – US Lockheed – – In development. By Nov 2008, no
Strike Fighter Martin commitment to purchase
(Typhoon) GmbH Tranche 2 ordered 2004 (89 ac).
signed 2009
A-400M Tpt ac 25 – Int’l Airbus 2003 2010 Programme delayed by up to 1 year
A330-200 Tpt/Tkr ac 14 GBP13bn Ge AirTanker 2008 2011 To replace previous fleet of VC10 and
(USD26 bn) consortium Tristar tkr ac
Hawk Mk 128 Trg ac 28 GBP450m Dom BAE 2006 2008 10 due by Jan 2009
/ T.2
King Air Trg ac 2 GBP60m US Hawker 2003 2008 –
B200GT (USD119m) Beechcraft

Due
Nimrod MRA4 MPA 12 GBP2.8bn Dom BAE 1996 2009 Cost now forecast to be GBP3.5bn,
though production contract worth
GBP1.1bn for 12 ac. Delayed by 80
months. Original order reduced to 12
incl 3 development ac
Sentinel R Recce ac 5 – Ca – 1997 2006 –
Mk1 Airborne
Stand-Off
Radar (ASTOR)
Future Lynx Hel 70 GBP1bn It / UK Agusta- 2006 2014 40 for Army, 30 for Navy. Option for
(USD1.8bn) Westland a further 10 hel, 5 for Army and 5 for
Navy. Final delivery due 2015
AW101 Hel 6 – Int’l BAE 2007 2007 Modification of 6 ex Da EH101. EH101
(formerly Merlin HC Mk3A in RAF service. In
EH101) Merlin service Jul 2008
EH101- Merlin Hel 30 GBP750m Dom Lockheed 2005 2013 Merlin Capability Sustainment Plus
Upgrade (USD1.3bn) Martin upgrade to sustain capability until
2030. Option for a further 8 upgrades
Sea King AEW Hel 4 USD56m Dom – 2005 2007 2 for conversion from ASW role, 2 to
MK7 replace war losses
Chinook HC.3 Spt hel 8 GBP62m US Boeing 2007 2009 Conversion to HC.2/2A standard
(USD124m)
Hermes 450 UAV – USD110m Int’l Thales 2007 2010 Contract incl trg, log spt and
management services
Paveway IV PGM 2000 – US Raytheon 2003 2007 Deliveries began Aug 2008
Europe 203
Table 16 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Non-NATO Europe

Due
Austria (Au)
Eurofighter FGA 15 EUR2bn Int’l Eurofighter 2003 2007 9 delivered by Jul 2008
(Typhoon) (USD2.7bn) GmbH
Azerbaijan (Az)
BTR-80 APC 70 USD20m RF Rosoboron 2007 2009 _
(est) export
Belarus (Bel)
Europe
L-39C Albatros Trg 10 Ukr – 2005 Option for additional 10–20 ac Delivery
status uncertain
Croatia (Cr)
Helsinki-class PCF 2 EUR12m SF Patria 2008 2009 Ex-SF stock. Kotka and Oulu
–16m
Patria 8x8 APC 84 EUR112m Dom / SF Patria 2007 2012 Original order for 126 APC reduced to 84
Cyprus (Cy)
Mi-35P Hind-F Atk hel 11 USD26m RF Mil 2007 – Upgrade: refurbishment of airframe and
Upgrade engines
Finland (SF)
CV9030 AIFV 45 EUR120 Dom Patria 2004 2006 Deliveries ongoing
million Hägglunds
(USD148m)
2010 Project MCMV 3 EUR244.8m It / Ge Intermarine 2006 2010 Final delivery due 2012
vessel (USD315m)
Double Eagle UUV 3 EUR8.51m Swe SAAB 2007 2009 For ‘MCMV 2010 Project’ vessels. One
(USD11.4m) UUV in 2010 and one in 2011
C-295 Tpt ac 2 EUR45m Int’l EADS 2006 2007 Option for a further 5. To replace Fokker
(USD57.3m) F-27
Hawk 66 Trg ac 18 EUR40m CH _ 2007 – Ex-CH stock
(USD54m)
NH-90 TTH Hel 20 EUR370m Nl NH 2001 2004 Due to delays, 6 due by end 2008, 6 in
Industries 2009 and final 8 in 2010. First delivered
Mar 2008
Georgia (Ga)
RBS 70 MANPAD – SEK600m Swe Saab Bofors 2006 2008 Final delivery due 2010
(USD85.5m) Dynamics
Ireland (Irl)
Piranha IIIH APC 15 EUR30m CH Mowag 2005 2007 Includes 2 variants
(USD36m)
AW-139 Hel 4 EUR49m It / UK Agusta- 2006 2008 Two delivered Dec 2006. Incl option for
(USD59m) Westland 2 further hel
Sweden (Swe)
RG32M MRAP 98 EUR21m UK / RSA BAE 2007 2007 Final delivery due Dec 2007
(USD28.2m)
AMOS Mor 2 SKR30m Int’l _ 2006 2011 Two prototypes to be mounted on Vv90
120mm (approx tracked chassis
USD4m)
Table 16 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Non-NATO Europe

Due
Koster MCV 5 USD133m Dom Kockums 2007 2009 MLU. HMS Koster and Vinga ISD due
MLU early 2009, Ulvön, Kullen and Ven ISD due
2010. HMS Landsort and HMS Arholma
not to be upgraded but remain in-
service until 2009
Visby FSGH 5 _ Dom Kockums 1995 2005 First vessels due to enter service 2009
KBV 001 - 003 PCO 3 _ NI Damen 2005 2009 For Coast Guard
Shipyards
CB 90H LCA 145 _ Dom _ 2008 _ Upgrade from 90H to 90HS
Upgrade
JAS 39A/B FGA 31 SEK3.9bn Dom SAAB 2007 2012 Upgrade: 18 to become JAS 39Cs and 13
Gripen Upgrade (USD611m) to become JAS 39D two-seaters
NH-90 TTH Hel 18 Int’l Eurocopter 2001 2007 13 TTT/SAR hel and 5 ASW variants.
Option for 7 further hel. 2 hel delivered
by Sept 2007
IRIS-T AAM – SEK150m Int’l Diehl BGT 2006 – Integration programme with Gripen FGA
(USD20.8m)
Switzerland (CH)
Leopard 2A4 MBT 134 _ Dom _ 2007 _ Upgrade. To extend service life until at
(Pz 87) Upgrade least 2025
Piranha IIIC APC 26 _ Dom Mowag 2007 2010 Cmd versions and comms variants
Piranha I APC 160 _ Dom Mowag 2006 2008 Re-role of Piranha I tank hunter APC to
protected cmd vehicles. Completion
due 2010
Kodiak Armd 12 CHF100m Dom Rhein- 2006 2009 Contract for 12 AEV modules, 6
Engr (USD82.5m) metall mineclearing modules and log spt.
Vehicle Additional CHF30m spt contract
expected. Final delivery due 2011
Florako AD 1 CHF823m US Raytheon 1999 2008 System upgrade ongoing. Entered
operational service Feb 2004
EC135 Hel 2 _ Int’l EADS 2006 2008 Final delivery due 2010
EC635 Tpt/trg 18 _ Int’l EADS 2006 2008 3 delivered by Aug 2008. Final delivery
hel due 2010
AIM-9X AAM _ CHF115m US Raytheon 2003 2007 To replace AIM-9P Sidewinder. First batch
(GW) delivered Dec 2007
Ukraine (Ukr)
An-70 Tpt ac 5 _ RF Antonov 1991 2008 Limited serial production has begun,
though initial deliveries unlikely before
2010
Europe 205
Table 17 NATO/EU Transport and Air Table 17 NATO/EU Transport and Air
Refuelling Capability Refuelling Capability
NATO/EU North America NATO/EU North America
Aircraft Type Aircraft Type
Type Total
Type Total
Type Total
Type Total
Holding
Holding
Holding
Holding
Country Country Country Country
A-310** Germany 7 7 C-160 France 42 141
A-310/ CC150 Belgium 2 7 Canada 3 3 Germany 83
France 3 Turkey 16
Spain 2 C-160NG** France 15 15
A-319 Czech Republic 2 17 C-17 NATO Europe 3 9 Canada 4 178
Italy 3 UK 6 United States 174
France 2 C-27J Bulgaria 2 24
Europe
A-340 France 2 2 Greece 12
An-124 Netherlands 2 2 Italy 7
An-2 Bulgaria 1 5 Lithuania 3
Estonia 2 C-5 United States 111 111
Latvia 2 CASA 212 Portugal 24 81
An-24 Romania 1 1 Spain 57

An-26 Bulgaria 3 22 CASA C-295 Poland 8 15
Czech Republic 5 Spain 7
Hungary 4 CC-115 Canada 6 6
Lithuania 1 CC150 MMRT** Canada 2 2
Poland 5 (A-310)
Romania 4 CL-601 Czech Republic 1 7
An-28 Poland 15 15 Germany 6
An-32 Croatia 2 2 CN-235 France 20 80
B-707 300(KC)* Spain 2 2 Spain 14
B-707-320C Italy 1 1 Turkey 46
B-767 MRTT** Italy 4 4 DC-10 Netherlands 1 1
C-130 Austria 3 161 Canada 21 481 ERJ-135 LR Belgium 2 2
Belgium 11 United States 460 ERJ-145 LR Belgium 2 2
Denmark 4 G-222 Italy 9 9
France 14 KC-10A** United States 59 59
Greece 15 KC-130* Spain 5 6 Canada 5 66
Italy 22 Sweden 1 United States 61
Netherlands 4 KC-135R* Turkey 7 7 United States 453 453
Norway 2 KDC-10 Netherlands 2 2
Poland 5 M-28 Poland 15 15
Portugal 6 Tristar C2 UK 3 3
Romania 5 Tristar** K1/KC1 UK 6 6
Spain 7 Tu-134B Bulgaria 1 1
Sweden 7 Tu-154 Czech Republic 2 4
Turkey 13 Poland 2
UK 43 VC-10** UK 10 10
VC-10 K3/K4 UK 6 6
Grand Totals 677 1342
* Tkr
** Tkr tpt
Table 18 Selected NATO and EU Support* Helicopters
Type Totals
Type Totals
Air Force
Air Force
Others
Others
Naval
Naval
Army
Army
Helicopter Type Helicopter Type
AB-412SP Griffin 3 0 0 20 23 EH101 Merlin 20 0 0 0 20
Italy 12 Denmark 8
Netherlands 3 Portugal 12
Turkey 8 HC MK3 Merlin/HM 28 0 42 0 70
AS-322 Super Puma 37 0 0 4 41 United Kingdom 28 42
Finland 3 Lynx 0 99 71 0 176
France 7 United Kingdom 99 71 6
Greece 10 Mi-17 Hip 55 13 0 0 68
Iceland 1 Croatia 10
Spain 12 Czech Republic 31
Sweden 8 Latvia 4
AS-365 Dauphin 2 0 0 9 5 14 Poland 13
France 9 4 Slovakia 10
Mi-8 Hip 70 20 2 21 113
Iceland 1
AS-532 Cougar 54 65 0 0 119 Bulgaria 17
Bulgaria 5 Croatia 14
France 3 24 Czech Republic 1
Germany 3 Estonia 2
Netherlands 17 Finland 3
Slovenia 4 Hungary 17
Spain 2 31 Lithuania 9
Turkey 20 10 Poland 11 17 2
Bell 204 0 12 0 8 20 Slovakia 1
Turkey 12 8 Turkey 19
Bell 205 13 124 0 6 143 NH-90 3 3 0 0 6
Greece 13 Finland 3
Italy 60 Sweden 3
Turkey 64 6 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite 46 24 2 0 72
Bell 212 59 26 33 2 120 Latvia 2
Austria 23 Poland 38 24 2
Greece 4 8 Slovakia 6
Italy 32 18 6 PZL W-3 Sokol 25 37 2 0 64
Slovenia 1 Czech Republic 8
Spain 6 8 Poland 17 37 2
Turkey 2 11 1 S-70 Black Hawk 9 50 7 14 80
Bell 412 Twin Huey 31 30 0 6 67 Austria 9
Finland 5 Turkey 50 7 14
Italy 21 S-76C 8 0 0 0 8
Norway 18 Spain 8
Poland 1 SA-330 Puma 141 106 0 0 247
Slovenia 8 1 France 29 106
Turkey 9 Portugal 4
United Kingdom 4 Romania 60
Boeing Vertol 107 14 0 0 0 14 Spain 5
Sweden 14 United Kingdom 43
CH-47 Chinook 51 44 0 0 105 Sea King HAR-3/HC MK4 41 0 43 0 84
Greece 15 Belgium 4
Italy 22 Italy 6
Netherlands 11 Norway 12
Spain 17 United Kingdom 25 37
United Kingdom 40 UH-1 Iroquois 102 301 0 0 403
CH-53G Stallion 93 0 0 0 93 Cyprus 2
Germany 93 Germany 80 118
EH101 0 0 8 0 8 Greece 100
Italy 8 Spain 38
EH-101 EW 0 0 4 0 4 Turkey 20 45
Italy 4 * incl selected cbt spt, aslt and tpt hel
Chapter Four
Russia
The national and international profile of Russia’s 8,000 students study at eight ground-force colleges,
armed forces has risen over the past year. The mili- one naval college, a music college and seven cadet
tary operation in Georgia in August undoubtedly corps.
improved the army’s image within Russia, though
it also revealed structural and technological weak- International military posture
nesses. Meanwhile, the Russian Navy and Air Force The projection of Russian power abroad has largely
have deployed in areas of the world where there has been realised through a more capable navy. In
not been a significant Russian military presence for February 2008, a naval battlegroup from the Northern
some time, though these deployments have more to Fleet led by the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov completed
do with the harder line in Moscow’s dealings with a two-month deployment, which included a period
the US and its allies than with substantial improve- in the Mediterranean. This was one of the longest
ments to military training or capabilities. While they deployments undertaken by the Russian Navy since
Russia
may be an indication that increased funding is being the Cold War, and it was hailed by military and
made available to the armed forces, overall, prog- political leaders in Moscow as a sign of Russia’s
ress in modernisation and reform remains slow. re-establishment as a global maritime power and
Russia’s declared defence policy remains based on an exhibition of the capacity to defend its interests
traditional notions of national defence and there is abroad. Similarly celebrated was the October 2008
minimal commitment to international peace-support deployment, first to the Mediterranean and then
operations, although President Dmitry Medvedev to the Caribbean, of the nuclear-powered missile
has indicated a desire for a greater focus on this type cruiser Pyotr Veliki (Peter the Great), one of the most
of capability in order to assist in raising Russia’s capable and modern ships in the Russian Navy,
international profile. Defence-budget funding for in the company of the anti-submarine destroyer
peacekeeping was increased in 2008 to reflect this Admiral Chabanenko. The stated objective of this
aspiration. deployment was to carry out joint naval training
National pride in Russia’s military forces, dented with the Venezuelan Navy. The mission exemplified
by the outcome of the Cold War, is being restored, the growing defence cooperation between Moscow
not only by a more prominent international posture and Caracas in a US sphere of influence. In October,
and the victory in Georgia, but also by a raised profile it was announced that a permanent Russian naval
at home. For the first time since the Soviet era, the facility was being constructed in the Mediterranean,
9 May 2008 Victory Parade in Red Square involved a at Tartus on the Syrian coast.
display of Russia’s most up-to-date military equip-
ment by troops of the Moscow Military District. NATO and Europe
The rationale behind the increased salience of the The continuing expansion of US and NATO activi-
military can be seen in opinion polls showing that ties into Russia’s traditional sphere of interest is a
a large proportion of Russians believe their country driving force behind its current military posture.
faces a military threat. Similar polls show that the Certain of these activities are viewed as a direct
army’s standing has improved since it was damaged threat by Moscow. While not assigning Membership
by the wars in Chechnya and reports of poor condi- Action Plan status to Georgia and Ukraine, at its
tions of service within the forces. And, although the Bucharest Summit in April 2008, NATO made clear
population remains divided over whether a wholly that those countries would join the Alliance at some
professional force should replace conscription, there stage in the future. This angered Moscow as much
is increased support for the idea of military service as ongoing plans for two US ballistic-missile defence
more generally. In January it was reported that the sites in Eastern Europe. Statements from the Russian
Ministry of Defence was considering expanding General Staff in January 2008 indicated that Russia
the number of military colleges: currently around was considering strengthening its defence posture in
Kaliningrad in response to the planned installation to boost the capability of Russia’s 201st Motor Rifle
of US interceptor missiles in Poland, which is viewed Division in Tajikistan.
by Moscow as a threat to the Russian strategic nuclear
deterrent. When Warsaw and Washington signed the Policy, reorganisation and reform
agreement relating to the deployment on 20 August Despite the raised profile of the armed forces and a
– in the middle of the crisis in Georgia – a Russian growth in defence spending, the Ministry of Defence
official said that Poland could become a target for a and the General Staff remain on the whole reluctant
Russian nuclear strike. In early November, during to reform and modernise. This reluctance can most
an address to the Federal Assembly, President clearly be seen in the apparent rift between Minister of
Medvedev stated an intention to deploy Iskander Defence Anatoly Serdyukov and senior military offi-
missiles in Kaliningrad. Russian–Ukrainian rela- cers unwilling to accept his reform plans. Serdyukov
tions are another growing concern. Strained by the is carrying out a wide-ranging programme to civil-
NATO aspirations of Ukraine’s President Victor ianise military posts and reduce the overall number
Yushchenko, these relations are complicated by of posts in the Defence Ministry. It was reported in
the issue of the lease of the Sevastopol naval base late 2008 that the ministry’s administration staff was
to Russia for its Black Sea Fleet. The lease is due to to be reduced by 12,500 to 8,500 by 2012, while officer
expire in 2017 and Kiev has said that it will not grant numbers were to be rebalanced in favour of junior offi-
an extension. cers. Serdyukov’s determination to pursue reform was
The crisis in Russian–Western relations deepened highlighted by his refusal, in June, to allow Chief of
with the suspension of the NATO–Russia Council the General Staff General Yuri Baluyevsky to continue
in the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Georgia. in post beyond his 60th birthday, despite earlier indi-
With a virtual cessation of all Russian participation in cations that this would be authorised. Baluyevsky,
the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, possibili- who was subsequently appointed deputy secretary
ties for dialogue between Moscow and Europe over of Russia’s Security Council, was replaced by General
security issues are minimal. However, perhaps in an Nikolai Makarov. In March 2008, Serdyukov was criti-
effort to address this issue, the Russian leadership has cised for his plans to move naval headquarters to St
suggested the creation of a new security arrangement Petersburg and to move the Academy of the Strategic
in Europe, either under the aegis of the Organisation Missile Troops out of Moscow for the first time.
for Security and Cooperation in Europe or under a In late 2007, it was reported that moves to reor-
new structure, as yet unspecified. ganise military structures from divisions to brigade-
level formations had gained momentum: 2007 saw the
Central Asia and the Collective Security deployment of the 33rd and 34th independent motorised
Treaty Organisation (CSTO) mountain brigades. (See The Military Balance 2008, p.
Central Asia is a key geographical element in Russia’s 208.) A large-scale reorganisation of garrisons is also
stronger military posture. President Medvedev has taking place. There are plans for 70 territorial garri-
called for the CSTO to increase its military capability. sons, conforming to regional boundaries, and 109 local
Russia’s hopes for a strong CSTO may stem as much garrisons. Announcing the reorganisation, Director
from a fear that the international community may of Combat Training Lieutenant-General Vladimir
fail in Afghanistan, leaving Russia’s southern perim- Shamanov explained that the chain of command for
eter exposed, as from a desire to increase Russian garrisons would run from the Ministry of Defence to
standing in the region as a counter to US and Western the Military District headquarters, thence through the
influence. On 12 September 2008, CSTO Secretary- territorial garrison headquarters to the local garrison.
General Nikolai Bordyuzha announced an intention The Interior Ministry is also undergoing restruc-
to create a new military formation in addition to the turing. The commander-in-chief of the Internal Troops
existing Collective Rapid Deployment Force (CRDF). of the Interior Ministry (MVD), Army General Nikolai
The CRDF currently numbers around 4,000 personnel Rogozhkin, announced that the these troops, which
from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and number some 200,000, had been reorganised, from
Uzbekistan, grouped in ten battalions. While there seven districts to seven regional commands: Central,
are no details available on the composition of the new Urals, North Caucasus, Volga, Eastern, Northwestern
force, plans to reinforce the CRDF air component and Siberian.
at Kant in Kyrgyzstan are under way, as are plans
Russia 209
Personnel issues Key military capabilities and modernisation

In parallel to the improved profile of the military, a The modernisation of the strategic forces remains a
planned reduction in the standard conscript liability priority. Despite a reduction by around 1,000 warheads
and signs of salary increases may mean that some in 2007, Russian nuclear forces still hold around 5,200
of the more unpopular aspects of service are dimin- operational warheads, with more than 8,000 in reserve
ishing. The standard period of conscript service or due for destruction. Intercontinental Ballistic
is to be reduced to 12 months in 2008–2009. At the Missiles (ICBM) number around 430 (63 fewer than in
same time, large numbers of conscripts continue to 2007), with 1,600 warheads. The number of silo-based
be found unfit for service for medical reasons and Topol-M missiles is now 48, deployed in five regi-
dismissed, while many conscripts join the armed ments (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 206). By 2010,
services with medical conditions that limit their two further Topol-M missiles will be deployed. Mobile
employability. Meanwhile, the demographic down- Topol-M systems continued to be deployed with the
turn that has been threatening to make military 54th Regiment at Teikovo, and full deployment of 34
manning problematic in the future (see The Military mobile systems is expected to be complete by 2015. In
Balance 2008, p. 208) may be set to slow. In February, 2007, Russia carried out flight tests on Topol-M ICBMs
Medvedev, then first deputy prime minister, stated capable of carrying multiple independently targeted
that in 2007, Russia had recorded its highest birth re-entry vehicle (MIRV) warheads. The MIRVed Topol,
rate for 25 years, with 1.6 million births, 122,000 known as RS-24, is expected to be deployed in 2009.
Russia
more than in 2006. Furthermore, life expectancy is The long-awaited deployment of the new class
increasing. Nevertheless, the Slavic component of of submarine, the Borey class, began in 2008 with
the population and, by extension, the armed forces the launch of the Yuri Dolgorukiy. The intention is to
is likely to continue to fall. To meet the demographic deploy six Borey-class submarines, each carrying 16
challenge as well as budgetary demands, the armed Bulava submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The
forces are to be reduced from an estimated current aviation element of the Russian strategic nuclear
strength of 1.1m to 1m in 2013. deterrent increased by one Tu-160 long-range bomber
Professionalisation of Russia’s permanent- in 2008. Russia’s aspiration is to have up to 30 Tu-160s
readiness units has continued. The commander- by 2030.
in-chief of Ground Troops, Army General Aleksei Aerospace remains a modernisation priority for
Maslov, has announced that more than 30 extra Russia’s conventional armed forces. Su-27M fighter
permanent-readiness formations and units will be aircraft continue to enter service, with two regiments
established by 2010. The Ground Troops currently due to be operational by the end of 2008. Details of
have around 60 permanent-readiness formations the production of a fifth-generation aircraft under the
and units, manned by 100,000 contract servicemen. Sukhoi Future Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces
Some doubt was however cast over the progress of project have been finalised, and it is believed that the
the Ground Troops professionalisation programme aircraft is due to enter service between 2013 and 2015.
by reports that a number of the troops serving in Meanwhile, the Su-35 multi-role fighter is to enter
the 58th Army units that invaded Georgia were service by 2010; the Su-24M2 tactical bomber is being
conscripted; it had previously been reported that upgraded to give it an all-weather, day-and-night
nearly all those serving in the 58th Army were on capability; and deliveries of the Su-34 continue, with
contract. The Border Guard Service is now reported approximately 70 due to be delivered to the air force
to be fully staffed by contract personnel. In June, by 2015.
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that pay In the ground forces, a new main battle tank
for those serving in permanent-readiness units was (MBT) is to be introduced after 2010. The new tank is
to be increased. A fund is to be set up to enable a due to have a speed of between 50 and 60 kilometres
reported 65,000 roubles to be paid to individuals per hour on good ground, with enhanced protection
monthly. The fund, which is expected to be worth as well as guided missiles with a maximum range
25 billion roubles in 2009, is anticipated to grow to of 6,000–7,000 metres (the current maximum range
45bn by 2011. Greater pay increases were mooted is 4,000m). The T-90 MBT is likely to remain the key
for personnel working on-board submarines and in armoured component of the ground forces until 2025
the Strategic Missile Forces, as well as for those in while the new MBT, as yet publicly unnamed, is being
rapid-reaction units. introduced into service.
The overall forecast for conventional-force the Russian forces that deployed to Georgia, as well
modernisation indicates that, between 2010 and 2015, as obvious strengths.
the armed forces will purchase 116 combat aircraft Russia’s forces, which were mostly drawn from
and a large number of helicopters, some 700 tanks the North Caucasus Military District, were well-
and more than 1,000 armoured personnel carriers rehearsed in the scenario that involved crossing into
(APCs). The navy is due to receive 12 new surface the South Caucasus. Extensive training exercises
ships in the same time frame. According to Admiral under the title Caucasus Frontier 2008 had taken place
Vladimir Masorin, commander-in-chief of the Russian at various levels and with different force elements in
Navy, the aspiration is to be able to deploy six carrier the months leading up to August. The most recent,
groups within the next 20 years, rivalling US mari- in July, had involved units from the 58th Army exer-
time power. cising in different republics in the North Caucasus
Russia is placing increased emphasis on infor- (see the table of exercises, p. 442).
mation warfare. In January 2008, military officials Russia’s military action was launched, according
addressing the tenth ‘Information Solutions for to official sources in Moscow, in response to the 7
Russia’s Security’ forum stressed the need to develop August attack by Georgian forces on Tskhinvali, the
means of suppressing the state and military commu- capital of South Ossetia, and it progressed rapidly,
nications infrastructure of an adversary in any future with logistical support either pre-positioned or loaded
conflict. In August, during Russia’s military opera- on vehicles. Prior to the Russian attack, Georgia had
tions against Georgia, a number of unattributed cyber amassed forces that included ten light-infantry battal-
attacks on Tbilisi using ‘denial of service’ methods ions, each made up of between two and four infantry
were reported. brigades, special task forces and an artillery brigade.
Armoured units from the 19th Motor Rifle Division
Training exercises of Russia’s 58th Army entered the Roki Tunnel
The number and scale of training exercises and connecting North and South Ossetia on 7 and 8
deployments increased across the services in 2008, August. Their immediate objective was to estab-
with greater emphasis being placed on raising lish a presence in South Ossetia. The main objective
standards and improving training systems. (The was to secure Tskhinvali. This was accomplished on
first deputy minister of defence, Colonel General 10 August, by which time 58th Army units had been
Alexander Kolmakov, who is responsible for training, joined by units from the 76th Airborne Division from
has said that training methods are outdated and that Pskov (part of Russia’s strategic reserve) and the 42nd
a new combat training system needs to be devel- Motor Rifle Division from Chechnya, plus Special
oped.) The major exercises carried out in combined- Forces units, including from the Chechen East and
arms and inter-agency scenarios concentrated on the West battalions. In total, Russian strength had grown
defence of national borders from a variety of threats, to around 10,000 troops, with 150 pieces of armour,
both conventional and asymmetric. The three largest including T-62 and T-72 tanks and BMP-1 and -2
exercises took place in the North Caucasus, where APCs. Russia did not deploy any of its more modern
the 58th Army and the Black Sea Fleet operated in a tanks or APCs. Georgian troops were overwhelmed
joint-force scenario in July; in Chelyabinsk, where by the Russian forces, which captured the Prisskih
Russian forces worked with Kazakh forces in the heights to the south of Tskhinvali, and most of the
Centre 2008 exercise; and in September, when Russian Georgian artillery positions on them, before taking
and Belarusian forces trained together in the Stability control of Tskhinvali.
2008 exercise. (For more information see the table of Meanwhile, Russian forces had opened up a
exercises, p. 442.) second front in Abkhazia with troops of the 7th
Airborne Division from Novorossiysk, units of the 76th
The August war with Georgia Airborne Division from Pskov and marine infantry,
The conflict with Georgia, which began on 7 August which were landed from vessels of the Black Sea
and lasted for five days, was the first time that Fleet. These units moved south to secure the Senaki
Russian forces fought in a conventional operational airfield and the port of Poti. By now the units that had
setting since the end of the Cold War. Although it re-taken Tskhinvali had moved towards Gori. At this
was a battle between two ill-matched opponents, the stage it became clear that Russia intended to deploy
conflict highlighted a number of capability gaps in its strength in Georgia beyond Abkhazia and South
Russia 211
Map 3 Russia’s war with Georgia

8–10 August 9–10 Aug: Abkhaz and 8 Aug: 3 Motor Rifle Regts move
XX through Roki Tunnel
elm Elements of Russian forces dislodge
7 76 AB div Georgian troops in Kodori Gorge XXX R U S S I A
135 19 503 19 693 19 NORTH CAUCASUS
58
XX MILITARY DISTRICT
Kodori 19 58
BLACK SEA Gorge
Sukhumi Vladikavkaz
ABKHAZIA NORTH
Russian units in Georgia
Elements of marine 11–15 Aug: Forces move to OSSETIA
Gali included those from 19th
infantry landed locations including Poti/Senaki Roki Motor Rifle Division, as well
and begin destroying and Tunnel
as Chechen companies from
8–9 Aug: Black Sea Fleet Zugdidi removing Georgian equipment SOUTH the East and West battalions
blockades Georgian coast. OSSETIA
Forces include 10DG, Senaki
3 PFM, 3 minesweepers Tskhinvali 70 42 71 42
Poti elm
elm
9 Aug: One PFM engages and Gori 104 76 234 76
sinks Georgian patrol boat GEORGIA X
elm elm
45 10 SF
Tbilisi
Post 12 Aug: Russian forces X

Miles 50 establish buffer zone. EU Possible cyber SF elm
22
Russia
Km 80 mission confirms Russian attack on Georgian
Railway Highway withdrawal on 10 Oct. IT systems
Buffer
zone (generalised) State border
TURKEY
AZERBAIJAN
Generalised route of advance ARMENIA
Sources: IISS; Moscow Defence Brief
© IISS
Ossetia. In the meantime, the Black Sea Fleet began a defence formations were destroyed by
naval blockade of the Georgian coast. Russian infantry detachments. Russian
On 12 August, President Medvedev announced an pilots had never rehearsed the disabling of
official ceasefire, although Russia continued recon- air-defence systems, largely because this had
naissance and raiding operations to seek and destroy not been required in Chechnya. Moreover,
or remove abandoned Georgian hardware and muni- Russian air forces were unable to provide
tions. At this point, the objective for Russian forces direct fire support to ground troops.
was to deny Georgia the means to threaten its sepa- • Georgian forces were able to operate at night
ratist regions with military force. The destruction of to a greater degree than Russian forces, with
military infrastructure and equipment and the estab- few night-vision devices available to Russian
lishment of ‘buffer zones’ were thus the operational infantry and tank units.
priorities in this phase. On 10 October, the newly • The Russian ability to coordinate forces
deployed EU Monitoring Mission in Georgia ‘verified from different Military Districts and arms of
that Russian armed forces [had] dismantled 12 check- service at short notice showed that command
points and one military base in the zone adjacent to and control at the operational and strategic
Abkhazia and five checkpoints and one signal post in levels was well prepared.
the zone adjacent to South Ossetia’. • At the tactical level, there appeared to be a
There are a number of conclusions that may deficiency in Russia’s C4ISR capability, with
be drawn from the short conflict, including the poor coordination between detachments
following: and difficulty in locating enemy positions.
• Russian forces were well prepared for this • Despite the varying degrees of moderni-
operation, with sufficient logistical support sation in the Russian armed forces, there
and firepower to meet all objectives. seemed to be little to indicate any broad
• Russia miscalculated Georgia’s air-defence change in doctrine. Notwithstanding the
capabilities and failed to suppress its possibly restrictive impact of topography on
air-defence systems, with the result that operations, the sequential character of the
the Russian Air Force lost seven aircraft. operation in Georgia, which showed little
Ultimately, the majority of Georgia’s air- sign of a joint or networked approach, indi-
cated that Russia has not adopted operating and took 11 civilians hostage. Militant jihadist group
practices from twenty-first-century conflicts the Islamic Emirate of the Caucasus (IEC) was behind
in Iraq and Afghanistan. much of the violence, and claimed to have killed 11
• If reports of the use of the ‘cyber’ weapon to Chechen militiamen in a raid in Vedeno. The IEC
shut down key Georgian government and also claimed to have ambushed a Special Forces unit
media sites are correct, this form of asym- on 4 June and to have carried out a bomb attack in
metric warfare may now be judged to be Nazran, the capital of Ingushetia.
part of Russian military doctrine. In Ingushetia, there was an increase in attacks
on security forces and government authorities. On
Trends in violence in the North Caucasus 1 July, Ingushetia’s chief prosecutor stated that
The security situation in the North Caucasus remained during the first five months of 2008 there had been 53
volatile during 2008. On 11 January 2008, the Russian attempts on the lives of law-enforcement officers and
Interior Ministry stated that there were between 500 servicemen, a fourfold increase over the same period
to 700 militants in the region, and the Federal Security in the previous year. There were two attacks on the
Service (FSB) reported that around 500 militants had Presidential Guard. The deputy head of the Supreme
been killed or captured, and at least 200 arms caches Court was assassinated, and there were attempts on
destroyed, in 2007. High youth unemployment has the lives of the deputy minister of culture, the deputy
contributed to an increase in the number of mili- chief of the Drug Control Department, the mayor
tants. Recognising the transnational activities of of Nazran and the chief criminal investigator of
militant groups and their financing from abroad, the Malgobek. A ‘public warning’ was issued in February
FSB created a special unit aimed at dealing with the by extremist groups stating that gambling and enter-
international and cross-border aspects of militancy. tainment businesses would be ‘punished’ and some
With the Russian Interior Ministry and other law- attacks took place, mostly during the summer. The
enforcement forces retaining the initiative and the violence has been accompanied by growing socio
capability to eliminate militants and prevent any political instability and inter-ethnic tensions, leading
major terrorist attacks, violent militant and crim- to concerns that a broader conflict might flare up in
inal activity took the form of ambushes, skirmishes the republic. On 26 January, there was a public protest
and the widespread use of improvised explosive against Ingushetia’s president, Murat Zyazikov. In
devices. The number of attacks on law-enforcement May and June an estimated 85,000 people (out of a
personnel and civilians in Ingushetia and Dagestan population of 450,000) signed a petition for the reap-
exceeded numbers in Chechnya. Extremist Islamist pointment of former president, Ruslan Aushev.
violence appeared to be spreading, and in Ingushetia In Dagestan, worsening economic conditions led
and Dagestan there was a continuing trend, which to protests, and jihadist elements remained active,
began in 2006, of attacks on Muslim clerics opposed feeding off dissatisfaction with the government.
to Wahhabism. Militant group Shariat Jama’at was responsible for
In Chechnya, President Ramzan Kadyrov stated much of the violence, which included attacks on secu-
on 20 February that he was in favour of offering a new rity forces and government infrastructure. There was
amnesty for members of illegal armed groups. In the an increased number of security operations against
capital, Grozny, security incidents continued despite militants and criminals over the year. In February,
signs of reconstruction. There were also indications 1,500 Interior Ministry and FSB troops carried out an
of rivalry between different official armed factions. operation to eliminate a criminal gang led by Rappani
In April, there was a clash between Kadyrov’s forces Khalilov.
and the Chechen East battalion, which operates under In Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia, mili-
the aegis of the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) tants continued to target key officials and police
of the Russian Federal Defence Ministry. Attacks personnel. The chiefs of the organised crime depart-
on law-enforcement and civil-authority personnel ments of the two republics were both assassinated.
increased during the summer in the poorer and less In Kabardino-Balkaria, the joint information centre
controlled southern areas, particularly Urus Martan, for the republic’s law-enforcement bodies made a
Shali and Vedeno. In one incident, a group of more public appeal to civilians to assist the authorities in
than 25 militants attacked the village of Benoi-Vedeno addressing extremism.
Russia 213
Russia – Defence Economics growth, but tentative conclusions may be drawn

about its effects in other areas. The capital flight that
Following several years of impressive growth, due followed the Georgia campaign may give the Kremlin
in large part to high oil and gas prices, the Russian pause for thought regarding future military activi-
economy is likely to slow significantly in 2008. Having ties, while the significant financial losses suffered by
remained relatively unaffected by global economic the country’s ‘oligarchs’ have significantly clouded
turbulence in the first half of 2008, a series of events in the financial and economic outlook for the country.
the second half of the year proved that Russia was not Whatever the broader economic outcome, it is likely
immune. Firstly, Russian military action in Georgia that the government budget will suffer, and that the
precipitated the sudden withdrawal of signifi- ambitious 2009–11 national-defence budget will need
cant amounts of foreign capital. This was followed to be modified as a result.
by a spectacular drop in oil prices and, finally, as
the global credit crisis took hold, the Russian stock The 2009 defence budget
market suffered several dramatic falls and had to be Before the financial crisis finally hit the Russian
closed on several occasions while a financial rescue economy, the government had outlined another
package was negotiated. significant increase in military spending for the
The turmoil may have several long-term implica- period 2009–2011. Under the draft 2009 state budget,
tions. It certainly appears to have demonstrated that a total of R1,278bn was allocated to national defence,
Russia
Moscow is not, as had been thought by some, on the an increase of R225bn over the expected figure
verge of becoming a global financial centre – at least and a substantial 25% increase from the previous
not without major changes to the country’s financial year. Unfortunately, changes made to the presen-
infrastructure. It has also highlighted the fact that tation of state budget documents over recent years
Russia is hardwired into the global economy, and have made the collection and analysis of military
cannot escape the effects of external factors such as spending data more difficult. In 2005, federal budget
dollar- and oil-price shifts. In September, the govern- classifications were revised and the national defence
ment was forced to announce a $100bn package to category was broadened to include certain military-
boost liquidity in the banking sector, but when it related expenditures that had previously been allo-
became clear that this cash was being hoarded by cated elsewhere. Then, in 2006, details of the State
the largest banks instead of being lent, the Kremlin Defence Order were classified, and in 2007, the
stepped up its efforts, with a further commitment government adopted a new three-year budgetary
to pump $37bn in long-term loans into the biggest framework, which many interpreted as an attempt
state banks. It is too early to tell what the longer- by the outgoing Putin presidency to impose limits
term effects of the crisis will be on Russian economic on the freedom of action of its successor. In 2009, out
Table 19 Estimated Russian Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

8
7
6
5
% of GDP
4
3
2
1
5.25 5.09 4.29 4.49 4.75 4.95 4.23 3.72 4.11 3.90
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
of a total defence budget of R1,278bn, only R712bn with the slow production of Tupolev Tu-160 and Tu-95
is declassified. strategic bombers armed with Raduga Kh-555 and
In spite of the repeated changes to the budgeting Kh-101 extended-range cruise missiles. Conventional
process and the reclassification of various sections of military systems in the current State Defence Order
the budget, it is possible to draw some broad conclu- include 700 T-90 tanks, 1,500 BTR-80 armoured
sions about Russian procurement spending and prior- personnel carriers, BMP-3M infantry fighting vehicles,
ities in recent years. Domestic arms procurement, Su-34 fighter aircraft, Yak-130 advanced jet trainers,
military-related research and development (R&D), 156 new helicopters and S-400 missile systems.
and the repair and modernisation of arms and other The order also outlines ongoing investment in the
military equipment take place within the framework Sukhoi Future Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces
of the State Defence Order, which is agreed annually fifth-generation fighter programme and Borey-class
on the basis of the State Programme of Armaments nuclear submarines. In July 2008, Putin announced
(GPV), a document that covers a ten-year period, the that the modernisation plan was to be speeded up,
first five years of which are covered in detail. The and that around 70% of the national-defence budget
history of GPV implementation is varied, but there was to be spent on weapons procurement, the repair
was significant improvement after Vladimir Putin of existing systems, R&D and testing and evaluation
came to office as president in 2000: a programme for procedures by 2015, two years ahead of the original
the period 1991–2000 was drawn up but never adopted target date. This would be a striking achievement,
and a successor programme for the period 1996–2005, given that this sector of the budget amounted to only
approved by President Boris Yeltsin, was soon aban- 30% of the total in 2006.
doned after it became clear that it was based on wildly Despite the substantial increase in military
optimistic macroeconomic forecasts. The next arma- spending over the past decade, several problems are
ments programme, GPV-10, was approved by Putin evident. The Russian military has a long way to go to
in 2002 and was based on more realistic assumptions. recover from 20 years of mismanagement and neglect.
At the heart of the programme was the acknowledge- Russia’s strategic-deterrent force has shrunk from
ment that, rather than focusing on buying large quan- 1,398 ICBMs in 1991 to 430 in 2008. Only 12 nuclear-
tities of new equipment, it was important to direct the powered submarines, 20 major surface warships
majority of funds towards extensive R&D and invest and one aircraft carrier remain in service with the
in procurement at a later stage. This strategy has Russian Navy, the last of which is routinely followed
been broadly implemented. In 2002, R&D expendi- by two tugs in case of breakdown. Putin has made
ture amounted to only R31bn, whereas in 2009 it is it clear that he is not satisfied with how the budget
set to reach R164bn before levelling off. Funds are is being spent, observing that, despite the injection
to start to shift from R&D into procurement from of large sums of money into the defence-industrial
2008 onwards, with full-scale procurement resuming base, only a small amount of high-quality equipment
from 2010. is being produced. This is partly a consequence of
The current modernisation phase is based on the ineffective management throughout the system. Over
latest State Programme of Armaments, GPV-2015, the coming years, as more of the budget begins to be
a classified document that covers approximately allocated to procurement, the pressure will mount on
R5,000bn-worth of defence procurement, upgrades Russia’s defence industries to improve their perfor-
and maintenance programmes to 2015. Despite its mance. When output fell during the 1990s, several
classified status, it is known that GPV-2015 will focus enterprises wound down their quality-management
on both the State Defence Order for conventional systems, and currently very few can display the
capabilities and Russia’s nuclear deterrent force. ISO 9001 international quality symbol, with many
Central to the document is the requirement that Russia advanced weapons programmes increasingly reliant
be equipped by 2020 with a compact and modern on imported components. Significant efforts have
nuclear deterrent that would guarantee ‘unsustain- been made in recent years to reform the defence-
able damage’ to any first-strike aggressor. To meet industrial base in preparation for the increased
this requirement, the programme calls for the acqui- production of new equipment due to begin in 2010.
sition of 36 new strategic silos, 66 Topol-M interconti- With the approval of the country’s Anti-Monopoly
nental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and 30 Bulavas, the Service, measures have been introduced to ratio-
submarine-launched variant of the Topol-M, together nalise a defence-industrial sector whose fractured
Russia 215
structure has put pressure on limited resources Table 20 Draft Russian National Defence
and caused in-country competition. In 2002, OPK Expenditure 2009–11 (Rbm)
Oboronprom was created to consolidate the rotary- Chapter 2 ‘National Defence’ 2009 2010 2011
wing sector; in 2006 it took responsibility for elec- Armed forces of the Russian 913.3 1,045.5 1,107.3
Federation
tronic warfare and in 2007 its remit was extended to
Mobilisation of external forces 6.6 6.1 6.1
cover aero engines, while major fixed-wing produc-
Mobilisation of the economy 4.7 4.9 6.3
tion has been consolidated in the state-controlled
Collective peacekeeping 0.12 0.12 0.13
United Aircraft Building Corporation. But although
Military nuclear programmes 22.5 27.5 29.1
progress has been made at the top end, integration
International treaty obligations 2.8 2.9 3.0
and reform at lower levels of the industry have been
Applied R&D 164.8 157.8 153.7
limited, leading the president of the Russian League
Other 163.6 146.7 174.8
of Assistance to Defence Enterprises to conclude
Total Chapter 2 ‘National Defence’ 1,278.5 1,391.8 1,480.5
that the ‘entire work pattern of the Russian defence
industry is obsolete’. Additional defence-related security
Possibly the biggest threat to the future develop- expenditure
ment of the armed forces, however, is posed not by Internal troops 66.3 76.2 82.8
industrial or organisational problems but by the impact Security organs 185.4 201.2 219.5
of inflation on the real value of the defence budget.
Russia
Border troops 84.4 93.3 83.5
The Russian economy has struggled to absorb the Subsidies to closed towns 18.5 19.3 n.a.
huge growth in revenues from oil and gas exports and Ministry of emergencies 58.0 55.3 54.7
the substantial increase in domestic credit and capital Military pensions 213.4 256.4 273.1
inflows from abroad, with the result that consumer-
price inflation (CPI) rose to 9.0% in 2006 and 9.7% in Total Defence-related Expenditure 1,904.5 2,093.5 2,194.1
2007. On the face of it, the official defence budget has as % of total federal expenditure 21.1 20.2 19.4
risen ninefold since the year Putin became president,
from R143bn in 2000 to R1,278bn in 2009. However,
once inflation is taken into account, the increase is a Georgian Army, which, according to Russian offi-
less spectacular 350%, and Putin has suggested that cial figures, included 44 new T-72 tanks, dozens of
the negative impact of inflation is a factor in the armoured vehicles, artillery systems, air-defence
relatively low level of new weapons procurement. systems and numerous small weapons and ammu-
Another problem facing the Ministry of Defence is the nition. In response to the conflict, Russian military
process under which future budgets are constructed. commanders proposed a new medium-term moderni-
Each year, the Ministry of Finance is obliged to base sation and procurement plan that they suggested
its calculations for the forthcoming three-year state should be implemented alongside the GPV-2015
budget on an inflation forecast provided by the programme. In their review, commanders called for
Ministry of the Economy, but because no specific price 1,400 new and upgraded main battle tanks to consti-
deflator for the defence sector exists, for defence, CPI tute 45 tank battalions, 4,000 infantry fighting vehi-
is used as the benchmark instead. However, anecdotal cles and 3,000 armoured personnel carriers to equip
evidence suggests that inflation in the defence sector 174 motor-rifle and parachute battalions, 60 Iskander
is significantly higher than it is in the wider economy missile systems for five missile brigades and 18
and thus that CPI is not a useful tool for calculating S-400 surface-to-air missile systems to equip nine air-
future military budgets. defence units. The plan also noted the importance of
reconnaissance, electronic warfare, precision-guided
Georgia weapons and the GLONASS satellite network, and
The financial cost of the 2008 war with Georgia has recommended that all Russian military helicopters
not yet been fully calculated, although informed should be equipped with modern missile-protection
observers suggest that operational costs for the five- suites.
day conflict may have amounted to around R12.5bn.
Russian military officials have pointed out, however, Estimating Russian military expenditure
that any costs need to be balanced against the value As ever, estimating the real scale of Russian military
of the large quantities of weapons seized from the spending is fraught with difficulty, not least because
of the various changes made to the presentation of When assessing macroeconomic data from devel-
budget data in recent years. Taken at face value, the oping countries where the exchange rate does not
official national-defence allocation for 2007, R821bn, fully reflect the purchasing power of the domestic
corresponds to 2.48% of GDP, however, as indicated currency, economists use an alternative methodology,
in Table 20, the official budget excludes funds made known as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In 2007,
available for other military-related expenditures Russian GDP measured US$1,293bn when converted
such as pensions and paramilitary forces. With these at market exchange rates; however, the World Bank
taken into account, overall defence-related expendi- calculated that in PPP terms, Russia’s 2007 GDP was
ture reached around R1,216bn, or 3.68% of 2007 GDP. equivalent to US$2,088bn. Therefore, if total defence-
In addition, there is the revenue from arms exports, related expenditure in 2007 amounted to approxi-
approximately US$4.7bn in 2007, a proportion of mately 3.68% of GDP, in PPP terms, defence spending
which is thought likely to find its way into military reached US$76.8bn in that year. With the addition
coffers. of revenue from international arms exports, it is
Translated into dollars at the market exchange possible that the total expenditure was in the region
rate, Russia’s official 2007 national-defence allocation of US$81.5bn.
amounts to $32.2bn – roughly equivalent to Saudi
Arabia’s annual defence expenditure. The additional Note: Although PPP rates can be a useful tool for comparing
defence-related items listed in Table 20 bring the total macroeconomic data, such as GDP, of countries at different
to US$47.6bn – again, a much lower figure than the stages of development, because there is no PPP rate specific
size of Russia’s armed forces and the structure of to the military sector, its use in this context should be
its military-industrial complex would imply. Thus treated with caution. In addition, there is no definitive
neither figure is especially useful for comparative guide as to which elements of military spending should be
analysis. calculated using the PPP rates that are available.
Russia 217
Strategic Missile Force Troops

Russia RF 3 Rocket Armies operating silo and mobile launchers
2007
with 430 missiles and 1,605 nuclear warheads organised
Russian Rouble r 2008 2009
in 12 divs. Launcher gps normally with 10 silos (6 for
GDP r 32.9tr 38.5bn SS-18) and one control centre
US$a 2.08tr 2.45tr MSL • STRATEGIC 430
per capita US$a 14,769 17,455 ICBM 430: 75 RS-20 (SS-18) Satan (mostly mod 4/5,
Growth % 8.1 7.0 10 MIRV per msl); 201 RS12M (SS-25) Sickle (mobile
single warhead); 100 RS18 (SS-19) Stiletto (mostly mod
3, 6 MIRV per msl.); 54 Topol-M (SS-27) silo-based/road
Def exp US$a 81.5bn
mobile single warhead (5 regts) – to be MIRVed during
Def bdgt r 821bn 956bn 1,278bn next 2–3 yrs
US$ 32.21bn 36.35bn
US$1=r 25.5 26.3 Long-Range Aviation Command • 37th Air
a
PPP estimate
Army
FORCES BY ROLE
Population 140,702,094 Bbr 2 heavy div with 4 regt at 3 air bases operating 79 bbr
Ethnic groups: Tatar 4%; Ukrainian 3%; Chuvash 1%; Bashkir 1%;
Belarussian 1%; Moldovan 1%; Other 8%; EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • LRSA 90: 16 Tu-160 Blackjack each with up

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus to 12 KH-55SM/RKV-500B (AS-15B Kent) nuclear ALCM;
Russia
Male 7% 4% 4% 4% 22% 4% 32 Tu-95MS6 (Bear H-6) each with up to 6 Kh-55/RKV-
Female 7% 4% 4% 4% 25% 10% 500A (AS-15A Kent) nuclear ALCM; 32 Tu-95MS16 (Bear
H-16) each with up to 16 Kh-55/RKV-500A (AS-15A Kent)
Capabilities nuclear ALCM
Test ac 10: 5 Tu-95, 5 Tu-160
ACTIVE 1,027,000 (Army 360,000 Airborne 35,000
Navy 142,000 Air 160,000 Strategic Deterrent Forces Warning Forces
80,000 Command and Support 250,000) Paramilitary ICBM/SLBM launch-detection capability. Limited
number of satellites serviceable
449,000
RADAR 1 ABM engagement system located at Pushkino
(Estimated 170,000 in the permanent readiness units)
(Moscow). Russia leases ground-based radar stations
Conscription is to be reduced to 12 months in 2008–2009.
in Baranovichi (Belarus); Sevastopol and Mukachevo
RESERVE 20,000,000 (all arms) (Ukraine); Balkhash (Kazakhstan); Gaballa (Azerbaijan).
some 2,000,000 with service within last 5 years; Reserve It also has radars on its own territory at Lekhtusi, (St.
obligation to age 50. Petersburg); Armavir, (southern Russia); Olenegorsk
(northwest Arctic); Pechora (northwest Urals);
Organisations by Service Mishelevka (east Siberia).
MISSILE DEFENCE 2,064: 32 SH-11 Gorgon; 68 SH-08
Gazelle; 1,900 S-300PMU/SA-10 Grumble; 64 S-400 Growler/
Strategic Deterrent Forces ε80,000 (includes SA-21 Triumf;
personnel assigned from the Navy and Air
Force) Space Forces 40,000
Formations and units withdrawn from Strategic Missile
Navy
and Air Defence Forces to detect missile attack on the RF
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 15
and its allies, to implement BMD, and to be responsible for
6 Delta III (1†) (4 based in Pacific Fleet, 2 based in Northern
military/dual-use spacecraft launch and control.
Fleet) (80 msl) each with 16 RSM-50 (SS-N-18) Stingray
strategic SLBM;
4 Delta IV (3 based in Northern Fleet and 1 based in
Army ε205,000 (incl 35,000 AB); ε190,000
Pacific Fleet), (64 msl) each with 16 RSM-54 (SS-N-23) Skiff
conscript (total 395,000)
strategic SLBM; FORCES BY ROLE
2 Delta IV in refit in Northern Fleet (32 msl) each with 16 6 Mil Districts (MD), 1 Special Region; 8 Army HQ, 1 Corps
RSM-52 (SS-N-23) Skiff strategic SLBM; HQ, 7 District trg centre (each = bde – 1 per MD except
2 Typhoon based in Northern Fleet (40 msl) each with 40 NC)
RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic SLBM; 1 Typhoon† Tk 3 div (each: 3 tk regt, 1 MR regt, 1 armd recce
in reserve based in Northern Fleet with capacity for 20 bn, 1 arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units)
RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic SLBM and 1+ Bulava MR 16 div (each: 3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 recce bn,
(SS-N-30) strategic SLBM (trials / testing); 1 arty regt, 1 AT bn, 1 SAM regt, 1 tk bn, spt
1 Yury Dolgoruky (limited OC undergoing sea trials; 2 units); 10 indep bde; 4 indep regt
additional units in build) SF 9 (Spetsnaz) bde
Air Aslt 2 bde MANPAD SA-7 Grail (being replaced by -16/-18); SA-14
AB 4 div (each: 2 para regt, 1 arty regt); 1 bde (trg Gremlin; 9K310 (SA-16) Gimlet; SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
centre); 3 indep bde (2 under GF control) GUNS
Arty 2 div HQ; 16 arty bde ; 3 AT regt SP 23mm ZSU-23-4; 30mm 2S6; 57mm ZSU-57-2
TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 57mm S-60; 85mm M-1939
MRL 2 bde; 11 regt
KS-12; 100mm KS-19; 130mm KS-30
SSM 10 bde each with 18 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka) UAV BLA-06; BLA-07; Tu-134 Reys; Tu-243 Reys/Tu-243
(replacement by Iskander-M began during Reys-D; Tu-300 Korshun; Pchela-1; Pchela-2
2005 with 12 per bde) MSL • SSM ε200+: 200 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka); SS-26
MGA 5 div (all will be converting to motor rifle) Iskander (Stone); FROG in store; Scud in store
SAM 12 bde; 1 regt FACILITIES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bases 2 (each = bde+; subord. to North
MBT 23,000: 250–300 T-90; 4,500 T-80/T-80UD/T-80UM/T- Caucasus MD) located in Georgia,
80U; 9,500 T-72L/T-72M; 3,000 T-72; 4,000 T-64A/T-64B; 150 1 located in Tajikistan, 1 located in
T-62, 350 in store; 1,200 T-55 Armenia
LT TK 150 PT-76 Training centres 6 (District (each = bde – 1 per MD)),
RECCE 2,000+ BRDM-2 1 (AB (bde))
AIFV 15,140+: 1,500+ BMD-1/BMD-2/BMD-3; 8,100 BMP-1;
Reserves
4,600 BMP-2; 240 BMP-3; 700 BRM-1K; BTR-80A

APC 9,900+ Cadre formations, on mobilisation form
APC (T) 5,000: 700 BTR-D; 3,300 MT-LB; 1,000 BTR 50 Tk 3 div;
APC (W) 4,900+: 4,900 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80; BTR-90 MR 8 div; 6 bde
ARTY 26,121+ Arty 1 div; 4 indep bde
SP 6,010: 122mm 2,780 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 3,100: 550 Hy arty 1 bde
2S19 Farm; 1,600 2S3; 950 2S5; 203mm 130 2S7
TOWED 12,765: 122mm 8,350: 4,600 D-30; 3,750 M-30
M-1938; 130mm 650 M-46; 152mm 3,725: 1,100 2A36;
Navy 142,000
750 2A65; 1,075 D-20; 700 M-1943; 100 ML-20 M-1937; FORCES BY ROLE
203mm 40 B-4M 4 major Fleet Organisations (Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet,
GUN/MOR 820+ Baltic Fleet, Black Sea) and Caspian Sea Flotilla
SP 120mm 820: 30 2S23 NONA-SVK; 790 2S9 NONA-S
TOWED 120mm 2B16 NONA-K Northern Fleet
MRL 3,976+: 122mm 2,970: 2,500 BM-21; 50 BM-16; 420 FORCES BY ROLE
9P138; 132mm BM-13; 140mm BM-14; 220mm 900 9P140 1 Navy HQ located at Severomorsk
Uragan; 300mm 106 9A52 Smerch
FACILITIES
MOR 2,550
SP 240mm 430 2S4 Bases Located at Severodvinsk and Kola Peninsula
TOWED 2,120: 120mm 1,820: 920 2S12; 900 PM-38; EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
160mm 300 M-160 SUBMARINES 42
AT STRATEGIC 12: 8 SSBN; 4 in reserve
MSL • MANPATS AT-2 3K11 Swatter; AT-3 9K11 Sagger; TACTICAL 22: 12 SSN; 3 SSGN; 7 SSK
AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel; AT-6 9K114 SUPPORT 8: 4 SSAN (other roles); 4 in reserve (other
Spiral; AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn; AT-9 9M114M1 Ataka; AT-10 roles)
9K116 Stabber PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 10: 1 CV; 2
RCL 73mm SPG-9; 82mm B-10 CGN (1 in reserve); 1 CG; 7 DDG (1 in reserve)
RL 64mm RPG-18 Fly; 73mm RPG-16/RPG-22 Net/ PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12: FF 8;
RPG-26/RPG-7 Knout; 105mm RPG-27/RPG-29 FS 4
GUNS 526+ MINE WARFARE 10 MCMV
SP 57mm ASU-57; 85mm ASU-85; D-44/SD44 AMPHIBIOUS 5
TOWED 526 100mmT-12A/M-55; T-12 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 130+
AD
SAM 2,465+ Naval Aviation
SP 2,465+: 220 SA-4 A/B Ganef (twin) (Army/Front EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
wpn – most in store); 225 SA-6 Gainful (div wpn); 550 AIRCRAFT
SA-8 Gecko (div wpn); 350 SA-11 Gadfly (replacing BBR 38 Tu-22M Backfire C
SA-4/-6); 800 SA-9 Gaskin/SA-13 Gopher (regt wpn); FTR 20 Su-27 Flanker
200 SA-12A (S-300V) Gladiator/SA-12B Giant (twin); FGA 10 Su-25 Frogfoot
120 SA-15 Gauntlet (replacing SA-6/SA-8); SA-19 ASW 31: 17 Il-38 May; 14 Tu-142 Bear
Grison (8 SAM, plus twin 30mm gun); SA-20 (S-400) TPT 27: 2 An-12 Cub (MR/EW); 25 An-12 Cub/An-24
Triumph Coke/An-26 Curl
Russia 219
HELICOPTERS PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11: 2 CG; 1

ASW 42 Ka-27 Helix A DDG; 8 FFG/FS
ASLT 16 Ka-29 Helix B PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10: 7 PFM;
SPT 15 Mi-8 Hip 3 PHM
Naval Infantry MCMV 7
Naval inf 1 regt with 74 MBT; 209 ACV; 44 arty Amphibious 7: 4 Ropucha; 3 Alligator
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 90+
Coastal Defence
Coastal def 1 bde with 360 MT-LB; 134 arty Naval Aviation
SAM 1 regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT
Pacific Fleet FGA 18 Su-24 Fencer
ASW 14 Be-12 Mail
FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 4 An-12 Cub (MR/EW); An-26
Fleet HQ located at Vladivostok
HELICOPTERS
FACILITIES ASW 33 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix
Bases located at Fokino, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, SPT 9: 1 Mi-8 Hip (TPT); 8 (MR/EW)
Sovetskya Gavan, Viliuchinsk and Vladivostok
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Naval Infantry

SUBMARINES 23 Naval inf 1 regt with 59 ACV; 14 arty
Russia
STRATEGIC • SSBN 4: 3 and 1 in reserve
TACTICAL 20: 4 SSN/SSGN and 7 in reserve; SSK 6 Baltic Fleet
and 3 in reserve FORCES BY ROLE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 15: 1 CG; 5
1 Navy HQ located at Kaliningrad
DDG 3 in reserve; 9 FFG/FF
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16 PFM FACILITIES
MINE WARFARE 9 MCMV Bases located at Kronstadt and Baltiysk
AMPHIBIOUS 4 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 57 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL SSK 2: 1 (and 1 in reserve)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 5: 2 DDG; 3
Naval Aviation
FFG
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22: 12 PFM;
AIRCRAFT 10 FF
BBR 14 Tu-22M Backfire C MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
FTR 30 MiG-31 Foxhound A MCMV 11: 10 (and 1 in reserve)
ASW 36: 24 Il-38 May; 12 Tu-142 Bear AMPHIBIOUS 4 Ropucha
TPT 10 An-12 Cub (MR/EW); An-26 Curl LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT ε130
HELICOPTERS
ASW 31 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix Naval Aviation
ASLT 6 Ka-29 Helix EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPT 26 Mi-8 Hip (TPT) AIRCRAFT
FTR 23 Su-27 Flanker
Naval Infantry
FGA 26 Su-24 Fencer
Inf 1 div HQ (Pacific Fleet) (1 arty bn, 1 tk bn, 3 inf bn)
TPT 14: 12 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl; 2
An-12 Cub (MR/EW)
Coastal Defence HELICOPTERS
Coastal Def 1 bde
ATK 11 Mi-24 Hind
ASW 19 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix
Black Sea Fleet ASLT 8 Ka-29 Helix
The RF Fleet is leasing bases in Sevastopol and SPT 17 Mi-8 Hip (TPT)
Karantinnaya Bay, and is based, jointly with Ukr warships,
at Streletskaya Bay. The Fleet’s overall serviceability is Naval Infantry
assessed as medium. Naval inf 1 bde with 26 MBT; 220 ACV; 52 MRL
FORCES BY ROLE
1 Navy HQ located at Sevastopol, Ukr Coastal Defence
FACILITIES FORCES BY ROLE
Bases located at Sevastopol, Novorossiysk and Temryuk Arty 2 regt with 133 arty
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SSM 1 regt with 8 SS-C-1B Sepal
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL SSK 2:1 (1 Tango in reserve) AD 1 regt with 28 Su-27 Flanker (Baltic Fleet)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 4 Victor III (1 in reserve) each with 4 single 533mm TT

AD 50 SAM each with SS-N-21 Sampson tactical SLCM, T-65 HWT
SSK 20:
Caspian Sea Flotilla 15 Kilo each with 6 single 533mm TT each with T-53
The Caspian Sea Flotilla has been divided between Az HWT; 4 Kilo in reserve
(about 25%), RF, Kaz, and Tkm, which are operating a joint 1 Lada (Undergoing sea trials) with 6 single 533mm
flotilla under RF command, currently based at Astrakhan. TT
FACILITIES SUPPORT • SSAN 8: 1 Delta Stretch; 1 Losharik; 2 Paltus;
Base located at Astrakhan 3 Uniform; 1 X-Ray
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CV 1 Kuznetsov (capacity 18
Su-33 Flanker D FGA ac; 4 Su-25 Frogfoot ac, 15 Ka-27 Helix
FFG 1
ASW hel, 2 Ka-31 Helix AEW hel,) with 1 12 cell VLS (12
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6: 3 PFM; 3
eff.) with SS-N-19 Shipwreck tactical SSM, 4 sextuple VLS
PHM
(24 eff.) each with 8 SA-N-9 Gauntlet SAM
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9: 5
CRUISERS 5
MSC; 4 MSI
CGN 1 Kirov with 10 twin VLS (20 eff.) each with
Amphibious 6
SS-N-19 Shipwreck tactical SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) each
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT ε15
with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, 12 single VLS each with
Naval Infantry SA-N-6 Grumble SAM, 10 single 533mm ASTT, 1 single

ASTT with 1 SS-N-15 Starfish ASW, 1 twin 130mm gun
Naval inf 1 bde
(2 eff.), (capacity 3 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel) (2nd Kirov
NAVY EQUIPMENT BY TYPE undergoing extensive refit currently non operational)
SUBMARINES 67 CG 4:
STRATEGIC 15 1 Kara, with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-14 Silex
SSBN 15: tactical SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 36 SA-N-3 Goblet
6 Delta III (1†) (4 based in Pacific Fleet, 2 based SAM, 2 (4 eff.) each with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, 2 quad
in Northern Fleet) (80 msl) each with 16 RSM-50 (4 eff.) ASTT (10 eff.), (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix ASW
(SS-N-18) Stingray strategic SLBM; hel)
4 Delta IV (3 based in Northern Fleet and 1 based in 3 Slava each with 8 twin (16 eff.) each with SS-N-12
Pacific Fleet), (64 msl) each with 16 RSM-54 (SS-N-23) Sandbox tactical SSM, 8 octuple VLS each with 8 SA-N-6
Skiff strategic SLBM; Grumble SAM, 8 single 533mm ASTT, 1 twin 130mm
2 Delta IV in refit in Northern Fleet (32 msl) each with gun (2 eff.), (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel)
16 RSM-52 (SS-N-23) Skiff strategic SLBM; DESTROYERS • DDG 15:
2 Typhoon based in Northern Fleet (40 msl) each 1 Kashin (mod) with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-25
with 40 RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic SLBM; Switchblade tactical SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
1 Typhoon† in reserve based in Northern Fleet with SA-N-1 Goa SAM, 5 single 533mm ASTT, 2 76mm gun
capacity for 20 RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic 5 Sovremenny (additional 2 in reserve) each with 2 quad
SLBM and 1+ Bulava (SS-N-30) strategic SLBM (trials (8 eff.) each with SS-N-22 Sunburn tactical SSM, 2 twin
/ testing); (4 eff.) each with 22 SA-N-7 SAM, 2 twin 533mm TT (4
1 Yury Dolgoruky (limited OC undergoing sea trials; 2 eff.), 2 twin 130mm gun (4 eff.), (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix
additional units in build) ASW hel)
TACTICAL 52 8 Udaloy each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-14
SSGN 7: Silex tactical SSM, 8 octuple VLS each with SA-N-9
5 Oscar II each with 2 single 650mm TT each with Gauntlet SAM, 2 quad 533mm ASTT (8 eff.), 2 100mm
T-65 HWT, 4 single 553mm TT with 24 SS-N-19 gun, (capacity 2 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel)
Shipwreck tactical USGW 1 Udaloy II with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-22
2 Oscar II (1 in reserve, 1 in refit), with 2 single Sunburn tactical SSM, 8 octuple VLS each with SA-N-9
650mm TT each with T-65 HWT, 1 VLS with 24 Gauntlet SAM, 8 SA-N-11 Grisson SAM, 10 single
SS-N-19 Shipwreck tactical USGW 533mm ASTT, 2 x2 CADS-N-1 CIWS (4 eff.), 2 100mm
SSN 17: gun, (capacity 2 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel)
2 Akula II each with 4 single 533mm TT each with FRIGATES 17
SS-N-21 Sampson tactical SLCM, 4 single 650mm TT FFG 7:
each with single 650mm TT 1 Gepard with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-25
5 Akula I each with 4 single 533mm TT each with Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) with SA-N-4
SS-N-21 Sampson tactical SLCM, 4 single 650mm TT Gecko SAM, 2 1 30mm CIWS, 1 76mm gun
each with T-65 HWT; 3 Akula I in reserve 3 Krivak I each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SS-N-14 Silex
1 Sierra II with 4 single 533mm TT each with, SS-N-21 tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko
Sampson tactical SLCM, 4 single 650mm TT each with SAM, 2 quad 533mm ASTT (8 eff.), 2 x12 RL (24 eff.),
T-65 HWT/T-53 HWT; 1 Sierra II in reserve 2 100mm gun, 2 x2 76mm gun (4 eff.), (capacity 1
1 Sierra I in reserve† Ka-27 Helix ASW hel)
Russia 221
2 Krivak II each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SS-N-14 LST 18:

Silex tactical SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 10 SA-N-4 4 Alligator (capacity 20 tanks; 300 troops)
Gecko SAM, 2 quad 533mm ASTT (8 eff.), 2 x12 RL 14 Ropucha II and I (capacity either 10 MBT and 190
(24 eff.), 2 100mm gun troops or 24 APC (T) and 170 troops)
1 Neustrashimy with 4 octuple (32 eff.) each with CRAFT 20+
SA-N-9 Gauntlet SAM, 6 single 533mm ASTT, 1 RBU LCM 6 Ondatra
12000 (10 eff.), 1 100mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix LCU 3 Serna (capacity 100 troops)
ASW) ACV 11:
FF 10 Parchim II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with 3 Aist (capacity 4 lt tank)
SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 2 RBU 3 Lebed
6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 1 76mm gun 2 Orlan
CORVETTES 23: 3 Pomornik (Zubr) (capacity 230 troops; either 3 MBT
1 Steregushchiy with 2 quad (8eff.) with SA-N-11 Grisson or 10 APC (T))
SAM , 1 100mm gun LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 370+
3 Grisha III with 1 twin (2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko
AOR 5 Chilikin
SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 2 RBU 6000 Smerch
AORL 3: 1 Kaliningradneft; 2 Olekma
2 (24 eff.)
AOL 12: 2 Dubna; 5 Uda; 5 mod Altay
19 Grisha V each with 1 twin (2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4
AS 1 Malina (Project 2020)
Gecko SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 1 RBU 6000
ASR 1 Elbrus
Smerch 2 (12 eff.), 1 76mm gun
ARS 25: 1; 10 Goryn; 14 Okhtensky
1 Scorpion with 2 quad (8 eff.) with SS-N-26 Yakhont
Russia
AR 13 Amur
SSM, 1 100mm gun, (ISD expected 2011)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 73 ARC 8: 4 Emba; 4 Klasma
PFM 40 AG 32: 2 Amga (msl spt ship); 30 Bolva (barracks ship)
16 Nanuchka III each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with ATS 15: 3 Ingul; 6 Katun; 2 Neftegaz; 1 Prut; 3 Sliva
1 SS-N-9 Siren tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) eq. with AH 3 Ob
SA-N-4 Gecko, 1 76mm gun AWT 2 Manych
1 Nanuchka IV with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with SS-N-9 AGOR 4: 2 Akademik Krylov; 2 Vinograd
Siren tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) eq. with SA-N-4 Gecko, AGI 14: 3 Alpinist; 2 Balzam; 3 Moma; 6 Vishnya
1 76mm gun AGM 1 Marshal Nedelin
4 Tarantul II each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with SS-N-2C AGS 61: 8 Biya; 19 Finik; 6 Kamenka; 7 Moma; 8 Onega; 2
Styx/SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM Sibiriyakov; 11 Yug
18 Tarantul III each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with AGB 4 Dobrynya Mikitich
SS-N-22 Sunburn tactical SSM ABU 12: 8 Kashtan; 4 Sura
1 Astrakhan Project 21630 (First of 5–7 on order) ATF 12 Sorum
PHM 6: TRG 12
2 Dergach each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-22 AXL 12: 10 Petrushka (possibly commercially owned);
Sunburn tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.) with 1 SA-N-4 2 Smolny
Gecko SAM, 1 76mm gun YDG 27 YDT 130+
4 Matka each with 2 single each with SS-N-2C Styx
tactical SSM/SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM Naval Aviation ε35,000
PHT 6: 4 Fleet Air Forces, each organised in air div; each with
1 Mukha with 2 quad 406mm TT (8 eff.) 2–3 regt with an HQ elm and 2 sqn of 9–10 ac each;
5 Turya each with 4 single 533mm ASTT configured recce, ASW, tpt/utl org in indep regt or sqn
PFC 21: Flying hours ε40 hrs/year
1 Pauk each with 4 single 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 1200
FORCES BY ROLE
(10 eff.)
20 ε Stenka Bbr sqns with 58 Tu-22M Backfire C
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 37 Ftr/FGA sqn with 49 Su-27 Flanker; 10 Su-25 Frogfoot;
MCO 2 Gorya 58 Su-24 Fencer; 30 MiG-31 Foxhound
MSO 9 Natya ASW sqns with 85 Ka-27 Helix; 50 Ka-25 Hormone;
MSC 22 Sonya 20 Mi-14 Haze-A; sqn with 15 Be-12 Mail; 35
MHC 4 Lida Il-38 May; 20 Tu-142 Bear
AMPHIBIOUS: 45+ MR/EW sqns with 5 An-12 Cub; 2 Il-20 RT Coot-A; 8
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD Mi-8 Hip J
1 Ivan Rogov (capacity 4–5 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix ASW Tpt sqns with 37 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl
hel; 6 ACV or 6 LCM; 20 tanks; 520 troops)
ATK hel sqns with 11 Mi-24 Hind
LS 21
LSM 3: Aslt hel 30 Ka-29 Helix; 26 Mi-8 Hip
3 Polnochny† B (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops); (3 in Tpt hel sqns with 22 Ka-25 PS Hormone C, Ka-27 PS
reserve) Helixe D; 10 Mi-6 Hook; 40 Mi-14 PS Haze C
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AD 1 regt with 28 Su-27 Flanker

AIRCRAFT 245 combat capable SAM 2 regt
BBR 58 Tu-22M Backfire C
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FTR 79: 49 Su-27 Flanker; 30 MiG-31 Foxhound
MBT 350 T-64
FGA 68: 10 Su-25 Frogfoot; 58 Su-24 Fencer
AIFV 450 BMP
ASW 20 Tu-142 Bear*
APC 320
MP 50: 15 Be-12 Mail*; 35 Il-38 May*
EW • ELINT 2 Il-20 RT Coot-A; 5 An-12 Cub APC (T) 40 MT-LB
TPT 37: 37 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl APC (W) 280 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
HELICOPTERS ARTY 364
ATK 11 Mi-24 Hind SP 152mm 48 2S5
ASW 155: 85 Ka-27 Helix; 50 Ka-25 Hormone; 20 Mi-14 TOWED 280: 122mm 140 D-30; 152mm 140: 50 2A36;
Haze-A 50 2A65; 40 D-20
EW 8 Mi-8 HipJ MRL 122mm 36 BM-21
ASLT 30 Ka-29 Helix AIRCRAFT • FTR 28 Su-27 Flanker
SAR 62: 22 Ka-25 PS Hormone C/Ka-27 PS Hormone-D; AD • SAM 50
40 Mi-14 PS Haze C
SPT 36: 26 Mi-8 Hip; 10 Mi-6 Hook Military Air Forces 160,000 reducing to
MSL • TACTICAL 148,000 (incl conscripts)
ASM AS-10 Karen; AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler; AS-4 4,000+ ac, 833 in reserve
Kitchen; AS-7 Kerry; KH-59 (AS-13) Kingbolt HQ at Balashikha, near Moscow. The Military Air Forces
comprise Long Range Aviation (LRA), Military Transport
Coastal Defence • Naval Infantry (Marines) Aviation Comd (VTA), 5 Tactical/Air Defence Armies
9,500 comprising 49 air regts. Tactical/Air Defence roles include
FORCES BY ROLE air defence, interdiction, recce and tactical air spt. LRA (2
Naval inf 4 indep bde (total: 1 AT bn, 1 arty bn, 1 div) and VTA (9 regt) are subordinated to central Air Force
MRL bn, 1 tk bn, 4 naval inf bn); 3 indep comd. A joint CIS Unified Air Defence System covers R,
bn; 3 regt; 1 indep regt; Arm, Bel, Ga, Kaz, Kgz, Tjk, Tkm, Ukr and Uz.
Inf 1 div HQ (Pacific Fleet) (3 inf bn, 1 tk bn, 1
arty bn) Long-Range Aviation Command • 37th Air
SF 3 (fleet) bde (1 op, 2 cadre) (each: 1 para bn, Army
1 spt elm, 2–3 underwater bn) Flying hours: 80-100 hrs/yr
MBT 160 T-55M/T-72/T-80 Bbr 2 heavy bbr div; 4 heavy regt (non-strategic); 4
RECCE 60 BRDM-2 each with AT-3 9K11 Sagger heavy regt (START accountable) with 116 Tu-
AIFV 150+: ε150 BMP-2; BMP-3; BRM-1K 22M-3/MR Backfire C
APC 750+ Tkr 1 base with 20 Il-78 Midas/Il-78M Midas
APC (T) 250 MT-LB
Trg 1 hvy bbr trg centre with 30 Tu-134 Crusty
APC (W) 500+ BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
ARTY 367 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SP 113: 122mm 95 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 18 2S3 AIRCRAFT 116 combat capable
TOWED 122mm 45 D-30 BBR 116 Tu-22M-3/Tu-22MR Backfire C
GUN/MOR 113 TKR 20 IL-78 Midas /Il-78M Midas
SP 120mm 95: 20 2S23 NONA-SVK; 75 2S9 SP TPT 30 Tu-134 Crusty
NONA-S
TOWED 120mm 18 2B16 NONA-K Tactical Aviation
MRL 122mm 96 9P138 Flying hours 25 to 40 hrs/year
AT • MSL • MANPATS 72 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-5 FORCES BY ROLE
9K113 Spandrel
Bbr/FGA 7 regt with Su-25A/SM Frogfoot; 1 regt with
GUNS 100mm T-12
Su-34P Fullback; 1 bbr div plus 13 FGA regt
AD • SAM 320
with Su-24/Su-24M2 Fencer
SP 70: 20 SA-8 Gecko; 50 SA-9 Gaskin/SA-13 Gopher
(200 eff.) Ftr 9 regt with MiG-31 Foxhound; 9 regt with
MANPAD 250 SA-7 Grail MiG-29 Fulcrum (24 being upgraded); 6 regt
GUNS 23mm 60 ZSU-23-4 with Su-27 Flanker (incl Su-27SM); trg units
with MiG-25 Foxbat
Coastal Defence Troops 2,000 Recce 4 regt with MiG-25R Foxbat; 5 regt with Su-
FORCES BY ROLE 24MR Fencer
(All units reserve status) AEW 1 base with A-50 Mainstay/A-50U Mainstay
Coastal Def 2 bde ECM some sqn with Mi-8(ECM) Hip J
Arty 2 regt Trg 2 op conversion centres
Russia 223
SAM 35 regt with 1,900+ S-300 (SA-10) Grumble Air Force Aviation Training Schools
(quad) (7,600 eff.). First SA-20/S-400 (Triumph)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
bn op Elektrostal in Moscow region.
AIRCRAFT 980+
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FTR MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker; MiG-23 Flogger
AIRCRAFT 1,743 combat capable FGA Su-25 Frogfoot
BBR/FGA 807: 241 Su-25A/SM Frogfoot; 550 Su-24 TPT Tu-134 Crusty
Fencer (up to 7 upgraded to Su-24M2); 16 Su-34P TRG 336 L-39 Albatros
Fullback (Su-27IB)
FACILITIES
FTR 725: 188 MiG-31 Foxhound; 226 MiG-29 Fulcrum
Aviation 5 sqn regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27
(24 being upgraded); 281 Su-27 (18 upgraded to 27SM)
Institute Flanker; MiG-23 Flogger; Su-25 Frogfoot;
incl 40 Su-27SMK Flanker; 30 MiG-25 Foxbat;
Tu-134 Crusty tpt; L-39 Albatros trg ac
RECCE 119: 40 MiG-25R Foxbat*; 79 Su-24MR Fencer*
AEW 20 A-50 Mainstay AEW/A-50U Mainstay
TRG 92: 40 MiG-29 Fulcrum*; 21 Su-27 Flanker*; 15 Kaliningrad Special Region 10,500 (Ground
Su-25 Frogfoot;* 16 Su-24 Fencer* (instructor trg) and Airborne); 1,100 (Naval Infantry) (total
HELICOPTERS 60 Mi-8(ECM) Hip J 11,600)
UAV Pchela-1T; Albatross†; Expert† These forces operated under the Ground and Coastal
AD • SAM • SP 1,900+ S-300 (SA-10) Grumble (quad) / Defence Forces of the Baltic Fleet
S-400 (SA-20) Triumph
MSL • ARM AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler; AS-17 Krypton Army
Russia
ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-15 Kent; AS-16 Kickback; AS-4 FORCES BY ROLE
Kitchen; AS-7 Kerry MR 1 div (2 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 SP Arty regt, 1
AAM R-27T (AA-10) Alamo; R-60T (AA-8) Aphid; MRL regt, 1 AT regt,1 SAM regt, 1 indep tk
R-73M1 (AA-11) Archer regt, spt units) (cadre); 1 bde; 1 indep regt
BOMBS (trg)
Laser-guided KAB-500; KAB-1500L SSM 1 bde with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
TV-guided KH-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt); KAB-500KR; Arty 1 MRL regt
KAB-1500KR; KAB-500OD Hel 1 indep regt
INS/GPS/GLONASS guided KH-101; KH-555
SAM 1 regt
Military Transport Aviation Command• FACILITIES
61st Air Army Bases Located at Baltiysk and Kronstadt
Flying hours 60 hrs/year EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE MBT 811
Air 9 regt incl. 5 indep regt; 1 div with 12 ACV 1,239: 865; 374 look-a-like
An-124 Condor; 21 An-22 Cock (Under ARTY 345 ARTY/MOR/MRL
MoD control); 210 Il-76 Candid
Civilian Fleet Some sqn (medium and long-range Navy • Baltic Fleet – see main Navy section
passenger)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Russian Military Districts
AIRCRAFT • TPT 293+: 50 An-12 Cub; 12 An-124
Condor; 21 An-22 Cock (Under MoD control); 210 Il-76M/ Leningrad MD 28,700 (Ground and Airborne);
MD/MF Candid 1,300 (Naval Infantry – subordinate to
Northern Fleet) (total 30,000)
Army Aviation Helicopters Combined Service 1 HQ located at St Petersburg
Under VVS control. Units organic to army formations.
Flying hours 55 hrs/year Army
Atk hel 20 regt/sqn with 8 Ka-50 Hokum; ε620 MR 2 indep bde, 1 naval bde
Mi-24 Hind; 7 Mi-28N Havoc (300 by 2010) SF 1 (Spetsnaz) bde
Tpt/ECM mixed regts with 35 Mi-26 Halo (hy); 8 AB 1 Air Aslt div (2 air aslt regt, 1 arty regt)
Mi-6 Hook; ε600 MI-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/ Arty 1 bde, 1 MRL regt, 1 AT regt
Mi-8 Hip SSM 1 bde with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SAM 2 bde
HELICOPTERS
Reserve
ATK 635: 8 Ka-50 Hokum; 620 Mi-24 Hind D/V/P; 7 Mi-
MR 4 Bde
28N Havoc (300 by 2015)
TPT/ECM ε643: 35 Mi-26 Halo (hy); 8 Mi-6 Hook; ε600 FACILITIES
Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip Spt Training Centre 1 located at Sertolovo (District)

MBT 300 PVO Air 1 (32 PVO) corps 1 16th Air Army
ACV 2,350: 100; 2,250 look-a-like Ftr regts with 41 MiG-31 Foxhound, 45 MiG-29
ARTY 690 MOR/MRL Fulcrum; 30 Su-27
FGA regts with 52 Su-25 Frogfoot, 80 Su-24 Fencer
Navy • Northern Fleet – see main Navy section Recce regt with 55 Su-24MR
Tpt regt with An-12, An-24, An-26, An-30, Tu-134
Military Air Force Cbt Spt sqns with 98 Mi-8/ Mi-8PPA/sMV (incl 46
6th Air Force and AD Army Mi-8(ECM)
FORCES BY ROLE Utl sqns with Mi-8
PVO 2 corps Trg 30 MiG-29, 18 Su-27, 1 Su-25
Bbr 1 div with 56 Su-24M Fencer UAV Pchela-1T at Combat Training Centre,
Ftr 1 div with 30 MiG-31 Foxhound; 55 Egor’evsk, Moscow
Su-27 Flanker EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Recce 1 regt with 20 Su-24MR Fencer; 28 AD • SAM 600
MiG-25R/U Foxbat; some MiG-31
AEW/AWACS A-50 Mainstay Volga-Ural MD 55,000 (Ground and Airborne)
Tpt Sqns with An-12, An-24, An-26, Combined Service 1 HQ located at Yekaterinburg
Tu-134
Cbt spt 57 Mi-8 Hip (incl ECM), some Mi- Army
8PPA, 38 Mi-24, 4 Mi-6 1 Army HQ
AD • SAM 525 incl S-300V FORCES BY ROLE
Army 1 HQ
Moscow MD 86,200 (Ground and Airborne) MR 1 div (3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1
Combined Service 1 HQ located at Moscow SAM regt, spt units); 1 div (2 MR regt, 2 tk
regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units);
Army 1 Mil Base (div) (3 MR regt) in Tajikistan; 1
FORCES BY ROLE indep PK bde;
Army 2 HQ SF 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
Tk 1 div (3 tk regt (2 cadre), 1 MR regt, 1 SP arty AB 1 bde
regt, 1 MRL regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units); 1 div Arty 2 bdes, 1 MRL regt
(2 tk regt (cadre), 2 MR regt, (some cadre), SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
arty, MRL SAM, spt units cadre) SAM 2 bde
MR 1 div (3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1
SAM regt, spt units); 1 div (2 MR regt, 2 tk Reserve
regt, 1 SP Arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units); 1 Tk 1 div
indep bde MR 1 div
SF 1 (Spetsnaz) bde; 1 AB recce regt
FACILITIES
AB 2 div (each: 2 para regt, 1 arty regt)
Training Centre 1 located at Kamshlov (district)
Arty 1 div HQ (3 arty bde), 1 arty bde, 1 MRL bde,
1 MRL regt, 1 AT regt) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka) MBT 3,000
ACV 2,300
AT 1 regt
ARTY 2,700 ARTY/MOR/MRL
Trg 1 HQ (1 AD arty regt, 2 tk regt, 2 MR regt)
SAM 3 bde
Navy • Caspian Sea Flotilla see main Navy
Reserve section
Tk 1 div Military Air Force
MR 1 bde 5th AF and AD Army has no ac subordinated, incl
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE storage bases
MBT 2,500 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ACV 3,100: 2,100; 1,000 look-a-like AIRCRAFT •
ARTY 1,300 ARTY/MOR/MRL FTR 34 MiG-31
FGA Su-25 Frogfoot
Military Air Force TPT An-12; An-26
Moscow Air Defence and Air Army has 1 corps. Due COMMS Mi-14
to have additional AD regt (2 bn) equipped with S-400 HELICOPTERS • SPT: Mi-6, 25 Mi-8 Hip (comms);
SAM system. Mi-24, 24 Mi-26
Russia 225
TRG MiG-25U, MiG-29, Su-25, Su-27; 300 L-39 Albatros, MR 3 div(85th,122nd,131st) (each: 3 MR regt, 1 tk
Mi-2 Hoplite regt, 1 indep tk bn, 1 armd recce bn, 1 arty
regt, 1 AT bn, 1 SAM regt, spt units); 1 indep
North Caucasus MD 88,600 (Ground And bde
Airborne); ε1,400 (Naval infantry) (total SF 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
90,000) Air aslt 1 bde
including Trans-Caucasus Group of Forces (GRVZ) Arty 1 div Hq, 3 arty bde, 3 MRL regt
Combined Service 1 HQ located at Rostov-on-Don SSM 1 bde each with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
SAM 2 bde
Army
FACILITIES
FORCES BY ROLE
Training Centre 1 located at Peschanka (district)
Army 1 HQ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MR 1 div (2 MR regt, 1 tk bn, 1 air aslt regt, 1 MBT 4,000
SP arty regt,1 SAM regt); 1 div (4 MR regt,
ACV 6,300
1 tk bn, 1 SP arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt
ARTY 2,600 MOR/MRL
units); 1 div (4 MR regt, 1 SP arty regt); 1
Mil Base (div) 3 MR regt,1 SAM regt, 1 tk
Military Air Force
bn (Armenia) 3 MR, 2 MR Mtn indep bde
14th AF and AD Army (HQ Novosibirsk)
SF 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
200 cbt ac
AB 1 Air Asslt (mtn) div (2 air asslt regt,1 arty
Russia
FGA/bbr some sqn with 30 Su-25 Frogfoot; 56 Su-
regt)
24M Fencer
Arty 2 bde,1 MRL bde, 1 MRL regt
Ftr some sqn with 39 MiG-31 Foxhound; 46
SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
MiG-29 Fulcrum
CW 1 (flame thrower) bn
Recce some sqn with 29 Su-24MR Fencer-E;
SAM 2 bde; 1 regt MiG-25R/MiG-25U
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tpt sqns with An-12, An-26
MBT 800 Cbt Spt sqns with Mi-8PPA/sMV; Mi-24
ACV 2,000 Utl/Comms sqns with Mi-8
ARTY 900 ARTY/MOR/MRL AD • SAM S-300O
Navy • Black Sea Fleet – see main Navy Far Eastern MD 72,500 (Ground and
section Airborne); 2,500 (Naval infantry) (total 75,000)
Incl Pacific Fleet and Joint Command of Troops and
Military Air Force Forces in the Russian Northeast (comd of Pacific Fleet)
6th AF and AD Army Joint Forces Command 1 HQ located at Petropavlovsk
FORCES BY ROLE Combined Service 1 HQ located at Khabarovsk
390 cbt ac
Bbr 1 div with 62 Su-24 Fencer (some 32 likely to Army
be retired)
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 1 corps (4 regt with 105 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 59
Army 2 HQ (5th and 35th); 1 (68) corps
Su-27 Flanker)
MR 5 div (each: 3 MR regt, 1 tk regt, arty regt, 1
FGA 1 div with 98 Su-25 Frogfoot; 36 L-39
SAM regt, spt units);1 div (formally MGA) (1
Recce 1 regt with 30 Su-24MR Fencer
MR regt, 2 MGA regt, def units, spt units)
ECM 1 sqn with 52 Mi-8(ECM) Hip J
MGA 5 div (Converting MR) most (1 tank regt, 2
Tpt Sqns with An-12, An-24, An-26, Tu-134 MR or MGA regt, arty regt, SAM regt
Cbt Spt regts with 58 Mi-8PPA/SMV, 75 Mi-24, SF 1 bde
Utl 4 Mi-6, 10 Mi-26 AB 1 bde
Trg tac aviation regt Arty 4 arty bde, 3 MRL bde, 1 AT bde)
SSM 2 bde each with 18 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka)
Siberian MD 52,000 (Ground and Airborne)
SAM 3 bde
Combined Service 1 HQ located at Chita
FACILITIES
Army Training Centre 1 located at Khaborovsk (district)
Army 2 Army HQ (36th and 41st) MBT 3,000
Tk 1 div (3 tk regt, 1 MR regt, 1 armd recce bn, ACV 6,000
1 arty regt, 1 SAM regt, spt units) ARTY 4,100 MOR/MRL
Navy • Pacific Fleet – see main Navy section AIRCRAFT • TPT ε86: 70 An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/An-72
Coaler/Il-76 Candid/Tu-134 Crusty/Yak-40 Codling; 16 SM-92
Military Air Force HELICOPTERS: ε200 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix ASW/Mi-24
11th AF and AD Army (HQ Khabarovsk) Hind Atk/Mi-26 Halo Spt/Mi-8 Hip Spt
FGA/bbr 1 regt with 23 Su-27SM; 97 Su-24M Fencer
Ftr sqn with 26 MiG-31 Foxhound; ≤100Su-27
Interior Troops 200,000 active
Flanker; FORCES BY ROLE
Recce sqns with 51 Su-24MR Fencer 7 Regional Commands: Central, Urals, North Caucasus,
Volga, Eastern, North-Western and Siberian
Tpt regts with An-12, An-26
Paramilitary 5 (special purpose) indep div (ODON)
Cbt Spt regts with Mi-8PPA/sMV
(each: 2–5 paramilitary regt); 6 div; 65 regt
Comms sqns with Mi-8; Mi-24, Ka-50
(bn – incl special motorised units); 10
UAV 1 sqn with Pchela-1 (Arseniev,
(special designation) indep bde (OBRON)
Primorskyy)
(each: 1 mor bn, 3 mech bn); 19 indep bde
AD • SAM S-300P Avn gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Paramilitary 449,000
MBT 9
Federal Border Guard Service ε160,000 AIFV/APC (W) 1,650 BMP-1 /BMP-2/BTR-80
active ARTY 35
Directly subordinate to the President; now reportedly TOWED 122mm 20 D-30
all contract-based personnel MOR 120mm 15 PM-38
HELICOPTERS • ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind
FORCES BY ROLE
10 regional directorates Federal Security Service ε4,000 active
Frontier 7 gp (armed)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cdo unit (incl Alfa and Vympel units)
AIFV/APC (W) 1,000 BMP/BTR
Federal Protection Service ε10,000–30,000
ARTY • SP 90: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 120mm 2S12;
active
120mm 2S9 Anona
Org include elm of ground forces (mech inf bde and AB
regt)
FRIGATES 13
Mech inf 1 bde
FFG 7 Krivak III each with 1 twin (2 eff.) with SA-N-4
AB 1 regt
Gecko naval SAM, 2 quad 533mm TT (8 eff.), 2 RBU
Presidential Guard 1 regt
6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix A ASW
hel; 1 100mm) Federal Communications and Information
FFL 6: 3 Grisha II; 3 Grisha III Agency ε55,000 active
CORVETTES • FS 1 Grisha V
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 180 MOD • Railway Troops ε50,000
PFM 22: Paramilitary 4 (rly) corps; 28 (rly) bde
2 Pauk II each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 Grail
naval SAM, 2 twin 533mm TT (4 eff.), 2 RBU 1200 (10 Special Construction Troops 50,000
eff.), 1 76mm
20 Svetlyak each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 Grail Deployment
naval SAM, 2 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm
PFT 17 Pauk I each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5 ARABIAN GULF and INDIAN OCEAN
Grail naval SAM, 4 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG; 1 AOL
PHT 3 Muravey Armenia
PSO 12: 8 Alpinist; 4 Komandor Army 3,214; 1 tk bn; 3 MR regt; 74 MBT; 330 AIFV; 14 APC
PFC 15 Stenka (T)/APC (W); 68 SP/towed arty; 8 mor; 8 MRL; 1 base
PCC 36: 9 Mirazh; 27 Type 1496 Military Air Forces • Tactical Aviation
PCI 12 Zhuk
1 AD sqn with 18 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 SAM bty with
PCR 32: 3 Ogonek; 7 Piyavka; 15 Shmel; 5 Vosh; 2 Yaz S-300V (SA-12A) Gladiator; 1 SAM bty with SA-6 Gainful
PBF 31: 1 A-125; 1 Mangust; 1 Mustang (Project 18623);
15 Saygak; 12 Sobol; 1 Sokzhoi Air Base located at Yerevan
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 24: 1 AO
AK 10 Neon Antonov Belarus
AKSL 6 Kanin Strategic Deterrent Forces • Warning Forces
AGS 2 Yug (primarily used as patrol ships) 1 radar station located at Baranovichi (Volga system; leased)
AGB 5 Ivan Susanin (primarily used as patrol ships) 1 Naval Communications site
Russia 227
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Moldova/Transdnestr
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Army ε1,500 (including ε500 peacekeepers)
Côte D’Ivoire FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNOCI 11 obs 2 MR bn (subord to Moscow MD)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD ACV 100
EU • EUFOR • Tchad/RCA 120; 1 hel det with 4 Mi-8MT Military Air Forces 7 Mi-24 Hind atk hel; MI-8 Hip Spt
Hel
UN • MONUC 27 obs Serbia
OSCE • Kosovo 2
Georgia UN • UNMIK 1 obs
Two garrisons (Abkhazia and South Ossetia, each stated
Sierra Leone
to be 3,800 strong [bde-plus]).
UN • UNIOSIL 1 obs
Army ε7,600; Abkhazia 1 MR bde (peacekeeping force) at
loc incl Gudauta; some troops may remain from former SUDAN
peacekeeping contingent at Gali; South Ossetia 1 MR bde UN • UNMIS 123; 13 obs
(peacekeeping force) at loc incl Djava and Tskhinvali; Military Air Forces 1 hel det
Military Air Forces • Tactical Aviation; 5 atk hel Syria

OSCE • Georgia 1 Army and Navy 150
Russia
UN • UNOMIG 5 obs 1 naval facility under renovation at Tartus
Kazakhstan Tajikistan
Strategic Deterrent Forces • Warning Forces Army 5,500; 1 MR div (subord Volga-Ural MD); 54 MBT;
1 radar station located at Balkhash, (Dnepr system; 350 ACV; 190 Mor/MRL; 4 Mi-8 Hip
leased) Military Air Forces 5 Su-25 Frogfoot FGA
Ukraine
Kyrgyzstan
Navy • Coastal Defence • 13,000 including Naval Infantry
Military Air Forces ε500; some Su-27 Flanker; 5+: 5
(Marines) 1,100; Arty: 24; AIFV /APC (T) / APC (W): 102
Su-25 Frogfoot; some Su-24 Fencer FGA; Army Aviation
Navy Black Sea Fleet; 1 Fleet HQ located at Sevastopol:
Helicopters; some Mi-8 Hip spt hel Strategic Deterrent Forces. Warning Forces; 2 radar
Liberia stations located at Sevastopol (Dnepr System, leased) and
Mukachevo (Dnepr system, leased).
UN • UNMIL 6 obs
Western Sahara
Middle East
UN • UNTSO 4 obs
Table 21 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Russia

Due
Iskander-M SRBM – _ Dom _ – 2007 5 Iskander-M bde due to be
(SS-26 Stone) operational by 2015. To gradually
replace Tochka (SS-21 Scarab A) and
Tochka-U (SS-21 Scarab B) ICBM
T-72 and T-80 MBT 180 _ Dom _ 2006 2007 Some to be modernised. Number
may be subject to change
BTR-80 and APC 100 _ Dom _ 2005 2006 Delivery status unclear
BTR-90
BMP-3 IFV 40 _ Dom _ 2007 – Delivery status unclear
Buk-M2 (SA-17 SAM _ _ Dom _ 2009 To replace Buk-M1-2 systems in
‘Grizzly’) service with Army AD
Tor-M2 (SA-15 SAM _ _ Dom _ 2010 Bty formations. First AD regts due to
‘Gauntlet’) be re-equipped by 2010–11
Project 22350 / FFG 1 USD400m Dom Severnaya 2005 2009 Navy estimates need for up to 20
Admiral Gorshkov Verf vessels by 2015
Shipyard
Agat-class (Natya MSC 1 Dom 2000 2008 Vitse-Admiral Zakharin. Launched Jan
III) / Project 266M 2008, ISD unclear
Dyugon LCU 1 R200m Dom Volga 2005 2007 Laid down 2006
(USD69m) Shipyard
Project 955 Borey SSBN 3 _ Dom Sevmash 1996 2006 Lead SSBN, Yuri Dolgoruky launched
Shipyard Feb 2008. 2nd SSBN, Aleksandr
Nevesky due 2009. 3rd SSBN, Vladimir
Monomah, ordered 2006 and due
2011
Typhoon SSBN 1 _ Dom _ 1994 _ Dmitriy Donskoy modernised for
Upgrade testing of new Bulava 30 (SS-NX-30)
SLBM and will remain in service until
Borey-class SSBN are operational
Su-34 Fullback FGA 24 USD864 Dom Sukhoi 2006 2006 Delivered in batches; 2 in 2006, 7 in
2007, 10 in 2008 and 5 in 2009–10.
First 2 delivered Dec 2006
Medium Tpt ac 50 _ Dom/In Irkut/HAL 2007 2014 In development. RF obliged to order
Transport at least 50 under deal signed with
Aircraft (MTA) India in 2007
Project
Tu-160 Blackjack Bbr 30 _ Dom UAC 2007 2012 Upgrade of 15 current Tu-160, plus
15 new bbr. 1 new bbr entered
service Apr 2008
Yak-130 AJT Trg ac 200 _ Dom Yakolev 2005 2009 To replace current L-39. Purchase to
(Advanced Jet begin 2009 following flight testing
Trainer)
Mi-28N Night Hel 8 _ Dom Rostvertol 2005 2009 Plans for 45 to 67 Mi-28N. 2 hel
Hunter delivered by Feb 2008
Chapter Five
Middle East and North Africa
IRAQ forts (Joint Security Stations and Combat Outposts)
meant that a visible security presence was established
The security debate in Iraq in late 2008 was domi- in areas that had almost been considered abandoned
nated by the progress of negotiations on the Status and which often suffered from violence. Once areas
of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between Washington had been secured, numerous concrete blast walls
and Baghdad. This agreement, which was backed by to impede insurgent activity constructed and secu-
the Iraqi parliament on 27 November, determines the rity stations staffed, US battalion commanders were
responsibilities and legal status of US personnel in able to use funds allocated under the Commanders’
Iraq after the expiry, in December 2008, of the United Emergency Response Programme to rebuild govern-
Nations mandate. The negotiations took place against mental services in the areas that they controlled. The
the backdrop of an overall improvement in security in ability of commanders on the ground to identify proj-
Iraq, largely since the start of the ‘surge’ of US troops ects in their localities and rapidly fund reconstruction
(also known as the Baghdad Security Plan) in January activities meant that Iraqis were in many cases able to
2007 (see The Military Balance 2008, p. 13). see material improvements as well as improvements
in security. Against this background of military
Middle East and

The ‘surge’ success, Petraeus came under pressure to reduce US
North Africa
The surge undoubtedly worked in terms of dramati- troop levels in Iraq. In a testimony to US Congress in
cally reducing civilian casualties and pausing Iraq’s September 2007, he announced that the surge would
previously relentless descent into civil war. In addi- effectively end in July 2008, though he placed caveats
tion to the increase in US troops and their deployment on the drawdown, stating that troop levels should be
among the population of Baghdad, the formation of determined by events on the ground. By May 2008,
‘Awakening Councils’, armed neighbourhood groups the Pentagon had agreed to keep US troop levels at
led by mainly Sunni Iraqis in predominantly Sunni around 140,000 until the end of 2009.
parts of the country (of which more below), was also Although the surge ran counter to the previous US
responsible for the improvement in security, as was military strategy of reducing numbers and transfer-
Shia cleric Moqtada al-Sadr’s order, at the begin- ring responsibility for security to the Iraqis as quickly
ning of the surge, that the Jaish al-Mahdi (JAM) as possible, the Iraqi Ministry of Defence (MoD) and
militia should not seek direct confrontation with US its various security forces remain at the centre of US
forces. Reports from Baghdad pointed to a noticeable transition plans and will be central to any future
improvement in the economic and social environment withdrawal strategy. The provincial elections that
in which ordinary Iraqis went about their daily lives. were originally scheduled for October 2008 and at the
As noted in IISS Strategic Survey 2008 (pp. 205–6), the time of writing had been deferred to 31 January 2009
main architect of the plan, US General David Petraeus will be a key test of the Iraqi security forces’ ability to
(then head of the Multi-National Force-Iraq and since secure urban areas; it is reported that US forces have
appointed to head US Central Command) ‘saw the been directed to absent themselves from the imme-
surge as a temporary palliative designed to facilitate a diate polling areas. Polls are scheduled to take place
long-term political settlement’. Despite the improve- in all provinces bar Kirkuk and the three Kurdish
ments there was little sign, however, that this ‘window provinces.
of opportunity’, conceived to allow Iraq’s politicians A series of attacks in Baghdad in early November
to move towards national reconciliation, had resulted showed that insurgent groups can still penetrate secu-
in such progress and, as a result, questions have been rity screens: among other incidents, 28 were killed in
raised about the longevity of its effects. a Shia area of Baghdad in a triple car bombing on
But the surge did lead to a reduction in violence 10 November and 21 were killed two days later in
in the country. In Baghdad, the stationing of US further attacks in the city. Attacks have been made
troops alongside their Iraqi counterparts in 72 small on checkpoints manned by members of Awakening
Councils. Nevertheless, there has been a general and individuals not included in such arrangements,
improvement in security in Sunni areas in particular, remains an issue. It has been reported that the govern-
in which the Awakening Councils have played a key ment plans to integrate only 20% of the Awakening
role. Security improvements have also seen the influ- groups into the police or armed forces, with the
ence of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia (AQM) diminish. remainder receiving pay until they find other work.
The US has estimated that AQM’s ability to operate
in Baghdad has been drastically reduced, forcing it to Iraq’s army moves south
regroup in and around Mosul. The central reason for Moqtada al-Sadr’s decision to order a rolling ceasefire
AQM’s troubles is its rejection by key members of the for JAM led to a reduction in confrontation with US
Sunni community. As AQM transformed itself into forces. A series of violent incidents led Sadr initially
a largely indigenous Iraqi organisation during 2005 to declare a six-month ceasefire, later extended to
and 2006, the influx of Iraqis into its ranks brought it a year; he then attempted to purge JAM of its most
into greater proximity with the Sunni general popula- violent, corrupt and sectarian members and rebrand
tion in Baghdad and the northwest of the country. The the group as a political movement. However, intra-
strict precepts of the organisation, which ran counter Shia tensions continued, notably between JAM and its
to the more diverse set of approaches to Islam found main rival, the Badr Brigade, over control of southern
across Sunni Iraq, led to a backlash that resulted in Iraq. The battle between militias in the south came as
the creation of the Awakening movement (known in British influence in the area was deliberately reduced.
Arabic as the Sawah). As noted in IISS Strategic Survey The UK military contingent withdrew from the centre
2008 (p. 209), in 2006, 12 tribal sheikhs in Anbar prov- of Basra in September 2007, with the remaining forces
ince gathered to form the Anbar Awakening Council, based at Basra airport, where their activities consisted
designed to expel AQM from the area. While the mainly of training Iraqi forces. From the British with-
Anbar Awakening was more useful in supplying drawal from central Basra until spring 2008, warring
intelligence and offering support to US troops than in militias and criminal gangs fought for control of
fighting insurgents, its success led Petraeus to try to the city and revenues from oil smuggling. The Iraqi
reproduce it across Iraq. Such ‘local security bargains’ government intervened in March 2008, when it
– essentially deals between neighbourhood mili- moved 30,000 troops to Basra in Operation Saulat
tias and the US military – were placed at the centre al-Fursan (Charge of the Knights). Although the US
of moves to build on the security gains seen under military was informed of the operation shortly before
the surge; and the approach was later broadened to it started, it was not centrally involved. Iraq’s army
include Shia militias in the south of the country. managed to fight for two days in central Basra, faced
with sustained resistance. After 48 hours, it began to
Integration of the Awakening movement run out of munitions and food; this led to US inter-
These local security bargains pose a potential threat vention – to ensure that Iraq’s army was not defeated
to the capacity and coherence of the Iraqi state, and it – in the form of logistical support, special forces and
was recognised early on that the integration of such combat advisers. Finally, US and British airpower
groups into the security forces might be problematic. was employed against JAM positions and, with this
In recognition of this, the creation of ‘neighbourhood added support, Iraqi forces were able to take control
watch’ groups has been coordinated with a committee of Basra and Umm Qasr, Iraq’s only port.
for national reconciliation set up by the government.
However, the Shia-dominated government has been Iraq’s military
reluctant to integrate these predominantly Sunni The Basra operation revealed logistical deficien-
organisations into the mainstream police force, which cies in Iraqi military operations. Such shortcomings
is dominated by militias controlled by national-level are perhaps unsurprising as Iraq’s forces begin to
politicians. The Awakening Council in Diyala prov- operate without the support of Coalition forces, and
ince, for instance, was angry that only 10% of its especially given that the forces are being rebuilt –
members had been admitted to the local police force. and have grown in size and capability – at a rapid
That said, the government did, on 1 October, begin rate. The Iraqi military relies on the Coalition for
paying the wages of over 50,000 members of Baghdad close air support, fire support and many intelli-
Awakening groups (the US had done so previously). gence, surveillance and reconnaissance capacities.
But integration, and the future of those armed groups A September 2008 US report to Congress on Iraq’s
Middle East and North Africa 231
Map 4 Iraq
BAGHDAD XX Force boundary Disposition of major US and

9 IA Coalition forces, November 2008
1 IA Iraqi Army
2 1 2nd SCBT, 25th Infantry Division
Iraqi Army
IA (Mechanised) 2 3rd HBCT, 4th Infantry Division
XX XX Division 3 4th IBCT, 10th Mtn Division
6 IA 4 1st HBCT, 4th Infantry Division
XX 3
11 IA 5 1st IBCT, 10th Mtn Division
6 1st IBCT, 101st Airborne Division
7 RCT-5, USMC
4
8 1st SBCT, 25th Infantry Division
9 RCT-1, USMC
10 2nd HBCT, 3rd Armd Division
11 4th HBCT, 3rd Infantry Division
TURKEY 12 2nd HBCT, 4th Infantry Division
Estimated strengths as at
13 UK 7th Armd Bde (to be 20th
November 2008 Armd Bde December 2008)
Total Iraqi Military Forces: 190,744 14 4th HBCT, 1st Cavalry Division
Iraqi Army: 186,957 15 3rd Armed Cavalry Regiment

Iraqi Air Force: 1,887 DOHUK
Iraqi Navy: 1,900
Dohuk XX ERBIL
XX 2 IA
Country Operation Troop
total 3 IA Mosul
Middle East and

Al Kasik 15
Albania MNF-I 240
North Africa
Erbil
Australia MNF-I 350
MULTI-NATIONAL
Azerbaijan MNF-I 88 DIV – NORTH 5 Suleimaniya
Bulgaria MNF-I 156* Kirkuk
Czech Republic MNF-I 17 NINEVA TA’MIM
XX SULEIMANIYA
" NTM-I up to 10 4 IA
Denmark MNF-I 33 SALAHUDDIN
" NTM-I 14 6 XX
Tikrit 12
IA
El Salvador MNF-I 200
Estonia MNF-I 35 7 Samarra XX
XX Balad 5 IA
" NTM-I 3 IRAN
7 IA
Hungary NTM-I up to 10 MULTI-NATIONAL Baquba 8
DIV – BAGHDAD
Italy NTM-I 72 DIYALA
Korea, (ROK) MNF-I 300* Ramadi Falluja
MULTI-NATIONAL XX 9 BAGHDAD
Latvia MNF-I 3* DIV – WEST XX 10
Lithuania NTM-I 4 1 IA
17 IA WASIT
FYROM MNF-I 80* BABIL MULTI-NATIONAL
Karbala DIV – CENTRAL
Moldova MNF-I 20 ANBAR 11 Hilla
Netherlands NTM-I 7 KARBALA Kut
XX
Poland NTM-I up to 10 12 8 IA MAYSAN
Portugal NTM-I 8 Diwaniya 14
Najaf
Romania NTM-I 2 QADISIYA Amara
" MNF-I 499 DHI-QAR
Slovenia NTM-I 2 NAJAF XX
Tonga MNF-I 55* 10 IA Shatra
Samawa
Turkey NTM-I up to 10 Nasiriya
XX
Ukraine MNF-I 37 13 14 IA
" NTM-I 3
MUTHANNA Basra
United Kingdom MNF-I 4,100
BASRA
" NTM-I 10–20
United States MNF-I 143,000 MULTI-NATIONAL
" NTM-I 10–20 DIV – SOUTH-EAST
SAUDI ARABIA
Total MNF-I ε149,213
Totals vary and are subject to force rotation. KUWAIT
*Withdrawal by end 2008
MNF-I = Multi-National Force-Iraq
NTM-I = NATO Training Mission-Iraq
© IISS
security forces noted that the Iraqi MoD was ‘still the legal status of the US military in Iraq, and a
working towards self-sufficiency in maintenance and Strategic Framework Agreement on long-term stra-
logistics’. Improvements to logistics and the sustain- tegic cooperation. Other nations will need to seek
ment of personnel, equipment and infrastructure bilateral agreements with Baghdad if they wish to
have been held back by the fact that MoD acquisi- retain forces inside Iraq.) Several drafts of the Status
tion procedures are, according to the report, ‘slow, of Forces Agreement were discussed; sticking points
antiquated and restrained by centralized decision- are believed to have included draft sentences noting
making’. A contracting committee has been set up to a potential US departure date and also the level of
help establish audit and decision-making procedures legal immunity offered to US forces and contractors.
and to reinforce the authority of the defence minister Negotiating difficulties meant that at points even the
to approve contracts below $50 million without refer- possibility of seeking an extension to the UN mandate
ence to more senior officials; the MoD is also begin- was considered. But the preference in Washington
ning to procure equipment direct from national and and Iraq remained for a state-to-state deal. On 27
international sources. November, the Iraqi parliament approved the agree-
Iraqi forces continue to expand; the MoD decided ment between the US and Iraq dealing with the ‘with-
in 2007 to recruit personnel to fill 120% of its autho- drawal of [US] forces from Iraq and the organisation
rised positions, and in July 2008, generated army divi- of their activities during their temporary presence in
sions reached 103% of their authorised strength (with Iraq’. Iraq’s government spokesman has said that US
personnel attrition rates of around 2%). In early 2008, troops will need to acquire judicial orders from Iraqi
a new army division, the 17th Division, was directed courts before searching Iraqi homes, and that any such
to be formed, made up of excess forces from the 6th searches must be undertaken in coordination with
Division. According to the US report, in July 2008, the Iraqi government; that by 30 June 2009, US forces
Iraq’s Ground Forces Command assumed control will withdraw from Iraqi towns and cities to speci-
of ‘14 divisions, 52 brigade headquarters, 171 army fied bases; and that US forces will have to complete
battalions, eight infrastructure battalions and six their final withdrawal from Iraq by 31 December
special-operations battalions. Of these planned units, 2011 (it is of course possible for another agreement
two divisions, four brigade headquarters, 18 army to be reached at that time concerning future security
battalions, two special-operations battalions and one and military relationships). The Strategic Framework
infrastructure battalion [were] still being formed.’ The Agreement was also signed.
Iraqi Navy, operating out of its base at Umm Qasr, is As 2008 drew to a close, the Coalition was
continuing to acquire new vessels, with a plan envis- shrinking: Poland and Georgia had left earlier in the
aging 21 new major vessels over the next two years year, and in November, Bulgaria announced that it
and 50 ‘insertion and interdiction’ craft by 2011. The would withdraw by the year’s end. UK Prime Minister
air force, meanwhile, is also increasing its recruit- Gordon Brown, meanwhile, announced that the more
ment of personnel and acquisition of equipment. The than 4,000 British troops whose role had changed in
air force’s training wing, located at Taji air base, is 2007 from combat to ‘overwatch’ would see a ‘further
responsible for basic military and technical training; fundamental change of mission in the first months of
the flight-training wing is in Kirkuk. Airlift capaci- 2009 as [the UK made] the transition to a long-term
ties are under examination: Iraq’s C-130E transport bilateral partnership with Iraq’. US forces numbered
aircraft are based at New al-Muthanna air base, and around 140,000, with this figure projected into 2009.
interest has been shown in obtaining C-130J capacity.
OTHER REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
Status of Forces Agreements
Iraq’s defence ministry and armed forces receive Much analysis and comment on Iran was devoted to
substantial support from Coalition training teams. the ongoing diplomatic situation concerning the coun-
With the expiry of the UN mandate for the foreign try’s nuclear programme (see IISS Strategic Survey
military presence in Iraq on 31 December 2008, much 2008, pp. 216–21). Iran’s role in Iraq also provoked
attention focused on the status of foreign forces in debate, though the wide range of Iranian proxies in
the country after that date, and in particular on the Iraq makes it difficult to discern Tehran’s strategic
negotiations between Baghdad and Washington over aims in that country. Amid the tension, one incident
the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) governing in January 2008 almost led to an exchange of fire in
the Strait of Hormuz, when five Iranian speedboats and long-range ballistic missiles [many] times better
harassed three US Navy ships and were mistakenly than their current radar allows them to’. As noted in
thought to have radioed a threat. last year’s Military Balance (p. 231), Israel’s air force
Levels of confrontation between Iran and the West is engaged in a project to move a number of its bases
over Tehran’s nuclear ambitions were interrupted and units to the south of the country. The air force’s
in December 2007 with the release of the conclusion heavy-transport service is relocating to Nevatim from
of a US National Intelligence Estimate (NIE); this Lod air base, with the last flights leaving Lod in late
concluded that Iran’s nuclear-weapons work had been August. Combat units and intelligence and airborne-
halted in 2003. Israel, France and an unnamed senior supply units are to join the transport elements at the
UK diplomat publicly doubted the conclusion, stated base, which is, according to the Israel Defense Forces
‘with moderate confidence’ by the NIE, that work (IDF), to be the ‘first combined combat and transport
on developing nuclear weapons had not resumed. base in the [Israeli Air Force]’. The move is part of a
Those who suspected Iran’s nuclear intentions have major move to shift sections of Israel’s military to the
pointed to its continuing development of long-range Negev. Defense Minister Ehud Barak has said that,
ballistic missiles. In February 2008, Iran test-launched overall, ‘by 2014, we expect the number of regular
a Kavoshgar-1 rocket, which it said was intended to soldiers and career officers settled in the Negev to
further the country’s nascent space programme, but exceed twenty thousand’.
which was based on the design of the Shahab-3B missile The impact of the 2006 war in Lebanon continues
and had the potential for weapons use. Further missile to be felt by Israel’s military. Last year’s Military
launches took place in July, though imagery analysis Balance (p. 230) noted the findings of the government-
appeared to indicate that there had been a degree of mandated Winograd Commission, which examined
Middle East and

exaggeration on the part of Tehran concerning the the political and security elements of ‘all the dimen-
North Africa
number of launches. November saw Iran test what it sions of the Northern Campaign which started on July
called a new solid-fuelled long-range ballistic missile, 12th 2006’. In January 2008, the IDF responded to the
the two-stage Sajjil. Iranian reports indicated a poten- commission’s report, outlining personnel and organi-
tial range of around 2,000 kilometres. sational changes made in 2007. According to the IDF,
Other developments included Iran’s signature plans and orders have been rewritten and training
in November of a contract with aircraft manufac- exercises run at senior-command, divisional, brigade
turer Antonov for the supply of 50 An-148 transport and combat-support levels, with particular emphasis
aircraft with a possible dual role as military trans- on reserve forces. A programme is also under way to
ports and passenger aircraft; it was reported that restock weapons and ammunition expended during
part-assembly would take place at a state-owned the war, with a further plan aimed at improving the
facility in Isfahan. Earlier, in July, it was reported that equipment held in the IDF’s emergency warehouses.
the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was In January 2008, Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Defence
to undergo structural reorganisation, under which and Aviation ordered three EADS A330 multi-role
its ground forces would be integrated with the Basij tanker transport aircraft equipped with underwing
paramilitary force, extending IRGC control over what pods and the EADS CASA advanced refuelling boom
had previously been an affiliated force; each of Iran’s system. This was in addition to Project Salam, the
provinces were also to have a commander of provin- ongoing programme to acquire 72 Eurofighter Typhoon
cial forces. The same month saw new commanders aircraft, in which Eurofighter partner nations will
appointed to both the IRGC ground forces (Brigadier- supply major aircraft components while a supply chain
General Mohammad Jafar Assadi) and the Basij is established within Saudi Arabia. The first 24 aircraft
(Hojjatoleslam Hossein Taeb). are to be diverted from the UK’s Tranche 2 order, and in
In September, it was reported that the US had October 2008, the first Typhoon with Saudi insignia flew
deployed an AN-TPY-2 X-band radar to Israel’s new at BAE Systems’ Warton facility in the UK, marking the
Nevatim air base southeast of Beersheba in the Negev start of an initial flight-testing programme for the Saudi
Desert. The base was inaugurated on 28 August, aircraft under assembly at Warton.
construction having cost an estimated NIS1.62 billion. On 5 June, Bahrain’s navy completed three
According to a Pentagon spokesman, there are roughly months in command of Combined Task Force 152,
120 US personnel on site at Nevatim, and the radar which is responsible for conducting maritime secu-
deployment ‘will allow the Israelis to track medium- rity operations in the central and southern Gulf.
This was the first time that a Gulf country had for an expanding labour market. Rapid population
commanded a combined task force. On 27 August, growth throughout the region has led to some of the
the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the highest levels of unemployment in the world. It is
UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), to August estimated that Saudi Arabia, for example, will need
2009. UNIFIL is tasked with ‘ensuring that the area to create 3.5 million new jobs over the next decade,
between the Blue Line and the Litani River is free of effectively doubling the current workforce, in order to
unauthorised weapons, personnel and assets’. In mid meet the employment needs of its rising working-age
year, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon remarked population. In an effort to create new jobs, the Gulf
that the presence of ‘unidentified armed elements’ in Cooperation Council (GCC) has devised ambitious
UNIFIL’s area of responsibility, along with restric- investment projects amounting to some US$700bn
tions on the force’s freedom of movement and the between 2006 and 2010.
monitoring of its activities, was cause for concern. Even in non-oil-exporting countries, growth has
been strong, driven by increased regional trade and
Middle East and North Africa – the spillover effects of the growth of oil-exporting
Defence Economics neighbours. Together with domestic economic
reforms, these factors have led to growth of 7.2% in
Global financial market turmoil has so far had little Egypt and 5.5% in Jordan, and growth in the Maghreb
direct effect on the Middle East, although the depre- is likely to rise from 4.2% in 2007 to 5.5% in 2008.
ciation of the US dollar is complicating policy- Almost all countries in the region have experi-
making in some countries. Regional growth remains enced rising inflation in the past two years, with those
strong: having reached 5.8% in 2007, the 2008 rate oil-exporting countries with currencies pegged to the
is forecast to be at least the same, if not marginally US dollar particularly affected. The IMF has warned
higher. With oil prices remaining high during 2008, that, although the most immediate priority should be
several countries posted healthy budget surpluses, to bring inflation down, this will be difficult to achieve
and many continued the trend established in recent so long as there continues to be monetary easing in
years of repaying debt and investing in the non-oil the US. Countries with a pegged exchange rate have
sector in an effort to create employment in new little flexibility in their monetary policy and, at a time
sectors. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has when the regional economic cycle is moving force-
repeatedly urged oil-producing countries to use the fully ahead, have been unable to set interest rates at
currently favourable economic conditions not only levels that might combat inflation. Current macroeco-
to repay debt but also to implement policies that will nomic conditions suggest that there is little likelihood
address the twin future challenges of diversifying oil- of the GCC achieving its medium-term ambition of a
dependent economies and providing sufficient jobs single currency any time soon, particularly given that
Table 22 Middle East and North Africa Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP
9
8
7
6
% of GDP
5
4
3
2
1
7.52 6.66 6.22 6.54 5.64 6.09 5.83 5.49 5.31 4.96
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
one of the central convergence criteria for individual concerns about oil security, Iranian ambitions and
states is that their inflation rates should stay within internal-security issues have led Saudi Arabia to
two percentage points of the average inflation figure increase its defence and security funding, and a
for participating countries. With most countries number of high-value deals have been concluded in
appearing to be more responsive to political pressure the past two years, with future significant contracts
for higher public-sector wages and higher spending likely to follow. The largest of the arrangements for
on social programmes than to the issue of inflation, new military acquisitions was a contract to purchase
the problem is likely to persist. 72 Eurofighter Typhoon fighter aircraft from the
The collapse of the US sub-prime mortgage UK. Known as Project Salam, this deal signalled the
market in 2007 has catapulted the role of sovereign beginning of an enhanced strategic alliance between
wealth funds (SWFs) into the spotlight, particularly the UK and the Saudi kingdom, and a major evolu-
those that have injected significant amounts of new tion in UK–Saudi defence cooperation that will see
capital into a number of – predominantly American Eurofighter partner nations supplying the major
– major investment banks. There is no simple defini- components of the aircraft while a local supply chain
tion of an SWF, but they may be loosely described is built up in the kingdom. At the heart of the deal
as special-purpose government funds that hold and is likely to be the establishment of a joint venture
manage assets of the economy for long-term objec- between BAE Systems and the Alsalam Aircraft
tives. Although there is evidence that SWFs help to Company within Saudi Arabia to oversee final
avert boom–bust cycles in their home countries and assembly work and long-term logistical support. The
that their long-term investment horizons play a stabi- initial stages of the contract are thought to be worth
lising role in international markets, the transfer by £4.4bn; however, with logistical and training support,
Middle East and

some SWFs of up to US$40bn to European and US this could increase to well over £20bn over a 25-year
North Africa
banks has raised concerns about funds’ lack of trans- period. From the Saudi perspective, the arrangement
parency and their potential for undertaking trans- will create some 15,000 jobs, in line with the govern-
actions for non-commercial motives. In February ment’s ‘Saudiisation’ policy to boost employment
2008, assets under the management of GCC SWFs while building up an indigenous high-tech indus-
amounted to some US$1.3 trillion. The growing size trial base via an unprecedented degree of defence-
and importance of these funds was recognised by the technology transfer. Under a separate contract,
IMF at a roundtable held in November 2007, where European missile manufacturer MBDA is expecting
it was decided that the Washington-based institution to confirm a sizeable order for a range of missiles –
would collaborate with sovereign asset managers and including Meteor, Storm Shadow, Brimstone, ASRAAM
other stakeholders to develop voluntary best-practice and Paveway IV – to equip both the new Typhoons and
guidelines for the management of SWFs. upgraded Tornado aircraft.
Following several years of growing budget The first 24 Project Salam aircraft will be diverted
surpluses, regional defence spending has been from the UK’s Typhoon Tranche 2 order, meaning that
slowly increasing, although as a proportion of the first aircraft is likely to be delivered during 2008,
national income, total defence spending in 2007 only while the remaining 48 aircraft will be delivered from
measured 4.9% of regional GDP, compared to 6.5% of 2011, when a new assembly facility is due to be up
GDP in 2001. With tensions over Iran’s nuclear ambi- and running in Saudi Arabia. With the Typhoon deal
tion remaining high, a number of new programmes closed, the declared priority objective of BAE Systems
are under way, and announcements that the US will is to turn its in-country presence into a manufac-
increase military aid and support in the region to turing and through-life logistics-support operation
‘bolster forces of moderation’ will keep the spending by developing industrial infrastructure and training
trend firmly up. In August 2007, the Bush administra- Saudi nationals. When the Typhoon production
tion unveiled plans for a significant increase in mili- facility is established, the focus will move to starting
tary assistance to Israel (totalling US$30bn over the a similar arrangement for the assembly of new Hawk
coming decade) and Egypt (US$13bn), while Saudi trainer aircraft to replace the Royal Saudi Air Force’s
Arabia will acquire substantial quantities of new 1980-vintage platforms. In the longer term, it is envis-
weapons systems from the US. aged that the Typhoon logistical-support centre will
Following several years in which it did not make expand to become a regional support centre for
any new weapons purchases, the combination of Hawks.
In a departure from its traditional practice of a budget deficit of around 0.6% of GDP, comfortably
sourcing advanced weapons systems almost exclu- inside its self-imposed target.
sively from the US and other Western nations, Saudi In the aftermath of the war in 2006, the Israeli
Arabia has in recent years forged closer ties with defence establishment suggested that stagnant
Russia, and in July 2006 it announced an agreement defence spending, resulting in a lack of training and
to buy more than US$2bn-worth of Russian military equipment, together with a faulty basic doctrine,
equipment. There have been unconfirmed sugges- were the main reasons for the poor performance
tions that the Saudi government linked the outcome of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the conflict,
of the talks leading up to this deal with Moscow’s and requested an increase in the defence budget of
willingness to hold back on areas of cooperation with NS7bn. In response, the finance ministry set up its
Iran. Although the deal is probably not yet finalised, own commission, the Brodet Committee, to review
to date it is thought to include around 150 Mi-26 and the defence budget and set out a new framework
Mi-35 helicopters, over 100 BMP-3 infantry fighting for future defence funding. The committee judged
vehicles and 150 T-90 main battle tanks, as well as that funding levels were not the root cause of the
mobile air-defence systems. IDF’s problems during the conflict and concluded
The arms deal with Russia was another blow to that the defence budget should be increased by
French arms manufacturers who, having lost out to around 1.3% to 2.5% annually, in line with national
Eurofighter for the contract to supply the Saudi Air economic growth. This proposal was accepted by
Force with a fleet of new fighter aircraft, had been the government. However, it emerged in August
expecting to complete a long-delayed sale of 148 of 2007 that Israel had been successful in its negotia-
their own mix of helicopters to the kingdom. In June tions with the US to increase the amount of mili-
2008, French Foreign Minister Hervé Morin visited tary aid it receives under the US Foreign Military
Riyadh in an effort to push bilateral military ties, Financing (FMF) initiative. Under the new agree-
including the sale of further French military equipment, the US will provide Israel with a ten-year
ment. In particular, the French government is keen US$30bn FMF package, a 25% increase over the
to explore the possible sale of some of its FREMM previous ten years, starting at US$2.4bn in 2007 and
multi-role frigates, together with combat search- increasing by US$150m a year until 2011, when it
and-rescue helicopters and NH-90 naval helicopters. will be fixed at US$3.1bn.
France had originally intended to procure 17 FREMM Following the publication of the Brodet Review
frigates for itself, but the 2008 Defence White Paper and the conclusion of FMF negotiations, the IDF
indicated that the navy required fewer vessels than published its new five-year plan, covering the period
this. French companies are also lobbying to partic- 2008–12. The plan, known as ‘Tefen 2012’, highlighted
ipate in Saudi Arabia’s massive 12-year border four main threat scenarios: conventional war with
surveillance systems contract that could be worth a Syria, missile attack from Iran, instability in neigh-
total of US$15bn. bouring moderate countries and asymmetric terror
Israel entered the global slowdown with the advan- and rocket attacks. At the heart of Tefen 2012 is the
tage of significant economic momentum behind it and, maintenance and upgrade of nine core capabilities:
despite the 34-day war with Hizbullah in Lebanon in
the summer of 2006, growth in 2007 reached 5.4%. In • Modern main battle tanks
2008, slowing demand from Israel’s export partners • Precision-strike capability (including the
is likely to outpace any increase in domestic demand Joint Strike Fighter aircraft)
and growth is forecast to relent as a result. Higher- • Upgraded F-15s and HALE unmanned aerial
than-expected tax revenues have helped authorities vehicles (UAVs) for air superiority
to make good progress in reducing debt, and war- • Long-reach capabilities, including aerial
related expenditures have been offset by spending refuelling tankers
cuts elsewhere in the budget, with the result that the • Intelligence superiority
central-government budget was balanced in 2007. • The Tsayad digital command-and-control
The 2008 budget proposes real expenditure growth of programme
no more than 1.7%, excluding the last instalment of • Naval supremacy
spending relating to the 2006 war and West Bank and • Anti-missile defence systems
Gaza disengagement, and the government forecasts • Expanded emergency-munition stocks
Before Tefen 2012, the IDF had intended to down- that it would merge with the Libyan Islamic Fighting
size its ground forces, but the 2006 conflict with Group. That said, as several of Libya’s existing military
Hizbullah prompted a reappraisal and this strategy capabilities are reaching obsolescence, a return to the
was reversed, with new priority placed on manpower, international arms market appears immiment. Both
readiness and training. As regards new equip- France and Russia, Libya’s traditional arms suppliers,
ment, the army will receive hundreds of new Namer have agreed some medium-sized deals, but as yet
infantry fighting vehicles (based on the domestic no major contracts have been concluded. Since 2006,
Merkava main-battle-tank platform), hundreds of France has signed contracts to upgrade a number of its
Stryker 8×8 medium-armoured vehicles, additional Mirage F1s (only 12 had been deemed airworthy) and
Merkava-4 tanks and dozens of tactical UAVs. With supply Libya with Milan anti-tank guided missiles
renewed focus on ground forces the air force, tradi- and Tetra communications equipment, and in early
tionally the highest priority in terms of procurement 2007, the two countries signed a framework accord
funding, will be forced to limit its requirements over believed to cover a number of potential big-ticket
the next five years. The most high-profile casualty items. However, a dispute over five Bulgarian nurses
is the Joint Strike Fighter aircraft, with an original and a Palestinian doctor who were accused in Libya
expectation of 100 units reduced to just 25 in the of deliberately infecting children in their care with
current five-year plan and possibly another 25 in the HIV soured relations between the two countries and
following five years. The air force’s request for an pushed back the prospect of higher-value transac-
additional squadron of AH-64D Apache attack heli- tions. It is thought that negotiations are still continuing
copters has also been limited, to just six, and there are over a major arms deal between France and Libya
no funds for new tanker aircraft, only for the upgrade that could include between 12 and 20 Rafale combat
Middle East and

of existing KC707s. aircraft, 35 helicopters, six patrol boats, two corvettes,
North Africa
Under Tefen 2012, the Israeli Navy has been allo- artillery and armoured vehicles and upgraded air-
cated US$250m for the acquisition of the first of two defence radars.
multi-purpose missile vessels of 2,000–3,000 tonnes. As negotiations with France have faltered, Russia
Out of an original five designs, the field has been has pushed ahead with its military-cooperation agree-
narrowed to two: a Lockheed Martin design based ment with Libya in the hope that it might regain its
on the US Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship (LCS); and a dominant position in relation to the country’s defence
unique design from Northrop Grumman. The navy sector – at present, nearly 90% of Libyan armaments
has hinted that it favours the LCS design, not least were made in the former Soviet Union. In April 2008,
because it hopes that a large production run in the Russian President Vladimir Putin announced on a visit
US will reduce costs and guarantee the availability to Tripoli that Russia would cancel Libya’s US$4.5bn
of spare parts, an important consideration in view of debt in return for a number of military, energy and
the difficulty it has had obtaining spare parts for its construction contracts, including a military-technical
unique Sa’ar corvettes. cooperation deal. Future arms contracts are likely
Since its decision to forgo its nuclear programme and to see Libya purchase 12 Su-35 multi-role fighter
allow in international weapons inspectors, Libya has aircraft, S-125 and S-300 air-defence systems, a Kilo-
indicated an interest in modernising its armed forces, class submarine and 48 new T-90 main battle tanks,
which are currently mainly equipped with ageing plus the upgrade of 100 T-72 tanks. In a joint declara-
Russian weapons systems. Healthy revenues derived tion, the two countries announced their intention to
from high hydrocarbon prices mean that the govern- enhance cooperation on national security and defence
ment is in a position to implement such a programme. through collaboration on arms-control measures,
Though external security issues have traditionally nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament; boosting
been a major driver of Libyan defence spending, with efforts to turn the Middle East into a weapons-of-
Tripoli viewing Algiers and Cairo as competitors for mass-destruction-free zone; and reducing military
influence in the region, improving economic and secu- operations in the Mediterranean. Other deals signed
rity ties with its neighbours via the Mediterranean include a US$3.5bn contract for Russian Railways to
Union have led to a change in Libya’s security envi- build a railway in Libya using 70% Russian equip-
ronment, with the emphasis now on domestic secu- ment and steel products and an agreement between
rity. This has particularly been the case following the Russian giant Gazprom and Libya’s National Oil
announcement by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Corporation to set up a joint venture.
The status of Algeria’s multi-billion-dollar arms turer Sukhoi successfully delivered two Su-30MKAs,
agreement with Russia, first signed in March 2006, apparently signalling the resumption of the original
appeared by the end of 2008 to be back on track after deal.
a number of setbacks during the year. Algeria had Following the confusion over the Russian contracts,
agreed to purchase 28 Su-30MKA aircraft and 34 Algeria indicated that it was keen to diversify its arms
MiG-29 aircraft under the deal, as well as 16 Yak-130 suppliers. In June 2008, it signed a historic defence
advanced jet trainers, 180 T-90 tanks and various air- accord with former colonial power France, with the
defence systems. However, upon receiving a number French prime minister promising the beginning of a
of MiG-29s from Russia in early 2008, the Algerian ‘new, ambitious and promising era’ of cooperation
government had claimed that some of the aircraft between the two nations. It is thought that France
were second-hand, and put delivery of the rest of is currently negotiating for the sale of, among other
the package on hold. The suspension came after things, up to four FREMM multi-role frigates from its
Algeria had also rejected a strategic alliance between order of 17 ships. France has also offered its Eurocopter,
Gazprom and its national oil company Sonatrach. In which is in competition with the Italian-and-British-
subsequent talks, Russia had indicated that it would produced Super Lynx, to the Algerians, while French
take back the MiG-29 aircraft, but only if Algeria manufacturer Thales continues to negotiate over the
agreed to buy more modern and expensive aircraft, supply of border-surveillance equipment for use in
such as the MiG-35. In June 2008, however, rela- the Sahara desert, where cells affiliated to al-Qaeda
tions appeared to be thawing, as Russian manufac- are believed to have established training camps.
AT
Algeria Ag MSL • MANPATS 200+: 200 Milan; AT-3 9K11 Sagger;
AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
Algerian Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
RCL 180: 107mm 60 B-11; 82mm 120 B-10
GDP D 9.1tr 10.5tr GUNS 300: 57mm 160 ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 80 D-44:
US$ 131bn 171bn 100mm 50 SU-100 SP (in store); 10 T-12
per capita US$ 3,944 5,067 AD • SAM 288+
Growth % 4.6 4.9 SP 68: ε48 SA-8 Gecko; ε20 SA-9 Gaskin
Inflation % 3.6 4.3
MANPAD 220+: ε220 SA-7A Grail/SA-7B Grail; SA-14
Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet;
Def bdgta D 295bn
GUNS ε875
US$ 4.27bn SP ε225 ZSU-23-4
US$1=D 69.2 61.4 TOWED ε650: 14.5mm 100: 60 ZPU-2; 40 ZPU-4; 20mm
a
Excluding extra-budgetary funding 100; 23mm 100 ZU-23; 37mm ε100 M-1939; 57mm
70 S-60; 85mm 20 M-1939 KS-12; 100mm 150 KS-19;
130mm 10 KS-30
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 15% 6% 6% 5% 17% 2% Navy ε6,000 (incl 500 officers)

SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Kilo (FSU) each with
Capabilities 6 single 533mm TT with 18 Test-71ME HWT (1 in refit)
ACTIVE 147,000 (Army 127,000 Navy 6,000 Air FRIGATES • FF 3 Mourad Rais (FSU Koni) each with
14,000) Paramilitary 187,200 1 twin (2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, 2 RBU 6000
Middle East and

Terms of service Army 18 months (6 months basic, 12 months Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 4 76mm gun
North Africa
civil projects) CORVETTES 6
RESERVE 150,000 (Army 150,000) to age 50 FSG 3:
2 Rais Hamidou (FSU Nanuchka II) each with 4 single
each with 1 SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 1 twin (2 eff.)
Organisations by Service with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM
1 Rais Hamidou (FSU Nanuchka II) with 4 quad (16
Army 47,000; ε80,000 conscript (total 127,000) eff.) with 16 SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 twin
FORCES BY ROLE (2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM
6 Mil Regions; re-org into div structure on hold FS 3 Djebel Chenona each with 2 twin (4 eff.) CSS-N-8
Armd 2 div (each: 3 tk regt, 1 mech regt); 1 Saccade tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
indep bde PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
Mech 3 div (each: 1 tk regt, 3 mech regt) PFM 9 Osa II each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2B Styx
Mech Inf/Mot Inf 5 indep bde tactical SSM (3†)
AB /SF 1 div (5 AB regt) PFC 11 Kebir
AMPHIBIOUS • LS 3
Arty 7 regt
LSM 1 Polnochny B (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
AD 5 bn
LST 2 Kalaat beni Hammad (capacity 7 tanks; 240 troops)
Engr 4 indep bn
each with 1 med hel landing platform
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10
MBT 995+: 100+ T-90; 325 T-72; 300 T-62; 270 T-54/T-55 TRG 8: 1 Daxin; AXL 7 EL Mouderrib
RECCE 90: 26 BRDM-2; 64 BRDM-2 each with AT-3 9K11 SPT 1
Sagger TRV 1 Poluchat (Used for SAR)
AIFV 1,040: 680 BMP-1; 260 BMP-2; 100 BMP-3
FACILITIES
APC (W) 750: 300 BTR-60; 150 BTR-80; 150 OT-64; 50 M-3
Panhard; 100 TH 390 Fahd Bases Located at Mers el Kebir, Algiers, Annaba, Jijel
ARTY 1,019
SP 170: 122mm 140 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 30 2S3
Coast Guard ε500
TOWED 375: 122mm 160 D-30; 25 D-74; 100 M-1931/37;
60 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 10 M-46; 152mm 20 ML-20 PCC 11: 4 Baglietto; 7 Chui- E (PRC)
M-1937 PCI 4 El Mounkid less than 100 tonnes
MRL 144: 122mm 48 BM-21; 140mm 48 BM-14/16; 240mm LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 Spt
30 BM-24; 300mm 18 9A52 Smerch
MOR 330: 82mm 150 M-37; 120mm 120 M-1943; 160mm Air Force 14,000
60 M-1943 Flying hours 150 hrs/year

Ftr 2 sqn with MiG-25 Foxbat; 4 sqn with MiG-29C Army 6 region
Fulcrum/MiG-29UB Fulcrum; 2 sqn with MiG-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
23MF/MS/U Flogger
RECCE AML-60/110 M-3 Panhard APC (W)
FGA 1 sqn with Su-30MKA; 2 sqn each with Su-24M
APC (W) 100 TH 390 Fahd
Fencer/Su-24MK Fencer D; 2 sqn with MiG-23BN
Flogger; 1 sqn with MiG-29UBT HELICOPTERS • SPT PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
Recce 1 sqn with Su-24E Fencer; 1 sqn with MiG-25R
National Security Forces 16,000
Foxbat
Directorate of National Security. Small arms
MR 2 sqn with Beech 200T Maritime Patrol
Tpt 2 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules; Republican Guard 1,200
Gulfstream IV-SP; Gulfstream V; Il-76MD Candid RECCE AML-60
B; Il-76TD Candid; L-100-30; 2 (VIP) sqn with F-27 APC (T) M-3
Friendship; Falcon 900
Tkr 1 sqn with Il-78 Midas Legitimate Defence Groups ε150,000
Atk hel 4 sqn with Mi-24 Hind Self-defence militia, communal guards (60,000)
Tpt hel 7 sqn with AS-355 Ecureuil; Mi-17/Mi-8 Hip; Mi-171
Trg 2 sqn with Z-142; 1 sqn with Yak-130; 2 sqn 36 Non-State Groups
L-39ZA; L-39C Albatros; hel sqn with 28 PZL

Mi-2 Hoplite see Part II
AD 3 bde with 725 100mm/130mm/85mm
SAM 3 regt with ε140 SA-2 Guideline/SA-3 Goa/SA-6 DEPLOYMENT
Gainful/SA-8 Gecko (140–840 eff.)
DEmocratic republic of congo
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • MONUC 6 obs
FTR 55: 12 MiG-25 Foxbat; 25 MiG-29C Fulcrum/MiG-
29UB Fulcrum; 18 MiG-23MF/MS/U Flogger
FGA 80: 6 Su-30MKA (further 22 to be delivered); 2
Bahrain Brn
MiG-29 UBT (purchase of 28 MiG-29SMT and 4 more Bahraini Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
MiG-29UBT put on hold); 34 Su-24M/Su-24MK Fencer D;
GDP D 6.8bn 8.0bn
38 MiG-23BN Flogger
RECCE 8: 4 MiG-25R Foxbat*; 4 Su-24E Fencer* US$ 17.9bn 21.1bn
MP 6 Beech 200T Maritime Patrol (additional units on per capita US$ 24,883 29,305
order) Growth % 6.0 6.3
TKR 6 Il-78 Midas Inflation % 3.4 4.5
TPT 38: 9 C-130H; 8 C-130H-30 Hercules; 2 F-27 Friendship;
Def bdgta D 205m 210m
3 Falcon 900; 4 Gulfstream IV-SP; 1 Gulfstream V; 3 Il-
76MD Candid B; 6 Il-76TD Candid; 2 L-100-30 US$ 539m 552m
TRG 89: 6 Yak-130 (10 more in 2009); 36 L-39ZA Albatros; FMA (US) US$ 16.3m 5.8m 20.9m
7 L-39C; 40 Z-142 US$1=D 0.38 0.38
HELICOPTERS a
Excluding extra-budgetary funding
ATK 33 Mi-24 Hind
SPT 114: 8 AS-355 Ecureuil; 42 Mi-171; 64 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Population 718,396
Hip H/Mi-8 Hip Ethnic groups: Nationals 64%; Asian 13%; other Arab 10%; Iranian
TRG 28 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite 8%; European 1%)
AD
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
SAM ε140 SA-2 Guideline Towed/SA-3 Goa/SA-6 Gainful
SP/SA-8 Gecko SP (140–840 eff.) Male 14% 4% 4% 4% 28% 2%
GUNS 725 100mm/130mm/85mm Female 14% 4% 4% 3% 17% 2%
MSL
ASM AS-10 Karen; AS-12 Kegler; AS-14 Kedge; AS-17 Capabilities
Krypton; AS-7 Kerry
AAM AA-10 Alamo; A-11 Archer; AA-2 Atoll; AA-6 Acrid; ACTIVE 8,200 (Army 6,000 Navy 700 Air 1,500)
AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid Paramilitary 11,260
Paramilitary ε187,200 Organisations by Service

Gendarmerie 20,000
Ministry of Defence Army 6,000
FORCES BY ROLE FGA 1 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II

Armd 1 bde under strength (2 armd bn, 1 recce bn) Tpt some sqn with B-727; Gulfstream II; Gulfstream III
Inf 1 bde (2 mech inf bn, 1 mot inf bn) (VIP); RJ-85
SF 1 bn VIP 1 unit with S-70A Black Hawk; Bo-105; UH-60L Black
Arty 1 bde (1 lt arty bty, 1 hy arty bty, 1 MRL bty, 2 med Hawk
arty bty) Trg some sqn with T67M Firefly, Hawk Mk-129
Gd 1 (Amiri) bn Hel 3 sqn with AH-1E Cobra; TAH-1P Cobra*; 1 sqn with
AD 1 bn (1 ADA bty, 2 SAM bty) AB-212 (Bell 212)
MBT 180 M-60A3 AIRCRAFT 33 combat capable
RECCE 46: 22 AML-90; Ferret 8 (in store); 8 S52 Shorland; 8 FTR 12: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 4 F-5F Tiger II
Saladin (in store) FGA 21: 17 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 4 F-16D Fighting
AIFV 25 YPR-765 (with 25mm) Falcon
APC 235+ TPT 4: 1 B-727; 1 Gulfstream II; 1 Gulfstream III (VIP);
APC (T) 115 M-113A2 1 RJ-85
APC (W) 120+: 10+ AT105 Saxon; 110 M-3 Panhard TRG 9: 3 T67M Firefly; 6 Hawk Mk-129
ARTY 69 HELICOPTERS
SP 203mm 13 M-110 ATK 24 AH-1E Cobra
TOWED 26: 105mm 8 L-118 Light Gun; 155mm 18 M-198 SPT 1 S-70A Black Hawk
MRL 227mm 9 MLRS (with 30 ATACMS) UTL 16: 12 AB-212 (Bell 212); 3 Bo-105; 1 UH-60L Black
MOR 21: 81mm 12; 120mm 9 Hawk
AT • MSL • MANPATS 15 TOW-2A/TOW-2B TRG 6 TAH-1P Cobra*
RCL 31: 106mm 25 M-40A1; 120mm 6 MOBAT MSL
AD • SAM 93 ASM AGM-65D/G Maverick
Middle East and

SP 7 Crotale ARM AS-12 Kegler
North Africa
AAM AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9P Sidewinder
TOWED 8 I-HAWK MIM-23B
MSL some TOW
MANPAD 78: 18 FIM-92A Stinger; 60 RBS-70
GUNS 27: 35mm 15 Oerlikon; 40mm 12 L/70
Paramilitary ε11,260
Navy 700 Police 9,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Ministry of Interior
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 3 HELICOPTERS • UTL 5: 1 Bo-105; 2 Bell 412 Twin
FRIGATES • FFG 1 Sabah (US Oliver Hazard Perry) with Huey; 2 Hughes 500
SM-1 MR SAM, 4+ RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2
triple ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1 Bo-105 National Guard ε2,000
utl hel or 2 SH-2G Super Seasprite ASW hel) Paramilitary 3 bn
CORVETTES • FSG 2 Al Manama (Ge Lurssen 62m with
hel deck) each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet Coast Guard ε260
tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 Bo-105 utl hel) Ministry of Interior
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22:
PFM 4 Ahmed el Fateh (Ge Lurssen 45m) each with 2 twin 7 PCC; 15 PBI (less than 100 tonnes)
(4 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 spt
gun
PFC 2 Al Riffa (Ge Lurssen 38m) Foreign Forces
PCI 2 Swift less than 100 tonnes (FPB-20)
United States US Central Commmand: Army 22; Navy
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 5
1,136; USAF 21; USMC 145; 1 HQ (5th Fleet)
LCU 5: 1 Loadmaster; 4 LCU
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • SPT 1
FACILITIES
Base Mina Salman
Naval Aviation
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS • SPT 2 Bo-105 utl hel
Air Force 1,500

FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 2 sqn with F-16C/F-16D Fighting Falcon
APC 4,160
Egypt Et APC (T) 2,600 M-113A2 (incl variants); 500 BTR-50/OT-62
(most in store)
Egyptian Pound E£ 2007 2008 2009 APC (W) 1,560: 250 BMP-600P; 250 BTR-60; 410 Fahd-30/
GDP Ε£ 731bn 910bn TH 390 Fahd; 650 Walid
US$ 132bn 163bn ARTY 4,413
per capita US$ 1,656 1,996 SP 489: 122mm 124 SP 122; 155mm 365: 164 M-109A2;
201 M-109A2/M-109A3
Growth % 7.1 7.2
TOWED 946: 122mm 526: 190 D-30M; 36 M-1931/37; 300
Inflation % 11.0 11.7 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 420 M-46
Def exp Ε£ 24.55bn MRL 498: 122mm 356: 96 BM-11; 60 BM-21; 50 Sakr-10;
US$ 4.64bn 50 Sakr-18; 100 Sakr-36; 130mm 36 Kooryong; 140mm 32
Def bdgt Ε£ 17.4bn
BM-14; 227mm 26 MLRS; 240mm 48 BM-24 in store
MOR 2,480
US$ 3.16bn
SP 100: 107mm 65 M-106A1; 35 M-106A2;
FMA (US) US$ 1.30bn 1.28bn 1.30bn 81mm 50 M-125A2; 82mm 500; 120mm 1,800 M-1943;
US$1=E£ 5.50 5.58 160mm 30 M-160
AT • MSL 2,362
Population 81,713,517 SP 262: 52 M-901, 210 YPR 765 PRAT
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MANPATS 2,100: 1,200 AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2);
200 Milan; 700 TOW-2
Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 17% 2%
RCL 107mm 520 B-11
Female 16% 5% 5% 4% 17% 3% UAV R4E-50 Skyeye
AD • SAM 2,096+
Capabilities SP 96: 50 FIM-92A Avenger; 26 M-54 Chaparral; 20 SA-9
Gaskin
ACTIVE 468,500 (Army 340,000 Navy 18,500 Air MANPAD 2,000+: 2,000 Ayn al-Saqr/SA-7 Grail; FIM-
30,000 Air Defence Command 80,000) Paramilitary 92A Stinger
397,000 GUNS 705+
Terms of service 12 months-3 years (followed by refresher SP 205: 23mm 165: 45 Sinai-23; 120 ZSU-23-4; 57mm 40
training over a period of up to 9 years) ZSU-57-2
TOWED 500+: 14.5mm 300 ZPU-4; 23mm 200 ZU-23-2;
RESERVE 479,000 (Army 375,000 Navy 14,000 Air 57mm S-60
20,000 Air Defence 70,000) RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder; AN/TPQ-37
Firefinder (arty/mor)
Organisations by Service MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 42+: 9 FROG-7; 24 Sakr-80; some
(trials); 9 Scud-B
Army 90,000–120,000; 190,000–220,000 Central Zone
conscript (total 280,000–340,000) Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Cairo
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 4 div (each: 2 armd bde, 1 mech bde, 1 arty bde); Eastern Zone
1 (Republican Guard) bde; 4 indep bde Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Ismailiya
Mech 4 indep bde Armd 1 div
Mech Inf 8 div (each: 1 arty bde, 1 armd bde, 2 mech inf bde) Mech Inf 2 div
Air Mob 2 bde
Northern Zone
Inf 1 div, 2 indep bde
Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Alexandria
SF 1 gp
Armd 1 div
Cdo 1 gp HQ (5 cdo gp, 1 Counter-Terrorist unit
Mech Inf 2 div
(Unit 777 (Thunderbolt Force (El Saiqa)), str 300.)
Para 1 bde Southern Zone
Arty 15 indep bde Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Aswan
SSM 1 bde with 9 FROG-7; 1 bde with 9 Scud-B Armd Cav 1 div
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Mech Inf 2 div
MBT 3,505: 755 M1-A1 Abrams; 300 M-60A1; 850 M-60A3;
500 T-62 in store; 260 Ramses II (mod T-54/55); 840 T-54/T-55 Western Zone
in store Mil Region 1 zone HQ located at Mersa Matruh
RECCE 412: 300 BRDM-2; 112 Commando Scout Armd 1 div
AIFV 610: 220 BMP-1 (in store); 390 YPR-765 (with 25mm) Mech Inf 2 div
Navy ε8,500 (incl 2,000 Coast Guard); 10,000 CRAFT • LCU 9 Vydra (capacity either 3 AMX-30 MBT
conscript (total 18,500) or 100 troops)
Two Fleets: Mediterranean and Red Sea. Naval LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19:
Organisation: 1 Submarine Bde, 1 Destroyer Bde, 1 Patrol AOT 7 Toplivo
Bde, 1 Fast Attack Bde and 1 Special Ops Bde. AE 1Halaib (Westerwald Class)
FORCES BY ROLE AR 1Shaledin (Luneberg Class)
ATF 4
Navy 1 HQ located at Alexandria; 1 HQ located at Safaqa
TRG 2: 1 Tariq† (UK FF); 1 (also used as the Presidential
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE yacht)
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4 Romeo† each with 8 TRV 2 Poluchat
single 533mm TT with UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW YDT 2
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11 FACILITIES
DESTROYERS • DD 1 El Fateh† training (UK ‘Z’ class) Bases Alexandria, Port Said, Mersa Matruh, Port Tewfig,
with 2 quad 533mm ASTT (8 eff.), 4 114mm gun Safaqa, Hurghada, Suez, Al Ghardaqah
FRIGATES • FFG 10:
2 Abu Qir (Sp Descubierta) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon Coastal Defence
quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, Army tps, Navy control
2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Sting Ray LWT, 1 twin MSL • TACTICAL • SSM SSC-2b Samlet
tube Bofors mortar 375mm (2 eff.), 1 76mm gun
LNCHR 3:
2 Damyat (US Knox) each with 1 Mk16 Mk 112 octuple 3 twin each with 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM
with 8 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, tactical ASROC, GUN 100mm; 130mm SM-4-1; 152mm
2 twin 324mm TT (4 eff.), 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-
2G Super Seasprite ASW hel) Naval Aviation
4 Mubarak (US Oliver Hazard Perry) each with 1 Mk All aircraft armed and operated by Air Force
13 GMLS with 4 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 36 AIRCRAFT • TPT • BEECH 1900: 4 Beech 1900C
Middle East and

SM-1 MP SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-2G Super
North Africa
(Maritime Surveillance)
Seasprite ASW hel) HELICOPTERS
2 Najim Al Zaffer (PRC Jianghu I) each with 2 twin (4 ATK 5 SA-342 Gazelle
eff.) each with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm tactical SSM, ASW 15: 10 SH-2G Super Seasprite each with Mk 46
2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.) LWT; 4 Sea King MK47
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41 UAV 2 Camcopter 5.1
PFM 23:
5 Tiger class each with 2 single each with Otomat Coast Guard 2,000
tactical SSM PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 80+
4 Hegu (Komar type) (PRC) each with 2 single each with PCC 50: 5 Nisr; 9 Swiftships; 21 Timsah; 9 Type83; 6
1 SY-1 tactical SSM Swift Protector Class (Additional vessels on order)
5 October (FSU Komar) each with 2 single each with 1 PCI 12 Sea Spectre MKIII;
SY-1 tactical SSM PFI 6 Crestitalia less than 100 tonnes
3 Osa I (FSU) each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2A PBI 12 (various)
Styx tactical SSM
6 Ramadan each with 4 single each with 1 Otomat Air Force 30,000 (incl 10,000 conscript)
tactical SSM
FORCES BY ROLE
PFC 18:
Ftr 2 sqn with Mirage 5D/E; 2 sqn with F-16A
5 Hainan (PRC) each with 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.), Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn with M-2000C Mirage;
4 x1 RL 7 sqn with F-16C Fighting Falcon; 6 sqn with
3 Hainan† in reserve (PRC) each with 2 triple (6 eff.) MiG-21 Fishbed
324mm TT (6 eff.), 4 single RL
FGA 2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; 2 sqn with J-6 (MiG-
4 Shanghai II (PRC)
19S) Farmer B; 1 sqn with Alpha Jet*; 1 sqn with
4 Shershen each with 1+ SA-N-5 Grail SAM (manual
Mirage 5E2
aiming), 1 12 tube BM-24 MPL (12 eff.)
2 Shershen (FSU) each with 4 single 533mm TT, 1 8 tube ASW/Hel 2 sqn with SH-2G Super Seasprite*; Sea King
BM-21 MRL (8 eff.) MK47*; SA-342L Gazelle* (Navy use)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 14 Tac/Hel/ sqns with CH-47C Chinook; CH-47D Chinook
MSO 3 Assiout (FSU T-43 class) Tpt (medium); Commando (of which 3 VIP); Mi-6
MSC 4 Aswan (FSU Yurka) Hook; S-70 Black Hawk (VIP, light); Mi-8 Hip;
MHC 5: 2 Osprey; 3 Dat Assawari AS-61; UH-60A Black Hawk; UH-60L Black Hawk
MHI 2 Safaga (Swiftships) (VIP); UH-12E
AMPHIBIOUS 12 Recce 2 sqn with MiG-21R Fishbed H*; Mirage 5SDR
LS • LSM 3: (Mirage 5R)*
3 Polnochny A (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) (FSU) MP 1 sqn with Beech 1900C
EW 1 sqn with Beech 1900 (ELINT); C-130H Hercules Air Defence Command 30,000; 50,000
(ELINT); Commando 2E (ECM) conscript; 70,000 reservists (total 150,000)
AEW 1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt 1 regt with B-707-366C; B-737-100; Beech 200 AD 5 div (geographically based) (total: 12 SAM bty with
Super King Air; C-130H Hercules; DHC-5D M-48 Chaparral, 12 radar bn, 12 ADA bde (total: 100
Buffalo; Falcon 20; Gulfstream III; Gulfstream IV, ADA bn), 12 SAM bty with I-HAWK MIM-23B, 14
An-74TK-200A SAM bty with Crotale, 18 SAM bn with Skyguard, 110
Atk hel 6 sqn with AH-64A Apache; SA-342K Gazelle (44 SAM bn with Pechora (SA-3A) Goa/SA-3 Goa; SA-6
with HOT, 30 with 20mm) Gainful; SA-2 Guideline)
Trg sqns with F-16B Fighting Falcon*; F-16D Fighting EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Falcon*; DHC-5 Buffalo; Alpha Jet; EMB-312 AD
Tucano; Gomhouria; Grob 115EG; L-29 Delfin; SYSTEMS 72+: Amoun each with RIM-7F Sea Sparrow
L-39 Albatros; L-59E Albatros*; M-2000B Mirage*; SAM, 36+ quad SAM (144 eff.), Skyguard towed SAM,
MiG-21U Mongol A*; JJ-6 (MiG-19UTI) Farmer; 36+ twin 35mm guns (72 eff.)
K-8* SAM 702+
UAV sqn with 20 R4E-50 Skyeye; 29 Teledyne-Ryan SP 130+: 24+ Crotale; 50+ M-48 Chaparral; 56+ SA-6
324 Scarab Gainful
TOWED 572+: 78+ I-HAWK MIM-23B; SA-2 Guideline
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
282+ Skyguard; 212+ Pechora (SA-3A) Goa/SA-3 Goa

AIRCRAFT 458 combat capable GUNS 1,566+
FTR 165: 26 F-16A Fighting Falcon; 12 F-16B Fighting SP • 23mm 266+: 36+ Sinai-23 (SPAAG) each with Ayn
Falcon; 74 J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; 53 Mirage 5D/E al-Saqr MANPAD, Dassault 6SD-20S land; 230 ZSU-23-4
FGA 235: 15 M-2000C Mirage; 113 F-16C Fighting Falcon; TOWED 57mm 600 S-60; 85mm 400 M-1939 KS-12;
6 F-16D Fighting Falcon; 16 Mirage 5E2; 29 F-4E Phantom 100mm 300 KS-19
II; 44 J-6 (MiG-19S) Farmer B; 12 Alpha Jet
RECCE 20: 14 MiG-21R Fishbed H*; 6 Mirage 5SDR Paramilitary ε397,000 active
(Mirage 5R)*
Central Security Forces 325,000
AEW 4 E-2C Hawkeye Ministry of Interior; Includes conscripts
TPT 53+: 1 An-74TK-200A (first of 6); 3 B-707-366C; APC (W) 100+: 100 Hussar; Walid
1 B-737-100; 1 Beech 1900 (ELINT); 4 Beech 1900C; 1
Beech 200 Super King Air; 2 C-130H Hercules (ELINT); 22 National Guard 60,000
C-130H (tpt); 4 DHC-5; 5 DHC-5D Buffalo; 3 Falcon 20; 3 Lt wpns only
Gulfstream III; 3 Gulfstream IV FORCES BY ROLE
TRG 328: 24 Alpha Jet; 34 EMB-312 Tucano; 36 Gomhouria; Paramilitary 8 (cadre status) bde (each: 3 paramilitary bn)
74 Grob 115EG; 6 JJ-6 (MiG-19UTI) Farmer; 80 K-8; EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
26 L-29 Delfin; 10 L-39 Albatros; 35 L-59E Albatros*; 3 APC (W) 250 Walid
M-2000B Mirage*
HELICOPTERS Border Guard Forces 12,000
ELINT 4 Commando 2E (ECM) Ministry of Interior; lt wpns only
ATK 115: 36 AH-64A Apache; 74 SA-342K Gazelle (44 with 18 (Border Guard) regt
HOT, 30 with 20mm); 5 SA-342L Gazelle* (Navy use)
ASW 15: 10 SH-2G Super Seasprite*; 5 Sea King MK47* Non-State Groups
SPT 98: 3 CH-47C Chinook; 16 CH-47D Chinook
see Part II
(Medium); 25 Commando (of which 3 VIP); 12 Mi-6 Hook;
2 S-70 Black Hawk (VIP, light); 40 Mi-8 Hip
UTL 9: 2 AS-61; 2 UH-60A Black Hawk; 5 UH-60L Black Deployment
Hawk (VIP) burundi
TRG 17 UH-12E UN • BINUB 1 obs
UAV 49: 20 R4E-50 Skyeye; 29 Teledyne-Ryan 324 Scarab
MSL central african republic/chad
ASM 245+: 80 AGM-65A Maverick; 123 AGM-65D UN • MINURCAT 2 obs
Maverick; 12 AGM-65F Maverick; 30 AGM-65G Maverick; Democratic Republic of Congo
AGM-119 Hellfire; AGM-84 Harpoon; AM-39 Exocet; AS- UN • MONUC 22 obs
30L HOT
Georgia
ARM Armat; AS-12 Kegler
UN • UNOMIG 5 obs
AAM AA-2 Atoll; AIM-7E Sparrow/AIM-7F Sparrow/
AIM-7M Sparrow; AIM-9F Sidewinder/AIM-9L Liberia
Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder; R-550 Magic; R530 UN • UNMIL 8 obs
NEPAL Organisations by Service

UN • UNMIN 3 obs
Sudan Army 130,000; 220,000 conscript (total
UN • UNMIS 814 troops; 23 obs; 1 inf coy(+); 1 engr 350,000)
coy(+); 1 med coy(+) FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNAMID 624; 12 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 sigs coy 5 Corps–Level Regional HQ
Armd 4 div; some indep bde
Western Sahara
Inf 6 div; some indep bde
SF 1 bde
Cdo 2 div; some indep bde
Foreign Forces AB 1 bde
Australia MFO (Operation Mazurka) 25 Arty 6 gp
Canada 28 Avn some gp
Colombia MFO 354; 3 obs; Army: 1 inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Fiji MFO 338; 3 inf coy
Totals incl those held by Islamic Revolutionary Guard
France MFO 17; 1 CN-235M Corps Ground Forces. Some equipment serviceability in
Hungary MFO 26 (MP) doubt
Italy MFO 79; 1 coastal ptl unit MBT 1,613+: ε100 Zulfiqar; 480 T-72; 150 M-60A1; 75+
New Zealand MFO 26 (trg + tpt) T-62; 100 Chieftain Mk3/Mk5; 540 T-54/T-55/Type-59; 168
Norway MFO 9 (staff) M-47/M-48
United States MFO 687; 1 Inf bn; 1 Spt bn (1 EOD coy, 1 LT TK 80+: 80 Scorpion; Towsan
Medical coy, 1 Spt Hel coy) RECCE 35 EE-9 Cascavel
AIFV 610: 210 BMP-1; 400 BMP-2
Uruguay MFO 83 (engr + tpt)
Middle East and

APC 640
North Africa
APC (T) 340: 140 Boragh; 200 M-113
Iran Ir APC (W) 300 BTR-50/BTR-60
ARTY 8,196+
Iranian Rial r 2007 2008 2009 SP 310+ : 122mm 60+: 60 2S1 Carnation; Thunder 1; 155mm
180+: 180 M-109; Thunder 2; 170mm 10 M-1978; 175mm 30
GDP r 2,409tr 3,010tr
M-107; 203mm 30 M-110
US$ 260bn 306bn TOWED 2,010+; 105mm 130 M-101A1; 122mm 640: 540
per capita US$ 3,969 4,645 D-30; 100 Type-54 (M-30) M-1938; 130mm 985 M-46;
Growth % 6.4 5.5 152mm 30 D-20; 155mm 205: 120 GHN-45; 70 M-114; 15
Inflation % 19.0 26.0 Type 88 WAC-21; 203mm 20 M-115
MRL 876+: 107mm 700+: 700 Type-63; Fadjr 1; HASEB;
Def bdgta r 69tr
122mm 157: 7 BM-11; 100 BM-21; 50 Arash/Hadid/Noor;
US$ 7.45bn 240mm 19: ε10 Fadjr 3; 9 M-1985; 333mm Fadjr 5
US$1=r 9,281 9,837 MOR 5,000: 60mm; 81mm; 82mm; 107mm M-30;120mm
a
Excluding defence industry funding M-65
AT
Population 65,875,223 MSL • MANPATS 75 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-4 9K111
Ethnic groups: Persian 51%; Azeri 24%; Gilaki/Mazandarani 8%; Spigot/AT-5 9K113 Spandrel/Saeqhe 1/Saeqhe 2/Toophan/
Kurdish 7%; Arab 3%; Lur 2%; Baloch 2%; Turkman 2% TOW (some AT-3 SP), Toophan (TOW)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus RCL 200+: 75mm M-20; 82mm B-10; 106mm ε200 M-40;
107mm B-11
Male 14% 6% 7% 5% 17% 2% RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
Female 13% 6% 6% 5% 16% 2% AIRCRAFT TPT 17: 10 Cessna 185; 2 F-27 Friendship; 1
Falcon 20; 4 Rockwell Turbo Commander 690
Capabilities HELICOPTERS
ATK 50 AH-1J Cobra
ACTIVE 523,000 (Army 350,000 Islamic SPT 45: 20 CH-47C Chinook; 25 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/
Revolutionary Guard Corps 125,000 Navy 18,000 Air Mi-8 Hip
30,000) Paramilitary 40,000 UTL 128: 68 AB-205A (Bell 205A); 10 AB-206 (Bell 206)
Armed Forces General Staff coordinates two parallel JetRanger; 50 Bell 214
organisations: Regular Armed Forces and Revolutionary UAV • TACTICAL Mohajer II / Mohajer III / Mohajer IV
Guard Corps AD • SAM
SP HQ-7 (reported)
RESERVE 350,000 (Army 350,000, ex-service MANPAD SA-14 Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet/SA-7 Grail;
volunteers) Misaq (QW-1)
GUNS 1,700 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

SP 23mm ZSU-23-4; 57mm ZSU-57-2 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Kilo (RF Type 877)
TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2; ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23; 35mm; each with 6 single 533mm TT
37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60 SSC 3 Ghadir (fitted with facility to operate SDV)
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 48: ε30 CSS-8 (175 msl); 12+ SDV 3+ Al Sabehat (SF insertion and mine laying
Scud-B/Scud-C (Up to 18 launchers/launch vehicles (300 capacity)
msl)); Shaheen-1 Hatf-4/Shaheen-2; Nazeat; Oghab PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 6
FRIGATES • FFG 4:
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 125,000+ 3 Alvand (UK Vosper Mk 5) each with 3 twin (6 eff.) each
with CSS-N-4 Sardine tactical SSM, 1 single RL, 1 114mm
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground gun
Forces 100,000+ 1 Jamaran (UK Vosper Mk 5 – updated version – under-
Controls Basij paramilitary forces going trials)
Lightly manned in peacetime. Primary role: internal CORVETTES • FS 2 Bayandor (US PF-103) each with 2
security; secondary role: external defence, in conjunction 76mm gun
with regular armed forces. PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 146+
PFM 11 Kaman (Fr Combattante II) each with 2–4 CSS-N-4
Inf Up to 15 div (Some divs are designated as armd
Sardine tactical SSM
or mech but all are predominantly infantry); some
PCC 5: 3 Parvin; 2 Kaivan
indep bde
PCI 11 China Cat each with 2 twin (4 eff.) FL-10 SSM /
AB 1 indep bde
C-701 Kowsar tactical SSM (less than 100 tonnes)
PFI 42: 11 Peykaap II (IPS-16 mod) each with 2 twin (4eff.)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Naval FL-10 SSM / C-701 Kowsar tactical SSM; 15 Peykaap I (IPS
Forces 20,000+ (incl 5,000 Marines) 16); 6 (semi-submersible craft); 10 (various); (All vessels
FORCES BY ROLE less than 100 tonnes)
Navy some (coast-defence) elm (total: some SSM bty PBI 40
with HY-2 (CSS-C-3) Seersucker, some arty bty) PB 37
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 50+ MSC 3: 2 Type-292; 1 Shahrokh (in Caspian Sea as trg
PFM 10 Thondor (PRC Houdong) each with C-802 ship)
(CSS-N-8) Saccade tactical SSM MSI 2 Riazi (US Cape)
PB 40+ Boghammar Marin (Swe) each with AT AMPHIBIOUS
LS 13
(ATGW), RCL, gun (machine guns)
LSM 3 Iran Hormuz 24 (capacity 9 tanks; 140 troops)
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM HY-2 (CSS-C-3) Seersucker
(ROK)
FACILITIES LST 7:
Bases Located at Bandar-e Abbas, Khorramshahr, with 3 Hejaz (mine laying capacity)
40+ Boghammar Marin PB (Swe) each with AT 4 Hengam each with up to 1 hel (capacity 9 tanks; 225
(ATGW), RCL, gun (machine guns) bases located troops)
at Larak, Abu Musa, Al Farsiyah, Halul (oil LSL 3 Fouque
platform), Sirri CRAFT 8
UCAC 8: 7 Wellington; 1 Iran
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Marines LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 26
5,000+ AORH 3: 2 Bandar Abbas; 1 Kharg
Marine 1 bde AWT 4 Kangan
SPT 19: 6 Delvar; 12 Hendijan; 1 Hamzah
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force FACILITIES
Controls Iran’s strategic missile force. Bases Located at Bandar-e Abbas, Bushehr, Kharg Island,
FORCES BY ROLE Bandar-e Anzelli, Bandar-e Khomeini, Bandar-e
Msl ε1 bde Shahab-1/2 with 12–18 launchers;ε1 bn with Mahshahr, Chah Bahar
ε6 single launchers each with ε4 Shahab-3 strategic
IRBM Marines 2,600
Marine 2 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LAUNCHER 24: 12–18 Satellite Launcher; ε6 single with
ε4 Shahab-3 IRBM AIRCRAFT
MP 3 P-3F Orion
Navy 18,000 EW • ELINT 3 Da-20 Falcon
FORCES BY ROLE TPT 13: 5 Do-228; 4 F-27 Friendship; 4 Rockwell Turbo
Navy 1 HQ located at Bandar-e Abbas Commander 680
HELICOPTERS Gammon; 29 SA-15m Gauntlet (Tor-M1) (reported

ASW ε10 SH-3D Sea King delivered early 2007)
MCM 3 RH-53D Sea Stallion MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger; SA-7 Grail
UTL 17: 5 AB-205A (Bell 205A); 2 AB-206 (Bell 206) GUNS • TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 37mm Oerlikon
JetRanger; 10 AB-212 (Bell 212) MSL
ASM up to 3,000 AGM-65A Maverick/AS-10 Karen/AS-11
Air Force 30,000 (incl 12,000 Air Defence) Kilter/AS-14 Kedge/C-801K (CSS-N-4) Sardine ALCM
FORCES BY ROLE AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AA-8 Aphid; AIM-54
Serviceability probably about 60% for US ac types and about Phoenix; AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 Sidewinder; PL-2A; PL-7
80% for PRC/Russian ac. Includes Islamic Revolutionary
Guard Corps Air Force equipment.
Paramilitary 40,000
Ftr 2 sqn with F-14 Tomcat; 1 sqn with F-7M
Airguard; 2 sqn with MiG-29A Fulcrum A/MiG- Law-Enforcement Forces 40,000 (border and
29UB Fulcrum
security troops); 450,000 on mobilisation (incl
FGA 1 sqn with F-1E Mirage; Su-25K Frogfoot A; Su-
conscripts) (total 40,000–490,000)
24MK Fencer D; 4 sqn with F-4D/F-4E Phantom
Part of armed forces in wartime
II; 4 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II
Recce 1 (det) sqn with RF-4E Phantom II*
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 40 harbour craft
MP 1 sqn with P-3MP Orion*

PCI ε 90
Tkr/tpt 1 sqn with B-707; B-747
AIRCRAFT • TPT: 2 Iran-140; some Cessna 185/Cessna
Tpt 5 sqn with Y-7 (An-24) Coke; B-727; B-747F;
310
C-130E Hercules/C-130H Hercules; F-27 Friendship;
HELICOPTERS • UTL ε24 AB-205 (Bell 205)/AB-206
Falcon 20; Il-76 Candid; Jetstar; PC-6B Turbo Porter;
Rockwell Turbo Commander 680; Y-12; Iran-140 (Bell 206) JetRanger
Middle East and

Trg trg units with F-5B Freedom Fighter*; TB-200
Basij Resistance Force up to ε1,000,000 on
North Africa
Tobago; TB-21 Trinidad; Beech F-33A Bonanza/
Beech F-33C Bonanza; EMB-312 Tucano; JJ-7
mobilisation
Mongol A*; MFI-17 Mushshak; PC-7 Turbo Trainer Paramilitary militia, with claimed membership of 12.6
Hel sqn with CH-47 Chinook; Shabaviz 2-75; Shabaviz million, including women and children; perhaps 1 million
2061; AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger; AB-214C combat capable; in the process of closer integration with
SAM 16 bn each with ε150 I-HAWK MIM-23B; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces.
5 sqn with FM-80 (Crotale); total of 30 Rapier; Militia 2,500 bn (claimed); some (full time)
15 Tigercat; 45 SA-2 Guideline; 10 SA-5 Gammon;
FIM-92A Stinger; SA-7 Grail; 29 Tor-M1 systems
(reported delivered early 2007)
Non-State Groups
see Part II
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FTR 118: 25 F-14 Tomcat; 25 MiG-29A/UB/U Fulcrum; 24
F-1E Mirage; 20 F-5B Freedom Fighter; 24 F-7M Airguard
Iraq Irq
FGA 168: 13 Su-25K Frogfoot A/T/UBK; 30 Su-24MK Iraqi Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
Fencer D; 65 F-4D Phantom II/F-4E Phantom II; 60+ F-5E
Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II GDP US$ 62.3bn 84.1bn
RECCE: 6+ RF-4E Phantom II* per capita US$ 2,265 2,980
MP 5 P-3MP Orion* Growth % 5.9 6.6
TPT 104+: 3 B-707; 1 B-727; 4 B-747F; 17 C-130E Hercules/ Inflation % 30.1 4.1
C-130H Hercules; 10 F-27 Friendship; 1 Falcon 20; 1+ Il-76 US$1=D 1,254 1,173
Candid; 40 Iran-140 Faraz; 2 Jetstar; 10 PC-6B Turbo Porter;
3 Rockwell Turbo Commander 680; 9 Y-12; 2 Y-7 (An-24) Population 28,221,181
Coke; 1 B-747 Ethnic and religious groups: Arab 75–80% (of which Shi’a Muslim
UTL 12: 4 TB-200 Tobago; 8 TB-21 Trinidad 55%, Sunni Muslim 45%) Kurdish 20–25%
TRG 112: 20 Beech F-33A Bonanza/Beech F-33C Bonanza;
15 EMB-312 Tucano; 15 JJ-7 Mongol A; 22 *MFI-17 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Mushshak; 40 PC-7 Turbo Trainer Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%
HELICOPTERS Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
SPT 2+ CH-47 Chinook; Shabaviz 2-75 (indigenous versions
in production); Shabaviz 2061 Capabilities
UTL 32: 2 AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger; 30 AB-214C
AD • SAM 279+: FM-80 (Crotale); 30 Rapier; 15 Tigercat; ACTIVE 577,056 (Army 186,957 Navy 1,900 Air
ε 150+ I-HAWK MIM-23B; 45 SA-2 Guideline; 10 SA-5 1,887 Ministry of Interior 386,312)

SPT 16: 28 Mi-17; 2 PZL W-3WA
UTL 41: 5 Bell 206-B3 JetRanger; 36 UH-1H Huey II
Military Forces ε190,744
Figures for Iraqi security forces reflect ongoing changes in Ministry of Interior Forces ε386,312 (Includes
organisation and manpower. Civil Intervention Force, Emergency Response
Army ε186,957 (Includes National Guard) Unit, Border Enforcement (39,294) and
Dignitary Protection)
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 div with (3 armd bde, 1 lt mech bde) Iraqi Police Service ε305,713 (including
Mot Inf 6 div (each: 4 mot inf bde); 2 div (each: 3 mot inf Highway Patrol)
bde, 1 air mob inf bde); 1 div with (3 cdo bde);
1 div with (3 mot inf bde); 1 (Presidential) bde National Police ε41,305
Inf 1 div with (1 mech inf bde, 2 inf bde, 1 air mob
inf bde); 1 div with (3 inf bde) Non-State Groups
Lt Inf 1 div with (3 lt inf bde) see Part II
Mtn 2 div (each: 4 mtn inf bde)
Foreign Forces
SOF 1 bde; 4 indep bn
All under opcon MNF-I Operation Iraqi Freedom unless

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE otherwise specified
MBT 149+: 77+ T-72; 72 T-55 Albania 240; 2 inf coy
RECCE 35 EE-9 Cascavel Australia (Operation Catalyst) 350; Army: 1 sy det with
APC 1,415 ASLAV • UNAMI 1 obs
APC (T) 767: 100 FV 103 Spartan; 233 M-113 A1; 434 Azerbaijan 88; 1 inf coy (scheduled to withdraw end
BMP-1 2008)
APC (W) 648: 98 BTR-80; 550 DZIK (some 600 being Bulgaria 156; 1 inf coy; 1 inf pl (scheduled to withdraw
delivered) end 2008)
Czech Republic 17 • NTM-I up to 10
Navy ε1,900
Denmark 33 (sy forces) • NTM-I 14 • UNAMI 3 obs
Iraqi Coastal Defence Force (ICDF) El Salvador 200; 1 inf bn
ICDF crews being trained by UK RN Estonia 35; 1 inf pl • NTM-I 3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Fiji UNAMI 222; 3 sy unit
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16: Hungary NTM-I up to 10
PC 12: 5 (RIB); 5 27m (PRC-built Predator); 2 Italy NTM-I 72
Type-200 Korea, Rep of 300 (scheduled to withdraw end 2008)
PBR 4 Type-2010 Latvia 3 (scheduled to withdraw end 2008)
FACILITIES Lithuania NTM-I 4
Base Located at Umm Qasr Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic 80; 3 SF unit
(scheduled to withdraw end 2008)
Iraqi Air Force ε1,887 Moldova 20
Flying around 200 sorties per week. Netherlands NTM-I 7
FORCES BY ROLE New Zealand UNAMI 1 obs
Recce 1 sqn at Basra with SB7 L -360 Seeker; 1 sqn at Poland NTM-I up to 10
Kirkuk with SB7L-360 Seeker (infrastructure Portugal NTM-I 8
patrols); Cessna 208B Grand Caravan (day-
Romania 499; 1 inf bn; some Piranha IIIC • NTM-I 2
night surveillance, live downlink capability)
Tonga 55; 1 marine unit
Tpt 1 sqn at New al-Muthanna with C-130E
Slovenia NTM-I 2
Hercules; Beech King Air 350 (VIP tpt/trainer)
Turkey NTM-I up to 10
Tpt/utl 4 sqn at Taji with Bell 206-B3 JetRanger; UH-1H
Ukraine 37 • NTM-I 3
Huey II; Mi-17 2 PZL W-3W
United Kingdom 4,100; Army: 1 (composite) HQ; 1 armd bde
Trg 1 flying trg school Kirkuk with Cessna 172
(7th) with (3 mech inf bn, 1 recce regt, 1 armd regt (in inf spt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE role); 1 arty regt; 1 engr regt; some spt units); 16 Challenger; 56
AIRCRAFT Warrior; 50 Bulldog; 56 Mastiff; 26 VectorLPV; 3 AS-90; 3 BN-2T-
RECCE 16: 8 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan; 8 SB7L-360 4S Defender; 6 Lynx; 8 Desert Hawk Navy: 1 Navy Transition
Seeker Team (Navy / Cdo team training the Iraqi Riverine Patrol
TPT 4: 3 C-130E Hercules; 1 Beech King Air 350 Service (IRPS)) Air Force: 2 Nimrod MR2; 4 C-130J Hercules; 6
TRG 8 Cessna 172 EH101 Merlin• NTM-I 10 to 20 • UNAMI 1 obs
United States 143,000 Army: 1 corps HQ; 3 div HQ; 6 Strategic Defences
armd HBCT; 1 armd cav regt; 2 mech inf Stryker BCT; 3 17 batteries MIM-23B Improved HAWK
lt inf IBCT 4 ARNG lt inf IBCT; some M1 Abrams; some 6 batteries MIM-104 Patriot
M2/M3 Bradley; some Stryker; some M109; some M198; 3 batteries (24 launchers) Arrow/Arrow 2 ATBM with Green
9,341 MRAP; some AH-64 Apache; some OH-58 Kiowa; Pine radar and Citrus Tree command post. Launchers sited
some UH-60 Black Hawk; some CH-47 Chinook USMC: Hadera and Palmachim (N and C Israel)
1 MEF HQ; 2 Marine RCT; 1 FSSG regt Air Force: some 1 US EUCOM AN/TPY-2 X-band radar at Nevatim, SE of
F-16D Fighting Falcon; some A-10 Thunderbolt II; some Beersheba
C-130 Hercules; some C-17 Globemaster; Some HH-60G Pave
Hawk; some RQ-1B Predator • NTM-I 10 to 20 Army 26,000; 107,000 conscript; 500,000+ on
mobilisation; (total 133,000–633,000)
Organisation and structure of formations may vary
Israel Il according to op situations. Equipment includes that
required for reserve forces on mobilisation.
New Israeli Shekel NS 2007 2008 2009
FORCES BY ROLE
GDP NS 665bn 730bn
3 regional commands each with 2 regular div; 1-2 regional/
US$ 162bn 195bn territorial div; 2 regular bde
per capita US$ 25,200 27,443 Armd 2 div; 15 bde
Growth % 5.4 4.3 Inf 4 div; 12 bde

Inflation % 0.4 4.8 Para 8 bde
Def exp NS 47.59bn Arty 4 regt
SP arty 8 regt
US$ 11.61bn
Def bdgt NS 38.0bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 3,501: 441 Merkava Mk1; 455 Merkava MkII; 454
Middle East and

US$ 9.26bn
Merkava MkIII; 175 Merkava MkIV; 111 Magach-7; 261 Ti-67
North Africa
FMA (US) US$ 2.34bn 2.38bn 2.55bn (T-55 mod); 711 M-60/M-60A1/M-60A3; 206 Centurion; 126
US$1=NS 4.10 3.74 T-54/T-55/T-62S; 561 M-48A5
RECCE 408: ε400 RBY-1 RAMTA; ε8 Tpz-1 Fuchs
APC 10,419+
Ethnic and religious groups: Jewish 76%; Arab 20%; others 4%.
(Muslim 17%; Christian 2%; Druze 2%) APC (T) 10,373+: 276 Achzarit (modified T-55 chassis);
6,131 M-113A1/M-113A2; 180 M-2 (some in store); 3,386
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus M-3 half-track (some in store); ε400 Nagmachon (Centurion
Male 14% 4% 4% 4% 20% 4% chassis); Nakpadon
APC (W) 46: 34 BTR-152; 6 BTR-40; 6 Puma (Centurion)
Female 13% 4% 4% 4% 20% 6%
ARTY 5,432
SP 620: 155mm 548: 148 L-33; 350 M-109A1; 50 M-50;
Capabilities 175mm 36 M-107; 203mm 36 M-110
ACTIVE 176,500 (Army 133,000 Navy 9,500 Air TOWED 456: 105mm 70 M-101A1; 122mm 5 D-30;
34,000) Paramilitary 8,050 130mm 100 M-46; 155mm 281: 50 M-114A1 in reserve;
100 M-46; 50 M-68/M-71; 81 M-839P/M-845P
RESERVE 565,000 (Army 500,000 Navy 10,000 Air MRL 224: 122mm 58 BM-21; 160mm 50 LAR-160; 227mm
55,000) 60 MLRS; 240mm 36 BM-24; 290mm 20 LAR-290
Terms of service officers 48 months, other ranks 36 months, MOR 4,132: 52mm 2,000; 81mm 1,358; 120mm 652
women 24 months (Jews and Druze only; Christians, (towed); 160mm 122: 104 M-43 in reserve; 18 M-66 Soltam
Circassians and Muslims may volunteer). Annual trg as cbt AT
reservists to age 41 (some specialists to age 54) for men, 24 MSL • MANPATS 1,225+: 900 M47 Dragon; AT-3 9K11
(or marriage) for women Sagger; 25 IMI MAPATS; Gil/Spike; 300 TOW-2A/TOW-2B
(incl Ramta (M-113) SP)
RCL 106mm 250 M-40A1
Organisations by Service RL 82mm B-300
AD • SAM 1,270
Strategic Forces SP 20 Machbet
Israel is widely believed to have a nuclear capability – MANPAD 1,250: 1,000 FIM-43 Redeye; 250 FIM-92A
delivery means include ac, Jericho 1 and Jericho 2 (IRBM Stinger
and SRBM) RADAR • LAND AN/PPS-15 (arty); AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder
MSL • STRATEGIC (arty); EL/M-2140 (veh)
IRBM: Jericho 2 MSL 107
SRBM: Jericho 1 STRATEGIC ε100 Jericho 1 SRBM/Jericho 2 IRBM
WARHEADS up to 200 nuclear warheads TACTICAL • SSM 7 Lance (in store)
Navy 7,000; 2,500 conscript; 10,000 on FORCES BY ROLE

mobilisation (total 9,500–19,500) Ftr/FGA 2 sqn with F-15A/F-15B Eagle; F-15C/F-15D
Eagle; 1 sqn with F-15I Ra’am; 8 sqn with F-16A/
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE F-16B Fighting Falcon; F-16C/F-16D Fighting
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Dolphin (Ge Falcon; 4 sqn with F-16I Sufa; 3 sqn with A-4N
Type-212 variant) each with 6 single 533mm TT each with Skyhawk/F-4 Phantom II/Kfir C-7 in reserve
5 UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW, 16 HWT, 4 single ASW sqn with AS-565SA Panther (missions flown by
650mm TT IAF but with non-rated aircrew)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES MP 1 sqn with IAI-1124 Seascan
FSG 3 Eilat (Sa’ar 5) each with 2 Mk 140 Harpoon quad (8 EW sqns with RC-12D Guardrail; Beech 200CT Super
eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 32 cell King Air; EC-130H Hercules (ELINT); Do-28;
VLS (64 eff.) each with up to 64 Barak SAM, 2 triple (6 eff.) EC/RC--707 (ELINT/ECM) being replaced by
Gulfstream G-550 Shavit; IAI-202 Arava
TT each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1
AEW 1 sqn with Phalcon B-707 (being replaced with
AS-565SA Panther ASW hel or 1 AS-366G Dauphin II SAR
Gulfstream G550 Eitam)
hel)
Tpt 1 sqn with C-47 Skytrain
Tpt/tkr 1 sqn with B-707
PFM 10:
Tkr 1 sqn with KC-130H Hercules
8 Hetz (Sa’ar 4.5) each with 6 single each with 1 GII

Liaison 1 sqn with BN-2 Islander; Beech 80 Queen Air;
Gabriel II tactical SSM, 2 Mk 140 twin each with RGM- Cessna U-206 Stationair
84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 32 Cell/Mk 56 (1-32 eff.) Atk hel 4 sqn with AH-1E Cobra; AH-1F Cobra;
with Barak SAM, 1 76mm gun AH-64A Apache; AH-64D Apache
2 Reshef (Sa’ar 4) each with 4–6 single each with 1 GII Tpt hel 6 sqn with CH-53D Sea Stallion; S-70A Black
Gabriel II tactical SSM, 1 Mk 140 twin with RGM-84C Hawk; Bell 206 JetRanger; Bell 212;
Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun UH-60A Black Hawk; UH-60L Black Hawk
PFI 35: Trg Trg units with Beech 80 Queen Air; CM-170
15 Dabur less than 100 tonnes each with 2 single 324mm Magister (being replaced for lead-in ftr trg by
TT each with Mk 46 LWT A-4N); Grob 120; TA-4H Skyhawk*;
TA-4J Skyhawk*
13 Super Dvora MKI and II less than 100 tonnes (SSM,
UAV 1 sqn with 22+ Searcher I/II (being replaced by
and TT may be fitted) each with 2 single 324mm TT
MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance)
each with Mk 46 LWT
Shoval; Delilah; Firebee; Harpy; RQ-5A Hunter;
7 Super Dvora MK III; 2 Shaldag (Additional vessels in Samson; Scout; Silver Arrow Hermes 450;
build) SAM 2 bty each with 9 Arrow II; 3 bty each with 16
PBF 11: 8 Tzir’a; 3 Stingray PAC-2; 17 bty with MIM-23 HAWK; 5 bty with
MISC BOATS/CRAFT • SPECIAL WARFARE MIM-104 Patriot; 35 M-163 Vulcan
SUPPORT CRAFT: 1 Katler EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 2: AIRCRAFT 435 combat capable
LCT 1 Ashdod FTR 168: 90 F-16A Fighting Falcon; 16 F-16B Fighting
LCM 1 US type Falcon; 27 F-15A Eagle; 7 F-15B Eagle; 17 F-15C Eagle; 11
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: F-15D Eagle
AG 2 (ex German Type T45) FGA 267: 25 F-15I Ra’am; 39 A-4N Skyhawk; 52 F-16C
Trial 1 Fighting Falcon; 49 F-16D Fighting Falcon; 102 F-16I Sufa;
[200+ A-4N Skyhawk/F-4 Phantom II/Kfir C-7 in reserve]
FACILITIES
AEW 4: 3 Phalcon B-707; 1 Gulfstream G550 Eitam (2 more
Bases Located at Haifa, Atlit (Naval Commandos), Eilat,
on order)
Ashdod
RECCE 6 RC-12D Guardrail
ELINT 11: 3 B-707 (ELINT/ECM); 3 Gulfstream G-500
Naval Aviation Shavit; 2 EC-130H HerculesAEW; 3 B-707 Phalcon
AC • TPT 2 C-130 MP 3 IAI-1124 Seascan
HELICOPTERS • ASW 7 AS-565SA Panther; 2 SA-366 TPT/TKR 9: 4 B-707; 5 KC-130H Hercules
G Dauphin TPT 45: 5 C-130 Hercules; 2 BN-2 Islander; 4 Beech 200CT
SAR/UTL 17 Bell 212 Super King Air; 12 Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 C-47 Skytrain; 15
Do-28; 6 IAI-202 Arava
Naval Commandos ε300 UTL: 22 Cessna U-206 Stationair
TRG 83: 40 CM-170 Magister (being replaced for lead-in
Air Force 34,000 ftr trg by A-4N); 17 Grob 120; 10 TA-4H Skyhawk*; 16 TA-
Responsible for Air and Space Coordination 4J Skyhawk*
HELICOPTERS Australia 11 obs

ATK 103: 16 AH-1E Cobra; 39 AH-1F Cobra; 30 AH-64A Austria 6 obs
Apache; 18 Sarat (AH-64D) Apache Belgium 2 obs
ASW 7 AS-565SA Panther (missions flown by IAF but Canada 7 obs • 3 (Operation Proteus) USSC
with non-rated aircrew) Chile 3 obs
SPT 65: 41 CH-53D Sea Stallion; 24 S-70A Black Hawk
China 4 obs
UTL 113: 34 Bell 206 JetRanger; 55 Bell 212; 10 UH-60A
Denmark 10 obs
Black Hawk; 14 UH-60L Black Hawk
UAV 44+: 22 Searcher; (22+ in store) MK II Estonia 2 obs
RECCE • TAC Harpy; RQ-5A Hunter, Samson, Scout; 22 Finland 13 obs
Searcher MK II; 22+ in store; Siver Arrow Hermes 450 France 2 obs
AD Ireland 11 obs
SAM • TOWED 48+: 48 PAC-2; MIM-104 Patriot; MIM-23 Italy 7 obs
HAWK Nepal 3 obs
GUNS 920 Netherlands 11 obs
SP 165 20mm 105 M-163 Machbet Vulcan; 23mm 60 New Zealand 7 obs
ZSU-23-4 Norway 11 obs
TOWED 755 23mm 150 ZU-23; 20mm/37mm 455 M-167
Russia 4 obs
Vulcan towed 20mm/M-1939 towed 37mm/TCM-20
Slovakia 2 obs
towed 20mm; 40mm 150 L/70
Slovenia 2 obs
MSL
ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AGM-45 Shrike; AGM-62B Sweden 6 obs
Walleye; AGM-65 Maverick; AGM-78D Standard; Popeye I Switzerland 10 obs
tactical ASM/Popeye II United States 3 obs • US Army 8; US Navy 3; USAF 15;
AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 USMC 25; 1 AN/TPY-2 X-band radar located at Nevatim
Middle East and

Sidewinder; Python III; Python IV; Shafrir with 120 pers
North Africa
BOMB • PGM • JDAM GBU-31
Airfield Defence 3,000 active; 15,000 Jordan HKJ

reservists (total 18,000)
Jordanian Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
Regional/Territorial Forces GDP D 11.2bn 13.0bn
Can be mobilised in 72hrs US$ 15.8bn 18.3bn
Inf 11 (territorial/regional) bde per capita US$ 2,606 2,954
Growth % 6.0 5.5
Reserves ε380,000 reservists Def bdgt D 1,151m 1,383m
Armd 8 div (total: 15 armd bde, 6 arty regt, 4 inf bde,
US$ 1.62bn 1.94bn
6 mech inf bde)
FMA (US) US$ 252m 298m 235m
Air Mob 1 div (3 air mob bde, 1 para bde)
US$1=D 0.71 0.71
Paramilitary ε8,050 Population 6,198,677
Ethnic groups: Palestinian ε50-60%
Border Police ε8,000
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Coast Guard ε50 Male 18% 5% 5% 5% 18% 2%
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 Female 17% 5% 5% 4% 15% 2%
PC 3; PCR 1 (US)
Capabilities
Deployment
ACTIVE 100,500 (Army 88,000 Navy 500 Air 12,000)
Turkey Paramilitary 10,000
Air Force up to 1 ftr det (occasional) located at Akinci, Tu,
RESERVE 65,000 (Army 60,000 Joint 5,000)
with F-16 Fighting Falcon
Foreign Forces
UNTSO unless specified. Figures represent total numbers Army 88,000
for mission in Israel, Syria, Lebanon Jordan has re-organised from a divisional structure to 4
Argentina 5 obs commands, a strategic reserve and a special operations
command. The strategic reserve still has a divisional struc- FORCES BY ROLE
ture and the special operations command is responsible Ftr 1 sqn with F-1CJ (F-1C) Mirage/Mirage F-1BJ
for counter terrorism and unconventional operations. The (F-1B); 1 sqn with F-16A Fighting Falcon; F-16B
Royal Guard also comes under this command. Fighting Falcon;
FORCES BY ROLE FGA/Recce 1 sqn with Mirage F-1EJ (F-1E); 1 sqn with
Armd 1 Comd (Southern) (1 armd bde, 1 inf bde);1 F-16AM/BN Fighting Falcon; 3 sqn with F-5E
Div (strategic reserve) (3 armd, 1 arty, 1 AD Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II
bde) Surv sqn with RU-38A Twin Condor
Mech 1 comd (Northern) (2 mech bde, 1 inf bde, 1 Tpt 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules; CASA 212A
arty bde, 1 AD bde,); 1 comd (Eastern) ( 2 mech Aviocar; CL-604 Challenger; CN-235; TB-20
bde, 1 AD bde, 1 arty bde) 1 comd (Central) (1 Trinidad
mech bde, 1 lt inf bde, 1 AD bde, 1 arty bde) VIP 1 (Royal) flt with A-340-211; Gulfstream IV;
Spec Ops 1 bde (2 ab bn, 1 ab arty bn, 1 psyops unit; 2 SF L-1011 Tristar; S-70A Black Hawk
bn) Atk hel 2 sqn with AH-1F Cobra with TOW tactical
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ASM
MBT 1,182: 390 CR1 Challenger 1 (Al Hussein); 274 FV4030/2 Tpt hel 2 sqn with AS-332M Super Puma; Bo-105
Khalid; 88 M-60 Phoenix; 115 M-60A1/M-60A3 (in store); 292 (operated on behalf of the police); EC-635 (utl/
Tariq (Centurion – in store); 23 M-47/M-48A5 (in store) SAR); UH-1H Iroquois; 1 hel sqn dedicated to
LT TK 39 Scorpion (used as recce; in store) SF

AIFV 290: 31 BMP-2: 259 Ratel-20 Trg 3 sqn with Bulldog 103 (being replaced by
APC • APC (T) 1,345: 1,072 M-113A1; 273 M-113 MK-1 J T-67M); CASA C-101 Aviojet; Hughes 500D
(indigenous upgrade of M113A1) UAV 2 bde (total: 14 AD bty with 80 I-HAWK MIM-
ARTY 1,232 1 unit with Seeker SB7L
SP 359: 105mm 4 M-52; 155mm 273: 253 M-109A1/M- AD 1 cmd (5–6 bty with PAC-2 Patriot; 5 bty
109A2; 20 M-44; 203mm 82 M-110A2 with I-HAWK MIM-2BB Phase III; 6 bty with
TOWED 94: 105mm 54: 36 M-102; 18 MOBAT; 155mm Skyguard/Aspide)
36: 18 M-1/M-59; 18 M-114; 203mm 4 M-115 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MOR 779: AIRCRAFT 96 combat capable
SP 81mm 130 FTR 30: 11 F-16A/4 F-16B Fighting Falcon; 15 F-1CJ (F-1C)
TOWED 649: 81mm 359; 107mm 60 M-30; 120mm 230 Mirage FTR/Mirage F-1BJ (F-1B)
Brandt FGA 66 : 8 F-16AM/ 4 F-16BN Fighting Falcon; 15 Mirage
AT • MSL 670 F-1EJ (F-1E); 39 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II
SP 20 M-901 MP 2 RU-38A Twin Condor
MANPATS 650: 30 Javelin (110 msl); 310 M47 Dragon; 310 TPT 14: 1 A-340-211; 4 C-130H Hercules; 2 CASA 212A
TOW/TOW-2A Aviocar; 2 CL-604 Challenger; 2 CN-235; 2 Gulfstream IV;
RL 4,800+: 73mm RPG-26; 94mm 2,500 LAW-80; 112mm 1 L-1011 Tristar
2,300 APILAS UTL: 2 TB-20 Trinidad
AD • SAM 992+ TRG 26: 15 Bulldog 103 (being replaced by 16 T-67M
SP 152: 92 SA-13 Gopher; 60 SA-8 Gecko Firefly); 11 CASA C-101 Aviojet
MANPAD 840+: 250 FIM-43 Redeye; 300 SA-14 Gremlin; HELICOPTERS
240 SA-16 Gimlet; 50 SA-7B2 Grail; SA-18 Grouse (Igla) ATK 20+ AH-1F Cobra each with TOW tactical ASM
GUNS • SP 395: 20mm 139 M-163 Vulcan; 23mm 40 SPT 15: 12 AS-332M Super Puma; 3 S-70A Black Hawk
ZSU-23-4; 40mm 216 M-42 (not all op) UTL 60: 3 Bo-105 (operated on behalf of the police); 13
RADAR • LAND 7 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder/AN/TPQ-37 EC-635 (ult/SAR); 8 Hughes 500D; 36 UH-1H Iroquois
Firefinder (arty, mor) UAV 6 Seeker SB7L
AD • SAM 80+: 40 PAC-2 Patriot; 24 I-HAWK MIM-23B
Navy ε500 Phase III
MSL
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ASM AGM-65D Maverick
AAM AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 Sidewinder; R-550 Magic;
PFI 3 Al Hussein less than 100 tonnes (UK Vosper 30m)
R530
PB 10: 2 Al Hashim (Rotork); 4 Faysal; 4 Abduhlla
(Dauntless)
Paramilitary 10,000 active
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Aqaba Public Security Directorate ε10,000 active
Air Force 12,000 FORCES BY ROLE
Flying hours 180 hrs/year Sy 1 (Police Public) bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK: Scorpion Capabilities
APC (W) 55+: 25+ EE-11 Urutu; 30 FV603 Saracen ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 11,000 Navy 2,000 Air 2,500)
Paramilitary 7,100
Reserve Organisations 60,000 reservists Terms of service voluntary
Armd 1 (Royal) div (1 arty bde, 1 AD bde,
3 armd bde) RESERVE 23,700 (Joint 23,700)
Terms of service obligation to age 40; 1 month annual trg
Civil Militia ‘People’s Army’ ε35,000 reservists
Men 16–65, women 16–45
Deployment Army 11,000
central african republic/chad FORCES BY ROLE
Army 1 (reserve) bde
Armd 3 bde
CÔTE D’IVOIRE Mech/Recce 1 bde
UN • UNOCI 1,062; 7 obs ; 1 inf bn ; 1 SF coy
Mech Inf 2 bde
Democratic Republic of Congo SF 1 unit (forming)

UN • MONUC 66; 22 obs; 1 fd hospital Cdo 1 bn
Georgia Arty 1 bde
UN • UNOMIG 7 obs Engr 1 bde
Gd 1 (Amiri) bde
Haiti
AD 1 comd (AD bty, 4 (HAWK Phase III),AD
Middle East and

UN • MINUSTAH 754; 1 inf bn
North Africa
bty, 5 (Patriot PAC-2) AD bty, 6 (Amoun
Liberia (Skyguard/Aspide)) AD bty)
UN • UNMIL 123; 7 obs; 1 fd hospital EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 368: 218 M1-A2 Abrams; 75 M-84; 75 in store
NEPAL
AIFV up to 450: up to 76 BMP-2; up to 120 BMP-3; 254
UN • UNMIN 10 obs Desert Warrior (incl variants)
APC 321
Serbia
APC (T) 270: 230 M-113A2; 40 M-577
UN • UNMIK 1 obs APC (W) 51: 40 TH 390 Fahd in store; 11 TPz-1 Fuchs
Sudan ARTY 218
UN • UNAMID 7 SP 155mm 113: 18 AU-F-1 in store; 23 M-109A3; 18
(AMX) Mk F3; 54 PLZ45
MRL 300mm 27 9A52 Smerch
MOR 78: 81mm 60; 107mm 6 M-30; 120mm ε12 RT-F1
Kuwait Kwt AT • MSL 118+
SP 74: 66 HMMWV TOW; 8 M-901
Kuwaiti Dinar D 2007 2008 2009 MANPATS 44+: 44 TOW-2; M47 Dragon
RCL 84mm ε200 Carl Gustav
GDP D 31.8bn 45.9bn
AD • SAM 60+
US$ 113bn 176bn STATIC/SHELTER 12 Aspide
per capita US$ 45,328 67,983 MANPAD 48 Starburst; Stinger
Growth % 4.6 5.9 GUNS • TOWED 35mm 12+ Oerlikon
Inflation % 5.5 9.0
Def bdgt D 1.0n 1.3bn
Navy ε2,000 (incl 500 Coast Guard)
US$ 3.75bn 4.93bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=D 0.28 0.26
PFM 10:
Population 2,596,799 1 Al Sanbouk (Ge Lurssen TNC-45) with 2 twin (4 eff.)
Ethnic groups: Nationals 35%; other Arab 35%; South Asian 9%; each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM
Iranian 4%; other 17%
1 Istiqlal (Ge Lurssen FPB-57) with 2 twin (4 eff.) each
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM
8 Um Almaradim (Fr P-37 BRL) each with 2 twin (4
Male 14% 4% 7% 9% 25% 2%
eff.) each with Sea Skua tactical SSM, 1 sextuple (6 eff.)
Female 13% 4% 5% 5% 11% 1% (launcher only)
AMPHIBIOUS 2 LCM Foreign Forces

LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • SPT 1 Sawahil
Japan Air SDF 210 (most withdrawing end 2008)
FACILITIES United Kingdom Army 35 Air Force 10
Base Located at Ras al Qalaya
United States United States Central Command: 2 AD bty
with total of 16 PAC-3 Patriot; elm 1 (APS) HBCT eqpt. set
Air Force 2,500
FORCES BY ROLE Lebanon RL
Ftr/FGA 2 sqn with F/A-18C/18D Hornet Lebanese Pound LP 2007 2008 2009
CCT 1 sqn with Hawk MK64; Tucano T MK52
GDP LP 33.9tr 36.8bn
(Shorts 312);
US$ 22.5bn 24.4bn
Tpt 2 sqn with B-737; DC-9; L-100-30; AS-332
Super Puma (tpt/SAR/atk); SA-330 Puma per capita US$ 5,736 6,133
Trg/atk hel 1 sqn with SA-342 Gazelle each with HOT Growth % 4.0 6.0
tactical ASM Inflation % 4.1 11.0
Atk hel 1 sqn with AH-64D Apache Def bdgt LP 1.10tr 1.13tr
Trg trg unit with Hawk MK64*; Tucano T MK52 US$ 733m 751m
(Shorts 312) FMA (US) US$ 220m 7m

AD 1 comd (5-6 SAM bty with 40 PAC-2 Patriot; US$1=LP 1,510 1,510
5 SAM bty with 24 MIM-23B I HAWK Phase
III; 6 SAM bty with 12 Skyguard/Aspide Population 3,971,941
Ethnic and religious groups: Christian 30%; Druze 6%; Armenian
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 4%, excl ε300,000 Syrians and ε350,000 Palestinian refugees
FGA 39: 31 F/A-18C Hornet; 8 F/A-18D Hornet Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TPT 5: 1 B-7373; 1 DC-9; 3 L-100-30 Male 14% 4% 5% 6% 17% 3%
TRG 19: 11 Hawk MK64*; 8 Tucano T MK52 (Shorts 312) Female 13% 4% 5% 5% 20% 4%
HELICOPTERS
ATK 16 AH-64D Apache Capabilities
ASLT 16 SA-342 Gazelle* each with HOT tactical ASM
SPT 13: 4 AS-332 Super Puma (tpt/SAR/attack); 9 SA-330 ACTIVE 56,000 (Army 53,900 Navy 1,100 Air 1,000)
Puma Paramilitary 20,000
MSL The usual number of Lebanese troops in peacetime is
ASM AGM-65G Maverick; AGM-84A Harpoon around 56,000. It can increase to 150,000 if there is a recall
AAM AIM-7F Sparrow, AIM-9L Sidewinder; Magic 1 of conscripts.
SAM 40 PAC-2 Patriot; 24 MIM-23B I HAWK Phase III; 12
Skyguard/Aspide Organisations by Service
Paramilitary ε7,100 active Army 53,900
National Guard ε6,600 active FORCES BY ROLE
Region 5 comd (Beirut, Bekaa Valley, Mount
FORCES BY ROLE Lebanon, North, South)
Armd 1 (armd car) bn Mech inf 11 bde under strength
SF 1 bn Mne cdo 1 regt
Paramilitary 3 (national guard) bn SF 5 regt
MP 1 bn Cdo 1 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Air aslt 1 regt
RECCE 20 VBL Arty 2 regt
APC (W) 92: 70 Pandur; 22 S600 (incl variants) Presidential Guard 1 bde
MP 1 indep bde
Coast Guard 500 Engr 1 indep regt
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 58+
Cbt spt 1 indep bde
PCC 10: 3 Al Shaheed; 4 Inttisar (Aust 31.5m); 3 Kassir
(Aust 22m) Logistics 1 indep bde
PB 10 Subahi Medical 1 indep regt
PBR 38+ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 3 LCU MBT 310: 200 T-54/T-55; 110 M-48A1/M-48A5
RECCE 60 AML FORCES BY ROLE

APC 1,257 Police 1 (Judicial) unit
APC (T) 1,164 M-113A1/M-113A2 Regional 1 coy
APC (W) 93: 12 M-3/VTT; 81 VAB VCI
Paramilitary 1 (Beirut Gendarmerie) coy
LT VEH 285 M998 HMMVW
ARTY 551 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TOWED 157: 105mm 23: 13 M-101A1; 10 M-102; 122mm APC (W) 60 V-200 Chaimite
56: 24 D-30; 32 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 16 M-46; 155mm 62:
15 M-114A1; 32 M-198; 15 Model-50 Customs
MRL 122mm 25 BM-21 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
MOR 369: 81mm 158; 82mm 111; 120mm 100 Brandt PCI 7: 5 Aztec; 2 Tracker (All vessels less than 100
AT tonnes)
MSL • MANPATS 70: 30 ENTAC; 16 Milan; 24 TOW
RCL 106mm 50 M-40A1 Non-State Groups
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm M-65
Hizbullah
AD • SAM • MANPAD 20 SA-7A Grail/SA-7B Grail
GUNS 10+ In the wake of the Doha agreement, Lebanon’s cabinet
SP 40mm 10 M-42A1 includes representatives from all major parties, including
TOWED 20mm; 23mm ZU-23 supporters of Hizbullah. The organisation maintains its
UAV • TACTICAL 8 Mohajer IV military force outside state structures.

Est strength: 2,000
Navy 1,100 Major equipments incl: Katyusha 122mm rockets; Fadjr 3/5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE rockets; Zelzal 2 rockets ; mortars; ATGW; possible C-802
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21 see Part II
PCI 7: 5 Attacker; 2 Tracker (ex-UK all units under 100
Foreign Forces
Middle East and

tonnes)
North Africa
PBR 14
Unless specified, figures refer to UNTSO and represent
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 2 Sour (capacity 8 APC; 96
total numbers for the mission in Israel, Syria, Lebanon.
troops) (Fr Edic)
Argentina 5 obs
FACILITIES
Australia 11 obs
Bases Located at Jounieh, Beirut
Austria 6 obs
Belgium 2 obs • UNIFIL 485 Army: 1 inf coy; 14 M-113
Air Force 1,000 APC (T); 8 APV-2 Dingo II APC (W); 13 Mowag Piranha III
3 air bases
APC (W); 3 Pandur APC (W) Navy; 1 FFG
FORCES BY ROLE Canada (Op Jade) 7 obs
Atk hel 1 sqn with SA-342L Gazelle at Rayak
Chile 3 obs
Utl hel 2 sqn with UH-1H at Beirut; 1 sqn with UH-
China, People’s Republic of 4 obs • UNIFIL 343;
1H at Rayak; 1 sqn with UH-1H at Koleyate
Croatia UNIFIL 1
Trg hel 1 trg sqn with R-44 Raven II at Rayak
Cyprus UNIFIL 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Denmark 10 obs
AIRCRAFT El Salvador UNIFIL 46
FGA 6 Hawker Hunter MK 9, MK6, T66 all grounded
Estonia 2 obs
(could be refurbished)
Finland 13 obs
TRG 8: 5 CM-170 Magister all grounded (3 could be
refurbished) France 2 obs • UNIFIL 2,177: Army: 1 combined arms
HELICOPTERS BG (2 mech inf coy, 1 armd sqn, 1 arty tp); 1 engr coy; 13
ATK 13: 8 SA-342L Gazelle (plus 5 grounded – could be Leclerc MBT ; 35 AMX-10P AIFV; 4 AUF1 155mm SP; 6
refurbished) Mistral MANPAD SAM; 2 Cobra; Navy: 1 FF, 1 PC
UTL 45 (of which only 20 serviceable): 16 UH-1H Huey Germany UNIFIL 234: Navy: 1 MHC; 1 MSC; 1 SPT
(+ 7 unserviceable); 4 R-44 Raven II (basic trg); 7 Bell 212 Ghana UNIFIL 880; 1 inf bn
unserviceable (5 could be refurbished); 5 Puma SA-330 Greece UNIFIL 192: Navy: 1 Elli FFG; 1 PB
all grounded (3 could be refurbished): 3 SA-330 Puma Guatemala UNIFIL 2
in store; 5 SA-316 Alouette III unserviceable (3 could be Hungary UNIFIL 4
refurbished); 1 SA-318 Alouette II unserviceable (could
India UNIFIL 897; 1 inf bn; 1 fd hospital
be refurbished)
Indonesia UNIFIL 870; 1 inf bn
Ireland 11 obs • UNIFIL 7;
Paramilitary ε20,000 active
Italy 7 obs • UNIFIL 2,420: Army: 3 inf bn; 1 avn unit;
Internal Security Force ε20,000 Navy 1 FF; 1 PB
Ministry of Interior Korea, Republic of UNIFIL 367
Luxembourg UNIFIL 1 SSM 4 bde

Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of UNIFIL 1 ADA 7 bn
Malaysia Army: UNIFIL 370; 1 inf coy EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Nepal 3 obs • UNIFIL 868; 1 inf bn MBT 2,025: 200 T-72; 115 in store; 100 T-62; 70 in store; 500
Netherlands 11 obs T-55; 1,040 T-54/T-55 in store
New Zealand 7 obs RECCE 120: 50 BRDM-2; 70 EE-9 Cascavel
Norway 11 obs • UNIFIL 5 AIFV 1,000+: 1,000 BMP-1; BMD
Poland UNIFIL 488; 1 inf coy; 1 log bn APC 945
Portugal UNIFIL 146; 1 engr coy APC (T) 778: 28 M-113; 750 BTR-50/BTR-60
Qatar UNIFIL 3 APC (W) 167: 100 EE-11 Urutu; 67 OT-62/OT-64
Russia 4 obs ARTY 2,421+
SP 444: 122mm 130 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 140: 60 2S3; 80
Slovakia 2 obs
M-77 Dana; 155mm 174: 14 M-109; 160 VCA 155 Palmaria
Slovenia 2 obs • UNIFIL 14
TOWED 647+: 105mm 42+ M-101; 122mm 250: 190 D-30;
Spain UNIFIL 1,139: Army: 1 inf bn; Navy: 1 PB 60 D-74; 130mm 330 M-46; 152mm 25 M-1937
Sweden 6 obs MRL 830: 107mm ε300 Type-63; 122mm 530: ε200 BM-11;
Switzerland 10 obs ε230 BM-21; ε100 RM-70 Dana
Tanzania UNIFIL 75; 1 MP coy MOR 500: 82mm 428; 120mm ε48 M-43; 160mm ε24
Turkey UNIFIL 506: Army: 1 engr bridging coy; Navy: M-160

2 PB AT • MSL 3,000
United States 3 obs SP 40 9P122 BRDM-2 Sagger
MANPATS 2,960: 620 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 1,940 AT-3 9K11
Sagger/ AT-4 9K111 Spigot / AT-5 9K113 Spandrel; 400 Milan
Libya LAR RCL 620: 106mm 220 M-40A1; 84mm 400 Carl Gustav
RL 73mm 2,300 RPG-7 Knout
Libyan Dinar D 2007 2008 2009 AD • SAM • SP 424+: 24 Crotale (quad); 400 SA-7 Grail;
GDP D 71bn 105bn SA-13 Gopher; SA-9 Gaskin
US$ 58bn 84bn GUNS 490
per capita US$ 9,562 13,606 SP 23mm 250 ZSU-23-4
TOWED 240: 14.5mm 100 ZPU-2; 30mm M-53/59;
Growth % 6.8 7.1
40mm 50 L/70; 57mm 90 S-60
Inflation % 6.2 12.0 RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
Def exp D 807m MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 45 FROG-7
US$ 656m
US$1=D 1.24 1.25 Navy 8,000 (incl Coast Guard)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Kyhber† (FSU
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Foxtrot)
Male 17% 5% 5% 5% 16% 2%
FRIGATES • FFG 2 Al Hani† (FSU Koni) with 2 twin (4
Female 17% 5% 5% 5% 15% 2% eff.) each with SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 2 twin 406mm
ASTT (4 eff.) each with USET-95 Type 40 LWT, 1 RBU
Capabilities 6000 Smerch 2 (12 eff.)
ACTIVE 76,000 (Army 50,000 Navy 8,000 Air 18,000) CORVETTES • FSG 1 Tariq Ibin Ziyad (FSU Nanuchka II)
Terms of service selective conscription, 1–2 years with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM
RESERVE ε40,000 (People’s Militia) PFM 10:
4 Al Zuara (FSU Osa II) each with 4 single each with 1
Organisations by Service SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM
6 Sharaba (Fr Combattante II) each with 4 single each with
Army 25,000; ε25,000 conscript (total 50,000) 1 Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 1 76mm gun
FORCES BY ROLE PBC 4 PV-30LS (constabulary duties, additional units to
11 Border Def and 4 Sy Zones follow)
Army 1 (elite) bde (regime sy force) MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
MSO 4 Ras al Gelais (FSU Natya)
Tk 10 bn
AMPHIBIOUS 4
Mech inf 10 bn
LS 1
Inf 18 bn LST 1 Ibn Harissa (capacity 1 SA-316B Alouette III utl
Cdo/para 6 bn hel; 11 MBT; 240 troops)
Arty 22 bn CRAFT 3 LCT
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12: UTL 16: 5 AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger (lt); 11 SA-316
ARS 1 Alouette III (lt)
TPT 10 El Temsah MSL
YDT 1 ASM AS-11 Kilter; AS-7 Kerry; AS-9 Kyle; AT-2 Swatter
FACILITIES ARM AS-11 Kilter
Bases Located at Tripoli, Benghazi, Tobruk, Khums AAM AA-2 Atoll; AA-6 Acrid; AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid;
Minor bases Located at Derna, Zuwurah, Misonhah R-550 Magic; R530
Coastal Defence Air Defence Command

Senezh AD comd and control system
FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE
Msl 1 bty with SS-C-3 Styx
AD 5 region (with ε3 AD bde each with 20–24 SA-6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Gainful/SA-8 Gecko 2–3 AD bde each with 12 SA-3
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM: some SS-C-3 Styx Goa, 5–6 AD bde each with 18 SA-2 Guideline); 4 bde
with SA-5A Gammon (each: 1 radar coy, 2 AD bn
Naval Aviation with 6 launcher, 4+ ADA bn with guns)
HELICOPTERS • SAR 7 SA-321 Super Frelon (air force
assets) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AD
SAM 216+:
Air Force 18,000
SP 72 SA-6 Gainful/SA-8 Gecko (216–432 eff.)
TOWED 144: 108 SA-2 Guideline
FORCES BY ROLE STATIC SA-5A Gammon; 36 SA-3 Goa
Bbr 1 sqn with Tu-22 Blinder GUNS some
Ftr 9+ sqn with Mirage F-1ED (F-1E); MiG-25 Foxbat;
MiG-23 Flogger; MiG-21 Fishbed; Mirage F-1BD
Non-State Groups
Middle East and

North Africa
(F-1B); MiG-25U Foxbat
see Part II
FGA 7 sqn with Su-24MK Fencer D; Mirage F-1AD
(F-1A); MiG-23BN Flogger H; Su-17M-2 Fitter D/
Su-20 (Su-17M) Fitter C; MiG-23U Flogger Deployment
Recce 2 sqn with MiG-25R Foxbat; Mirage 5DP30
Philippines
Tpt 7 sqn with An-124 Condor; An-26 Curl; C-130H
IMT • Army 6 obs
Hercules; G-222; Il-76 Candid; L-100-20; L-100-30;
L-410 Turbolet SUDAN
Atk hel sqns with Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-35 Hind UN • UNAMID 5 obs
Tpt hel sqns with CH-47C Chinook (hy); Mi-17 (Mi-
8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip (med); AB-206 (Bell 206)
JetRanger (lt); SA-316 Alouette III Mauritania RIM
Trg sqns with Tu-22 Blinder; G-2 Galeb; L-39ZO Mauritanian Ouguiya
2007 2008 2009
Albatros; SF-260WL Warrior; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite OM
GDP OM 985bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 3.8bn
(many non-operational, many ac in store)
AIRCRAFT 374 combat capable per capita US$ 1,168
BBR 7 Tu-22 Blinder Growth % 1.0 5.0
FTR 229: 15 Mirage F-1ED (F-1E); 94 MiG-25 Foxbat; 75 Inflation % 7.6 12.5
MiG-23 Flogger; 45 MiG-21 Fishbed Def bdgt OM 4.8bn
FGA 113: 6 Su-24MK Fencer D; 14 Mirage F-1AD (F-1A);
US$ 18.6m
40 MiG-23BN Flogger H; 53 Su-17M-2 Fitter D/Su-20 (Su-
17M) Fitter C US$1=OM 258 245
RECCE 7 MiG-25R Foxbat Population 3,364,940
TPT 85+: 2 An-124 Condor; 23 An-26 Curl; 15 C-130H
Hercules; G-222; 25 Il-76 Candid; 2 L-100-20; 3 L-100-30; Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
15 L-410 Turbolet Male 23% 5% 4% 4% 12% 1%
TRG 250: 90 G-2 Galeb; 115 L-39ZO Albatros; 15 MiG-23U Female 23% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1%
Flogger*; 3 MiG-25U Foxbat*; 4 Mirage 5DP30*; 3 Mirage
F-1BD (F-1B)*; 20 SF-260WL Warrior Capabilities
HELICOPTERS
ATK 35: 23 Mi-25 Hind D; 12 Mi-35 Hind ACTIVE 15,870 (Army 15,000 Navy 620 Air 250)
SPT 85: 4 CH-47C Chinook (hy); 35 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip Paramilitary 5,000
H/Mi-8 Hip (med); 46 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite Terms of service conscription 24 months authorised
Organisations by Service Paramilitary ε5,000 active

Army 15,000 Gendarmerie ε3,000
FORCES BY ROLE
6 Mil Regions Regional 6 coy
Army 2 (camel corps) bn
Armd 1 bn (T-54/55 MBT)
National Guard 2,000
Armd recce 1 sqn
Aux 1,000
Inf 8 (garrison) bn
Mot inf 7 bn Customs
Cdo/para 1 bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS •
Arty 3 bn PB 1 Dah Ould Bah (Fr Amgram 14)
ADA 4 bty
Engr 1 coy
Gd 1 bn Morocco Mor
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Moroccan Dirham D 2007 2008 2009
MBT 35 T-54/T-55
GDP D 615bn 673bn

RECCE 70: 20 AML-60; 40 AML-90; 10 Saladin
US$ 75.1bn 81.0bn
APC (W) 25: 5 FV603 Saracen; ε20 M-3 Panhard
ARTY 194 per capita US$ 2,224 2,358
TOWED 80: 105mm 36 HM-2/M-101A1; 122mm 44: 20 Growth % 2.7 6.5
D-30; 24 D-74 Inflation % 2.5 3.9
MOR 114: 60mm 24; 81mm 60; 120mm 30 Brandt
Def bdgt D 19.7bn 23.1bn
RCL 114: 75mm ε24 M-20; 106mm ε90 M-40A1 US$ 2.40bn 2.77bn
RL 73mm ε48 RPG-7 Knout FMA (US) US$ 12.5m 3.6m 3.6m
AD • SAM 104 US$1=D 8.19 8.31
SP ε4 SA-9 Gaskin (reported)
MANPAD ε100 SA-7 Grail Population 34,343,219
GUNS • TOWED 82: 14.5mm 28: 16 ZPU-2; 12 ZPU-4; Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
23mm 20 ZU-23-2; 37mm 10 M-1939; 57mm 12 S-60;
100mm 12 KS-19 Male 16% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
Female 16% 5% 5% 4% 17% 3%
Navy ε620
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Capabilities
ACTIVE 195,800 (Army 175,000 Navy 7,800 Air
PSO 1 Voum-Legleita;
PCO 3: 1 Abourbekr Ben Amer (Fr OPV 54); 1 N’Madi (UK 13,000) Paramilitary 50,000
Jura, fishery protection); 1 Arguin Terms of service conscription 18 months authorised; most
PCC 1 El Nasr (Fr Patra) enlisted personnel are volunteers
PCI 4 Mandovi less than 100 tonnes RESERVE 150,000 (Army 150,000)
PCR 1 Huangpu Terms of service obligation to age 50
PBC 2 Conjera
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Nouadhibou, Nouakchott
Air Force 250 Army ε75,000; 100,000 conscript (total

FORCES BY ROLE 175,000)
MP sqn with Cessna 337 Skymaster FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt sqn with PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II; Y-12(II) 2 Comd (Northern Zone, Southern Zone)
Sy 1 light bde
COIN sqn with FTB-337 Milirole; BN-2 Defender; Basler
Turbo-67 Armd 12 indep bn
Mech/Mot Inf 8 regt (each: 2-3 mech inf bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT Mech Inf 3 bde
RECCE 2 FTB-337 Milirole Inf 35 indep bn
TPT 12: 5 BN-2 Defender; 1 Basler Turbo-67; 2 Cessna 337 Mot Inf 3 (camel corps) indep bn
Skymaster; 2 PA-31T Navajo/Cheyenne II; 2 Y-12(II) Mtn Inf 1 indep bn
TRG 4 SF-260E Cdo 4 indep unit
Para 2 bde 2 Mohammed V (Fr Floreal) each eq with 2 single each with
AB 2 indep bn MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 AS-565SA
Arty 11 indep bn Panther)
Engr 7 indep bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 27
AD 1 indep bn PFM 4 Cdt El Khattabi (Sp Lazaga 58m) each with 4 single
each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Royal Guard 1,500 PCC 17:
Army 1 bn 4 El Hahiq (Dk Osprey 55, incl 2 with customs)
Cav 1 sqn 6 LV Rabhi (Sp 58m B-200D)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 Okba (Fr PR-72) each with 1 76mm gun
MBT 580: 40 T-72, 220 M-60A1; 120 M-60A3; ε200 5 Rais Bargach (under control of fisheries dept)
M-48A5 in store PFI 6 El Wacil (Fr P-32, under 100 tonnes, incl 4 with
LT TK 116: 5 AMX-13; 111 SK-105 Kuerassier customs)
RECCE 384: 38 AML-60-7; 190 AML-90; 80 AMX-10RC; AMPHIBIOUS
40 EBR-75 16 Eland; 20 M1114 HMMWV LS 4:
AIFV 70: 10 AMX-10P; 30 MK III-20 Ratel-20; 30 MK LSM 3 Ben Aicha (Fr Champlain BATRAL) (capacity 7
III-90 Ratel-90 tanks; 140 troops)
APC 765 LST 1 Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah (US Newport)
APC (T) 400 M-113A1 (capacity 3 LCVP; 400 troops)

APC (W) 365: 45 VAB VCI; 320 VAB VTT CRAFT • LCT 1 Edic (capacity 8 APCs; 96 troops)
ARTY 2,058 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4:
SP 199: 105mm 5 Mk 61; 155mm 134: 44 M-109A1/M- AK 2; AGOR 1 (US lease); 1 YDT
109A1B; 90 (AMX) Mk F3; 203mm 60 M-110
FACILITIES
TOWED 118: 105mm 50: 30 L-118 Light Gun; 20 M-101;
130mm 18 M-46; 155mm 50: 30 FH-70; 20 M-114 Bases Located at Casablanca, Agadir, Al Hoceima,
Middle East and

Dakhla, Tangier
North Africa
MRL 35 BM-21
MOR 1,706
SP 56: 106mm 32-36 M-106A2; 120mm 20 (VAB Marines 1,500
APC) Naval inf 2 bn
TOWED 1,650: 81mm 1,100 Expal model LN; 120mm
550 Brandt Naval Aviation
AT • MSL 790 HELICOPTERS • ASW/ASUW 3 AS-565SA Panther
SP 80 M-901
MANPATS 710: 40 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 440 M47 Air Force 13,000
Dragon; 80 Milan; 150 TOW Flying hours 100 hrs/year on F-1 Mirage/F-5A Freedom
RCL 106mm 350 M-40A1 Fighter Tiger
RL 700: 66mm 500 M-72 LAW; 89mm 200 M-20
FORCES BY ROLE
GUNS 36
Ftr 1 sqn with F-1CH (F-1C) Mirage
SP 100mm 8 SU-100
TOWED 90mm 28 M-56 FGA 1 sqn with F-5A/F-5B Freedom Fighter; 2 sqn with
UAV R4E-50 Skyeye F-5E/F-5F Tiger II; 2 sqn with Mirage F-1EH (F-1E)
AD • SAM 107 Recce sqn with OV-10 Bronco*; C-130H Hercules (with
SP 37 M-48 Chaparral side-looking radar)
MANPAD 70 SA-7 Grail EW sqn with C-130 Hercules (ELINT); Falcon 20
GUNS 407 (ELINT)
SP 60 M-163 Vulcan Tpt sqn with Beech 100 King Air; Beech 200 Super
TOWED 347: 14.5mm 200: 150-180 ZPU-2; 20 ZPU-4; King Air; C-130H Hercules; CN-235; Do-28; Falcon
20mm 40 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 75-90 ZU-23-2; 20; Falcon 50 (VIP); Gulfstream II (VIP)
100mm 17 KS-19
Tkr sqn with KC-130H Hercules (tpt/tkr); B-707
RADAR • LAND: RASIT (veh, arty)
Liaison sqn with Beech 200 Super King Air
Navy 7,800 (incl 1,500 Marines) Atk hel sqn with SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT, 12 with
cannon)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES • Tpt hel sqn with CH-47D Chinook (hy); SA-330 Puma
FFG 3: (med); AB-205A (Bell 205A); AB-206 (Bell 206)
1 Lt Col Errhamani (Sp Descubierto) with 2 twin (4 JetRanger (lt); AB-212 (Bell 212) (lt); UH-60 Black
eff.) each with MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 Albatros Hawk
octuple with 24 Aspide SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each Trg sqn with AS-202 Bravo; Alpha Jet*; CAP 10; T-34C
with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 AS-565SA Turbo Mentor; T-37B Tweet (being replaced by
Panther), K-8); CAP-231
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Democratic Republic of Congo

AIRCRAFT 89 combat capable UN • MONUC 831; 4 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 fd hospital
FTR 66: 8 F-5A Freedom Fighter; 2 F-5B Freedom Fighter; 20
Serbia
F-5E Tiger II; 3 F-5F Tiger II; 19 F-1CH (F-1C) Mirage; 14
Mirage F-1EH (F-1E) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 216; Army: 1 inf det
FAC 4 OV-10 Bronco*
TKR 2 KC-130H Hercules (tpt/tkr)
TPT 44: 1 B-707; 4 Beech 100 King Air; 5 Beech 200 Super
Oman O
King Air; 2 C-130 (ELINT); 15 C-130H Hercules; 2 C-130H Omani Rial R 2007 2008 2009
(with side-looking radar); 6 CN-235; 2 Do-28; 2 Falcon 20;
GDP R 15.2bn 21.1bn
2 (ELINT); 1 Falcon 50 (VIP); 2 Gulfstream II (VIP)
TRG 51: 7 AS-202 Bravo; 19 Alpha Jet*; 2 CAP 10; 9 T-34C US$ 40bn 55bn
Turbo Mentor; 14 T-37B Tweet (being replaced by K-8) per capita US$ 12.481 16,767
TRIALS AND TEST 4 CAP-231 Growth % 6.4 7.4
HELICOPTERS Inflation % 5.9 11.2
ASLT 19 SA-342 Gazelle (7 with HOT, 12 with cannon) Def bdgt R 1.23bn
SPT 32: 8 CH-47D Chinook (hy); 24 SA-330 Puma (med)
US$ 3.23bn
UTL 41: 11 AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger (lt); 3 AB-212 (Bell
212) (lt); 25 AB-205A (Bell 205A); 2 UH-60 Black Hawk FMA (US) US$ 14.0m 4.7m 12m
MSL US$1=R 0.38 0.38

ASM AGM-62B Walleye (For F-5E); HOT
AAM AIM-9B/D/J Sidewinder; R-550 Magic, R530
Expatriates: 27%
Paramilitary 50,000 active Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Gendarmerie Royale 20,000 Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 20% 1%

Female 21% 4% 4% 3% 10% 1%
FORCES BY ROLE
Coast Guard 1 unit
Para 1 sqn
Capabilities
Paramilitary 1 bde; 4 (mobile) gp ACTIVE 42,600 (Army 25,000 Navy 4,200 Air
Avn 1 (air) sqn 5,000 Foreign Forces 2,000 Royal Household 6,400)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Paramilitary 4,400
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
BOATS/CRAFT 18 boats Organisations by Service
AIRCRAFT • TRG 2 Rallye 235 Guerrier
HELICOPTERS Army 25,000
SAR 2 SA-360 Dauphin
FORCES BY ROLE
ASLT 6 SA-342K Gazelle
(Regt are bn size)
SPT 6 SA-330 Puma
Armd 1 bde HQ; 2 regt (each: 3 tk sqn)
UTL 8: 3 SA-315B Lama; 2 SA-316 Alouette III; 3 SA-318
Alouette II Armd Recce 1 regt (3 armd recce sqn)
Inf 2 bde HQ; 8 regt
Force Auxiliaire 30,000 (incl 5,000 Mobile Rifle 1 indep coy (Musandam Security Force)
Intervention Corps) AB 1 regt
Customs/Coast Guard Inf Recce 1 regt (3 recce coy)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 44 Med Arty 1 regt (2 med arty bty)
PCI 4 Erraid Fd Arty 2 regt
PBF 15 ADA 1 regt (2 ADA bty)
PB 18
Fd Engr 1 regt (3 fd engr sqn)
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 7 SAR craft
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 117: 38 CR2 Challenger 2; 6 M-60A1; 73 M-60A3
Non-State Groups LT TK 37 Scorpion
see Part II RECCE 137: 13 Sultan; 124 VBL
APC 206
Deployment APC (T) 16: 6 FV 103 Spartan; 10 FV4333 Stormer
APC (W) 190: 175 Piranha (incl variants); 15 AT-105 Saxon
CÔTE D’IVOIRE ARTY 233
UN • UNOCI 724; 1inf bn SP 155mm 24 G-6
TOWED 108: 105mm 42 ROF lt; 122mm 30 D-30; 130mm Trg 1 sqn with AS-202-18 Bravo; MFI-17B
24: 12 M-46; 12 Type-59-I; 155mm 12 FH-70 Mushshak; PC-9*; SF-25 Falke; AB-206 hel
MOR 101: 81mm 69; 107mm 20 M-30; 120mm 12 AD 2 sqn with 40 Rapier; 6 Blindfire; S713
Brandt Martello
AT • MSL 58
SP 8 VBL (TOW) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANPATS 50: 32 Milan; 18 TOW/TOW-2A AIRCRAFT 64 combat capable
FTR/FGA 52: 12 F-16C/D (8 –C, 4 –D) Block 50 Fighting
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 94mm LAW-80
Falcon; 24 Jaguar (20 OS (single seat), 4 OB (dual seat)); 4
AD • SAM 54+
Hawk Mk103; 12 Hawk Mk203
SP Mistral 2
TPT 16: 3 BAC-111; 3 C-130H Hercules; 10 SC.7 3M Skyvan
MANPAD 54: 20 Javelin; 34 SA-7 Grail
(7 radar-equipped, for MP)
GUNS 26: 23mm 4 ZU-23-2; 35mm 10 GDF-005 (with
TRG 26: 4 AS-202-18 Bravo; 8 MFI-17B Mushshak; 12
Skyguard); 40mm 12 L/60 (Towed)
PC-9*; 2 SF-25
HELICOPTERS • UTL 41: 19 AB-205 (Bell 205) to be
Navy 4,200 replaced by 20 NH-90; 3 AB-206 (Bell 206) JetRanger
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (basic rig); 3 AB-212 (Bell 212); 16 Lynx Mk 300 Super Lynx
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES (maritime/SAR)
• FSG 2 Qahir Al Amwaj each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with AD • SAM 40 Rapier
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) (to RADAR • LAND 6+: 6 Blindfire; S713 Martello
be fitted) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 octuple MSL
(8 eff.) with 16 Crotale SAM, 1 76mm gun, with hel landing AAM AIM-9LM Sidewinder; AIM-120C AMRAAM
platform for Super Lynx type hel ASM 20 AGM-84D Harpoon; AGM-65 Maverick
PFM 4: 1 Dhofar with 2 triple (6 eff.) (not fitted); 3 Royal Household 6,400
Dhofar each with 2 quad (8 eff.) with MM-40 Exocet SSM (incl HQ staff)
Middle East and

North Africa
tactical SF 2 regt (1,000 men)
PCC 3 Al Bushra (Fr P-400) each with 4 single 406mm TT,
1 76mm gun Royal Guard bde 5,000
PCI 4 Seeb (UK Vosper 25m, under 100 tonnes) LT TK 9 VBC-90
AMPHIBIOUS APC (W) 73: ε50 Type-92; 14 VAB VCI; 9 VAB VDAA
LS • LST 1 Nasr el Bahr (with hel deck) (capacity 7 tanks; ARTY • MRL 122mm 6 Type-90A
240 troops) AT • MSL • MANPATS Milan
CRAFT 4: 1 LCU; 3 LCM AD • SAM • MANPAD 14 Javelin
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7 GUNS • 20mm • SP 9: 9 VAB VDAA
AK 1 Al Sultana
Royal Yacht Squadron 150
AGHS 1 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
T-AP 1 Shinas (2nd Vessel in build) BOATS/CRAFT • DHOW 1 Zinat Al Bihaar
RY 2: 1 Al Said; 1 (Royal Dhow) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2
TRG 1 Al Mabrukah (with hel deck, also used in offshore RY 1 (with hel deck)
patrol role) TPT 1 Fulk Al Salamah (also veh tpt) with up to 2 AS-
SPT 1 (Royal Yacht spt) 332C Super Puma spt hel
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Muaskar al Murtafaia (Seeb), Alwi, Royal Flight 250
Mainbase HQ located at Widam A’Sahil, Ghanam AIRCRAFT • TPT 5: 2 B-747SP; 1 DC-8-73CF; 2
Island, Musandam, Salalah Gulfstream IV
HELICOPTERS • SPT 6: 3 AS-330 (SA-330) Puma; 2 AS-
332F Super Puma; 1 AS-332L Super Puma
Air Force 5,000
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 4,400 active
FGA 1 sqn with Block 50 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-
16D Fighting Falcon; 2 sqn with Jaguar OS/ Tribal Home Guard 4,000
Jaguar OB org in teams of est 100
Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with Hawk Mk103; Hawk Mk203
Police Coast Guard 400
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules; 1 sqn with SC.7 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 52
3M Skyvan (7 radar-equipped, for MP); 1 sqn PCI 5: 3 CG 29 less than 100 tonnes; 1 CG 27 less than
with BAC-111 100 tonnes; 1 P-1903 Type
Tpt Hel 2 (med) sqn with AB-205 (Bell 205) JetRanger; PB 22
AB-212 (Bell 212); Lynx Mk PBF 20
300 Super Lynx (maritime/SAR) PBI 5
Police Air Wing

AIRCRAFT • TPT 4: 1 BN-2T Turbine Islander; 2 CN- Qatar Q
235M; 1 Do-228
Qatari Riyal R 2007 2008 2009
HELICOPTERS • UTL 5: 2 Bell 205A; 3 AB-214ST
GDP R 258bn 317bn
Foreign Forces US$ 70.9bn 87.1bn

per capita US$ 78,127 93,781
United Kingdom Army 40; Navy 20; Air Force 20; 1
Tristar tkr Growth % 15.9 16.8
Def bdgt R ε4.0bn
Palestinian Autonomous Areas US$ 1.09bn
of Gaza and Jericho PA US$1=R 3.64 3.64
New Israeli Shekel NS 2007* 2008* 2009* Population 928,635

GDP US$ Ethnic groups: Nationals 25%; Expatriates 75% of which Indian
18%; Iranian 10%; Pakistani 18%
per capita US$
Growth % Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Inflation % Male 12% 4% 4% 5% 37% 3%

*definitive economic data unavailable Female 12% 4% 3% 3% 12% 1%
Capabilities
Capabilities ACTIVE 11,800 (Army 8,500 Navy 1,800 Air 1,500)
ACTIVE 0 Paramilitary 56,000
Personnel strength figures for the various Palestinian Organisations by Service
groups are not known
Army 8,500
Organisations by Service FORCES BY ROLE
Tk 1 bde (1 tk bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 mor sqn, 1
There is very little data concerning the status of the or- AT bn)
ganisations mentioned below. The Cairo and Washington
Mech inf 3 bn
agreements recognised several organisations under the
Palestinian Directorate of Police Force. Some have little or SF 1 coy
no military significance and it is difficult to estimate the Fd arty 1 bn
size of the total forces that do. Following internal fighting Royal Guard 1 bde (3 inf regt)
in June 2007, the Gaza Strip is under the de facto control
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
of Hamas, while the West Bank is controlled by the emer-
MBT 30 AMX-30
gency Palestinian Authority administration.
RECCE 68: 12 AMX-10RC; 20 EE-9 Cascavel; 12 Ferret; 8
V-150 Chaimite; 16 VBL
Paramilitary AIFV 40 AMX-10P
National Forces ε56,000 (reported) APC 226
APC (T) 30 AMX-VCI
General Security APC (W) 196: 36 Piranha II; 160 VAB
Presidential security 3,000 ARTY 89
SF 1,200 SP 155mm 28 (AMX) Mk F3
Police 9000 TOWED 155mm 12 G-5
Preventative Security MRL 4 ASTROS II
MOR 45
Civil Defence 1000
SP • 81mm 4: 4 VAB VPM 81
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail; Stinger reported 81mm 26: 26 L16
120mm 15: 15 Brandt
Non-State Groups AT • MSL 148
SP 24 VAB VCAC HOT
see Part II
MANPATS 124: 24 HOT; 100 Milan
RCL 84mm ε40 Carl Gustav
Navy 1,800 (incl Marine Police)

FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 HQ located at Doha
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21 Saudi Arabia Sau
PFM 7:
Saudi Riyal R 2007 2008 2009
4 Barzan (UK Vita) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with
GDP R 1.41tr 1.67tr
MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 sextuple (6 eff.) with
Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun US$ 377bn 446bn
3 Damsah (Fr Combattante III) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) per capita US$ 13,661 15,851
each with MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun Growth % 3.5 5.9
PB 14 (11 operated by Marine Police) Inflation % 4.1 11.5
FACILITIES Def bdgta R 132bn 143bn
Bases Located at Doha, Halul Island US$ 35.4bn 38.2bn
US$1=R 3.75 3.75
Coastal Defence a
Defence and security budget
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 bty with 3 quad (12 eff.) each with MM-40
Exocet tactical SSM Ethnic groups: Nationals 73% of which Bedouin up to 10%, Shi’a
6%, Expatriates 27% of which Asians 20%, Arabs 6%, Africans 1%,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Europeans <1%
LAUNCHER 3 quad each with MM-40 Exocet SSM

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Air Force 1,500 Male 19% 5% 6% 6% 17% 1%

Female 19% 5% 4% 4% 12% 1%
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with Alpha Jet; 1 sqn with M-2000ED
Mirage; M-2000D Mirage
Capabilities
Middle East and

Tpt 1 sqn with A-340; B-707; B-727; Falcon 900 ACTIVE 221,500 (Army 75,000 Navy 13,500 Air
North Africa
Atk hel 1 sqn with Commando MK 3 (Exocet); 20,000 Air Defence 4,000 Industrial Security Force
SA-342L Gazelle (with HOT) 9,000 National Guard 100,000) Paramilitary 15,500
Tpt hel sqn with Commando MK 2A;
Commando MK 2C; SA-341 Gazelle Organisations by Service
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable Army 75,000
FGA 12: 9 M-2000ED Mirage; 3 M-2000D Mirage FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 6: 1 A-340; 2 B-707; 1 B-727; 2 Falcon 900 Armd 3 bde (each: 3 tk bn ,1 mech bn, 1 fd arty bn,
TRG 6 Alpha Jet* 1 recce bn, 1 AD bn, 1 AT bn)
HELICOPTERS Mech 5 bde (each: 1 tk bn, 3 mech bn, 1 fd arty bn,
ASUW 8 Commando MK 3 1 AD bn, 1 spt bn,)
ATK 11 SA-342L Gazelle* AB 1 bde (2 AB bn, 3 SF coy)
SPT 6: 3 Commando MK 2A; 1 Commando MK 2C; 2 SA-341 Arty 1 bde (5 Fd Arty bn, 2 (SP) MRL bn, 1 (SP)
Gazelle Msl bn)
AD • SAM 75: 24 Mistral Avn 1 comd (1 Atk Hel bde, 1 Hel bde)
SP 9 Roland II
Royal Guard 1 regt (3 lt inf bn)
MANPAD 42: 10 Blowpipe; 12 FIM-92A Stinger; 20 SA-7
Grail EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL MBT 910: 115 M1-A2 Abrams; 200 in store; 145 AMX-30 in
store; 450 M-60A3
ASM AM-39 Exocet; Apache; HOT
RECCE 430: 300 AML-60/AML-90; LAV-AG 130
AAM MICA; R-550 Magic
AIFV 780: 380 AMX-10P; 400 M-2 Bradley each with 2 TOW
msl, 1 30mm gun
Deployment APC 2,240
APC (T) 1,650 M-113A1/M-113A2/M-113A3 (incl
LEBANON variants)
UN • UNIFIL 3 APC (W) 590: ε40 AF-40-8-1 Al-Fahd; 150 M-3 Panhard;
400-570 Piranha II
Foreign Forces ARTY 868
SP 155mm 170: 60 AU-F-1; 110 M-109A1B/M-109A2
United Kingdom Air Force: 8 Tornado GR4 TOWED 238: 105mm 100 M-101/M-102 in store; 155mm
United States US Central Command: Army 202; Navy 5; 130: 40 FH-70 in store; 50 M-114; 40 M-198 in store;
USAF 197; USMC 40; elm 1 (APS) HBCT set 203mm 8 M-115 in store
MRL 60 ASTROS II FACILITIES

MOR 400: Bases HQ (Eastern Fleet) located at Jubail, (HQ Eastern
SP 220: 81mm 70; 107mm150 M-30 Fleet) Jizan, (HQ Western Fleet) Jeddah, (HQ Naval
TOWED 180: 81mm/107mm M-30 70; 120mm 110 Forces) Riyadh, Dammam, Al Wajh, Ras al Mishab,
Brandt Ras al Ghar
AT • MSL 2240+
SP 290+: 90+ AMX-10P (HOT); 200 VCC-1 ITOW Naval Aviation
MANPATS 1950: 1,000 M47 Dragon; 950 TOW-2A HELICOPTERS
RCL 450: 84mm 300 Carl Gustav; 106mm 50 M-40A1; ASLT 15 AS-565* each with AS-15TT tactical ASM
90mm 100 M-67 SPT 25: 12 AS-532B Super Puma/AS-332F Super Puma
RL 112mm ε200 APILAS each with AM-39 Exocet tactical ASM; 13 Bell 406 CS
HELICOPTERS Combat Scout
ATK 12 AH-64 Apache UTL 6 AS-365N Dauphin 2
SPT 27: 12 S-70A-1 Desert Hawk; 15 Bell 406 CS Combat
Marines 3,000
Scout
FORCES BY ROLE
UTL 28: 6 AS-365N Dauphin 2 (medevac); 22 UH-60A
Black Hawk (4 medevac) Inf 1 regt (2 Inf bn)
AD • SAM 1,000+ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SP Crotale APC (W) 140 BMP-600P
MANPAD 1,000: 500 FIM-43 Redeye; 500 FIM-92A Stinger

RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder/AN/TPQ-37 Air Force 20,000
Firefinder (arty, mor) FORCES BY ROLE
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 10+ CSS-2 (40 msl) Ftr 1 sqn with Tornado ADV; 1 sqn with F-15S Eagle; 4
sqn with F-15C; F-15D Eagle
Navy 13,500 FGA 3 sqn with Tornado IDS (incl IDS recce); 1 sqn with
FORCES BY ROLE F-5B Freedom Fighter/F-5F Tiger II/RF-5E Tigereye; 2
Navy 1 HQ (Eastern Fleet) located at Jubail; 1 HQ sqn with F-15S Eagle
(Western Fleet) located at Jeddah; 1 HQ (Naval AEW 1 sqn with E-3A Sentry
Forces) located at Riyadh
Tpt 3 sqn with C-130E Hercules; C-130H Hercules;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE C-130H-30 Hercules; CN-235; L-100-30HS (hospital ac)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11 Tkr sqn with KC-130H Hercules (tkr/tpt); KE-3A
FRIGATES • FFG 7:
OCU 2 sqn with F-5B Freedom Fighter*
3 Al Riyadh with 1 octuple (8 eff.) with MM-40 Exocet
Trg 3 sqn with Hawk MK65 (incl aerobatic team); Hawk
block II SSM, 2 x 8 cell VLS each with Aster 15 SAM,
MK65A; 1 sqn with Jetstream MK31; sqn with MFI-17
1 x 76mm gun, 4 x 533mm TT each with F17P HWT
Mushshak; 1 sqn with Cessna 172; 2 sqn with PC-9
each with 1 hel landing platform (plus hangar for med-
sized hel) Hel 2 sqn with AS-532 Cougar (CSAR); AB-205 (Bell 205);
4 Madina (Fr F-2000) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger; AB-212 (Bell 212);
Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 26 Crotale AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey (SAR)
SAM, 4 x1 533mm ASTT each with F17P HWT, 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
100mm gun, (capacity 1 AS-365F Dauphin 2 utl hel) AIRCRAFT 276 combat capable
CORVETTES • FSG 4 Badr (US Tacoma) each with 2 Mk FTR 121: 66 F-15C Eagle; 18 F-15D Eagle; 15 Tornado ADV;
140 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon 22 F-5B/F-5F Tiger II/RF-5E Tigereye*
tactical SSM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, STRIKE/FGA 155: 70 F-15S Eagle; 85 Tornado IDS (incl
1 76mm gun 10 IDS recce)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 65 AEW 5 E-3A Sentry
PFM 9 Al Siddiq (US 58m) each with 2 Mk 140 twin each TKR 15: 8 KC-130H Hercules (tkr/tpt); 7 KE-3A
with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun TPT 45: 7 C-130E Hercules; 29 C-130H; 2 C-130H-30
PCI 17 (US Halter Marine, under 100 tonnes) Hercules; 4 CN-235; 3 L-100-30HS (hospital ac)
PBI 39 (Fr Simonneau) UTL 13 Cessna 172
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 TRG 123: 25 Hawk MK65 (incl aerobatic team); 18 Hawk
MCC 4 Addriyah (US MSC-322) MK65A; 14 F-5B; 1 Jetstream MK31; 20 MFI-17 Mushshak;
MHO 3 Al Jawf (UK Sandown) 45 PC-9
AMPHIBIOUS 8 HELICOPTERS
LCU 4 (capacity 120 troops); UTL 78: 22 AB-205 (Bell 205); 17 AB-212 (Bell 212); 16
LCM 4 (capacity 80 troops) AB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey (SAR); 10 AS-532 Cougar
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5 (CSAR); 13 AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger
AORH 2 Boraida (mod Fr Durance) (capacity either 2 AS- MSL
365F Dauphin 2 utl hel or 1 AS-332C Super Puma spt hel) ASM AGM-65 Maverick; Sea Eagle
RY 3 ARM ALARM
AAM AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-7M Sparrow/AIM-9J FORCES BY ROLE

Sidewinder/AIM-9L Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder; Sky Subordinate to Ministry of Interior. HQ in Riyadh. 9
Flash; AIM-120 AMRAAM subordinate regional commands
Royal Flt Mobile Defence some (long-range patrol/spt) units

AIRCRAFT • TPT 16: 1 B-737-200; 2 B-747SP; 4 MP some units
BAe-125-800; 1 Cessna 310; 2 Gulfstream III, 2 Learjet 35; Border Def 2 (patrol) units
4 VC-130H Def 12 (infrastructure) units; 18 (harbour)
HELICOPTERS
units
SPT 1 S-70 Black Hawk
UTL 3+: AB-212 (Bell 212); 3 AS-61 Coastal Def some units
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Air Defence Forces 4,000 HEL 6 attack helicopters
FORCES BY ROLE ASW/ASUW 6 AS-332F Super Puma with total of 12
SAM 16 bty with total of 96 PAC-2; 17 bty with total of AM-39 Exocet ASM tactical
141 Shahine; with 50 AMX-30SA; 16 bty with total of SPT 6 AS-332B Super Puma
128 MIM-23B I-HAWK; 73 units (static defence) with
total of 68 Crotale / Shahine
Coast Guard 4,500
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS ε 262

AD • SAM 1,873 PFI 4 Al Jouf
SP 649: 40 Crotale; 400 FIM-92A Avenger; 141 Shahine; PBF 2 Seaguard
68 Crotale/Shahine PBI ε250: 39 Simonneau 51 Type; All units less than 100
TOWED 224: 128 I-HAWK MIM-23B; 96 PAC-2 tonnes
MANPAD 500 FIM-43 Redeye PB 6 StanPatrol2606
NAVAL 500 Mistral AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 13: 8 UCAC; 5 LCAC
Middle East and

North Africa
GUNS 1,220 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4: 1 Trg; 3 AO (small)
SP 942: 20mm 92 M-163 Vulcan; 30mm 850 AMX-30SA; FACILITIES
TOWED 278: 35mm 128 GDF Oerlikon; 40mm 150 L/70 Base Located at Azizam
in store
RADARS • AD RADAR 80: 17 AN/FPS-117; 28 AN/ General Civil Defence Administration Units
TPS-43; AN/TPS-59; 35 AN/TPS-63; AN/TPS-70 HELICOPTERS • SPT 10 Boeing Vertol 107
Industrial Security Force 9,000+ Special Security Force 500

The force is part of a new security system that will APC (W): UR-416
incorporate surveillance and crisis management.
Foreign Forces
National Guard 75,000 active; 25,000 (tribal
United States US Central Command: Army 145; Navy 27;
levies) (total 100,000)
USAF 83; USMC32
FORCES BY ROLE
Cav 1 (ceremonial) sqn
Mech Inf 3 bde (each: 4 army bn (all arms)) Syria Syr
Inf 5 bde (each: 1 Arty bn, 1 Supply bn, 3 (combined
arms) bn) Syrian Pound S£ 2007 2008 2009
GDP S£ 1.92tr 2.34tr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 450 LAV-25 Coyote US$ 37.6bn 51.0bn
AIFV 1,117 IFV-25 per capita US$ 1,947 2,585
APC • APC (W) 1,820: 720 Piranha II; 290 V-150 Commando; Growth % 3.9 4.2
810 in store Inflation % 4.7 8.0
ARTY • TOWED 77: 105mm 50 M-102; 155mm 27 M-198
Def bdgt S£ 74.9bn
MOR 81mm
AT • MSL • MANPATS 116+: 116 TOW-2A (2,000 msl); US$ 1.46bn
M47 Dragon US$1=S£ 51.1 46.0
RCL • 106mm M-40A1 a
Excluding extra budgetary funding
AD • GUNS • TOWED 160: 20mm 30 M-167 Vulcan;
90mm 130 (M-2)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Paramilitary 15,500+ active Male 19% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
Border Guard 10,500 Female 18% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 105mm RPG-29

Capabilities AD • SAM 4,184+
ACTIVE 292,600 (Army 215,000 Navy 7,600 Air SP 84: 14 SA-8 Gecko; 20 SA-9 Gaskin; 20 SA-11 Gadfly;
30 SA-13 Gopher
30,000 Air Defence 40,000) Paramilitary 108,000
MANPAD 4,100+: 4,000+ SA-7 Grail/SA-18 Grouse
RESERVE 314,000 (Army 280,000 Navy 4,000 Air (Igla); 100 SA-14 Gremlin
10,000 Air Defence 20,000) GUNS 1,225+
Terms of service conscription, 30 months SP ZSU-23-4
TOWED 23mm 600 ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm
Organisations by Service 600 S-60; 100mm 25 KS-19
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 94+: 18 Scud-B/Scud-C/
Scud-D; 30 look-a-like (North Korea); 18 FROG-7; 18+
Army 215,000 (incl conscripts) SS-21 Tochka (Scarab); 4 SS-C-1B Sepal; 6 SS-C-3 Styx (ε850
FORCES BY ROLE SSM msl total)
3 Corps HQ
Armd 7 div (each: 2 armd; 1 mech; 1 arty bde) Navy 7,600
Tk 1 indep regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Mech 3 div (under strength) (each: 1 armd, 2 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES •
mech, 1 arty bde) FF 2 Petya III each with 1 triple 533mm ASTT (3 eff.) with
Inf 4 indep bde SAET-60 HWT, 4 RBU 2500 Smerch 1 (64 eff.)†, 2 76mm
SF 1 div (10 SF gp) twin gun
Arty 2 indep bde PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21:
AT 2 indep bde PFM 10 Osa I/II each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2C
Styx tactical SSM
SSM 1 (Coastal Def) bde with SS-C-1B Sepal
PFI 11: 8 Zhuk less than 100 tonnes; ε 3 Tir each with 2
and SS-C-3 Styx; 1 bde (3 SSM bn with
single with C-802 (CSS-N-8) Saccade tactical SSM
FROG-7); 1 bde (3 SSM bn with SS-21);
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5:
1 bde (3 SSM bn with Scud-B/-C)
MSC 1 Natya
Border Guard 1 indep bde
MSI 3 Yevgenya
Republican Guard 1 div (2 armd, 1 mech, 1 arty bde) MSO 1 T-43 (FSU)
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LSM 3 Polnochny B (capacity 6 MBT;
Reserves 180 troops)
Armd 1 div HQ; 4 bde; 2 regt LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: 2 AGOR; 1 trg
Inf 31 regt FACILITIES
Arty 3 regt Bases Located at Latakia, Tartus, Minet el-Baida
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 4,950: 1,500–1,700 T-72 T-72M; 1,000 T-62K/T-62M; Naval Aviation
2,250 T-55/T-55MV (some in store) HELICOPTER 13 atk hel
RECCE 590 BRDM-2 ASW 13: 2 Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A (air force manpower);
AIFV up to 2,450 BMP-1/BMP-2/BMP-3 11 Mi-14 Haze
APC (W) 1,500: 500 BTR-152; 1000 BTR-50/BTR-60/
BTR-70 Air Force 40,000 (incl 10,000 reserves); 60,000
ARTY up to 3,440+ Air Defence (incl 20,000 reserves) (total
SP 500+: 122mm 450+: 400 2S1 Carnation (Gvosdik); 100,000)
50+ D-30 (mounted on T34/85 chassis); 152mm 50 2S3 Flying hours 15 to 25 hrs/year on FGA/ftr; 70 hrs/year;
(Akatsiya) 50 hrs/year on MBB-223 Flamingo trg ac
TOWED 2,030: 122mm 1,150: 500 D-30; 150 (M-30) FORCES BY ROLE
M1938; 500 in store (no given designation); 130mm Ftr 4 sqn with MiG-25 Foxbat; 4 sqn with MiG-23
700-800 M-46; 152mm 70 D-20/ML-20 M1937; 180mm MLD Flogger; 3 sqn with MiG-29A Fulcrum A
10 S23
FGA 2 sqn with MiG-23BN Flogger H; 1 sqn with Su-24
MRL up to 500: 107mm up to 200 Type-63; 122mm up
Fencer; 5 sqn with Su-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D;7 sqn
to 300 BM-21 (Grad)
with MiG-21 Fishbed;
MOR 410+: 82mm; 120mm circa 400 M-1943; 160mm
Recce 4 sqn with MiG-21H Fishbed/MiG-21J Fishbed*;
M-160 (hundreds); 240mm up to 10 M-240
MiG-25R Foxbat*
AT • MSL 2,600
SP 410 9P133 BRDM-2 Sagger Tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl;
MANPATS 2190+: 150 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 40 AT-5 Falcon 20; Falcon 900; Il-76 Candid; Yak-40 Codling;
9K113 Spandrel; AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn; 800 AT-10 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip;
9K116 Stabber; 1,000 AT-14 9M133 Kornet; 200 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
Milan Atk hel 3 sqns with Mi-25 Hind D; SA-342L Gazelle
Trg PA-31 Navajo; L-39 Albatros; MBB-223 Flamingo Croatia UNDOF 95; 1 inf coy
(basic); MFI-17 Mushshak; MiG-21U Mongol A*; Denmark 10 obs
MiG-23UM*; MiG-25U Foxbat* Estonia 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Finland 13 obs
AIRCRAFT 555 combat capable France 2 obs
FTR 150+: 40+ MiG-29A Fulcrum; 30 MiG-25 Foxbat; 80 Ireland 11 obs
MiG-23MLD Flogger Italy 7 obs
FGA 289: 20 Su-24 Fencer; 60MiG-23BN Flogger H; 159
India UNDOF 187; elm 1 log bn
MiG-21H; 50 Su-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D
Japan UNDOF 29; elm 1 log bn
RECCE 48: 8 MiG-25R Foxbat*; 40 MiG-21 H/J*
Nepal 3 obs
TPT 22: 1 An-24 Coke; 6 An-26 Curl; 2 Falcon 20; 1 Falcon
900; 4 Il-76 Candid; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 6 Yak-40 Codling Netherlands 11 obs
TRG 139: 70 L-39 Albatros (40 armed*); 35 MBB-223 New Zealand 7 obs
Flamingo (basic); 6 MFI-17 Mushshak; 20 MiG-21U Mongol Norway 11 obs
A*; 6 MiG-23UM*; 2 MiG-25U Foxbat* Poland UNDOF 347; 1 inf bn
HELICOPTERS Russia 4 obs • Army/Navy 150, naval facility reportedly
ATK 71: 36 Mi-25 Hind D; 35 SA-342L Gazelle under renovation at Tartus
SPT 120: 100 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; 20 PZL Slovakia 2 obs
Mi-2 Hoplite Slovenia 2 obs

MSL
Sweden 6 obs
ASM AS-7 Kerry; HOT
Switzerland 10 obs
AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-2 Atoll; AA-6 Acrid; AA-7 Apex;
AA-8 Aphid United States 3 obs
Tunisia Tn
Middle East and

Air Defence Command 60,000
North Africa
FORCES BY ROLE
AD 2 div (total: 25 AD bde (total: 150 SAM bty with Tunisian Dinar D 2007 2008 2009
total of 148 SA-3 Goa; 195 SA-6 Gainful; 320 SA-2 GDP D 45bn 48bn
Guideline, some ADA bty with total of 4,000 SA-7A US$ 35.2bn 36.9bn
Grail/SA-7B Grail))
SAM 2 regt (each: 2 SAM bn (each: 2 SAM bty with total of
Growth % 6.3 5.5
44 SA-5 Gammon))
Inflation % 3.1 5.1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Def bdgt D 601m
AD • SAM 4,707
US$ 470m
SP 195 SA-6 Gainful
FMA (US) US$ 8.3m 8.3m 2.2m
TOWED 468: 320 SA-2 Guideline; 148 SA-3 Goa
STATIC/SHELTER 44 SA-5 Gammon US$1=D 1.28 1.30
MANPAD 4,000 SA-7A Grail/SA-7B Grail Population 10,383,577
Paramilitary ε108,000 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 19% 3%
Gendarmerie 8,000
Female 12% 5% 5% 5% 19% 3%
Workers’ Militia ε100,000 Capabilities

People’s Army (Ba’ath Party) ACTIVE 35,800 (Army 27,000 Navy 4,800 Air 4,000)
Paramilitary 12,000
Foreign Forces Terms of service 12 months selective
UNTSO unless specified. Figures represent total numbers
for mission in Israel, Syria and Lebanon. Organisations by Service
Argentina 5 obs
Australia 11 obs Army 5,000; 22,000 conscript (total 27,000)
Austria 6 obs • UNDOF 383; 1 inf bn FORCES BY ROLE
Belgium 2 obs Mech 3 bde (each: 1 armd regt, 2 mech inf regt, 1 arty regt,
Canada 7 obs • UNDOF 2 1 AD regt)
Chile 3 obs SF 1 (Sahara) bde; 1 bde
China, People’s Republic of 4 obs Engr 1 regt

MBT 84: 30 M-60A1; 54 M-60A3 AIRCRAFT 27 combat capable
LT TK 48 SK-105 Kuerassier FTR 12 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II
RECCE 60: 40 AML-90; 20 Saladin FGA 3 MB-326K
APC 268 TPT 20: 8 C-130B Hercules; 1 C-130E Hercules; 2 C-130H
APC (T) 140 M-113A1/M-113A2 Hercules; 1 Falcon 20; 5G-222; 3 L-410 Turbolet
APC (W) 128: 18 EE-11 Urutu; 110 Fiat 6614 UTL 2 S-208A
ARTY 276 TRG 33: 12 L-59 Albatros*; 4 MB-326B; 3 MB-326L; 14
TOWED 115: 105mm 48 M-101A1/M-101A2; 155mm 67: SF-260
12 M-114A1; 55 M-198 HELICOPTERS
MOR 161: 81mm 95; 107mm 48 (some SP); 120mm 18 SPT 6 AS-350B Ecureuil
Brandt UTL 37: 15 AB-205 (Bell 205); 11 HH-3; 1 AS-365
AT • MSL 590 Dauphin 2; 6 SA-313; 3 SA-316 Alouette III; 10 UH-1H
SP 35 M-901 ITV TOW Iroquois; 2 UH-1N Iroquois
MANPATS 555: 500 Milan; 55 TOW MSL • AAM AIM-9J Sidewinder
RL 89mm 600: 300 LRAC; 300 M-20
AD • SAM 86 Paramilitary 12,000
SP 26 M-48 Chaparral
MANPAD 60 RBS-70
GUNS 127
SP 40mm 12 M-42
PCC 6 Kondor I (GDR)
TOWED 115: 20mm 100 M-55; 37mm 15 Type-55
PCI 24: 5 Bremse (GDR); 4 Gabes; 4 Rodman; 2 Socomena;
(M-1939)/Type-65
All units less than 100 tonnes
RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
HELICOPTERS • UTL 8 SA-318 Alouette II/SA-319
Alouette III
Navy ε4,800
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 25 Deployment
PFM 12: Burundi
3 Bizerte (Fr P-48) each with 8 SS 12M tactical SSM UN • BINUB 1
3 La Galite (Fr Combattante III) each with 2 Mk 140
Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with MM-40 Exocet tactical Côte D’Ivoire
SSM, 1 76mm gun UN • UNOCI 3; 7 obs
6 Albatros (Type 143B) with 2 x 76mm gun, 2 twin
launcher (4 eff.) for MM-38 Exocet SSM, 2 single 533mm
UN • MONUC 464; 33 obs; 1 mech inf bn
TT
PCC 3 Utique (mod PRC Haizhui II)
PCI 10 (less than 100 tonnes)
United Arab Emirates UAE
AWT 1 Emirati Dirham D 2007 2008 2009
AGS 1 GDP D 676bn 775bn
ABU 3
US$ 184bn 211bn
TRG 1 Salambo (US Conrad, survey)
per capita US$ 69,704 78,212
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Bizerte, Sfax, Kelibia Growth % 7.4 7.0
Air Force 4,000 Def bdgta D ε37.0bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ ε10.08bn
FGA 1 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II US$1=D 3.67 3.67
CCT 1 sqn with MB-326K; MB-326L a
Excludes possible extra-budgetary procurement funding
Tpt 1 sqn with C-130B Hercules; C-130E Hercules;
C-130H Hercules; Falcon 20; G-222; L-410 Turbolet
Ethnic groups: Nationals 24%; Expatriates 76% of which Indian
Liaison 1 sqn with S-208A 30%, Pakistani 20%; other Arab 12%; other Asian 10%; UK 2%;
Tpt/utl 2 sqn with AS-350B Ecureuil; AS-365 Dauphin 2; other European 1%
hel AB-205 (Bell 205); SA-313; SA-316 Alouette III;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UH-1H Iroquois; UH-1N Iroquois; 1 sqn with HH-
3E Male 13% 6% 5% 4% 29% 3%
Trg 2 sqn with L-59 Albatros*; MB-326B; SF-260 Female 12% 5% 5% 3% 14% 1%
each with RGM-84A Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea

Capabilities Sparrow octuple with 24 RIM-7F/M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2
ACTIVE 51,000 (Army 44,000 Navy 2,500 Air 4,500) Twin 324mm TT (4 eff.) each with A244/Mk 46, 1 76mm
The Union Defence Force and the armed forces of the UAE gun, each with 2 AS-565SA Panthe ASW/ASUW hel
(Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah, Fujairah, Ajman, CORVETTES • FSG 2 Muray Jip (Ge Lurssen 62m) each
Umm al-Qawayn and Sharjah) were formally merged with 1 SA-316 Alouette III utl hel, 2 quad (8 eff.) each with
in 1976 and headquartered in Abu Dhabi. Dubai still MM-40 Exocet tactical SSM
maintains independent forces, as do other Emirates to a PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
lesser degree. PFM 8:
6 Ban Yas (Ge Lurssen TNC-45) each with 2 twin (4 eff.)
Organisations by Service 2 Mubarraz (Ge Lurssen 45m) each with 2 twin (4 eff.)
Army 44,000 (incl Dubai 15,000) PCC 6 Ardhana (UK Vosper 33m)
FORCES BY ROLE MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
GHQ Abu Dhabi MHC 2 Al Murjan (Frankenthal Class Type 332)
Armd 2 bde AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 28
Mech Inf 3 bde LCP 16: 12 (capacity 40 troops); 4 (Fast Supply Vessel
multi-purpose)
Inf 2 bde
LCU 5: 3 Al Feyi (capacity 56 troops); 2 (capacity 40 troops
Arty 1 bde (3 arty regt) and additional vehicles)
Royal Guard 1 bde LCT 7
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: 1 YDT; 2 YTM
Dubai Independent Forces FACILITIES
Mech inf 2 bde Bases Located at Mina Sakr (Sharjah), Mina Rashid,
Middle East and

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Khor Fakkan, Mina Zayed (Dubai), Dalma, Abu
North Africa
MBT 471: 390 Leclerc; 36 OF-40 Mk2 (Lion); 45 AMX-30 Dhabi (Main base), Mina Khalid, Mina Jabal (Ras
LT TK 76 Scorpion al-Khaimah)
RECCE 113: 49 AML-90; 20 Ferret in store; 20 Saladin in
store; 24 VBL Naval Aviation
AIFV 430: 15 AMX-10P; 415 BMP-3 AIRCRAFT • TPT 2 Learjet 35A
APC 880 HELICOPTERS
APC (T) 136 AAPC (incl 53 engr plus other variants) ASW/ASUW 14: 7 AS-332F Super Puma (5 in ASUW
APC (W) 744: 90 BTR-3U Guardian; 120 EE-11 Urutu; role); 7 AS-565 Panther
370 M-3 Panhard; 64 TPz-1 Fuchs; 80 VCR (incl variants); UTL 4 SA-316 Alouette III
20 VAB
ARV 46 Air Force 4,500
ARTY 501+ Incl Police Air Wing
SP 155mm 181: 78 G-6; 85 M-109A3; 18 Mk F3 Flying hours 110 hrs/year
TOWED 93: 105mm 73 ROF lt; 130mm 20 Type-59-I
FORCES BY ROLE
MRL 72+: 70mm 18 LAU-97; 122mm 48+: 48 Firos-25 FGA 3 sqn with F-16E/F-16F Falcon Block 60; 3 sqn
(est 24 op); Type-90 (reported); 300mm 6 9A52 Smerch with Mirage 2000-9DAD/2000-9RADe; 1 sqn with
MOR 155: 81mm 134: 20 Brandt; 114 L16; 120mm 21 Mirage M-2000DAD; 1 sqn with Hawk MK63A/
Brandt Hawk MK63C/Hawk MK63; 1 sqn with Hawk
AT • MSL 305+ MK102
SP 20 HOT
Recce 1 sqn with M-2000 RAD Mirage*
MANPATS 285+: 30 HOT; 230 Milan; 25 TOW;
SAR 1 sqn with A-109K2; AB-139
Vigilant in store
RCL 262: 84mm 250 Carl Gustav; 106mm 12 M-40 Tpt 3 sqn with An-124 Condor; Beech 350 Super King
AD • SAM • MANPAD 40+: 20+ Blowpipe; 20 Mistral Air; C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules; CASA
GUNS 62 235M-100; DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; IL-76 Candid on
SP 20mm 42 M3 VDAA lease; L-100-30
TOWED 30mm 20 GCF-BM2 OCU Hawk MK61*
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 6 Scud-B (up to 20 msl) Trg sqn with Grob 115TA; PC-7 Turbo Trainer
Atk hel 2 sqn with AH-64A Apache; AS-550C3 Fennec; SA-
Navy ε2,500 342K Gazelle (eq. with HOT) ASM
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Tpt hel 1 sqn with IAR-330 SOCAT Puma/SA-330 Puma;
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 4 CH-47C Chinook (SF); AB-139 (VIP); AS-365F
FRIGATES • FFG 2 Abu Dhabi †(NL Kortenaer) each with Dauphin 2 (VIP); Bell 206 JetRanger trg; Bell 214;
2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) (no weapons embarked) Bell 407; Bell 412 Twin Huey
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 184 combat capable Yemen, Republic of Ye
FGA 155: 55 F-16E Block 60 Desert Eagle; 25 F-16F Block
Yemeni Rial R 2007 2008 2009
60 (13 to remain in US for Trg); 18 Mirage 2000-9DAD;
44 Mirage 2000-9RAD; 13 Hawk MK102 GDP R 4.23tr 5.35tr
RECCE 7 Mirage 2000 RAD* US$ 21.4bn 26.9bn
TPT 23: 1 An-124 Condor; 2 Beech 350 Super King Air; per capita US$ 957 1,169
4 C-130H; 2 C-130H-30 Hercules; 7 CASA 235M-100; Growth % 3.3 3.5
1 DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; 4 Il-76 Candid on lease; 2
L-100-30
Def bdgt R 179bn
TRG 64: 5 Hawk MK61*; 17 Hawk MK63 A/Hawk
MK63C*; 12 Grob 115TA; 30 PC-7 Turbo Trainer US$ 908m
HELICOPTERS FMA (US) US$ 9.7m 2.7m 3.0m
ATK 40+: 30 AH-64A Apache (being upgraded to AH- US$1=R 198 199
64D standard); AS-550C3 Fennec; 10 SA-342K Gazelle
SPT 27: 12 CH-47C Chinook (SF); 15 IAR-330 SOCAT Population 23,013,376
Puma aslt/SA-330 Puma spt Ethnic groups: Majority Arab, some African and South Asian
UTL 40: 3 A-109K2; 8 AB-139 (incl 2 VIP); 4 AS-365F Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Dauphin 2 (VIP); 9 Bell 206 JetRanger trg; 3 Bell 214; 1

Male 24% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
Bell 407; 9 Bell 412 Twin Huey
MSL Female 23% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AS-15 Kent; Black Shaheen;
Hydra-70; PGM-1 Hakeem 1; PGM-2 Hakeem 2; HOT Capabilities
AAM AIM-9L Sidewinder ACTIVE 66,700 (Army 60,000 Navy 1,700 Air Force
MICA R-550 Magic; AIM-120 AMPAAM 3,000, Air Defence 2,000 ) Paramilitary 71,200
Terms of service conscription, 2 years
Air Defence
FORCES BY ROLE
AD 2 bde (each: 3 bn with I-HAWK MIM-23B) Organisations by Service
SAM 3 short-range bn with Crotale; Mistral; Rapier;
RB-70; Javelin; SA-18 Grouse (Igla) Army 60,000 (incl conscripts)
FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Armd 8 bde
AD • SAM
Mech 6 bde
SP Crotale; RB-70
Inf 16 bde
TOWED I-HAWK MIM-23B; Rapier
SF 1 bde
MANPAD Javelin; SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
NAVAL Mistral Cdo/AB 2 bde
Arty 3 bde
Paramilitary • Coast Guard SSM 1 bde
Ministry of Interior Gd/Central Guard 1 force
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 47 AD 2 bn
PCC 2 Protector EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PBF 9 MBT 790: 50 M-60A1; 60 T-72; 200 T-62; 450 T-54/T-55; 30
PB 21 T-34
PBI 15 RECCE 145: 80 AML-90; 15 LAV; 50 BRDM-2
AIFV 200: 100 BMP-1; 100 BMP-2
Foreign Forces APC 710
APC (T) 60 M-113A
France 3 Mirage 2000-5, 1 KC-135F at al Dhafra (To operate
APC (W) 650: 60 BTR-40; 100 BTR-60; 20 BTR-152; 470
alongside UAE Mirage 2000-9s)
BTR-40/BTR-60/BTR-152 in store
United States US Central Command: Army 2; Navy 10; ARTY 1,167
USAF 81; USMC 16 SP 122mm 25 2S1 Carnation
TOWED 310: 105mm 25 M-101A1; 122mm 200: 130 D-30;
30 M-1931/37; 40 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 60 M-46; 152mm
10 D-20; 155mm 15 M-114
COASTAL 130mm 36 SM-4-1
MRL 294: 122mm 280 BM-21 (150 op); 140mm 14 BM-14
MOR 502: 81mm 200; 82mm 90 M-43; 107mm 12; 120mm
100; 160mm ε100
AT • MSL • MANPATS 71: 35 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 24 M47 FTR 43: 16 MiG-29SMT Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UBT; 10 F-5E
Dragon; 12 TOW Tiger II; 15 MiG-21 Fishbed
RCL 75mm M-20; 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11 FGA 30 Su-20 (Su-17M) Fitter C Su-17 FGA/Su-22 (Su-
RL 66mm M-72 LAW; 73mm RPG-7 Knout 17M-2) Fitter D
GUNS 50+ TPT 18: 2 An-12 Cub; 6 An-26 Curl; 3 C-130H Hercules; 4
SP 100mm 30 SU-100 Il-14 Crate 4; 3 Il-76 Candid
TOWED 20+: 85mm D-44; 100mm 20 M-1944 TRG 44: 12 L-39C; 4 MiG-21U Mongol A*; 2 F-5B Freedom
AD • SAM ε800 Fighter†*; 14 Yak-11 Moose; 12 Z-242
SP SA-9 Gaskin; SA-13 Gopher HELICOPTERS
MANPAD SA-7 Grail; SA-14 Gremlin ATK 8 Mi-35 Hind
GUNS 530 SPT 10: 1 AB-47 (Bell 47); 9 Mi-8 Hip
SP 70: 20mm 20 M-163 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZSU-23-4 UTL 2 Bell 212
TOWED 460: 20mm 50 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 100
ZU-23-2; 37mm 150 M-1939; 57mm 120 S-60; 85mm Air Defence 2,000
40 M-1939 KS-12 AD • SAM:
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 28: 12 FROG-7; 10 SS-21 Scarab SP SA-6 Gainful; SA-9 Gaskin; SA-13 Gopher
TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
(Tochka); 6 Scud-B (ε33 msl)
MANPAD SA-7 Grail; SA-14 Gremlin
MSL • AAM AA-2 Atoll; AIM-9 Sidewinder
Navy 1,700
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Paramilitary 71,200+

PFM 4: Ministry of the Interior Forces 50,000
3 Huangfen† each with 4 single fitted, for YJ-1
(CSS-N-4) Sardine tactical SSM Tribal Levies 20,000+
1 Tarantul† with 2 twin (4 eff.) fitted, for SS-N-2C Styx
Middle East and

Yemeni Coast Guard Authority ε1,200
North Africa
tactical SSM
PB 10 Austal
PCI 5 Interceptor (French)
PBF 6 Baklan
PB 8: 4 Defender (US); 4 Archangel (US)
PBI 8
MHC 5 Yevgeny † (FSU)
MSO 1 Natya (FSU)
AMPHIBIOUS Non-State Groups
LS • LSM 1 NS-722 (capacity 5 MBT; 110 troops) see Part II
CRAFT 5:
LCU 3 Deba Deployment
LCM 2 Ondatra (FSU)
FACILITIES CENTRAL African republic/chad
Bases Located at Aden, Hodeida UN • MINURCAT 3
Minor These have naval spt eqpt. located at Socotra, COTE D’IVOIRE
Bases Al-Mukalla, Perim Island UN • UNOCI 1; 8 obs
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Air Force 3,000 UN • MONUC 5 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 3 sqn with F-5E Tiger II; MiG-29SMT/MiG-29UBT GEORGIA
Fulcrum; MiG-21 Fishbed; UN • UNOMiG 3 obs
FGA 1 sqn with Su-20 (Su-17M) Fitter C/Su-22 (Su-17M-2) LIBERIA
Fitter D UN • UNMIL 1
Tpt 1 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl; C-130H Hercules;
NEPAL
Il-14 Crate; Il-76 Candid
UN • UNMIN 1 obs
Trg 1 trg school with F-5B Freedom Fighter†*; L-39C;
MiG-21U Mongol A*; Yak-11; Z-242 sudan
Hel 1 sqn with Mi-35 Hind (attack); AB-47 (Bell 47); UN • UNAMID 8 obs
Mi-8 Hip; Bell 212 UN • UNMIS 1; 22 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE WESTERN SAHARA
AIRCRAFT 79 combat capable UN • MINURSO 6 obs
Table 23 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Due
Algeria (Ag)
T-90S MBT 300 USD1bn RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
export order suspension in 2008
T-72 MBT 250 USD200m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Upgrade. Delivery may be delayed
Upgrade export due to order suspension in 2008
BMP-2 IFV 400 USD200m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Upgrade. Delivery may be delayed
export due to order suspension in 2008
Kornet- E ATGW 216 USD50m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
(AT-14) export order suspension in 2008
Metis- M1 ATGW – USD50m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
(AT-13) export order suspension in 2008
S-300PMU-2 AD 8 USD1bn RF Rosoboron 2006 – Delivery may be delayed due to
export order suspension in 2008
Tunguska- AD 24 USD500m RF Rosoboron 2006 – Option for 30 further systems.
M1(SA-19) export Delivery may be delayed due to

ADGMS order suspension in 2008
FPB 98 PCF 21 EUR135m Fr OCEA 2008 2009 Final delivery due 2012
(USD198m)
Su-30 MKA FGA 28 USD1.5bn RF NPK Irkut 2006 2010 6 delivered by Oct 2008
Yak-130 Trg 16 USD200m RF Rosoboron 2006 2009 Incl simulator.
export
Bahrain (Brn)
M113A2 APC – – Tu FNSS 2007 – Refit with MKEK 81-mm mortars
Upgrade
Egypt (Et)
M1-A1 MBT 125 USD349m US General 2007 2009 Final delivery due Jul 2011
Abrams Dynamics
S-125 SAM 30 – RF Oboronitelniye 1999 – Upgrade to Pechora-2M. 30 btn
Pechora Sistemy to be ugraded in 3 stages. 1st
(SA-3 Goa) stage completed 2006. 2nd stage
ongoing
Ambassador PFM 3 USD393m US VT Halter Marine 2008 2012 Phase II of the Fast Missile Craft
Mk III (FMC) project
RAM Mk49 GMLS 3 USD24.75m US Raytheon 2005 2009 Upgrade for Fast Missile Craft. Mk49
RAM launchers and RAM Block 1A
msl
E-2C AEW&C 1 USD38m US Northrop 2008 – Refurbishment and upgrade to
Upgrade Grumman Hawkeye 2000 (HE2K) standard
Iran (Ir)
T-72 MBT – See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Upgrade. Part of a USD1.5bn
export procurement deal
96K6 AD 10 – RF – 2007 2008 Obtained via Syr. 10 of 50 Pantsyr-
Pantsyr-S1E S1E ordered by Syr from RF
Su-24 FGA 30 See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Upgrade. Part of a USD1.5bn
MiG-29 Ftr – See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Upgrade. Part of a USD1.5bn
Due
Iraq (Irq)
King Air 350 Tpt ac/ 6 USD10.5m US Hawker 2008 2010 5 Extended Range (ER) Intel, Surv,
ER ISTAR Beechcraft and Recce (ISR) ac; 1 Light Tpt ac;
plus spares and spt
Israel (Il)
Merkava MBT up to 400 – Dom – 2001 2004 Estimated 50-60 tk per year over
Mk IV four years. First bn entered service
2004. Numbers depend on budget
Namer AIFV 45 USD67m Dom Mantak 2007 2008 Based on the Merkava 4. Plans for
total of 231 vehicles
Arrow 2 ATBM/ – Undisclosed Dom/US IAI 2008 – Number and cost undisclosed
BMD
Dolphin SSK 2 EUR1bn Ge HDW 2006 2012 With Air-Independent Propulsion
(Type 800) (USD1.21bn) (AIP) system. Option for a third

class vessel
Super Dvora PFI 4 – Dom IAI/Ramta 2005 2006 Phase II of navy patrol fleet
MKIIl modernisation programme
Shaldag MkII PFI 3 – Dom IAI/Ramta 2005 2006 Phase II of navy patrol fleet
modernisation programme
Middle East and

F-16I Sufa
North Africa
FGA 102 – US Lockheed 2001 2006 Final delivery due 2009. 75 delivered
Martin by Mar 2008
AH-64D Hel 18 USD640m US Boeing 2001 2005 9 AH-64A remanufactured to AH-
Apache 64D config and 9 new AH-64D.
Longbow Potential contract for a further 6
additional units currently on hold
(Mar 2008)
G550 CAEW AEW 6 USD473m US Gulfstream 2003 2005 Original contract 4 + 2 options.
2 delivered by Jun 2007. 4 to be
modified by IAI for AEW purposes
for delivery to Sgp
AIM-120C-7 AAM 200 USD171m US Raytheon 2007 – –
Lizard 3 LGB – USD15m Dom Elbit Systems 2007 2007 Several hundred Lizard 3 kits
Paveway III LGB 100 USD30m US Raytheon 2005 – GBU-28B for F-15I Thunderer
Joint Direct ASM 5,000 – US Boeing 2004 – Deliveries ongoing
Attack
Munitions
(JDAM)
Jordan (HKJ)
M113A1 APC 126 USD18.2m US BAE Land 2006 – Upgrade to M113A2Mk1. Phase 2
Upgrade Systems began Feb 2007. Final delivery due
Sept 2008
IL-76MF Tpt ac 2 – RF Rosoboron 2005 2007 Option for further 2 ac
(Candid) export
F-16A/B Ftr 17 USD87m Tu Lockheed 2005 2007 MLU
Block 15 Upgrade Martin
Kuwait (Kwt)
Aspide AD – EUR65m Int’l MBDA 2007 – Upgrade to Spada 2000 config. To
upgrade (USD87.3m) be completed over 3 years
MK V PFB 12 USD175m US USMI 2006 2007 First vessel delivered May 2008. Final
delivery due 2009
Due
AH-64D Atk hel 16 USD212.8m US Boeing 2003 2007 6 hel delivered Feb 2007. Hel cannot
Apache be sold to third party and must be
Longbow used for defensive ops only
Libya (LAR)
MilanADT Msl – EUR296m Fr MBDA 2007 – –
(USD405m)
Morocco (Mor)
Tunguska- AD – – RF 2004 – –
2S6M
FREMM FF 1 EUR470m Fr/It DCNS 2008 2012 –
(USD676m)
SIGMA FFH 3 EUR600m Nl Schelde 2008 2011 - SIGMA: Ship Integrated Geometrical
(USD875m) 2012 Modularity Approach
F-16C/D FGA 24 USD233.6m US Lockheed 2008 – Incl. mission equipment and spt
Block 52 Martin package
Mirage F1 FGA – EUR350m Fr Dassault 2006 – Upgrade
CH/EH upgrade (USD553.7m)
Puma Hel 25 – Int’l Eurocopter 2007 – Refurbishment
Oman (O)
Javelin MANPAT – See notes US Raytheon/ 2008 2009 Contract value is USD115m incl
Lockheed unspecified no. of Javelin for UAE
Martin
Project PSOH 3 GBP400m UK VT Shipbuilding 2007 2010 Lead ship due early 2010.
Khareef (USD785m) Subsequent vessels to follow at
6-month intervals
A320 Tpt ac 2 – Fr EADS 2007 – –
NH-90 TTH Hel 20 – NI EADS 2003 2008 First flight May 2007
AIM-120C AMRAAM 10 – US Raytheon 2001 2006 4 delivered 2004
AIM-9M AAM 100 – US Raytheon 2001 2006 For F-16
Sidewinder
AGM-84D ASM 20 – US Boeing 2001 2006 8 delivered 2004
Harpoon
Qatar (Q)
C-17A Tpt ac – Undisclosed US Boeing 2008 – Cost and quantity undisclosed, but
Globemaster reports suggest order of 2 ac, with
III option for a further 2
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 4 USD393.6m US Lockheed 2008 2011 Contract value incl additional
Hercules Martin packages.
AW139 Tpt hel 18 EUR260m It Agusta- 2008 2010 For air force
(USD413m) Westland
Saudi Arabia (Sau)

M113 APC 300 USD200m Tu FNSS 2007 2008 Upgrade. Follow-on contract could
upgrade lead to upgrade of entire fleet of
2,000 M113
Mistral 2 SAM – See notes Fr MBDA 2006 – Part of a defence package thought
to be worth EUR2.5bn
Due
Eurofighter FGA 72 GBP4.43bn Int’l Eurofighter 2005 2008 Project Salam
(Typhoon) (USD8.9bn)
A330 MRTT Tkr ac 3 USD600m Fr EADS 2008 2012 –
E-3A Sentry AWACS 5 USD16m US Data Link 2006 – Comms upgrade. Link 16 MIDS
upgrade Solutions
UH-60L Black Hel – USD286 m US Sikorsky 2008 – Number undisclosed.
Hawk
Syria (Syr)
Buk-M2 SAM – USD200m RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 –
export
96K6 AD 50 USD730m RF Rosoboron – 2007 2 delivered by Jul 2008 and another
Pantsyr- export 10 should have been delivered by
S1E (SA-22 Aug 2008. Iran to acquire 10 from
Greyhound) Syr once delivery completed

MiG-31E Ftr 5 See notes RF Rosoboron 2006 2007 Part of a USD1bn contract for MiG-
Foxhound export 31E Foxhound and unspecified
number of MiG-29M/M2
MiG-29M Ftr – See notes RF Rosoboron 2006 – Part of a USD1bn contract for MiG-
/ M2 export 31E Foxhound and unspecified
Middle East and

number of MiG-29M/M2
North Africa
9M133 Msl – USD73m RF Rosoboron 2003 – Several thousand msl
Kornet / export
9M131Metis 2
United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Fuchs 2 NBC- APC 32 EUR160m Ge Rheinmetall 2005 2007 16 NBC recce vehicles, 8 BW
RS (USD205m) detection vehicles, 8 mobile CP
vehicles
Patria 8x8 APC – – SF Patria 2008 – Contract value and number of units
Armoured not declared
Modular
Vehicle
Nimr 4x4 HMTV 500 USD41m Dom Advanced 2005 2005 High mobility tactical vehicles
Industries of
Arabia
96K6 AD 50 USD734m RF Rosoboron 2000 2004 To be mounted on tracked GM-
Pantsyr-S1E export 352M1E. First batch delivered 2004
Agrab Mor 48 AED390m UK / Sgp IGG 2007 2008 –
(Scorpion) (USD106m) / RSA /
120mm MMS UEA
Javelin MANPAT – See notes US Raytheon/ 2008 2009 Contract value is USD115m incl
Lockheed unspecified no of Javelin for Oman
Martin
Baynunah FSG 6 AED3bn Dom/Fr ADSB 2003 2006 First of class built in Fr, others to be
(USD820m) built in UAE. First in-service date due
2009
ESSM SAM & – See notes US Raytheon 2006 2009 For Baynunah FSG, with Mk 56 VLS
VLS
Mk 49 Mod 3 RAM 7 USD80m US Raytheon 2006 2009 For Baynunah FSG. 1 GMLS for each
GMLS of 6 FSG and 1 GMLS for trg
Exocet MM40 SSM 48 EUR450m Int’l MDBA 2006 – For Baynunah FSG. Eight per vessel
Block III (USD585m)
Project Al PB 12 AED127m Dom ADSB 2008 – For Coast Guard
Saber (USD34.6m)
Due
F-16E/F FGA 80 USD6.4bn US Lockheed 2000 2005 55 F-16E and 25 F-16F. First batch
Block 60 Martin delivered May 2005
Desert Falcon
A330 MRTT Tkr ac 3 Int’l EADS 2008 – –
S-70 A Black Hel 10 US Sikorsky 2007 –
Hawk
AB-139 Hel 8 GBP83m US / It Agusta- 2005 2005 6 in SAR role and 2 in VIP role
(USD143m) Westland
AH-64D Hel 30 US Boeing 2007 – Upgrade from AH-64A to D standard
Apache Upgrade
Longbow
Yemen, Republic of (Ye)

MiG-29 SMT FGA 32 USD1.3bn RF Rosoboron 2006 – –
Fulcrum export
MiG-29 FGA 66 USD1bn RF Rosoboron 2006 2007 Incl repair contract in first quarter
export of 2007
Chapter Six
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa remains a low strategic priority Unity, the African Union (AU) has ambitiously
for major Western powers, on account of their sought to rally African governments to increase conti-
political-military preoccupations with Iraq, Iran, nental military capacity. Such an increase would
Afghanistan, North Korea and transnational Islamist allow the AU to complement, and ideally supplant,
terrorism elsewhere. Nevertheless, strategic focus on UN resources stretched thin by major-power commit-
the region has been slowly sharpening, for numerous ments elsewhere (mainly in Iraq and Afghanistan).
and geographically dispersed reasons. The political However, its efforts have been largely frustrated.
and humanitarian situation in the Sudanese region
of Darfur is a continuing challenge to the interna- Southern Sudan
tional community; related refugee flows and political

friction have affected regional security and stability, In January 2005, the Muslim government of Sudan
notably in neighbouring Chad; and the peace agree- and the Christian Sudan People’s Liberation Army/
ment between Khartoum and south Sudanese rebels Movement (SPLA/M) signed a Comprehensive Peace
has threatened to deteriorate. Meanwhile, instability Agreement (CPA), ending a 21-year-long civil war that
in the Niger Delta has raised serious concerns about killed two million people and displaced four million.
Western access to Nigerian oil, while China has also In March 2005, the UN Security Council authorised
targeted African oil as a strategic commodity. a peacekeeping force for southern Sudan to monitor
Somalia has remained highly unstable, with the agreement. In October 2007, however, the SPLA
Islamists regaining physical ground and political abruptly withdrew from the agreement, claiming that
influence, and the country has become an increasingly Khartoum was neglecting CPA requirements such as
Sub-Saharan
popular destination for aspiring jihadists in search of power sharing, equitable distribution of oil resources
Africa
training. Ethiopia, the ranking regional power in the and revenues, and preparations for a referendum
Horn of Africa, faces potential conflict over its border on southern independence slated for 2011. From
with Eritrea, as well as taxing military commitments November 2007, clashes occurred in the Abyei region
in Somalia. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, which on the boundary between northern and southern
emerged in early 2007, has demonstrated operational Sudan, between the SPLA and the Misseriya – Arab
capabilities as far south as Mauritania. A quarter of nomad militias armed and backed by the Sudanese
the cocaine consumed in Europe is shipped through government and allegedly sometimes joined by non-
West Africa. Some 60% of the world’s human traf- uniformed government troops. Several hundred
ficking occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. Attacks in Africa, people were reported killed.
most intensively in the Indian Ocean off the coast of The UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) comprises
Somalia, were largely responsible for the 10% global fewer than 10,000 uniformed personnel, which is insuf-
increase in piracy in 2007. Sub-Saharan Africa has ficient for peace enforcement when the Khartoum-
been losing $1 billion a year to illegal fishing. Illegal supported militias alone number up to 16,000 fighters.
oil bunkering in Nigeria has drained $3 million a day UNMIS peacekeepers failed to protect Sudanese civil-
from that country’s legitimate economy. ians during hostilities in the Abyei region in May
African nations, both individually and collec- 2008. In autumn 2008, when Somali pirates hijacked
tively, lack the military capacity to deal with many a Ukrainian merchant vessel, the Faina, there was
difficult and substantial problems on the ground. For speculation that its cargo of 33 T-72 tanks, 150 grenade
this reason, the UN’s heaviest involvement in peace- launchers, six anti-aircraft guns and ammunition
keeping and related efforts, comprising ten out of a was bound for the SPLA – rather than for Kenya, as
total of 20 operations worldwide, has been in sub- Kenyan officials claimed. (The US and Russian navies
Saharan Africa. Since its inception in 2002 to replace swiftly surrounded the ship and a stand-off ensued.)
the moribund and ineffective Organisation of African The demand for peacekeepers in Darfur, Somalia and
elsewhere on the continent means that, should whole- state sponsors of terrorism and facilitating Sudan’s
sale conflict reignite in southern Sudan, the prospects accession to the World Trade Organization. US offi-
for peace enforcement would be dim. cials also mooted the imposition of a no-fly zone over
Darfur, but Khartoum adamantly opposed this.
The Darfur conflict There remain geopolitical strains associated with
the Darfur conflict. Neighbouring Chad temporarily
The conflict in Darfur began in early 2003, when non- severed diplomatic ties with Sudan in April 2006 after
Arab rebel groups aggrieved by perceived govern- Chadian rebels based in Darfur attacked N’Djamena,
ment favouritism towards the Arab population started Chad’s capital, in an attempt to unseat the country’s
to attack government targets. Khartoum retaliated president, Idris Deby. The coup failed, and Chad
fiercely through ‘self-defence forces’ and nomadic and Sudan later resumed diplomatic relations. But
Arab proxy forces known as Janjaweed militias. At an October 2006 UN report indicated both that the
least 200,000 people are reported to have died in the Chadian government was funnelling weapons into
conflict, with more than two million displaced. The US Darfur to support rebels who had refused to sign the
State Department characterised the Sudanese govern- Darfur peace agreement, and that the government of
ment’s conduct as genocide in 2004, and the interna- Sudan was arming Janjaweed militias and Chadian
tional consensus is that it constitutes ethnic cleansing at rebels who wanted to overthrow Deby.
a minimum. In summer 2007, the UN Security Council The flow of Darfurian refugees into Chad and the
authorised 26,000 troops and police for a hybrid AU/ neighbouring Central African Republic (CAR) has
UN operation in Darfur. However, this force – known further stoked regional tensions. In an attempt to
as UNAMID (United Nations African Union Mission in alleviate them, in March 2008, the European Union
Darfur) – has not been able to stabilise the situation. By deployed its EUFOR TCHAD/RCA peacekeeping
September 2008, only around 10,000 soldiers and police force in eastern Chad and northern CAR. (See Europe,
had been deployed, partly due to Khartoum’s insis- p. 96.) With its full strength set at 3,700, the force was
tence that most peacekeepers be African. Only 13,000 not established as a peacekeeping mission, but rather
troops – mainly Egyptian, Ethiopian, Thai and Nepalese its prime task is to protect displaced civilians and
soldiers – were projected to be deployed by the end of provide assistance to related operations in support
2008. The primary problem was logistical: while some of UNAMID. A 350-strong UN mission in the CAR
18 battalions had been pledged, the force’s capacity to and Chad (MINURCAT) was also established, in
absorb and deploy them effectively – in particular, to September 2007, to train and support Chadian police.
guard relief camps from warring factions and bandits – However, these two contingents are plainly too small
was severely constrained by lack of equipment. to meet the security needs of half a million Sudanese
In October 2008, after Sudanese forces had and Chadians forced from their homes. There are 12
engaged in a week-long air-and-ground offensive on refugee camps in eastern Chad housing some 250,000
rebel positions in North Darfur, a helicopter under Darfurian refugees. The UN Security Council extended
contract to UNAMID had been shot down and a MINURCAT’s mandate in September 2008 and stated
Nigerian peacekeeper had been killed in an ambush, its intention to deploy UN peacekeepers there beyond
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon declared that 15 March 2009, when EUFOR’s mandate expires. In
UNAMID was ‘severely stretched’ and that the secu- a September 2008 report, UN Secretary-General Ban
rity situation in Darfur was ‘deteriorating’. To protect Ki Moon urged that 6,000 UN troops with the opera-
civilians adequately, UNAMID also urgently needed tional capability to respond quickly to any deteriora-
about two dozen transport and attack helicopters, tion of security be dispatched to replace EUFOR. Also
which it hoped to secure from Ukraine. NATO has in September, Russia pledged four Mi-8 MT utility
provided assistance in Darfur by airlifting AU peace- helicopters with full supporting equipment and up to
keepers into the region and training AU personnel, 120 personnel to the EUFOR effort in Chad.
but it has not provided combat troops.
In autumn 2008, US-brokered negotiations between Somalia
Khartoum and rebel groups in Darfur appeared the
best hope for ameliorating the conflict. Among the The Ethiopian army’s US-supported invasion of
inducements under discussion were the removal Somalia in December 2006 resulted in the removal of
of Sudan from the State Department’s official list of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) from de facto power
Sub-Saharan Africa 279
and facilitated the re-establishment of the secular lematic while it remained unclear who controlled the
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), which was various militias holding sway on the ground. The UN
formed in exile but is internationally recognised. position would appear to put Somalia in a kind of
Since then, several thousand Ethiopian soldiers catch-22 situation, whereby a larger force is required
have remained in-country and have protected the to improve security, but cannot be sent until security
TFG. However, through the harsh use of force, often has been improved.
against civilians, the Ethiopians have also alienated A peace agreement between the TFG and the ARS
the Somali populace and motivated a shift in popular was signed in Djibouti on 18 August 2008, but prob-
support back to the Islamists, who have therefore lems persist. A large rejectionist faction of the ARS
regained territory and political traction. This devel- known as al-Shabab (‘the youth’) expressed its oppo-
opment, in turn, has opened up space for terrorist sition to the deal with a series of attacks. The faction,
training camps to re-emerge, and made Somalia a which has been designated a foreign terrorist organi-
destination for potential jihadists. Although militarily sation by US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, even
overstretched, Ethiopia is Somalia’s traditional geopo- shut down the logistically indispensable Aden-Adde
litical rival and regards an indefinite preventive occu- International Airport in Mogadishu in September.
pation as preferable to resurgent Islamist rule. The AU Furthermore, some analysts believe the TFG has
peacekeeping mission in Somalia (AMISOM), autho- proven corrupt and lethargic, and it commands
rised in February 2007, was intended to replace the decreasing respect from the Somali population.
Ethiopians, but they declined to withdraw. AMISOM Even if AMISOM was brought up to its maximum
has a maximum permitted deployment of 8,000 mandated strength of 8,000, there seems little chance
troops, but by September 2008, it had only 2,700 on it could accomplish what peace-enforcement contin-
the ground, a force which has proven inadequate and gents three times that size failed to achieve in the early
ineffective. Only Uganda and Burundi have contrib- 1990s, unless there was an unprecedented degree of
uted troops, although Nigeria and others have offered regional and international diplomatic engagement.
them. AMISOM, like the Ethiopians, has employed In the near to medium term, Somalia appears
excessive firepower in response to anti-TFG attacks, consigned to bare political and practical subsistence
resulting in substantial collateral damage and anger on the basis of the Ethiopian deployment, AMISOM,
Sub-Saharan
among the Somali populace. the TFG and international food aid. Somali militias
Africa
Consequently, Somalia’s fragile security relies on are likely to continue to use armed coercion to enrich
two foreign forces to which its population is largely themselves, both on land and in the Gulf of Aden and
hostile. Meanwhile, the ICU has reconstituted as Indian Ocean waters off Somalia’s coast. According
the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) to the International Maritime Organization (IMO),
under the leadership of Hassan Dahir Aweys, an ‘some 13 vessels and over 200 seafarers’ were in the
al-Qaeda-linked hardliner who chaired the ICU shura hands of pirates in October 2008, while many more
(council). As of October 2008, insecurity prevailed in had been hijacked and released (some with ransoms
large portions of the country’s south – particularly in paid) during 2008. To address this problem, the UN
the capital, Mogadishu, from which at least 500,000 passed two resolutions concerning piracy off Somalia:
people had fled over the course of 18 months. Armed Resolution 1816 of 3 June and Resolution 1838 of 3
militia attacks had interrupted food supplies, precipi- October 2008, which called upon states ‘interested in
tating a humanitarian crisis comparable, by some esti- the security of maritime activities to take part actively
mates, to the one that prompted the fraught US-led in the fight against piracy on the high seas and off
intervention in 1992–94. Somalia, in particular by deploying naval vessels and
On 15 May 2008, the UN Security Council adopted military aircraft, in accordance with international
Resolution 1814, which contemplated sending UN law, as reflected in the Convention’ (the convention
troops to replace AMISOM, but only ‘subject to prog- being the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).
ress in the political process and improvement in the Additionally, August saw the multinational Combined
security situation on the ground’. UN Secretary- Task Force-150 designate a ‘Maritime Security Patrol
General Ban Ki Moon later mentioned a strength of Area’ in the Gulf of Aden, to support IMO calls for
27,000 for these troops. Then UN peacekeeping chief action to discourage attacks on commercial ship-
Jean-Marie Guéhenno further noted in July 2008 that ping. In early October, eight EU member states led by
sending any UN blue helmets to Somalia was prob- France announced plans to create a maritime security
force to assist the US Navy in thwarting Somali piracy, lead in the United States’ strategic engagement with
subject to formal EU approval in November. Mid Africa. The navy’s principal instrument is the Africa
October saw NATO task its Standing Maritime Patrol Partnership Station (APS), which completed its first
Group 2 (which was en route to the Gulf) with anti- six-month tour in the Gulf of Guinea in April 2008,
piracy duties off Somalia. This came one week after starting and ending in Dakar, Senegal. Its compo-
NATO defence ministers authorised vessels to escort nents included the USS Fort McHenry, an amphibious
World Food Programme ships carrying supplies to landing ship; the high-speed vessel Swift, a catamaran
Somalia. (See map on inside back cover.) used for mine warfare and littoral combat; the USS
Annapolis, a nuclear attack submarine; and the USS
Evolving US strategic posture San Jacinto, a guided-missile cruiser. Under the navy’s
rationale, as long as the use of force is not required, it
In February 2007, the Pentagon established a new is best from a political standpoint to engage foreign
regional combatant command known as Africa governments and populations from ships, without
Command, or AFRICOM, unifying US military burdening and intimidating them with a large-scale
responsibility for a continent previously divided American ground presence. To harmonise American
between three other regional commands. The and European regional activities and goals, APS staff
Pentagon officially inaugurated the new command on the inaugural tour included senior British, French,
in September 2008. AFRICOM’s physical presence German and Portuguese officers. With the APS, the
on the continent will be small and its military assets navy also hopes to generate political momentum for
relatively light, with a modest $300m budget for the the establishment of an effective, multilateral African
2009 fiscal year. African governments and popula- capacity for maritime security, which is now essen-
tions, however, remain apprehensive about American tially non-existent. Through this, military-to-military
hegemony and the ‘militarisation’ of US Africa policy, activity between the US and African governments
being aware that the United States’ two key strategic would be both diplomatically and operationally
interests in sub-Saharan Africa – securing access to easier to conduct and sustain.
hydrocarbons and counter-terrorism – may at some The APS’s central operational goal is to improve
point require the use of military force. Also salient maritime safety and security by building up African
is the fact that the shared strategic interest of the naval capabilities. The strategic objective is to render
US and China in African oil resources and China’s African nations at once self-sufficient in securing the
increasing ‘no strings’ investment in and assistance maritime domain and favourably disposed towards
to African oil-producing countries – particularly the United States because of links established and
Angola and Sudan – raised the geopolitical profile enhanced through the APS. Training courses are
of the continent. The 135 military engineers Beijing intended to forge the strongest and most durable
deployed in Darfur in November 2007 constituted military-to-military bonds. Meanwhile, community
the first non-AU group in UNAMID, and by late outreach programmes – such as repairing orphan-
2008, over 1,500 Chinese military personnel, police ages, building schoolhouses and medical facilities,
and observers were serving in peacekeeping missions delivering food and medical supplies, and visiting
throughout Africa. schools, churches and mosques – warm the diplomatic
The United States has been unable to find a suit- environment and local attitudes. Washington hopes
able African host nation for AFRICOM. In May 2008, that by enabling the US to project military power in
AFRICOM shelved plans for a permanent regional a softer way, the APS will help counter any sugges-
headquarters and instead decided to operate out of the tion of aggressive American neo-colonialism stem-
headquarters of European Command – which previ- ming from the Pentagon’s introduction of AFRICOM.
ously had responsibility for West Africa – in Stuttgart, Furthermore, because the APS is mobile and stays in
Germany. Staff will be placed in embassy-based Offices the region, it is also intended to constitute a persistent
of Defense Cooperation as and when needed. presence that regional partners can rely on.
While the resistance of African populations and During its inaugural tour, the APS visited Angola,
governments to AFRICOM seems to be waning, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea,
sensitivity, especially to American ground forces, is Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, São Tomé & Principe
unlikely to dissipate completely. Accordingly, the US and Togo, as well as Senegal, and provided ship-
Navy, rather than the country’s army, has taken the board training for sailors from the Republic of
Congo (Brazzaville), the Gambia and Sierra Leone. Other developments

Officers from several West and Central African coun-
tries served as APS staff members aboard the Fort The UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo
McHenry, and dozens of enlisted personnel from ten (DRC) is the largest peacekeeping force in the world.
of these countries spent substantial periods on-board Known as MONUC (Mission de L’Organisation
that and other US vessels. Detachments of P-3 Orion des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du
anti-submarine patrol aircraft were also deployed to Congo), it has about 17,000 uniformed personnel and
Nigeria and Senegal for joint search-and-rescue exer- an annual budget of $1bn. Following what is some-
cises. As the political and operational efficacy of the times called ‘Africa’s Great War’ – the second Congo
APS’s first tour became clear, the navy consolidated war, of 1998–2003, which drew in eight neighbouring
plans for another six-month main tour. It also enlisted countries – a new constitution was agreed by the
a Seabees detachment for projects in Liberia and the warring factions, adopted by parliament and affirmed
US Coast Guard cutter Dallas to lead combined law- in a December 2005 national referendum. Joseph Kabila
enforcement operations with Cape Verde. was subsequently elected president in October 2006. But
Within the navy and among US agencies, there despite various ceasefires, rebels have remained armed
have been intense discussions about extending the and have not been integrated into state armed forces.
APS to Southern Africa, East Africa and the Horn. The In the eastern part of the country in particular, as many
short-term consensus, however, is that the APS should as 20,000 rebels are estimated to remain active. Ethnic
be cast more narrowly as a West and Central African and tribal tensions have also rendered the administra-
endeavour to ensure that the momentum generated tion of aid highly problematic. Sustainable peace and
by its efforts so far is not diluted. Nevertheless, the stability therefore have not materialised.
US navy plans to continue close security engagement Particular problems have occurred in and around
in Southern and East Africa according to the same North Kivu province on the country’s eastern border
maritime security development model that guides with Rwanda. A fragile ceasefire had been in place
the APS. Eventually, as bilateral security cooperation since the signing of the Goma peace agreement on
in these other regions grows and the APS concept and 23 January. In late August 2008, fighting resumed
its implementation are refined in the Gulf of Guinea, between the Congolese army and various armed
Sub-Saharan
wider deployment of the APS may be considered. groups most notably the National Congress for
Africa
In the meantime, the US military has two prin- the Defence of the People, run by renegade general
cipal military assets in East Africa and the Horn. On Laurent Nkunda, who claimed to be protecting
the ground, the 2,000-strong Combined Joint Task the Tutsi minority from Hutus supported by the
Force–Horn of Africa (CJTF–HOA) based in Djibouti government. An estimated 250,000 civilians were
has collected intelligence, selectively supported displaced. Contributing factors included inadequate
Ethiopian troops in Somalia and bolstered regional food distribution and poor access to healthcare. On
governments’ internal security capabilities and civic 3 October 2008, the top UN envoy for the DRC, Alan
programmes. This special-operations force has occa- Doss, requested additional peacekeepers, as well as
sionally also taken direct action against terrorists in reconnaissance drones, to prevent the country from
Somalia and elsewhere. US Navy ships assigned to slipping back into ‘horrendous’ conflict. As the situ-
US Central Command, and constituting the main ation worsened in October and November, such calls
elements of Combined Task Force-150 patrolling the became more urgent, with some local groups calling
Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, have enforced for the despatch of European troops.
maritime security. To suppress Islamic radicalism The UN Security Council voted on 30 July 2008
and terrorism, the US and its partners have provided to disband the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
considerable training and financial support to cooper- (UNMEE), located on the volatile border between
ative governments in East Africa and the Horn (under Eritrea and Ethiopia. This vote came after Eritrea had
the East Africa Counterterrorism Initiative) and to forced out most of the UN troops. UNMEE had been
predominantly Muslim Chad, Mali, Mauritania and in place since 2000, following a two-year war between
Niger in north-central Africa (under the Trans-Sahara the Horn of Africa neighbours that killed some 70,000
Counterterrorism Initiative). AFRICOM will func- people. Eritrea, however, remained displeased that the
tion as a coordinating mechanism for these disparate UN had not enforced the 2002 ruling of an indepen-
efforts. dent boundary commission, that most of the border
territory disputed by the two counties, including the controlled north. Despite a string of UN-backed peace
town of Badme, should go to Eritrea. Ethiopia did not deals, Côte d’Ivoire has made little progress towards
accept the ruling and the commission disbanded in political reconciliation. Though President Laurent
2007, leaving the two countries to resolve the impasse Gbagbo announced in April 2008 that a presiden-
on their own. Following the Security Council vote, tial election, secured by international peacekeepers,
Ethiopia reiterated a wish to resolve the boundary issue would be held on 30 November, this was postponed.
diplomatically, but said it would respond with military In autumn 2008, the UN Mission in Liberia
force to any violation of its territory by Eritrea. (UNMIL) numbered 13,382 of an authorised
Armed conflict erupted between Eritrea and maximum of 15,000 uniformed personnel. It was
Djibouti in June 2008, when the two countries’ established by the Security Council in 2003 to help
armies clashed on their shared border overlooking implement a ceasefire agreement following Liberia’s
strategic Red Sea shipping lanes. About 35 soldiers 1989–2003 civil war, in which an estimated 250,000
were killed on the undemarcated border and dozens died. There have been 109 UNMIL fatalities since.
more wounded. A UN fact-finding mission deter- In early October 2008, the Security Council extended
mined that Eritrea – which, unlike Djibouti, refused UNMIL’s mandate to 30 September 2009, while
to cooperate with the mission – had drawn Djibouti recommending a reduction of 1,460 in peacekeeping
into conflict. The mission’s report fixed primary personnel and an increase of 240 in international
responsibility on Eritrea for relieving immediate mili- police.
tary tensions. To forestall any escalation, the mission With Guinea–Bissau increasingly used as a
recommended that the UN try to broker talks aimed cocaine-smuggling route into Europe, the EU estab-
at demilitarising the border and assessing the legal lished an advice and assistance mission for security
basis for a boundary determination. sector reform (SSR) in February 2008 in this poor
In Nigeria, the Movement for the Emancipation of West African country. Chief among Guinea–Bissau’s
the Niger Delta (MEND) announced an ‘oil war’ in problems is a substantially unpaid and bloated mili-
response to government air and sea raids on MEND tary (the majority of its members are officers) suscep-
camps on 13 September 2008. MEND – the largest tible to bribes from South American drug cartels.
of several loosely allied militant groups aggrieved The EU SSR Guinea–Bissau was officially launched
by what they perceive as the unfair distribution in June 2008 for an initial period of up to one year.
of Nigeria’s oil wealth – attacked oil platforms and Its principal objective is to help formulate plans for
government military positions in Rivers State, in the downsizing and restructuring the country’s security
eastern delta. Coordinated attacks on oil infrastructure forces according to a programme to reduce overall
and personnel, including kidnappings, have slashed manpower to 3,440. In October 2008, the EU made a
Nigerian oil output by a fifth since 2006. The Nigerian broader, three-year commitment of €6.5m to fund a
government’s counter-offensive has been perceived public-administration-reform programme in Guinea–
as stiffening the rebel alliance, raising concerns about Bissau. This aims to modernise and revitalise public,
more enduring instability and more severe disrup- civic, military, paramilitary and judicial institutions.
tions of oil supplies. After a week of attacks in Rivers
State, however, MEND declared a unilateral ceasefire. Africa–Standby Force
Acting on intelligence that MEND was on a recruit-
ment drive, Nigerian authorities arrested about 300 The AU’s prescribed instrument for eventually
suspected militants. The Nigerian military main- meeting the substantial military demands on the
tained a suppressive posture with helicopter and continent is the Africa–Standby Force (ASF). Under
marine patrols. However, attacks take place at sea as a protocol established in 2003, the force is to be util-
well as on land, and there have been strikes against ised as a last resort, when diplomacy has failed, and
Nigerian navy vessels protecting oil platforms, while is designed to execute peacekeeping missions with
piracy-related activities also persist. both military and civilian support, post-conflict
As part of the UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire disarmament, demobilisation of combatants and
(UNOCI), around 9,200 blue helmets have moni- humanitarian assistance. Conceived as a force with
tored the buffer zone stretching across the middle a continent-wide area of responsibility, and deploy-
of Côte d’Ivoire since the 2002–03 civil war divided able within two weeks, the ASF will be made up of
the country into a government-run south and rebel- five regional brigades of roughly 6,500 soldiers each:
northern, western, central, eastern and southern. The and elsewhere. Therefore, the burgeoning need for
force is also intended to have an intelligence depart- military assistance in sub-Saharan Africa – particu-
ment and an early-warning system to monitor secu- larly in Darfur, Somalia and the DRC – is likely to
rity trends and developments, in order to better remain inadequately addressed until the AU develops
advise commanders on pre-emptive and responsive the necessary capacity. Experience thus far appears to
measures laid out in AU guidelines. indicate that the AU is able to muster little beyond
African regional organisations have shown some manpower, and even this in inadequate quantities. It
initiative with respect to the ASF. In June 2008, also cannot provide logistical and armoured support
the Economic Community of West African States for those troops it is able to deploy. This must be
(ECOWAS) completed a one-week exercise, Jigui 2008, furnished by external powers, and in places such as
to assess the capability of the ECOWAS task-force Darfur, it has been slow in coming.
headquarters of the ASF’s western brigade. The partic- While the mobilisation of the ASF may be grad-
ipants included a Malian logistical subcommand, a ually gathering momentum, the recapitalisation of
Nigerian eastern sub-command and a Senegalese African military forces is necessary to remedy current
western sub-command, as well as staff of the ECOWAS deficiencies, and it is an inherently slow process.
commission in Abuja, non-governmental organisa- Indeed, it is accepted that major-power help, such as
tions such as the International Committee of the Red ongoing train-and-equip programmes offered by the
Cross, various media, the AU, the Southern African US and European governments, is required for the
Development Community (SADC), the multinational ASF to become effective. To develop a fluidly deploy-
Standby High Readiness Brigade based in Denmark able continental military capability, the AU also needs
and the Ethiopia-based eastern brigade of the ASF. The to use its bureaucratic power more effectively to focus
ECOWAS target is to establish a 2,770-man task force and coordinate the efforts of both its members and its
among the 6,500 troops of the ASF’s western brigade, benefactors. Within that context, regional powers will
which will be under the control of the AU. Though still have to take the lead. The most important among
the SADC launched the southern brigade in mid these are South Africa and Nigeria – the largest sub-
August 2007 with 554 soldiers from Angola, Botswana, Saharan economies, the ranking regional powers and
Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the most robust peacekeepers.
Sub-Saharan
Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, there Jacob Zuma, who may be South Africa’s new presi-
Africa
was little related activity over the course of the year. dent after mid-2009 elections, has been personally
But further development of the brigade’s capabilities engaged in conflict resolution in Burundi and the DRC.
was on the agenda of the 2008 SADC summit. However, he is expected to face pressure to address
The AU’s aspiration is for the ASF to be opera- serious domestic economic matters first, should he be
tional by 2010, although this goal may not be real- elected. Furthermore, in spite of aggressive procure-
istic. In autumn 2008, the establishment of the ASF ment and reorganisation programmes as part of the
was discussed at major conferences in Brussels and South African Army’s 2006 ‘Vision 2020’ concept and
Abuja, where AU officers signed a memorandum of other initiatives, procurement scandals and a serious
understanding with the Association of Peace Support brain drain appear likely to hinder South Africa’s
Training Centres for the training of African military operational effectiveness. As of autumn 2008, it was
personnel. In 2005, the G8 pledged to train 25,000 reported that around 25% of critical South African
African peacekeepers and provide technical support national defence posts stood vacant. Nigeria remains
to the ASF. The United States is expected to train the driving force in ECOWAS, which historically has
some 75,000 troops in Africa by 2010. The EU, for its been the continent’s most militarily active and effec-
part, provided some €250m for the AU’s peace and tive regional organisation. However, the Nigerian
security efforts between 2005 and 2007. However, UN military may well feel that it has to give priority to
Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon noted in September salient internal military challenges such as MEND,
2008 that this international assistance had been potential ethnic unrest and Christian–Muslim friction,
provided ‘on an unharmonised and ad hoc basis’. The as well as insecurity and instability in West Africa,
UN’s Department of Peacekeeping Operations may over continent-wide problems. The global financial
be engaged more intensively in Africa than anywhere crisis is also likely to impede military procurement
else, but major powers’ militaries remain operation- and recruitment. Given this, the AU’s standing conti-
ally strained by commitments in Iraq, Afghanistan nental capability remains unlikely to mature quickly.
Sub-Saharan Africa – four times as much as the oil sector. The rising role
defence economics of manufacturing exports is likely to continue as
certain countries take the opportunity to move up
The last eight years have seen the best period of the value chain and diversify their economies away
economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa since the from primary exports. Such economic diversification
early 1970s. In 2007, regional GDP growth accel- should, in the long term, help strengthen the resil-
erated to 6.8%, led by the strong performance of ience of the region to a slowdown in the advanced
oil-exporting countries and supported by a robust economies, but 70% of regional exports are still to
expansion in many of the region’s other economies. advanced economies and a sharper-than-expected
Factors contributing to the region’s recent strong global slowdown would have a negative short-term
performance include the continuing improvement impact on sub-Saharan Africa.
in macroeconomic stability, the beneficial impact In its 2008 Finance and Development Report, the
of debt relief and strong global demand for non-oil IMF suggested that several African countries were
commodities. With new oil-production facilities attracting sufficient levels of institutional investment
coming on-stream, the International Monetary Fund to potentially become part of a second generation of
(IMF) suggests that regional growth in 2008 and 2009 ‘emerging market’ countries. The report highlighted
will ease only modestly in any global downturn. The the similarities between developments in the 1980s
strongest growth in both 2007 and 2008 was recorded that bred the first wave of emerging markets and
by Angola, where oil and diamond production have current conditions in Africa, where growth is taking
both risen sharply. In Nigeria a decline in oil produc- off – mainly due to the private sector – and finan-
tion in the Niger Delta has been offset by robust cial markets are opening up. Furthermore, the rapid
non-oil sector growth. increase in global financial market liquidity (barring
The relative decline in armed conflicts and polit- the credit crunch) has encouraged international inves-
ical instability over the past decade has made several tors to expand their horizons in the search for higher
countries in the region increasingly attractive desti- yields. However, the authors caution that whereas the
nations for private-capital inflows, which reached first generation of emerging markets appeared in a less
record levels in 2007 and 2008. While the bulk of complex and integrated global financial environment,
foreign direct investment is still focused on a few African emerging markets today face a sophisticated
countries and targeted mainly at extractive indus- scenario where financial technology is transferred to
tries, rising investment across the board has led them more or less simultaneously as it is developed in
to a further increase in the manufacturing sector. mature markets. Nevertheless, the report concludes
That sector’s exports now account for 12% of GDP that with improving access to capital markets, for so
– double that of the non-oil commodity sector and long out of reach for most African countries, the foun-
Table 24 Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

3.0
2.5
2.0
% of GDP
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.75 2.11 1.81 1.78 1.99 1.67 1.85 1.70 1.43 1.47
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Table 25 South African Defence Budget by Programme, 2004–2010

Rand m Revised Budget Budget Budget
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Administration 1,604 1,821 1,961 2,111 2,426 2,741 3,022
Landward Defence 4,558 4,915 5,700 6,435 6,792 7,729 8,503
Air Defence 5,166 7,907 7,243 8,000 9,006 8,349 8,912
Maritime Defence 3,614 3,006 2,628 2,351 1,809 2,009 2,005
Military Health Support 1,325 1,557 1,705 1,846 2,119 2,446 2,609
Defence Intelligence 196 214 348 402 509 579 608
Joint Support 2,432 2,503 2,744 3,507 3,933 4,237 4,687
Force Employment 1,301 1,584 1,485 1,635 1,635 1,767 1,851
Total 20,201 23,510 23,817 26,418 28,233 29,860 32,200
% increase 16.4 1.3 10.9 6.9 5.8 7.8
dations for sustainable private-sector-led growth are The South African economy, for several years
in place, giving many countries tremendous growth an engine of growth throughout Southern Africa,
opportunities. experienced a slight drop-off in 2008, as the global
China’s enormous political and economic influ- economic slowdown negatively impacted both
ence in the region continues to grow. In recent years, exports and domestic demand. Nevertheless, invest-
China has invested billions of dollars in African ment linked to the 2010 FIFA World Cup continued
oil production, mining, transportation, electricity at a brisk pace. Although the modest fall in growth
production and transmission, telecommunications in 2008 will adversely affect government revenue,
and other infrastructure, in return for secure access restrained expenditure should result in a third
to the continent’s energy and raw materials essential successive budget surplus, which was first achieved
to China’s spectacular economic growth. Bilateral in 2006 following several decades of deficits. With
Sub-Saharan
trade is dominated by Chinese oil purchases and has the government focused on maintaining its fiscal
Africa
multiplied from $10bn in 2000 to more than $73bn in surplus, the 2008 defence budget was increased by
2007. In the first six months of 2008 it reached $53bn. 6.9%, to R28.2bn. However, with inflation running
China traditionally sells textiles and light-industry above 11%, this represents a cut in real defence
products to Africa, but exports of vehicles, automo- spending.
tive and high-tech products are increasing quickly. With inflation continuing to have a detrimental
In return, Africa is increasing exports of consumer impact on successive budget increases, there have
products, such as diamonds and coffee, to China. been increasing calls to fix the defence budget at
Following concern from Western donors that Chinese 1.5% of GDP, to enable the South African National
investment in Africa was growing too quickly – by Defence Force (SANDF) to fulfil its various respon-
the end of 2006 the Export-Import Bank of China sibilities. With South Africa increasingly addressing
(CEXIM) was financing more than $6.5bn in infra- conflict and instability on the continent, as well as
structure projects – the World Bank announced guarding against any external military threat, former
in May 2007 that it had signed a memorandum of defence minister Mosiuoa Lekota long ago began
understanding with the Chinese lender to collaborate pointing to a mismatch between funding and the
on future infrastructure projects, initially in Ghana, breadth of missions the SANDF is asked to under-
Uganda and Mozambique. This, observers suggest, take. In the past several years SANDF personnel have
is an attempt by the Washington-based World Bank been deployed on peacekeeping and reconstruction
to avoid competition with its Chinese counterpart. tasks in Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, the DRC, Ethiopia,
A year later, in May 2008, the African Development Eritrea, Nepal and Sudan, whilst other contingents
Bank signed a similar agreement with CEXIM, setting have been deployed to support elections in Comoros,
out areas of cooperation such as the sharing of devel- the DRC, Madagascar and Lesotho. As a result, the
opment knowledge and the provision of co-financing daily average number of deployed personnel reached
for public- and private-sector investment projects. a high of 4,810 in 2006. The goal outlined in the 2008
Table 26 South Africa’s Strategic Armaments Package – Quantities and Costs (Rm)
Cost of 4 MEKO Cost of 3 Type -209 Cost of 30 A109 Cost of 28 Gripen Cost of 24 Hawk
frigates submarines utility helicopters aircraft trainer aircraft Total cost
2000 1,643 126 154 228 750 2,901
2001 1,846 755 316 446 861 4,223
2002 1,895 1,528 434 1,104 1,381 6,342
2003 2,100 1,461 213 713 1,376 5,864
2004 1,188 1,303 106 1,460 445 4,502
2005 599 1,254 235 3,199 1,045 6,331
2006 378 820 447 2,599 293 4,537
2007 – 753 201 2,794 767 4,515
2008 41 23 176 3,457 185 3,882
2009 – 130 169 1,447 98 1,843
2010 – – – 1,323 – 1,323
2011 – – – 1,136 – 1,136
Total 9,690 8,152 2,451 19,908 7,200 47,401
budget is to reduce this to an annual average of 3,084 Cheetah aircraft are having to be phased out four years
over the next three years. earlier than planned, long before their replacement,
As illustrated in Table 26, payments towards the the Gripen, becomes operational.
twelve-year Strategic Armaments Package account With the final delivery of the third Type-209
for 13.7% of the 2008 budget, down from 32.5% in submarine in February 2008, the navy has completed
2002, when expenditure was at its peak. The acqui- its current acquisition cycle, and its focus will shift to
sition of the various platforms that make up the bringing the new frigates and submarines obtained
extensive package – four MEKO-class A-200 frigates, as part of the Strategic Armaments Package into full
three diesel-electric submarines, 30 utility helicop- service. Future procurements are likely to include:
ters, 24 Hawk trainers and 26 Gripen fighter aircraft – strategic support ships (Project Millennium); offshore
will cost some R47.4bn and payments will continue and inshore patrol vessels (Project Biro); and a range
until 2011. As the impact of these payments on the of light patrol and riverine craft for the maritime reac-
budget decreases, the Defence Update 2007 indicated, tion squadron.
the emphasis of capital acquisition programmes will As noted, the Defence Update 2007 laid out plans
switch to the renewal of the army. Particular emphasis to make the country’s landward force more flexible
will be placed on those elements of the landward and mobile, by modernising and renewing its main
programme deemed critical to South Africa’s interna- equipment over coming decades to create ‘the back-
tional obligations, such as UN and AU peace missions bone of South Africa’s peace and stability initiative on
and humanitarian and disaster relief. the continent’. To achieve this, the army’s budget will
The largest portion of the 2008 budget, 31.9%, goes grow by around 25% over the next three years, as it
to the air force, much of it for the ongoing acquisi- begins a 30-year renewal programme. The first priority
tion of the Gripen fighter aircraft and eight A-400M will be light and mobile forces, airborne forces, intelli-
transport aircraft, together with the associated infra- gence and engineer elements used mainly in support
structure necessary to operate the new platforms. of international commitments. Secondary priorities
However, a government report released in July 2008 will be mechanised infantry, artillery and armour.
suggested that the country’s air capability had fallen One notable exception to this timetable is the R8.8bn
into a state of disrepair, because of a lack of qualified Project Hoefyster to acquire 264 infantry combat vehi-
pilots and maintenance personnel capable of inte- cles based on the Patria modular armoured vehicle
grating these and other recent acquisitions into the platform; this is already under way. However, Project
service. The report revealed that in the past three years Vistula, a R3.2bn programme to acquire more than
the South African Air Force had shed 91 pilots and 1,200 tactical logistical vehicles that was meant to be
more than 800 technicians. As a result, the air force’s initiated during the 2008–11 period, appears to have
been delayed indefinitely. Eventually the army will 2004 but now may rise to as much as $1.5bn over the
have three infantry battalions and three engineer next five years as China seeks to improve arms sales
squadrons available for external deployments, plus and military construction and training. Chinese mili-
three infantry companies and one composite engineer tary experts are also thought to be running Ugandan
squadron for internal deployment. It must also main- armaments factories in Nakasongola, which manu-
tain a reserve of one air-landed battalion, two multi- facture ammunition and assemble machine guns and
purpose battalions, one light artillery battery and one combat vehicles.
light air-defence artillery battery. In addition to those Growth in Nigeria, the second-largest economy
units, four infantry battalions, a tank squadron, an in sub-Saharan Africa, nudged up from 5.9% in
armoured-car squadron, a composite artillery regi- 2007 to 6.2% in 2008 despite ongoing instability in
ment, an air-defence artillery regiment and a light the oil sector. In its 2007 annual consultation, the
air-defence artillery battery are to be ‘exercised’ annu- IMF commended the authorities on Nigeria’s strong
ally. macroeconomic performance during the last several
In Uganda, a recent defence review funded by years. Growth is healthy, inflation is in single digits
the UK’s Department for International Development and external debt is low. The IMF concluded that
concluded that institutional reforms in the armed the economic outlook was favourable, provided
forces should take precedence over any new capa- appropriate policies were maintained. The ongoing
bility programmes. Donors agreed that initiatives to unrest in the Delta region has resulted in a substantial
eliminate 10,000 ‘phantom soldiers’ from the payroll, increase in defence spending, from N37bn in 2000 to
together with improvements to the procurement N158bn in 2008. In addition to the allocation to the
process, would reduce the opportunity for corrup- Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Internal Affairs
tion and help lower defence spending. Under such will receive N20bn for the paramilitary units of the
pressure from its donors, Uganda was expected to Civil Defence Corps. However, despite the increase
cut planned defence spending in 2008. However, in military spending, most of the funds appear to
the discovery of a new oilfield on Ugandan territory be earmarked for operational expenditure and little
near the border of Lake Albert raised concerns that additional money seems to be finding its way into
military spending may creep higher if the govern- the procurement of new equipment or facilities. As
Sub-Saharan
ment chooses to defend it. In the end, the 2008 budget part of the country’s ‘Vision 2020’ programme, a
Africa
was broadly unchanged from the previous year and strategy intended to transform Nigeria into one of the
is still higher than it has been in the past decade. world’s top 20 economies by 2020, the government
South Africa has already discussed the possibility of has indicated that it intends to build efficient and
establishing a special maritime patrol squadron on well-equipped armed forces. However, several high-
the lake and has suggested that it may increase mili- profile projects appear to have stalled due to lack of
tary cooperation with Uganda – going beyond the funds. Several projects are under review, including
supply of equipment and aid for the fabrication of plans to build a new national defence college (which
heavy weapons which has marked the relationship has rocketed in price from N9bn to N25bn) and a new
until now. China has also indicated that it intends to naval ordnance depot. The status of the procurement
increase its military cooperation with Uganda. This of 15 F-7 fighter jets from China is also unknown, but
averaged just $3m a year during the decade up to it appears to have been put on hold.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Angola Ang PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
New Angolan PCI 7: 4 Mandume†; 3 Patrulheiro†
2007 2008 2009 PBI 2 Namacurra
Kwanza AOA
GDP AOA 3.60tr 4.66tr FACILITIES
US$ 47.3bn 62.4bn Base Located at Luanda
Growth % 21.1 16.0
Coastal Defence
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM SS-C-1B Sepal (at Luanda base)
Def bdgt AOA 172bn 181bn Air Force/Air Defence 6,000
US$ 2.26bn 2.43bn FORCES BY ROLE
USD1=AOA 76.1. 74.8 Ftr sqn with MiG-21bis /MiG-21MF Fishbed; 2
Su-27 Flanker; 2 sqn with MiG-23ML Flogger
FGA sqn with MiG-23 Flogger; Su-25 Frogfoot; 4
Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%; Kimbundu 25%; Bakongo 13%
Su-24 Fencer; SU-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MP sqn with F-27 MK 200MPA;
Male CASA 212 Aviocar
22% 5% 4% 4% 14% 1%
Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2% Tpt sqn with EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP); An-12
Cub; An-26 Curl; An-32 Cline; C-130 Hercules;
Capabilities CASA 212 Aviocar; IL-62 Classic; IL-76TD
Candid; PC-6B Turbo Porter; PC-7 Turbo
ACTIVE 107,000 (Army 100,000 Navy 1,000 Air Trainer/PC-9*
6,000) Paramilitary 10,000 Atk hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind/Mi-35 Hind; SA-342M
Gazelle (HOT)
Organisations by Service Trg sqn with EMB-312 Tucano; L-29 Delfin
Hel units with Bell 212; AS-565; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT)
Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III
Army 100,000 (incl trg)
FORCES BY ROLE
SAM 5 bn; 10 bty each with 12 SA-3 Goa;
Armd/Inf 42 regt (dets/gps – strength varies) 10 SA-13 Gopher†; 25 SA-6 Gainful; 15 SA-8
Inf 16 indep bde Gecko; 20 SA-9 Gaskin; 40 SA-2 Guideline
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE † EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 300+: ε200 T-54/T-55; 50 T-62; 50 T-72; T-80/T-84 AIRCRAFT 85 combat capable
(reported) FTR ε34: up to 14 Su-27 Flanker; 20 MiG-21bis /MiG-
RECCE 600 BRDM-2 21MF Fishbed; 18 MiG-23ML Flogger
AIFV 250+ : 250 BMP-1/BMP-2; BMD-3 FGA 42: 8 Su-25 Frogfoot; 12 Su-24 Fencer; 8 MiG-23BN
APC (W) ε170 BTR-152/BTR-60/BTR-80 Flogger; 14 Su-22 (Su-17M-2) Fitter D
ARTY 1,396+ MP 8: 1 F-27 MK 200MPA; 7 CASA 212 Aviocar
SP 4+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 4 2S3; 203mm 2S7 TPT 34: 1 EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP); 6 An-12 Cub; 12
TOWED 552: 122mm 500 D-30; 130mm 48 M-46; 152mm An-26 Curl; 3 An-32 Cline; 1 C-130 Hercules; 5 CASA 212
4 D-20 Aviocar; 1 IL-62 Classic; 1 IL-76TD Candid; 4 PC-6B Turbo
MRL 90+: 122mm 90: 50 BM-21; 40 RM-70 Dana; 240mm Porter
BM-24 TRG 23: 9 PC-7 Turbo Trainer/PC-9*; 8 EMB-312 Tucano;
MOR 750: 82mm 250; 120mm 500 6 L-29 Delfin
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger HELICOPTERS
ATK 16: 14 Mi-24 Hind/Mi-35 Hind; 2 SA-342M Gazelle
RCL 500: 400 82mm B-10/107mm B-11 †; 106mm 100†
(HOT)
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout†
SPT 25 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
GUNS • SP 100mm SU-100†
UTL 18+: Bell 212; 10 IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III (incl
AD • SAM • MANPAD 500 SA-7 Grail/SA-14 Gremlin/
trg); 8 AS-565
SA-16 Gimlet
AD • SAM 122
GUNS • TOWED 450+: 14.5mm ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23-2; SP 70: 10 SA-13 Gopher†; 25 SA-6 Gainful; 15 SA-8 Gecko;
37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60 20 SA-9 Gaskin
TOWED 52: 40 SA-2 Guideline; 12 SA-3 Goa
Navy ε1,000 MSL
FORCES BY ROLE ASM AS-9 Kyle; AT-2 Swatter; HOT
Navy 1 HQ located at Luanda AAM AA-2 Atoll; AA-6 Acrid; AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid
Paramilitary 10,000 FACILITIES

Naval airbase Located at Cotonou
Rapid-Reaction Police 10,000
Air Force 250
Non-State Groups no cbt ac
see Part II AIRCRAFT
TPT 14: 2 An-26 Curl†; 1 B-707-320† (VIP); 2 C-47
Skytrain†; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter†; 2 Do-128 Skyservant†;
Foreign FORCES 1 F-28 Fellowship† (VIP); 3 HS-748†; 1 Rockwell
Portugal Navy: 11 (Technical Military Cooperation) Commander 500B†; 1 BAe HS-748 SRS 228
HELICOPTERS
SPT 1 AS-350B Ecureuil†
Benin Bn UTL 5: 4 A-109BA; 1 SE 3130 Alouette II†
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
Paramilitary 2,500
GDP fr 2.82tr
US$ 5.9bn Gendarmerie 2,500
4 (mobile) coy
per capita US$ 731
Growth % 4.6 5.1

Inflation % 1.3 8.8
Deployment
Def bdgt fr 26.2bn Côte D’Ivoire
US$ 55m UN • UNOCI 427; 8 obs; 1 inf bn
US$1=fr 479 487 Democratic Republic of Congo
UN • MONUC 750; 13 obs; 1 inf bn
Liberia
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs
Male 24% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
SUDAN
Female 23% 5% 5% 4% 12% 1%
UN • UNMIS 6 obs
Sub-Saharan
Capabilities
Africa
ACTIVE 4,750 (Army 4,300 Navy 200 Air 250) Botswana Btwa
Paramilitary 2,500 Botswana Pula P 2007 2008 2009
Terms of service conscription (selective), 18 months
GDP P 71.0bn 86.0bn
US$ 11.6bn 10.8bn
Army 4,300 Growth % 5.7 5.3

Armd 1 sqn Def bdgt P 1.94bn
Inf 3 bn US$ 317m
Cdo/AB 1 bn US$1=P 6.13 7.93
Arty 1 bty Population 1,842,323
Engr 1 bn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 18 PT-76 (op status uncertain) Male 20% 7% 6% 4% 11% 1%
RECCE 31: 14 BRDM-2; 7 M-8; 10 VBL Female 19% 7% 6% 5% 12% 2%
ARTY 16+
TOWED 105mm 16: 12 L-118 Light gun; 4 M-101 Capabilities
MOR 81mm
AT • RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC
1,500
Navy ε200
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Organisations by Service
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2 Matelot
Brice Kpomasse (ex-PRC) Army 8,500
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 bde (under strength) Burkina Faso BF
Inf 2 bde (total: 1 cdo unit, 1 armd recce regt, 1 engr
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
regt, 2 ADA regt, 4 inf bn)
Arty 1 bde GDP fr 3.40tr
AD 1 bde (under strength) US$ 7.1bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE per capita US$ 495
LT TK 55: ε30 SK-105 Kuerassier; 25 Scorpion Growth % 3.6 4.5
RECCE 8+: RAM-V-1; ε8 RAM-V-2 Inflation % -0.2 9.5
APC 156 Def bdgt fr 45.4bn
APC (T) 6 FV 103 Spartan
US$ 95m
APC (W) 150: 50 BTR-60; 50 LAV-150 Commando (some
with 90mm gun); 50 MOWAG Piranha III US$1=fr 479 487
ARTY 46
TOWED 30: 105mm 18: 12 L-118 Light gun; 6 Model 56
pack howitzer; 155mm 12 Soltam Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
MOR 16: 81mm 10; 120mm 6 M-43 Male 24% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
AT • MSL 6+
Female 23% 5% 5% 4% 12% 1%
SP V-150 TOW
MANPATS 6 TOW
RCL 84mm 30 Carl Gustav Capabilities
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout ACTIVE 10,800 (Army 6,400 Air 200 Gendarmerie
AD • SAM • MANPAD 27: 5 Javelin; 10 SA-16 Gimlet; 12
4,200) Paramilitary 250
SA-7 Grail
GUNS • TOWED 20mm 7 M-167 Vulcan
Air Wing 500
FORCES BY ROLE Army 6,400
Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with F-5A Freedom Fighter; F-5D Tiger II FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt 2 sqn with BN-2 Defender*; Beech 200 Super King 3 Mil Regions
Air (VIP); C-130B Hercules; CASA 212 Aviocar; Tk 1 bn (2 tk pl)
CN-235; Gulfstream IV Inf 5 regt HQ (each: 3 inf bn (each: 1 inf coy (5 inf pl))
Recce 1 sqn with O-2 Skymaster AB 1 regt HQ (1 AB bn, 2 AB coy)
Trg 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer* Arty 1 bn (2 arty tps)
Hel 1 sqn with AS-350B Ecureuil; Bell 412 Twin Engr 1 bn
Huey; Bell 412EP Twin Huey (VIP); Bell 412SP EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Twin Huey RECCE 79: 15 AML-60/AML-90; 24 EE-9 Cascavel; 30 Ferret;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 M-20; 8 M-8
AIRCRAFT 31 combat capable APC (W) 13 M-3 Panhard
FTR 15: 10 F-5A Freedom Fighter; 5 F-5D Tiger II ARTY 18+
RECCE 5 O-2 Skymaster TOWED 14: 105mm 8 M-101; 122mm 6
TPT 19: 10 BN-2 Defender*; 1 Beech 200 Super King Air MRL 107mm ε4 Type-63
(VIP); 3 C-130B Hercules; 2 CASA 212 Aviocar 2 CN-235; MOR 81mm Brandt
1 Gulfstream IV AT
TRG 6 PC-7 Turbo Trainer* RCL 75mm Type-52 (M-20); 84mm Carl Gustav
HELICOPTERS RL 89mm LRAC; M-20
SPT 8 AS-350B Ecureuil AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
UTL 7: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 1 Bell 412EP Twin Huey GUNS • TOWED 42: 14.5mm 30 ZPU; 20mm 12
(VIP); 5 Bell 412SP Twin Huey TCM-20
Paramilitary 1,500 Air Force 600

Police Mobile Unit 1,500 (org in territorial FORCES BY ROLE
coy) Tpt sqn with B-727 (VIP); Beech 200 Super King Air;
HS-748; N-262 Fregate; Rockwell Commander 500B
Deployment Liaison sqn with Cessna 150/Cessna 172; AS-350 Ecureuil;
Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; SA-316B Alouette
SUDAN III
UN • UNMIS 5 obs Trg sqn with SF-260W Warrior/SF-260WL Warrior*

TPT 9: 1 B-727 (VIP); 1 Beech 200 Super King Air; 1 Army 20,000
HS-748; 1 N-262 Fregate; 1 Rockwell Commander 500B, 2 FORCES BY ROLE
Cessna 150 Trg/Cessna 172 utl ; 1 Cessna 172 Skyhawk; 1 Lt armd 2 bn (sqn)
Cessna 337 Inf 7 bn; some indep coy
TRG SF-260WL Warrior* Arty 1 bn
HELICOPTERS Engr 1 bn
ATK 2 Mi-35
AD 1 bn
SPT 4: 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 3 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8
Hip spt hel EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 55: 6 AML-60; 12 AML-90; 30 BRDM-2; 7 S52
UTL 1 SA-316B Alouette III
Shorland
APC (W) 47: 20 BTR-40; 9 M-3 Panhard; 12 RG-31 Nyala; 6
Gendarmerie 4,200 Walid
ARTY 120
Paramilitary 250 TOWED 122mm 18 D-30
MRL 122mm 12 BM-21
People’s Militia (R) 45,000 reservists (trained)
MOR 90: 82mm 15 M-43; 120mm ε75

AT
Security Company 250 MSL • MANPATS Milan (reported)
RCL 75mm 60 Type-52 (M-20)
Deployment RL 83mm RL-83 Blindicide
AD • SAM • MANPAD ε30 SA-7 Grail
Democratic Republic of Congo GUNS • TOWED 150+: 14.5mm 15 ZPU-4; 135+ 23mm
UN • MONUC 10 obs ZU-23/37mm Type-55 (M-1939)
sudan Reserves
UN • UNMIS 6 obs Army 10 (reported) bn
UN • UNAMID 3 obs
Air Wing 200
Sub-Saharan
Burundi Bu TPT 4: 2 DC-3; 2 Cessna 150L†
Africa
TRG 2 SF-260TP/SF-260W Warrior*
2007 2008
HELICOPTERS
Burundi Franc fr 2009
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind*
GDP fr 1.07tr SPT 4 Mi-8 Hip (non-op); 2 SA342L Gazelle
US$ 994m UTL 3 SA-316B Alouette III
per capita US$ 118
Growth % 3.6 4.5 Paramilitary 31,050
Inflation % 8.3 24.3 Marine Police 50
Def bdgt fr 84.7bn 98.3 16 territorial districts
US$ 78m 82m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
PHT 3 Huchuan†
US$1=fr 1,081 1,194
Misc Boats/Craft 4
Population 8,691,005 AMPHIBIOUS 1 LCT
Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 SPT
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

General Administration of State Security
ε1,000
Male 23% 6% 5% 4% 10% 1%
Female 23% 6% 5% 3% 11% 2% Local Defence Militia ε30,000
Capabilities Non-State Groups

see Part II
ACTIVE 20,000 (Army 20,000) Paramilitary 31,050
In line with the Pretoria Peace Accord signed in October
Deployment
2003 rebels from the FDD and government forces are now
being integrated into a new National Defence Force with SOMALIA
significant troop reductions expected. AU • AMISOM 1,700; 2 inf bn
SUDAN APC 33
UN • UNAMID 2; 7 obs APC (T) 12 M-3 half-track
ARTY 112+
Foreign FORCES
SP 18 ATMOS 2000
All forces part of BINUB unless otherwise stated. TOWED 58: 75mm 6 M-116 pack; 105mm 20 M-101;
Bangladesh 1 obs 130mm 24: 12 Model 1982 gun 82 (reported); 12 Type-59
Croatia 1 obs (M-46); 155mm 8 I1
Egypt 1 obs MRL 122mm 20 BM-21
Netherlands 1 obs MOR 16+: 81mm (some SP); 120mm 16 Brandt
Niger 1 obs AT • MSL 49
Pakistan 1 obs SP 24 TOW (on jeeps)
South Africa Operation Curriculum (AUSTF) 1,024 MANPATS 25 Milan
Switzerland 1 obs RCL 53: 106mm 40 M-40A2; 75mm 13 Type-52 (M-20)
RL 89mm LRAC
Tunisia 1 obs
AD • GUNS • TOWED 54: 14.5mm 18 Type-58 (ZPU-2);
35mm 18 GDF-002; 37mm 18 Type-63
Cameroon Crn
Navy ε1,300
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009 FORCES BY ROLE

GDP fr 9.03tr 9.83tr Navy 1 HQ located at Douala
US$ 18.9bn 20.2bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
per capita US$ 1,045 1,093 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
Growth % 3.5 3.8 PCO 2: 1 Bakassi (Fr P-48); 1 L’Audacieux (Fr P-48)
Inflation % 0.9 4.1 PCI 1 Quartier
PCR 2 Swift-38
Def bdgt fr 142bn
PB 6: 2 Rodman 101; 4 Rodman 46
US$ 297m
AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 2 (93 ft)
US$1=fr 479 487
FACILITIES
Population 18,467,692 Bases Located at Douala, Limbe, Kribi
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Air Force 300-400
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1% FORCES BY ROLE
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2% Air 1 composite sqn; 1 Presidential Fleet
FGA sqn with MB-326K; Alpha Jet†; CM-170 Magister
Capabilities MP sqn with Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant
ACTIVE 14,100 (Army 12,500 Navy 1,300 Air 300) Tpt sqn with B-707; C-130H-30 Hercules; DHC-4
Paramilitary 9,000 Caribou; DHC-5D Buffalo; Gulfstream III; IAI-201
Arava; PA-23 Aztec
Organisations by Service Atk hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind; SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
Spt hel sqn with AS-332 Super Puma; AS-365 Dauphin
Army 12,500 2; Bell 206 JetRanger; SA-318 Alouette II; SA-319
Alouette III; SE 3130 Alouette II; Bell 206 L-3
FORCES BY ROLE
3 Mil Regions EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Armd Recce 1 bn AIRCRAFT 15 combat capable
Inf 3 bn (under comd of Mil Regions); FGA 15: 6 MB-326K Impala I/Impala II; 4 Alpha Jet†; 5
5 bn; 1 bn (trg) CM-170 Magister
Cdo/AB 1 bn TPT 13: 1 B-707; 3 C-130H-30 Hercules; 1 DHC-4 Caribou;
4 DHC-5D Buffalo; 2 Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant; 1
Arty 1 bn (5 arty bty)
Gulfstream III; 1 IAI-201 Arava
Engr 1 bn
UTL 2: 2 PA-23 Aztec
Presidential Guard 1 bn HELICOPTERS
AD 1 bn (6 AD bty) ATK 7: 3 Mi-24 Hind; 4 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SPT 1 AS-332 Super Puma
RECCE 65: 31 AML-90; 6 AMX-10RC; 15 Ferret; 8 M-8; 5 VBL UTL 12: 1 AS-365 Dauphin 2; 3 Bell 206 JetRanger; 2
AIFV 22: 8 LAV-150 Commando with 20mm gun; 14 Bell 206L-3 Long Ranger; 1 SA-318 Alouette II; 2 SA-319
LAV-150 Commando with 90mm gun Alouette III; 3 SE 3130 Alouette II
Paramilitary 9,000
Central African Republic CAR
Gendarmerie 9,000
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009
Regional Spt 3 gp
GDP fr 820bn
US$ 1.7bn
Foreign FORCES
per capita US$ 392
France 50
Growth % 4.2 3.5
Inflation % 0.9 8.5
Cape Verde CV Def bdgt fr ε8.5bn
US$ ε18m
Cape Verde Escudo E 2007 2008 2009
US$1=fr 479 487
GDP Ε 117bn 129bn
US$ 1.44bn 1.57bn Population 4,434,873
per capita US$ 3,402 3,671 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Growth % 6.9 6.0 Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 2%
Inflation % 4.4 5.7 Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
Def bdgt Ε 640m

US$ 8.0m Capabilities
US$1=E 80.5 82.3
ACTIVE 3,150 (Army 2,000 Air 150 Gendarmerie
Population 426,998 1,000)
Terms of service conscription (selective), 2 years; reserve
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus obligation thereafter, term n.k.
Male 20% 6% 5% 3% 12% 3%
Female 19% 6% 5% 3% 14% 4% Organisations by Service
Capabilities Joint
ACTIVE 1,200 (Army 1,000 Coast Guard 100 Air 100) Combined Service 1 (Intervention and spt) bn
Sub-Saharan
Terms of service conscription (selective)
Africa
Army ε2,000
Organisations by Service FORCES BY ROLE
HQ/Spt 1 regt
Army 1,000 Army 1 (combined arms) regt (1 mech bn, 1 inf
FORCES BY ROLE bn)
Inf 2 bn (gp) Territorial Def 1 regt (bn) (2 Territorial bn (Intervention))
RECCE 10 BRDM-2 MBT 3 T-55†
ARTY 42 RECCE 8 Ferret†
TOWED 24: 75mm 12; 76mm 12 AIFV 18 Ratel
MOR 18: 82mm 12; 120mm 6 M-1943 APC (W) 39+: 4 BTR-152†; 25+ TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT†;
AT • RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm (3.5in) 10+ VAB†
AD • SAM • MANPAD 50 SA-7 Grail ARTY • MOR 12+: 81mm†; 120mm 12 M-1943†
GUNS • TOWED 30: 14.5mm 18 ZPU-1; 23mm 12 ZU-23 AT • RCL 106mm 14 M-40†
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout†; 89mm LRAC†
Coast Guard ε100 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9 PCR† less
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 than 100 tonnes
PCC 1 Kondor I
PCI 2: 1 Espadarte; 1 Tainha (PRC-27m) all less than 100 Air Force 150
tonnes FORCES BY ROLE
no cbt ac, no armed hel
Air Force up to 100 Tpt sqn with C-130; Cessna 337 Skymaster; Mystère 20
FORCES BY ROLE (Falcon 20)
MR 1 sqn with Do-228; EMB-110 Liaison sqn with AL-60;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Hel sqn with AS-350 Ecureuil; SE 3130 Alouette II; Mi-8
AIRCRAFT • TPT 4: 1 Do-228; 1 EMB-110; 2 An-26 Curl† Hip
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Slovakia 1

AIRCRAFT • TPT 9: 1 C-130; 6 AL-60; 1 Cessna 337 Slovenia 15
Skymaster; 1 Mystère 20 (Falcon 20) South Africa Operation Vimbezela 56
HELICOPTERS Spain 80 • MINURCAT 2 obs
SPT 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 2 Mi-8 Hip Sweden 79
UTL 1 SE 3130 Alouette II
Uganda MINURCAT 2 obs
United Kingdom 4
Paramilitary
Yemen, Republic of MINURCAT 3 obs
Gendarmerie ε1,000 Zambia MINURCAT 2 obs
3 Regional legions, 8 bde
Chad Cha
Foreign FORCES
All forces part of EUROR Tchad/RCA unless otherwise CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009
stated. Both EUFOR Tchad/RCA and MINURCAT GDP fr 3.12tr
numbers represent total forces deployed in the Central US$ 6.6bn
African Republic and Chad unless stated. Observers are
per capita US$ 649
UN MINURCAT.
Growth % 0.2 0.4
Albania 63
Austria 175 Inflation % -8.8 5.0
Bangladesh MINURCAT 2 obs Def bdgt fr 33.3bn
Belgium 69 US$ 70m
Bolivia MINURCAT 1 obs US$1=fr 479 487
Brazil MINURCAT 3 obs
Bulgaria 2
Croatia 15 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Cyprus 2 Male 24% 5% 4% 4% 10% 1%
Czech Republic 2 Female 24% 5% 4% 4% 12% 2%
Ecuador MINURCAT 2 obs
Egypt MINURCAT 2 obs Capabilities
Finland 61
France 1,711; 1 mtn inf bde with (1 armd cav regt, 1 mtn
ACTIVE 25,350 (Army 17,000–20,000 Air 350
inf bn, 1 lt arty regt); 1 log bn • Operation Boali 230; 1 inf Republican Guard 5,000) Paramilitary 9,500
coy; 1 spt det Terms of service conscription authorised
Gabon MINURCAT 1 obs
Gambia, The MINURCAT 2 obs Organisations by Service
Germany 4
Ghana MINURCAT 4 obs Army ε17,000–20,000 (being re-organised)
Greece 15 FORCES BY ROLE
Hungary 3 7 Mil Regions
Armd 1 bn
Ireland 445; 1 inf bn
Italy 99 Inf 7 bn
Jordan MINURCAT 1 obs Arty 1 bn
Lithuania 2 Engr 1 bn
Luxembourg 2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Kyrgyzstan MINURCAT 3 obs MBT 60 T-55
Mali MINURCAT 2 obs RECCE 174+: 50+ AML-60/AML-90; ε100 BRDM-2; 20 EE-9
Nepal MINURCAT 2 obs Cascavel; 4 ERC-90F Sagaie
Netherlands 90; 1 Marine recce pl AIFV 9 LAV-150 Commando (with 90mm gun)
Nigeria MINURCAT 3 obs APC (W) ε20 BTR-60
ARTY 5+
Pakistan MINURCAT 2 obs
TOWED 105mm 5 M-2
Poland 404; 1 inf bn • MINURCAT 1 obs
MOR 81mm some; 120mm AM-50
Portugal 2 • MINURCAT 1 obs AT • MSL • MANPATS Eryx; Milan
Romania 2 RCL 106mm M-40A1
Russia 120 RL 112mm APILAS; 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC
Rwanda MINURCAT 1 obs AD • GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4;
Senegal MINURCAT 1 obs 23mm ZU-23
Air Force 350 Ghana MINURCAT 4 obs

FORCES BY ROLE† Greece 15
COIN Unit with PC-7; PC-9; SF-260M Warrior Hungary 3
Tpt sqn with An-26 Curl; C-130 Hercules; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Ireland 445; 1 inf bn
Hip H; Presidential Flt with Beech 1900, 1 DC-9-87 Italy 99
Hel sqn with Mi-24V Hind; SA-316 Alouette III* Jordan MINURCAT 1 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Lithuania 2
AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable Luxembourg 2
COIN 3: 1 SF-260M Warrior*; 2 PC-7 (only 1*); 1 PC-9 Kyrgyzstan MINURCAT 3 obs
Turbo Trainer* Mali MINURCAT 2 obs
TPT 5: 1 Beech 1900, 1 DC-9-87; 2 An-26 Curl; 1 C-130H Nepal MINURCAT 2 obs
Hercules; Netherlands 90; 1 Marine recce pl
HELICOPTERS Nigeria MINURCAT 3 obs
ATK 2 Mi-24V Hind
Pakistan MINURCAT 2 obs
SPT 2 Mi-171 Hip
Poland 404; 1 inf bn • MINURCAT 1 obs
UTL 2 SA-316 Alouette III*
Portugal 2• MINURCAT 1 obs
Paramilitary 9,500 active Romania 2
Russia 120
Republican Guard 5,000 Rwanda MINURCAT 1 obs
Senegal MINURCAT 3 obs
Gendarmerie 4,500
Slovakia 1
Slovenia 15
Non-State Groups Spain 80 • MINURCAT 2 obs
see Part II Sweden 79
Uganda MINURCAT 2 obs
Deployment United Kingdom 4
Yemen, Republic of MINURCAT 3 obs
Côte D’Ivoire
Zambia MINURCAT 2 obs
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
Sub-Saharan
Congo RC
Africa
Foreign FORCES
All forces part of EUROR Tchad/RCA unless otherwise
stated. Both EUFOR Tchad/RCA and MINURCAT
numbers represent total forces deployed in the Central GDP fr 3.96tr 5.78tr
African Republic and Chad unless stated. US$ 8.3bn 11.9bn
Albania 63 per capita US$ 2,177 3,044
Austria 175 Growth % -1.6 9.1
Bangladesh MINURCAT 2 obs Inflation % 2.6 4.0
Belgium 69 Def bdgt fr ε45bn
Bolivia MINURCAT 1 obs
US$ ε94m
Brazil MINURCAT 3 obs
US$1=fr 479 487
Bulgaria 2
Croatia 15 Population 3,903,318
Cyprus 2
Czech Republic 2 Capabilities
Ecuador MINURCAT 2 obs ACTIVE 10,000 (Army 8,000 Navy 800 Air 1,200)
Egypt MINURCAT 2 obs Paramilitary 2,000
Finland 61
France 1,711; 1 mtn inf bde with (1 armd cav regt, 1 mtn
inf bn, 1 lt arty regt); 1 log bn • Operation Epervier 1,150;
Army 4 inf coy; 1 recce sqn with ERF-90F1 Air Force:
1 avn gp with 6 F-1CR Mirage / F-1CT Mirage; 1 C-135 Army 8,000
Stratolifter; 3 C-160 Transall; 1 hel det with 3 SA-330 Puma FORCES BY ROLE
Gabon MINURCAT 1 obs Armd 2 bn
Gambia, The MINURCAT 2 obs Inf 1 bn; 2 bn (gp) (each: 1 lt tk tp, 1 (76mm gun)
Germany 4 arty bty)
Cdo/AB 1 bn
Arty 1 gp (how, MRL) Côte D’Ivoire CI
Engr 1 bn CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† GDP fr 10.06tr
MBT 40+: 25 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59; T-34 in store US$ 21.0bn
LT TK 13: 3 PT-76; 10 Type-62
RECCE 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
APC (W) 68+: 20 BTR-152; 30 BTR-60; 18 Mamba; M-3 Panhard Growth % 1.7 2.9
ARTY 66+ Inflation % 1.9 5.6
SP 122mm 3 2S1 Carnation Def bdgt fr 139bn
TOWED 25+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 100mm 10 M-1944;
US$ 290m
122mm 10 D-30; 130mm 5 M-46; 152mm D-20
MRL 10+: 122mm 10 BM-21; 122mm BM-14/140mm US$1=fr 479 487
BM-16 Population 18,373,060
MOR 28+: 82mm; 120mm 28 M-43
AT • RCL 57mm M-18 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%
GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2 M-1943
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
AD • GUNS 28+
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 37mm 28 M-1939; Capabilities
57mm S-60; 100mm KS-19 ACTIVE 17,050 (Army 6,500 Navy 900 Air 700
Presidential Guard 1,350 Gendarmerie 7,600)
Navy ε800
Paramilitary 1,500
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3+ RESERVE 10,000 (Joint 10,000)
PFI 3 Zhuk†
MISC BOATS/CRAFT: various river boats
FACILITIES
Base Located at Pointe Noire
Army 6,500
Air Force 1,200† FORCES BY ROLE
4 Mil Regions
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA sqn with MiG-21 Fishbed (non-op) Armd 1 bn
Tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; Inf 3 bn
B-727; N-2501 Noratlas AB 1 gp
Trg sqn with L-39 Albatros Arty 1 bn
Hel sqn with Mi-8 Hip; AS-365 Dauphin 2; ADA 1 coy
SA-316 Alouette III; SA-318 Alouette II; Mi-24 Hind Engr 1 coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT no combat-capable ac MBT 10 T-55
FTR 12 MiG-21 Fishbed (non-op) LT TK 5 AMX-13
TPT 8: 5 An-24 Coke; 1 An-26 Curl; 1 B-727; 1 N-2501 RECCE 34: 15 AML-60/AML-90; 13 BRDM-2; 6 ERC-90F4
Noratlas Sagaie
TRG 4 L-39 Albatros AIFV 10 BMP-1/BMP-2
HELICOPTERS† APC (W) 41: 12 M-3 Panhard; 10 Mamba; 13 VAB; 6 BTR-80
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind (in store) ARTY 36+
SPT 3 Mi-8 Hip (in store)
TOWED 4+: 105mm 4 M-1950; 122mm (reported)
UTL 3: 1 AS-365 Dauphin 2; 1 SA-316 Alouette III; 1
MRL 122mm 6 BM-21
SA-318 Alouette II
MOR 26+: 81mm; 82mm 10 M-37; 120mm 16 AM-50
MSL AAM AA-2 Atoll
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-14 9M133 Kornet (reported);
Paramilitary 2,000 active AT-5 9K113 Spandrel (reported)
RCL 106mm ε12 M-40A1
Gendarmerie 2,000 RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC
Paramilitary 20 coy AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail (reported)
GUNS 21+
Presidential Guard some SP 20mm 6 M3 VDAA
Paramilitary 1 bn TOWED 15+: 20mm 10; 23mm ZU-23-2; 40mm 5 L/60
Navy ε900 Jordan 1,062; 7 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coy

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Moldova 4 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 Morocco 724; 1 inf bn
PCC 1 Intrepide (Fr Patria) Namibia 2 obs
PBR 2 Rodman (fishery protection duties) Nepal 1; 3 obs
AMPHIBIOUS • 2 LCM Niger 385; 6 obs; 1 inf bn
FACILITIES Nigeria 8 obs
Base Located at Locodjo (Abidjan) Pakistan 1,136; 9 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 armd sqn(-); 1 engr coy;
1 tpt coy
Air Force 700 Paraguay 2; 8 obs
Current force structure uncertain. Authority given to repair Peru UNOCI; 3 obs
4 Su-25s and several training ac and helicopters.
Philippines 3; 4 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Poland 2 obs
AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable†
Romania 7 obs
FTR 2 Su-25UBK
TRG 2 BAC-167 Strikemaster* Russia 11 obs
HELICOPTERS Senegal 326; 10 obs; 1 inf bn
ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind Serbia 3 obs
SPT 1 IAR-330L (SA-330L) Puma Tanzania 2; 1 obs

Togo 315; 7 obs; 1 inf bn
Paramilitary 10,450 Tunisia 3; 7 obs
Uganda 1; 4 obs
Presidential Guard 1,350
Uruguay 2 obs
Gendarmerie 7,600 Yemen, Republic of 1; 8 obs
APC (W): some VAB Zambia 2 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 PB Zimbabwe 2 obs
Militia 1,500
Armed Forces 10,000 reservists
DRC
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Non-State Groups Congolese Franc fr 2007 2008 2009
see Part II GDP fr 4.99tr
US$ 9.7bn
Foreign FORCES per capita US$ 150
All forces part of UNOCI unless otherwise stated. Growth % 6.3 10.0
Bangladesh 2,714; 11 obs; 3 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 sigs coy; Inflation % 16.7 17.5
1 fd hospital Def bdgt fr 85.4bn
Benin 427; 8 obs; 1 inf bn
US$ 166m
Bolivia 3 obs
US$1=fr 516 562
Brazil 3; 4 obs
Chad 2 obs Population 66,514,506
China, People’s Republic of 7 obs
Croatia 2 obs Capabilities
Ecuador 2 obs ACTIVE 139,251-151,251 (Central Staffs: ε14,000,
El Salvador 3 obs Army 110-120,000 Republican Guard 6-8,000 Navy
Ethiopia 2 obs 6,703 Air 2,548 )
France 181; 2 obs; 1 engr coy • Operation Licorne 1,800;
Army: 1 (Marine) inf bn; 1 combined arms BG; 1 hel bn; 1
Gendarme sqn Air Force: 1 C-160 Transall; 1 CN-235 Organisations by Service
Gambia 3 obs
Ghana 541; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital Army (Forces du Terre) ε110-120,000
Guatemala 5 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Guinea 1 obs Mech Inf 1 bde
India 7 obs Inf 17 bde (integrated)
Ireland 2 obs Cdo 2 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† Foreign FORCES

MBT 49: 12-17 Type-59 †; 32 T-55
All part of MONUC unless otherwise specified.
LT TK 40: 10 PT-76; 30 Type-62† (reportedly being
Algeria 6 obs
refurbished)
Austria EU SEC RD Congo 1
RECCE up to 52: up to 17 AML-60; 14 AML-90; 19 EE-9
Bangladesh 1,331; 28 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 avn unit
Cascavel; 2 RAM-V-2
Belgium 7 observers; EU SEC RD Congo 10
AIFV 20 BMP-1
Benin 750; 13 obs; 1 inf bn
APC 138:
APC (T) 3 BTR-50 Bolivia 200; 7 obs; 1 inf coy(+)
APC (W) 135: 30-70 BTR-60PB; 58 M-3 Panhard†; 7 TH Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 obs
390 Fahd Burkina Faso 10 obs
ARTY 534+ Canada (Operation Crocodile) 10 obs
TOWED 149: 75mm 30 M-116 pack; 122mm 77 (M-30) China, People’s Republic of 218; 16 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 fd
M-1938/D-30/Type-60; 130mm 42 Type-59 (M-46)/ hospital
Type-59 I Czech Republic 3 obs
MRL 57: 107mm 12 Type-63; 122mm 24 BM-21; 128mm Denmark 2 obs
6 M-51; 130mm 3 Type-82; 132mm 12 Egypt 22 obs
MOR 328+: 81mm 100; 82mm 200; 107mm M-30; 120mm France 5 obs
28: 18; 10 Brandt Ghana 462; 23 obs; 1 mech inf bn

AT • RCL 36+: 57mm M-18; 73mm 10; 75mm 10 M-20; Guatemala 105; 5 obs; 1 SF coy
106mm 16 M-40A1 India 4,388; 58 obs; 2 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn; 1 avn bn; 1 avn
GUNS 85mm 10 Type-56 (D-44) unit; 1 atk hel unit; 1 fd hospital
AD • SAM • MANPAD 20 SA-7 Grail Indonesia 175; 16 obs; 1 engr coy
GUNS • TOWED 114: 14.5mm 12 ZPU-4; 37mm 52 Ireland 4 obs
M-1939; 40mm ε50 L/60† (probably out of service) Italy EU SEC RD Congo 1
Jordan 66; 22 obs; 1 fd hospital
Republican Guard circa 6–8,000 Kenya 21 obs
FORCES BY ROLE Malawi 111; 23 obs; 1CSS coy
Armd 1 regt Malaysia 17 obs
Republican Guard 3 bde Mali 15 obs
Mongolia 2 obs
Navy 6,703 (incl. infantry and marines) Morocco 831; 4 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 fd hospital
Mozambique 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Nepal 1,031; 25 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1engr coy
PFC 1 Shanghai II Type-062 (2 additional vessels †) Netherlands EU SEC RD Congo 3
PCI 2 Swiftships†; 20 various (all under 50ft) Niger 16 obs
FACILITIES Nigeria 23 obs
Bases Located at Kinshasa (River), Boma (River), Lake Pakistan 3588; 53 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 3 inf bn
Tanganyika, Matadi (Coastal) Paraguay 11 obs
Peru 4 obs
Air Force 2,548 Poland 3 obs
AIRCRAFT 5 combat capable Romania 23 obs
FTR 2 MiG-23 Flogger Russia 27 obs
FGA 3 Su-25 Frogfoot Senegal 459; 17 obs; 1 inf bn
HELICOPTERS South Africa (Operation Mistral) 1,158; 15 obs; 1 inf bn; 3
ATK 4 Mi-24/35 Hind engr coy; 1 CSS coy; 1 avn unit (air med evacuation team,
SPT 36: 1 Mi-26 Halo (non op); 35 Mi-8 Hip (very few air base control det) • Operation Teutonic 29
serviceable) Spain 6 obs
Sri Lanka 4 obs
Paramilitary • National Police Force Sweden 5 obs
incl Rapid Intervention Police (National and Provincial Switzerland 3 obs
forces) Tunisia 464; 33 obs; 1 mech inf bn
Ukraine 11 obs
People’s Defence Force United Kingdom 6 obs
Uruguay 1,324; 47 obs; 1 inf bn; 3 rvn coy(-)
Non-State Groups Yemen, Republic of 5 obs
see Part II Zambia 19 obs
Navy ε200
Djibouti Dj EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Djiboutian Franc fr 2007 2008 2009 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
GDP fr 155bn PCI 1 Sawari less than 100 tonnes
PB 6: 4 (USCG); 2 Battalion-17
US$ 871m
per capita US$ 1,754 FACILITIES
Base Located at Djibouti
Growth % 5.3 5.9
Inflation % 5.0 8.1
Def bdgt fr 2.95bn
Air Force 250
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 16.6m
Tpt some sqn with An-28 Cash; L-410UVP Turbolet;
FMA (US) US$ 3.8m 1.9m 2.8m
Cessna U-206G Stationair; Cessna 208
US$1=fr 178 172 Caravan I
Population 506,221 Hel some sqn with AS-355F Ecureuil II; Mi-17 (Mi-
Ethnic groups: Somali 60%; Afar 35% 8MT) Hip H; Mi-24 (atk)
Trg unit with EMB-314 Super Tucano
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

AIRCRAFT
Female 22% 5% 5% 4% 12% 2%
TPT 4: 1 An-28 Cash; 1 Cessna 402 (in store); 2
Capabilities L-410UVP Turbolet
UTL 2: 1 Cessna U-206G Stationair; 1 Cessna 208
ACTIVE 10,450 (Army 8,000 Navy 200 Air 250 Caravan I
Gendarmerie 2,000 National Security Force 2,500) TRG Some EMB-314 Super Tucano
HELICOPTERS • ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind
Organisations by Service SPT 3: 1 AS-355F Ecureuil II; 1 Mi-8 in store; 1 Mi-17 (Mi-
8MT) Hip H;
Army ε8,000
FORCES BY ROLE
Gendarmerie 2,000 +
Sub-Saharan
Ministry of Defence
MOD and Army HQs, 4 military districts (Tadjourah,
Africa
Dikhil, Ali-Sabieh and Obock) FORCES BY ROLE
Rep 1 regt (1 sy sqn, 1 spt sqn (arty, armd and Paramilitary 1 bn
Guard motorcycle pls), 1 close prot sqn, 1 ceremonial EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
sqn,1 comd and spt sqn; incl CT and cdo role) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 1 PB
Armd 1 regt (3 armd sqns, 1 Ratel sqn, 1 anti-
smuggling coy) Paramilitary ε2,500
Inf 4 joint regts (3-4 coys, comd and spt coy, training
camp(s)), 1 rapid reaction regt (4 coys, comd and National Security Force ε2,500
spt coy, 1 hvy spt sect; incl CT and cdo / abn role) Ministry of Interior
Arty 1 regt
Engr 1 demining coy, 1 plant coy
Deployment
Comd 1 HQ regt, 1 comms comd, 1 CIS sect
Spt 1 log sp regt western sahara
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 39: 4 AML-60†; 15 VBL; 16-20 Ratel
APC (W) 12 BTR-60† (op status uncertain) Foreign FORCES
ARTY 96 France 2,850 Army; 1 (Foreign Legion) BG with ( 1
TOWED 122mm 6 D-30
engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy); 1 (Marine)
MBRL 45: 81mm 25; 120mm 20 Brandt
combined arms regt with ( 1 engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce
MOR 45: 81mm 25; 120mm 20 Brandt
sqn, 2 inf coy) Navy; 1 Atlantique Air Force; 1 Air sqn with
AT
10 M-2000C/D Mirage; 1 C-160 Transall; 3 SA-342 Gazelle; 7
RCL 106mm 16 M-40A1
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm LRAC SA-330 Puma; 1 AS-555 Fennec; 1 SA-319 Alouette III
AD • GUNS 15+ Germany Navy 100; 1 sqn with AP-3C Orion
SP 20mm 5 M-693 (SP United States US Africa Command: Army 500; Navy 700;
TOWED 10: 23mm 5 ZU-23; 40mm 5 L/70 USAF 300; USMC: 400; 1 naval air base
Equatorial Guinea EG Eritrea Er

CFA Franc BEAC fr 2007 2008 2009 Eritrean Nakfa ERN 2007 2008 2009
GDP fr 4.95tr 7.65tr GDP ΕRN 20.0bn
US$ 10.3bn 15.7bn US$ 1.31bn
per capita US$ 18,752 25,502 per capita US$ 266
Growth % 21.4 7.4 Growth % 1.3 1.2
Def bdgt fr ε4.0bn Def bdgt ΕRN
US$ ε8.4bn US$
US$1=fr 479 487 USD1=ERN 15.3 15.0

Ethnic groups: Tigrinya 50%; Tigre and Kunama 40%; Afar;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Saho 3%
Male 21% 5% 5% 4% 12% 2%
Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2% Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 22% 5% 5% 4% 12% 2%

Capabilities Female 22% 5% 5% 4% 12% 2%
ACTIVE 1,320 (Army 1,100 Navy 120 Air 100) Capabilities

Organisations by Service ACTIVE 201,750 (Army 200,000 Navy 1,400 Air 350)
Terms of service 16 months (4 month mil trg)
Army 1,100 RESERVE 120,000 (Army ε120,000)
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 3 bn Organisations by Service
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 6 BRDM-2 Army ε200,000
APC (W) 10 BTR-152 FORCES BY ROLE
Army 4 corps
Navy ε120 Mech 1 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† Inf 19 div
Cdo 1 div
PC 1 Daphne
PCI 2 Zhuk
PBR 2
Reserve ε 120,000 reported reservists
FACILITIES
Inf 1 div
Bases Located at Bata, Malabo (Santa Isabel)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Air Force 100 MBT 150 T-54/T-55
RECCE 40 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIFV • 15 BMP-1
AIRCRAFT
APC • APC (W) • 25 BTR-152 APC (W) / BTR-60 APC
FGA 1 Su-25 Frogfoot
(W)
TPT 1 Dassault 900 Falcon (VIP); 1 Cessna 337 Skymaster
HELICOPTERS ARTY 170+
ATK 3 Mi-24 Hind SP 25: 122mm 12 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 13 2S5
UTL 2 SA-316 Alouette III TOWED 10+: 122mm D-30; 130mm 10 M-46
MRL 122mm 35 BM-21
Paramilitary MOR 120mm/160mm 100+
AT
Guardia Civil some MSL • MANPATS 200 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-5 9K113
2 coy Spandrel
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
Coast Guard GUNS 85mm D-44
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS PCI 1† AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS 70+
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 Ethiopia Eth
TOWED 23mm ZU-23
Ethiopian Birr EB 2007 2008 2009
Navy 1,400 GDP ΕB 160bn 224bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 17.9bn 23.0bn
Navy 1 HQ located at Massawa per capita US$ 234 294
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13 Inflation % 15.8 25.3
PFM 1 Osa II† with 4 single each with SS-N-2B Styx Def bdgt ΕB 3.0bn 3.5bn
tactical SSM
US$ 336m 359m
PFI 4 Super Dvora less than 100 tonnes
FMA (US) US$ 2.0m 0.8m 4.0m
PCI 3 Swiftships
PBF 5 Battalion-17 US$1=EB 8.9 9.7
AMPHIBIOUS
LS • LST 2: 1 Chamo† (Ministry of Transport); 1 Ashdod†
Ethnic groups: Oromo 40%; Amhara and Tigrean 32%; Sidamo
FACILITIES 9%; Shankella 6%; Somali 6%; Afar 4%
Bases Located at Massawa, Assab, Dahlak
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Air Force ε350 Male 22% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
FORCES BY ROLE Female 22% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
Ftr/FGA sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker;
MiG-23 Flogger†; MiG-21 Fishbed†; MiG-29UB Capabilities
Fulcrum*
ACTIVE 138,000 (Army 135,000 Air 3,000)
Tpt sqn with IAI-1125 Astra; Y-12(II)
Trg sqn with L-90 Redigo; MB-339CE*; Su-27UBK
Hel sqn with Mi-24-4 Hind; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/
Mi-8 Hip
Army 135,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Sub-Saharan
AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable FORCES BY ROLE
Africa
FTR 16: 5 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 4 Su-27 Flanker; 4 MiG-23 4 Mil Regional Commands (Northern, Western, Central,
Flogger†; 3 MiG-21 Fishbed† and Eastern) each acting as corps HQ and one functional
TPT 4: 1 IAI-1125 Astra; 3 Y-12(II) (Support) Command; strategic reserve of 4 divs and 6
TRG 15: 8 L-90 Redigo; 4 MB-339CE*; 1 MiG-29UB specialist bdes centred on Addis Ababa.
Fulcrum* ; 2 Su-27UBK Flanker Army 4 corps HQ (each: 1 mech div, 4-6 inf div)
HELICOPTERS
ATK 1 Mi-24-4 Hind EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPT 8: 4 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; 4 Agusta-Bell MBT 246+ T-54/T-55/T-62
412 RECCE/AIFV/APC (W) ε450 BRDM/BMP/BTR-60/
BTR-152/Type 89
Non-State Groups ARTY 460+
see Part II SP 10+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 10 2S19 Farm
TOWED 400+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 122mm ε400 D-30/
(M-30) M-1938; 130mm M-46
MRL 122mm ε50 BM-21
MOR 81mm M-1/M-29; 82mm M-1937; 120mm M-1944
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111
Spigot
RCL 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11
GUNS 85mm εD-44
AD • SAM ε370
TOWED SA-2 Guideline/SA-3 Goa
MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60
Air Force 3,000 Capabilities

FORCES BY ROLE
FGA sqns with Su-27 Flanker; MiG-21MF Fishbed J; ACTIVE 4,700 (Army 3,200 Navy 500 Air 1,000)
Su-25T Frogfoot; MiG-23BN Flogger H; Su-25UB Paramilitary 2,000
Frogfoot B
Tpt sqns with AN-12 Cub; C-130B Hercules; DHC-6 Organisations by Service
Twin Otter; Y-12; YAK-40 Codling (VIP); Mi-6 Hook
Atk hel sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind; Mi-14 Haze
Army 3,200
Spt hel sqn with Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
FORCES BY ROLE
Trg sqn with L-39 Albatros; SF-260 Inf 8 coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cdo/AB 1 coy
AIRCRAFT 42 combat capable Engr 1 coy
FTR 26: 11 Su-27 Flanker; 15 MiG-21MF Fishbed J Presidential 1 (bn) gp (under direct presidential control)
FGA 14: 2 Su-25T Frogfoot; 12 MiG-23BN Flogger H Guard (1 ADA bty, 1 arty bty, 1 armd/recce coy, 3
TPT 17: 9 An-12 Cub; 3 C-130B Hercules; 2 DHC-6 Twin inf coy)
Otter; 2 Y-12; 1 YAK-40 Codling (VIP)
TRG 18: 12 L-39 Albatros; 4 SF-260; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 70: 24 AML-60/AML-90; 12 EE-3 Jararaca; 14 EE-9
B*
HELICOPTERS Cascavel; 6 ERC-90F4 Sagaie; 14 VBL
ATK 20: 15 Mi-24 Hind; 3 Mi-35 Hind; 2 Mi-14 Haze AIFV 12 EE-11 Urutu (with 20mm gun)
SPT 12 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip APC (W) 21+: 9 LAV-150 Commando; 12 VXB-170; M-3
UTL 18: 10 Mi-6 Hook; 8 SA316 Alouette III Panhard
ARTY 51
TOWED 105mm 4 M-101
Non-State Groups MRL 140mm 8 Teruel
see Part II MOR 39: 81mm 35; 120mm 4 Brandt
Deployment RCL 106mm M-40A1
RL 89mm LRAC
COTE D’IVOIRE AD • GUNS 41
UN • UNOCI 2 obs SP 20mm 4 ERC-20
Liberia TOWED 37: 23mm 24 ZU-23-2; 37mm 10 M-1939; 40mm
3 L/70
UN • UNMIL 1,785; 19 obs; 2 inf bn
SOMALIA Navy ε500
Army 2,500–3,000 FORCES BY ROLE
SUDAN Navy 1 HQ located at Port Gentil
UN • UNAMID 357; elm 1 inf bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PFM 1 Patra
Gabon Gbn PCO 2 General Ba’Oumar (Fr P-400)
PB 6 Rodman (all less than 100 tonnes)
AMPHIBIOUS
GDP fr 5.18tr LS • LST 1 President Omar Bongo (Fr Batral) (capacity 1
US$ 10.8bn LCVP; 7 MBT; 140 troops) with 1 hel landing platform
per capita US$ 7,393 for a medium sized hel
Growth % 5.6 3.9 CRAFT 1 LCM
Inflation % 5.0 5.1 FACILITIES
Base Located at Port Gentil
Def bdgt fr 59.0bn
US$ 123m
Air Force 1,000
US$1=fr 479 487
FORCES BY ROLE
Population 1,485,832 FGA 1 sqn with Mirage 5G Mirage 5DG; Mirage 5E2;
Mirage F1-AZ
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
MP 1 sqn with EMB-111*
Male 21% 6% 4% 3% 13% 2%
CCT 1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with CM-170 Magister;
Female 21% 6% 4% 4% 13% 2% T-34 Turbo Mentor
Tpt 1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with ATR-42F; EMB-110

Bandeirante; Falcon 900; AS-332 Super Puma; sqn with Gambia Gam
C-130H Hercules; CN-235; EMB-110 Bandeirante; YS-
11A Gambian Dalasi D 2007 2008 2009
Hel 1 sqn with SA-342 Gazelle*; SA-330C Puma/SA-330H GDP D 15.9bn

Puma; SA-316 Alouette III/SA-319 Alouette III; AB-412 US$ 641m
(Bell 412) Twin Huey per capita US$ 380
AIRCRAFT 14 combat capable Inflation % 5.4 6.0
FGA 13: 3 Mirage 5G/DG (Mirage 5); 4 Mirage 5E2; 6 Def bdgt D ε100m
Mirage F1-AZ US$ ε4.0m
RECCE 1 EMB-111*
US$1=D 24.8 23.8
TPT 8 1 ATR-42F; 3 C-130H Hercules; 1 CN-235; 2
EMB-110 Bandeirante; 1 Falcon 900 Population 1,735,464
UTL 2 YS-11A
TRG 7: 4 CM-170 Magister; 3 T-34 Turbo Mentor Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
HELICOPTERS Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1%
ATK 5 SA-342 Gazelle* Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1%
SPT 4: 1 AS-332 Super Puma; 3 SA-330C Puma/SA-330H

Puma Capabilities
UTL 5: 3 SA-316 Alouette III/SA-319 Alouette III; 2 AB-412
(Bell 412) Twin Huey
ACTIVE 800 (Army 800)
Paramilitary 2,000 Organisations by Service

Gendarmerie 2,000 Gambian National Army 800
FORCES BY ROLE Inf 2 bn
Armd 2 sqn Engr 1 sqn
Paramilitary 3 bde; 11 coy Presidential Guard 1 coy
Avn 1 unit with 2 AS-350 Ecureuil; 1 AS-355
Sub-Saharan
Ecureuil Marine Unit ε70
Africa
HELICOPTERS • SPT 3: 2 AS-350 Ecureuil; 1 AS-355 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 PCI less
Ecureuil than 100 tonnes
FACILITIES
Deployment Base Located at Banjul
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD Air Wing

UN • MINURCAT 1 obs AIRCRAFT
sudan FGA 1 Su-25
UN • UNMIS 5 obs TPT 1 Il-62M (VIP)
UN • UNAMID 10 obs UTL 2 AT-802A
FACILITIES
Foreign FORCES Base Located at Banjul (Yundum Int’l Airport)
France Army 800; 1 recce pl with ERC-90F1 Lynx; 1 FACILITIES

Banjul-Yundum Int’l Airport
(Marine) inf bn 3 SA-330 Puma Air Force: 2 C-160 Transall ;
1 AS-555 Fennec 700
Deployment
Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 3 obs
sudan
UN • UNAMID 189; 1 inf coy
FACILITIES
Ghana Gha Bases Located at Sekondi, Tema
Ghanaian Cedi C 2007 2008 2009

Air Force 1,500
GDP C 140tr Main base Accra. Tpt element at Takoradi
US$ 14.9bn FORCES BY ROLE
per capita US$ 649 Light 2 KA-8 (2 more reported on order); 7 MB-326K/L-
Growth % 6.3 6.5 attack/ 39ZO/MB-339A unserviceable)
Inflation % 10.7 16.8 Trg
Def bdgt C 980bn 122m Tpt 1 sqn with Defender; F-27 Friendship; Cessna 172;
F-28 Fellowship (VIP)
US$ 104m 105m
Trg flg school with Cessna 172
US$1=C 9,400 1.16
Hel 1 sqn with Mi-171V; A-109A; AB-212 (Bell 212);
Population 23,382,848 SA-319 Alouette III
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 9 combat capable †
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
FGA 9: 2 KA-8; 3 MB-326K; 2 L-39ZO; 2 MB-339A
Female 19% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2% TPT 6: 1 Defender; 4 F-27 Friendship; 1 F-28 Fellowship
(VIP)
Capabilities TRG 3 Cessna 172
HELICOPTERS
ACTIVE 13,500 (Army 10,000 Navy 2000 Air 1,500) SPT 4: 4 Mi-171V
UTL 5: 1 AB-212 (Bell 212) ; 2 A-109A; 2 SA-319 Alouette
Organisations by Service III
Army 10,000 Deployment

FORCES BY ROLE
2 Comd HQ UN • MINURCAT 4 obs
Army 6 inf bn
Côte D’Ivoire
Recce 1 regt (3 Recce sqn)
UN • UNOCI 541; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital
AB/SF 2 coy
Arty 1 regt (1 Arty bty, 2 Mor bty) Democratic Republic of Congo
UN • MONUC 462; 23 obs; 1 mech inf bn
Fd engr 1 regt (bn)
Trg 1 bn GEORGIA
UN • UNOMIG 1 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 3 EE-9 Cascavel Lebanon
AIFV 19: 6 Ratel FSC-90; 13 Ratel-20 UN • UNIFIL 880; 1 inf bn
APC (W) 50 Piranha Liberia
ARTY 84 UN • UNMIL 701; 15 obs; 1 inf bn
TOWED 122mm 6 D-30
MOR 78: 81mm 50; 120mm 28 Tampella Sudan
AT • RCL 84mm 50 Carl Gustav UN • UNAMID 3
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail Western Sahara
GUNS • TOWED 8+: 14.5mm 4+: 4 ZPU-2; ZPU-4; UN • MINURSO 18 obs
23mm 4 ZU-23-2
Navy 2,000
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 (Western) HQ located at Sekondi; 1 (Eastern) HQ
located at Tema
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PFC 2 Achimota (Ge Lurssen 57m)
PCO 4: 2 Anzole (US); 2 Dzata (Ge Lurssen 45m)
PBI 1(US)
Navy ε400
Guinea Gui EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Guinean Franc fr 2007 2008 2009 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCI 2
Swiftships† less than 100 tonnes
GDP fr 20.4tr
FACILITIES
US$ 4.8bn Bases Located at Conakry, Kakanda
per capita US$ 486
Growth % 1.8 4.5 Air Force 800
Inflation % 22.9 17.9 FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt fr ε220bn FGA sqn with MiG-21 Fishbed; MiG-17F Fresco C
US$ ε52m Tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; AN-14
US$1=fr 4,219 4,950 Trg sqn with MiG-15UTI Midget
Hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind; SA-342K Gazelle; SA-330 Puma;
Mi-8 Hip; SA-316B Alouette III
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1% AIRCRAFT 7 combat capable (none currently operational)
Female
FTR 7: 3 MiG-21 Fishbed: 4 MiG-17F Fresco C
22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
TPT 1 An-24 Coke
UTL 4 An-14
Capabilities TRG 2 MiG-15UTI Midget
ACTIVE 12,300 (Army 8,500 Navy 400 Air 800 HELICOPTERS
ATK 5: 4 Mi-24 Hind; 1 SA-342K Gazelle;
Gendarmerie 1,000 Republican Guard 1,600)
SPT 3: 1 SA-330 Puma†; 2 Mi-8 Hip
Paramilitary 7,000 MSL
Terms of service conscription, 2 years AAM: AA-2 Atoll
Organisations by Service Paramilitary 2,600 active

Gendarmerie 1,000
Army 8,500
Republican Guard 1,600
Sub-Saharan
FORCES BY ROLE
Africa
Armd 1 bn People’s Militia 7,000
Inf 5 bn
SF 1 bn Non-State Groups
Ranger 1 bn see Part II
Cdo 1 bn
Deployment
Arty 1 bn
Engr 1 bn Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 1 obs
AD 1 bn
sudan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UN • UNMIS 6 obs
MBT 38: 8 T-54; 30 T-34
LT TK 15 PT-76 Western Sahara
RECCE 27: 2 AML-90; 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 UN • MINURSO 4 obs
APC (W) 40: 16 BTR-40; 10 BTR-50; 8 BTR-60; 6 BTR-152
ARTY 32+
TOWED 20: 122mm 12 M-1931/37
MOR 20+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 20 M-1943/M-38
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
RCL 82mm B-10
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
GUNS 6+: 57mm ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 6 D-44
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS • TOWED 24+: 30mm M-53 (twin); 37mm 8
M-1939; 57mm 12 Type-59 (S-60); 100mm 4 KS-19
Navy ε350
Guinea Bissau GuB EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 2
PCI 2 Alfeite †
GDP fr 172bn 189bn
FACILITIES
US$ 359m 388m
Base Located at Bissau
per capita US$ 244 258
Growth % 3.6 4.5
Air Force 100
Inflation % 4.6 9.6
FORCES BY ROLE
Def exp fr ε7.4bn Ftr/FGA sqn with MiG-17 Fresco
US$ ε15m Hel sqn with SA-318 Gazelle;
US$1=fr 479 487 SA-319 Alouette III
AIRCRAFT 2 cbt capable
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FTR 2 MiG-17 Fresco †
Male 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 1% HELICOPTERS • UTL 3: 1 Gazelle; 2 SA-319 Alouette III
Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 2%

Capabilities
Gendarmerie 2,000
ACTIVE ε6,458 (Army ε4,000 (numbers reducing)
Navy 350 Air 100) Gendarmerie 2,000)
Terms of service conscription (selective). Kenya Kya
Manpower and eqpt totals should be treated with caution.
Kenyan Shilling sh 2007 2008 2009
A government paper on security sector reform envisages
a reduction of the armed forces from over 9,000 to 3,440. GDP sh 1.85tr 2.42tr
In April 2008, a UNDP funded census of the armed forces US$ 27.6bn 31.8bn
ended with ID cards issued to 4,458 active personnel (senior per capita US$ 747 837
and mid-level officers totaled 2,473). In February 2008, the Growth % 7.0 3.3
EU established a security sector reform mission to Guinea- Inflation % 9.8 25.0
Bissau to assist the armed forces reform programme.
Def bdgt sh 45.8bn 50.8bn
US$ 681m 664m
Organisations by Service US$1=sh 67.3 76.4
Army ε4,000 (numbers reducing) Population 37,953,838
FORCES BY ROLE Ethnic groups: Kikuyu ε22–32%

Armd 1 bn (sqn) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Recce 1 coy
Male 21% 6% 6% 5% 12% 1%
Inf 5 bn
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 1%
Arty 1 bn
Engr 1 coy
Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 10 T-34 ACTIVE 24,120 (Army 20,000 Navy 1,620 Air 2,500)
LT TK 15 PT-76 Paramilitary 5,000
RECCE 10 BRDM-2 (incl HQ staff)
APC (W) 55: 35 BTR-40/BTR-60; 20 Type-56 (BTR-152)
ARTY 26+ Organisations by Service
TOWED 122mm 18 D-30/M-1938
MOR 8+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 8 M-1943 Army 20,000
AT
FORCES BY ROLE
RCL 75mm Type-52 (M-20); 82mm B-10
Armd 1 bde (3 armd bn)
RL 89mm M-20
Air Cav 1 indep bn
GUNS 85mm 8 D-44
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail Inf 1 bde (2 inf bn); 1 bde (3 inf bn); 1 indep bn
GUNS • TOWED 34: 23mm 18 ZU-23; 37mm 6 M-1939; AB 1 bn
57mm 10 S-60 Arty 1 bde (2 arty bn)
ADA 1 bn Paramilitary 5,000

Engr 1 bde (2 engr bn)
Police General Service Unit 5,000
MBT 78 Vickers Mk 3 PCI 5 less than 100 tonnes (2 Lake Victoria)
RECCE 92: 72 AML-60/AML-90; 12 Ferret; 8 S52 Shorland MISC BOATS/CRAFT 12 boats
APC (W) 62: 10 M-3 Panhard in store; 52 UR-416
ARTY 110 Air Wing
TOWED 105mm 48: 8 Model 56 pack howitzer; 40 lt AIRCRAFT • TPT 7 Cessna
MOR 62: 81mm 50; 120mm 12 Brandt HELICOPTERS
UTL 1 Bell 206L LongRanger
AT • MSL • MANPATS 54: 40 Milan; 14 Swingfire
TRG 2 Bell 47G
AD • GUNS • TOWED 94: 20mm 81: 11 Oerlikon; ε70
TCM-20; 40mm 13 L/70 Deployment
Navy 1,620 (incl 120 marines) UN • MONUC 21 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Liberia
UN • UNMIL2; 3 obs
PFM 2 Nyayo each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 1

Otomat tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun Sudan
PCO 2 Shujaa each with 1 76mm gun UN • UNMIS 821, 5 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 de-mining coy(+)
PCI 1 Mamba UN • UNAMID 84; 1 MP coy
PBF 6: 1 Archangel; 5 Defender Western Sahara
AMPHIBIOUS LCM 2 Galana UN • MINURSO 2 obs
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 AT Tug
FACILITIES Foreign FORCES
Base Located at Mombasa
United Kingdom Army 52
Air Force 2,500

Lesotho Ls
Sub-Saharan
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA sqns with F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II
Africa
Lesotho Loti M 2007 2008 2009
Tpt sqn with DHC-5D Buffalo†; DHC-8 Dash 8†;
GDP M 12.3bn
Fokker 70† (VIP); PA-31 Navajo†;
Y-12(II)† US$ 1.75bn
Atk hel sqn with Hughes 500MD Scout Defender† (with per capita US$ 868
TOW); Hughes 500ME†; Hughes 500M† Growth % 4.9 5.2
Spt hel sqn with SA-330 Puma†; Inflation % 8.0 11.2
Trg sqn with up to Bulldog 103/Bulldog 127†; Def bdgt M 281m
EMB-312 Tucano†*; Hawk MK52†*; Hughes US$ 40m
500D† US$1=M 7.04 10.1
FTR 22 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TPT 30: 4 DHC-5D Buffalo†; 3 DHC-8 Dash 8†; 6 Do- Male 19% 6% 5% 4% 12% 2%
28D-2† in store; 1 Fokker 70† (VIP); 1 PA-31 Navajo†; 10 Female 18% 6% 5% 4% 14% 3%
Y-12(II)†
TRG up to 25: up to 5 Bulldog 103/Bulldog 127†; 12 Capabilities
EMB-312 Tucano†*; 8 Hawk MK52†*
HELICOPTERS
ACTIVE 2,000 (Army 2,000)
ATK 11 Hughes 500MD Scout Defender† (with TOW)
ASLT 8 Hughes 500ME† Organisations by Service
SPT 11 SA-330 Puma†;
UTL 17: 2 Hughes 500D†; 15 Hughes 500M† Army ε2,000
MSL FORCES BY ROLE
ASM AGM-65 Maverick (TOW) Recce 1 coy
AAM AIM-9 Sidewinder Inf 7 coy
Arty 1 bty under strength (with 2 x 105 guns) Non-State Groups

Avn 1 sqn see Part II
Spt 1 coy (with 81mm mor)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Foreign FORCES
RECCE 22: 4 AML-90; 10 RBY-1 RAMTA; 8 S52 Shorland All under UNMIL cmd unless otherwise specified
ARTY 12 Bangladesh 2,399; 19 obs; 2 inf bn; 2 engr coy; 1 sigs pl; 1
TOWED 105mm 2 log unit; 1 MP unit
MOR 81mm 10 Benin 1; 2 obs
AT • RCL 106mm 6 M-40 Bolivia 1; 3 obs
Brazil 3
Air Wing 110
China, People’s Republic of 566; 4 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt
AIRCRAFT
coy; 1 fd hospital
MP 1 CASA 212-400 Aviocar (tpt, VIP tpt, casevac)
Croatia 4
TPT 3: 2 CASA 212-300 Aviocar; 1 GA-8 Airvan 1
Czech Republic 3 obs
HELICOPTERS
Denmark 2 obs
UTL 4: 1 Bo-105LSA-3 (tpt, trg); 2 Bell 412 (SP); 1 Bell
Ecuador 1; 3 obs
412EP Twin Huey (tpt, VIP tpt, SAR)
Egypt 8 obs
El Salvador 26; 3 obs
Liberia Lb Ethiopia 1,785; 19 obs; 2 inf bn
Finland 2
Liberian Dollar L$ 2007 2008 2009
France 2
GDP US$ 970m Ghana 701; 15 obs; 1 inf bn
per capita US$ 304 Indonesia 3 obs
Growth % 9.4 8.6 Jordan 123; 7 obs; 1 fd hospital
Inflation % 11.2 19.2 Kenya 2; 3 obs
Def bdgt L$ Korea, Republic of 1; 1 obs
US$ Kyrgyzstan 5 obs
FMA (US) US$ 1.6m 0.3m 1.5m Malaysia 10 obs
US$1=L$ 61 63 Mali 4 obs
Moldova 3 obs
Mongolia 250; 1 inf coy
Ethnic groups: Americo-Liberians 5%
Montenegro 2 obs
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Namibia 4; 2 obs
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1% Nepal 43; 4 obs
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1% Niger 3 obs
Nigeria 1,661; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 5 sigs pl
Capabilities Pakistan 3,401; 14 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 2 inf bn; 3 engr coy;
1 fd hospital
ACTIVE 2,400 (Armed Forces 2,400) Paraguay 1; 3 obs
Peru 2; 2 obs
Organisations by Service Philippines 170; 3 obs; 1 inf coy
Poland 2 obs
Armed forces by role 2,100 Romania 3 obs
Armed Forces expected to be formed by 2010 and Russia 6 obs
will include General Staff at MOD HQ an Army force, Senegal 3
comprising 1 (23rd ) Inf Bde Serbia 6 obs
FORCES BY ROLE Togo 1; 2 obs
Inf 1 inf bde (2 inf bn, 1 engr coy, 1 MP coy) (All Ukraine 302; 3 obs; 1 avn unit
non operational) United Kingdom 3 obs
Trg 1 unit ( forming, non operational) United States 6; 7 obs;
FACILITIES Yemen, Republic of 1
Bases 3 (Barclay Training Camp, Sandee S. Ware and Zambia 4 obs
Edward B. Kessely military barracks Zimbabwe 2 obs
Liaison sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 337 Skymaster; PA-23

Madagascar Mdg Aztec
Trg sqn with Cessna 172
Malagsy Ariary fr 2007 2008 2009
Hel sqn with Mi-8 Hip
GDP fr 13.85tr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 7.4bn
AIRCRAFT
per capita US$ 380 TPT 11: 1 An-26 Curl; 1 BN-2 Islander; 2 CASA 212
Growth % 6.5 2.1 Aviocar; 1 Cessna 310; 2 Cessna 337 Skymaster; 4 Yak-40
Inflation % 10.3 9.4 Codling (VIP)
Def bdgt fr 154bn 176bn UTL 5: 4 Cessna 172; 1 PA-23 Aztec
US$ 82m 99m HELICOPTERS • SPT 5 Mi-8 Hip
US$1=fr 1,873 1,765
Paramilitary 8,100
Gendarmerie 8,100
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5 PCI less
Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 12% 1% than 100 tonnes
Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
Capabilities Malawi Miw

ACTIVE 13,500 (Army 12,500 Navy 500 Air 500) Malawian Kwacha K 2007 2008 2009
Paramilitary 8,100 GDP K 340bn 393bn
Terms of service conscription (incl for civil purposes) 18 months US$ 2.4bn 2.8bn
Organisations by Service Growth % 7.9 7.1
Inflation % 7.9 8.2
Army 12,500+ Def bdgt K 5.8bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 42m
Army 2 (gp) bn
US$1=K 139 140
Sub-Saharan
Engr 1 regt
Africa
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 12 PT-76 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
RECCE 73: ε35 BRDM-2; 10 Ferret; ε20 M-3A1; 8 M-8 Male 23% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
APC (T) ε30 M-3A1 half-track
Female 23% 6% 5% 4% 11% 2%
ARTY 25+
TOWED 17: 105mm 5 M-101; 122mm 12 D-30
MOR 8+ : 82mmM-37; 120mm 8 M-43
Capabilities
AT • RCL 106mm M-40A1 ACTIVE 5,300 (Army 5,300) Paramilitary 1,500
RL 89mm LRAC
AD • GUNS • TOWED 70: 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4; 37mm 20
Type-55 (M-1939)
Navy 500 (incl some 100 Marines) Army 5,300

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 Inf 3 bn
PB 6 (USCG) Para 1 indep bn
AMPHIBIOUS 1 LCT† (Fr Edic) Spt 1 (general) bn (1+ marine coy 1 armd recce sqn, 1
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 tpt/trg† engr unit, 2 lt arty bty)
FACILITIES EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Bases Located at Diégo Suarez, Tamatave, Fort Dauphin, Less than 20% serviceability
Tuléar, Majunga RECCE 41: 13 Eland; 20 FV721 Fox; 8 Ferret
ARTY 17
Air Force 500 TOWED 105mm 9 lt
FORCES BY ROLE MOR 81mm 8 L16
Tpt sqn with An-26 Curl; BN-2 Islander; CASA 212 AD • SAM • MANPAD 15 Blowpipe
Aviocar; Yak-40 Codling (VIP) GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm 40 ZPU-4
Maritime Wing 220 Capabilities

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 15 ACTIVE 7,350 (Army 7,350) Paramilitary 4,800
PCI 3: 1 Kasungu† less than 100 tonnes; 2 Namacurra† Militia 3,000
PBR 12† (various) Organisations by Service
AMPHIBIOUS 1 LCU
FACILITIES Army circa 7,350
Base Located at Monkey Bay (Lake Nyasa) FORCES BY ROLE
Tk 2 bn
Air Wing 200 Inf 4 bn
FORCES BY ROLE SF 1 bn
Tpt 1 sqn with Basler Turbo-67; Do-228; Hawker 800 AB 1 bn
Tpt hel sqn with AS-332 Super Puma (VIP); Arty 2 bn
AS-350L Ecureuil; SA-330F Puma AD 2 bty
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Engr 1 bn
AIRCRAFT • TPT 7: 2 Basler Turbo-67; 4 Do-228; 1 SAM 1 bty
Hawker 800
HELICOPTERS • SPT 3: 1 AS-332 Super Puma (VIP); 1 MBT 33: 12 T-54/T-55; 21 T-34
AS-350L Ecureuil; 1 SA-330F Puma LT TK 18 Type-62
RECCE 20 BRDM-2
Paramilitary 1,500 APC (W) 50: 30 BTR-40; 10 BTR-60; 10 BTR-152
ARTY 46+
Mobile Police Force 1,500 TOWED 14+: 100mm 6 M-1944; 122mm 8 D-30; 130mm
RECCE 8 S52 Shorland M-46 (reported)
AIRCRAFT 4 MRL 122mm 2 BM-21
MP 3 BN-2T Defender (border patrol) MOR 30+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 30 M-43
TPT 1 SC.7 3M Skyvan AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
HELICOPTERS • UTL 2 AS-365 Dauphin 2 RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
GUNS 85mm 6 D-44
AD • SAM 12+
Deployment TOWED 12+ SA-3 Goa
Democratic Republic of Congo MANPAD SA-7 Grail
GUNS • TOWED 12: 37mm 6 M-1939; 57mm 6 S-60
UN • MONUC 111; 23 obs; 1 CSS coy
SUDAN
Navy 50
UN • UNMIS 6 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 PCR†
FACILITIES
Mali RMM Bases Located at Bamako, Mopti, Segou, Timbuktu
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009 Air Force 400

GDP fr 3.56tr FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 7.4bn Ftr 1 sqn with MiG-21 Fishbed
per capita US$ 621 Tpt regt with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; An-2 Colt
Growth % 3.1 4.8 Trg sqn with L-29 Delfin; Yak-11 Moose; Yak-18 Max;
MiG-21UM Mongol
Inflation % 2.5 2.5
Hel sqn with AS-350 Ecureuil; Mi-8 Hip;
Def bdgt fr ε75bn
Z-9 (AS-365N) Dauphin 2
US$ ε157m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=fr 479 487
Population 12,324,029 FTR 11 MiG-21 Fishbed
TPT 5: 2 An-24 Coke; 1 An-26 Curl; 2 An-2 Colt
Ethnic groups: Tuareg 6-10%
TRG 13: 6 L-29 Delfin; 4 Yak-11 Moose; 2 Yak-18 Max: 1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MiG-21UM Mongol
HELICOPTERS
Male 24% 6% 5% 4% 9% 1%
SPT 2: 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 1 Mi-8 Hip
Female 24% 5% 4% 4% 12% 2% UTL 2 Z-9 (AS-365N) Dauphin 2
Paramilitary 4,800 active Engr 1 coy

Spt 1 tps
Gendarmerie 1,800
Paramilitary 8 coy EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE BRDM-2; Ferret
Republican Guard 2,000 AIFV 2 VAB with 20mm gun
APC (W) 16: 7 Tactica; 9 VAB
National Police 1,000 ARTY • MOR 81mm 2
AT • RL 89mm 4 LRAC
Militia 3,000
Coast Guard ε500
Non-State Groups PSOH 1 Vigilant (capacity 1 hel) (Ca Guardian design)
see Part II PCC 1 SDB-MK3
PCI 3: 2 Zhuk; less than 100 tonnes (FSU); 1 P-2000
Deployment PBI 16
AIRCRAFT • MP 3: 1 BN-2T Defender; 2 Do-228-101
UN • MINURCAT 2 obs Police Air Wing
HELICOPTERS • UTL 4 SA-316 Alouette III

UN • MONUC 15 obs
Liberia Mozambique Moz
UN • UNMIL 4 obs Mozambique Metical
2007 2008 2009
M
sudan GDP M 201tr 204bn
UN • UNMIS 4 obs US$ 7.8bn 8.1bn
Growth % 7.0 6.5
Mauritius Ms Inflation % 8.2 10.1
Def bdgt M 1.48tr
Mauritian Rupee R 2007 2008 2009
Sub-Saharan
US$ 57m
GDP R 235bn 292bn
Africa
US$1=M 25,750 26
US$ 7.5bn 9.6bn
per capita US$ 6,000 7,538 Population 21,284,701
Growth % 4.2 6.6 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Inflation % 9.1 8.8 Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1%
Def bdgt R 854m 1,013m Female 21% 5% 4% 4% 14% 2%
US$ 27m 33m
US$1=R 31.3 30.4 Capabilities
Population 1,274,189 ACTIVE 11,200 (Army 10,000 Navy 200 Air 1,000)
Terms of service conscription, 2 years
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 12% 4% 4% 4% 22% 3% Organisations by Service
Female 12% 4% 4% 4% 22% 4%
Army ε9,000–10,000
Capabilities FORCES BY ROLE
ACTIVE NIL Paramilitary 2,000 Inf 7 bn
SF 3 bn
Organisations by Service Arty 2-3 bty
Engr 2 bn
Paramilitary 2,000 Log 1 bn
Special Mobile Force ε1,500
Equipment at estimated 10% or less serviceability
FORCES BY ROLE MBT 60+ T-54
Rifle 6 coy RECCE 30 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Paramilitary 2 (mob) coy AIFV 40 BMP-1
APC (W) 260+: 160 BTR-60; 100 BTR-152; Casspir

ARTY 126 Namibia Nba
TOWED 62; 100mm 20 M-1944; 105mm 12 M-101;
Namibian Dollar N$ 2007 2008 2009
122mm 12 D-30; 130mm 6 M-46; 152mm 12 D-1
MRL 122mm 12 BM-21 GDP N$ 53.0bn 54.0bn
MOR 52: 82mm 40 M-43; 120mm 12 M-43 US$ 7.5bn 5.3bn
AT • MSL • MANPATS 290: 20 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 120 in per capita US$ 3,663 2,560
store; 12 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 138 in store Growth % 3.6 3.9
RCL 75mm; 82mm B-10; 107mm 24 B-12
Inflation % 6.7 8.7
GUNS 85mm 18: 6 D-48; 12 Type-56 (D-44)
AD • SAM • MANPAD 250: 20 SA-7 Grail; 230 in store Def bdgt N$ 1.68bn 2.37bn
GUNS 330+ US$ 239m 234m
SP 57mm 20 ZSU-57-2 US$1=N$ 7.04 10.1
TOWED 310+: 20mm M-55; 23mm 120 ZU-23-2;
37mm 100: 90 M-1939; 10 in store; 57mm 90: 60 S-60;
30 in store Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
Navy ε200 Female 19% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
Bases Located at Pemba - Metangula (Lake Malawi),
Nacala, Beira, Maputo

Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5 ACTIVE 9,200 (Army 9,000 Navy 200) Paramilitary
PBI 2 Namacurra 6,000
PBR 3
Air Force 1,000
Army 9,000
FORCES BY ROLE MOD plans to build new military bases including at
(incl AD units) Luiperdsvallei outside Windheek, Osana near Okahandja,
FGA MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N non-operational Keetmanshoop and Karibib
Tpt 1 sqn with An-26 Curl; CASA 212 Aviocar; FORCES BY ROLE
PA-32 Cherokee non-operational Inf 6 bn
Trg sqn with Cessna 182 Skylane; Z-326 Trener Master AT 1 regt
Hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind†*; Mi-8 Hip non-operational Cbt Spt 1 bde (1 arty regt)
SAM bty with SA-3 Goa non-operational;
Presidential Guard 1 bn
SA-2 Guideline†
AD 1 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT none combat capable
MBT T-54/T-55†; T-34†
FTR some MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N non-operational
RECCE 12 BRDM-2
TPT 5: 2 An-26 Curl; 2 CASA 212 Aviocar; 1 Cessna 182
APC (W) 60:10 BTR-60; 20 Casspir; 30 Wolf Turbo 2
Skylane ARTY 69
TRG 11: 4 PA-32 Cherokee non-operational; 7 Z-326 TOWED 40mm 24 G2
Trener Master MRL 122mm 5 BM-21
HELICOPTERS MOR 40: 81mm; 82mm
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind†* AT • RCL 82mm B-10
SPT 2 Mi-8 Hip non-operational GUNS 12+: 57mm; 76mm 12 ZIS-3
AD • SAM 10+ SA-3 Goa non-operational AD • SAM • MANPAD 74 SA-7 Grail
TOWED: SA-2 Guideline† GUNS 65
SP 23mm 15 Zumlac
TOWED 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4
Deployment
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Navy ε200
Fishery protection, part of the Ministry of Fisheries
UN • MONUC 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Sudan PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
UN • UNMIS 1 obs PCO 3
PCC 1 Oryx
PBI 2 Ex Namacurra
Foreign FORCES AIRCRAFT • UTL 1 F406 Caravan II
Portugal Navy: 7 hel 1
FACILITIES
Base Located at Walvis Bay Capabilities
Paramilitary 6,000 5,400
Terms of service selective conscription (2 year)
Police Force • Special Field Force 6,000 (incl
Border Guard and Special Reserve Force)
Air Force
FORCES BY ROLE Army 5,200
FGA sqn with MiG-23 Flogger (reported); F-7NM (J-7) FORCES BY ROLE
Surv sqn with Cessna 337 Skymaster/O-2A Skymaster 3 Mil Districts
Tpt sqn with An-26 Curl; Falcon 900; Learjet 36; 2 Y-12 Armd recce 4 sqn
Trg sqn with K-8; FT-7NG (J-7) Inf 7 coy
Hel sqn with Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; AB 2 coy
SA-319 Alouette III Engr 1 coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AD 1 coy
AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

FTR 10: 2 MiG-23 Flogger (reported); 8 F-7NM (J-7) RECCE 132: 35 AML-20/AML-60; 90 AML-90; 7 VBL
TPT 11: 2 An-26 Curl; 1 Falcon 900; 1 Learjet 36; 2 Y-12, 5 APC (W) 22 M-3 Panhard
Cessna 337 Skymaster tpt/O-2A Skymaster ARTY • MOR 40: 81mm 19 Brandt; 82mm 17; 120mm 4
TRG 14: 12 K-8; 2 FT-7NG (J-7)
Brandt
HELICOPTERS
AT • RCL 14: 75mm 6 M-20; 106mm 8 M-40
ATK 2 Mi-25 Hind D
RL 89mm 36 LRAC
SPT 2 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
AD • GUNS 39
UTL 2 SA-319 Alouette III
SP 10 M3 VDAA
TOWED 20mm 29
Deployment
Côte D’Ivoire
Air Force 100
Sub-Saharan
UN • UNOCI 2 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Africa
Tpt sqn with An-26 Curl; B-737-200 (VIP);
Liberia C-130H Hercules; Do-28
UN • UNMIL 4; 2 obs Liaison sqn with Cessna 337D Skymaster
SUDAN EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNMIS 9 obs AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 An-26 Curl; 1 B-737-200 (VIP); 1
UN • UNAMID 1 C-130H Hercules; 2 Cessna 337D Skymaster; 1 Do-28
Paramilitary 5,400
Niger Ngr
2007 2008
Gendarmerie 1,400
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2009
GDP fr 2.10tr Republican Guard 2,500
US$ 4.4bn
per capita US$ 340
National Police 1,500
Growth % 3.2 4.4
Inflation % 0.1 8.3
Deployment
Def bdgt fr ε22bn Burundi
US$ ε46m UN • BINUB 1 obs
US$1=fr 479 487
Côte D’Ivoire
Population 13,272,679 UN • UNOCI 385; 6 obs; 1 inf bn
Ethnic groups: Tuareg 8-10%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus UN • MONUC 16 obs
Male 24% 6% 4% 4% 11% 1% Liberia
Female 23% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1% UN • UNMIL 3 obs
AD • SAM 164
Nigeria Nga SP 16 Roland
MANPAD 148: 48 Blowpipe; ε100 SA-7 Grail
Nigerian Naira N 2007 2008 2009
GUNS 90+
GDP N 16.8tr SP 30 ZSU-23-4
US$ 135bn TOWED 60+: 20mm 60+; 23mm ZU-23; 40mm L/70
per capita US$ 999 RADAR • LAND: some RASIT (veh, arty)
Growth % 5.9 6.2
Navy 8,000 (incl Coast Guard)
FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt N 122bn 158bn
Navy Western Comd HQ located at Apapa; Eastern
US$ 980m 1,350m
Comd HQ located at Calabar; Naval Bases at Warri,
FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 1.3m 1.3m Port Harcourt, Naval Trg school at Sapele, Delta
US$1=N 125 117 State.
Ethnic groups: North (Hausa and Fulani) South-west (Yoruba) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2
South-east (Ibo); these tribes make up ε65% of population FRIGATES • FFG 1 Aradu (Ge MEKO 360) with 8
single each with 1 Otomat tactical SSM, 1 Albatros
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus octuple with 24 Aspide SAM, 2 STWS 1B triple 324mm
Male 21% 5% 5% 4% 14% 1% with 18 A244 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx MK
Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 2% 89 SAR hel)
CORVETTES • FS 1 Enymiri (UK Vosper Mk 9) each
Capabilities with 1 x 3 Seacat Systems (3 eff.) with Seacat SAM, 1 2
tube Bofors 375mm (2 eff.), 1 76mm gun
Paramilitary 82,000 PFM 1 Ayam (Fr Combattante) each with 2 twin (4 eff.)
Reserves planned, none org
each with 1 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
(Additional 2 vessels†)
Organisations by Service PCO 4 Balsam (buoy tenders (US))
PCC 1 Ekpe (Ge Lurssen 57m (Additional 2 vessels †))
Army 62,000 with 1 76mm gun
FORCES BY ROLE PBF 15 Defender
Army 1 (comp) div (2 mot inf bde, 1 AB bn, MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
1 amph bde, 1 engr bde, 1 arty bde, 1 MCC 2 Ohue (mod It Lerici)
recce bde) AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 1 Ambe (capacity 5 tanks; 220
Armd 1 div (1 recce bn, 1 engr bde, 1 arty troops) (Ge)
bde, 2 armd bde) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5:
Mech 2 div (each: 1 engr bn, 1 mot inf bde, 1 1 AGHS; 3 YTL; 1 TRG
mech bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bde) FACILITIES
Presidential Guard 1 bde (2 Gd bn) Bases Located at Lagos, Apapa, Calabar
AD 1 regt
Naval Aviation
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS
MBT 276: 176 Vickers Mk 3; 100 T-55† SAR 2 Lynx MK 89† non-operational
LT TK 157 Scorpion UTL 2 A-109E Power†
RECCE 342: 90 AML-60; 40 AML-90; 70 EE-9 Cascavel; 50
FV721 Fox; 20 Saladin Mk2; 72 VBL (reported) Air Force 10,000
APC 437+
FORCES BY ROLE†
APC (T) 317: 250 4K-7FA Steyr; 67 MT-LB
APC (W) 120+: 10 FV603 Saracen; 110 Piranha; EE-11 Very limited op capability
Urutu (reported) Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with Jaguar S(N)† non-operational;
ARTY 506 Jaguar B(N)†; 1 sqn with Alpha Jet; 1 sqn with
SP 155mm 39 VCA 155 Palmaria MiG-21bis/MiG-21FR†; MiG-21MF†; MiG-
TOWED 112: 105mm 50 M-56; 122mm 31 D-30/D-74; 21U†*
130mm 7 M-46; 155mm 24 FH-77B in store Tpt 2 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30
MRL 122mm 25 APR-21 Hercules; Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant;
MOR 330+: 81mm 200; 82mm 100; 120mm 30+ Do-228-200 (incl 2 VIP); G-222; Presidential
AT • MSL • MANPATS Swingfire flt with Gulfstream II/Gulfstream IV; B-727;
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1 BAe-125-1000; Falcon 900
Trg sqns with MB-339A* (all being upgraded; NEPAL

L-39MS Albatros†*; Air Beetle†; Hughes 300 UN • UNMIN 3 obs
Hel sqns with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind†; Bo-105D†;
AS-332 Super Puma; SA-330 Puma; Mi-34 Hermit Sierra Leone
(trg); IMATT 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Sudan
UN • UNMIS 14 obs
FTR 17: 5 MiG-21MF Fishbed J†; 12 MiG-21bis Fishbed L &
N MiG-21 FTR/MiG-21FR Fishbed Recce† UN • UNAMID 2,887; 9 obs; 4 inf bn
FGA 36: 24 L-39MS Albatros†; 12 Jaguar N)† non- Western Sahara
operational
TPT 52: 2 Gulfstream II/Gulfstream IV; 1 B-727; 1
BAe-125-1000; 5 C-130H Hercules; 3 C-130H-30 Hercules;
17 Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant; 16 Do-228-200 (incl 2
VIP); 2 Falcon 900; 5 G-222† Rwanda Rwa
TRG 80: 58 Air Beetle† (up to 20 awaiting repair); 6 Alpha
Rwandan Franc fr 2007 2008 2009
Jet (FGA/trg)*; 3 Jaguar B(N)†*; 12 MB-339AN* (all being
upgraded); 1 MiG-21U Mongol A†* GDP fr 1.59tr
HELICOPTERS US$ 2.9bn

ATK 9: 5 Mi-35 Hind; 4 Mi-24 Hind (2 -24P, 2 -24V) per capita US$ 296
SPT 9: 7 AS-332 Super Puma; 2 SA-330 Puma Growth % 6.0 6.0
UTL 10: 5 Bo–105D†
TRG 13 Hughes 300; 5 Mi-34 Hermit†
MSL • AAM AA-2 Atoll Def bdgt fr 33.9bn 38.8bn
US$ 62m 70m
Paramilitary ε82,000 US$1=fr 546 551
Coast Guard Population 10,186,063

Ethnic groups: Hutu 80%; Tutsi 19%
Port Security Police ε2,000
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Sub-Saharan
BOATS/CRAFT 60+ boats Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 1%
Africa
AMPHIBIOUS 5+ ACV
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
Security and Civil Defence Corps • Police
80,000 Capabilities
APC (W) 70+: 70+ AT105 Saxon†; UR-416
ACTIVE 33,000 (Army 32,000 Air 1,000) Paramilitary
AIRCRAFT • TPT 4: 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 2 PA-31
Navajo; 1 PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain 2,000
HELICOPTERS • UTL 4: 2 AB-212 (Bell 212); 2
AB-222 (Bell 222) Organisations by Service
Non-State Groups Army 32,000
see Part II FORCES BY ROLE
Army 4 div (each: 3 Army bde)
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD MBT 24 T-54/T-55
UN • MINURCAT 3 obs RECCE 106: ε90 AML-60/AML-90/AML-245; 16 VBL
Côte D’Ivoire AIFV BMP
UN • UNOCI 8 obs APC (W) 16+: 16 RG-31 Nyala; BTR; Buffalo (M-3 Panhard)
ARTY 155+
TOWED 35+: 105mm 29 Type-54 (D-1); 122mm 6 D-30;
UN • MONUC 23 obs
152mm†
GEORGIA MRL 122mm 5 RM-70 Dana
UN • UNOMIG 1 obs MOR 115: 81mm; 82mm; 120mm
Liberia AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail
UN • UNMIL 1,661; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 5 sigs pl GUNS ε150: 14.5mm; 23mm; 37mm
Air Force ε1,000 Organisations by Service

FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt sqn with An-2 Colt; An-8 Camp; Army 11,900 (incl conscripts)
B-707; BN-2A Islander FORCES BY ROLE
Trg sqn with L-39 Albatros 4 Mil Zone HQ
Hel sqn with Mi-24V Hind E; Mi-17MD (Mi-8MTV5) Hip Armd 3 bn
H Inf 6 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cdo/AB 1 bn
AIRCRAFT Arty 1 bn
TPT 5+: An-2 Colt; 2–3 An-8 Camp; 1 B-707; 1 BN-2A Engr 1 bn
Islander
Presidential Guard 1 bn (horsed)
TRG L-39 Albatros
Construction 3 coy
HELICOPTERS
ATK 5–7 Mi-24V Hind E EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPT 8–12 Mi-17MD (Mi-8MTV5) Hip H RECCE 71: 30 AML-60; 27 AML-90; 10 M-8; 4 M-20
APC 28+
Paramilitary APC (T) 12 M-3 half-track
APC (W) 16+ M-3 Panhard

Local Defence Forces ε2,000 ARTY 28
TOWED 12105mm 6 HM-2/M-101; 155mm ε6 Model-50
Non-State Groups MOR 16: 81mm 8 Brandt; 120mm 8 Brandt
see Part II AT • MSL • MANPATS 4 Milan
RL 89mm 31 LRAC
AD • GUNS • TOWED 33: 20mm 21 M-693; 40mm 12
Deployment L/60
UN • MINURCAT 1 obs Navy 950
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Sudan
UN • UNMIS 256; 14 obs; 1 inf bn(-)
PCO 4: 1 Fouta (Dk Osprey); 1 Njambour (Fr SFCN 59m);
UN • UNAMID 2,559 ; 7 obs; 4 inf bn
2 Saint Louis (PR-48)
PFI 3 Senegal II
Senegal Sen PCI 2 Alioune Samb
AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 2 Edic 700
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009 FACILITIES
GDP fr 5.62tr 5.95tr Bases Located at Dakar and Casamance
US$ 11.7bn 12.2bn
per capita US$ 938 952 Air Force 770
Growth % 4.8 4.3 FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % 8.0 16.0 MP/SAR sqn with EMB-111
Def bdgt fr 92.5bn Surv 1 unit with BN-2T Islander (anti-smuggling
patrols)
US$ 193m
Tpt 1 sqn with B-727-200 (VIP); F-27-400M
US$1=fr 479 487
Troopship
Population 12,853,259 Trg sqn with Rallye 235 Guerrier*; TB30 Epsilon
Ethnic groups: Wolof 36%; Fulani 17%; Serer 17%; Toucouleur 9%; Hel sqn with Mi-35P Hind; SA-330 Puma; SA-341H
Man-dingo 9%; Diola 9% (of which 30-60% in Casamance) Gazelle; SA-318C Alouette II; S355F Ecureuil; Bell
206
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Female 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
SURV 2 BN-2T Islander (gov owned, mil op)
Capabilities TPT 7: 1 B-727-200 (VIP); 6 F-27-400M Troopship
TRG 3: 1 Rallye 235 Guerrier*; 2 TB30 Epsilon
ACTIVE 13,620 (Army 11,900 Navy 950 Air 770) HELICOPTERS
Paramilitary 5,000 ATK 2 Mi-35P Hind
Terms of service conscription, 2 years selective SPT 2 Mi-171 Hip;
UTL 6: 2 Mi-2; 2 SA-318C Alouette II; 1 AS355F Ecureuil;

12 Bell 206
Capabilities
ACTIVE 200 (Army 200) Paramilitary 450
Paramilitary 5,000
Gendarmerie 5,000 Organisations by Service
APC (W) 12 VXB-170
Army 200
Customs FORCES BY ROLE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 2 PCI less Sy 1 unit
than 100 tonnes Inf 1 coy
Non-State Groups RECCE 6 BRDM-2†
see Part II ARTY• MOR 82mm 6 M-43†
AT • RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout†
Deployment AD • SAM • MANPAD 10 SA-7 Grail†
GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2†; ZPU-4†; 37mm
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD M-1939†
Paramilitary
Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 326; 10 obs; 1 inf bn Coast Guard 200 (incl 80 Marines)
COMOROS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AU • MAES 120 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
PCC 2: 1 Andromache (It Pichiotti 42m); 1 Topaz
Democratic Republic of Congo PCI 7: 1 Zhuk less than 100 tonnes; 6 less than 100
UN • MONUC 459; 17 obs; 1 inf bn tonnes
Liberia AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 1 Cinq Juin (govt owned but
civilian op)
UN • UNMIL 3
FACILITIES
Sub-Saharan
SUDAN Base Located at Port Victoria
Africa
UN • UNAMID 550; 9 obs; 1 inf bn
National Guard 250
Foreign FORCES
Air Wing 20
France Army 610; 1 (Marine) mech inf bn with (1 recce sqn AIRCRAFT
with ERC-90F Lynx); Navy 230: 1 Atlantique ; Air Force: 1 TPT 2: 1 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 152
C-160 Transall; 1 AS-555 Fennec UTL 1 F406 Caravan II
Seychelles Sey Sierra Leone SL

Seychelles Rupee Sierra Leonean
2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
SR Leone L
GDP SR 3.9bn GDP L 5.13tr
US$ 580m US$ 1.72bn
per capita US$ 7,108 per capita US$ 280
Growth % 5.5 2.5 Growth % 6.8 5.3
Def bdgt SR 77m Def bdgt L 88.0bn 66.1bn
US$ 11m US$ 29m 22m
US$1=SR 6.7 8.6 US$1=L 2,985 2,985
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 13% 5% 5% 4% 19% 2% Male 22% 5% 4% 4% 12% 2%
Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 21% 4% Female 23% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
Capabilities Somalia SR
ACTIVE 10,500 (Joint 10,500) Somali Shilling sh 2007* 2008 * 2009
GDP US$
Organisations by Service per capita US$
* definitive economic data unavailable
Total Armed Forces 10,500
UK-trained national army has formed, which has an initial Population 9,558,666
target strength of 13–14,000. This initial strength is set to
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
reduce to some 10,000 over a ten year period.
ARTY • MOR 31: 81mm ε27; 82mm 2; 120mm 2 Male 22% 5% 4% 3% 14% 1%
AT • RCL 84mm Carl Gustav Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 2%
HELICOPTERS • SPT 2 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip†
AD • GUNS 7: 12.7mm 4; 14.5mm 3 Capabilities
No national armed forces since 1991. Transitional
Navy ε200 government attempting to set up armed forces but
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE hampered by defections, financial difficulties, UN arms
embargo and institutional deficiencies. Militia forces

PCI 1 Shanghai III and armed groups within the country. Somaliland and
PCR 3 (various craft gifted ‘06) Puntland have their own militias. Hy equipment in poor
FACILITIES repair or inoperable.
Base Located at Freetown
Military Forces
Non-State Groups
see Part II Transitional Federal Government
Army ε2,000 (Ethiopian trained)
Deployment
NEPAL Somaliland
UN • UNMIN 2 obs Army ε15,000
TIMOR-LESTE
UN • UNMIT 1 obs
Coastguard ε150 with some craft
Puntland
Foreign FORCES
Canada IMATT 11 Armed Forces ε5–10,000; coastguard
Germany IMATT 1
Jamaica IMATT 1 Non-State GROUPS
Nepal UNIOSIL 2 obs see Part II
Nigeria IMATT 1
Pakistan UNIOSIL 1 obs Foreign FORCES
Russia UNIOSIL 1 obs Burundi AMISOM 1,700; 2 inf bn
United Kingdom UNIOSIL 1 obs • IMATT Army: 63 (incl Ethiopia 2,500-3,000 (in spt of Somalia’s TFG)
Trg Team, Tri-service HQ and spt) Uganda AMISOM 1,700; 2 inf bn
United States IMATT 3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
South Africa RSA MBT 167: 34 Olifant 1A; 133 Olifant; 1B in store
RECCE 176: 82 Rooikat-76; 94 in store
South African Rand R 2007 2008 2009 AIFV 1,200: 534 Ratel-20 Mk III-20/ Ratel-60 Mk III-60/
GDP R 1.85tr Ratel-90 Mk III-90 FSV 90; 666 in store
US$ 264bn APC (W) 810: 370 Casspir; 440 Mamba
per capita US$ 5,992 ARTY 1,467
SP 155mm 43: 2 G-6; 41 in store
Growth % 5.1 3.8
TOWED 147: 140mm 75 G2 in store; 155mm 72: 6 G-5;
66 in store
Def exp R 26.41bn MRL 127mm 51: 26 Valkiri Mk I in store (24 tube); 21 Valkiri
US$ 3.75bn Mk II MARS Bataleur (40 tube); 4 in store (40 tube)
Def bdgt R 25.92bn 28.23bn 29.86bn MOR 1,226: 81mm 1,190 (incl some SP); 120mm 36
US$ 3.68bn 2.79bn AT • MSL • MANPATS 52: 16 ZT-3 Swift; 36 in store; 17
Milan ADT/ER
US$1=R 7.04 10.1
RCL 106mm 100 M-40A1 (some SP)
Population 43,786,115 RL 92mm FT-5
AD • GUNS 76
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus SP 23mm 36 Zumlac
Male 15% 6% 5% 4% 16% 2% TOWED 35mm 40 GDF-002

Female 15% 6% 5% 4% 18% 3% UAV • TACTICAL up to 4 Vulture
RADAR • LAND ESR 220 Kameelperd; 2 Thales Page
Capabilities Reserve Organisations
ACTIVE 62,082 (Army 37,141 Navy 6,244 Air 10,653 Regular Reserve 12,264 reservists (under strength)
South African Military Health Service 8,044) Tk 3 bn
CIVILIAN 12,382 (Army 6,452 Navy 2,000 Air 2,144 Armd Recce 2 bn
South African Military Health Service 1,786) Recce 1 bn
Mech Inf 6 bn
RESERVE 15,071 (Army 12,264 Navy 861 Air 831
Mot Inf 16 bn (incl 2 dual roles: 1 AB, 1 Amph
South African Military Health Service Reserve 1,115)
Sub-Saharan
Lt Inf 3 converting to mot inf
Africa
AB 1 bn
Organisations by Service Arty 7 regt
Engr 2 regt
Army 37,141 AD 4 regt
FORCES BY ROLE
Formations under direct command and control of SANDF Navy 6,244
Chief of Joint Operations: 9 Joint Operational Tactical HQs, FORCES BY ROLE
tps are provided when necessary by permanent and reserve Navy Fleet HQ and Naval base located at Simon’s Town;
force units from all services and SF Bde. Naval Office located at Pretoria; Naval stations
A new army structure is planned with 2 divisions (1 Durban and Port Elizabeth
mechanised, 1 motorised) with 10 bdes (1 armd, 1 mech,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
7 motorised and 1 rapid reaction). General Staff branches SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Type 209 with 8
(GS1-7 ) being reintroduced (Mar 2009); Training, Support 533mm TT
and Land Commands with the 10 Bdes established (Mar PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES
2010); re-establish Divisional HQ (Mar 2011). FSG 4 Valour (MEKO A200) with 2 quad (8 eff.) with MM-
HQ 2 bde 40 Exocet ASSM tactical; 2 octuple VLS with Umkhonto-IR
Tk 1 bn naval SAM, (capacity 1 Lynx Srs 300 Super Lynx ASW/
ASUW hel)
Armd recce 1 bn
Mech inf 2 bn PFM 2 Warrior (Il Reshef) each with 6 Skerpioen tactical
SF 1 bde (2 SF bn under strength) SSM (Il Gabriel); (additional vessel in reserve)
Mot inf 10 bn (1 bn roles as AB, 1 as Amph) PCI 24: 21 Namacurra; 3 craft less than 100 tonnes
Arty 1 bn
MHC 2 River (Ge Navors) (Limited operational roles;
ADA 1 bn training and dive support); (additional vessel in reserve)
Engr 1 regt AMPHIBIOUS 6 LCU
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6: Ground Defence

AORH 1 Drakensberg with 1 spt hel (capacity 4 LCU; 100 FORCES BY ROLE
troops)
Air some SAAF regt (total: 12 (security) Air sqn)
AGOS 1 (use for Antarctic survey, operated by private
co. for Dept of Environment) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AGHS 1 (UK Hecla) 2 Radar (static) located at Ellisras and Mariepskop; 2
YTM 3 (mobile long-range); 4 (tactical mobile)
FACILITIES FACILITIES
Bases Located at Durban Salisbury Island (Naval Station), Radar air Located at Pretoria, Hoedspruit
Pretoria, Simon’s Town control sectors
Air Force 10,653

Air Force office, Pretoria, and 4 op gps
South African Military Health Service 8,044;
Command & Control: 2 Airspace Control Sectors, 1 ε1,115 reservists (total 9,159)
Mobile Deployment Wg A separate service within the SANDF
1 Air Force Command Post
FORCES BY ROLE Deployment
Multi-role 1 sqn with JAS-39C/D Gripen forming at
Burundi
Makhado
AU • AUSTF • Operation Curiculum 1,024
Tkr/EW/tpt 1 sqn with B-707-320
Tpt 1 (VIP) sqn with B-737 BBJ; CE-550 Citation II; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Falcon 50; Falcon 900; 1 sqn with C-47TP (Basler Operation Vimbazela (bilateral support) 56
Turbo-67) (6 maritime, 4 tpt, 1 PR/EW trg); 2
sqns with C-130B;C-130BZ Hercules; CN-235; Democratic Republic of Congo
CASA 212; Cessna 185; 1 tpt and trg school UN • MONUC • Operation Mistral 1,158; 15 obs; 1 inf bn;
with Beech 200 Super King Air; Beech 300 Super 3 Engr coy; 1 CSS coy; 1 avn unit, (air med evacuation
King Air; Cessna 208 Caravan I; PC-12 Aviocar; 9 team, air base control det)
AF Reserve sqns with ε130 private light tpt ac
Operation Teutonic 29
Tpt hel 4 mixed sqn with Oryx (AS-332B) Super Puma;
BK-11; A109UH; nepal
1 hel trg school with Oryx and A109 UN • UNMIN 1 obs
Hel 1 (cbt spt) sqn with CSH-1 Rooivalk*
sudan
ASuW/SAR 4 Super Lynx 300 deployed on Navy Valour
class frigates UN • UNAMID 587; 13 obs; 1 inf bn
Trg 1 (Lead-in Ftr Trg) sqn with Hawk Mk120; 1 UGANDA
basic flying trg school with PC-7 MkII Astra; 1
AU • Operation Bongane 2 obs
air nav school
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 12 combat capable Sudan Sdn
Multi-role: 4 JAS-39D Gripen (further 22 Gripen – 17
JAS-39C, 5 -39D – to be delivered by 2012) Sudanese Dinar d 2007 2008 2009
LIFT 20 Hawk Mk120 (24 total on order) GDP d 9.3tr 12.9tr
TPT 51: 3 B-707-320 (only 1/2 op); 1 B-737 BBJ; 3 Beech US$ 44.8bn 59.2bn
200 Super King Air; 1 Beech 300 Super King Air; 2
C-130B Hercules; 7 C-130BZ Hercules; 11 C-47TP (Basler
Growth % 10.2 8.5
Turbo-67); 4 CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 CE-550 Citation II; 1
CN-235; 13 Cessna 185; 2 Falcon 50; 1 Falcon 900 Inflation % 8.0 16.0
UTL 12: 11 Cessna 208 Caravan I; 1 PC-12 Def bdgt d
TRG 53 PC-7 Mk II Astra US$
HELICOPTERS US$1=d 202 218
ASLT 11 CSH-1 Rooivalk* (plus 1 that crashed and may
be beyond repair) Population 40,218,455
ASuW/SAR 4 Super Lynx 300 Ethnic and religious groups: Muslim 70% mainly in North;
SPT 39 Oryx (AS-332B) Super Puma Christian10% mainly in South; 52% mainly in South; Arab 39%
mainly in North
UTL 29: 8 BK-117; 21A109UH (total 30 on order)
UAV Seeker II Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD • SAM capability closed down
Male 22% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
MSL •AAM V3C Darter; V4 R-Darter; A-Darter being
procured for Gripen Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 13% 1%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 15
ACTIVE 109,300 (Army 105,000 Navy 1,300 Air PBR 8: 4 Kurmuk; 4 Sewart (all less than 100 tonnes)
PBI 7 Ashroora
AMPHIBIOUS 6
Terms of service conscription (males 18–30) 2 years
LCT 2 Sobat
RESERVE NIL Paramilitary 85,000 LCVP 4
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Port Sudan, Flamingo Bay (Red Sea),
Khartoum (Nile)
Army 85,000; ε20,000 conscripts (total 105,000)

Air Force 3,000
FORCES BY ROLE
The two main air bases are at Khartoum International
Armd 1 div
Airport and Wadi Sayyidna north of Omdurman. The air
Mech inf 1 div; 1 indep bde force also has facilities at civilian airports - El Geneina,
Inf 6 div; 7 indep bde Nyala and El Fasher have been used for Darfur ops.
Recce 1 indep bde Aircrew trg has been reported at Dezful-Ardestani air base,
SF 5 coy southern Iran.
AB 1 div FORCES BY ROLE

Arty 3 indep bde incl Air Defence
FGA sqns with A-5 Fantan; MiG-29SE; MiG-29UB
Engr 1 div
Fulcrum; F-7M (MiG-21); Shenyang J-6
Border Guard 1 bde
Tpt sqns with An-26 Curl (modified for bombing); Falcon
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 20/Falcon 50; C-130H Hercules; DHC-5D Buffalo; Y-8;
MBT 350: 20 M-60A3; 60 Type-59; 270 T-54 / T-55 An-30 Cline; An-74TK-200/300; Falcon 20 (VIP); Falcon
LT TK 115: 70 Type-62; 45 Type-63 50 (VIP); Fokker 27 (VIP)
RECCE 238: 6 AML-90; 60 BRDM-1/BRDM-2; 50–80 Ferret; Trg sqns with K-8 Karokorum,
42 M1114 HMMWV; 30–50 Saladin Hel sqns with Mi-24V Hind E*; Mi-8/Mi-171 (assault );
AIFV 75 BMP-1/BMP-2 IAR-330 (SA-330) Puma
APC 409 AD 5 bty with SA-2 Guideline
APC (T) 66: 36 M-113; 20-30 BTR-50
Sub-Saharan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 343: 55-80 V-150 Commando; 10 BTR 70; 7 BTR-
Africa
80A; 50–80 BTR-152; 20 OT-62; 50 OT-64; 96 Walid
FGA 57: 15 A-5 Fantan; 21 MiG-29SE; 2 MiG-29UB
ARTY 778+
Fulcrum; 3 MiG-23BN; 10 F-7 (MiG-21); 6 Shenyang J-6
SP 20: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 155mm 10 (AMX) Mk
TPT 25: 1 An-26 Curl (modified for bombing)*; 4 C-130H
F3
Hercules; 3 DHC-5D Buffalo; 2 Y-8; 1 An-30 Cline; 1 An-
TOWED 123+ 105mm 20 M-101; 122mm 16+: 16 D-30;
74TK-200/300; 1 Falcon 20 (VIP); 1 Falcon 50 (VIP); 1
D-74; M-30; 130mm 75 M-46/Type-59-I; 12 M-114A1 Fokker 27 (VIP)
MRL 635: 107mm 477 Type-63; 122mm 158: 90 BM-21; 50 TRG 6 K-8 Karokorum*
Saqr; 18 Type-81 HELICOPTERS
MOR 81mm; 82mm; 120mm AM-49; M-43 ATK 23 Mi-24V Hind E*
AT • MSL • MANPATS 4+: 4 Swingfire; AT-3 9K11 Sagger SPT 21+: 20+ Mi-8/Mi-171 ; 1 IAR-330 (SA-330) Puma (10
RCL 106mm 40 M-40A1 non operational)
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout AD • SAM • TOWED: 90 SA-2 Guideline
GUNS 40+: 40 76mm ZIS-3/100mm M-1944; 85mm
D-44 Paramilitary 17,500
AD • SAM • MANPAD 54 SA-7 Grail
GUNS 996+ Popular Defence Force 17,500 (org in bn
SP 20: 20mm 8 M-163 Vulcan; 12 M3 VDAA 1,000); 85,000 reservists (total 102,500)
towed 976+: 740+ 14.5mm ZPU-2/14.5mm ZPU- mil wing of National Islamic Front
4/37mm Type-63/57mm S-60/85mm M-1944; 20mm 16
M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZU-23-2; 37mm 110: 80 M-1939; Non-State Groups
30 unserviceable; 40mm 60 see Part II
RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
Navy 1,300 Deployment

FORCES BY ROLE COMOROS
Navy 1 HQ located at Port Sudan AU • MAES 200
Foreign FORCES Paraguay 8 obs

Peru 18 obs
(all UNMIS, unless otherwise indicated)
Philippines 13 obs
Australia 9; 6 obs
Poland 2 obs
Bangladesh 1,545; 23 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy(+); 1 de-
mining coy; 1 MP coy; 1 fd hospital; 1 tpt coy(-); 1 rvn coy Romania 14 obs
• UNAMID 39; 4 obs Russia 123; 12 obs; 1 avn unit
Belgium 4 obs Rwanda 256; 14 obs; 1inf bn(-) • UNAMID 2,559; 7 obs; 4
Benin 6 obs inf bn
Bolivia 18 obs Senegal UNAMID 550; 9 obs; 1 inf bn
Botswana Army 5 obs South Africa UNAMID 587; 13 obs; 1 inf bn
Brazil 24 obs Sri Lanka 6 obs
Burkina Faso 6 obs • UNAMID 3; 3 obs Sweden 2; 3 obs
Burundi UNAMID 2; 7 obs Tanzania 17 obs • UNAMID 7; 12 obs
Cambodia 136; 7 obs 1 de-mining coy(+) Thailand 12 obs • UNAMID 7
Cameroon 5 Togo UNAMID 1; 8 obs
Canada 8 (Op Safari); 24 obs• UNAMID 5 Turkey 3
China, People’s Republic of 444; 14 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt Uganda 10 obs • UNAMID 3 obs
coy(-); 1 fd hospital • UNAMID 322; 1 engr coy Ukraine 13 obs
Denmark 3; 5 obs United Kingdom 3 • UNAMID 1; 1 obs

Ecuador 20 obs Uruguay 1 obs
Egypt 814; 23 obs; 1 inf coy(+); 1 engr coy(+); 1 med coy(+) Yemen, Republic of 1; 22 obs • UNAMID 8 obs
• UNAMID 624; 12 obs; 1engr coy; 1 sigs coy Zambia 350; 9 obs; 1 inf coy(+) •UNAMID 3; 4 obs
El Salvador 5 obs Zimbabwe 14 obs
Ethiopia UNAMID 357; elm 1 inf bn
Fiji 7 obs
Finland 1
Tanzania Tz
France UNAMID 2 Tanzanian Shilling sh 2007 2008 2009
Gabon 5 obs • UNAMID 10 obs
GDP sh 17.81tr 20.79tr
Gambia, The UNAMID 1 inf coy
US$ 14.3bn 17.3bn
Germany 6; 33 obs
Ghana UNAMID 3 obs; per capita US$ 375 431
Greece 3 obs Growth % 7.1 7.5
Guatemala 1; 7 obs Inflation % 7.0 9.2
Guinea 6 obs Def bdgt sh 202bn
India 2,607; 19 obs; 1 inf bn(+); 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy(+); 1 US$ 162m
avn unit; 1 fd hospital
US$1=sh 1,245 1,200
Indonesia 12 obs • UNAMID 1; 2 obs
Jordan 6; 14 obs • UNAMID 7 Population 40,213,162
Kenya 821; 5 obs; ; 1 inf bn; 1 de-mining coy • UNAMID
84; 1 MP coy Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Korea, Republic of 1; 7 obs Male 22% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
Kyrgyzstan 9 obs Female 22% 6% 5% 4% 12% 1%
Libya UNAMID 5 obs
Malawi 6 obs • UNAMID 7; 4 obs Capabilities
Malaysia 2; 8 obs
Mali 4 obs • UNAMID 9; 3 obs
Paramilitary 1,400
Moldova 2 obs
Terms of service incl civil duties, 2 years
Mongolia 2 obs
Mozambique 1 obs RESERVE 80,000 (Joint 80,000)
Namibia 9 obs • UNAMID 1
Nepal 6; 10 obs • UNAMID 9; 9 obs Organisations by Service
Netherlands 2; 14 obs
New Zealand 1; 2 obs
Army ε23,000
Nigeria UNAMID 2,887; 9 obs; 4 inf bn
Norway 6; 17 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Tk 1 bde
Pakistan 1,562; 15 obs; 1 inf bn(+); 1 engr coy; 1 avn unit;
1 avn unit(-); 1 tpt coy; 1 de-mining coy(-); 1 fd hospital • Inf 5 bde
UNAMID 24 Arty 4 bn
Mor 1 bn GUNS 200

AT 2 bn TOWED 14.5mm 40 ZPU-2/ZPU-4†; 23mm 40 ZU-23;
ADA 2 bn 37mm 120 M-1939
Engr 1 regt (bn)
MBT 45: 30 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59 Police Field Force 1,400
LT TK 55: 30 Scorpion; 25 Type-62 18 sub-units incl Police Marine Unit
RECCE 10 BRDM-2
APC (W) ε10 BTR-40/BTR-152
Air Wing
AIRCRAFT • UTL 1 Cessna U-206 Stationair
ARTY 378
HELICOPTERS
TOWED 170: 76mm ε40 ZIS-3; 122mm 100: 20 D-30; 80
UTL 4: 2 AB-206A (Bell 206A) JetRanger; 2 Bell 206L
Type-54-1 (M-30) M-1938; 130mm 30 Type-59-I
LongRanger
MRL 122mm 58 BM-21
TRG 2 AB-47G (Bell 47G) Trg hel/Bell 47G2
MOR 150: 82mm 100 M-43; 120mm 50 M-43
AT • RCL 75mm Type-52 (M-20) Marine Unit 100
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
GUNS 85mm 75 Type-56 (D-44) BOATS/CRAFT: some boats
Navy ε1,000 Armed Forces 80,000 reservists

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7 Deployment
PHT 2 Huchuan each with 2 533mm ASTT
PFC 2 Shanghai II (PRC) COMOROS
PCC 3: 2 VT; 1 Ngunguri AU • MAES 150
AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 2 Yunnan Côte D’Ivoire
FACILITIES UN • UNOCI 2; 1 obs
Bases Located at Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, Mwanza (Lake
LEBANON
Victoria)
UN • UNIFIL 75; 1 MP coy
Air Defence Command ε3,000; Sudan
Sub-Saharan
FORCES BY ROLE UN • UNMIS 17 obs
Africa
Ftr 3 sqn with J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; UN • UNAMID 7; 12 obs
J-5 (MiG-17F) Fresco C; J-6 (MiG-19S) Farmer B
Tpt 1 sqn with Y-5 (An-2) Colt; DHC-5D Buffalo;
F-28 Fellowship; HS-125-700; HS-748; Y-12(II)
Togo Tg
Liaison some sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 404 Titan; CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2007 2008 2009
Cessna U-206 Stationair; Bell 206B JetRanger II GDP fr 1.25tr
Trg sqn with PA-28-140 Cherokee; MiG-15UTI Midget US$ 2.6bn
Hel some sqn with 4 AB-205 (Bell 205); SA-316 per capita US$ 459
Virtually no air defence assets serviceable. Inflation % 1.0 5.2
AIRCRAFT 19 combat capable†
FTR 9: 6 J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; 3 J-5 (MiG-17F)
Def bdgt fr 20.0bn
Fresco C
FGA 10 J-6 (MiG-19S) Farmer B US$ 42m
TPT 24: 5 Cessna 310; 2 Cessna 404 Titan; 3 DHC-5D US$1=fr 479 487
Buffalo; 2 F-28 Fellowship; 1 HS-125-700; 3 HS-748; 5
PA-28-140 Cherokee; 2 Y-12(II); 1 Y-5 (An-2) Colt
UTL 1 Cessna U-206 Stationair Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 2 MiG-15UTI Midget Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 12% 1%
HELICOPTERS
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
UTL 14: 4 AB-205 (Bell 205); 6 Bell 206B JetRanger II; 4
SA-316 Capabilities
AD
SAM 160: ACTIVE 8,550 (Army 8,100 Navy 200 Air 250)
SP 20 SA-6 Gainful†; 20 SA-3 Goa† Paramilitary 750
MANPAD 120 SA-7 Grail† Terms of service conscription, 2 years (selective)
Organisations by Service Paramilitary 750
Army 8,100+ Gendarmerie 750

FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 1 regt (some spt unit (trg), 2 armd sqn, 3 inf FORCES BY ROLE
coy); 1 regt (1 mot inf bn, 1 mech inf bn) 2 reg sections
Cdo/Para 1 regt (3 Cdo/Para coy) Paramilitary 1 (mob) sqn
Spt 1 regt (1 fd arty bty, 1 engr/log/tpt bn, FACILITIES
2 ADA bty) School 1
Presidential 1 regt (1 Presidential Guard bn,
Guard 1 Cdo bn, 2 Presidential Guard coy)
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
009 MBT 2 T-54/T-55 Côte D’Ivoire
LT TK 9 Scorpion UN • UNOCI 315; 7 obs; 1 inf bn
RECCE 61: 3 AML-60; 7 AML-90; 36 EE-9 Cascavel; 3 M-20;
4 M-3A1; 6 M-8; 2 VBL Liberia
AIFV 20 BMP-2 UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs
APC (W) 30 UR-416

SUDAN
ARTY 30
SP 122mm 6 UN • UNAMID 1; 8 obs
TOWED 105mm 4 HM-2
MOR 82mm 20 M-43
AT • RCL 22: 75mm 12 Type-52 (M-20)/Type-56; 82mm 10
Uganda Uga
Type-65 (B-10) Ugandan Shilling Ush 2007 2008 2009
GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2
GDP Ush 20.68tr 24.31tr
AD • GUNS • TOWED 43 14.5mm 38 ZPU-4; 37mm 5
us US$ 12.0bn 13.4bn
M-1939
% per capita US$ 397 428
% Navy ε200 (incl Marine Infantry unit) Growth % 7.9 9.8
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PFC 2 Kara Def exp Ush 350bn
(Fr Esterel) US$ 232m
FACILITIES Def bdgt Ush 396bn 406bn
Base Located at Lomé US$ 230m 224m
US$1=Ush 1,723 1,810
Air Force 250
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA sqn with EMB-326G; Alpha Jet* Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Tpt sqn with B-707 (VIP); Beech 58 Baron; Male 25% 6% 5% 4% 10% 1%
Reims Cessna 337 (Cessna 337) Skymaster;
Female 25% 6% 5% 4% 10% 1%
DHC-5D Buffalo; F-28-1000 (VIP); Do-27
Trg sqn with TB-30 Epsilon* Capabilities
Hel sqn with AS-332 Super Puma; SA-330 Puma; SA-315
Lama; SA-319 Alouette III ACTIVE 45,000 (Ugandan People’s Defence Force
FGA 4 EMB-326G Organisations by Service
TPT 8: 1 B-707 (VIP); 2 Beech 58 Baron; 2 DHC-
5D Buffalo; 1 F-28-1000 (VIP); 2 Reims Cessna 337 Ugandan People’s Defence Force
Skymaster ε40,000-45,000
TRG 7: 3 Alpha Jet*; 1 Do-27; 3 TB-30 Epsilon*
FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS
Army 5 div (each: up to 5 army bde)
SPT 2: 1 AS-332 Super Puma; 1 SA-330 Puma (both in
storage) Armd 1 bde
UTL 3: 2 SA-315 Lama; 1 SA-319 Alouette III Arty 1 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† SOMALIA

MBT 152 T-54/T-55 AU • AMISOM 1,700; 2 inf bn
LT TK ε20 PT-76
RECCE 46: 40 Eland; 6 Ferret Sudan
APC (W) 79: 15 BTR-60; 20 Buffel; 40 Mamba; 4 OT-64 UN • UNMIS 10 obs
ARTY 285+ UN • UNAMID 3 obs
TOWED 225+: 76mm ZIS-3; 122mm M-30; 130mm 221;
155mm 4 G-5 Foreign FORCES
MRL 107mm (12-tube); 122mm BM-21
South Africa (Op Bongane) 2 obs
MOR 60+ : 81mm L16; 82mm M-43; 120mm 60 Soltam
AD • SAM • MANPAD 200+: 200 SA-7 Grail; SA-16 Gimlet
GUNS • TOWED 20+: 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4;
37mm 20 M-1939
Zambia Z
Zambian Kwacha K 2007 2008 2009
Air Wing
GDP K 44.5tr 51.9tr
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 11.1bn 12.3bn
FGA sqn with MiG-23 Flogger; MiG-21 Fishbed
per capita US$ 971 1,054
Tpt sqn with Y-12
Growth % 6.3 5.8

Tpt Hel sqn with Mi-172 (VIP); Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H;
Bell 206 JetRanger; Bell 412 Twin Huey Inflation % 10.7 11.8
Trg sqn with L-39 Albatros†*; SF-260* non- Def bdgt K 987bn
operational US$ 247m
Hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind US$1=K 4,000 4,220
FTR 11: 5 MiG-23 Flogger; 6 MiG-21 Fishbed Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TPT 2 Y-12 Male 23% 6% 5% 4% 10% 1%
TRG 4: 3 L-39 Albatros†*; 1 SF-260* (non-operational) Female 23% 6% 5% 4% 11% 1%
HELICOPTERS
ATK 6: 1 Mi-24 Hind; 5 non-operational Capabilities
Sub-Saharan
SPT 5: 1 Mi-172 (VIP); 3 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; 1
Africa
non-operational ACTIVE 15,100 (Army 13,500 Air 1,600) Paramilitary
UTL 5: 3 Bell 206 JetRanger; 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey 1,400
Paramilitary ε1,800 active RESERVE 3,000 (Army 3,000)
Border Defence Unit ε600 Organisations by Service

Equipped with small arms only
Police Air Wing ε800 Army 13,500

HELICOPTERS • UTL 1 Bell 206 JetRanger FORCES BY ROLE
Army 3 bde HQ
Marines ε400 Armd 1 regt (1 tk bn, 1 armd recce bn)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 PCR less
than 100 tonnes Inf 6 bn
Arty 1 regt (1 MRL bn, 2 fd arty bn)
Local Militia Forces Amuka Group ε3,000; Engr 1 regt
ε7,000 (reported under trg) (total 10,000)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Some equipment†
Non-State Groups
MBT 30: 20 Type-59; 10 T-55
see Part II
LT TK 30 PT-76
RECCE 70 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 (ε30 serviceable)
Deployment APC (W) 13 BTR-60
ARTY 182
TOWED 61: 105mm 18 Model 56 pack howitzer; 122mm
25 D-30; 130mm 18 M-46
Côte D’Ivoire MRL 122mm 30 BM-21 (ε12 serviceable)
UN • ONUCI 1; 4 obs MOR 91: 81mm 55; 82mm 24; 120mm 12
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger Liberia

RCL 12+: 57mm 12 M-18; 75mm M-20; 84mm Carl UN • UNMIL 4 obs
Gustav
NEPAL
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail UN • UNMIN 1 obs
GUNS • TOWED 136: 20mm 50 M-55 (triple); 37mm 40 Sudan
M-1939; 57mm ε30 S-60; 85mm 16 M-1939 KS-12 UN • UNMIS 350; 9 obs; 1 inf coy(+)
Reserve 3,000
Inf 3 bn
Zimbabwe Zw
Air Force 1,600
Zimbabwe Dollar Z$ 2007 2008 2009
FORCES BY ROLE
GDP Z$ 55.1tr
FGA 1 sqn with F-6 (MiG-19); 1 sqn with MiG-21MF
Fishbed J† US$ 3.1bn
Tpt 1 sqn with An-26 Curl; DHC-5D Buffalo; per capita US$ 255
Y-12(II) /(IV); MA60 Growth % -6.2
Inflation
VIP 1 fleet with HS-748; Yak-40 Codling % 10,452

Liaison sqn with 5 Do-28 Def bdgt Z$ n.a.
Trg sqns with FT-6*; K-8; MiG-21U*; SF-260TP; US$ n.a.

MFI-17 US$1=Z$ 17,562 n.a.
Hel 1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; some (Liaison) sqn with Bell Population 12,382,920
47G; UH-1H Iroquois
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD 3 bty with SA-3 Goa;
Male 19% 7% 6% 5% 11% 2%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Female 19% 7% 6% 4% 12% 2%
Very low serviceability.
Capabilities
FGA 16: 8 F-6 (MiG-19); 8 MiG-21MF Fishbed J
TPT 27: 4 An-26 Curl; 4 DHC-5D Buffalo; 5 Do-28; 1 ACTIVE 29,000 (Army 25,000 Air 4,000) Paramilitary
HS-748; 4 Y-12(II); 5 Y-12(IV); 2 Yak-40 Codling; 2 MA60 21,800
TRG 17+: 8 K-8; 2 MiG-21U Mongol A*; 5 SF-260TP; 2
FT-6*; some MFI-17 Organisations by Service
HELICOPTERS
SPT 4 Mi-17 Hip
Army ε25,000
TRG 5 Bell 47G FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 1 sqn
AD • SAM SA-3 Goa
MSL • ASM AT-3 Sagger Mech 1 bde HQ
Mech Inf 1 bn
Paramilitary 1,400 Inf 5 bde HQ; 15 bn
Cdo 1 bn
Police Mobile Unit 700
Para 1 bn
Police 1 bn (4 Police coy)
Arty 1 bde
Police Paramilitary Unit 700 Fd arty 1 regt
Paramilitary 1 bn (3 Paramilitary coy) Engr 2 regt
Gd 3 bn
Presidential Guard 1 gp
Deployment AD 1 regt
CENTRAL AFRICAN republic/chad EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • MINURCAT 2 obs MBT 40: 30 Type-59 mostly non-operational; 10 Type-69
Côte D’Ivoire mostly non-operational
RECCE 100: 20 Eland; 15 Ferret†; 80 EE-9 Cascavel (90mm)
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
APC 85
Democratic Republic of Congo APC (T) 30: 8 Type-63; 22 VTT-323
UN • MONUC 19 obs APC (W) 55 TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT
ARTY 242 TPT 38: 5 BN-2 Islander; 10 C-47 Skytrain in store; 8

TOWED 122mm 20: 4 D-30; 16 Type-60 (D-74) CASA 212-200 Aviocar (VIP); 14 Cessna 337 Skymaster; 1
MRL 76: 107mm 16 Type-63; 122mm 60 RM-70 Dana IL-76 Candid
TRG 32: 2 FT-7 (JJ-7) Mongol A†*; 11 K-8; 5 SF-260M; 5
MOR 146: 81mm/82mm ε140; 120mm 6 M-43
SF-260TP*; 5 SF-260W Warrior*; 5 SF-260F
AD • SAM • MANPAD 30 SA-7 Grail† HELICOPTERS
GUNS • TOWED 116: 14.5mm 36 ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; ATK 6: 4 Mi-35 Hind*; 2 Mi-35P Hind (armed/liaison)
23mm 45 ZU-23; 37mm 35 M-1939 UTL 2 AS-532UL Cougar (VIP);
TRG 10: 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 SA-319 Alouette III*;
Air Force 4,000 AD • GUNS 100mm (not deployed); 37mm (not
Flying hours 100 hrs/year deployed); 57mm (not deployed)
FACILITIES
FORCES BY ROLE School 1 with 100mm Guns (not deployed); 37mm Guns
Ftr 1 sqn with F-7N (F-7M) Airguard†; F-7II (not deployed); 57mm Guns (not deployed) (AD)
(J-7II) Fishbed†; FT-7 (JJ-7) Mongol A†
FGA 1 sqn with Hawker Hunter; 1 sqn with Paramilitary 21,800
K-8
RECCE/Trg/ 1 sqn with SF-260M; Zimbabwe Republic Police Force 19,500
Liaison SF-260TP*; SF-260W Warrior* incl Air Wg
RECCE/COIN 1 sqn with Cessna 337 Skymaster*

Police Support Unit 2,300
Tpt 1 sqn with BN-2 Islander; CASA 212-200
Aviocar (VIP); IL-76 Candid
Hel 1 sqn with Mi-35 Hind*; Deployment
Mi-35P Hind (armed/liaison); Côte D’Ivoire
SA-319 Alouette III; AS-532UL Cougar
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
(VIP); 1 trg sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey,
SA-319 Alouette III LIBERIA
AD 1 sqn with 37mm; 57mm UN • UNMIL 2 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE NEPAL

AIRCRAFT 45 combat capable UN • UNMIN 2 obs
Sub-Saharan
FTR 10: 4 F-7N (F-7M) Airguard†; 3 F-7II (J-7II) Fishbed† Sudan
Africa
FGA 23: 11 K-8; 12 Hawker Hunter FGA* in store UN • UNMIS 14 obs
Table 27 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, sub-Saharan Africa

Due
Gabon (Gbn)
Mirage F1 AZ Ftr 3 to 8 _ RSA Aerosud – 2006 Ex-RSA stock and refurbished. First 2
delivered Aug 2006
Kenya (Kya)
Northrop F-5 Ftr 15 USD23.2m HKJ _ 2008 2008 Ex-HKJ stock
Namibia (Nba)
45-tonne PCI 4 _ Br INACE 2004 2009 –
patrol boat
Nigeria (Nga)
F-7NI Ftr 12 See notes PRC 2005 2006 Combined cost with 3 FT–7NI is
USD251m. Subject to delays

FT-7NI Trg 3 See notes PRC 2005 2006 Combined cost with 12 F–7NI is
USD251m. Subject to delays
G222 Tpt ac 6 USD74.5m It Alenia 2005 2005 Upgrade. Incl refurbishment, trg and
Upgrade log spt for 5 G222. Nga also to receive
a fmr It air force G222
ATR 42 MP MP / SAR 2 USD73m It Alenia 2007 2009 _
Surveyor
AW 139 Hel 4 It Agusta– 2006 _ Configured for corporate tpt and SAR
Westland missions
South Africa (RSA)

AMV 8x8 IFV 264 ZAR8.8bn SF/Dom Patria/ 2007 – 5 variants to be produced: cmd, mor,
(USD1.2bn) Denel msl, section, and fire spt vehicles
Milan ADT Atk msl – EUR18m Int’l MBDA 2006 2008 Milan ADT firing posts, Milan 3 msl
(USD23m) and simulators. For inf and SF units.
First batch delivered Mar 2008
JAS 39 C/D FGA 26 USD1.47bn Swe SAAB 2000 2008 17 C single seat variant and 9 D twin
Gripen seat variant. 4 D variant ac delivered
by Aug 2008
A-Darter AAM – Int’l Denel 2007 – As of 2008, AAM still under
development and delayed by budget
problems
Hawk MK120 Trg ac 24 approx UK BAE 2000 2005 Deliveries continuing in 2008
USD500m
A-400M Tpt ac 8 USD516m Int’l Airbus 2005 2010 Long term contract with RSA
participation
A-109LUH Hel 30 It Denel 2000 2005 Deliveries continuing in 2008
SAAB
Vulture UAV _ _ Dom ATE 2006 2006 Some have entered service; numbers
uncertain
Uganda (Uga)
ATMOS TN-90 TOWED 18 Il Soltam _ 2006 Autonomous Truck Mounted
155mm Systems Howitzer Systems (ATMOS)
Zimbabwe (Zw)
FC-1 Xiaolong FGA 12 PRC 2004 – Order unconfirmed
Chapter Seven
Central and South Asia
PAKISTAN ten months of taking over as army chief, Kayani had
selected six of the nine powerful corps commanders
Political and military developments of Pakistan.
By 9 September 2008 a new democratically elected
political establishment had come to power in Tribal areas
Pakistan, ending nine years of military rule origi- President Zardari’s top priority is to fight terrorism
nating in the coup led by army chief General Pervez and Islamist militancy in the Federally Administered
Musharraf on 12 October 1999. Following a six-week Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan bordering
emergency declared by Musharraf on 3 November Afghanistan. With his government focusing on
2007 (the president’s grip on power had been weak- a three-pronged policy towards the tribal areas
ened by public unrest led by lawyers), elections to the comprising political dialogue, development and the
national assembly and the four provincial assemblies use of force, military operations have had mixed
took place on 18 February 2008. These elections had results. The United States has expressed reservations
been delayed by six weeks due to the assassination on about negotiating with Pakistan Taliban (Tehrik-e
27 December 2007 of Benazir Bhutto, a former prime Taliban Pakistan – TTP) militants, fearing it would
minister and the leader of the largest opposition party, reinforce the status of the tribal areas as a sanctuary
the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). The new coali- for al-Qaeda and the Afghan Taliban in planning
tion government, formed largely by the PPP and the cross-border attacks into Afghanistan.
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML(N)) led by Notwithstanding US pressure on Pakistan to use
former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, elected Yousaf its army and frontier corps more actively and effec-
Raza Gilani, a senior PPP politician, as prime minister tively in the tribal areas and Swat in the North West
on 24 March 2008. On 18 August, Musharraf resigned Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistani security forces
as president amidst the threat of impeachment by the in general remain unable or unwilling to effectively
ruling coalition. On 9 September, Bhutto’s widower, counter the resurgent Afghan and TTP militants,
Asif Ali Zardari, was sworn in as the new civilian though there are over 112,000 troops deployed
president, completing the country’s turbulent transi- in the area. This has led to allegations of official
Central and
South Asia
tion to democracy. Pakistani complicity – particularly by serving or
On 28 November 2007, nearly nine months before retired members of the ISI – in providing assistance
his resignation as president, Musharraf stepped down to the Afghan Taliban, which Pakistan has denied.
as army chief after nine years due to growing domestic Speculation has also arisen that the ISI provided
and international pressure. Musharraf’s appointee Afghan Taliban militants details of the US military
as army chief was General Ashfaq Kayani, a former campaign, which in some cases enabled the fighters
chief of the powerful Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to escape US missile strikes in the tribal areas, and
and subsequently vice chief of the army. Soon after that the ISI was involved in the deadly suicide car-
taking over as army chief, Kayani began slowly to bomb attack carried out by Jalaluddin Haqqani’s
reduce the army’s role in civilian affairs, which had Afghan Taliban on the Indian Embassy in Kabul on
increased enormously under Musharraf. In March 7 July 2008; this was denied by the Pakistan govern-
2008 Kayani replaced two of his corps commanders. ment.
This was followed on 29 September by a major Pakistan’s military operations targeting the Taliban
reshuffle of top army officers in order to consoli- and al-Qaeda in the Bajaur Agency of the tribal areas
date Kayani’s position. This included the appoint- have been relatively more effective. Since the start of
ment on promotion of a new director general of the the offensive in August 2008, the military’s objective
ISI, Lt-Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, a former director has expanded from defending its administrative head-
general of military operations (DGMO), and the quarters at Khar to securing Bajaur Agency against
appointment of four new corps commanders. Within TTP. As a result of these operations an estimated
220,000 people have been displaced from the area. military strikes in the tribal areas with the Pakistani
At the same time, government-backed tribal lashkars army’s decreasing tolerance for such attacks. He will
(militias) have begun mounting offensives against also need to ensure that the ensuing domestic polit-
the Taliban, though their success appears limited so ical turbulence, heightened by the growing economic
far. On 10 October, a bomb attack on an anti-Taliban crisis, does not place his own government at risk from
jirga (council) in the Khadezai area of Upper Orakzai the army.
Agency killed 85 and injured 200.
With TTP beginning to control large swathes of Terrorism
the tribal areas and their influence spreading in the A sharp rise in terror attacks took place in Pakistan
adjoining areas of the NWFP, an increase in cross- in August–October 2008. On 21 August, two suicide
border attacks against coalition forces and civilians in blasts killed 70 people and injured 67 at the gates of
Afghanistan has taken place. Afghanistan–Pakistan the Pakistan Ordnance Factories Headquarters in
relations reached a new low on 15 June when Afghan Wah, near Islamabad. Earlier that month, 32 people
President Hamid Karzai threatened to send Afghan were killed in a suicide bombing at a hospital in the
troops across the border to fight the Afghan Taliban NWFP. On 20 September, a truck bomb exploded at
for as long as the Taliban was able to launch opera- the gates of the Islamabad Marriott Hotel. The hotel,
tions from there. popular with the city’s elite and foreign nationals,
In a major shift in strategy, the United States was destroyed, and 54 people were killed, including
has now begun to attack ‘safe havens’ in the tribal the Czech Ambassador to Pakistan. An additional 270
areas in an attempt to strike Afghanistan Taliban people were injured.
and al-Qaeda targets. In July 2008, it was reported
that US President George W. Bush had authorised Arms transfers
covert cross-border attacks against militants in the On September 26, the Pakistan navy commis-
tribal areas without prior approval from Pakistan. sioned its third Agosta 90-B submarine, Hamza,
This resulted in a marked increase in strikes by which is fitted with an air-independent propulsion
missile-armed unmanned aerial vehicles against system, allowing for greater submerged endurance,
suspected al-Qaeda and Afghanistan Taliban targets increased operational range and enhanced stealth.
by US forces based in Afghanistan. From the end It is currently seeking an additional three subma-
of July to mid October, it is estimated that approxi- rines to be built in Karachi. Four new Chinese F-22P
mately 15 such attacks took place in North and South frigates are expected to be commissioned from
Waziristan, reportedly killing a number of Pakistani 2009–13, with the fourth ship to be built in Pakistan.
civilians. The first known ground assault by coalition Seven reconditioned US P-3C Orions are being
special forces took place on 3 September – during inducted into the naval air arm. With the delivery
Ramadan – against a village near Angoor Adda in to the Air Force of four F-16 aircraft on 29 July, the
South Waziristan (near the Afghan border); this US completed the delivery of 14 F-16 aircraft under
caused public outrage and anger in Pakistan against the Excess Defence Article Programme. These are
the US. to be upgraded in a $116 million deal by the US. In
In a rare public statement, Pakistan army chief August 2008 the US authorised the delivery of 20
Kayani condemned these attacks and stated that the refurbished T-37 training aircraft to Pakistan. The
country would be defended ‘at all cost’, signifying following month Washington agreed to the sale of an
a new low in Pakistan–US military relations. On 22 unspecified number of AH-1F Cobra attack helicop-
September, Pakistani troops reportedly opened fire ters. Reportedly, eight early warning aircraft (four
to deter US incursions into the tribal areas, and three from China and four from Sweden) are expected to
days later Pakistani troops fired warning shots at reach Pakistan. Talks are currently underway for
NATO helicopters in the tribal areas bordering Khost the purchase of 30–40 FC-20 aircraft from China,
in Afghanistan. although these procurements are likely to be affected
Zardari’s major challenge will be to gain the trust by Pakistan’s dwindling foreign-exchange reserves
of the army and build a consensus against terrorism and dire economic situation. Following the delivery
and Islamist extremism among the political establish- of eight China–Pakistan Joint Fighters (JF-17/FC-1) to
ment. To effectively pursue the campaign on terror, the Pakistan Air Force by early 2008, joint production
he will need to balance growing US pressure for of the aircraft began in Pakistan.
Central and South Asia 331
Table 28 Insurgent groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan

Organisation/group Aims and remarks
AL-QAEDA AND AFFILIATES
Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan Create Islamic state in Afg; eject Western forces from the area; create Islamic state
worldwide; Jihad against the west. De-facto alliance with the Taliban. Rallying point
for int’l Islamic fundamentalist insurgent and terrorist organisations. Believed to be
largely behind the increasing use of tactics such as kidnappings, beheadings and suicide
bombings, practices not previously seen in Afg. IMU/T believed to be key affiliate group
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)/ Creation of a fundamentalist Islamic state in Uz and Central Asia. A coalition of Islamic
Islamic Movement of Turkestan (IMT) militants from Uz, other Central Asian states and China led by Tahir Yuldashev
Islamic Jihad Union / Islamic Jihad Group Splinter group from IMU; based in Waziristan, Pak; aims incl holy war in Central Asia and
beyond; estb. of Islamic state; actively supports Tailban and al-Qaeda in Afg
East Turkestan Liberation Organisation Estb. separate Eastern Turkestan state for Uighurs
(ETLO)
East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) Estb. indep Islamic regime; separation from PRC
Jaish-ul-Muslimin Release of al-Qaeda and Taliban prisoners in Guantánamo Bay; cessation of UN work in Afg
TALIBAN AND AFFILIATES
Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP) / Pakistani Taliban Sharia law in Pakistan. Led by Baitullah Mehsud; has close links with al-Qaeda; close links
to Lashkar-e-Islam and Tehrik-Nafaz-e-Sharia-e-Mohammadi
Afghan Taliban Regain power in Kabul; foreign withdrawal from Afg. Est. Str 10-20,000; led by Mullah
Omar and Quetta Shura
Haqqani Network Fight coalition forces in Afg as part of Taliban. Led by Sirajuddin Haqqani
Hizb-e Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) Foreign withdrawal from Afg; estb. Islamic fundamentalist state. Two factions, Gulbuddin
Hekmatyar’s Hizb-e Islami in Nuristan and Khalis faction, part of the Taliban. Affiliates of
Hizb-e Islami political faction (estb. 2005 and officially not associated with Hekmatyar),
have won seats in the National Assembly and are active in the Wolesi Jirga in Kabul.
Lashkar-e Islam and Voice and Virtue Khyber-based. Leader, Mangal Bagh, incr active in Pak, like Haji Namdar’s ‘Voice and Virtue’
group in Waziristan. May find political aims in Pak assisted by instability in Afg. Links to TTP.
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
Lashkar-e-Omar ( LeO)/al-Qanoon Society based on Islam. Conglomerate of Harkat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HuJI), Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
(LeJ) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) cadres
Tehrik-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi / Transform Pak into a Taliban style state, imposition of Sharia in Pak
Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic
Laws / Black Turbans
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)/
Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Altaf (MQM-A)
Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Haqiqi Splinter faction from MQM-A, engr by govt to act as counter to MQM-A. Support declining
(MQM-H) as many refugees become integrated to mainstream life in Pak
Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP) Sunni state in Pak; restoration of Caliphate. Primarily targets Shia; opposes US-Pakistan
Central and
South Asia
cooperation; announced jihad against US in 2001
OTHER INSURGENT GROUPS
Baluch Liberation Army (BLA)/ Indep. land for Baluch Muslims. Liberation of Baluch land, estb. of sovereign Baluch
Baluch People’s Liberation Front (BPLF)/ government
Popular Front for Armed Resistance/
Baluch Students Organisation
Harkat ul-Mujahideen (HUM)/ Pro-Pak Islamic group, seeks Kashmir’s accession to Pakistan
Harkat ul-Ansar (HUA)
AFGHANISTAN (ISAF) mission under NATO command might begin

to reappraise their commitments. Tensions within
The Taliban-led insurgency in Afghanistan continued NATO over mission objectives have undermined
unabated and spread into new areas during 2008 the mission’s effectiveness, and a broader debate is
(see IISS Strategic Survey 2008, pp. 296–305). Counter- underway over how the international community
insurgency efforts were forced to adapt to changes should define ‘success’ in Afghanistan.
in Taliban tactics and seemed to make little overall Despite a much-publicised lack of troop numbers,
headway. Without more positive developments and in October ISAF forces were tasked for the first time
a more unified approach to the conflict, it seemed with interdicting drug traffickers and destruction
likely that some countries with troops deployed as of opium factories within Afghanistan in a bid to
part of the International Security Assistance Force hinder insurgents’ sources of funds, while troops
Map 5 Afghanistan
2008 opium poppy 2007–2008 cultivation change ISAF Provincial Reconstruction Estimated troop
cultivation (in hectares) contributions of
Poppy-free or strong Team (PRT) NATO–ISAF nations
by province: decrease (–100% to –50%) ISAF Forward Support Albania 140
Helmand 103,590ha Decrease (–49% to –11%) Base (FSB) Australia 1,080
Farah 15,010ha
Stable (–10% to +10%) Austria 1
Kandahar 14,623ha NATO HQ
Uruzgan 9,939ha Increase (+11% to +50%) Azerbaijan 45
Nimruz 6,203ha Belgium 497
Troop numbers
Zabul 2,335ha Bulgaria 460
Daikondi 2,273ha Canada 2,500
Badghis 587ha Regional Command North Croatia 280
Baghlan 475ha ∼4,400 Czech Republic 415
Kapisa 436ha Denmark 750
Laghman 425ha Estonia 120
Kabul 310ha KUNDUZ TAKHAR Faizabad (GE) Finland 80
Faryab 291ha
JAWZJAN
France 3,000
Kunar 290ha BADAKSHAN
Kunduz (GE) FYROM 137
Herat 266ha Mazar-e
Mazar-e BALKH
Sharif Georgia 1
Badakshan 200ha Sharif–UK

(SWE) Pul-e Kumri NURISTAN
SAMANGAN (HU) Germany 3,310
PANJSHER Nuristan (US)
BAGHLAN Greece 137
Meymaneh (No) Panjsher (US) KUNAR
FARYAB SARI PUL Bagram Hungary 240
US KAPISA LAGHMAN Asadabad (US) Iceland (civilian) 8
PARWAN KABUL Mehtar Lam (US) Ireland 7
BADGHIS
KABUL Jala
Jalalabad (US) Italy 2,350
Qal’eh-Now (Sp) Bamiyan (NZ) Wardak (Tu)
WARDAK LOGAR NANGARHAR Latvia 70
BAMIYAN
Gardez (US) Lithuania 200
Chaghcharan (LI) Logar (CZ) Regional Command
Khost Capital – Kabul Luxembourg 9
Herat* (IT) DAIKONDI (US)
GHOR PAKTIA Netherlands 1,770
HERAT Ghazni (US) KHOST ∼5,420
GHAZNI New Zealand 155
URUZGAN Sharan (US)
Regional Command West Norway 455
PAKTIKA Poland 1,130
∼2,980 ZABUL
Tarin Kowt (NL) Portugal 70
FARAH
Romania 725
Farah (US) Qalat (US) Slovakia 70
Slovenia 70
Lashkar Gah (UK) Kandahar (CA) Spain 780
Sweden 280
Regional Command East Turkey 800
NIMRUZ HELMAND
KANDAHAR
∼18,000 Ukraine 3
UK 8,330
Regional Command South US 20,600
∼19,100 Total (rounded) 50,700
Sources: IISS; NATO; UNODC
© IISS
remained heavily engaged in combat and stabilisa- (Allegations of Iranian involvement in this, and the
tion operations across the country. Insurgents have degree and nature of Iran’s involvement in the insur-
moved into previously quiet provinces, increased gency, remained subject to debate.) After suffering a
their use of suicide bombing and of improvised series of defeats in open combat with international
explosive devices, and launched attacks on a number forces in the heartland areas of Helmand, Kandahar
of high-value targets, including President Hamid and Uruzgan, insurgents established bases in areas
Karzai and local government and security officials. where government and ISAF forces were fewer in
The suicide attacks on the Serena Hotel in January number, such as the southwestern provinces of
2008 and on the Indian Embassy showed the rela- Nimruz and Farah, while becoming more active in
tive ease with which insurgents move within Kabul. the north, especially in Badghis, Faryab, Faizabad
According to some reports, there was evidence that and Badakhshan. There were also reports of signifi-
explosively formed projectiles (EFP), similar to those cant Taliban presence in provinces near Kabul, such
employed in Iraq, had been found in Afghanistan. as Wardak.
Insurgent operations focused on perceived areas numbers of US, British and Afghan troops, which
of weakness such as the Afghan National Police forced the insurgents to withdraw and minimised
(ANP), the members of which are poorly trained and collateral damage by minimum use of combat air
equipped to protect themselves. Casualties in the power. Following the operation, a fast-tracked devel-
ANP were higher than in other elements of the secu- opment programme for the area was implemented in
rity forces. order to demonstrate the government’s commitment
Meanwhile, the capacity of the Afghan National to improving conditions. Later in the year, nearly
Army (ANA) remained limited in spite of improve- 4,000 ISAF troops, and the ANA, delivered a turbine
ments, and the force’s manpower level of around to the Kajaki Dam on the Helmand river, which it is
60,000 in mid 2008 remained below the desired total believed will add some 18.5MW to the dam’s existing
of 80,000, due to be reached in 2010. A US document power-generation capacity of 16.5MW.
from June 2008 on Afghanistan’s security forces Attempts to turn Taliban fighters away from
noted that the ANA, at full capacity and capability insurgency met with limited success, though in the
as currently envisaged, would eventually become a long run this would seem essential to any solution
‘light infantry force of 15 brigades, including artil- to Afghanistan’s problems. So too did some form
lery, armor, commando, combat support, combat of dialogue with the Taliban. The National Peace
service support, an air corps, and the requisite inter- Commission was given the task of fostering recon-
mediate commands and sustaining institutions’. ciliation, but its mandate was unclear and the process
Though this is some way off, one major enhance- was slow, allowing for the reconciliation only of indi-
ment has been the inauguration of the ANA Air viduals rather than groups. (See Strategic Survey 2008,
Corps and the introduction of coalition–Afghan vali- pp. 300–303.) With a presidential election scheduled to
dation teams to assess unit operational capability, in take place in Afghanistan in 2009, delivering the secu-
addition to the role of Operational Mentoring and rity necessary to enable a credible election process is
Liaison Teams (OMLTs). The ANA plans to replace of high importance, a point that will no doubt not be
some of its Warsaw Pact-era weaponry with NATO lost on opponents of the Kabul government and the
standard equipment by, for example, exchanging its international presence.
M16s for AK-47s and introducing ‘US model light
and medium machine guns and 81mm mortars’. The INDIA
US document also notes that the ANA Air Corps was
due to obtain further Mi-17 and Mi-35 helicopters In 2008, the five-year-old India–Pakistan ceasefire
and An-26 aircraft before the end of 2008. In addi- agreement on the Line of Control (LoC) dividing
tion, more international troops, including an extra Kashmir came under pressure for the first time, with
Central and
South Asia
3,500 US Marines, were allocated to training and allegations of violations by both sides. In June, India
mentoring the ANA. ISAF increased the number of claimed that Pakistan had carried out several cross-
its OMLTs to 36, with a further 12 pledged by donor LoC attacks with small arms and mortars, largely in
countries. Also, EU police-training teams were the Poonch and Rajouri sectors of Indian-controlled
assigned to build capacity with the Afghan police. Jammu and Kashmir. On 28 July, Pakistani troops
(See The Military Balance 2008, pp. 328–9; The Military allegedly crossed the LoC for the first time since the
Balance 2005/2006, 2006 and 2007 essays on complex Kargil conflict in 1999; in an exchange that took place
irregular warfare.) in the Kupwara sector an Indian soldier was killed.
Growing pressure from the United States caused In mid August, Indian defence minister A.K. Antony
its allies to increase their contributions to ISAF, stated that there had been over 20 violations of the
but only slightly. France sent a battalion to eastern ceasefire by Pakistani forces, adding that infiltra-
Afghanistan; Georgia, Poland, the Czech Republic tion attempts by militants were also on the rise. On
and Azerbaijan pledged to deploy further troops; 22 September, the Indian army alleged a significant
the United Kingdom sent an extra 200 (bringing the violation of the ceasefire with small-arms fire in the
UK total to around 8,000); and Germany amended Poonch district. Meanwhile, militant attacks against
its upper limit on deployments, raising it by 1,000 security forces and civilians in Jammu and Kashmir
to 4,500. Military operations against the insur- continued to take place.
gents resulted in some successes The recapture of Although the reason for this increase in cross-LoC
Musa Qala in December 2007 was achieved by large shooting is not clear, it could be a result of domestic
Pakistani politics, with the Pakistani army sending a grenades. It took the security forces over three days
signal to the fledgling civilian leadership in Islamabad to finally defeat the terrorists. 180 people were killed
not to interfere on Kashmir issues, or to the United in the attacks, which led to the resignation of offi-
States that Pakistan has a conflict on its eastern, and cials including India’s home minister. Indian officials
not just its western, border. Nonetheless, it was clear linked the attack to the Lashkar-e-Toiba group, and
that both the Indian and Pakistani governments were pressed Pakistan in early December to hand over a
keen to maintain the ongoing ceasefire, even as Indian number of fugitives. Earlier, on 13 May 2008, seven
security officials prepared for attempts by militants bombs exploded within minutes in markets and
to disrupt the forthcoming provincial-assembly elec- crowded streets in Jaipur, killing 63 and injuring 100.
tions in Jammu and Kashmir. In mid September, the The Indian authorities blamed the Bangladeshi arm
Indian air force deployed six Su-30 combat aircraft to of Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, a South Asian terror
Kashmir for the first time. group, for the Jaipur attack, as well as other attacks in
The fifth round of the India–Pakistan peace process Hyderabad, Varanasi, Faizabad and Lucknow.
commenced in July 2008, even as Indian Foreign These claims came at the same time that Indian
Secretary Shivshankar Menon publicly announced Muslims were increasingly being recruited for terror
that the process was ‘under stress’ due to the involve- attacks as a result of the growing radicalisation of a
ment of ‘elements in Pakistan’ in the bombing of the minority of the Muslim community. On 25 July 2008,
Indian Embassy in Kabul on 7 July, which killed 54 seven bombs exploded in Bangalore, seat of the coun-
people, including a senior Indian diplomat and army try’s high-technology industry. The following day,
officer, and injured over 130 others. (This was the first at least 22 small bombs exploded in Ahmedabad,
ever bombing of an Indian Embassy.) On 21 October, killing 49. Bombings took place in New Delhi on 13
cross-border trade was to resume on the Srinagar– and 27 September, with the former killing 18 civilians
Muzaffarabad and Poonch–Rawalkot routes after 60 and the latter killing one. A day later, a bomb blast
years. in Malegaon in western India killed four people and
In June–September 2008 there was large-scale injured over 70. This was followed by a bomb blast
unrest in Jammu and Kashmir, leading to the largest in Modasa, which killed two people and injured 16
public pro-independence demonstrations since the others. Indian security officials believe that a new
Kashmiri uprising in 1989, and resulting in the death group called the Indian Mujahadeen, an offshoot
of some 40 protestors. Following a major dispute of the banned Students Islamic Movement of India
between the sharply divided Kashmiri Muslims (SIMI) and the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Tayiba
and Jammu Hindus over the transfer of 99 acres of (LeT), was responsible for most of these terror attacks;
land for the Hindu Amarnath shrine pilgrimage, the Indian Mujahadeen claimed responsibility for the
an ‘economic blockade’ of Kashmir by residents Ahmedabad attacks.
of Jammu took place. On 11 August, five people,
including a senior executive member of the separatist Arms procurements
Hurriyat Conference, Sheikh Abdul Aziz, were killed India is preparing to boost its military capabilities
by security forces attempting to stop the demonstra- through a focused arms-acquisition programme
tors marching to Pakistan-controlled Azad Kashmir; incorporating both foreign suppliers and the expan-
the following day 15 protestors were killed. On 22 sion of its domestic arms-manufacturing capacity.
August, one million Kashmiris reportedly marched India’s major arms purchases in 2009–13 are projected
through the streets of Srinagar in protest demanding to triple to more than US$35 billion, although the
azaadi (independence) from Indian rule. slowdown of the Indian economy, exacerbated by
the current global economic crisis, could delay these
Terrorism programmes. The United States seems poised to be
There has been a surge in terror attacks throughout the main foreign supplier under India’s new arms-
India, with unprecedented serial bombings taking acquisition programme, following the conclusion
place in major urban centres. The worst attack began of the long-awaited India–US nuclear deal with the
on 26 November, when around ten well-armed signing of the bilateral ‘123 Agreement’ on 10 October
gunmen attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, 2008. India is cautiously prepared to engage prospec-
including the main railway station, two hotels and tive US and European partners for its defence needs
a Jewish centre, taking hostages and throwing due to its extensive requirements for modern tech-
nology to bolster its domestic-defence capabilities. In view of the reported ten-year lease of the first
However, the prospective India–US arms relation- of two Akula-II/Shchuka B nuclear-powered attack
ship will be politically driven to ensure that a ‘tilt’ submarines from Russia to begin in September 2009,
towards US policies in the region does not take place three teams of Indian naval personnel are reportedly
and that the vexing issue of the end-use monitoring undergoing extensive training near St Petersburg in
clause, which India opposes, is satisfactorily over- Russia. This would be the first time in nearly two
come. At the same time, India is expected to remain decades that the Indian navy would operate a nuclear-
dependent on the joint development and production powered boat since the lease of the Russian Charlie-I-
of high-technology missile and aerospace systems class nuclear-powered attack submarine in 1987–90.
with Russia, notwithstanding the growing public This nuclear training would assist the Indian navy
disillusionment with price escalations and extended in the operation of its locally built nuclear-powered
delays of Russian arms supplies. submarine, the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV),
Following the first major arms deal with the when it is launched. India reportedly financed the
United States, which saw the amphibious-operations completion of the nuclear-powered Akula submarine
ship USS Trenton (renamed INS Jalashwa) commis- for US$750m. Following the accident to the Akula
sioned in June 2007 for US$50m, India purchased six submarine in early November, the lease of the vessel
Lockheed Martin C-130J Hercules transport aircraft to India may be subject to delay.
on 31 January 2008 for its special forces, to be deliv- In early August 2008, six leading combat-aircraft
ered in 2011, for US$962m. In addition, it is expected manufacturers – American companies Lockheed
to acquire from the United States 20 AGM-84L Martin and Boeing, European consortium EADS,
Harpoon Block II missiles and associated equipment French fighter-maker Dassault, Russian MiG-Mapo
and services for US$170m, and is actively seeking Corporation and the Swedish company Saab –
eight Boeing P-8i maritime-surveillance aircraft for submitted proposals for the contract for 126 Multi-
US$2.2bn. role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) estimated at US$11bn.
Follow-on orders for an additional six Lockheed These proposals included offers of increased invest-
Martin C-130J Hercules aircraft and eight P-8i mari- ments, export creation and partnership in building
time-surveillance aircraft are expected to be placed. the Indian aerospace industry as part of the contract
Following the order for six DCN Thales Scorpene to meet the Indian defence-offsets clause.
conventional submarines in 2005 for US$3.5bn, with On 9 August, the Ministry of Defence (MoD)
the first submarine expected in 2012, the Indian navy released a revised procedure for the procurement of
may seek a follow-on order for an additional six weapon systems and defence industrialisation, the
submarines. Defence Procurement Procedure 2008 (DPP-2008),
Central and
South Asia
From Russia, India is acquiring 347 T-90S main which took effect on 1 September. Along with provi-
battle tanks and modern warships and combat sions for increasing transparency, it included the
aircraft. Problems over the Russian supply of arms concept of banking of offsets valid for a maximum of
continued in 2008, focusing largely on the price esca- two-and-a-half years. Since 2005, all foreign compa-
lation and delay in the retrofitting and delivery of nies bidding for major Indian defence contracts worth
the 44,570-tonne Kiev-class carrier Admiral Gorshkov. more than Rs3bn (US$69.7m) are required to invest a
Although Russia provided the carrier for free to India minimum of 30–50% of the order in the Indian defence
in 2004, the necessary modernisation and carrier-based sector. Although offsets are expected to increase to
combat aircraft were expected to cost India US$1.5bn, 10-15bn in the next few years, there is considerable
with delivery in mid 2008. However, Russia recently unease over the implementation of this. The armed
sought an additional US$1.2bn to complete the refit services feel it would delay acquisitions, the bureau-
and sea trials of the carrier, which is now expected cracy feel it would increase the cost of weapons
to be inducted into the Indian navy as Vikramaditya systems, and industry in India may not be able to
in late 2012 at the earliest; this is a major setback to absorb the technology. Implementation of DPP-2008
the Indian navy’s operational plans. The first of the is expected to remain slow in view of the forthcoming
16 carrier-based MiG-29s for the Vikramaditya are general elections, to be held in early 2009. This is the
scheduled to reach India in early 2009, while India is sixth review of India’s defence-procurement policy
expected to subsequently acquire 30 more navalised since 1992. In September 2008 Defence Minister
MiG-29s. Antony stated that India may consider raising foreign
investment in defence joint ventures from 26% to 49% (26 July–4 August 2008), the government refused to
on a ‘selective basis’, providing greater opportunities enter into any agreement with the militants.
for foreign-arms manufacturers. The unrelenting government military offensive
On 26 February, India conducted the first test-firing against the Tamil Tigers included the use of combat
of its 700km-range nuclear-capable Sagarika missile aircraft and helicopter gunships along with troops on
from a submerged test platform off Vishakapatnam on the ground to regain territory. Following the capture
the Bay of Bengal. This is a possible first step towards of the key northern towns of Vellankulam in Mannar
the eventual deployment of nuclear weapons at sea district in early August 2008 and Mallavi on the border
on nuclear-powered submarines. The first submarine- of Mullaithivu district in early September, the govern-
launch test of the 290km-range joint Indian–Russian ment ordered aid agencies to leave the Wanni region
BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is expected to take in the north in September 2008 in preparation for what
place soon. Reportedly, the new 3,500km-range Agni appeared to be a final major offensive against the Tamil
III ballistic missile has been cleared for induction into Tigers. UN staff in Wanni left shortly afterwards. As of
the army after only two successful test flights on 12 late November, Sri Lankan troops were advancing on
April 2007 and 7 May 2008; the first test on 9 July 2006 Kilinochchi town, the administrative centre and head-
failed. It was also reported that India plans to test its quarters of the Tamil Tigers in the north.
new 5,000km-range Agni IV ballistic missile in 2010. As a result of the ongoing military offensive, casu-
India is also developing a new 1,000km-range cruise alties have grown among Tamil Tigers and Tamil
missile, Nirbhay. On 12 November, India tested for civilians, as among Sri Lankan troops. Nearly 200,000
the first time its new Shaurya 600km-range surface-to- Tamils were displaced by the fighting. This led to
surface ballistic missile. fears that a prospective flow of Tamil refugees across
the Palk Strait into the southern Indian province of
SRI LANKA Tamil Nadu could affect Indian security. Two Indian
radar technicians were injured in a Tamil Tiger attack
The Sri Lankan government’s military offensive on an army and air force base in Vavuniya in early
against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) September 2008. Also, it was increasingly apparent
intensified amidst cautious optimism that the group that even if the Tamil Tigers were militarily defeated,
was on the verge of military defeat. On 16 January they could still pose a terror threat.
2008 the government formally withdrew from the Terror attacks by the Tamil Tigers included the kill-
2002 ceasefire on the basis that it was already dead in ings of a Tamil member of parliament, Thiyagarajah
practice and that, rather than constraining the Tamil Maheswaran; Minister for Construction D.M.
Tigers, it had given it time to rearm. This decision led Dassanayake; the chief secretary of the eastern prov-
to the withdrawal of the Norwegian-led Sri Lanka ince, Herath Abeyweera; and Minister of Highways
Monitoring Mission (SLMM). and Road Development Jeyaraj Fernandopulle,
Having successfully defeated the Tamil Tigers in among others. The end of the ceasefire in January
the east by mid July 2007, the government’s military 2008 was marked by a bomb explosion on a bus near
strategy appeared to be to defeat them militarily by Colombo in which approximately 25 people were
capturing their final stronghold in the north and then killed. On 16 May eight people were killed and 90
to negotiate a political settlement with the civilian injured in Colombo; on 26 May nine people were
Tamil community. In July 2008, Sri Lanka’s army killed and 84 injured on the Colombo–Panadura train;
chief, Lt-Gen. Sarath Fonseka, publicly announced and on 6 June 21 people were killed and 50 injured on
that the Tamil Tigers had lost their conventional a bus in Moratuwa. On 30 August, nearly 50 people
fighting capacity and would be defeated by mid 2009, were injured in a bomb explosion in Colombo. On
indicating a delay in an earlier estimate of June 2008. 6 October, a senior retired military officer and poli-
Notwithstanding the offer of a unilateral ceasefire by tician, Maj.-Gen. Janaka Perera, and 27 others were
the Tamil Tigers during the South Asian Association for killed in a suicide-bomb attack in Anuradhapura in
Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit in Colombo north-central Sri Lanka.
CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA – fertiliser (1.2% of GDP), food (0.8% of GDP) and debt
DEFENCE ECONOMICS waivers to farmers (1.3% of GDP), coming to a total of
5.5% of GDP, and bringing the consolidated budget
South Asia deficit to around 10% of GDP. The Indian govern-
Despite experiencing another year of strong growth ment finances these subsidies by issuing new bonds.
in 2007, India experienced a fall in growth in 2008 as However, the ADB suggests that the size of the bond
a variety of macroeconomic factors led to a jump in issues will push up interest rates, crowd out invest-
inflation and a significant deterioration in the government in other sectors and add to inflation pressures,
ment’s fiscal position. These factors included marked while the interest paid on the bonds will also add to
international price increases in oil, food and metals; fiscal pressures.
higher interest rates moderating capital inflows; and Despite the tight fiscal background, India once
the slowdown in industrial economies. Although again increased its defence budget, which rose 12.7%
India has often been seen as a domestic-demand- from Rs1.09 trillion (US$27.8bn) in 2007 to Rs1.23tr
driven economy and thus somewhat resilient to a (US$26.67bn) in 2008. But as noted, with inflation
global slowdown, the recent investment boom and reaching 7.9% in 2008, the increase in real terms
corresponding above-potential growth were largely is much more modest. Nonetheless, in real terms
supported by benign global liquidity conditions and the budget has still increased by 20% between 2000
therefore the global credit crunch has had an impact. and 2008. In recent years, India’s Prime Minister
Indeed, as the international economic environ- Manmohan Singh has suggested that, if the economy
ment deteriorated during 2008 and access to foreign continues to grow at around 8% a year, he would
borrowing became more difficult, the cost of credit like to see the core defence budget (budget excluding
default swaps, a useful indicator of risk aversion, on military pensions) increase to 3% of GDP. However,
prime Indian companies such as Tata Motors and despite this goal, in 2007 the core budget measured
ICICI Bank rose dramatically. just 2.0% of GDP, and it appears unlikely that the
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) warned that target will be achieved in the near term. India faces a
India’s very large fiscal imbalance created by the procurement bow wave in coming years as much of
current level of subsidisation of oil, fertiliser and food, the equipment it bought from Russia in the 1960s and
as well as other off-budget items, sets a ‘daunting task 1970s will need to be replaced or, at the very least,
for economic management’, but that progress must substantially upgraded.
be made because to do nothing and maintain subsi- Despite some problems with a number of their
dies at current levels would imperil a return to the ongoing joint projects, India and Russia made
high-growth path of recent years. In 2008, the range further progress in their proposed joint-venture fifth-
Central and
South Asia
of government subsidies included fuel (2.2% of GDP), generation combat aircraft when they met at the
Table 29 Central and South Asia Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

5
3
% of GDP
1
3.33 3.23 2.99 2.85 2.61 2.54 2.74 2.60 2.38 2.25
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
eighth Indo-Russian Inter-Government Commission combat squadrons to around 26 after large numbers of
in August 2008. While design and production respon- MiG-21s, MiG-23s and MiG-27s are retired. Air-force
sibilities, as well as procurement plans, have yet to be chiefs have warned that with Pakistan taking delivery
laid out, it is believed that Russian aerospace firms of F-16s, and J-10 and J-17 fighter aircraft from
will provide the majority of technology and lead the China, India is close to losing its conventional mili-
design given that both MiG and Sukhoi are already tary edge over its neighbour. Thus, the air force has
involved in fifth-generation programmes. begun replacing ageing aircraft and has recently
The 2008 defence budget allocated Rs299.4bn to the inducted around 60 Su-30MKIs, with another 140
air force, including Rs190.9bn (US$4.1bn) in procure- being built under licence by HAL; indeed, in 2007,
ment funds, and although no major new contracts concerned about its flagging strength, the air force
were concluded in 2008, a number of new orders are ordered another 40 platforms in fly-away condi-
in the pipeline. In particular, the air force is keen to tion. The MiG-21 replacement programme, known
increase the number of jet trainers and airborne early- as Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA),
warning (AEW) aircraft that it has ordered in recent initially called for 126 platforms, but over time the
years. In 2004, the air force agreed to buy 66 Hawk total figure has drifted up towards 200. Contenders
132 advanced jet trainers from BAE Systems – 24 in for the programme include Lockheed Martin’s F-16,
fly-away condition and 42 to be built by Hindustan Boeing’s F/A-18E/F, Saab’s JAS-39 Gripen, Russia’s
Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under license – with the MiG-35, Dassualt’s Rafale and the Eurofighter
cost of each aircraft working out at around Rs900m. Typhoon, and the Indian government has made it
When it signed the original deal, the Indian Ministry clear that technology transfer and industrial partner-
of Defence reserved the option buy 33 more Hawks ships will be an important factor in their decision. In
at the same price. However, BAE Systems have told this regard, France, Russia and the United States have
the ministry that because the 12-month clause has all offered industrial incentives to the air force in an
expired, the additional 57 aircraft that the air force attempt to secure the contract. However, given the
desires will be more expensive, reflecting not least Indian defence ministry’s complex and bureaucratic
the increase in raw-materials prices in the intervening procurement procedures, achieving a speedy resolu-
years. Similar problems do not seem to have affected tion to the bidding competition appears unlikely.
the air force’s intention to increase its Phalcon AEW As the Indian economy grows, the country’s gas,
order from three to six aircraft. The original contract oil and other commodity imports are climbing rapidly:
was agreed with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in hydrocarbon imports are forecast to double current
2003 and covered the delivery of three Russian-made levels by 2012. Since these resources are increasingly
Il-76s fitted with IAI-made Phalcon ‘aireye’ radars, the coming from the Middle East, North Africa, Russia
first of which should be available by the end of 2008, and Venezuela, the Indian navy has begun a compre-
some 12 months behind schedule, following a delay hensive programme to acquire power-projection
by Russian engineers in upgrading the airframes. The platforms ranging from aircraft carriers to landing-
additional three platforms will cost up to US$2bn, platform dock ships for expeditionary warfare and
and deliveries should be completed between 2011 and humanitarian missions. Over the next decade the
2012, although given that Russia has renegotiated the navy plans a fleet of 140–145 vessels, of which half
price of several other contracts with India, there is a will be designated ocean-going, with the remainder
possibility that wrangling over costs could delay the assigned to coastal duties. However, the navy’s
process. Further evidence of India’s growing mili- expansion plans have been repeatedly frustrated by
tary cooperation with Israel include an agreement delays in the delivery of equipment and changes in
allowing the Indian Air Force (IAF) to lease capacity agreed contract prices by Russia, on which it remains
on Israel’s Ofeq-5 military-reconnaissance satellites dependent for crucial equipment. The fleet will be
and the successful launch of an Israel Aerospace built around two carrier battlegroups, the first based
Industries-designed TecSAR satellite by the Indian on the ex-Russian Admiral Gorshkov and the second
Space Research Organisation. based on the indigenously designed, 37,500-tonne ‘air
The major procurement decision still facing the defence vessel’, construction of which began in 2005.
air force is their plan to acquire new combat aircraft The acquisition of the Gorshkov continues to lurch from
to replace the ageing fleet of MiG-21 fighters. Over problem to problem, with new strains between India
the next decade, the IAF’s strength will fall from 29 and Russia emerging in late 2007 when Moscow told
Table 30 Indian Defence Budget by Function 2006–2008

Current Rsbn 2006 outturn 2007 budget 2007 outturn 2008 budget
Personnel, Operations and Maintenance
MoD 17.2 20.5 17.7 23.7
Defence Pensions 138.0 146.5 152.4 155.6
Army 321.9 340.8 342.1 362.7
Navy 68.1 69.7 70.9 74.2
Air Force 98.7 101.9 103.5 108.5
Defence Service - R&D 30.0 32.0 32.0 34.0
Defence Ordnance factories 64.1 73.2 70.0 74.0
Recoveries and Receipts -66.7 -77.0 -70.6 -77.5
Sub-total 671.3 707.6 718.0 755.2
Procurement and Construction
Tri-Service R&D 24.4 27.0 27.0 30.9
Army 97.2 114.0 114.3 130.8
Navy 87.0 101.8 86.2 116.9
Air Force 128.9 166.5 142.0 190.9

Other 7.1 9.7 7.5 10.5
Sub-total 344.6 419.0 377.0 480.0
Total Defence Budget 1,015.9 1,126.6 1,095.0 1,235.2
the Indian government that it was doubling the cost lease of two nuclear submarines; however, for now
of refurbishing the vessel, demanding an additional the Indian navy has only exercised its option for one
US$1.2bn to complete the work. Russian officials vessel and will operate it together with the indig-
explained that the price hike followed a reappraisal enously designed and built nuclear-powered attack
by Russian engineers of the work needed to repair the submarine (SSN) known as the Advanced Technology
ship (damaged by fire in 1994), domestic inflation in Vessel (ATV), which should be completed within two
Russia and the fall in the US dollar, although it also years. The sale of SSNs is forbidden by international
seems that an original mistake involving the under- treaty, but leases are permitted provided that the
estimation of the length of the ship’s cabling, which vessel in question is not armed with missiles with
needed replacing, was largely to blame. Despite a ranges over 300km. The news that the Indian navy
Central and
South Asia
supposed resolution to the stand-off achieved when will acquire a nuclear-powered submarine comes after
then Indian Defence Minister Singh visited the ship- the 2005 contract between France and India, under
yard where the warship is being upgraded and agreed which India will produce six Scorpene submarines
to an undisclosed increase in payment, it seems prob- under license at the Mumbai-based Mazagon Dock.
able that Russia will increase the price once again and Deliveries were due to begin in 2012 and continue at
delay delivery of the vessel until at least 2012. The the rate of one boat a year; however, it appears that
lengthy delay to the refit of the Gorshkov has in turn problems over technology transfer have delayed the
prompted costly and time-consuming plans to keep programme by at least a year, putting pressure on
INS Viraat, the Indian navy’s 45-year-old Centaur- the navy, which by 2015 will only have nine out of
class carrier, in service for another four years. the current fleet of 16 diesel-electric ships in service.
The major naval development in 2008 occurred The delay in the Scorpene makes it unclear whether
when India and Russia revealed that the Indian navy the navy will order another six such submarines, as
will lease a Russian Akula-class nuclear-powered was provided for in the original contract, or will look
submarine, substantiating an agreement that the to Russia for a follow-on order, with the Amur-class
Indian navy has denied since 2004. The schedule of submarine the most likely candidate.
this arrangement has been thrown into some doubt As usual, the Indian Army, which accounts for
following an accident on board the actual vessel that over 80% of the country’s active personnel, received
was due to be leased. The original deal, part of the the largest share of the 2008 budget: Rs493.5bn
larger package to acquire the Gorshkov, outlined the (US$10.6bn), up 5.5% from the previous year, although
with inflation at 7.9%, this is a fall in real terms. The these were returned to the Combat Vehicles Research
lack of additional finances together with several and Development Establishment with a list of defects.
stalled modernisation programmes, equipment defi- Another key programme many years behind
ciencies and corruption scandals is making the goal schedule is the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan,
of becoming network-enabled by 2009 and network- under which the army intends to acquire a mixture of
centric the following year look out of reach. The up to 3,600 155mm towed, wheeled and tracked guns
army’s plan to become a networked force backed by at a cost of around US$5bn in an effort to standardise
heliborne special forces, upgraded infantry units and the inventory by 2025. In January 2008, the army
improved armoured assets suffered a major setback in issued a tender for 140 ultra-light 155mm howitzers,
late 2007 when the Ministry of Defence cancelled the followed in February by a request for proposals to
Army Aviation Corps’ much-delayed programme to overseas manufacturers for the outright purchase of
acquire 197 light observation helicopters to replace the 180 wheeled 155mm guns. However, the programmes
ageing fleet of Chetak and Cheetah aircraft. A contract suffered another setback in August when both tenders
had been agreed which saw Eurocopter’s AS-550C3 were withdrawn following an ‘inadequate’ response
Fennec beat the Bell 407, but the entire programme from competing vendors, although independent
was scrapped before the contract was signed after observers suggest that the problem was caused by
the Indian government alleged that Eurocopter had bureaucratic delays in issuing the tenders and formu-
violated government rules in the selection phase lating realistic quantitative requirements.
of the competition. On a more positive note, the Robust domestic spending coupled with high
Indian government has awarded a contract to HAL levels of foreign direct investment have resulted
covering the acquisition of 166 Dhruv Advanced Light in high levels of economic growth in Pakistan in
Helicopters (AHL), 105 for the army and 61 for the recent years, despite higher global oil prices and
air force, to be delivered by 2011, and negotiations 2005’s devastating earthquake. However, the Asian
with Russia over the purchase of 80 Mi-17 medium- Development Bank has warned that rapid growth
lift helicopters are thought to be advanced. The AHL has left the economy unbalanced and that the decla-
programme has suffered serious setbacks ever since ration of emergency in November 2007, together with
the entire Dhruv fleet was grounded in early 2006 the downgrading of Pakistan’s credit rating and diffi-
following technical problems that caused a civilian cult global credit conditions, will make it more diffi-
version to crash. cult for the government to finance the trade and fiscal
The army’s main-battle-tank development and deficits that grew significantly in 2008. By October
modernisation plan is also mired in delay and 2008 the full extent of Pakistan’s economic problems
bureaucratic inefficiencies. India had been hoping were revealed when the government was forced to
to phase out its ageing T-55 tanks and replace them approach the IMF to secure an immediate cash injec-
with upgraded T-72s and new-build T-90s. However, tion of around US$4bn as part of a three-year loan
upgrades to the fleet of T-72s, intended to provide a worth up to US$10bn. It is unclear as yet whether
night-fighting capability, are running around three the IMF will attach conditions, such as a reduction
years late, and the acquisition of 1,000 domestically in defence spending, to the bail out. Although the
built T-90s has also been delayed due to disagree- government’s deteriorating fiscal position may have
ments over technology-transfer issues. In 2001, India some restraining influence on defence spending, the
ordered 310 T-90s, and with the delay in building lack of transparency in the budgeting process makes
additional units locally the country was forced in analysis difficult. The 2008–09 state budget allocated
2006 to buy another 347 in completed form. The fate PKR296.1bn to the armed forces; however, the official
of the domestically designed and produced Arjun budget does not include other military-related expen-
main battle tank has also lurched from crisis to crisis, diture such as military pensions, benefits for retired
with the Indian parliament in 2007 suggesting that and serving personnel, military aid from Gulf states,
the Defence Research and Development Organisation space and nuclear programmes or income gener-
should seek foreign assistance to overcome ongoing ated by the armed forces’ diverse business interests.
problems with the vehicle. The programme was Furthermore, due to its special relationship with
launched more than 30 years ago and since then costs China, Pakistan is able to purchase Chinese-produced
have increased dramatically. To date only about 15 weapons at favourable prices and has also been the
units out of an initial order of 124 have been delivered; recipient of significant amounts of US military aid,
all of which suggests that the actual level of defence industrial capabilities. In April 2008 Musharraf visited
spending is substantially higher than the official Beijing and held talks with Chinese defence officials
budget indicates. Since 2001, Pakistan has received in a bid to further the two countries’ growing defence
over US$7bn under the US Foreign Military Financing ties. To date, Pakistan and China have cooperated
and Coalition Support Funds programmes, thanks on a number of defence-manufacturing projects,
largely to General Pervez Musharraf’s support for the including F-22P frigates, the JF-17 Thunder aircraft
‘war on terror’. The US Government Accountability and the Al-Khalid main battle tank, while an agree-
Office has called for better oversight on how this ment signed in 2006 outlined plans for the joint devel-
money is being spent, noting that the US government opment of an airborne warning and control system.
was not receiving documentation from Pakistan on a A joint marketing organisation has also been created
‘large number of reimbursement claims’. with the specific intention or promoting sales of the
Despite the various unaccountable elements that JF-17 aircraft, which is being offered as an ideal choice
make up total defence spending in Pakistan, the offi- for countries that are ‘mindful of their finances’ but
cial military budget was debated in parliament in wish to replace their existing second-generation
2008 for the first time since 1965. Although details aircraft. Current potential customers are thought to
are still sparse, documents show that the army will include Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, Morocco
receive the largest share at 43% of the total, while and Nigeria. In addition to its growing military links
the air force will get 23% and the navy 10%, with with China, Pakistan also consolidated its relationship
the remainder allocated to Pakistan’s defence-run with Turkey, agreeing to cooperate on a broad range
industries. However, with inflation running at 12.0%, of defence projects. The main areas of joint interest
the nominal increase of 7.1% in the 2008–09 official are the production of precision-guided munitions,
defence budget was cancelled out. Strains on the stealth technology, nuclear, biological and chemical
defence budget were illustrated when the air force had (NBC) protection and detection equipment, mortar
to reduce the number of new F-16 aircraft that it was ammunition, cluster bombs and the development of
expecting to acquire from the United States. Under detection systems for use against improvised explo-
the initial agreement (signed in 2005), Pakistan had sive devices.
indicated a willingness to buy 36 new-build F-16 C/D Although the Pakistani navy only receives a
models, including training and spares, for US$3bn, small part of the official defence budget, it is moving
plus a separate US$650m package for missiles and ahead with major equipment programmes, while the
weapons. However, it emerged in April 2008 that the government has provided funds to Karachi Shipyard
air force would only be procuring a total of 18 new & Engineering Works (KSEW) to strengthen the
aircraft, without spares or weapons systems, under a country’s naval and commercial shipbuilding capa-
Central and
South Asia
new contract valued at just US$500m. Pakistani offi- bilities. At present, KSEW is constructing four
cials indicated that the cutback was in response to Chinese-designed F-22P frigates, all of which should
both ‘high oil prices and a domestic economic slow- have entered service by 2013, and is preparing for the
down’, but observers have suggested that Pakistan construction of three new submarines to replace the
may be wary of the wide-ranging security conditions legacy Hashmat-class boats once a design has been
attached to the deal by Washington and suspicious chosen. Given that the F-22P frigates will not be in
that a new US administration may not be as willing service for some years, the navy has embarked on a
to continue the high level of military cooperation that worldwide search to acquire between four and eight
existed during the Bush–Musharraf era. second-hand frigates to bridge a near-term gap in
Indeed, ever mindful of the arms embargo placed its surface fleet that will occur when the six ex-UK
on it by America in the 1990s, Pakistan continues Type-21 vessels are retired. To date, approaches to
to diversify its foreign weapons suppliers and has the United Kingdom, Belgium and Greece have been
attempted to improve its own indigenous defence- unsuccessful.

MRL 122mm BM-21; 140mm BM-14; 220mm 9P140

Afghanistan Afg Uragan
New Afghan Afghani MOR 82mm M-37; 107mm; 120mm M-43
2007 2008 2009 AT • MSL • MANPATS Milan; AT4 9K111 Spigot
Afs
GDP US$ 9.7bn RCL 73mm SPG9; 82mm B-10
per capita US$ 304 GUNS 85mm D-48
AD • SAM
Growth % 11.5 7.5
SP SA-13 Gopher
Inflation % 13.0 24.0 MANPAD SA-7 Grail
Def exp a US$ 153m GUNS
US$1=Afs 49.9 47.0 SP ZSU-23-4
a
Domestic budget only TOWED 12.7mm; 14.5mm; 23mm ZU-23; 37mm
M-139; 57mm S-60; 85mm M-1939 KS-12; 100mm
Population 32,738,376 KS-19
Ethnic groups: Pashtun 38%; Tajik 25%; Hazara 19%; Uzbek 12%; MSL • SSM FROG-7; SS-1 Scud
Aimaq 4%; Baluchi 0.5%
Afghan National Army Air Corps (ANAAC)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
3,000+
Male 23% 5% 5% 4% 13% 1% 3 bases - Kabul North is primary ANAAC airfield with
Female 22% 5% 4% 4% 13% 1% Presidential Flt and bulk of tpt and hel assets. Kandahar
with 6 tpt ac, 6 Mi-17 and 2 Mi-24. Shindand with 2 tpt ac
Capabilities and 4 Mi-17.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ACTIVE 53,400 (Army 52,000 Air 1,400)
TPT 9: 2 An-26; 7 An-32B. (20 C-27 to be delivered 2009)
The Afghan Transitional Administration aims to establish
HELICOPTERS
control by forming a national army and a national police
ATK 10 Mi-35
force encompassing all ethnic and tribal groups. The new SPT 24 Mi-17
Afghan Army (ANA), HQ in Kabul, currently comprises TRG 2 L-39
some 35,000 troops. Planned org and national strength of
the ANA and national police is outlined below. At present
only two (201st and 205) of the five corps are fully manned,
Non-State Groups
203 has 2 brigades and the remainder one. The NATO-led see Part II
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) assumed
operational control of all regions in Oct 2006. As of Oct Foreign Forces
2008, ISAF had over 51,000 troops in theatre with some All under ISAF comd unless otherwise specified. ISAF HQ
11,000 US troops remaining on OEF duties. resembles a static HQ with contributing NATO countries
filling identified posts. Previously, posts had been filled by
Organisations by Service nations on a rotating basis.
Albania 140; 1 inf coy; 1 inf pl
Afghan National Army/Security Services Australia 1,080; 1 inf BG with (elm 1 inf bn, elm 1 para bn;
elm 1 armd recce regt, elm 1 engr regt); elm 1 arty regt;
52,000+
1 hel gp with 2 CH-47D; 1 UAV det with Scaneagle; 25
FORCES BY ROLE Bushmaster IMV LFV; 3 C-130J Hercules • UNAMA 1 obs
4 regional comd Austria 1
Army 5 corps (201st Kabul, 203rd Gardez, 205th
Azerbaijan 45
Kandahar, 207th Herat, 209th Mazar-e Sharif)
Bangladesh UNAMA 1 obs
each to be with 3 bde
Belgium 497; 4 F-16 (reinforce Dutch F-16s)
Reaction 1 bde (part of 201st corps) with (1 cdo, 1 mech
Bolivia UNAMA 1 obs
Force inf, 1 armd bn)
Bulgaria 460
Lt Inf 10 bn
Canada (Op Athena) 2,500; 1 lt inf bn HQ; 2 lt inf coy; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE armd sqn; 1 armd recce sqn; 1 arty bty; 1 UAV flt; 1 cbt
MBT T-62; T-55 engr sqn; 1 MP coy; 20 Leopard C2 MBT; some LAV III
RECCE BRDM-1/BRDM-2 Kodiak; some LAV-25 Coyote; 6 M-777; some Sperwer UAV
AIFV BMP-1/BMP-2 • Op Enduring Freedom (Op Archer) 12 • UNAMA (Op
APC (W) BTR-40/BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80 Accius) 2 obs
ARTY Croatia 280
TOWED 76mm M-1938; ZIS-3 M-1942; 122mm D-30; Czech Republic 415; 19 IVECO DV LMV Panther • UNAMA
M-30 M-1938; BM 21; 130mm M-46; 140mm BM 14; 1 obs
152mm D-1; 220 mm BM1 Oragan Denmark 750 • UNAMA 1 obs
Estonia 120 (in RC-S (UKTF Helmand)); 1 mech inf coy

with 4 Mamba; 12 XA-180 Sisu; 1 mor det with 3 81mm; 1 Bangladesh Bng
EOD team
Bangladeshi Taka Tk 2007 2008 2009
Finland 80
France (Operation Pamir) 3,000; 1 combined arms BG with (1 GDP Tk 4.72tr 5.41tr
para regt, elm 1 armd cav regt, elm 1 arty regt, elm 1 engr US$ 68.7bn 79.0bn
regt); 6 Mirage 2000D/SEM; 3 EC-725; 2 Gazelle • Operation per capita US$ 456 515
Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan (Op Epidote) 35 Growth % 6.3 7.0
Georgia 1 Inflation % 9.1 10.1
Germany 3,310; Army: 100 APV-2 Dingo II APC (W); some
Def exp Tk 68.6bn
CH-53G Stallion spt hel Air Force: 6 Tornado ECR SEAD
ac; C-160 Transall tpt ac • UNAMA 1 obs US$ 998m
Greece 137; 1 engr coy; 1 C-130 Hercules tpt ac Def bdgt Tk 57.7bn 62.4bn
Hungary 240; 1 lt inf coy; US$ 829m 912m
Ireland 7 US$1=Tk 68.7 68.4
Italy 2,350; some Dardo AIFV; 6 A-129 Mangusta; 3 CH-47;
2 RQ-1 Predator Air Force: 2 C-27J at Herat; some C-130
Religious groups: Muslim 90%; Hindu 9%; Buddhist 1%
Korea, Republic of UNAMA 1 obs
Latvia 70 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Lithuania 200 Male 17% 6% 6% 4% 16% 2%
Luxembourg 9 Female 16% 6% 6% 4% 15% 2%
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 135
Netherlands 1,770; Army: 1 inf BG; 40 Bushmaster IMV Capabilities
LFV; some YPR-675; 3 Pzh SP; 12 Fennek; some Sperwer
UAV Air Force: 4-8 F-16 Fighting Falcon; 6 AH-64D Apache; ACTIVE 157,053 (Army 126,153 Navy 16,900 Air
5 AS-532U2 Cougar; some C-130 • Op Enduring Freedom 14,000) Paramilitary 63,900
-Afghanistan 6
New Zealand 155 (PRT Bamiyan) Organisations by Service
Norway 455 1 mech inf coy; 1 spt coy • UNAMA 2 obs
Paraguay UNAMA 1 obs Army 126,153
Poland 1,130; 35 Rosomak AIFV; 68 IFV; 4 Mi-24; 2 Mi-17
FORCES BY ROLE
Portugal 70 • UNAMA 1 obs Armd 1 bde (1 armd regt); 6 regt
Romania 725; 1 inf bn; some TAB-77; some TAB-79; some Inf 7 div HQ; 17 bde (total: 68 inf bn)
Piranha IIIC • Op Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan 50 •
Cdo 1 bn
UNAMA 1 obs
Arty 20 regt
Slovakia 70
Central and
Engr 1 bde
South Asia
Slovenia 70
Spain 780 Sigs 1 bde
Sweden 280 Avn 1 regt (2 sqn)
Turkey 800 AD 1 bde
Ukraine 3 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
United Kingdom 8,330; Army: 1 recce regt; 2 lt inf bn; 1 arty MBT 232: 58 Type-69; 174 Type-59
regt; 1 GMLRS tp; STA ; 1 UAV bty; 1 EOD tp; 1 engr regt; LT TK 8 Type-62
1 spt bn; 1 theatre log spt gp; 1 medical bn; 29 Warrior; 130 APC 209
Mastiff; 12 L-118; 4 GMLRS; 8 AH-64D Apache; 5 Lynx; some APC (T) 134 MT-LB
Hermes 450; some Predator B; some Desert Hawk Navy: 1 bde APC (W) 75 BTR-80
HQ (3rd Cdo); 2 cdo regt; 55 Viking; 6 Sea King HC MK 4 Air ARTY 779+
Force: 8 Harrier/Tornado; 4 C-130 Hercules; 8 CH-47 Chinook TOWED 307+: 105mm 170: 56 Model 56A1; 114 Model
United States 20,600; Army: 2 lt inf IBCT • Operation 56/L 10A1 pack howitzer; 122mm 75 Type-54/54-1
Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan 11,100+; Army: 1 div HQ; 1 (M-30) M-1938/T96; 130mm 62 Type-59-1 (M-46)
cbt avn bde; 1 spt bde; 1 ARNG lt inf IBCT; AH-64 Apache; MOR 472: 81mm 11 M-29A1; 82mm 366 Type-53/87/M-31
some OH-58 Kiowa; some CH-47 Chinook; 1,122 MRAP; (M-1937); 120mm 95 MO-120-AM-50 M67/ UBM 52
some M119; some M198 Navy; some EA-6B Prowler Air AT • RCL 106mm 238 M-40A1
Force: some F-15E Strike Eagle; some A-10 Thunderbolt II; AIRCRAFT • TPT 6: 5 Cessna 152; 1 Piper Cheyenne
some EC-130H Compass Call; some C-130 Hercules; some AD • SAM • MANPAD QW-2; 20 HN-5A (being
HH-60 Pave Hawk; some MQ-1 Predator; some MQ-9 Reaper replaced by QW-2)
(Equipment includes both and OEF-A forces) GUNS • TOWED 164: 37mm 132 Type 65/74 57mm 34
Uruguay UNAMA 1 obs Type 59 (S-60)
Navy 16,900 FORCES BY ROLE

FORCES BY ROLE FGA 2 sqn with F-7MB, F-7BG (recce capable), FT-7BG,
Navy 1 HQ located at Dhaka FT-7B Airguard; A-5C (Q-5III) Fantan; 1 OCU with
L-39ZA Albatros; FT-6 (MiG-19UTI) Farmer
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ftr 1 sqn with MiG-29B/MiG-29UB Fulcrum
Tpt 1 sqn with An-32 Club; 1 sqn with C-130B Hercules
FFG 2:
1 Osman (PRC Jianghu I) with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with Hel 5 sqn with Mi-17/MI-171/MI-17MI-IV Hip; Bell
HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm tactical SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 206L LongRanger-4; Bell 212 Huey
eff.), 4 100mm gun Trg 1 trg school with PT-6 (CJ-6) basic trg; T-37B
1 Khalid Bin Walid (RoK Modified Ulsan) with 4 Otomat Tweet (jet conversion trg); Bell 206L LongRanger-4
Mk 2 tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun, 4 40mm gun (hel trg)
FF 3: EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
2 Abu Bakr† (UK Leopard) each with 2 115mm twin AIRCRAFT 75+ combat capable
gun (4 eff.) FGA 59+: 31 F-7MB/F-7BG (recce capable)/FT-7BG/FT-7B
1 Umar Farooq† training (UK Salisbury) with 3 Squid, 1 Airguard; 18 A-5C (Q-5III) Fantan; 10 FT-6 (MiG-19UTI)
115mm twin gun (4 eff.) Farmer
FTR 8: 6 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum
PFM 9:
TPT 7: 3 An-32 Club †; 4 C-130B Hercules
5 Durbar less than 100 tonnes (PRC Hegu) each with 2

TRG 30: 8 L-39ZA Albatros*; 10 PT-6 (CJ-6); 12 T-37B
single with 2 SY-1 tactical SSM
Tweet
4 Durdarsha (PRC Huangfeng) each with 4 single each
HELICOPTERS
with 1 HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm tactical SSM
SPT 17 Mi-17/MI-171/MI-17MI-IV Hip
PCT 4 Huchuan† less than 100 tonnes (PRC) each with 2
UTL 13: 2 Bell 206 Longranger; 11 Bell 212
single 533mm TT each with 2 YU 1 Type 53 HWT
PCO 7: MSL • AAM AA-2 Atoll
1 Nirbhoy (PRC Hainan) with 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
1 Madhumati† (Sea Dragon) with 1 76mm and 1 40mm Paramilitary 63,900
gun
5 Kapatakhaya (UK Island class)
Ansars 20,000+
Security Guards
PFC 8: 4 Shaheed Daulat; 4 Titas (RoK Sea Dolphin)
PCC 6: 2 Karnaphuli; 2 Meghna (fishery protection); 1
Armed Police 5,000
Ruposhi Bangla; 1 Salam
Rapid action force (forming)
PCI 4: 2 Akshay; 1 Bakat; 1 Bishkali
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 Bangladesh Rifles 38,000
MSI 4 Shapla (UK River) Border Guard
MSO 1 Sagar
Paramilitary 41 bn
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 10: 2 LCU†; 3 LCVP†; 1 LSL
LCM 4 Yuchin
Coast Guard 900
AOR 2 (coastal)
PCI 7 Bishkali
AR 1†
PCR 5 Pabna
AG 1
PB 2 Meghna
ATF 1†
AGHS 1 Agradoot
TRG 1 Shaheed Ruhul Amin Non-State Groups
YTM 3 see Part II
FACILITIES
Bases Located at Chittagong, Dhaka, Kaptai, Khulna,
Mangla
DeploymentS
Afghanistan
Air Force 14,000 UN • UNAMA 1 obs
Three major bases - Bashar AB (consists of Dhaka-Tejgaon
and Dhaka-Kurmitola); Matiur Rahman AB (Jessore) and BURUNDI
Zahurul Haque AB (Chittagong). Kurmitola is the main fast UN • BINUB 1 obs
jet fighter/FGA base. Tejgaon houses two helicopter squad- Central african republic/chad
rons. Jessore houses the transport squadrons, the Air Force UN • MINURCAT 2 obs
Academy and the Flying Training Wing. Bogra houses the
flying instructors’ school; Chittagong has a combat train- Côte D’Ivoire
ing/light attack squadron plus a helicopter squadron. UN • UNOCI 2,714; 11 obs; 3 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 sig coy;
Flying hours 17,000+ flying hrs/year 1 fd hospital

UN • MONUC 1,331; 28 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 avn unit
Georgia Strategic Forces Command

India’s Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) controls the
UN • UNOMIG 7 obs
nation’s nuclear weapons. The NCA comprises a Political
Liberia Council and an Executive Council. The Political Council,
chaired by the Prime Minister, is the only body that can
UN • UNMIL 2,399; 19 obs; 2 inf bn; 2 engr coy; 1 sigs pl;
authorise nuclear weapons use; the Executive Council,
1 log unit; 1 MP unit
chaired by the National Security Advisor to the Prime
Serbia Minister, provides inputs for decision making by the NCA
UN • UNMIK 2 obs and executes directives given it by the Political Council. The
NCA is also concerned with the state of readiness, targeting
Sudan strategy for retaliatory attacks, operating procedures for
UN • UNAMID 39; 4 obs various stages of alert and launch, and arrangements for
UN • UNMIS 1,545; 23 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy(+); 1 EOD/ alternate chains of command. Strategic Forces Command
(SFC) is a tri-service command established in 2003. The
de-mining coy; 1 tpt coy (-); 1 rvn coy; 1 MP coy; 1 fd
Commander-in-Chief of SFC, a senior three-star military
hospital
officer, manages and administers all Strategic Forces
Timor-leste through separate Army and Air Force chains of command,

UN • UNMIT 4 obs with the army responsible for all nuclear-capable land-
based ballistic missiles and the air force responsible for
Western Sahara all nuclear-capable fixed-wing aircraft (the navy is not yet
UN • MINURSO 8 obs nuclear-capable). The C-in-C SFC reports directly to the
Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee.
FORCES BY ROLE
India Ind Msl 2 Gps with SS-150/SS-250 Prithvi
1 Gp with Agni I
Indian Rupee Rs 2007 2008 2009 1 Gp with Agni-II
GDP Rs 47.1tr 52.6tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 1,141bn 1,078bn MSL • STRATEGIC
per capita US$ 1,010 939 IRBM 70-90 Agni I; 15-20 Agni-II; Agni-III (successfully
Growth % 9.3 7.9 tested)
SRBM 60 msl produced 1993–1999. Up to 20 SS-150
Inflation % 6.2 7.9
Prithvi I/SS-250 Prithvi II msl produced each year; SS-350
Def exp Rs 1,095bn Dhanush (naval testbed)
US$ 26.5bn
Central and
Some Indian Air Force assets (such as Mirage 2000H or Su-
South Asia
Def bdgt Rs 1,123bn 1,235bn
US$ 27.2bn 25.3bn 30MKI) could be tasked with a strategic role
US$1=Rs 41.3 48.8
Army 1,100,000
Population 1,147,995,898 FORCES BY ROLE
Religious groups: Hindu 80%; Muslim 14%; Christian 2%; Sikh 6 Regional Comd HQ (Northern, Western, Central,
2% Southern, Eastern, South Western), 1 Training Comd
(ARTRAC), 13 corps HQ (3 (1st 2nd 12st) strike corps, 10 (1-4,
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
9-12, 14-16, 21, 33), ‘holding’ corps ( incl 1 Desert Corps)
Male 16% 5% 5% 5% 18% 2% Armd 3 div (each: 2–3 armd bde ,1 SP arty bde (1
Female 15% 5% 4% 4% 18% 2% medium regt, 1 SP arty regt)); 8 indep bde;
13 regt each with 55 T-55; 35 regt each with
Capabilities 55 T-72M1; 5 regt each with 55 T-90S; 14
regt each with 55 Vijayanta
ACTIVE 1,281,200 (Army 1,100,000 Navy 55,000 Mech inf 25 bn
Air 120,000, Coast Guard 6,200) Paramilitary Inf 4 RAPID div (each: 1 mech inf bde); 18 div
1,300,586 (each: 1 arty bde, 2–5 inf bde); 8 indep bde;
319 bn
RESERVE 1,155,000 (Army 960,000 Navy 55,000 Air Mtn Inf 10 div (each: 3–4 mtn inf bde, 3-4 arty regt);
140,000) Paramilitary 987,821 2 indep bde
Army first line reserves (300,000) within 5 years of full time SF 7 bn
service, further 500,000 have commitment to the age of 50. AB 1 indep bde , 5 bn
Arty 2 div (each: 2 arty bde (each: 3 med arty, 1 SP 880+: 180 SA-6 Gainful; 50+ SA-8B; 400 SA-9 Gaskin;
composite regt (1 SATA/MRL regt)) 250 SA-13 Gopher;
Med Arty 63 regt (bn) MANPAD 2,620+: 620 SA-7 Grail (being phased out);
SP Med Arty 1 regt (bn) 2,000+ SA-16 Gimlet
Fd Arty 118 regt GUNS 2,395+
SP 155+: 23mm 75 ZSU-23-4; ZU-23-2 (truck mounted);
SP Fd Arty 3 regt (bn)
30mm 20-80 2S6 Tunguska
MRL 4 regt (bn)
TOWED 2,240+: 20mm Oerlikon (reported); 23mm 320
Mor 15 regt ZU-23-2; 40mm 1,920 L40/70
SSM 2 (Prithvi) regt; 1 (Agni) regt; 2 bty PJ-10 UAV 26: 12 Searcher I and II; 14 Nishant
(BrahMos) RADAR • LAND 12+: 12 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder; BSR Mk.2;
Engr 4 bde Cymbeline; EL/M-2140; M-113 A1GE Green Archer (mor);
Hel 14 sqn MUFAR; Stentor
AD 4 bde; 5 ‘flak’ regt with 320 ZU-23-2 (some AMPHIBIOUS 2 LCVP
SP); 30 ‘flak’ regt with 1,920 L40/70 (each: 4 MSL • SSM 8–12 PJ-10 BrahMos; 70–90 Agni I; 15–20 Agni
AD bty); 12+ regt II; Agni III; up to 20 SS-150 Prithvi I/SS-250 Prithvi II msl
SAM 12 regt; 2 gp (each: 2–5 SAM bty) produced each year
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Reserve Organisations
MBT 4,065 (ε1,133 in reserve): 310+ T-90S (to be 1,330 to

replace Vijayanta and T-55); ε15 Arjun non operational; Reserves 300,000 reservists (1st line reserve
1,950 T-72M1 (modification program in progress, incl. within 5 years full time service); 500,000 reservists
thermal sights); 1,008 Vijayanta (modified with night- (commitment until age of 50) (total 800,000)
fighting equipment and new fire control systems); 715 T-55
(modifications similar to Vijayanta); ε67 in reserve Territorial Army 160,000 reservists (only 40,000
RECCE 110 BRDM-2 each with AT-4 Spigot/AT-5 Spandrel; regular establishment)
Ferret (used for internal security duties along with some Army 3–4 Ecological bn; 29 Departmental unit (raised
locally built armoured cars) from government ministries)
AIFV 1700+: 700 BMP-1; 1,000+ BMP-2 Inf 25 bn
APC 817+ AD 20 ‘flak’ regt with 1,280 L40/60
APC (W) 317+: ε160 Casspir; 157+ OT-62/OT-64 (mainly
used for 2nd line duties, such as towing mortars)
Navy 55,000 (incl 7,000 Naval Avn and 1,200
APC (W)/(T) 500+ in reserve in store (Czech and Soviet
Marines)
types)
ARV 324: 124 WZT-3; 200 VT-72B FORCES BY ROLE
ARTY 11,230+ Navy Fleet HQ New Delhi; Commands located at
SP 20+: 130mm 20 M-46 Catapult; 152mm 2S19 Farm Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam and Kochi
TOWED up to 4510+: 105mm up to 1,350+: 600+ IFG (Cochin)
Mk1/Mk2/Mk3 (being replaced); up to 700 LFG; 50 M-56; EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
122mm 550 D-30; 130mm 2,200: 1,200 M-46; 500 (in SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 16:
process of upgrading to 155mm); 500 in reserve in store; 2 Vela (FSU Foxtrot) each with 10 single 533mm TT (6
155mm 410 FH-77B forward, 4 aft)
MRL 180: 122mm ε150 BM-21/LRAR; 214mm 30 Pinaka 4 Shishumar (Ge T-209/1500) each with 1 single 533mm
(trials finished - not yet in service) TT
MOR 6,520+ 4 Sindhughosh (FSU Kilo) each with 6 single 533mm TT
SP 120mm E1 (2 undergoing phased refit of SS-N-27)
TOWED 6520+: 81mm 5,000+ E1; 120mm ε1,500 AM-50/ 6 Sindhughosh (FSU Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT each
E1; 160mm 20 M-58 Tampella with SS-N-27 Club-S tactical SSM
AT • MSL PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 47
SP AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CV 1 Viraat (UK Hermes)
MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger (being phased out); AT-4 (capacity 30 Sea Harrier FRS MK51 (Sea Harrier FRS
9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel; Milan 2 MKI) FGA ac; 7 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel/Sea King MK42B
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav ; 106mm 3,000+ M-40A1 (10 per ASW hel)
inf bn) DESTROYERS • DDG 8:
HELICOPTERS 3 Delhi each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with SS-N-25
ASLT 12 Lancer Switchblade tactical SSM, 2 single with 24 SA-N-7
UTL 180: 120 HAL Cheetah (SA-315B) Lama; 60 HAL SAM, 5 x1 533mm ASTT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity
Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III either 2 Sea King MK42A ASW hel or 2 ALH utl hel)
UAV 14 Nishant 5 Rajput (FSU Kashin) each with 2 twin (4eff.) PJ-10
RECCE • TACTICAL Searcher BrahMos ASCM (one ship fitted; phased upgrades
AD • SAM 3,500+ planned for rest of class), 2 Twin (4 eff.) each with SS-
N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 2 (4 eff.) each with 16 SA-N-1 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 14
Goa SAM,5 x1 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 MSI 2 Mahe less than 100 tonnes (FSU Yevgenya)
eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1 Ka-25 Hormone/ MSO 12 Pondicherry (FSU Natya)
KA-28 hel) AMPHIBIOUS 17
FRIGATES 14 PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 1
FFG 11: Jalashwa (US Austin class) (capacity up to 6 med spt
3 Brahmaputra each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with hel; either 9 LCM or 4 LCM and 2 LCAC; 4 LCVP; 930
SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, 20 SA-N-4 Gecko troops)
SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm gun, LS 10
(capacity either 2 HAL Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III LSM 5 Kumbhir (FSU Polnocny C) (capacity 5 MBT or 5
SA-316 utl/Sea King MK42 ASW hel or 2 Sea King APC; 160 troops)
MK42 ASW hel) (2nd of class awaiting full weapons LST 5:
fit) 2 Magar (capacity 15 MBT or 8 APC or 10 trucks;
3 Godavari each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 4 500 troops)
single each with SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM, 1 twin 3 Magar mod (capacity 11 MBT or 8 APC or 10
(2 eff.) with 20 SA-N-4 Gecko SAM, (capacity either 2 trucks; 500 troops)
Sea King MK42 ASW hel or 2 HAL Chetak (SA-316B) CRAFT • LCU 6 Vasco de Gama MK2/3 LC (capacity 2
Alouette III SA-316 utl/Sea King MK42 ASW hel) APC; 120 troops)
3 Talwar I each with SS-N-27 Club tactical SSM, 6 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 47
single with SA-N-7 Gadfly SAM, 1 100mm gun, AORH 3: 1 Aditya (mod Deepak); 1 Deepak; 1 Jyoti
(capacity either 1 KA-31 Helix B AEW hel/KA-28 AOL 6
ASW hel or 1 ALH utl hel) ASR 1
2 Shivalik each with SS-N-27 Club tactical SSM, AWT 2
6 single with SA-N-7 Gadfly SAM, 1 76mm gun, AGOR 1 Sagardhwani
(capacity 1 Sea King Mk42-B ASW hel) (First vessel AGHS 8 Sandhayak
expected ISD ’09 additional vessel in build) AGS 2 Makar
FF 3: ATF 1
1 Krishna (UK Leander) trg role TPT 3 Nicobar
2 Nilgiri (UK Leander) each with 2 triple 533mm TRG 3: 1 Tir; 2 AXS
ASTT (6 eff.), 1 Limbo ASW Mor (triple), 2 114mm TRV 1
gun, with 1 ALH/Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III
YDT 3
SA-316 utl hel
YTL/YTM 13
CORVETTES 24
FSG 20: FACILITIES
4 Khukri each with 1 76mm gun, 2 twin (4 eff.) Bases Located at Mumbai (Bombay), Karwar
each with SS-N-2C Styx tactical SSM, 1 hel landing (under construction), Calcutta,
platform (For ALH/Chetak) Vishakhapatnam, Port Blair (Andaman Is),
4 Kora each with 4 (16 eff.) each with SS-N-25 Kochi (Cochin)
Naval airbase Located at Arakonam, Goa
Central and
South Asia
Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) with SA-N-5
Grail SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
(For ALH/Chetak) Naval Aviation 7,000
5 Veer (FSU Tarantul) each with 4 single each with Flying 180 to 240 hrs/year on T-60 trg ac; 180 hrs/
SS-N-2D Styx tactical SSM, 2 quad (8 eff.) (quad hours year on Sea Harrier FRS MK51 (Sea Harrier
manual aiming) each with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 1 FRS MKI) FGA ac
76mm gun FORCES BY ROLE
5 Vibhuti (mod Veer) each with 4 quad(16 eff.) with Air 1 HQ located at Arakonam
16 SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) FGA 1 sqn with Sea Harrier FRS MK51 (Sea Harrier
(quad manual aiming) with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 1 FRS MKI); T-60*
76mm gun ASW 6 sqn with Ka-31 Helix B; Ka-25 Hormone; 18
2 Vibhuti (advanced version) each with 4 quad (16 Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A; Sea King MK42A/Sea
eff.) each with 16 SS-N-25 Switchblade tactical SSM, King MK42B; HAL Chetak (SA-316B) Alouette III
1 quad (4 eff.) (manual aiming) with SA-N-5 Grail
MR 3 sqn with Il-38 May; Tu-142M Bear F;
SAM, 1 76mm gun
Do-228-201; BN-2 Islander
FS 4:
SAR 1 sqn with Sea King MK42C; HAL Chetak (SA-
4 Abhay (FSU Pauk II) each with 1 quad (4 eff.) (quad
316B) Alouette III (several in SAR role)
manual aiming) with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 x1 533mm
ASTT (twin), 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 76mm gun Tpt 1 sqn with HAL-784M (HS-748M)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20 Comms 1 sqn with Do-228
PSOH 6 Sukanya (capacity 2 HAL Chetak ) Trg 2 sqn with HJT-16 MKI Kiran; HJT-16 MKII
PCC 7: 5 Trinkat SDB MK 5; 2 SDB Mk 3 Kiran II; HPT-32 Deepak
PFI 7 Super Dvora less than 100 tonnes UAV 1 sqn with Searcher MkII, 4 Heron
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AEW/ 1 sqn with IL-76 TD Phalcon

AIRCRAFT 29 combat capable AWACS
FGA 13 Sea Harrier FRS MK51 (Sea Harrier FRS MKI) Recce 1 sqn with Gulfstream IV
ASW 8 Tu-142M Bear F* Tpt 2 sqn with Il-76 Candid; 7 sqn with An-32 Cline;
MP 26: up to 20 Do-228-201; 6 Il-38 May* some sqns and units with HS-748; 2 sqn with
TPT 37: 17 BN-2 Islander; 10 Do-228; 10 HAL-784M Do-228; 1 sqn with B-737; 1 sqn with EMB-
(HS-748M) 145BJ; 1 flt with EMB-135BJ
TRG 28: 12 HJT-16 MKII; 6 HJT-16 MKII Kiran II; 8 Tkr 1 sqn with Il-78 Midas
HPT-32 Deepak; 2 T-60*
Atk hel 2 sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind
HELICOPTERS
ASW 54: 7 Ka-25 Hormone; 12 Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix Hel 9 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; 6 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H/
A; 21 Sea King MK42A ASW; 14 Sea King MK42B ASW/ Mi-17 IV; 1 sqn with Mi-26 Halo); 2 sqn with
ASUW* ALH Dhruv; 2 sqn with HAL Cheetah (SA-315B)
Lama; 4 sqn with HAL Chetak (SA-316B)
AEW 9 KA-31 Helix B
SAR 6 Sea King MK42C Trg trg units with HJT-16 Kiran; HPT-32 Deepak;
UTL 51+: 4 Dhruv ALH 2; 6 HAL Chetak (SA-316B) MiG-21; MiG-21bis; MiG-21M/MF; MiG-21FL;
Alouette III; some (several in SAR role); 25 SA-319 MiG-27ML*; MiG-23BN*; Jaguar IS/2 –IM; Hawk
Alouette III Mk 132 AJT
UAV 12: 8 Searcher MK II; 4 Heron UAV 5 sqn with Searcher MkII
MSL SAM 25 sqn with S-123M Pechora (SA-3) Goa; 6 sqn

ASM Sea Eagle; KH-35/Sea Skua (Bear and May a/c now with OSA-AK (SA-8B Gecko); 10 flt with SA-18
cleared to fire Sea Eagle and Kh-35) Gimlet
ASCM PJ-10 BrahMos EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AAM R-550 Magic 2/R-550 Magic tactical AAM AIRCRAFT 603 combat capable
FTR 96: 48 MiG-29B Fulcrum; 48 MiG-21FL
Marines ε1,200 FGA 507: 48 Su-30 MKI Flanker; 36 M-2000H (M-2000E)
Amph 1 bde
Mirage/M-2000TH (M-2000ED) Mirage (secondary ECM
Cdo 1 (marine) force role); 98 MiG-27ML Flogger J2; 80 Jaguar S International
(incl 16 maritime attack with Sea Eagle tactical ASM); 165
Western Command MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N (125 being upgraded to MiG-
Navy 1 HQ located at Mumbai (Bombay) 21bis-93); 48 MiG-21MF/PFMA Fishbed; 32 MiG-21M
AEW&C: 1 IL-76 TD Phalcon (2nd and 3rd ac to follow Sep
Southern Command 09/Apr 10)
Navy 1 HQ located at Kochi (Cochin) RECCE 3 Gulfstream IV SRA-4
TKR 6 Il-78 Midas
Eastern Command TPT 184: 24 Il-76 Candid; 84 An-32 Cline; 6 B-707; 6
Navy 1 HQ located at Vishakhapatnam B-737; 20 BAe-748; 40 Do-228; 4 EMB-135BJ
TRG 270: 6 Hawk Mk 132AJT (66 on order); 120 HJT-16
Andaman and Nicobar Command (joint MKI; 56 HJT-16 MK11 Kiran II; 88 HPT-32 Deepak
command) HELICOPTERS
Navy 1 HQ located at Port Blair (Andaman Is) ATK 20 Mi-25 Hind D/Mi-35 Hind
SPT 177: 3 Mi-26 Halo (hy tpt); 102 Mi-8; 72 Mi-17 (Mi-
Air Force 120,000 8MT) Hip H
5 regional air comds: Western (New Delhi), South-Western UTL 128: 20 Dhruv ALH (150 on order); 60 HAL Cheetah
(Gandhinagar), Eastern (Shillong), Central (Allahabad), (SA-315B) Lama SA-315; 48 HAL Chetak (SA-316B)
Southern (Trivandrum) Alouette III
Maintenance Cmd (Nagpur), Trg Cmd (Bangalore) UAV: some Searcher MK II
Flying hours 180 hrs/year AD • SAM S-125 (SA-3B) Goa
SP SA-8B
FORCES BY ROLE
MANPAD SA-16 Gimlet
Ftr 3 sqn with MiG-29B Fulcrum; 3 sqn with MiG-
MSL • TACTICAL • ASM AM-39 Exocet; AS-11; AS-11B
21FL Fishbed
(ATGW); AS-12 Kegler; AS-17 Krypton; AS-30; AS-7 Kerry;
FGA 3 sqn with Su-30 MKI Flanker; 3 sqn with Sea Eagle
M-2000H (M-2000E) Mirage/ (secondary ECM ARM AS-11; AS-11B (ATGW); AS-12 Kegler; AS-17 Krypton
role); 8 sqn with MiG-21 (3 sqn with MiG-21bis AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AA-12 Adder; AA-7
Fishbed); 5 sqn with MiG-21M/MF Fishbed); 4 Apex; AA-8 Aphid; R-550 Magic; Super 530D
sqn with Jaguar S(I); 6 sqn with MiG-27ML
Flogger Coast Guard 6,200
Maritime 1 sqn with Jaguar S(I) with Sea Eagle tactical Control of the Coast Guard is exercised through the
attack ASM Director General under the Ministry of Defence (HQ
Delhi). The CG is organised into 11 districts with three Indo–Tibetan Border Police 36,324
regional Command Head Quarters at Mumbai, Chennai, Ministry of Home Affairs. Tibetan border security
Port Blair; in addition there are two principal air stations SF/guerrilla warfare and high-altitude warfare specialists;
at Daman and Chennai with additional air stations at 30 bn
Mumbai, Goa, Kochi, Kolkata and Port Blair for maritime
surveillance with a total of 9 Air Squadrons. National Security Guards 7,357
Anti-terrorism contingency deployment force, compris-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ing elements of the armed forces, CRPF and Border
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 72+ Security Force
PSOH 14: 1 Sankalp (Additional vessels in build); 4
Samar; 9 Vikram Railway Protection Forces 70,000
PCO 7 Sarojini-Naidu
PCC 29: 13 Jija Bai mod 1; 8 Priyadarshini; 6 Tara Bai; 2 Sashastra Seema Bal 31,554
Guards Indo-Nepal/Bhutan borders
Rajkiran
PBC 14 Special Frontier Force 10,000
PBI 2 Mainly ethnic Tibetans
ACV 6 Griffon 8000
AIRCRAFT • TPT 24 Do-228 Special Protection Group 3,000
HELICOPTERS • UTL • SA-316 17 HAL Chetak (SA- Protection of VVIP
316B) Alouette III

State Armed Police 450,000
For duty primarily in home state only, but can be moved
Paramilitary 1,300,586 to other states. Some bn with GPMG and army standard
infantry weapons and equipment
Rashtriya Rifles 65,000
Paramilitary 24 (India Reserve Police (cdo-trained)) bn
Ministry of Defence
Paramilitary 65 bn (in 15 sector HQ) Reserve Organisations
Assam Rifles 63,883 Civil Defence 500,000 reservists
Ministry of Home Affairs. Security within north-eastern Fully train in 225 categorised towns in 32 states. Some
states, mainly army-officered; better trained than BSF units for NBC defence
FORCES BY ROLE Home Guard 487,821 reservists (515,000
Equipped to roughly same standard as an army inf bn authorised str)
Paramilitary 7 HQ; 42 bn each with 6 81mm mor In all states except Arunachal Pradesh and Kerala; men on
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE reserve lists, no trg. Not armed in peacetime. Used for civil
defence, rescue and fire-fighting provision in wartime; 6
ARTY • MOR 81mm 240
bn (created to protect tea plantations in Assam)
Border Security Force 208,422
Central and
South Asia
Ministry of Home Affairs. Non-State Groups
FORCES BY ROLE see Part II
Paramilitary 157+ bn each with 6 81mm
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Deployment
Small arms, lt arty, some anti-tank weapons
AFGHANISTAN
ARTY • MOR 81mm 942+
400 ε 2 cdo coy (Protection for road construction project)
AIRCRAFT • TPT (air spt)
ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
Central Industrial Security Force 94,347 Maritime Security Operations 2 FFG
(lightly armed security guards only) Côte D’Ivoire
Ministry of Home Affairs. Guards public-sector
UN • UNOCI 7 obs
locations
Central Reserve Police Force 229,699 UN • MONUC 4,388; 58 obs; 2 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn; 1 avn
Ministry of Home Affairs. Internal security duties, only bn; 1 avn unit; 1 atk hel unit; 1 fd hospital
lightly armed, deployable throughout the country
Lebanon
Paramilitary 2 Mahila (female) bn; 125 bn; 13 rapid
UN • UNIFIL 897; 1 inf bn; 1 fd hospital
action force bn
Sudan
Defence Security Corps 31,000 UN • UNMIS 2,607; 19 obs; 1 inf bn(+); 1 inf bn; 1 engr
Provides security at Defence Ministry sites coy(+); 1 avn unit; 1 fd hospital
syria/israel Arty 7 bde

UN • UNDOF 187; elm 1 log bn MRL 2 (102,402) bde with total of 180 BM 27
9P140 Uragan
Tajikistan
AT 2 bde
IAF Forward Op Base, Farkhar
SSM 1 bde
TIMOR-leste
Coastal Def 1 (West Region) bde
UN • UNMIT 1 obs
Cbt Engr 3 bde
SSM 1 bde
Foreign Forces Peacekeeping 1 (KAZBRIG) bde
Total numbers for UNMOGIP mission in India and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Pakistan
MBT 980 T-72
Chile 2 obs RECCE 280: 140 BRDM; 140 BRM
Croatia 8 obs AIFV 1,430: 730 BMP-1; 700 BMP-2
Denmark 4 obs APC 370
Finland 5 obs APC (T) 180 MT-LB
Italy 7 obs APC (W) 190 BTR-70/BTR-80
Korea, Republic of 9 obs ARTY 1,460
SP 240: 122mm 120 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 120 2S3

Sweden 7 obs
TOWED 670: 122mm 400 D-30; 152mm 270: 180 2A36;
Uruguay 2 obs 90 2A65
GUN/MOR 120mm 25 2S9 Anona
MRL 380: 122mm 200: 150 BM-21 Grad, 50 in store;
Kazakhstan Kaz 220mm 180 9P140 Uragan
MOR 120mm 145 2B11/M-120
Kazakhstani Tenge t 2007 2008 2009
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113
GDP t 12.7tr 16.4tr Spandrel; AT-6 9K115 Spiral
US$ 104bn 138bn RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
per capita US$ 6,824 8,973 GUNS 100mm 68 MT-12/T-12
MSL • SSM 12 SS-21 Tochka (Scarab)
Growth % 8.9 4.5
FACILITIES
Training centre 1
Def bdgt t 142bn
US$ 1.16bn Navy 3,000
FMA (US) US$ 3.2m 1.3m 2.0m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS
US$1=t 122 119 PCI 12: 4 Almaty; 1 Dauntless; 5 Guardian; 2 Zhuk
Population 15,340,533 Air Force 12,000 (incl Air Defence)

Ethnic groups: Kazak 51%; Russian 32%; Ukrainian 5%; German 1 air force div, 164 cbt ac, 14 atk hel
2%; Tatar 2%; Uzbek 2%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FORCES BY ROLE
Male 12% 6% 5% 4% 19% 3% Comd regt with Tu-134 Crusty; Tu-154 Careless
Female 12% 5% 5% 4% 21% 6% Ftr 1 regt with MiG-29UB Fulcrum; 1 regt with
MiG-31 Foxhound; MiG-25 Foxbat
Capabilities FGA 1 regt with Su-24 Fencer; 1 regt with Su-25
Frogfoot; 1 regt with Su-27 Flanker
ACTIVE 49,000 (Army 30,000 Navy 3,000 Air 12,000 Recce 1 regt with Su-24 Fencer*
MoD 4,000) Paramilitary 31,500
Atk hel some regt with Mi-24V
Trg some regt with L-39 Albatros; Yak-18 Max
Hel some regt with Mi-171V5, Mi-8 Hip, UH-1H
SAM some regt with 100 SA-2 Guideline/SA-3 Goa;
SA-10 Grumble (quad); SA-4 Ganef/SA-5 Gammon;
Army 30,000 SA-6 Gainful (60 eff.)
4 regional comd: Astana, East, West and Southern.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT 162 combat capable
Mech Inf 10 bde (1 Bde Astana Region, 4 Bde East FTR 97: 42 MiG-31 Foxhound (20 to be upgraded to MiG-
Region, 5 bde South Region) 31BM by end 2008); 39 MiG-29/UB Fulcrum; 16 MiG-25
Air Aslt 4 bde Foxbat
FGA 65: 14 Su-25 Frogfoot; 14 Su-24 Fencer; 12* Su-24

(recce); 25 Su-27 Flanker Capabilities
TPT 3: 2 Tu-134 Crusty; 1 Tu-154 Careless ACTIVE 10,900 (Army 8,500 Air 2,400) Paramilitary
TRG 16: 12 L-39 Albatros; 4 Yak-18 Max 9,500
HELICOPTERS
ATK 40+ Mi-24V (first 9 upgraded)
SPT 76: 20 Mi-171V5; 50 Mi-8 Hip; 6 UH-1H
AD • SAM 147+ Organisations by Service
SP 47+: 20 SA-6 Gainful; 27+ SA-4 Ganef /SA-5 Gammon
static; SA-10 Grumble (quad) Army 8,500
TOWED 100 SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa FORCES BY ROLE
MSL MR 2 bde; 1(mtn) bde
ASM AS-10 Karen; AS-11 Kilter; AS-7 Kerry; AS-9 Kyle SF 1 bde
ARM AS-11 Kilter Arty 1 bde
AAM AA-6 Acrid; AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid; AA-12 (on
AD 1 bde
MiG-31BM)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Paramilitary 31,500 MBT 150 T-72
RECCE 30 BRDM-2
Government Guard 500 AIFV 320: 230 BMP-1; 90 BMP-2
APC (W) 35: 25 BTR-70; 10 BTR-80
Internal Security Troops ε20,000 ARTY 246
Presidential Guard 2,000 TOWED 141: 100mm 18 M-1944; 122mm 107: 72 D-30;
35 M-30 M-1938; 152mm 16 D-1
State Border Protection Forces ε9,000 GUN/MOR 120mm 12 2S9 Anona
Ministry of Interior. MRL 21: 122mm 15 BM-21; 220mm 6 9P140 Uragan
HEL • SPT 1 Mi-171 MOR 120mm 54: 6 2S12; 48 M-120
AT • MSL • MANPATS 26+: 26 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4
Deployment 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel
RCL 73mm SPG-9
Georgia RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
OSCE • Georgia 1 GUNS 100mm 18 MT-12/T-12
NEPAL
GUNS 48
UN • UNMIN 1 obs
SP 23mm 24 ZSU-23-4
Central and
South Asia
TOWED 57mm 24 S-60
Kyrgyzstan Kgz
Air Force 2,400
Kyrgyzstani Som s 2007 2008 2009 FORCES BY ROLE
GDP s 139bn 166bn Tac 1 regt with L-39 Albatros ; 1 (comp avn) regt with
US$ 3.7bn 4.5bn MiG-21 Fishbed; An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl
per capita US$ 705 844 Ftr 1 regt with L-39 Albatros
Growth % 8.2 7.5 Hel 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind; Mi-8 Hip
Inflation % 10.2 24.5 SAM some regt with SA-3 Goa; SA-4 Ganef; SA-2 Guideline
Def bdgt s 1.46bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 39m AIRCRAFT 52 combat capable
FMA (US) US$ 1.5m 0.8m 0.9m FTR 72: 48 MiG-21 Fishbed; 24 in store
US$1=s 37.3 36.7 TPT 4: 2 An-12 Cub; 2 An-26 Curl
TRG 28: 4 L-39 Albatros*; 24 in store
Population 5,356,869 HELICOPTERS
Ethnic groups: Kyrgyz 56%; Russian 17%; Uzbek 13%; Ukrainian 3% ATK 9 Mi-24 Hind
SPT 23 Mi-8 Hip
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD • SAM
Male 16% 6% 5% 4% 15% 3%
SP SA-4 Ganef
Female 15% 6% 5% 4% 17% 4% TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
Paramilitary 9,500 SF 1 bde (1 AB bn, 1 cav sqn, 2 indep SF coy)

Ranger 1 bn
Border Guards 5,000 (Kgz conscripts, RF Arty 1 bde (1 arty regt, 1 AD regt)
officers)
Engr 1 bde (4 engr bn)
Interior Troops 3,500 Royal Guard 1 bde (1 MP bn)
National Guard 1,000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 40 Ferret
Deployment APC (W) 40 Casspir
ARTY 95+
bosnia-herzegovina TOWED 25: 75mm 6 pack; 94mm 5 3.7in (mtn trg);
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 105mm 14: 8 L-118 Light Gun; 6 pack howitzer (non-
operational)
CENtral african republic/chad
MOR 70+: 81mm; 120mm 70 M-43 (est 12 op)
AD • GUNS • TOWED 32+: 14.5mm 30 Type-56 (ZPU-4);
Liberia 37mm (PRC); 40mm 2 L/60
UN • UNMIL 5 obs
Air Wing 320
Sudan AIRCRAFT • TPT 2: 1 BAe-748; 1 SC.7 3M Skyvan
UN • UNMIS 9 obs HELICOPTERS

SPT 7: 1 AS-332L; 2 AS-322L1 Super Puma; 1 AS-350
Foreign Forces Ecureuil; 3 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
France Air Force: 1 C-135FR tkr ac UTL 5: 2 Bell 206L LongRanger; 1 HAS-315B (SA-315B)
Russia Military Air Forces: 20+ Mi-8 Hip spt hel/Su-24 Fencer Lama; 2 SA-316B Alouette III
FGA ac/Su-25 Frogfoot FGA ac/Su-27 Flanker ftr ac; ε500
Paramilitary 62,000
Nepal N Armed Police Force 15,000
Ministry of Home Affairs
Nepalese Rupee NR 2007 2008 2009
GDP NR 522bn
Police Force 47,000
US$ 7.9bn
per capita US$ 272 Non-State Groups
Growth % 3.2 4.7 see Part II
Inflation % 6.5 8.0
Def bdgt NR 11.0bn 12.3bn Deployment
US$ 167m 157m CENTRAl african republic/chad
US$1=NR 66.4 78.2 UN • MINURCAT 2 obs
Population 29,519,114 Côte D’Ivoire
Religious groups: Hindu 90%; Buddhist 5%; Muslim 3% UN • UNOCI 1; 3 obs
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Democratic Republic of Congo
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
UN • MONUC 1,031; 25 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 engr coy
Female 19% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2% GEORGIA
UN • UNOMIG 1 obs
Capabilities
Haiti
ACTIVE 69,000 (Army 69,000) Paramilitary 62,000 UN • MINUSTAH 1,079; 2 inf bn
Nepal’s Maoist political leadership is attempting to integrate
its 23,500-strong People’s Liberation Army (PLA) into the LEBANON
Nepalese national army. This is expected to begin in 2009. UN • UNIFIL 868; 1 inf bn
Liberia
Organisations by Service UN • UNMIL 43; 4 obs
Army 69,000 Middle East

UN • UNTSO 3 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Army 3 div HQ; 1 (valley) comd Sierra Leone
Inf 7 bde (total: 16 Inf bn); 44 indep coy UN • UNIOSIL 2 obs
Sudan
Capabilities
UN • UNMIS 6; 10 obs ACTIVE 617,000 (Army 550,000 Navy 22,000 Air
Timor-leste
UN • UNMIT 1 obs
Foreign Forces
Strategic Forces
(all opcon UNMIN unless stated)
The National Command Authority (NCA) formulates
Bolivia 3 obs
nuclear policy and is the key decision-making body for
Brazil 6 obs
the employment and development of strategic systems.
Denmark 1 obs The NCA has two committees: the Employment Control
Egypt 3 obs Committee and the Development Control Committee. The
Guatemala 1 obs Strategic Plans Division (SPD) acts as the secretariat, and
Indonesia 5 obs among other duties formulates nuclear policy, strategy and
Japan 6 obs doctrine and strategic and operational plans for deploy-
ment and employment. While operational control rests
Jordan 10 obs
with the NCA, Army and Air Force strategic forces are re-
Kazakhstan 1 obs sponsible for technical aspects, training and administrative
Malaysia 5 obs control of the services’ nuclear assets.
Nigeria 3 obs
Paraguay 5 obs Army Strategic Forces Command commands
Romania 5 obs all land based strategic nuclear forces.
Sierra Leone 2 obs 12,000-15,000 personnel
South Africa 1 obs MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 166: 95 Hatf-1; Abdali/Hatf-2;
Sweden 2 obs 50 Hatf-3 (PRC M-11); 6 Shaheen-1/Hatf-4; up to 20 Hatf-5/
Switzerland 2 obs Ghauri; Ghauri II
United Kingdom Army 280 (Gurkha trg org)
Some Pakistan Air Force assets (such as Mirage or F-16)
Uruguay 3 obs
could be tasked with a strategic role
Yemen 1 obs
Zambia 1 obs Army 550,000
Zimbabwe 2 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Army 9 corps HQ
Armd 2 div; 7 (indep) bde
Pakistan Pak
Central and
South Asia
Mech 1 (indep) bde
Pakistani Rupee Rs 2007 2008 2009 Inf 1 (area) comd; 18 div; 6 bde
GDP Rs 8.7tr 10.5tr SF 1 gp (3 SF bn)
US$ 144bn 126bn Arty 9 (corps) bde; 5 bde
per capita US$ 849 752 Engr 7 bde
Growth % 6.4 5.8 Avn 1 (VIP) sqn; 5 (composite) sqn
Inflation % 7.8 12.0 Hel 10 sqn
Def exp Rs 275bn AD 1 comd (3 AD gp (total: 8 AD bde))
US$ 4.53bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Def bdgt Rs 275bn 296bn MBT 2,461+: 45 MBT 2000 Al-Khalid; 320 T-80UD; 51
T-54/T-55; 1,100 Type-59; 400 Type-69; 275+ Type-85; 270
US$ 4.53bn 3.56bn
M-48A5 in store
FMA (US) US$ 297m. 297m 300m
APC 1,266
US$1=Rs 60.6 83.1 APC (T) 1,100 M-113
APC (W) 166: 120 BTR-70/BTR-80; 46 UR-416
ARTY 4,291+
Religious groups: Hindu less than 3%
SP 260: 155mm 200 M-109/M-109A2; 203mm 60 M-110A2/
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus M-110
TOWED 1,629: 105mm 329: 216 M-101; 113 M-56; 122mm
Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 2%
570: 80 D-30 (PRC); 490 Type-54 M-1938; 130mm 410 Type-
Female 19% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2% 59-I; 155mm 292: 144 M-114; 148 M-198; 203mm 28 M-115
MRL 122mm 52 Azar (Type-83) MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •

MOR 2,350+: 81mm; 120mm AM-50; M-61 MHC 3 Munsif (Fr Eridan)
AT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10
MSL 10,500+ AORH 2:
SP M-901 TOW 1 Fuqing with 1 SA-319 Alouette III utl hel
MANPATS 10,500 HJ-8/TOW 1 Moawin with 1 Sea King MK45 ASW hel
RCL 3,700: 75mm Type-52; 106mm M-40A1 AOT 3: 1 Attock; 2 Gwadar
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 89mm M-20 AGS 1 Behr Paima
GUNS 85mm 200 Type-56 (D-44) YTM 4
AIRCRAFT FACILITIES
RECCE 30 Cessna O-1E Bird Dog Bases Located at Ormara, Gwadar, Karachi
TPT 4: 1 Cessna 421; 3 Y-12(II)
UTL 90 SAAB 91 Safrai (50 obs; 40 liaison) Marines ε1,400
HELICOPTERS Cdo 1 gp
ATK 26: 25 AH-1F Cobra (TOW); 1 Mi-24 Hind
SPT 54: 31 SA-330 Puma; 10 Mi-8; 13 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip Naval Aviation
H AIRCRAFT 16 ac combat capable
UTL 81: 26 Bell-412; 5 AB-205A-1 (Bell 205A-1); 13 Bell MP 16: 3 Atlantic (also ASW)*; 3 F-27-200 MPA*; 10
206B JetRanger II; 12 SA-315B Lama; 20 SA-319 Alouette III;
P-3C Orion*
5 UH-1H Iroquois HELICOPTERS
TRG 22: 12 Bell 47G; 10 Hughes 300C ASW 9: 3 Lynx MK3; 6 Sea King MK45 ASW hel
UAV Bravo; Jasoos; Vector UTL 6: 2 SA-319B Alouette III; 4 SA-316 Alouette III
AD MSL • ASM AM-39 Exocet
SAM • MANPAD 2,990+: 2,500 Mk1/Mk2; 60 FIM-92A
Stinger; HN-5A; 230 Mistral; 200 RBS-70
Air Force 45,000
GUNS • TOWED 1,900: 14.5mm 981; 35mm 215 GDF-002/
GDF-005; 37mm 310 Type-55 (M-1939)/Type-65; 40mm FORCES BY ROLE
50 L/60; 57mm 144 Type-59 (S-60); 85mm 200 Type-72 3 regional comds: Northern (Peshawar) Central (Sargodha)
(M-1939) KS-12 Southern (Masroor). The Composite Air Tpt Wg, Combat
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); RASIT Cadres School and PAF Academy are Direct Reporting
(veh, arty) Units.
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 166: 95 Hatf-1; Abdali/Hatf-2; Ftr 2 sqn with Mirage IIIEP/OD; 1 sqn with
50 Hatf-3 (PRC M-11); 6 Shaheen-1/Hatf-4; up to 20 Hatf-5/ F-16A Fighting Falcon; F-16B Fighting
Ghauri; Ghauri II Falcon; 5 sqn with F-7PG Skybolt; 2 sqn with
F-7PG (F-7MG) Airguard; F-16 C/D
Navy 22,000 (incl ε1,400 Marines and ε2,000 FGA 1 sqn with Mirage IIIEP each with AM-39
Exocet tactical ASM; 2 sqn with A-5C
Maritime Security Agency (see Paramilitary))
(Q-5III) Fantan; 2 sqn with Mirage 5PA3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (A5uW); 5PA2/5PA Mirage; FC-1/JF-17
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 8 Thunder undergoing test and evaluation
SSK 5:
ELINT/ECM 1 sqn with Da-20 Falcon
2 Hashmat (Fr Agosta 70) each with 4 x1 533mm ASTT
Recce 1 sqn with Mirage IIIRP (Mirage IIIR)*
with 20 F17P HWT/UGM- 84 Harpoon tactical USGW
SAR 6 sqn with SA-316 Alouette III; 1 sqn with
3 Khalid (Fr Agosta 90B – 1 AIP) each with 4 x1 533mm
Mi-171 (SAR/liaison)
ASTT with 20 F17 MOD 2 HWT; 4 SM-39 Exocet tactical
USGW Tpt sqns with An-26 Curl; B-707; Beech 200
SSI 3 MG110 (SF delivery) Super King Air; C-130B/C-130E Hercules;
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 6 CN-235; F-27-200 Friendship (1 with navy);
Falcon 20; L-100 Hercules; Y-12; Beech F-33
FFG 6:
Bonanza
4 Tariq (UK Amazon) each with 2 Mk-141 Harpoon twin
each with RGM-84D Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 single Trg sqns with FT-5 (MiG-17U); FT-6 (MiG-
each with TP 45 LWT, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx 19UTI); K-8; FT-7 (JJ-7)*; MFI-17B Mushak;
utl hel) Mirage 5DPA/5DPA2; Mirage IIIB*; Mirage
2 Tariq each with 1 sextuple (6 eff.) with LY-60 (Aspide) IIIOD*; T-37C Tweet
SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 SAM 1 bty with 6 CSA-1 (SA-2) Guideline; SA-16
LWT, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx utl hel) Gimlet; 6 bty each with 24 Crotale
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PFM 4 Jalalat II each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with C-802 AIRCRAFT 383 combat capable
(CSS-N-8) Saccade tactical SSM FTR 233: 8 FC-1/JF-17 Thunder (150+ on order); 50 Mirage
PCC 2: 1 Larkan; 1 Rajshahi III EP; 54 F-7PG (F-7MG) Airguard; 75 F-7P Skybolt; 46
PBF 2 Kaan 15 F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon (all to be given Mid-Life
Update); 1 F-16 C/D; (18 F-16C/D; 12 F-16 C 6 F-16D – on Northern Light Infantry ε12,000
order) Paramilitary 3 bn
FGA 104: 41 A-5C (Q-5III) Fantan; 10 Mirage 5PA3
(ASuW), 40 Mirage 5PA /Mirage 5PA2; 13 Mirage IIIEP Pakistan Rangers up to 40,000
each with AM-39 Exocet tactical ASM Ministry of Interior
RECCE 15 Mirage IIIRP (Mirage IIIR)*
EW • ELINT 2 Da-20 Falcon
TPT 25: 1 An-26 Curl; 3 B-707; 1 Beech 200 Super King Air;
Non-State Groups
11 C-130B Hercules/C-130E Hercules; 4 CN-235; 2 F-27-200 see Part II
Friendship (1 with navy); 1 Falcon 20; 1 L-100 Hercules; 1
Y-12; 1 Beech F-33 Bonanza Deployment
TRG 183: 25 FT-5 (MiG-17U) Fresco; 15 FT-6 (MiG-19UTI)
Farmer; 12 K-8; 19 FT-7 (JJ-7)*; 80 MFI-17B Mushshak; 3 Burundi
Mirage 5DPA/Mirage 5DPA2*; 2 Mirage IIIB* (trg); 7 UN • BINUB 1 obs
Mirage IIIOD (Mirage IIID)*; 20 T-37C Tweet Central african republic/chad
HELICOPTERS 19: 4 Mi-171; 15 SA-316 Alouette III UN • MINURCAT 2 obs
AD • SAM 150+
TOWED 150: 6 CSA-1 (SA-2) Guideline; 144 Crotale Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 1,136; 9 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 armd sqn(-); 1 engr
MANPAD SA-16 Gimlet

RADAR • LAND 51+: 6 AR-1 (AD radar low level); some coy; 1 tpt coy
Condor (AD radar high level); some FPS-89/100 (AD radar
high level)
UN • MONUC 3,588; 53 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 3 inf bn
MPDR 45 MPDR/MPDR 60 MPDR 90 (AD radar low
level) Georgia
TPS-43G Type 514 some (AD radar high level) UN • UNOMIG 10 obs
MSL ASM: AGM-65 Maverick; AM-39 Exocet
Liberia
AAM AIM-9L Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder; R-Darter,
Super 530 UN • UNMIL 3,401; 14 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 2 inf bn; 3 engr
coy; 1 fd hospital
FACILITIES
Radar air control sectors 4 Serbia
Radar control and reporting station 7 UN • UNMIK 1 obs
Sierra Leone
Paramilitary up to 304,000 active UN • UNIOSIL 1 obs
Coast Guard Sudan
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 28 UN • UNAMID 24
PB 1 UN • UNMIS 1,562; 15 obs; 1inf bn(+); 1 engr coy; 1 avn
Central and
South Asia
PBF 4 unit(-); 1 tpt coy; 1 de-mining coy(-); 1 fd hospital
MISC BOATS/CRAFT 23
Timor Leste
Frontier Corps up to 65,000 (reported) UN • UNMIT 4 obs
Western Sahara
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd recce 1 indep sqn
Paramilitary 11 regt (total: 40 paramilitary bn)
Foreign Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 45 UR-416 Unless specified, figures represent total numbers for
UNMOGIP mission in India and Pakistan
Maritime Security Agency ε2,000 Chile 2 obs
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • Croatia 8 obs
DESTROYERS • DD 1: 1 Nazim (US Gearing, no ASROC) Denmark 4 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7: Finland 5 obs
PCO 4 Barkat Italy 7 obs
PCC 3: 2 Subqat (PRC Shanghai); 1 Sadaqat (ex-PRC
Korea Republic of 9 obs
Huangfen)
Sweden 7 obs
National Guard 185,000 United Kingdom some (fwd mounting base) air elm
Incl Janbaz Force; Mujahid Force; National Cadet Corps; located at Karachi
Women Guards Uruguay 2 obs
Navy 15,000 (incl 2,400 recalled reservists)

Sri Lanka Ska FORCES BY ROLE
Sri Lankan Rupee Rs 2007 2008 2009 Navy 1 (HQ and Western comd) located at Colombo
GDP Rs 3.57tr 4.55tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 32.5bn 42.2bn
PSOH 2: 1 Reliance; 1 Sayaru (Ind Sukanya)
per capita US$ 1,554 1,997 PSO 1 Jayesagara
Growth % 6.8 6.1 PFM 2 Nandimithra (Il Saar 4) each with 3 single each
Inflation % 15.8 23.7 with 1 GII Gabriel II tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Def exp Rs 107bn PCC 11: 3 Abeetha (PRC mod Shanghai); 2 Prathapa (PRC
mod Haizhui); 3 Ranajaya (PRC Haizhui); 1 Ranarisi (PRC
US$ 975m
Shanghai II); 2 Weeraya (PRC Shanghai)
Def bdgt Rs 139bn 166bn 177bn PBF 56: 28 Colombo; 3 Dvora; 3 Killer (ROK); 6 Shaldag; 5
US$ 1.26bn 1.54bn Trinity Marine; 8 Super Dvora; 3 Simonneau (all vessels less
US$1=Rs 110 108 than 100 tonnes)
PBR 51
Population 21,128,773 PB 7
AMPHIBIOUS
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
LSM 1 Yuhai (capacity 2 tanks; 250 troops)

Male 13% 4% 5% 4% 20% 3% CRAFT 8
Female 12% 4% 5% 4% 22% 4% LCU 2 Yunnan
LCM 2
Capabilities LCP 3 Hansaya
ACV 1 M 10 (capacity 56 troops)
ACTIVE 150,900 (Army 117,900 Navy 15,000 Air LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3: 1 AK; 1 TPT; 1 SPT/TRG
FACILITIES
RESERVE 5,500 (Army 1,100 Navy 2,400 Air Force Bases Located at Trincomalee (Main base and Eastern
2,000) Paramilitary 30,400 Comd), Kankesanthurai (Northern Comd), Galle
(Southern Comd), Medawachiya (North Central
Organisations by Service Comd) and Colombo (HQ and Western Comd)
Army 78,000; 39,900 active reservists (recalled) Air Force 18,000

(total 117,900)
FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE FGA /Ftr 1 sqn with MiG-27M Flogger J2; FT-7 (JJ-7)
9 Div HQ Mongol A, F-7M; FT-5 (MiG-17U) Fresco; MiG-
Armd 3 regt 23UB Flogger C (conversion trg); 1 sqn with Kfir
Armd Recce 3 regt (bn) C-2/C-7/TC-2
Air Mob 1 bde
Tpt 1 sqn with An-32B Cline; C-130K Hercules;
Inf 33 bde Cessna 421C Golden Eagle; Y-12; Cessna 150
SF 1 indep bde
Atk hel 1 sqn with Mi-24V Hind E; Mi-35P Hind;
Cdo 1 bde
Trg Trg sqn with PT-6 (CJ-6); K-8; SF-260TP
Fd Arty 1 light regt; 2 (med) regt
Fd Engr 3 regt Hel 2 sqn with Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; Bell 212; Bell
412 Twin Huey (VIP); Bell 206 JetRanger (incl
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE basic trg)
MBT 62 T-55AM2/T-55A
RECCE 15 Saladin Reserves Air Force Regt, 3 sqn; airfield construction, 1 sqn
AIFV 62: 13 BMP-1; 49 BMP-2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC 217 AIRCRAFT 22 combat capable
APC (T) 35 Type-85 FTR 3 F-7M
APC (W) 182: 31 Buffel; 21 FV603 Saracen; 105 Unicorn; 25 FGA 13: 7 Kfir C-2; 2 Kfir C-7; 4 MiG-27M Flogger J2
BTR-80/BTR-80A TPT 13: 7 An-32B Cline; 2 C-130K Hercules; 1 Cessna 421C
ARTY 460 Golden Eagle; 3 Y-12
TOWED 154: 122mm 74; 130mm 40 Type-59-I; 152mm
TRG 25: 5 Cessna 150; 2 FT-5 (MiG-17U*) Fresco; 1 FT-7*
40 Type-66 (D-20)
(JJ-7) Mongol A; 2 K-8; 2 Kfir TC-2*; 1 MiG-23UB Flogger C
MRL 122mm 22 RM-70 Dana
MOR 784: 81mm 520; 82mm 209; 120mm 55 M-43 (conversion trg)*; 7 PT-6 (CJ-6); 5 SF-260TP
AT • RCL 40: 105mm ε10 M-65; 106mm ε30 M-40 HELICOPTERS
GUNS 85mm 8 Type-56 (D-44) ATK 13: 1 Mi-24V Hind E; 12 Mi-35P Hind
UAV 1 Seeker SPT 6: 3 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H; 3 in store
AD • GUNS • TOWED 27: 40mm 24 L/40; 94mm 3 (3.7in) UTL 21: 5 Bell 206 JetRanger; 10 Bell 212; 6 Bell 412 Twin
RADAR • LAND 2 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty) Huey (VIP)
UAV 3
RECCE 3: 2 Searcher; 1 Scout Capabilities
ACTIVE 8,800 (Army 7,300, Air Force/Air Defence
Paramilitary ε88,600 1,500) Paramilitary 7,500
Home Guard 13,000
National Guard ε15,000 Organisations by Service
Police Force 30,200; 1,000 (women); 30,400 Army 7,300
reservists (total 61,600) FORCES BY ROLE
Ministry of Defence MR 3 bde with 1 trg centre
Air Aslt 1 bde
Special Task Force 3,000 Arty 1 bde
anti-guerrilla unit
SAM 1 regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Non-State Groups MBT 37: 30 T-72; 7 T-62
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) AIFV 23: 8 BMP-1; 15 BMP-2
APC (W) 23 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
Est strength: 5–6,000

Major equipments incl: mines, mortars; artillery rockets; ARTY 23
up to 5 Zlin 143 ac and 1 R44 hel have been reported; TOWED 122mm 10 D-30
naval assets reported to incl improvised attack craft, MRL 122mm 3 BM-21
MOR 120mm 10
improvised low observable craft, improvised semi-
AD • SAM 20+
submersible craft and small tpt vessels
TOWED 20 SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
see Part II MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger (reported); SA-7 Grail
Deployment Air Force/Air Defence 1,500

FORCES BY ROLE
Democratic Republic of Congo Tpt sqn with Tu-134A Crusty
UN • MONUC 4 obs Hel sqn with Mi-24 Hind; Mi-17TM Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
Haiti EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • MINUSTAH 959; 1 inf bn AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 Tu-134A Crusty
HELICOPTERS
sudan
ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind
UN • UNMIS 6 obs SPT 12 Mi-17TM Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
Western Sahara
Paramilitary 7,500
Central and
South Asia
Interior Troops 3,800
Tajikistan Tjk National Guard 1,200
Tajikistani Somoni Tr 2007 2008 2009 Emergencies Ministry 2,500
GDP Tr 12.7bn 15.7bn
Border Guards
US$ 3.7bn 4.6bn
per capita US$ 522 633 Deployment
Growth % 7.8 6.0
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Def bdgt Tr ε300m
US$ 87m Serbia
US$1=Tr 3.43 3.44
OSCE • Kosovo 1
Population 7,211,884 Foreign Forces

Ethnic groups: Tajik 67%; Uzbek 25%; Russian 2%; Tatar 2%
France Air Force: 160; 1 C-130 Hercules; 2 C-160 Transall
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus India Air Force: 1 Fwd Op Base located at Farkhar
Russia Army: 120 MBT; 350 ACV; 190 Arty/mor/MRL; 1
Male 19% 6% 5% 4% 13% 2%
MR div (subord to Volga-Ural MD); 5,500; Military Air
Female 19% 6% 5% 4% 14% 3% Forces: 5 Su-25 Frogfoot FGA ac, 4 Mi-8 Hip spt hel
GUNS 70
Turkmenistan Tkm SP 23mm 48 ZSU-23-4
TOWED 57mm 22 S-60
Turkmen Manat TMM 2007 2008 2009
MSL • SSM 10 SS-1 Scud
GDP TMM 134tr 168tr
US$ 12.2bn 11.8bn Navy 500
Intention to form a navy/coast guard and currently has a
minor base at Turkmenbashy with 6 boats. Caspian Sea
Growth % 11.6 10.8
Flotilla (see Russia) is operating as a joint RF, Kaz, Tkm
Inflation % 6.5 13.0 flotilla under RF comd based at Astrakhan.
Def bdgt TMM ε2.3tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 209m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
USD1=TMM 11,015 14,267 PB 1 Point class
PBI 5 Kalkan
FACILITIES
Ethnic groups: Turkmen 77%; Uzbek 9%; Russian 7%; Kazak 2% Minor base Located at Turkmenbashy
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 18% 6% 5% 4% 15% 2%
Air Force 3,000
incl Air Defence
Female 17% 6% 5% 4% 16% 3%

FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr / 2 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-17 Fitter; MiG-
Capabilities FGA 29U Fulcrum; Su-25MK
ACTIVE 22,000 (Army 18,500 Navy 500 Air 3,000) Tpt /Utl 1 sqn with An-26 Curl; Mi-24 Hind; Mi-8 Hip
Terms of service 24 months Trg 1 unit with Su-7B; L-39 Albatros
SAM sqns with 50 SA-2 Guideline/SA-3 Goa/SA-5 Gammon
Organisations by Service EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Army 18,500 FTR 22 MiG-29 Fulcrum
FORCES BY ROLE FGA 67: 65 Su-17 Fitter; 2 Su-25MK (+41 more being
5 Mil Districts refurbished)
MR 3 div; 2 bde; 1 div (trg) TPT 1 An-26 Curl
Air Aslt 1 indep bn TRG 7: 2 L-39 Albatros; 2 MiG-29U Fulcrum*; 3 Su-7B*
Arty 1 bde HELICOPTERS
MRL 1 regt ATK 10 Mi-24 Hind
SPT 8 Mi-8 Hip
AT 1 regt
AD • SAM 50 SA-2 Guideline towed/SA-3 Goa/SA-5
Engr 1 regt
Gammon static
SAM 2 bde
Msl 1 (Scud) bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Uzbekistan Uz
MBT 670 T-72 Uzbekistani Som s 2007 2008 2009
RECCE 170 BRDM/BRDM-2
AIFV 942: 930 BMP-1/BMP-2; 12 BRM GDP s 29.1tr 34.5tr
APC (W) 829 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80 US$ 20.0bn 25.8bn
ARTY 564 per capita US$ 795 913
SP 56: 122mm 40 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 16 2S3 Growth % 9.5 8.0
TOWED 269: 122mm 180 D-30; 152mm 89: 17 D-1; 72 D-20
MRL 125: 122mm 65: 9 9P138; 56 BM-21; 220mm 60 Def bdgt s ε120bn
9P140 Uragan US$ 94m
MOR 97: 82mm 31; 120mm 66 PM-38 US$1=s 1,277 1,336
AT
MSL • MANPATS 100 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111 Population 28,268,440
Spigot; AT-5 9K113 Spandrel; AT-6 9K115 Spiral Ethnic groups: Uzbek 73%; Russian 6%; Tajik 5%; Kazak 4%;
Karakalpak 2%; Tatar 2%; Korean <1%; Ukrainian <1%
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
GUNS 100mm 72 MT-12/T-12 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD • SAM 53+
Male 17% 6% 5% 4% 15% 2%
SP 53: 40 SA-8 Gecko; 13 SA-13 Gopher
MANPAD SA-7 Grail Female 16% 6% 5% 4% 16% 3%
Tpt sqns with An-24 Coke; Tu-134 Crusty

Capabilities Trg sqns with L-39 Albatros
ACTIVE 67,000 (Army 50,000 Air 17,000) Hel 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind (attack); Mi-26 Halo
Paramilitary 20,000 (tpt); Mi-8 Hip (aslt/tpt); 1 regt with Mi-6AYa
Terms of service conscription 12 months Hook (cmd post); Mi-6 Hook (tpt)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Organisations by Service AIRCRAFT 135 combat capable
FTR 55: 30 MiG-29 Fulcrum MiG-29UB Fulcrum; 25 Su-27
Army 50,000 Flanker Su-27UB Flanker C
FGA 69: 20 Su-25 Frogfoot Su-25BM Frogfoot; 23 Su-24
FORCES BY ROLE
Fencer; 26 Su-17MZ (Su-17M) Fitter C/Su-17UMZ (Su-
4 Mil Districts; 2 op comd; 1 Tashkent Comd
17UM-3)
Tk 1 bde
RECCE/EW 11 Su-24MP Fencer F*
MR 11 bde ELINT/Tpt 39: 26 An-12 Cub Tpt/An-12PP Cub; 13 An-26
Mtn Inf 1 (lt) bde Curl Tpt/An-26RKR Curl ELINT EW
Air Aslt 3 bde TPT 2: 1 An-24 Coke; 1 Tu-134 Crusty
AB 1 bde TRG 14: 5 L-39 Albatros; 9 in store
HELICOPTERS
SF 1 bde
ATK 29 Mi-24 Hind

Arty 6 bde COMD 2 Mi-6AYa Hook
MRL 1 bde SPT 79: 1 Mi-26 Halo (tpt); 26 Mi-6 Hook (tpt); 52 Mi-8
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Hip (aslt/tpt)
MBT 340: 70 T-72; 100 T-64; 170 T-62 AD • SAM 45
RECCE 19: 13 BRDM-2; 6 BRM TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
AIFV 399: 120 BMD-1; 9 BMD-2; 270 BMP-2 STATIC SA-5 Gammon static
APC 309 MSL
APC (T) 50 BTR-D ASM AS-10 Karen; AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler; AS-7 Kerry;
APC (W) 259: 24 BTR-60; 25 BTR-70; 210 BTR-80 AS-9 Kyle
ARTY 487+ ARM: AS-11 Kilter; AS-12 Kegler
SP 83+: 122mm 18 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 17+: 17 2S3; 2S5 AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AA-8 Aphid
(reported); 203mm 48 2S7
TOWED 200: 122mm 60 D-30; 152mm 140 2A36 Paramilitary up to 20,000
MRL 108: 122mm 60: 24 9P138; 36 BM-21; 220mm 48 Internal Security Troops up to 19,000
9P140 Uragan Ministry of Interior
MOR 120mm 42: 5 2B11; 19 2S12; 18 PM-120
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111 Spigot
Ministry of Defence
Central and
GUNS 100mm 36 MT-12/T-12
South Asia
Air Force 17,000 Non-State Groups
FORCES BY ROLE see Part II
7 fixed wg and hel regts.
FGA/Bbr 1 regt with Su-24 Fencer; Su-24MP Fencer F Deployment
(recce); 1 regt with Su-25 Frogfoot/Su-25BM
Frogfoot; Su-17MZ (Su-17M) Fitter C/Su- Serbia
17UMZ (Su-17UM-3) Fitter G OSCE • Kosovo 2
Ftr 1 regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum/MiG-29UB
Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker/Su-27UB Flanker C Foreign Forces
ELINT/Tpt 1 regt with An-12 Cub/An-12PP Cub; An-26 Germany 163; some C-160 Transall
Curl/An-26RKR Curl
Table 31 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Central and South Asia
Due
Afghanistan (Afg)
Antonov An-32 Tpt ac 2 See notes Ukr 2007 2008 Part of a USD22m contract for 4
Cline An-32 and spares
Mi-17 Tpt Hel 6 Cz 2007 2008 Ex-Cz-stock. Modernised at NATO
expense. 3 delivered Feb 2008. Final
3 were due May 2008
Mi-24 Hel 6 Cz 2007 2008 Ex-Cz stock. Modernised at NATO
expense
Bangladesh (Bng)
F-7MG FGA 16 – PRC – 2005 2006 Four are 2 seat. 8 ac delivered Mar
2006
India (Ind)
Prithvi II SRBM 54 INR12.13bn Dom Bharat 2006 – For air force

Dynamics
Dhanush SRBM – – Dom Bharat – – In development. Ship launched
Dynamics
Sagarika K-15 SLBM – – Dom Bharat 1991 – In development. First test reported
Dynamics successful; est 700km range with 1
ton payload
Nirbhay Cruise msl – – Dom DRDO – – In development. First flight test due
2009. Designed for air, land and sea
platforms. Est 1,000km range
Agni III IRBM – – Dom DRDO – 2010 In development. Designed to carry
200-250 KT warhead with a range of
3,000km. Successful third test firing
May 2008
Agni IV IRBM – – Dom DRDO – 2012 In development. Est 5,000km range
Smerch-M BM MLRS 28 USD500m RF Rosoboron 2005 2006 Incl 28 wheeled MAZ-543A vehicles
9K58 export with 12-tube 9A52-2 launchers. Final
delivery due 2008/2009. Possible
follow on order for a further 18
Arjun MBT 124 See notes Dom ICVRDE 2000 2009 Development costs per vehicle est
INR3bn. Low-rate production began
2004, 15 delivered by end 2007
T-90 MBT 310 – Dom/RF – 2001 – 186 delivered by RF. Domestic
production of remaining 124 MBT
from kit form began 2007
T-90S MBT 347 USD1.23bn Dom/RF Avadi 2007 – Kits delivered by RF to be assembled
Heavy in Ind. Requirement of a total of
Vehicles 1,657 T-90S; likely order for a further
1,000 to be built entirely in Ind
T-72 VT MBT 500-600 – Dom 2002 – Project Rhino. Upgrade programme
Upgrade - experiencing delays
Nag ATGW 443 Dom Bharat – 2011 13 NAMICAs (Nag msl carrier) and
Dynamics 443 msl for army
Advanced SSBN 1 – Dom DRDO – – In development. Launch due early
Technology 2009. Likely to be armed with
Vessel (ATV) Sagarika SLBM
Akula-class SSN 1 USD750m RF Rosoboron 2004 2009 10 year lease from RF. Nerpa in RF
(Type 971) export service, to be renamed INS Chakra.
Accident late 2008 may delay
delivery
Scorpene SSK 6 USD3.5bn Fr/Dom DCNS 2005 2012 First delivery had been due 2012,
with one per year thereafter, reports
now suggest a delay of one year.
Option for a further 6 SSK
Due
Sindhughosh- SSK 10 – RF ORDTB 2002 – Upgrade incl mod to accept Klub-S
class Upgrade 3M-14E msl. Delayed due to
problems with msl system
3M14E Klub-S SLCM 28 INR8.44bn RF Novator 2006 – For a number of Sindhughosh- class
(SS-N-27 Sizzler) (USD182m) SSK
Kiev-class CV 1 USD2.5bn RF Rosoboron 1999 2008 Incl 16 MiG 29 K. To be renamed
Admiral export INS Vikramaditya. Contract value
Gorshkov renegotiated. Delivery delayed to
2012
Indigenous CV 1 USD730m Dom Cochin 2001 2012 Formerly known as Air Defence
Aircraft Carrier / Shipyard Ship (ADS). Second vessel of class
Project 71 anticipated
Project 15A DDG 3 – Dom Mazagon 2003 2010 First of class launched 2006,
(Kolkata class) Dockyard commissioning due 2010. Final
vessel commissioning due 2012
Advanced FFG 3 (USD1.5bn) RF Yantar 2006 2012 Option exercised 2006. Final
Talwar shipyard delivery due 2013
BrahMos PJ-10 ASCM – USD2bn RF / Dom Brahmos 2006 2010 Built jointly with RF. For army, navy
Aerospace and air force. Air launch version
undergoing testing
Oceanographic AGHS 1 EUR40m It 2005 2008 –
survey vessel (USD48m)
SU-30 MKI FGA 140 USD8.5bn RF Rosoboron 2000 – Delivered in kit form and completed
export in Ind under licence
SU-30 MKI FGA 40 USD1.6bn RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 First 4 to be delivered early 2008
export
MiG-29K FGA 16 USD600m RF Rosoboron 2004 2007 Incl 4 two seat MiG-29KUB. For INS
Fulcrum D export Vitramaditya (ex CV Gorshkov). Final
delivery due 2009
MiG-29 FGA SLEP 67 USD950m RF RSK MiG 2008 2012 SLEP. Life extension to 2020. Incl
advanced cbt capabilities and
avionics
Jaguar IS FGA 20 INR23.4bn Dom HAL 2006 2007 Final delivery due 2009
Tejas Ftr 20 INR20bn Dom HAL 2005 2011 Limited series production. To be
USD445m delivered in initial op config. Option
for a further 20 in full op config.
Central and
South Asia
Plans for 140
Hawk Mk132 Trg ac 66 USD1.7bn UK/Dom BAE/HAL 2004 2007 24 in fly-away condition and 42 built
Advanced Jet under licence. 14 delivered by Aug
Trainer 2008. Final delivery due 2011
HJT-36 Sitara Trg ac 16 – Dom HAL 1999 2007 Deliveries delayed
HJT-36 Sitara Trg ac 12 INR4.86bn Dom HAL 2006 – –
C-130J Hercules Tpt ac 6 USD1.2m US Lockheed 2008 2012 For special forces ops. SF config with
Martin AN/AAR-47 msl approach warning
sys and radar-warning receivers
Phalcon Ilyushin AEW&C 3 USD1.5bn Il/RF IAI 2003 2007 Due to delays, deliveries now due
Il-76TD from mid 2009. Option for 3 further
Il-76 TD
Phalcon Ilyushin AEW&C 3 USD1bn Il/RF IAI 2008 2012 Option on 2003 contract exercised
Il-76TD
EMB-145 AEW&C 3 USD210m Br Embraer 2008 2011 Part of a INR18bn (USD400m)
AEW&C project
Nishant UAV 12 – Dom ADE 2005 2009 Undergoing trials, induction into
army due by 2009
Dhruv Hel 245 – Dom HAL 2004 2004
Mistral (ATAM) AAM Undis- Undisclosed Dom MBDA 2006 – For combat version of Dhruv hel.
closed Nos and value undisclosed. Basic
fit for Dhruv to be 4 ATAM in 2
launchers. To be deployed 2009
Due
Kazakhstan (Kaz)
MiG-31 Ftr 20 USD60m RF Rosoboron 2007 2007 Upgrade to MiG-31BM
Upgrade export configuration. 10 to be modernised
in 2007, 10 in 2008
Pakistan (Pak)
Hatf 6 (Shaheen MRBM – – Dom – 1993 – Successfully test fired several times
2) 2004–2008. Declared fully op Apr
2008. Possible limited production
Hatf 8 (Raad) ALCM – – Dom – – – In development. Successfully test
fired
F-22P/Sword- FF 4 USD800m PRC/Dom Hudong- 2007 2009 Improved version of Jiangwei II FF.
Class Zhonghua First FF, PNS Zulfiqar, launched Apr
Shipyard 2008 and due for delivery 2009. All 4

ships due to enter service by 2013
MRTP 33 (Kaan PFM 2 Tu Yonka - 2006 2007 First vessel due Oct 2007. Second of
33) class Onuk class due Jan 2008
SM-2 Block II Msl 10 US Raytheon 2006 – With 10Mk 631
AURS
F-16C/D Block Ftr 18 USD1.4bn US Lockheed 2008 12 single-seat C-model Block 52 ac
50/52 Martin and 6 two-seat D-model ac. Option
for a further 18 ftr dropped
F-16 Block 15 FGA 52 USD49.75m US Northrop 2006 2008 EW upgrade. AN/APG-68 (V)9
and 50/52 Upgrade Grumman airborne fire-control radars. 18 for
F-16 Block 52+, plus retrofit kits
for 34 existing F-16 A/B Block 15.
Completion due 2010
JF-17 (FC-1) Ftr 150 – Dom/ PRC PAC 2006 2008 - 8 of a batch of 16 due for delivery
mid 2008. Two PRC produced
versions delivered Feb 2007. Pak/
PRC cooperation
F-10 (Jian-10) Ftr 36 – PRC CAC 2006 – –
P-3C Orion MPA 8 USD970m US – 2004 2007 Ex-US stock. First delivered Jan
2007. Final delivery due 2011. One
for spares
2000 Erieye AEW&C 5 SEK8.3bn Swe SAAB 2006 2009 Order reduced from 6 ac
(USD1.05bn)
K-8 Trg ac 27 PRC JHA 2005 2008 10 delivered by Mar 2008. Final
delivery due 2011
Cessna T-37B Trg ac 20 Delivery US – 2008 2008 Free transfer of ex-US stock
Tweet costs only
Z-9 Hel – – PRC Harbin 2007 – For F-22P FF
LUNA UAV 3 to 4 – Ge EMT 2006 – –
AIM-120 AAM 500 See notes US Raytheon 2007 2008 USD284m inc. 200 Sidewinder AAM.
AMRAAM Final delivery due 2011
AIM-9M AAM 200 See notes US Raytheon 2007 – USD284m inc 500 AMRAAM
Sidewinder
Chapter Eight
East Asia and Australasia
NORTHEAST ASIA crises. One new factor contributing to this public-
relations success was the PLA’s introduction of a
China media spokesperson for the first time during the
The agenda of China’s military establishment in 2008 Sichuan-earthquake recovery effort. This repre-
was dominated by domestic priorities: the military sented a cautious but positive step forward in its hesi-
was mobilised to deal with natural disasters, safe- tant efforts to promote transparency. Regular press
guard the Olympic Games and assist in containing conferences were held to report on the progress of the
internal unrest. By contrast, the country encountered military’s humanitarian operations.
few pressing external security challenges. But with The PLA extended this media transparency to cover
its gaze fixed on the long-term horizon, the People’s its involvement in providing security and support for
Liberation Army (PLA) continues to pursue a the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing. More
vigorous force-modernisation programme supported than 34,000 PLA soldiers and another 40,000 reserv-
by rising budgets and access to advanced indigenous ists and militia personnel were deployed to safeguard
and foreign arms. Olympic facilities, along with a display of hardware
The PLA was deployed domestically in large that included fighter aircraft, helicopters, warships
numbers on at least four occasions during 2008. and batteries of surface-to-air missiles placed outside
Military units were first called into action in January the Olympic stadium. This security operation was
to provide emergency relief and humanitarian placed on high alert as pro-independence Islamic
support to provinces in southern and central China militants launched a series of deadly terrorist attacks
that were hit by severe winter storms. 224,000 PLA in China’s northwestern Xinjiang region in the run-up
soldiers and paramilitary personnel as well as nearly to the games, although no attacks took place against
two million reservists and militia personnel were Olympic venues.
used to open transport routes and repair damaged However, this nascent media transparency
infrastructure. In an even higher-profile disaster- remains highly selective, and the PLA sought to
relief operation, the PLA took charge of rescue and hide its participation in an extensive crackdown on
recovery efforts after a devastating earthquake in Tibetan ethnic unrest in Tibet and neighbouring
Sichuan province killed nearly 70,000 people in regions in March–April 2008. PLA units were mobi-
May. This operation demonstrated that the PLA’s lised to support paramilitary People’s Armed Police
efforts to transform itself from a static, manpower- and other internal security forces to quell distur-
intensive outfit into a rapid-response and mobile bances. This was the most extensive military involve-
force have some way to go. More than 138,000 ment in internal-security operations since the 1989
East Asia and

Australasia
troops were mobilised from across the country, but Tiananmen Square crackdown.
the military’s ability to despatch soldiers and heavy This extended domestic deployment of the PLA
engineering equipment to areas cut off by the earth- does not appear to signify a more permanent shift in
quake was severely hampered by a lack of suitable civil–military relations, which have emphasised the
tactical and long-range transportation capabilities. military’s return to barracks since economic reforms
While the PLA committed around 100 helicopters, began in the late 1970s. But deepening social insta-
these were far from sufficient to meet operational bility brought about by China’s economic growth,
needs. In addition, most of the soldiers deployed which has taxed the ability of the internal security
were conscripts who lacked the equipment and apparatus, has increased pressure to employ the PLA,
organisational direction to perform more than especially in cases of large-scale disturbance. Military
limited manual tasks. chiefs are wary, though, of becoming overly entan-
Despite these deficiencies, the PLA’s reputation gled in domestic duties because of the detrimental
was considerably enhanced by positive and exten- impact this could have on the PLA’s primary mission
sive media and Internet coverage of its role in these of external defence.
The PLA’s domestic focus coincided with a quiet ship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
period in China’s external security environment, But China was also troubled by the announced seces-
especially over the rancorous issue of Taiwan. The sion of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia, and
election of Kuomintang (KMT) Party leader Ma Ying- Russia’s subsequent recognition of their independence,
jeou as Taiwan’s president in March was regarded by because of the precedent this could have for Taiwan
Beijing as an important step in stabilising cross-strait and the outlying Chinese areas of Xinjiang and Tibet.
relations, which had been tense and volatile during As a result, China has walked a careful diplomatic line
the eight-year rule of Chen Shui-bian. Chen had by refusing to endorse Russia’s actions over Georgia
pursued a pro-independence agenda that led Beijing while at the same time avoiding any direct criticism.
to embark on a military build-up, which included However, the tensions that have arisen over the Georgia
stationing ballistic missiles (estimated at 900–1,000) intervention could constrain the continued evolution of
in the vicinity of the Taiwan Strait. defence ties between China and Russia as well as their
The PLA gave a nod to the positive shift in cross- intentions to develop the multilateral military potential
strait relations when Chinese Defence Minister Gen. of the SCO. At the very least, Chinese military chiefs are
Liang Guanglie said in an Army Day speech on 1 likely to pay closer attention to Russia’s more assertive
August that ‘the Taiwan situation has undergone military posture and see it in less benign terms.
positive changes. The development of relations Another contentious issue in Sino-Russian mili-
between the two sides faces a rare historical oppor- tary relations concerns Russian allegations that China
tunity.’ But while political, economic and trade rela- has been illegally copying and reverse-engineering
tions have improved under Ma, initial hopes that this key Russian weapons systems and technologies, with
thaw might extend into the military sphere through China reportedly curtailing its arms imports from
confidence-building measures have been dashed. Russia and instead fielding Chinese-made copies.
Beijing showed little willingness to halt its missile The most prominent of these infringements include
and military build-up, despite efforts by the United the Su-27 fighter aircraft and advanced electronic
States to lower cross-strait military tensions. This systems such as radar and data-link systems for the
included a freeze on arms sales to Taiwan, which Sovremenny II 956E destroyer and Fregat M2EM 3D
was publicly acknowledged by the head of US Pacific and Mineral-ME radar systems. One of China’s newest
Command Adm. Timothy Keating in July, when he fighter aircraft is the Shenyang J-11B, apparently a
said that there was ‘no pressing, compelling need’ for reverse-engineered Su-27, extensively modernised
major arms sales to Taiwan ‘at this moment’, espe- with indigenously developed and foreign-acquired
cially as cross-strait tensions ‘had palpably decreased’ technologies. This acquisition led to public criticism
with Ma’s election. But this tentative improvement in Russia, and during his inaugural state visit to
in the China–US–Taiwan security dynamic abruptly China in May, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
ended in October 2008 when Washington announced reportedly sought an agreement on the protection
the possible sale of a $6.4 billion package of defensive of Russian intellectual property rights in the defence
weapons to Taiwan. This included Patriot Advanced sphere. At the same time, however, the two sides
Capability-3 guided-missile systems, Apache attack continued to discuss future arms sales and technical
helicopters, upgrades to Taiwan’s fleet of E-2T cooperation, including deals for combat aircraft, naval
Hawkeye surveillance aircraft, Harpoon anti-ship and weapons, and the possible renovation and upgrading
Javelin missiles, and spare parts for F-5 and F-16 jet of Russian weapons purchased during the 1990s, such
fighters. Beijing denounced the sale and halted bilat- as early-generation Sovremenny destroyers.
eral military-to-military exchanges with the US, While Chinese acquisitions of Russian arms have
which had been increasing in recent years. slowed, the PLA’s modernisation continues robustly.
Strains and mutual wariness have also begun to This was reflected in the size of the 2008 defence
emerge in China’s once-warm military engagement budget, which was substantially greater than the
with Russia. This was evidenced in China’s measured previous year and represented one of the biggest year-
response to Russia’s military intervention against on-year increases over the past decade (see Defence
Georgia in August 2008. On the one hand, Beijing has Economics text, p. 375). Military officials said that
shared Moscow’s deep-seated concerns over NATO major reasons for this sharp jump include rising sala-
enlargement, and the two countries have forged a good ries, cost-of-living subsidies and pensions. In its second
working military partnership through their joint leader- annual submission to the United Nations, China
East Asia and Australasia 365
disclosed that its military expenditures for 2007 broke The Ma administration has taken other modest
down into 33.8% for personnel costs, 34% for training steps to improve the military atmospherics across the
and maintenance and 32.2% for procurement. Taiwan Strait. Upon taking office, Ma pledged that
In its 2008 annual report to Congress examining Taiwan would not build or acquire nuclear or offensive
Chinese military power, the US Defense Department weapons. Other gestures include less overt displays
estimated that actual Chinese defence spending was of military might during the annual October National
between two and three times higher than Chinese Day parade and the annual Han Kuang military exer-
published figures because of the exclusion of expen- cises. The new administration has also proposed the
ditures on weapons research and development and establishment of more formal confidence-building
on foreign-arms purchases. (For information on measures with Beijing, which would include direct
how the IISS calculates Chinese defence spending, military contacts and exploratory efforts to agree on
see Defence Economics, pp. 375–6, and the essay a peace accord to formally end hostilities across the
‘Calculating China’s Defence Expenditure’ in The Taiwan Strait.
Military Balance 2006, pp. 249–53.) The Pentagon Taiwanese military planners are also drawing
report also highlighted China’s growing efforts to up plans to follow up on Ma’s election promise to
limit or prevent the military use of space by poten- transform the armed forces into an all-volunteer
tial adversaries during times of crisis or conflict by outfit by 2013. This would entail a significant reduc-
pointing to a vigorous Chinese civilian and military tion in the current manpower level of approximately
space programme. The catalyst for US attention to 290,000 personnel, with estimates of posts that could
Chinese space activities was the surprise test of a be trimmed ranging between 40,000 and 70,000,
Chinese direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon although no final figures have yet been decided. To
in 2007, which caused concern in Washington and pay for the substantially higher wage and personnel
other capitals, particularly in Asia (see The Military costs of a professional force, Ma has also pledged
Balance 2008, p. 359). Besides the ASAT programme, to lift the level of the defence budget to 3% of GDP,
the Pentagon report also pointed to the Chang’e lunar- up from the current level of 2.7%. But this will not
exploration project and Chinese plans to place 17 take place in 2009, as the new government unveiled
satellites into orbit in 2008. The report noted that plans in August 2008 to lower defence spending
China ‘views the development of space and counter- by NT$10.4bn (US$320m) from the 2008 budget of
space capabilities as bolstering national prestige and, US$9.75bn.
like nuclear weapons, demonstrating the attributes
of a world power’. To underline this point, China Korean Peninsula
carried out another successful manned space mission The militaries in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the
in September 2007 that included its first spacewalk. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) flexed
their capabilities during 2008 as military tensions on
Taiwan the Korean Peninsula increased against the backdrop
Taiwan’s new KMT administration has begun to re of deepening strategic uncertainties. New conser-
adjust the island’s defence posture to reflect President vative ROK President Lee Myung Bak took office
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Ma’s more conciliatory approach towards mainland promising to take a tougher stance against North
China. Under the new ‘hard ROC’ strategy, the goal Korea and vowing to continue building up the armed
is to bolster defensive capabilities against surprise forces’ combat capabilities in order to assume greater
attacks and hold off a Chinese invasion until US defence responsibilities from the United States; the
intervention. A key feature is the adoption of a more transfer of wartime operational command is due to
defensive military strategy that steps back from the take place in 2012. However, Lee’s election pledge to
focus of the previous Chen government on developing maintain high rates of increase in defence spending
long-range capabilities to attack Chinese cities and and to meet the ambitious goals of the Defence Reform
other strategic targets. Local media outlets reported 2020 programme look unlikely to be fulfilled because
in August 2008 that the Taiwanese Defence Ministry of budget shortfalls caused by slowing economic
had decided to keep the range of its new Hsiung Feng growth. The plan calls for large-scale weapons acqui-
2E long-range cruise missile within 600–800km so sitions and a reduction in manpower levels from
that its primary mission would be to strike against 680,000 to 500,000 by 2020. This timeline looks sets to
military targets in coastal areas and not Shanghai. be pushed back to 2025.
While ROK authorities have refrained from Fukuda’s first priority in 2008 was to maintain
explicitly identifying the DPRK as its primary foe Japanese support for the US-led international coali-
in the past few years, they remain wary of the threat tion in the ‘war on terror’. Fukuda used the governing
posed by a forward-deployed 1.1m-strong Korean Liberal Democratic Party’s (LDP) super-majority in
People’s Army (KPA). These concerns were height- the Lower House of the National Diet to force through
ened in August and September when US and ROK a new Replenishment Support Special Measures Law
intelligence agencies received reports that DPRK’s (RSSML) in January, enabling the re-despatch of the
paramount leader Kim Jong Il was medically incapac- Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) to the Indian
itated. While North Korea dismissed these reports, Ocean by February to provide refuelling activities
a noticeable hardening of the DPRK’s stance on the for US and coalition forces engaged in Operation
dismantlement of its nuclear-weapons facilities nego- Enduring Freedom. Fukuda had been forced to with-
tiated through the Six-Party Talks process occurred draw the MSDF in November 2007 due to opposi-
at around the same time. This included a decision tion from the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), which
by the DPRK in September 2008 to stop cooperation has used its control of the Upper House of the Diet
with international nuclear inspectors. After a tense to impede security legislation. The DPJ argues that
stand-off, the US and the DPRK eventually reached the MSDF despatch is unconstitutional due to a lack
an agreement to resume the dismantlement process of UN mandates and contravenes Japan’s ban on the
after Washington agreed to take Pyongyang off its exercise of collective self-defence. The DPJ opposes
list of state sponsors of terrorism. The KPA has been for similar reasons any renewal of the Air Self-
deeply sceptical of giving up the country’s nuclear- Defense Force (ASDF) logistical supply missions in
weapons capabilities, and Kim’s suspected illness Iraq and Kuwait, due for legislative renewal in July
may have provided an opening for military chiefs to 2009. Fukuda forced through the RSSML at the cost
push for a harder line. The KPA also sought to show of restricting MSDF activities solely to refuelling and
that it retains credible conventional defence capabili- gaining only a one-year mandate for the mission;
ties by conducting short-range missile firings in the the political cost of the Diet contest has convinced
Yellow Sea as well as naval exercises near the western many Japanese government officials that any similar
inter-Korean maritime border in October 2008. attempt to renew the ASDF mission in Iraq is futile.
Hence, in late 2008, Fukuda’s government was
Japan preoccupied with whether to again override DPJ
Japan’s defence policy witnessed retrenchment in opposition and seek a renewal of the RSSML in
2008 under Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda after the January 2009, or cut its losses and seek a new mission
more ambitious agenda of his predecessor, Shinzo for the MSDF. Japanese government officials and LDP
Abe. Abe had sought to promote Japan as a more policymakers have debated passing a new perma-
traditional great power by challenging constitutional nent National Security Law, which would enable
constraints on Japan’s military capabilities, enhancing JSDF despatch without the need for passing separate
US–Japan alliance cooperation and forging new ad hoc and time-bound legislation for each mission.
security cooperation with other US allies and democ- Japanese government policymakers have mooted the
racies in the Asia-Pacific and Europe to counter the despatch under such legislation of the Ground Self-
rise of China. Fukuda, by contrast, devoted much Defense Force (GSDF) and the ASDF to Afghanistan
of 2008 to simply maintaining existing US–Japan for logistical and reconstruction missions to support
alliance commitments, stabilising overall Japanese the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force
diplomatic and security policy and restoring rela- (ISAF). The DPJ might also support this legislation, as
tions with East Asian neighbours, especially China. JSDF despatch to Afghanistan would have sufficient
However, even as Fukuda’s government struggled UN legitimisation. However, Japanese policymakers
to lay out a more assertive defence policy, Japan has realise the increased risk of casualties associated with
continued to quietly and incrementally strengthen such missions, and the LDP’s dovish coalition partner,
key Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) capabilities. In the New Komeito, has voiced its opposition.
addition, Fukuda’s fall from power in September Fukuda’s government has had to address other
opened the way for Japan to seek a more active secu- areas of US–Japan security relations and defence
rity role under his successor, former foreign minister policy in general. The realignment of US bases in
Taro Aso. Japan under the May 2006 Defense Policy Review
Initiative (DPRI) has been held up by domestic polit- The MSDF conducted its first ballistic-missile-defence
ical wrangling over the relocation of the US Marine (BMD) interceptor test close to Hawaii in December,
Corps Air Station from Futenma to Nago in Okinawa. and the ASDF completed its deployment of PAC-3
The Okinawan prefectural government is requesting interceptor batteries at bases around Tokyo. The
that the runway be moved on safety and environ- ASDF took delivery of its first KC-767 tanker
mental grounds, and the Japanese government has aircraft for in-flight refuelling in February. Japan has
shown some inclination to renegotiate the location, continued its search for a new F-X fighter to replace
whereas the US has been insistent that the long-nego- its F4-Js. The US indicated again in May that it was
tiated agreement stand. Japan has also asked for more highly unlikely to release the F-22 and urged Japan
details on the cost of the building of facilities in Guam to instead consider the F-35. The MOD eschewed any
for the relocation of US Marines, indicating that it request for the F-X in the 2009 budget, and will soon
may negotiate rigorously over its previous commit- need to consider, in preparing the 2009–14 Mid-Term
ments to fund these facilities. Japan’s government Defense Programme, whether to opt for a US fighter
can draw some comfort that Iwakuni City agreed in design or the Eurofighter Typhoon. However, the
March to accept the relocation of the US carrier wing MOD was obliged, citing high unit costs, to cancel
from Atsugi near Tokyo, and Tokyo and Washington further orders for AH64D Apache helicopters, leaving
secured a new agreement on Host Nation Support Japan with ten of its originally planned comple-
in April. However, the image of US forces in Japan ment of 60. Most significantly, Japan’s Diet passed
was damaged by criminal incidents involving US new legislation in May permitting the use of space
servicemen and news of a fire aboard the USS George for ‘defensive’ purposes in line with article 9 of the
Washington that delayed its deployment to Yokosuka constitution, overturning its previous ban on the mili-
until September and raised public-safety concerns. tary use of space, and opening the way for increased
The George Washington is the first nuclear-powered freedom in the deployment of intelligence satellites
carrier to be homeported in Japan. and BMD capabilities.
Fukuda’s government was hit even harder by Japan continued to quietly expand its interna-
unfolding scandals involving the Ministry of Defense tional defence collaboration in 2008. As part of the
(MOD) and the JSDF, which included cases of alleged general rapprochement in Sino-Japanese relations,
bribery and tax evasion concerning procurement. the MSDF’s Sazanami destroyer visited Zhanjiang in
(The MOD’s travails were compounded by the MSDF June, carrying relief supplies for the earthquake in
Aegis destroyer Atago’s accidental sinking of a civilian southwest China and paying a return visit after the
fishing vessel in February. The fishing vessel’s two- People’s Liberation Army Navy’s Shenzen guided-
person crew perished, and it emerged that the MSDF missile destroyer visited Japan in November. Japan
crew and the MOD had not followed correct proce- even came close to sending ASDF transport aircraft
dures to avoid the collision and later to investigate in May to provide relief supplies for the earthquake,
the causes of the incident.) The Japanese government which would have been the first presence of Japanese
responded with an internal report by the MOD into troops on Chinese soil since the Second World War.
the reform of procurement practices in March, and a However, the mission was aborted due to fear of a
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report by the Prime Minister’s Office’s MOD Reform nationalist backlash in China. Japan was also obliged
Council in July. The MOD report recommended new to postpone MSDF search-and-rescue exercises with
procurement practices to involve closer checking of Russia in September in deference to the US response
contracts and decreased reliance on trading compa- to the crisis in Georgia.
nies. The MOD Reform Council backed these MOD Fukuda’s eventual fall from power has reopened
proposals and also recommended procedures for the speculation about Japan’s security intentions. Tokyo’s
tightening of civilian control in Japan. Specifically, it ability to renew the RSSML and default to its mini-
urged the MOD to strengthen coordination among the malist contribution to Operation Enduring Freedom is
civilian and uniformed officials of the MOD, and to in question, and Japan risks disappointing the United
boost the oversight powers of the minister of defence States and other NATO partners hoping for greater
and the prime minister. The MOD presented its assistance in Afghanistan. However, Aso – a known
specific plans to implement these reforms in August. hardline critic of China’s military modernisation and
Nevertheless, Japan moved ahead with the devel- of North Korea – is likely to be more assertive than
opment of several key long-term defence capabilities. Fukuda on security issues, and may push harder on
security if he can stay in power long enough to stabi- based in the United States at Mountain Home Air
lise the domestic political situation. Force Base, Idaho. Republic of Singapore Air Force
aircrew commenced training on US Air Force F-15s
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA in July 2008. Delivery of four Gulfstream G550
Conformal Airborne Early Warning Aircraft is also
The scale of national-defence efforts in Southeast Asia expected during 2009, with operational capability
has remained minor compared to the levels of defence following in 2010. In July 2008 Singapore’s defence
spending, military procurement and capability ministry eliminated the British Aerospace Hawk 128
upgrading seen in Northeast Asia. Of Southeast Asia’s from its advanced jet-trainer competition, leaving the
11 states, both Vietnam and Singapore have good Alenia Aermacchi M-346 and the Korean Aerospace
reasons to feel strategically uncomfortable in rela- Industries/Lockheed Martin T-50 as contenders.
tion to their larger neighbours and consequently take Singapore continues as a Security Cooperation
external defence more seriously than other Southeast Participant in the US-led F-35 (Joint Strike Fighter)
Asian states. Rapid economic growth during the development programme, but a claim in July 2008 by
current decade has allowed Vietnam, increasingly Maj. Gen. Charles Davis, the programme’s manager,
concerned with deterring Chinese pressure on its that the city-state required 100 of the aircraft seemed
claims in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, unrealistic. Singapore is known to be interested in the
to increase its defence spending significantly, though RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for
the annual military-procurement budget – thought maritime reconnaissance, but no decision has been
to be approximately US$500m – was hardly lavish. made to procure the system.
During the present decade, procurement has focused Meanwhile, the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
on upgrading naval capabilities, including local continue to test their Integrated Knowledge-based
construction of three corvettes, the refurbishment Command and Control (IKC2) doctrine in increas-
of three Petya-class frigates and the modernisation ingly sophisticated exercises, which are mainly held
of the coastal-surveillance radar network. However, overseas. During May 2008, SAF units deployed
funding has apparently still been insufficient to to the Lohatla Army Battle School in South Africa’s
permit an order for the eight Su-30MK combat aircraft Northern Cape province for Exercise Lightning Warrior.
that Vietnam’s air force requires to supplement the This integrated air–land live-firing exercise involved
four Su-30s delivered in 2004. In general, Hanoi sees a division strike centre coordinating Primus 155mm
Western defence equipment as unattainably expen- SP artillery, AH-64D attack helicopters, Searcher
sive, but the US government’s amendment of its UAVs, and ARTHUR (artillery-hunting radars). Other
International Traffic in Arms Regulations in April major SAF unilateral exercises include Ex Wallaby in
2007 allows it to consider non-lethal defence exports Australia (the next one is planned for late 2008) and
to Vietnam on a case-by-case basis, opening the way Ex Forging Sabre in the United States (during 2009).
for preliminary discussions over the possible sale of During 2007–08, the SAF deployed several five-
CH-47D Chinook helicopters. In April 2008, the French strong medical and engineering teams on three-
company Arianespace launched Vietnam’s first satel- month tours as part of the New Zealand Provincial
lite, Vinasat-1, from its base in Korou, French Guiana. Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Afghanistan’s Bamiyan
Vinasat-1 will play an important part in boosting the province. In 2008, Singapore also attached a 20-strong
independence and security of Vietnam’s military as military medical team to the Australian Defence Force
well as civilian satellite communications. element operating as part of the Netherlands-led PRT
During the current decade, Singapore has stood out in Uruzgan.
more than ever in Southeast Asia in terms of its efforts In contrast to Singapore, other Southeast
to develop its armed forces. Evidence of Singapore’s Asian states’ military-modernisation efforts and
steady investment in defence has included contin- equipment-procurement initiatives have often
uing major procurement programmes. The last of seemed improvised rather than systematic, and much
six Formidable-class frigates was delivered in August less geared towards developing significant new mili-
2008; all the vessels will be commissioned by early tary capabilities based on integrated combined-arms
2009. Later in 2009, the first batch of F-15SG combat and joint-service operations. Nevertheless, Malaysia
aircraft, out of 24 ordered so far, is expected to be has invested significantly in re-equipping its armed
delivered to a Singapore air-force training squadron, forces. All 18 Su-30MKM combat aircraft ordered in
2003 are scheduled for delivery by the end of 2008, aircraft guns. A second unit will be delivered in 2009.
together with eight MB-339CDs as lead-in fighter Between June and October, the army is scheduled to
trainers, while four A400M heavy-transport aircraft accept a further six Mi-35P attack helicopters, part of
ordered in 2005 are due to be in service by 2013. The a US$1bn defence-equipment package to be funded
army’s first main-battle-tank regiment equipped with by Russian credit that then-President Vladimir
PT-91Ms was working up to operational capability Putin and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang
during 2008. The navy continues to train subma- Yudhoyono agreed in September 2007. Under the
rine crews in France with a view to bringing its two same agreement, 20 BMP-3F infantry fighting vehi-
Scorpene boats back to the new base at Sepanggar Bay cles for the Marine Corps will be delivered in 2010,
in Sabah during 2009–10, and four more locally built funded by a loan from Russian state banks. However,
Meko-100-type large patrol vessels should be commis- there are apparently still no firm financial arrange-
sioned by 2010. In August 2007, Malaysia ordered ments covering procurement of additional Mi-17
a second batch of 18 Avibras Astros II multiple- helicopters and two Kilo-class submarines included
launch rocket systems, which will allow the army in the deal.
to equip a second regiment. Political turmoil during Similarly, other significant Indonesian procure-
2008, which has seen the parliamentary opposition ment pending in late 2008 largely depends on satisfac-
dramatically strengthened, appears to have tempo- tory financial or counter-trade arrangements. South
rarily curtailed major procurement after opposition Korea has indicated interest in supplying Indonesia
criticism of previous defence-equipment contracts with two ex-Korean navy Type 209 Chang Bogo-
(notably that covering submarines). Nevertheless, class submarines, as well as additional KT-1 training
the Ninth Malaysia Plan (covering 2006–10) allo- aircraft (a variant of which could also replace OV-10F
cates US$4.4bn for military upgrading and important counter-insurgency aircraft already withdrawn from
contracts are pending. Most importantly, Malaysia service). There could be an element of technology
has already signed a letter of intent for two British- transfer to Indonesia, which would provide crude
built Jebat-class frigates, which are intended to enter oil and CN-235 maritime-patrol aircraft for South
service by 2015. In November 2007, the government Korea’s coast guard in return. When he visited Jakarta
asked for tenders to supply as many as 36 medium- in February 2008, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates
lift helicopters for troop transport and search and offered Indonesia six F-16C/D combat aircraft and
rescue to replace the existing ageing and accident- C-130J transports to be paid for by foreign-military-
prone S-61A Nuri fleet, which has been in service for financing (FMF) or foreign-military-sale (FMS) mech-
40 years. In late September 2008, the defence ministry anisms, though Defence Minister Juwono Sudarsono
announced an order for 12 Eurocopter EC725 Cougars said in April that Indonesia’s defence budget was
equipped for a combat search-and-rescue role. Other insufficient for such a purchase. Indonesia requested
equipment likely to be ordered within the next 1–2 US$15.7m in FMF funding in 2008, but this would
years includes new anti-tank guided weapons and a provide only for the purchase of surplus US equip-
battlefield-management system integrated with ment such as helicopters. The following month, the
variants of command-post armoured fighting vehi- minister argued that the procurement emphasis
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cles. In the longer term, probably under the Tenth should be on transport aircraft, ships and vehicles
Malaysia Plan (2011–15), Malaysia’s armed forces that would better equip Indonesia’s armed forces for
plan to acquire three LPD-type multi-role support disaster-relief operations.
ships, additional combat aircraft (either additional Funding shortages mean that even procurement
Su-30MKKs or F-18E/Fs), airborne early-warning from Indonesia’s state-owned domestic aviation and
aircraft, and new armoured vehicles. defence industry depends on the availability of loans
Low serviceability and limited procure- to fund production. For example, of 16 NAS-332 Super
ment budgets continue to limit the capabilities of Puma helicopters initially ordered as long ago as
Indonesia’s armed forces. The most militarily signif- 1989, only seven had been delivered by 2008. Under
icant equipment brought into service during 2008 is an agreement reached in mid 2008, the relevant state
the Indonesian Armed Forces’ first Kobra integrated companies will receive bank loans allowing them to
low- to medium-level air-defence unit, comprising a accelerate production of five more NAS-332s (most of
50km-range search radar, command vehicles, Poprad which are supposed to be delivered by the year’s end)
mobile anti-aircraft missile systems and ZUR-23 anti- and 150 APCs, and to begin upgrading four C-130s.
There may also be additional orders for CN-235 and expanded to include civil-engineering work such as
NC-212 transport and maritime-patrol aircraft. highway construction in areas deemed too dangerous
Following the economic damage inflicted by the for civilian contractors.
financial crisis of 1997, Thailand’s armed forces were In support of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s
until recently in a ‘make do and mend’ phase, with aim to eradicate her country’s insurgencies by the
significant procurement mainly limited to second- time she leaves office in 2010, the government of the
hand equipment. Despite Thailand’s economic Philippines is attempting to implement an ambitious
recovery earlier this decade, Thaksin Shinawatra’s Capability Upgrade Program (CUP) for the armed
governments (2001–06) kept defence spending down, forces. Though the CUP prioritises army requirements,
though budgets rose after the September 2006 mili- during 2008 there has been particular emphasis on
tary coup. Despite the preoccupations of the Thai renewing the capabilities of the Philippine Air Force,
army with attempting to maintain internal security which plays a key supporting role in the continuing
in the face of a major insurgency from 2004 in the counter-insurgency campaign in the south but which
country’s three southernmost, Muslim-dominated has long suffered from low serviceability. Training
provinces while simultaneously reassuming its role and transport aircraft, along with helicopters, are
as political arbiter in Bangkok, Thai military leaders expected to be among the equipment requirements
have resumed efforts to strengthen conventional addressed (see Defence Economics, p. 374).
as well as counter-insurgency capabilities, with In January 2008, Philippine National Police
programmes negotiated with Sweden for Gripen chief Avelino Razon claimed that military action,
multi-role combat aircraft, Saab 100 Erieye airborne including the destruction of 13 New People’s Army
early-warning aircraft as well as a new air-defence (NPA) bases, had reduced the overall strength of
system (see Defence Economics, p. 373). the Maoist insurgent group – in rebellion against
The conflict involving Thai Muslim insurgents the government since 1972 – to 5,700 personnel (the
(believed to be largely from the Barisan Revolusi NPA had 25,000 guerrillas at its peak in the 1980s).
Nasional – Coordinate) in the three southernmost Razon further claimed that by 2010 the NPA would
provinces of Narathiwat, Pattani and Yala continued be a mere ‘peace and order’ issue rather than a ‘secu-
during 2007–08. Insurgent attacks in the region, where rity problem’. However, 67 NPA fronts remained
more than 70% of the population is Muslim, involve active, and sporadic armed clashes between the
bombings of public places such as markets, drive-by insurgents and the Armed Forces of the Philippines
shootings from motorcycles and improvised explo- (AFP) continued during 2008. The complex problem
sive device (IED) attacks aimed at Thai troops and of Muslim rebellion in the Philippines’ south repre-
police, schoolteachers and civilians, as well as arson sented a far more acute security challenge for Manila
targeted at schools and other government buildings. and the AFP, however. During 2007–08, the AFP
The death toll since 2004 had reached 3,000 by May (principally marines) continued intensive operations,
2008, with around 5,000 injured. Though the security backed by US special-operations forces, against the
forces and Buddhist civilians were often targets, most Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) on the island of Jolo. From
of the victims were Muslim civilians. Political devel- mid 2008, the rebels resumed their kidnapping activi-
opments in Bangkok did not bring greater coherence ties on Basilan and other parts of Sulu, apparently in
to the Thai state’s largely ineffective responses to the a desperate bid to secure new funds. Though much
conflict. In April 2008, military-intelligence officers weakened, the ASG also continued to mount small-
in the south suggested that the strategy of increasing scale but sometimes lethal attacks on the AFP.
troop levels was insufficient, and that local Muslims’ A Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral
grievances needed to be better understood. The mili- Domain negotiated by the Moro Islamic Liberation
tary’s hearts-and-minds approach yielded some Front (MILF) and the Manila government in July 2008
successes, as in May when local people in Yala turned promised to bring an end to the long-running MILF
over substantial caches of insurgent supplies to the rebellion and to entrench permanently the formal but
army. Joint army–police raids on insurgent bases, fragile ceasefire which had been in place and super-
sometimes involving more than 1,000 personnel, vised by a Malaysian-led International Monitoring
led to the elimination of key leaders of one insur- Team since 2003. However, protests by Christian
gent group, the Runda Kumpulan Kecil (RKK), in and indigenous communities on Mindanao over the
April and June. The role of troops in the south has expansion of the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao under the agreement led the Supreme Canberra has sought US approval for six of the aircraft
Court of the Philippines to issue a temporary to be EA-18Gs, but by early October 2008 had not
restraining order in early August halting the signing confirmed an order for these suppression of enemy
of the Memorandum of Agreement. This exacerbated air defence variants.
existing tension between MILF units under hardline In March 2008, the Labor government cancelled the
rebel commanders and the AFP, leading to escalating navy’s SH-2G Super Seasprite surveillance and surface-
armed clashes on Mindanao. The MILF units seized attack helicopter programme, which was seven years
15 villages, prompting large-scale AFP assaults. In behind schedule. To fill the resultant capability gap
early September, Manila responded to the resumed and also replace the navy’s S-70B Seahawk anti-subma-
fighting by dissolving its peace panel and ending talks rine helicopters, up to 27 new naval helicopters are
with the MILF. Fighting continued during September required. The NH90 NATO frigate helicopter or an
and October, notably in Maguindanao province. S-70B variant seem to be the most likely contenders. In
Australia’s defence effort is highly significant in its November 2007, the first of 46 NH90 multi-role utility
immediate region: its defence budget is approximately helicopters for the army and navy arrived in Australia;
equal to that of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, the type will boost the army’s troop-transport capa-
Singapore and Thailand combined. A strong emphasis bility and also replace the navy’s Sea Kings. Other
on maintaining its national-defence capability is set to capability improvements include establishing two
continue despite the change of government following extra infantry battalions, the launch in June 2008 of
the November 2007 election, which brought to power the first of six US-made satellites intended to improve
a Labor government under Prime Minister Kevin Australia’s network-centric-warfare capabilities and
Rudd. The new government has promised not only to the purchase of lightweight and self-propelled 155mm
maintain the previous administration’s commitment howitzers. The government has also extended to early
to increase the defence budget by 3% or more annu- 2009 its option to buy a fourth Hobart-class air-warfare
ally until 2015–16, but also to extend this commitment destroyer. In late November, it was announced that
for an extra two years. However, the Labor govern- the navy would stand down for the Christmas 2008
ment emphasises the need to spend public money period, with the exception of those on operational
– not least in the defence sector – efficiently and effec- duties, as part of its ‘New Generation Navy’ intiative.
tively, and is devoting substantial energy to reviewing Media reports speculated that the stand down period
capability requirements and procurement options. A might last two months.
Defence White Paper will be completed by late 2008, Australian Defence Force deployments have
with a declassified version likely to be made public continued in the Middle East Area of Operations
in April–May 2009. The White Paper is expected to (2,080 personnel), Timor-Leste (750 personnel) and
paint a stark picture of the challenges facing Australia the Solomon Islands (140 personnel). In the Middle
over the next two decades as Asian states’ economies East, Australian forces include a 110-strong secu-
grow and they upgrade their military capabilities at rity detachment protecting Canberra’s embassy
the same time that the relative power and influence of and its personnel in Baghdad, while in Afghanistan
the United States declines, and may suggest the need Australia maintains a reconstruction task force in
East Asia and

Australasia
for adjustments to Australia’s military capabilities in Uruzgan province, a Special Operations Task Group
response to the emerging strategic environment. of up to 300 personnel, a helicopter detachment with
The new government also ordered a review of two CH-47Ds and a UAV detachment. Australia also
Australia’s air-combat capability options, including maintains a frigate in the northern Gulf, and AP-3C
the previous defence minister’s commitment to and C-130 detachments. In Timor-Leste, Australia
purchase 24 F-18F Super Hornets to fill the capability provides the bulk of the International Stabilisation
gap which will emerge after the retirement in 2010 of Force, which comprises an infantry battlegroup
the F-111 long-range strike and reconnaissance force including a 170-strong New Zealand company and a
and the anticipated delivery of Australia’s first F-35 helicopter detachment with Australian S-70s and New
Joint Strike Fighters (which have yet to be ordered) Zealand UH-1Hs. In the Solomon Islands, Australian
from 2013. In March 2008, Defence Minister Joel troops support multinational civilian police operating
Fitzgibbon confirmed that the F-18F order would under the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon
go ahead. The aircraft will enter service from 2010. Islands.
EAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA – A$6bn budgetary shortfall over the next decade. The
DEFENCE ECONOMICS Australian Strategic Policy Institute contributed to the
debate, raising particular concern over the absence of
Despite concern that the incoming Australian govern- budgeted funds to cover additional personnel and the
ment might be less generous to the armed forces than operating costs of new equipment to be delivered over
its predecessor, the new government’s first budget the next several years, such as airborne early-warning
included a 6.4% increase in 2008–09 defence expendi- and control aircraft, armed reconnaissance helicop-
ture and a commitment that spending would continue ters and air-to-air refuelling capabilities – all due for
to increase by 3% in real terms until at least 2017, delivery in 2009. By 2016, the armed forces should
while also warning that it expected the Department also have taken delivery of at least three air-warfare
of Defence to find annual internal savings of around destroyers, two 27,000-tonne amphibious-landing
A$1bn. The government also revealed that the boom ships, 24 F/A Super Hornet fighters and up to 100 F-35s
in raw-material commodity prices, driven in no small (Joint Strike Fighters). It should also have increased
part by China’s voracious demand for Australian- the size of the army from six to eight battalions.
supplied resources, had delivered a revenue wind- The forthcoming White Paper will lay out the long-
fall, part of which will be allocated to a new special term development of the Australian navy, which the
defence reserve fund. In 2008–09, the Department of prime minister has indicated is of particular concern
Defence is in line to receive around A$1bn from the due to military modernisation in other Pacific Rim
fund, which should be enough to fully fund the cost countries, with delivery of more powerful jet fighters
of operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Timor-Leste and and submarines to those nations. The initial step
the Solomon Islands. towards upgrading the navy will probably be the
However, a growing number of analysts are confirmation of the option of a fourth Hobart-class air-
suggesting that even with long-term real increases warfare destroyer and a third Canberra-class amphib-
in the defence budget apparently secured, there will ious-assault ship, though a more controversial step
be insufficient money to carry out all of the armed would be the purchase of STOVL (short take-off and
forces’ current plans. A report published by the Lowy vertical landing) versions of the Joint Strike Fighter
Institute in May 2008 warned that Australia’s new for these platforms, effectively turning them into
Defence White Paper – due to be released in early mini aircraft carriers. Thereafter, modernisation may
2009 – needed to address long-term defence-spending switch to replacement of Australia’s six Collins-class
plans in order to determine what kind of strategic submarines by up to ten new vessels and a replace-
power Australia will become. Earlier in the year, ment of the aging FFG-7 frigates, which were recently
Defence Minister Joel Fitzgibbon pointed out that even upgraded at significant cost (the results of the refur-
on the current spending trajectory, Australia faced an bishment programme have been heavily criticised).
Table 32 East Asia and Australasia Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

2.0
1.5
% of GDP
1.0
0.5
1.46 1.52 1.45 1.48 1.54 1.52 1.47 1.50 1.53 1.55
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
The major procurement to get the go-ahead helicopters, submarine-launched Harpoon anti-ship
during 2008 was the purchase of 24 Boeing F/A-18F missiles, Javelin anti-tank missiles and spare parts for
Super Hornet fighters. The decision followed the first F-16 aircraft. The new package will not include Black
part of an Air Combat Capability Review ordered by Hawk helicopters, new F-16 aircraft or diesel-electric
the new government in January 2008, which focused submarines, as none of the countries that currently
on the feasibility of retaining the air force’s ageing make these vessels would be willing to sell them to
F-111 strike aircraft beyond 2010, the date which the Taiwan. Despite the government’s regular declara-
previous government had announced the aircraft tion that it intends to boost defence spending to 3%
would be retired. The review concluded that it was of GDP, the 2008 budget will amount to just 2.4% of
too late to reverse this decision and that if Australia’s national income.
air defences were left totally reliant on the Joint Strike Following theAsian financial crisis of 1997, Thailand
Fighter programme a dangerous capability gap would held its defence budget virtually unchanged until
appear in the period before delivery of the aircraft 2007, when it jumped by 20%; in 2008 spending was
began. Defence planners concluded that they had increased by a further 25% to THB143bn (US$4.2bn).
little choice but to go ahead with the procurement of While the overthrow of then-Prime Minister Thaksin
the Super Hornet as it was the only aircraft that could Shinawatra in 2006 had been followed by a period of
be produced in time to meet the 2010 deadline. Total uncertainty over the fate of the Thai military’s ambi-
investment in the programme will be A$6.6bn over tious plans to modernise and make up for the decade
10 years, which includes acquisition and all related of stagnant budgets, the significant boost to defence
personnel and support costs. funding in the past two years signals that the process
Following seven years of political wrangling, is indeed on track. The defence minister has indi-
it seems that Taiwan has finally moved closer to cated that a modernisation programme necessary to
acquiring a substantial amount of new military equip- bring Thailand’s armed forces up to a comparable
ment from the United States. In 2001, Washington level with those of its neighbours will be carried out
offered Taiwan a comprehensive package of weapons, in two phase. Two different funding plans have been
including submarines, maritime-patrol aircraft and proposed: under the first, a total of THB117bn would
PAC-3 air-defence systems; however, persistent be made available for procurement between 2009 and
delaying tactics by the Taiwanese opposition meant 2013, to be followed by another THB200bn over the
that by 2007 only a fraction of the total requirement of following five years, while the alternative plan calls for
US$17bn had been made available for these purchases. defence spending to be fixed at 1.8% of GDP during
As a result, the scale of the package was significantly the first five years, rising to 2% of GDP in the second
cut to comprise just 12 second-hand P-3C Orion five years. In 2007, defence spending amounted to
aircraft, three PAC-3 systems and money only for 1.4% per cent of national income. Given the amount
an initial ‘evaluation study’ examining the proposed of obsolete equipment in its inventory, the Thai army
purchase of diesel-electric submarines. As the debate has identified numerous major arms acquisitions and
over these particular acquisitions dragged on, Taiwan upgrades that it would like to make, but with rela-
also indicated that it wanted to acquire additional US tively limited funds the priority will be improving
East Asia and

Australasia
hardware not directly linked with the original 2001 the mobility and firepower of its cavalry and mech-
package, including 30 Apache Longbow helicopters, anised divisions as well as updating its short-range
60 Black Hawk helicopters and, more controversially, air-defence systems. One urgent requirement is
66 F-16C/D fighter aircraft. In the summer of 2008, the acquisition of new armoured personnel carriers
senior US officials appeared to suggest that, due to for use in the troubled south, with the most likely
warming cross-strait relations and Beijing’s contin- candidate being the Ukrainian-produced BTR-3. A
uing opposition to the weapons sales, Washington growing feeling that the country’s maritime interests
would freeze any proposed military sales to Taiwan are facing increased threats has led the government
despite the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act, which obliges to prioritise the navy in recent years (its budget has
the United States to sell weapons used for ‘defensive been higher than that of the air force), with the aim
purposes’ to the island. However, in October 2008 of increasing its capabilities not only in Thailand’s
the US administration announced that it would in territorial waters but in the Andaman Sea as well.
fact go ahead with a revised US$6.5bn package of With most of Thailand’s neighbours taking delivery
weapons systems to include Patriot missiles, Apache of submarines, this is thought to be a long-term aspi-
ration for Thailand as well, although more immediate the government was forced to lend US$750m to the
requirements include acquiring new-generation fast four major state-owned defence companies strug-
offshore-patrol vessels and new anti-ship missiles gling to cope with high oil prices and rising inflation.
and replacing the navy’s S-70 Seahawk helicopters The head of Indonesian Aerospace acknowledged
and maritime-patrol aircraft. To date, the first major that additional funding from the government would
acquisition under the modernisation plan will equip be necessary for the company to be in a position to
the air force with 12 Gripen fighter aircraft and two complete the delivery of a number of transport and
Erieye airborne early-warning and control aircraft, the maritime-patrol aircraft over the next three years.
deliveries of which will be equally split over the two On a more positive note, Indonesian Aerospace
five-year phases of the modernisation plan. announced that it had reached an agreement with
Despite achieving strong economic performance EADS CASA to jointly manufacture the C-212-400
in recent years, which had enabled Indonesia to military-transport aircraft for both the domestic and
make early repayment of its remaining obligations global markets. The Indonesian company already
to the IMF in 2006 and boost defence spending by produces the C-212-200 platform but believes that a
38% in 2007, record-high oil prices in 2008 forced the significant market for the more powerful and capable
government to cut its overall outlays by around 15%. new model exists in Southeast Asia.
Such is the level of subsidies provided by the govern- Procurement priorities under the Philippines’
ment that the increase in world oil prices resulted in ambitious Capability Upgrade Program (CUP)
a quarter of government expenditure being allocated include infantry weapons, land vehicles, modern
to energy subsidies. An original defence budget of communications equipment and missile-armed
IDR36.4 trillion had been proposed, but it is likely fast-attack craft. However, recent defence-budget
that this will be trimmed during the year to around increases – by more than 20% to PHP56.5bn in fiscal
IDR30tr. As noted in previous editions of The Military year 2008 (with a further 9.6% expansion proposed
Balance, the official defence budget in Indonesia does in 2009) – and occasional extra-budgetary funding
not capture the true extent of total defence-related allocations are still inadequate to provide the scale
expenditure as it fails to include military pensions of procurement funding the Armed Forces of the
and benefits for retired personnel, overseas procure- Philippines envisaged for the programme (PHP30bn
ment (often financed through barter arrangements) or in 2007–12; PHP60bn in 2012–18; PHP120bn in
the revenue generated by the military’s considerable 2018–24). Successful execution of the CUP will require
business interests, though under legislation outlined sustained, rapid economic growth. In the meantime,
in 2004 the military’s business interests are due to be inflation running at 12% in 2008 is undermining the
transferred to the state in 2009. impact of recent budgetary increases.
Not only did the military have to contend with There has been particular emphasis on renewing the
a reduced budget, but the fragile system by which capabilities of the Philippine Air Force, given its role in
certain high-profile weapons systems are financed the counter-insurgency campaign in the south as well
added to budgetary uncertainty. In March 2008, as its low serviceability. Eighteen SF-260F primary
Indonesia revealed that, following the election of trainers were ordered in May. A tender is expected
Dmitry Medvedev as Russian president, it believed in October for utility and attack helicopters; up to five
its US$1bn credit arrangement with Russia to be additional C-130 transports may be ordered to supple-
under threat. Under the terms of the deal, Indonesia ment the three remaining aircraft of the type (two of
was expecting to receive 17 Mi-17 multi-role helicop- which were expected to return to service by early 2009
ters, six Mi-35 attack helicopters, 20 BMP-3s and two following refurbishment); and three light-transport
Kilo-class submarines; the purchase of the helicopters aircraft are needed to replace ageing N-22B Nomads.
was to be secured through foreign commercial loans, Twenty UH-1H helicopters are being refurbished in the
while the BMP-3s would be financed through direct United States, and South Korea has donated 15 T-41D
loans from Russian banks. Under a separate initia- trainers, which will be delivered in late 2008. The air
tive, Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance agreed loan force has stated a requirement for a revived fighter
terms with the French bank Natixis, under which it capability from 2011–12, but special funding outside
will borrow US$300m for the purchase of six Sukhoi the CUP would be needed to finance this project.
fighter aircraft. The precarious nature of Indonesian Defence spending in the Republic of Korea
defence funding was illustrated later in the year when continues to rise as the military’s organisational
structure undergoes a major overhaul in preparation of 36 second-hand AH-64 Apache helicopters from
for assuming greater responsibility from the United the United States. The main development in Korean
States. In 2009, the government asked for an 8.6% procurement during the year was the announcement
increase in the budget which, if passed, would raise that the air force will follow on from its earlier order
military spending to US$21.5bn. Under the Defence of 40 F-15Ks with a second batch of 20 similar aircraft;
Reform 2020 programme, the defence budget is the third phase of the FX programme is scheduled to
scheduled to increase by 9.9% per annum between begin in 2011 with a request for proposals for a fifth-
2006 and 2010, by 7.7% between 2011 and 2015, and generation combat aircraft.
by 1.0% between 2016 and 2020. Total manpower Following five years of double-digit GDP growth,
will be reduced from 680,000 to 500,000 and reserve the Chinese economy finally succumbed to the global
forces will be cut by half to 1.5m, while the number of economic slowdown. Although capital inflows into the
civilian positions will increase from 52% of the total country remained strong, weakening external demand,
to 71% by 2009. Originally, the total budget for the particularly from the US, will weigh on exports, and
2020 modernisation plan amounted to US$710bn, but growth is forecast to slow to 9.7% in 2008.
public reaction to the plan forced a cut in total funds to In 2006, the National People’s Congress endorsed
US$650bn, of which Force Improvement Programmes the 11th Five-Year Programme (2006–2011), which
(FIP) will account for US$238bn. During the period continued the government’s emphasis of recent
2008–12, major acquisition projects will include: years on achieving balanced, equitable and sustain-
able growth. Of the 22 major goals outlined in the
• tactical command, control, communications, programme, just two relate to economic growth,
computers and intelligence (C4I) capabilities while the remainder focus on population growth, the
and satellite communications use of natural resources, the environment and stand-
• K1A1 tanks and next-generation tanks and ards of living. The new programme is notable for its
infantry vehicles strong emphasis on rural development and includes a
• KDX-111 destroyers and 1,800-tonne subma- pledge to raise farmers’ incomes and promote public
rines services in the countryside.
• F-15K fighters, T-50s, next-generation Although the five-year plan makes no reference to
fighters and the Korean Helicopter Project defence-related spending it was no surprise when the
(KHP) official state budget for 2008 included a hefty increase
• 155mm self-propelled artillery; airborne- in the defence budget, up 19% to RMB417bn, or
warning and control systems US$61.1bn when converted at market exchange rates.
• guided weapons (Joint Direct Attack However, as illustrated in the essay ‘Calculating
Munitions, Joint Air to Surface Standoff China’s Defence Expenditure’ in The Military Balance
Missiles) 2006 (pp. 249–53), the official defence budget does
not reflect the true level of resources devoted to the
During the 2008–12 period, 19% of FIP funding will People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
go towards research-and-development programmes According to the 2006 White Paper on China’s
East Asia and

Australasia
such as the KFX next-generation fighter. South National Defence published by the Chinese authori-
Korea’s Agency for Defense Development (ADD) has ties, the official defence budget is broadly distributed
embarked on a study to test the viability of an indig- in equal shares among three categories: Personnel,
enous development programme for the aircraft, out Operations and Equipment. However, it is widely
of which will come a recommendation on whether understood that the official budget takes no account of
to build a prototype intended to demonstrate and several other military-related expenditures including
test advanced fighter technologies or to move ahead weapons purchased from overseas, revenue gener-
with a plan to develop the KFX for serial produc- ated by China’s own arms exports, subsidies to the
tion. Regarding the KHP, the Defense Acquisition defence industry, or research and development
Programme Administration (DAPA) has concluded funding. In addition, calculations of China’s true
a study into the possibility of starting a project to ‘military burden’ should include funds allocated to
develop and construct around 270 light-medium attack the People’s Armed Police.
helicopters, although no details have been released. In attempting to arrive at a figure for total Chinese
DAPA is also known to be considering the purchase defence expenditure there is also the problem of
Table 33 China – Estimated Total Military-Related Revenue 2006

RMB bn US$bn at market US$bn incl. PPP
exchange rates estimates b
Official PLA budget (Including local militia funding) 297 37.2 89.6 c
Foreign weapons purchase (2000–2007 average) 16.7 2.1 2.1
Subsidies
Loss-making enterprises 4.5 0.56 0.56
Defence Industry 39.8 5.0 5.0
R&D a 45.0 5.64 5.64
New Product Expenditure a 47.8 5.99 5.99
Arms Exports (50% of annual average 2000–2007) 5.8 0.73 0.73
People’s Armed Police
Central Funding 33.5 4.2 16.0 c
Local Funding 5.2 0.65 2.48 c
Total 495.3 62.1 128.1 c
% of GDP 2.36
a
To be treated with some caution. The IISS hopes to conduct further studies on military-related R+D.
b
Where appropriate.
c
Includes PPP estimates.
exchange rates. At the 2006 market exchange rate the official state-budget figure of RMB280bn, and
(MER) – RMB7.97 to US$1 – China’s GDP measured around 2.36% of GDP. Converted into US dollars
US$2.6tr; however, in the case of developing econo- at the prevailing market exchange rate, this would
mies, it is conventional to use a different method- equal US$62.1bn; if, however, certain elements of the
ology known as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP budget are converted at the World Bank PPP rate, the
rates are a technique used to make the comparison of US-dollar equivalent figure jumps to US$128.1bn, illus-
a range of goods and services between different coun- trating the sensitivity of using different approaches to
tries more meaningful. For example, the World Bank this difficult subject and the caution that should be
calculated that at PPP rates, China’s 2006 GDP was applied to exchange rates in general.
the equivalent of US$10tr, nearly four times greater
than suggested by using the MER. In calculating the Note: Although the use of PPP is a useful tool when
figures in Table 33, The Military Balance uses a combi- comparing macroeconomic data – such as GDP – between
nation of PPP and MER rates which are applied to countries, because there exists no specific PPP rate to
different parts of military expenditure. apply to the military sector; its use for this purpose should
The results of this methodology indicate that total be treated with caution. In addition, there is no definitive
military-related revenue available to the PLA in 2006 guide as to which elements of military spending should be
may have amounted to RMB495.3bn, about 1.7 times calculated using available PPP rates.
Mot Inf 1 bde HQ (7th) (1 recce regt, 2 mot inf bn,

Australia Aus (incl 1 lt inf bn (8/9th) op by 2010), 1 fd arty
regt, 1 cbt engr regt, 1 cbt spt regt, 1 cbt
Australian Dollar A$ 2007 2008 2009 service spt bn)
GDP A$ 1.08trtr 1,16tr Surv 3 (regional force) integrated units
US$ 904bn 810bn EW 1 (7th) regt
per capita US$ 44,248 39,339 Int 1 bn
Growth % 4.2 2.5 Avn 1 bde HQ (16th)(1 Avn regt (6th)(1 Special
Ops sqn, 1 (FW) surv sqn), 1 Avn regt(1st)
Inflation % 2.3 2.1
(2 recce hel sqn), 1 Avn regt (5th)(2 tpt hel
Def expa A$ 24.2bn sqn, 1 spt hel sqn))
US$ 20.2bn STA 1 (20th) regt (1 STA bty, 1 UAV bty, 1 CSS
Def bdgt A$ 21.2bn 22.7bn bty)
US$ 17.6bn 15.7bn CSS 1 bde HQ (17th) (3 log bn, 3 health bn
US$1=A$ 1.20 1.44 (integrated))
a Including military pensions
AD 1 regt (16th) (integrated)
Engr 2 construction sqn, 1 Topo sqn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Special Operations Command
FORCES BY ROLE
Male 10% 4% 3% 3% 24% 6%
1 Special Operations HQ. 1 SF trg centre located at
Female 10% 3% 3% 3% 23% 7%
Singleton.
SF 1 SAS regt
Capabilities
Cdo 1 bn (4th RAR Cdo), 1 bn (1st cdo)
ACTIVE 54,747 (Army 27,461 Navy 13,230 Air (integrated)
14,056) IR 1 regt
Sigs 3 sqn (incl 1 reserve)
RESERVE 19,915 (Army 15,315 Navy 2,000 Air CSS 1 Sqn
The High Readiness Reserve of 2,800 army and 1,400 air
MBT 149: 59 M1-A1 Abrams; 90 Leopard 1 A3 in store
force personnel is intended to strengthen the Australian
(decommissioned awaiting disposal)
Defence Force (ADF) with members trained to the same
AIFV (W) 257 ASLAV-25 (all variants)
skill levels as the Regular Force. Integrated units are
APC APC (T) 774: 647 M-113A1 (350 to be upgraded to
formed from a mix of reserve and regular personnel. All
AS3), 119 in store; 8 M-113AS4 (Test)
ADF operations are now controlled by Headquaters Joint
LFV 697 Bushmaster IMV
Operations Command (HQJOC), opened in late 2008, a sin-
ARTY 566
gle, integrated joint headquarters.
TOWED 270: 105mm 234: 109 L-118 Light Gun; 155mm
36 M-198
Organisations by Service MOR 81mm 296
AT • MSL • MANPATS Javelin
Army 27,461 RCL 651: 84mm 577 Carl Gustav; 106mm 74 M-40A1
East Asia and

The army intends (under its Adaptive Army initiative) to
Australasia
AMPHIBIOUS 21: 15 LCM-8 (capacity either 1 MBT or 200
reorganise into a structure consisting of Army HQ and troops); 6 LCM-2000 (not yet operational)
three functional commands: HQ 1 Div; Special Operations AIRCRAFT • TPT 3 Beech 350 B300 (on lease)
Command and Forces Command. HELICOPTERS 14 attack helicopters
Land Command ATK 14 AS-665 Tiger (delivery ongoing)
FORCES BY ROLE SPT 44: 6 CH-47D Chinook; 34 S-70 A-9 (S-70A) Black
1 Land HQ, 1 Deployable Joint Force HQ, 1 Logistic Hawk; 4 MRH-90 TTH (NH-90) (ongoing delivery of 40)
Support Force HQ UTL 66: 41 Bell 206B-1 Kiowa (being replaced by Tiger); 20
Mech 1 bde HQ (1st) (1 armd regt, 1 recce regt, UH-1H Iroquois in store (decommissioned)
2 (5th,7th,) mech inf bn 1 med arty regt, 1 UAV 18
cbt engr regt, 1 cbt spt regt, 1 cbt service AD • SAM 48
spt bn) MANPAD 30 RBS-70
Lt Inf 1 bde HQ (3rd) 3 inf bn, 1 IMV sqn RADAR • LAND 21: 7 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor);
(provides 2 coy lift), 1 fd arty regt, 1 cbt 14 RASIT (veh, arty)
engr regt, 1 cbt spt regt, 1 cbt service spt
bn) Training Command 3,160
Reserve Organisations FORCES BY ROLE

ASW 1 sqn
Land Command 17,200 reservists ASUW 1 sqn
FORCES BY ROLE
Trg/Spt 1 sqn
Comd 6 bde HQ
Inf 6 bde HQ (4/5/8/9/11/13) each with (1 -2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
inf bn, 1 recce unit, CS, CSS units) HELICOPTERS 38
Engr 2 construction regt ASW 16 S-70B-2 Seahawk
MAR SPT 6 Sea King MK50A
Navy 13,230 SPT/TRG 16: 13 AS-350BA Ecureuil; 3 Agusta A109E
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FACILITIES
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6 Collins each with Bases Located at Sydney (NSW), Darwin (NT), Cairns
UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW, 6 single 533mm TT each (QLD), Garden Island (WA), Jervis Bay (NSW),
with Mk48 Sea Arrow ADCAP HWT Nowra (NSW), Flinders(SA).
FFG 4: Fleet Command
2 Adelaide each with 1 Mk 13 GMLS each with RGM- Navy 1 HQ located at Stirling
84C Harpoon SSM, SM-1 MR naval SAM, 2 Mk 32 triple
324mm ASTT each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm, (capacity Naval Systems Comd
2 S-70B Seahawk ASW hel), (SM-2 capability upgrades Navy 1 HQ located at Canberra
in progress)
2 Adelaide (Mod) with 1 Mk 13 GMLS with RGM-84C
Air Force 14,056
Harpoon SSM, SM-2 MR naval SAM, 1 8 cell Mk 41 VLS
Flying hours 175 hrs/year on F/A-18 Hornet FGA; 200
(32 eff.) with up to 32 RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow
hrs/year on F-111 Aardvark bbr ac
naval SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk
MU90 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 S-70B Seahawk FORCES BY ROLE
ASW hel) Air Cmnd coordinates air force operations. HQ Air Cmnd
FF 8 Anzac (Ge MEKO 200) each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon is responsible for developing and delivering the capability
quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, to command and control air operations. The air command-
1 8 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) each with up to 32 RIM-162 er controls the activities of six subordinate Force Element
Evolved Sea Sparrow naval SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT Groups – Air Cbt, Air Lift, Aerospace Ops Support, Combat
with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm, (capacity 1 SH-2G Super Support, Surveillance and Response, Air Force Training.
Seasprite ASW hel), (capability upgrades in progress)
Air cbt 1 gp (135 ac and 2,000 personnel) with (1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCO 14
recce/strike wg (2 FGA/recce sqn with F-111C
Armidale each with 1 25mm gun
Aardvark; RF-111 Aardvark (photo recce); (F/A-
18F Super Hornet to replace F-111 from 2010);
MHC 6 Huon
(1 ftr/tac wg (1 OCU, 3 ftr sqn with F/A-18A
MSC 2 Bandicoot (reserve status)
Hornet/F/A-18B Hornet), 2 LIFT sqn with Hawk
MSD 3
MK127));1 Fwd air cbt dev unit with PC-9/A(F))
AMPHIBIOUS
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPH 2: Surv/ 1 gp with (1 wg (2 sqn, 1 OCU) with AP-3C
2 Kanimbla (capacity either 4 UH-60 Black Hawk utl Response Orion; 1 sqn with Boeing 737-700 ‘Wedgetail’
AEW&C (being delivered); 1 control and
hel or 3 Sea King MK-50A utl hel; 2 LCM; 21 MBT; 450
reporting wg with 4 tactical AD radars; 1 radar
troops)
surv unit with Jindalee Operational Radar
LS • LST 1 Tobruk (capacity 2 Sea King MK-50A utl hel; 2
Network correlation centre at Edinburgh (S.
LCM; 2 LCVP; 40 APC and 18 MBT; 500 troops)
Australia), 2 Jindalee radar sensors at Laverton
LANDING CRAFT 6:
(W.Australia) and Longreach (N. Queensland); 1
LCH 6 Balikpapan (capacity 3 MBT or 13 APC)
Jindalee facility at Alice Springs; 2 AD Command
& Control Centres at Williamtown (NSW) and
AORH 2: 1 Success; 1 Sirius Tindal (NT))
AOL 4 Warrigal
AE 3 Wattle SAR S-76 (civil contract) at 4 air bases
ASR 3 Airlift 1 gp (2 wg, 5 fg sqns): 1 tkr/tpt sqn with KC-30B
AGHS (SVY) 2 Leeuwin MRTT (being delivered); 1 special purpose/
AGS 4 Paluma VIP tpt sqn with B-737 BBJ; CL-604 Challenger,1
TRG 2: 1 AXL; 1 AXS responsive global airlift sqn with C-17; 1
TRV 3 medium tac tpt sqn with C-130H Hercules/C-
130J Hercules); 1 light tac tpt sqn with DHC-4
Naval Aviation 990 Caribou
Trg Air trg wg manages: ADF Basic Flying Training PSO 1

School (Tamworth) PC-9/A; No 2 Flying PCC 8 Bay
Training School (Pearce) PC-9/A; Combat AIRCRAFT
Survival and Training School (Townsville); MP/Surv 14: 6 BN-2B Islander; 5 DHC-8 Dash 8; 3
Central Flying School and Roulettes Aerobatic F406 Caravan II
Team (East Sale); School of Aviation Warfare SAR 1 AC50 Shrike
(East Sale); School of Air Traffic Control (East HELICOPTERS • UTL 1 Bell 206L LongRanger; 1 Bell
Sale); and No 32 Squadron with 8 Beech 300 214
Super King Air (navigation trg) (East Sale). Flt
trg schl with 58 PC-9/A
Deployment
Cbt sup 2 cbt spt wgs; 1 Expeditionary cbt spt wg; 1
gp airfield def wg (3 sqn ); 1 Health Services Wg Afghanistan
Reserve 13 Sqn (Darwin); 21 Sqn (Williams); 22 NATO • ISAF 1,080; 1 inf BG with (elms 1 inf bn, elms 1
Training Sqn (Richmond); 23 Sqn (Amberley); 24 para bn, elms 1 armd recce regt, elms 1 engr regt); elms
Wing Sqn (Edinburgh); 25 Sqn (Perth); 26 Sqn 1 arty regt; 1 hel gp with 2 CH-47D; 1 UAV det with
(Williamtown); 27 Sqn (Townsville); 28 Sqn Scaneagle; 25 Bushmaster IMV
(Canberra); 29 Sqn (Hobart). UN • UNAMA 1 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
AIRCRAFT 109 combat capable Maritime Security Operations 1 FFG

BBR 15: 15 F-111C Aardvark; (24 F/A-18F Super Hornet
from 2010) EGYPT
RECCE 4 RF-111C Aardvark* MFO (Operation Mazurka) 25
FGA 71: 55 F/A-18A Hornet; 16 F/A-18B Hornet IRAQ
LIFT 33 Hawk Mk127 MNF • Operation Iraqi Freedom (Operation Catalyst) 350; 1
MP 19 AP-3C Orion* sy det with ASLAV
AWACS 6 B-737 Wedgetail being delivered UN • UNAMI 2 obs
TPT 47: 4 C-17 Globemaster; (5 KC-30B MRTT being
delivered); 2 B-737 BBJ (VIP); 12 C-130H Hercules; 12 MALAYSIA
C-130J Hercules; 3 CL-604 Challenger (VIP); 14 DHC-4 Army 115; 1 inf coy (on 3-month rotational tours)
Caribou Air force 13; 1 AP-3C Orion crew
TRG 70: 62 PC-9/A (incl 4 PC-9/A(F) for tgt marking); 8
MIDDLE EAST
Beech 300 Super King Air (navigation trg);
HELICOPTERS • UTL 5–7 S-76 (civil contract) UN • UNTSO 11 obs; Air Force 350; 1 tpt det with 3 C-130
RADAR • AD RADAR 8 Hercules; 1 MP det with 2 AP-3C Orion
OTH-B Jindalee 4 PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Tactical 4 Army 38; 1 trg unit
MSL • TACTICAL •
ASM AGM-84A Harpoon; AGM-142E Raptor; AGM-158 SOLOMON ISLANDS
JASSM on order RAMSI (Operation Anode) 140; 1 inf coy; 4 OH-58 Kiowa; 2
AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9M Sidewinder; AIM-132 S-70 Black Hawk; 2 Armidale PCO; 2 DHC-4 Caribou
ASRAAM: AIM-7M Sparrow; SUDAN
BOMBS UN • UNMIS 9; 6 obs
Conventional Mk 82 500lb GP; Mk 84 2,000lb GP; BLU-
East Asia and

TIMOR LESTE
Australasia
109/B 2,000lb penetrator
Laser-guided Paveway II/IV ISF (Operation Astute) 750 (reducing to 650 in early 2009);
INS/GPS guided JDAM on order 1 inf bn HQ; 3 inf coy; 1 mech inf pl; 1 arty regt; elms 1
cbt engr regt; 1 hel det with 4 S-70 Black Hawk; 9 M-113; 3
Paramilitary C-130
UN • UNMIT 4 obs
Border Protection Command
Border Protection Command (BPC), has assumed re-
sponsibility for operational coordination and control of
Foreign Forces
both civil and military maritime enforcement activities New Zealand Army: 9 (air navigation) trg
within Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The Singapore Air Force 230: 1 school located at Pearce with
BPC is staffed by military and civilian officials from De- PC-21 trg ac; 1 op trg sqn located at Oakey with 12 AS-332
fence, Customs, the Australian Fisheries Management Super Puma Spt/AS-532 Cougar utl
Authority (AFMA) and the Australian Quarantine In- United States US Pacific Command: Army 27; Navy 24;
spection Service (AQIS). USAF 62; USMC 16; 1 SEWS located at Pine Gap; 1 comms
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10: facility located at NW Cape; 1 SIGINT stn located at Pine
PSOH 1 Triton Gap
Hel 1 sqn with 5 Bo-105 (armed, 81mm rockets); 1 sqn

Brunei Bru with 4 S-70A Black Hawk; 1 S-70C Black Hawk (VIP);
10 Bell 212; 1 Bell 214 (SAR)
Brunei Dollar B$ 2007 2008 2009
AD 2 sqn with 12 Rapier each with Blindfire; 16 Mistral
GDP B$ 18.5bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 12.3bn AIRCRAFT
per capita US$ 31,909 MP 1 CN-235M
Growth % 0.6 -0.5 TRG 6: 4 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 2 SF-260W Warrior
Inflation % 0.3 0.8 HELICOPTERS
Def bdgt B$ 519m 508m SPT 5: 4 S-70A Black Hawk; 1 S-70C Black Hawk (VIP)
UTL 18: 5 Bo-105 (armed, 81mm rockets); 2 Bell 206B
US$ 346m 345m
JetRanger II; 10 Bell 212; 1 Bell 214 (SAR)
US$1=B$ 1.50 1.47 AD • SAM 28: 12 Rapier each with Blindfire; 16 Mistral
Population 381,371
Ethnic groups: Malay, Kedayan, Tutong, Belait, Bisaya, Dusun,
Paramilitary ε2,250
Murut 66.3%; Chinese 11.2%; Iban, Dayak, Kelabit 6%; Other 11.8%
Gurkha Reserve Unit 400-500
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 2 bn
Male 15% 5% 4% 5% 22% 1%

Female 14% 4% 4% 4% 19% 2% Royal Brunei Police 1,750
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS
Capabilities PCI 7 less than 100 tonnes
ACTIVE 7,000 (Army 4,900 Navy 1,000 Air 1,100) Deployment

Paramilitary 2,250
PHILIPPINES
RESERVE 700 (Army 700) IMT 10 obs
Organisations by Service Foreign forces

Singapore Air Force: 500; trg school; 1 hel det with Super
Army 4,900 Puma
FORCES BY ROLE United Kingdom Army: 550; 1 Gurhka bn; 1 trg unit; 1 hel
Inf 3 bn flt with 3 hel
Spt 1 bn (1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr sqn)
Reserves 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cambodia Cam
LT TK 20 Scorpion (16 to be upgraded) Cambodian Riel r 2007 2008 2009
APC (W) 39 VAB
GDP r 35tr 43.1tr
ARTY • MOR 81mm 24
AT • RL 67mm Armbrust US$ 8.6bn 10.5bn
Navy 1,000 Growth % 10.2 7.0
SF 1 sqn Def bdgt r 557bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 137m
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16+ US$1=r 4,056 4,130
PFM 3 Waspada each with 2 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM
PFI 3 Perwira
PBI 3 Bendeharu Ethnic groups: Khmer 90%; Vietnamese 5%; Chinese 1%
PBR 7 (various) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 4 LCU
Male 18% 7% 6% 3% 14% 1%
Female 18% 6% 5% 3% 16% 2%
Air Force 1,100
FORCES BY ROLE Capabilities
MP 1 sqn with 1 CN-235M
Trg 1 sqn with 4 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 2 SF-260W Warrior; ACTIVE 124,300 (Army 75,000 Navy 2,800 Air 1,500
2 Bell 206B JetRanger II Provincial Forces 45,000) Paramilitary 67,000
Terms of service conscription authorised but not implemented Tpt 1 (VIP (reporting to Council of Ministry)) sqn
since 1993 with 2 An-24RV Coke; 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 1
AS-365 Dauphin 2; 1 sqn with 1 BN-2 Islander; 1
Cessna 421; 2 Y-12
Hel 1 sqn with 1 Mi-8P Hip K (VIP); 2 Mi-26 Halo; 13
Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
Army ε75,000
6 Military Regions (incl 1 special zone for capital) AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable
Armd 3 bn FTR 14 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N†
Recce some indep bn TPT 6: 2 An-24RV Coke; 1 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 421; 2
Y-12
Inf 22 div (established str 3,500; actual str
UTL 5 P-92 Echo (pilot trg/recce)
<1,500); 3 indep bde; 9 indep regt
TRG 10: 5 L-39 Albatros* (lead-in trg); 5 MiG-21UM
AB/SF 1 regt
Mongol B*†
Arty some bn
HELICOPTERS • SPT 18: 1 AS-350 Ecureuil; 2 Mi-26 Halo;
Protection 1 bde (4 bn) 13 MI-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; 1 Mi-8P Hip (VIP); 1
Engr construction 1 regt AS-365 Dauphin 2
Fd engr 3 regt
AD some bn Provincial Forces 45,000+

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Reports of at least 1 inf regt per province, with varying
MBT 150+: 50 Type-59; 100+ T-54/T-55 numbers of inf bn with lt wpn
LT TK 20+: Type-62; 20 Type-63
RECCE BRDM-2 Paramilitary
AIFV 70 BMP-1
APC 190+
Police 67,000 (including gendarmerie)
APC (T) M-113
APC (W) 190: 160 BTR-60/BTR-152; 30 OT-64 Non-State Groups
ARTY 428+ see Part II
TOWED 400+ 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942/122mm D-30 /122mm
M-30 M-1938 /130mm Type-59-I
MRL 28+: 107mm Type-63; 122mm 8 BM-21; 132mm
Deployment
BM-13-16 (BM-13); 140mm 20 BM-14-16 (BM-14) Sudan
MOR 82mm M-37; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-160 UN • UNMIS 136; 7 obs; 1 de-mining coy(+)
AT • RCL 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11
AD • GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4;
37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60 China, People’s Republic of PRC
Navy ε2,800 (incl. 1,500 Naval Infantry) Chinese Yuan
2007 2008 2009
Renminbi Y
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE GDP Y 24.6tr 28.9tr
US$ 3.24tr 4.22tr
PFC 2 Stenka
East Asia and

PCR 2 Kaoh Chhlam
Australasia
PB 7: 4 (PRC 42m); 3 (PRC 20m) Growth % 11.9 9.7
FACILITIES Inflation % 4.8 6.4

Bases Located at Phnom Penh (river), Ream (maritime) Def expa US$ See text page 375–6
Def bdgtb Y 350bn 417bn
Naval Infantry 1,500 US$ 46.1bn 61.1bn
Inf 7 bn
US$1=Y 7.60 6.83
Arty 1 bn a
PPP estimate including extra-budgetary military expenditure
b
Official defence budget at market exchange rates
Air Force 1,500
Population 1,330,044,605
FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 1 sqn with 14 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N†; 5 MiG- Ethnic groups: Tibetan, Uighur and other non-Han 8%
21UM Mongol B† (up to 9 to be upgraded by
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
IAI: 2 returned but status unclear)
Male 11% 5% 4% 4% 24% 4%
Recce/trg some sqn with 5 P-92 Echo (pilot trg/recce); 5
L-39 Albatros* (lead-in trg) Female 10% 5% 4% 4% 23% 4%
counter-measures (ECM), reconnaissance and mapping.

Capabilities 7 military region comds are sub-divided into 28 Military
ACTIVE 2,185,000 (Army 1,600,000 Navy 255,000 Districts. 18 Group armies (strength from 30–65,000), org
Air 300,000-330,000) Paramilitary 700,000 varies, normally with 2–3 mech/mot inf div/bde, 1 armd
Terms of service selective conscription; all services 2 years div/bde, 1 arty div/bde, 1 SAM/AAA or AAA bde, cbt
readiness category varies with 10 GA at category A and 8
RESERVE ε800,000
at category B (reorg to bde structure still in progress). Five
Overall organisation: Army leadership is exercised by the Regions have rapid reaction units (RRU). The PLA air has 3
four general headquarters/departments. A military region RRU airborne divisions and the Navy two marine bde. 31st,
exercises direct leadership over the Army units under it. 38th, 39th, 42nd and 54th GA have received air regiments
The Army has 18 combined corps, which are mobile combat that have in the past been MR or MD assets.
troops. Each of the Navy, Air Force and Second Artillery
Force have a leading body consisting of the headquarters, North East–Shenyang MR ε250,000
political department, logistics department and armaments Army 3 Group Army (16, 39, 49) (Heilongjiang, Jilin,
department. These direct the military, political, logistical Liaoning MD): 1 GA (16) (1 armd, 2 mot div,
and equipment work of their respective troops, and take 1mot, 1 arty, 1AD, 1 engr bde); 1 GA (39) (1
part in the command of joint operations. armd, 1 mech, mot div, 1mech, arty, 1 AD bde,
1 avn regt, 1 Avn regt; 1 GA (40) (1 armd, 3 mot,
Organisations by Service 1 arty, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt); MR or MD units 1

EW regt; 1 Spec ops unit.
Strategic Missile Forces (100,000+)
North–Beijing MR ε300,000
Offensive Army 3 Group Army (27, 38, 65) (Beijing, Tianjin
Garrison, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi MD):
The Second Artillery Force organises and commands
1 GA (27) (1 armd, 2 mech, 2 mot, 1 arty, 1 AD
its own troops to launch nuclear counterattacks with
bde, 1 engr regt); 1 GA (38) (1 armd, 2 mech div,
strategic missiles and to conduct operations with
1 arty, 1 AD, 1 engr bde, 1 avn regt); 1 GA (65) ( 1
conventional missiles. It comprises missile and training
armd, 1 mot 1 arty div, 2 mot, 1 AD, 1 engr bde);
bases, and relevant support troops Beijing 2 mech regt; MR or MD units 1 engr bde
Org as 20 launch bdes subordinate to 6 army-level msl (PKO) regt; 1 Spec ops unit 1 AAA bde.
bases; org varies by msl type; one testing and one trg
base West–Lanzhou MR ε220,000
MSL • STRATEGIC 806
Army 2 Group Army (21,47) (Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu,
ICBM 46: circa 6 DF-31 (CSS-9) (1 bde); circa 20 DF-4
Qing-hai, Xinjiang, South Xinjiang MD): 1 GA
(CSS-3) (2 bde); 20 DF-5A (CSS-4 Mod 2) (4 bdes)
(21) (1 armd , 1 mot div (RRU), 1 arty, 1 AD bde,
IRBM 35: circa 33 DF-21 (CSS-5) (4 bde); circa 2 DF-3A
1 engr regt); 1 GA (47) (1 armd, 1 mech, 2 mot;
(CSS-2 Mod) (1 bde)
1 arty, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt); Xinjiang (2 mot,
SRBM 725
2 mtn div, 1 arty, 1 AD bde, 2 inf, 2 indep inf, 1
500 DF-11A/M-11A (CSS-7 Mod 2) (4 bdes); 225 DF-
engr regt); MR or MD units 1 EW regt,1 AAA
15/M-9 (CSS-6) (2 bdes)
bde,1 arty bde, 1 Spec ops unit.
Navy
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 3: East–Nanjing MR ε250,000
1 Xia equiped with 12 JL-1 (CSS-N-3) strategic SLBM Army 3 Group Army (1,12,31) (Shanghai Garrison,
2 Jin equiped with up to 12 JL-2 (CSS-NX-4) strategic Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui MD): 1
SLBM (full operational status unkown; 3rd and 4th GA (1) (1 armd, 1 amph div, 1 mot , 1 arty, 1 AD
vessels in build) bde, 1 engr regt); 1 GA (12) (1 armd div 3 mot, 1
arty, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt); 1 GA (31) 2 mot div
Defensive (1 (86th) RRU) , 1 amph armd, 1 mot, 1 arty, 1 AD
RADAR • STRATEGIC: some phased array radar; some bde, 1 avn regt) MR or MD units 1 avn regt1, 1
detection and tracking radars (covering Central Asia and Spec ops unit.
Shanxi (northern border)) located at Xinjiang
Centre–Jinan MR ε190,000
People’s Liberation Army ε800,000; ε800,000 Army 3 Group Army (20,26, 54) (Shandong, Henan MD):
conscript (reductions continue) (total 1 GA (1 armd,1 mech, 1 mot, 1 arty, 1 AD bde, 1
1,600,000) engr regt); 1 GA (26) (1 armd div, 3 mot, 1 arty,
Ground forces are organised into eight service arms 1 AD bde, 1 avn regt, 1 avn regt); 1 GA (54) ( 1
(branches)—infantry, armour, artillery, air defense, aviation, armd, 1 mech (RRU), 1 mot (RRU), div 1 arty, 1
engineering, chemical defence and communications— AD bde, 1 avn regt); MR or MD units 1 EW regt,
as well as other specialised units, including electronic 1 spec ops unit, 2 pontoon br regt.
South–Guangzhou MR ε180,000 MOR

Army 2 Group Army (41,42) (Hubei, Hunan, SP 82mm Type-82
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan MD): 1 GA (41) ( 1 TOWED 81mm Type-W87; 82mm Type-53 (M-37)/
mech (RRU), 1 mot div, 1 armd, 1 arty, 1 AD bde, Type-67 /Type-82; 100mm Type-71 (reported); 120mm
1 engr regt); 1 GA (42) (1 mot, 1 amph (RRU) 1 Type-55 (incl SP); 160mm Type-56 (M-160)
arty div,); MR or MD units 1 EW regt, 1 inf bde, 1 AT • MSL 7,200
SAM bde, 1 avn regt; 1 pontoon br bde, SP 24 HJ-9 Red Arrow 9
MANPATS 7,176 HJ-73A/HJ-73B/HJ-73C/HJ-8A/HJ-
South-West–Chengdu–MR ε180,000 8C/HJ-8E
Army 2 Group Army (13,14) (Chongqing Garrison, RCL 75mm Type-56; 82mm Type-65 (B-10)/Type-78;
Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet MD): 1 GA(13) 105mm Type-75
2 mot (149th Div RRU), 1 arty div, 1 armd, 1 AD RL 62mm Type-70-1
bde, 1 avn 1 engr regt); 1 GA (14) (4 mot, 1 arty GUNS 300+: 100mm Type-73 (T-12)/Type-86; 120mm
div, 2 armd 1 arty, 2 AD bde); 2 mtn inf bde (note 300+ Type-89 SP
maybe lt or mech inf), 1 EW regt, 1 avn regt, 1 HELICOPTERS
spec ops unit. SAR 7 SA-321 Super Frelon
ATK 48 WZ-9
FORCES BY ROLE
ASLT 8 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT)
Armd 9 armd div, 9 armd bde ,
SPT 260: 53 AS-350 Ecureuil; 45 Mi-171; 50 Mi-171V5; 3
Mil Region 7 comd

Mi-6 Hook; 19 S-70C2 (S-70C) Black Hawk†; 40 Mi-17 (Mi-
Mech Inf 5 mech inf div, 5 mech inf bde 8MT) Hip H; 50 Mi-8T Hip†; 4 Mi-26 Halo
Inf 2 inf regt, 5 (border) indep regt UTL 88+: 80 Z-9/9B (AS-365 Dauphin 2) 8 SA-316 Alouette
Mot Inf 20 mot inf div, 20 mot inf bde, 1 indep III; Z-10
bde; 1 indep regt UAV ASN-15 (hand-launched); ASN-104; ASN-105;
Mtn Inf 2 mtn inf div, 2 (indep) bde ASN-206; W-50; WZ-5; D-4 NPU (Xian NPU)
AD • SAM 290+:
AB 1 (manned by AF) corps (3 AB div, 35,000
AB) SP 284: 200 HQ-7A; 60 SA-15 Gauntlet (Tor-M1); 30
HQ-61A Red Leader
Amph 2 amph aslt div
MANPAD HN-5A/HN-5B Hong Nu; FN-6/QW-1/QW-2
Arty 3 arty div, 16 arty bde GUNS 7,700+
SSM 1 indep bde; 9 (coastal defence) regt SP 37mm Type-88; 57mm Type-80
AD 1 indep regt TOWED 23mm Type-80 (ZU-23-2); 25mm Type-85; 35mm
Engr 15 engr regt, 1 indep bde Type-90 (GDF-002); 37mm Type-55 (M-1939)/Type-65/
Type-74; 57mm Type-59 (S-60); 85mm Type-56 (M-1939)
Sigs 50 regt
KS-12; 100mm Type-59 (KS-19)
Avn 10-15 avn regt, 2 (indep) regt (trg)
RADAR • LAND Cheetah (arty); RASIT (veh, arty);
AD 21 AD bde, Type-378 (veh)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MSL • SSM HY-2 (CSS-C-3) Seersucker; HY-4 (CSS-C-7)
MBT 7,660+: 5,000+ Type-59-II/Type-59-I; 300 Type-79; Sadsack
1,000 Type-88A/Type-88B; 1,200 Type-96; ε160 Type-
98A/99 Reserves
LT TK 1,000: 400 Type-62-I; 600 Type-63A Inf 30 div (each: 3 inf regt, 1 arty regt)
AIFV 1,000 Type-86A WZ-501 Arty 3 div
AD 12 div
East Asia and
APC 3,500+
Australasia
APC (T) 2,600: 2,300 Type-63-II/Type-63-I/Type-63A/ Logistic/Spt 7 bde
Type-63C; 300 Type-89-I
APC (W) 900+: 200 Type-77-II; 600+ Type-92; 100 Navy ε215,000; 40,000 conscript (total 255,000)
WZ-523
ARTY 17,700+ The PLA Navy organises and commands maritime
SP 1,200: 122mm 700: ε200 Type-70-I; ε500 Type-89; operations conducted independently by its troops or
152mm ε500 Type-83 in support of maritime operations. The PLA Navy is
TOWED 14,000: 13,850 100mm Type-59 (M-1944)/122mm organised into five service arms: submarine, surface, naval
Type-54-1 (M-30) M-1938/Type-83/Type-60 (D-74)/130mm aviation, coastal defence and marine corps, as well as other
Type-59 (M-46)/Type-59-I/152mm Type-54 (D-1)/Type-66 specialised units. There are three Fleets, the Beihai Fleet
(D-20); 155mm 150 Type 88 WAC-21 (North Sea), Donghai Fleet (East Sea) and Nanhai Fleet
GUN/MOR 120mm 100 2S23 NONA-SVK (South Sea).
MRL 2,400+ SUBMARINES 62
SP 122mm Type-89/130mm Type-70 STRATEGIC • SSBN 3:
TOWED 122mm Type-81/130mm Type-82 /273mm 1 Xia equiped with 12 JL-1 (CSS-N-3) strategic SLBM
Type-83/320mm Type-96 (WS-1) 2 Jin equiped with up to 12 JL-2 (CSS-NX-4) strategic
SLBM (full operational status unkown; 3rd and 4th (24 eff.), 1 twin 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 2 Z-9C (AS-
vessels in build) 565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
TACTICAL 62 FRIGATES • FFG 50:
SSN 6: 11 Jianghu Type I each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with 1 SY-1
4 Han (Type 091) each with YJ-82 SSM, 6 single (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.), 2 100mm
533mm TT 9 Jianghu Type II each with 1 triple (3 eff.) with SY-1
2 Shang (Type 093), 6 single 533mm TT (full (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin
operational status unknown, 3rd vessel in build) 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
SSG 1 mod Romeo (Type SSG) with 6 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) ASW/ASUW hel)
Sardine SSM, 8 single 533mm TT (test platform) 3 Jianghu Type III each with 8 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine
SSK 54: SSM, 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.), 2 twin 100mm (4 eff.)
12 Kilo each with SS-N-27 Club ASCM; 6 single 1 Jianghu Type IV with 1 triple (3 eff.) with 1 SY-1
533mm TT with up to 18 Test-71/96 HWT (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.), 1
19 Ming (Imp, type ES5E) each with 8 single 533mm 100mm, 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel
TT 6 Jianghu Type V each with 1 triple (3 eff.) with SY-1
8 Romeo† (Type ES3B) each with 8 533mm TT (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin
13 Song each with YJ-82 (CSS-N-8) Saccade ASCM, 6 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
single 533mm TT ASW/ASUW hel)
2 Yuan each with 6 533mm TT (undergoing sea trials, 4 Jiangwei I each with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with 1 YJ-8
expected ISD 2010) SSM, 1 sextuple (6 eff.) with 1 HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) SAM,
SS 1 Golf (SLBM trials) 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin 100mm (2 eff.), (capacity 2
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 78 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
DESTROYERS • DDG 28: 10 Jiangwei II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-83
4 Hangzhou (RF Sovremenny) each with 2 quad (8 eff.) SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 1 HQ-7 SAM, 2 RBU 1200
each with SS-N-22 Sunburn SSM, 2 SA-N-7 Grizzly (10 eff.), 2 100mm, (capacity 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT (4 eff.), 2 RBU 1000 Smerch ASW/ASUW hel)
3, 2 twin 130mm (4 eff.), (capacity either 1 Z-9C (AS- 2 Jiangkai each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-83 SSM,
565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel or 1 Ka-28 Helix A 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 1 HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT
ASW hel) (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1
2 Luzhou each with 2 quad (8 eff.) YJ-83 (C-803) SSM; 100mm, (capacity either 1 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel or 1
SA-N-20 Grumble SAM Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
2 Luyang each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with YJ-83 4 Jiangkai II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-83
SSM, 2 x24 (48 eff.) each with 48 SA-N-7 Grizzly SAM, 2 SSM, 1 VLS (32 eff.) with HQ-16 SAM (reported), 2 triple
triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 1 100mm, 324mm TT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 2 RBU 1200 (10
(capacity 1 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) eff.), 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 1 Ka-28 Helix A ASW
2 Luyang II each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with YJ-62 hel or 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel)
SSM, 8 sextuple VLS (48 eff.) with total of 48 HHQ-9 SP PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 247
SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 1 PFM 77:
100mm, (capacity 2 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) 16 Houxin each with 4 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM
10 Luda Type-051 each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 7 Houjian each with 6 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM
eff.), 2 FQF 2500 (24 eff.), 2 twin 130mm (4 eff.) 14 Huangfeng/Hola (FSU Osa I-Type) each with ε 4 SY-1
3 Luda mod Type-051DT each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush SSM
with YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with 40 Houbei each with 4 YJ-82 (CSS-N-8) Saccade SSM
HQ-7 Crotale SAM, 2 FQF 2500 (24 eff.), 2 twin 130mm PFC 93 Hainan each with ε4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
(4 eff.), mines (capability) PCC 27:
1 Luda II each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 2 triple 2 Haijui each with 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
(6 eff.) each with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm SSM, 1 twin 25 Haiqing each with 2 type-87 (12 eff.)
130mm (2 eff.), (mine-laying capability), (capacity 2 PCI 50: 15 Haizui less than 100 tonnes; 35 Shanghai II less
Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ASUW hel) than 100 tonnes
1 Luda III with 2 triple (6 eff.) each with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) MINE WARFARE 69
Silkworm SSM / YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM, 4 twin (8 MINE COUNTERMEASURES 68
eff.) each with 2 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine SSM, 2 triple MCMV 4 Wochi
324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 2 twin 130mm (4 eff.) MSO 14 T-43
1 Luhai with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with YJ-83 SSM, 1 MSC 4 Wosao
octuple (8 eff.) with 8 HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple 324mm MSD • MSD INSHORE 46: 4 Futi Class (Type 312);
ASTT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 1 twin 100mm (2 42 in reserve
eff.), (capacity either 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther ASW/ MINELAYERS • ML 1 Wolei
ASUW hel or 2 Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) AMPHIBIOUS
2 Luhu (Type 052A) each with 4 quad (16 eff.) each with PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 1 Yuzhao
YJ-83 SSM, 1 octuple (8 eff.) with HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple (Type 071), (capacity 4 ACV plus supporting vehicles;
324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Yu-7 LWT, 2 FQF 2500 500 – 800 troops; 2 hel)
LS 83 RECCE 13: 7 HZ-5 (Il-28R) Beagle; 6 Y-8J/Y-8JB Cub/

LSM 56: High New 2
1 Yudao MP 4 Y-8X
1 Yudeng (capacity 6 tanks; 180 troops) TKR 3 HY-6
13 Yuhai (capacity 2 tanks; 250 troops) TPT 66: 4 Y-8 (An-12BP) Cub A; 50 Y-5 (An-2) Colt; 4
31 Yuliang (capacity 5 tanks; 250 troops) Y-7 (An-24) Coke; 6 Y-7H (An-26) Curl; 2 Yak-42
10 Yunshu (capacity 6 tanks) TRG 122: 14 JJ-6 (MiG-19UTI) Farmer*; 4 JJ-7 Mongol
LST 27: A*; 38 PT-6 (CJ-6); 21 HY-7; 12 K-8; 33 HJ-5
7 Yukan (capacity 10 tanks; 200 troops) HELICOPTERS
10 Yuting (capacity 10 tanks; 250 troops; 2 hel) ASW/ASUW 25 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther
10 Yuting II (capacity 4 LCVP; 10 tanks; 250 troops) SAR 35: 15 SA-321; 20 Z-8,Z-8A (SA-321Ja) Super Frelon
LC 160 ASW 10 Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A
LCU 130: SPT 8 Mi-8 Hip
10 Yubei (capacity 10 tanks or 150 troops) MSL • TACTICAL • ASM YJ-61 (CAS-1 (improved))
120 Yunnan Kraken; YJ-8K (CSS-N-4) Sardine; YJ-83 (CSSC-8) Saccade
LCM 20 Yuchin
ACV 10 UCAC Marines ε10,000
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 204 FORCES BY ROLE
AORH 5: 2 Fuqing; 2 Fuchi; 1 Nanyun Army 3 (amph role) div
AOT 50: 7 Danlin; 20 Fulin; 2 Shengli; 3 Jinyou; 18 Fuzhou Marine inf 2 bde (each: 1 inf bn, 1 AD bn, 1 (armd) mech
AO L 5 Guangzhou inf bn, 2 amph recce bn, 2 arty bn, 2 tk bn)
AS 8: 1 Dazhi; 5 Dalang; 2 Dazhou
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ASR 1 Dajiang with 2 SA-321 Super Frelon
LT TK 150 Type-63A
ARS 2: 1 Dadong; 1 Dadao
APC (T) 60 Type-63
AG 6: 4 Qiongsha (capacity 400 troops); 2 Qiongsha
APC (W) Type-92
(hospital conversion)
ARTY • TOWED 122mm Type-83
AK 23: 2 Yantai; 2 Dayun; 6 Danlin; 7 Dandao; 6 Hongqi
MRL 107mm Type-63
AWT 18: 10 Leizhou; 8 Fuzhou
AT • MSL • MANPATS HJ-73; HJ-8
AGOR 5: 1 Dahua; 2 Kan; 1 Bin Hai; 1 Shuguang
AD • SAM • MANPAD HN-5 Hong Nu/Red Cherry
AGI 1 Dadie
AGM 5 (space and missile tracking) North Sea Fleet
AGS 6: 5 Yenlai; 1 Ganzhu Coastal defence from DPRK border (Yalu River) to south
AGB 4: 1 Yanbing; 3 Yanha of Lianyungang (approx 35°10Ń); equates to Shenyang,
ABU 7 Yannan Beijing and Jinan MR, and to seaward; 9 coastal defence
ATF 51: 4 Tuzhong; 10 Hujiu; 1 Daozha; 17 Gromovoy; 19 districts
Roslavl
FORCES BY ROLE
TRG 2: 1 Shichang; 1 Daxin
Navy 1 HQ located at Qingdao
YDG 5 Yen Pai
FACILITIES
Naval Aviation 26,000 Support bases Located at Lushun
FORCES BY ROLE
Bbr 2 regt with H-6D/H6M, 1 regt with East Sea Fleet
H-6D/H-5 Coastal defence from south of Lianyungang to Dongshan
(approx 35°10Ń to 23°30Ń); equates to Nanjing Military
East Asia and
Ftr 1 regt with SU-30MK2, 1 regt with J-7E, 2
Australasia
regt J-8I/J-8F, 1 regt with 24 J-7II Region, and to seaward; 7 coastal defence districts
FGA 3 regt with JH-7A, 1 regt with JH-7A/Q-5C FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 HQ located at Dongqian Lake (Ninsbo)
ELINT/ 1 regt with SH-5, 1 regt with Y-8J/Y-8JB
Recce FACILITIES
Tpt 2 regt with Y-8/Y-7 Bases Located at Fujian, Zhousnan, Dongqian Lake
Trg 1 regt with HY-7/K-8; 1 regt with HY-7/ (Ninsbo)
HJ-5; 1 regt with CJ-6; 1 regt with JJ-6/JJ-7
South Sea Fleet
AIRCRAFT 290 combat capable Coastal defence from Dongshan (approx 23°30Ń) to
BBR 50: 20 H-5,F-5,F-5B (Il-28) Beagle (torpedo-carrying Vn border; equates to Guangzhou MR, and to seaward
lt bbr - mostly retired); 30 H-6D (including Paracel and Spratly Islands)
FTR 84: 48 J-8I/J-8F/J-8B/J-8D Finback; 36 J-7 (MiG-21F)
FORCES BY ROLE
Fishbed C (being retired)
FGA 138: 84 JH-7; 30 Q-5 Fantan; 24 Su-30Mk2 Flanker; Navy 1 comd HQ located at Guangzhou
(J-6 has been retired) FACILITIES
ASW 4 PS-5 (SH-5) Bases Located at Yulin, Guangzhou, Zuanjiang
Air Force 300,000-330,000 110th Regt with J-7E, 111th Regt with J-7G; 5th Air Acad-
The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is organised into four service emy (Gangsu, Wuwei) incl 3 Regts with CJ-6, JJ-5; 8th Air
branches: aviation, SAM, AAA and airborne. It also has Academy (Xinjiang, Shuquan) incl 3 Regts with C6, JJ-5;
comms, radar, ECM, chemical defence, tech recce and other PLAAF Msl Testing Regt (Gansu, Dinxi) with JJ-6, J-7B;
specialised units. The PLAAF organises and commands air Air Defence: 6th SAM bde (Gangu, Lanzhou) with HQ2,
and AD operations throughout China, as well as airborne AAA, 6th SAM Regt (Xinjiang) with HQ2E, 41st Radar
operations. The PLAAF organises its command through Regt (Xinjiang, Hetian)
seven military region air forces (MRAF) – Beijing, Shenyang,
Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu - and
Centre - Jinan MRAF
13 div-level command posts. Within a MRAF are aviation 1 air div (5th atk) (Shangdong, Weifang) incl 13th Regt
divisions, ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades and with Q-5E; 14th Regt with JH-7A; 1 air div (12th ftr)
regiments), anti-aircraft artillery brigades (regiments), (Shangdong, Jinan) incl 34th Regt with J-8B, 35th Regt
radar brigades (regiments) and other support troops. with J-8B, 36th Regt with J-76; 1 air div (19th ftr) (Henan,
29 air div (incl up to 4 regt, each with 10–15 ac, 1 maint Zhengzhou) incl 55th Regt with J-11, 56th Regt with
unit, some tpt and trg ac) are distributed between the J-11, 57th Regt with J-7E; 1st Recce Regt (Shangdong,
military regions as follows: Wendeng) with JZ-6
Headquarters Air Force East - Nanjing MRAF

1 air division (34 , VIP Tpt) with Il-76MD, Tu-154M,
th 1 air div (3rd ftr) incl 7th Regt with J-10, 8th Regt with J-7E,
B-747, CRJ200, Y8, Y7, An-30; 100th; 101st; 102nd Regt; Air 9th Regt with Su-30MKK; 1 air div (10th bbr) incl 28th Regt
Force Flight Test Regiment (Anqing) with H-6E, 29th Regt (Nanjing) with H-6E, 30th
Regt (Nanjing) with Y-8D; 1 air div (14th ftr) (Jiangxi,
North - Beijing MRAF Nangchang, Xiangtang) incl 40th Regt (Nangchang, Xi-
1 air div (7th ftr) incl 19th Regt (Zhangjiakou) with J-11, angtang) with J-11A, 41st Regt (Jiojiang) with J-7H; 1
21st Regt (Zhangjiakou) with J-7B; 1 air div (15th ftr/atk) air div (26th Special Mission) (Wuxi, Jiangsu, Suzhou,
incl 43rd Regt (Hairen) with J-7C, 44th Regt ( Lingqiu) Guangfu) incl 1 regt with KJ-2000, 1 regt (recce) with JZ-
with Q-5, 45th Regt- J-7D; 1 air div (24th ftr) incl 70th Regt 8F; 1 air div (28th atk) (Zhejiang, Hangzhou ) incl 82nd Regt
(Yangkun, Tianjin) with J-8A/E, 71st Regt (Zunhua) with with J8-7A, 83rd Regt with Q-5D, 84th Regt with Q-5D; 1
J-8, 72nd Regt (Yangkun) with J-8; Flight Test & Training air div (29th ftr) (Zhejiang, Quzhou) incl 85th Regt with
Centre (Hebei, Cangzhou) incl 4 Regt with Su-30, Su- Su-30MKK, 86th Regt with J-7C, 87th Regt with J-8B/D;
27/J-11, J-8C, J-10, J-7E, JJ-7; MRAF Training Base (He- MRAF Trg Base; 3rd Recce regt with JZ-6; 13th Air Acad-
bei, Tangshan) with J-7B, JJ-7; 4th Air Academy (Hebei, emy (Anhui, Bingbu) with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6; Air Defence:
Shijiazhuang/Baoding) incl 4 regts with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6; 4 SAM Bde (2nd, Fujian, Xianyou with S300, HQ9), (3rd,
6th Air Academy (Hebei, Zhuzhou) incl 3 Regt with JJ-5, Shanghai with HQ7, HQ2), (4th Jiangsu, Nanjing with
CJ-6; Air Defence: 3 SAM div (5th, Beijing, with S300, HQ9, HQ7), (8th, Shanghai with HQ9)
HQ9, HQ2), (6th Beijing, with HQ7, HQ2), (7th, Tianjin,
with HQ2, AAA); 1 SAM Regt (7th, Guangxi, Liaoning, South - Guangzhou MRAF
with HQ2); Indep AAA regt at Guangdong, Huangpu 1 air div (2nd ftr) (Guangdong, Zhanjiang Suxi) incl 4th
Regt (Liuzhou) with J-7B, 5th Regt (Qifengling) with J-10,
Northeast - Shenyang MRAF 6th Regt (Zhangjiang Suxi) with J-11; 1 air div (8th bbr/
1 air div (1st ftr) incl 1st regt (Anshan) with J-11/J-11B, tkr) (Hunan, Leiyang) incl 22nd Regt with H-6E, 23rd Regt
2nd Regt with J-8F, 3rd Regt (Anshan) with J-8A; 1 air div with H-6U; 1 air div (9th ftr) (Guangdong, Shaoguan)
(11th atk) (Jilin, Siping) incl 31st Regt with Q-5D, 33rd Regt incl 25th Regt with J-8B, 26th Regt with J-8D, 27th Regt
with Q-5D; 1 air div (21st ftr) incl 61st Regt (Heilongjiang, with J-7B; 1 air div (13th airlift) (Wuhan, Wangjiadun)
Mudanjiang) with J-8H, 62nd Regt (Qiqihar) with J-7, 63rd incl 37th Regt (Henan, Kaifeng) with IL-76MD, 38th Regt
Regt (Mudanjian) with J-8B; 1 air div (30th ftr) incl civ/ (Wuhan, Wangjiadun) with An-26/Y-8, 39th Regt (Hubei,
PLAAF base (Liaoning, Dalian), 88th Regt with J-8A/E, Dunyang) with IL-76MD; 1 air div (18th ftr) (Hunan,
89th Regt with J-8F, 90th Regt with J-7E; 4th Recce Regt Changsha) incl 52nd Regt (Wuhan, Shangpo) with J-7B,
(Yuhong chang) with JZ-8; MRAF Training Bases: 1st Air 54th Regt (Changsha, Datuopu) with Su-30MKK; 1 air
Academy (Heilongjiang, Harbin) incl 2 Regts with H-5, div (42nd ftr) (Guangxi, Nanning) incl 124th Regt (Baice-
HJ-5, An-30, An-26, CJ-6, 3rd Air Academy (Liaoning, tianyang) with J-7B, 125th Regt (Nanning) with J-7H, 2nd
Jinzhou) incl 2 Regts with JJ-5, CJ-6, 7th Air Academy Indep Recce Regt (Jiangxi, Taihe) with JZ-6; Air Defence:
(Jilin) incl 3 Regts with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6 4 SAM Bde (9th, Hunan, Huaibei with HQ2, AAA), (10th,
Guangdong, Guangzhou with HQ2), (11th, Guangdong
West - Lanzhou MRAF with HQ7, AAA), (7th, Guangxi, Nanning with HQ2), In-
1 air div (6th ftr) incl 16th Regt (Ningxia, Yinchuan) with dep AAA Regt (Guangdong, Huangpu) with AAA
J-11, 18th Regt (Yinchaun) with J-7E, 139th Regt (Tianshui
with J-7; 1 air div (36th bbr) (Shangxi, Wugong/Lintong) Southwest - Chengdu MRAF
incl 106th Recce/bbr Regt with Y8H-1 Aerial Surv Regt; 1 air div (4th airlift) (Chengdu, Qionglai) with An-26/
107th Regt with H-6E, 108th Regt with H-6A; 1 air div Mi-17 hel; 1 air div (33rd ftr) (Chongqing, Baishiyi) incl
(37th ftr) (Xinjinag, Urumqi) incl 109th Regt with J-8H, 97th Regt with J-7E, 98th Regt with J-7B, 99th Regt with
J-11; 1 air div (44th ftr) (Yunnan, Kunming) incl 130th Regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
with J-7B, 131st Regt with J-7B, 132nd Regt with J-10; 2nd AIRCRAFT 1,653 combat capable
BBR up to 82 H-6/H-6E/H-6F/H-6H
Air Academy (Sichuan, Jiajiang) with H-5, HJ-5, CJ-6
FTR 1,136+: 24 J-7 Fishbed; 192 J-7B Fishbed; 48 J-7H
Flying hours Ftr, ground attack and bbr pilots average Fishbed; 48 J-7C Fishbed; 144 J-7E Fishbed; 48 J-7G Fishbed;
100-150 hrs/yr. Tpt pilots average 200+ 32 J-8 Finback; 68 J-8A Finback; 132 J-8B Finback; 60 J-8D
per year. Each rgt has two quotas to meet Finback; 20 J-8E Finback; 48 J-8F Finback; 72 J-8H Finback;
during the year – a total number of hours, 84+ J-10; 116 J-11 (Su-27SK) Flanker;
and the percentage of flt time dedicated to FGA 283: 73 Su-30MKK Flanker; 18+ J-11B Flanker; 72
tactics trg. JH-7/JH-7A; 120 Q-5/Q-5D/Q-5E Fantan
RECCE 120: 72 JZ-6 (MiG-19R)*; 24 JZ-8 Finback*; 24 JZ-
FORCES BY ROLE
8F Finback*
Bbr 4 regt with H-6E/H-6F/H-6H (of which
AEW 4+: 4 KJ-2000; some KJ-200
some with YJ-63 cruise missile); 1 (nuclear
EW 9 Y-8D
ready) regt with H-6 (Tu-16) Badger
TKR 18: 10 HY-6; 8 IL-78M on order
Ftr 1 regt with J-7 Fishbed; 8 regt with J-7B TPT 296: 15 B-737-200 (VIP); 5 CL-601 Challenger; 2 Il-18
Fishbed; 2 regt with J-7H Fishbed;2 regt Coot; 18 Il-76MD Candid B (30 on order); 17 Tu-154M
with J-7C Fishbed; 6 regt with J-7E Fishbed; Careless; some Y-8; 20 Y-11; 8 Y-12; 170 Y-5 (An-2) Colt; 41
2 regt with J-7G Fishbed; 1 regt with J-8 Y-7 (An-24) Coke/Y-7H (An-26) Curl
Finback; 1 regt with J-8/J-8A/J-8E Finback; SURV 3 Y-8H1

2 regt with J-8A Finback; 1 regt with TRG 522: 400 CJ-6/-6A/-6B; 50 JJ-7; 40 JL-8 (K-8); 32 Su-
J-8A/J-8E Finback; 5 regt with J-8B Finback; 27UBK Flanker*
1 regt with J-8B/J-8D Finback; 1 regt HELICOPTERS
with J-8D Finback; 2 regt with J-8D/J-8H SPT 56: 6 AS-332 Super Puma (VIP); 50 Mi-8 Hip
Finback; 2 regt with J-8H Finback; 2 regt UTL 24: 20 Z-9 (AS-365N) Dauphin 2; 4 Bell 214
with J-8F Finback; 8 regt with J-11 (Su- UAV CH-1 Chang Hong; Chang Kong 1; BQM-34 Firebee;
27SK) Flanker Harpy
FGA 3 regt with Su-30MKK Flanker; some AD
J-11B Flanker; 5 regt with Q-5/Q-5D/Q-5E SAM 1,578+
Fantan; 3 regt each with J-10; 3 regt with SP 1,078+: 60+ HQ-7; 24 HQ-9; 850 S-300PMU1 (SA-
JH-7/7A 10B) Grumble/S-300PMU2 (SA-10C) Grumble; 144
Recce 3 regt with JZ-6 (MiG-19R); 1 regt with S-300PMU2 (SA-10C) Grumble/SA-10D Grumble
JZ-8 Finback;1 regt with JZ-8F Finback TOWED 500+ HQ-2 (SA-2) Guideline Towed/HQ-2A/
ECM 1 regt with Y-8D HQ-2B(A)
GUNS 16,000 100mm/85mm
AEW/AWACS 1 regt with KJ-2000
MSL • TACTICAL 4,500+
Surv 1 regt with Y-8H1 ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-17 Krypton; AS-18 Kazoo; YJ-63
Tpt 2 regt with Il-76MD Candid B (to support AAM 4,500+: 100 AA-12 Adder; 1,200 P-27 (AA-10) Alamo;
15th and 16th Airborne armies); 1 regt 3,200 P37 (AA-11) Archer; PL-12; PL-2B; PL-5B; PL-8
with An-26, Y-8; 1 regt with An-26
Tkr 1 regt with HY-6 Paramilitary ε700,000 active
VIP 3 regt with Il-76MD, Tu-154M, B-737-200,
Y-8, An-30 People’s Armed Police ε700,000
ADA 1 bde located in Centre; 1 bde located in Ministry of Public Security
East Asia and
Australasia
East; 1 bde located in North-East Police 45 div (14 each with 4 regt, remainder no
Trg 1 regt with 12 H-6H; some regt with CJ- standard organisation; 1–2 div per province)
6/-6A/-6B); Y-7; JL-8 (K-8); JJ-6; JJ-7
Hel 1 regt with Mi-17. Some regts with AS-332 Border Defence Force 100,000+
Super Puma (VIP); Mi-8 Hip; Z-9 (AS-
365N) Dauphin 2; Bell 214 Comms 69,000+
SAM 3 div located in North; 2 bde located in Internal Security ε500,000
South; 1 bde located in North-East; 2 bde
located in East; 1 bde located in South
West; 100+ unit with 60+ HQ-7; 24 HQ-9; Non-State Groups
144 S-300PMU2 (SA-10C) Grumble/SA- see Part II
10D Grumble; 500+ HQ-2 (SA-2) Guideline/
HQ-2A/HQ-2B(A); 160 (Strategic Air Deployment
Defence) unit with 850 S-300PMU1
(SA-10B) Grumble/S-300PMU2 (SA-10C) Côte D’Ivoire
Grumble UN • UNOCI 7 obs
Democratic Republic of Congo TOWED 85mm 4 25-pdr (ceremonial)

UN • MONUC; 218; 16 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 fd hospital MOR 81mm 12
HELICOPTERS
LEBANON
SPT 1 AS-355 Ecureuil
UN • UNIFIL 343; 1 engr coy; 1 fd hospital UTL 1 AS-365 Dauphin 2
Liberia
UN • UNMIL 566; 4 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd Navy 300
hospital EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Middle East
PCC 3 Kula
UN • UNTSO 4 obs PCI 4: 2 Levuka; 2 Vai
Sudan LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2
UN • UNAMID 322; 1 engr coy AGHS 1 Tovutu
UN • UNMIS 444; 14 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy(-); 1 fd TRG 1 Cagi Donu (Presidential Yacht)
hospital FACILITIES
Bases Located at Viti (trg), Walu Bay
Timor-leste
UN • UNMIT 2 obs
Deployment
Western Sahara
UN • MINURSO 13 obs EGYPT
MFO 338; 3 inf coy
Fiji Fji IRAQ

UN • UNAMI 222; 3 sy unit
Fijian Dollar F$ 2007 2008 2009
SUDAN
GDP F$ 5.2bn UN • UNMIS 7 obs
US$ 3.2bn
TIMOR LESTE
UN • UNMIT 1 obs
Growth % -3.1 2.5
Inflation % 4.5 7.0
Def bdgt F$ 80m ε90m Indonesia Indo
US$ 50m 51m Indonesian Rupiah Rp 2007 2008 2009
US$1=F$ 1.61 1.76 GDP Rp 3,957tr 4,745tr
Population 931,741 US$ 433bn 484bn
Ethnic groups: Fijian 51%; Indian 44%; European/Others 5% per capita US$ 1,845 2,038
Growth % 6.3 6.1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Inflation % 6.2 9.8
Male 16% 5% 5% 4% 18% 2%
Def expa US$ 4.3bn
Female 15% 5% 5% 4% 18% 2%
Def bdgt Rp 32.6tr 30.6tr
Capabilities US$ 3.57bn 3.12bn
FMA (US) US$ 6.1m 15.7m 15.7m
ACTIVE 3,500 (Army 3,200 Navy 300) US$1=Rp 9,141 9,802
RESERVE ε6,000 a
including extra-budgetary funding
(to age 45)
Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%; Sundanese 14%; Madurese 8%;
Organisations by Service Malay 8%; Chinese 3%; other 22%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Army 3,200 (incl 300 recalled reserves)
Male 15% 5% 5% 5% 19% 2%
FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 7 bn (incl 4 cadre) Female 14% 4% 5% 5% 19% 3%
Spec Ops 1 coy
Arty 1 bty Capabilities
Engr 1 bn ACTIVE 302,000 (Army 233,000 Navy 45,000 Air
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 24,000) Paramilitary 280,000
ARTY 16 Terms of service 2 years selective conscription authorised
RESERVE 400,000 AD • SAM 68: 51 Rapier; 17 RBS-70

Army cadre units; numercal str n.k., obligation to age 45 GUNS • TOWED 413: 20mm 121 Rh 202; 40mm 36 L/70;
for officers 57mm 256 S-60
Organisations by Service Navy ε45,000 (including Marines and Aviation)

Fleet Command
Army ε233,000 FORCES BY ROLE
Navy Two fleets: East (Surabaya), West (Jakarta).
11 Mil Area Command 150,000
Planned; 1 HQ (Surabaya): 3 commands: Riau
Provincial (KOREM) and District (KODIM) Comd
(West); Papua (East); Makassar (Central)
Cav 8 bn
Forward 1 Kupang (West Timor); 1 Tahuna (North
Inf 2 bde (6 bn); 60 bn Operating Sulawesi)
AB 5 bn Bases
Fd Arty 10 bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Engr 7 bn SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Cakra† each with 8
Avn 1 composite sqn single 533mm TT with 14 SUT HWT
Hel 1 sqn PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 29
AD 7 bn FRIGATES 8
FFG 7:
Special Forces Command (KOPASSUS) 6 Ahmad Yani each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8
ε5,000 eff.) each with RGM-84A Harpoon tactical SSM, 2
SF 3 gp (total: 2 cdo/para unit, 1 counter-terrorist unit SIMBAD twin manual each with Mistral SAM, 2
(Unit 81), 1 trg unit, 1 (int) SF unit) triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1
76mm gun, (capacity either 1 HAS-1 Wasp ASW hel
Strategic Reserve Command (KOSTRAD) or 1 NBo-105 (Bo-105) utl hel)
40,000 1 Hajar Dewantara (trg) with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
Comd 2 div HQ MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 2 single 533mm ASTT
Armd 2 bn each with SUT HWT, (capacity 1 NBo-105 (Bo-105)
Inf 3 bde (9 bn); 1 indep (3rd) bde utl hel)
AB 2 bde FF 1 Samadikun † each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6
Fd Arty 2 regt (6 bn) eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
AD 1 regt (2 bn) CORVETTES • FS 21:
Engr 2 bn 16 Kapitan Patimura† each with 4 x1 400mm ASTT,
Twin each with SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 (24 eff.), 1 57mm gun
LT TK 350: 275 AMX-13 (to be upgraded); 15 PT-76; 60
3 Fatahillah each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with MM-38
Scorpion 90
Exocet tactical SSM, 2 B515 ILAS-3/triple 324mm ASTT
RECCE 142: 55 Ferret (13 upgraded); 69 Saladin (16
(2-6 eff.) (not on Nala) with 12 A244/Mk 46, 1 2 tube
upgraded); 18 VBL
Bofors 375mm (2 eff.), 1 120mm gun
AIFV 11 BMP-2
2 Sigma each with 2 Tetral quad (8eff.) Mistral SAM,
APC 356
each with 4 MM-40 Exocet Block II tactical SSM, 2 triple
APC (T) 115: 75 AMX-VCI; 40 FV4333 Stormer
324mm ASTT (6eff.), 1 76mm gun; (2 additional vessels
East Asia and
APC (W) 241: 80 BTR-40; 34 BTR-50PK; 22 Commando
Australasia
Ranger; 45 FV603 Saracen (14 upgraded); 60 LAV-150 in build)
Commando PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 41
ARTY 1,010 PFM 4 Mandau each with 4 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM
TOWED 135: 105mm 130: 120 M-101; 10 M-56; 155mm PCT 4 Singa each with 2 single 533mm TT (capability
5 FH-2000 upgrade programme in progress)
MOR 875: 81mm 800; 120mm 75 Brandt PCO 8: 4 Kakap; 4 Todak
AT • RCL 135: 106mm 45 M-40A1; 90mm 90 M-67 PCC 21:
RL 89mm 700 LRAC 13 Kobra KAL-35 each with 2 20mm gun
AIRCRAFT • TPT 11: 3 DHC-5 Buffalo; 6 NC-212 (CASA 8 Sibarau
212) Aviocar; 2 Rockwell Turbo Commander 680 PC 4
HELICOPTERS MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 11
ATK 6 Mi-35P Hind MCC 2 Pulau Rengat
SPT 16 Mi-17 Hip MSC 9 Palau Rote†
UTL 37: 8 Bell 205A; 12 NB-412 (Bell 412) Twin Huey; 17 AMPHIBIOUS
NBo-105 (Bo-105) PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 3: 1 Dr
TRG 12 Hughes 300C Soeharso (Ex-Tanjung Dalpele; capacity 2 LCU/LCVP;
13 tanks; 500 troops); 2 Makassar (capacity 2 LCU/ FORCES BY ROLE

LCVP; 13 tanks; 500 troops); (2 additional vessels in Ftr 1 sqn with F-5E Tiger II; F-5F Tiger II
build) Ftr/FGA 1 sqn with Su-30 MKI Flanker (multi-role); Su-
LS • LST 26: 1 Teluk Amboina (capacity 16 tanks; 200 27SK Flanker (AD); 1 sqn with F-16A/ F-16B
troops); 12 Teluk Gilimanuk; 7 Teluk Langsa (capacity 16 Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn with A-4E Skyhawk; TA-4H
tanks; 200 troops); 6 Teluk Semangka (capacity 17 tanks; Skyhawk; TA-4J Skyhawk; 2 sqn with Hawk MK109;
200 troops) Hawk MK209
CRAFT 54 LCU FAC 1 flt with OV-10F Bronco* mostly non-operational
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 28 MR 1 sqn with B-737-200
AGF 1 Multatuli Tpt/Tkr 5 sqn with B-707; C-130B Hercules; KC-130B
AORLH 1 Arun (UK Rover) Hercules; C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules;
AOT 3: 2 Khobi; 1 Sorong NC-212 (CASA 212) Aviocar; CN-235-110; Cessna
AKSL 6 401; Cessna 402; F-27-400M Troopship; F-28-1000;
AGOR 7: 5 Baruna Jaya; 1 Jalanidhi; 1 Burujulasad F-28-3000; L-100-30; SC.7 3M Skyvan (survey);
AGHS 1 Cessna 207 Stationair
ATF 2 Trg 3 sqn with Cessna 172; AS-202 Bravo; Hawk
TRG • AXS 2 MK53*; KT-1B; SF-260M/SF-260W Warrior;
T-34C Turbo Mentor; T-41D Mescalero
YTM 3
Hel 3 sqn with S-58T; NAS-332L (AS-332L) Super
TPT 2 Tanjung Nusanive (troop transport)

Puma (VIP/CSAR); NAS-330 (SA-330) Puma
(NAS-330SM VIP); EC-120B Colibri
Naval Aviation ε1,000
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MP 27: 2 CASA 235 MPA; 15 GAF N-22B Searchmaster AIRCRAFT 94 combat capable
B; 10 GAF N-22SL Searchmaster L FTR 24: 2 Su-27SK Flanker (AD); 7 F-16A Fighting Falcon;
TPT 15: 1 CN-235M; 2 DHC-5 Buffalo; 4 CASA 212-200 3 F-16B Fighting Falcon; 8 F-5E Tiger II; 4 F-5F Tiger II
Aviocar; 4 PA-34 Seneca; 4 Rockwell Commander 100; 6 FGA 48: 2 Su-30 MKI Flanker (multi-role); 11 A-4E
PA-38 Tomahawk Skyhawk; 7 Hawk MK109; 28 Hawk MK209 (FGA/ftr)
HELICOPTERS FAC 12 OV-10F Bronco* mostly non-operational
TKR 2 KC-130B Hercules
ASW 9 HAS-1 Wasp†
TPT 62: 1 B-707; 3 B-737-200; 8 C-130B Hercules; 4 C-130H
SPT 11: 8 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite AS-332; 3 NAS-322L Super
Hercules; 6 C-130H-30 Hercules; 10 CN-235-110; 5 Cessna
Puma
401; 2 Cessna 402; 6 F-27-400M Troopship; 1 F-28-1000; 2
UTL 13: 3 EC-120B Colibri (+6 on order); 4 NB-412 (Bell
F-28-3000; 3 L-100-30; 10 NC-212 (CASA 212) Aviocar; 1
412) Twin Huey*; 6 NBo-105 (Bo-105)
SC.7 3M Skyvan (survey)
UTL 6: 2 Cessna 172; 4 Cessna 207 Stationair
Marines ε20,000 TRG 101: 39 AS-202 Bravo; 7 Hawk MK53*; 7 KT-1B; 19
FORCES BY ROLE SF-260M/SF-260W Warrior; 20 T-34C Turbo Mentor; 6
SF 1 bn T-41D Mescalero; 1 TA-4H Skyhawk*; 2 TA-4J Skyhawk*
Marine 1st marine corps gp (total: 3 marine bn) based HELICOPTERS
Surabaya; 1 indep marine corp gp (total: 3 bn) SAR 10 S-58T
based Jakarta; 1 marine bde (total: 3 bn) based SPT 16: 5 NAS-332L (AS-332L) Super Puma (VIP/CSAR);
Teluk, Rata and Sumatra 11 NAS-330 (SA-330) Puma (1 NAS-330SM VIP)
UTL 12 EC-120B Colibri
Cbt spt 1 regt (arty, AD)
MSL • TACTICAL
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ASM AGM-65G Maverick
LT TK 55 PT-76† AAM AIM-9P Sidewinder
RECCE 21 BRDM
AIFV 34: 24 AMX-10P; 10 AMX-10 PAC 90 Special Forces (Paskhasau)
APC (W) 100 BTR-50P Special Ops 3 (PASKHASAU) wg (total: 6 special ops
ARTY 62+ sqn); 4 indep coy
TOWED 50+: 105mm 22 LG1 MK II; 122mm 28 M-38
M-1938 Paramilitary ε280,000 active
MRL 140mm 12 BM-14
MOR 81mm
Naval Auxiliary Service
AD • GUNS 150: 40mm 5 L/60 / L/70; 57mm S-60
PCC 65 Kal Kangean
PCI 6 Carpentaria
Air Force 24,000
2 operational cmds (East and West) plus trg cmd. Only 45% Customs
of ac op PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCI 55
Marine Police
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 85 Japan J
PSOH 2 Bisma
Japanese Yen ¥ 2007 2008 2009
PCC 14 Bango
PC 37 GDP ¥ 515tr 524tr
PBI 32 US$ 4.41tr 5.18tr
per capita US$ 34,581 40,759
Police ε280,000 (including 14,000 police
Growth % 2.1 0.7
‘mobile bde’ (BRIMOB) org in 56 coy, incl CT
unit (Gegana)) Inflation % 0.1 0.9
APC (W) 34 Tactica Def bdgt ¥ 4.80tr 4.77tr
AIRCRAFT • TPT 5: 2 Beech 18; 2 NC-212 (CASA 212) US$ 41.0bn 47.3bn
Aviocar; 1 Rockwell Turbo Commander 680 US$1=¥ 117 101
HELICOPTERS • UTL 22: 3 Bell 206 JetRanger; 19
NBO-105 (BO-105) Population 127,288,419
Ethnic groups: Korean <1%
KPLP (Coast and Seaward Defence
Command) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Responsible to Military Sea Communications Agency Male 7% 3% 3% 3% 24% 8%

Female 7% 3% 3% 3% 24% 10%
PSO 2 Arda Dedali
PCC 9: 4 Golok (SAR); 5 Kujang
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • ABU 1 Jadayat
Capabilities
ACTIVE 230,300 (Ground Self-Defense Force
Reserve Organisations 138,400; Maritime Self- Defense Force 44,100; Air
Kamra People’s Security ε40,000 (report for 45,600; Central Staff 2,200) Paramilitary 12,250
3 weeks’ basic training each year; part time RESERVE 41,800 (Navy 900; Air 700; General
police auxiliary) Reserve Army (GSDF) 33,800; Ready Reserve Army
(GSDF) 6,200)
Non-State Groups
see Part II
Deployment Space Defence
Democratic Republic of Congo 4 recce satellites (2 radar, 2 optical)
UN • MONUC 175; 16 obs; 1 engr coy
Ground Self-Defense Force 138,400
Georgia
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNOMIG 4 obs
5 Army HQ (regional comds)
LEBANON Composite 1 bde
UN • UNIFIL 870; 1 inf bn Armd Inf 8 div, 5 bde
Liberia Armd 1 div
East Asia and

Australasia
UN • UNMIL 3 obs Spec Ops 1 unit
NEPAL AB 1 bde
UN • UNMIN 5 obs Arty 1 bde; 2 unit
Engr 4 bde; 1 unit
Sudan
Hel 1 bde
Trg 2 bde; 2 regt
UN • UNMIS 12 obs
AD 2 bde; 4 gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 880: 560 Type-74; 320 Type-90
RECCE 100 Type-87
AIFV 70 Type-89
APC 790
APC (T) 310 Type-73
APC (W) 470: 220 Type-82; 250 Type-96
ARTY 1,880
SP 210: 155mm 130: 80 Type-75; 50 Type-99; 203mm 80 2 Hatakaze each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
M-110A2 each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 13
TOWED 155mm 420 FH-70 GMLS with 40 SM-1 MR SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT
MRL 227mm 100 MLRS (6 eff.), 2 127mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
MOR 1,150 11 Hatsuyuki each with 1 Mk 112 octuple (8 eff.) with
SP 120mm 20 tactical ASROC, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each
TOWED 1,130: 81mm 670; 107mm 50; 120mm 410 with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1+ Mk 29 Sea
AT Sparrow octuple with 16 RIM-7F/M Sea Sparrow SAM,
MSL • MANPATS 630: 190 Type-79 Jyu-MAT; 440 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm
Type-87 Chu-MAT gun, (capacity 1 SH-60J/K Seahawk ASW hel)
RCL 2,740: SP 106mm 30 Type-60; 84mm 2,710 Carl 4 Kongou (with hel deck) Aegis Baseline 4/5 each with
Gustav 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84C
RL 230 89mm Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 29 cell Mk 41 VLS (29 eff.)
AIRCRAFT with SM-2 MR SAM, tactical ASROC, 1 61 cell Mk 41
UTL 10 LR-1 (MU-2) / LR-2 (Beech 350) Super King Air VLS (61 eff.) with SM-2 MR SAM, tactical ASROC, 2
HELICOPTERS triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.), 1 127mm gun
ATK 80: 10 AH-64D Apache; 70 AH-1S Cobra ; 100 OH-1; 9 Murasame each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with
20 OH-60 (MD-500); tactical SSM-1B, 1 16 cells Mk 41 VLS with up to 16
SPT 53: 3 EC-225LP (VIP); 50 CH-47J (CH-47D) Chinook/ tactical ASROC, 1 16 cell Mk 48 VLS with RIM-7M
CH-47JA Chinook Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6 eff.) each

UTL 170: 140 UH-1J (UH-1H) Iroquois; 30 UH-60JA (UH- with Mk 46 LWT, 2 76mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-60J/K
60L) Black Hawk Seahawk ASW hel)
AD • SAM 730 1 Tachikaze each with 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 8-16 RGM-
SP 170: 60 Type-81 Tan-SAM; 110 Type-93 Kin-SAM 84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 32 SM-1 MR SAM, 1 Mk
TOWED 180 MTM-23B I-HAWK ; 10 Type-03 Chu-Sam 112 octuple (8 eff.) with up to 16 tactical ASROC, 1
MANPAD 380: 50 FIM-92A Stinger; 330 Type-91 Kin- 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT,
SAM 127mm gun
GUNS 60 5 Takanami (Improved Murasame) each with 2 quad
SP 35mm 50 Type-87 SP SSM launchers (8 eff.) each with tactical SSM-1B, 1
TOWED 35mm 10 (twin) 32 cell Mk 41 VLS (32 eff.) with tactical ASROC/RIM-
MSL • SSM • COASTAL 100 Type-88 7M/ESSM Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6
eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Otobreda 127mm gun,
Maritime Self- Defense Force 44,100 (capacity 1 SH-60J/K Seahawk ASW hel)
DD 4:
FORCES BY ROLE
2 Haruna each with 1 Mk 112 octuple (8 eff.) with
Surface units organised into 4 Escort Flotillas with a mix
tactical ASROC, 1 Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with
of 7–8 warships each. Bases Yokosuka, Kure, Sasebo,
RIM-7F/M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.)
Maizuru. SSK organised into 2 Flotillas with bases at Kure
each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 127mm gun, (capacity 3 SH-
and Yokosuka. Remaining units assigned to 5 regional
60J/K Seahawk ASW hel)
districts.
2 Shirane each with 1 Mk 112 octuple (8 eff.) with
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE tactical ASROC, 1+ Mk 29 Sea Sparrow octuple with
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 16: 24+ RIM-162A Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6
6 Harushio each with 6 single 533mm TT each with T-89 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 127mm gun, (capacity 3
HWT/UGM-84C Harpoon tactical USGW SH-60J/K Seahawk ASW hel)
10 Oyashio each with 6 single 533mm TT each with UGM- FRIGATES • FFG 8:
84C Harpoon tactical USGW 6 Abukuma each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 52 each with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 112
DESTROYERS 44 octuple (8 eff.) with tactical ASROC, 2 triple ASTT (6
DDG 40: eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
6 Asagiri each with 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) 2 Yubari each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each
each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Mk 112 octuple (8 eff.) with with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 triple ASTT (6
tactical ASROC, 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each eff.), 1 Type 71/ 4 tube Mitsubishi 375mm Bofors (4
with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 Mk 29 Sea eff.), 1 76mm gun
Sparrow octuple with 16 Sea Sparrow SAM, 1 76mm PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
gun, (capacity 1 SH-60J/K Seahawk ASW hel) PFM 6 Hayabusa each with 4 tactical SSM-1B, 1 76mm
2 Atago (Aegis Base Line 7) each with 2 quad SSM gun
launchers (8 eff.) with tactical SSM-1B, 1 MK 41 VLS PHM 3 Ichi-Go each with 4 tactical SSM-1B
(64 eff.) with SM-2 MR SAM, tactical ASROC, 1 MK MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 30
41 VLS (32 eff.) with SM-2 MR SAM, 2 triple 324mm MCM SPT 4:
ASTT (6 eff.) each with MK 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, 2 Nijma
(capacity 1 SH-60J Seahawk ASW hel) 2 Uraga each with 1 hel landing platform (for MH-53E)
MSO 3 Yaeyama Air Self-Defense Force 45,600

MSC 23: 2 Hatsushima; 12 Sugashima; 9 Uwajima Flying hours 150 hrs/year
AMPHIBIOUS
LS • LST 5:
FORCES BY ROLE
3 Osumi each with 1 hel landing platform (for 2 x CH-47)
7 cbt wings
(capacity 10 Type-90 MBTs; 2 LCAC(L) ACV; 330 troops)
Ftr 7 sqn with F-15J Eagle; 3 sqn with F-4EJ (F-4E)
2 Yura (capacity 70 troops)
Phantom II; 2 sqn with Mitsubishi F-2
LANDING CRAFT 20
LCU 2 Yusotei Recce 1 sqn with RF-EJ (RF-4E) Phantom II*
LCM 12 EW 2 sqn with Kawasaki EC-1; YS-11E
ACV 6 LCAC(L) (capacity either 1 MBT or 60 troops) AEW 2 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye; E-767 (AWACS)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 74: SAR 1 wg with U-125A Peace Krypton; LR-1 (MU-2);
AOE 5: 2 Mashuu; 3 Towada UH-60J Black Hawk; KV-107 (Boeing Vertol 107)
AS 1 Chiyoda (submarine rescue facilities) Tkr 1 sqn with KC-767A
ASR 1 Chihaya
Tpt 3 sqn with C-1; C-130H Hercules; YS-11;
ARC 1 Muroto
1 sqn with B-747-400 (VIP); 4 (hy-lift) flt with
AG 2: 1 Kurihama; 1 Asuka (wpn trials)
CH-47 Chinook
AGOS 2 Hibiki
AGS 4: 2 Futami; 1 Suma; 1 Nichinan Liaison some sqn with U-4; Kawasaki T-4
AGB 1 Shirase CAL 1 sqn with U-125-800 Peace Krypton; YS-11

ATF 22 Test 1 wg with F-15 Eagle; Kawasaki T-4
TRG 6: 1 Kashima; 1 Shimayuki; 2 Yamagiri TV35 with Trg F-15 Eagle* aggressor sqn; 5 trg schools with
2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Mk 112 T-7 (basic), Mitsubishi F-2B and Kawasaki T-4
octuple (8 eff.) with tactical ASROC, 1 Type 71/ 4 tube (advanced); Beech T-400
Mitsubshi 375mm Bofors (4 eff.), 4 76mm gun; 1 Tenryu
(trg spt ship); 1 Kurobe (trg spt ship) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPT 3 Hiuchi AIRCRAFT 270 combat capable
YDT 6 FTR 260: 150 F-15 Eagle; 40 Mitsubishi F-2; 70 F-4EJ (F-4E)
YTM 20 Phantom II
RECCE: 10 RF-4J (RF-4E) Phantom II*
FACILITIES
EW 11: 1 Kawasaki EC-1; 10 YS-11E
Bases Located at Kure, Sasebo, Yokosuka, Maizuru,
Ominato AEW 14: 10 E-2C Hawkeye; 4 E-767 (AWACS)
SAR 20 U-125A Peace Krypton
Naval Aviation ε9,800 TPT 30: 20 C-1; 10 C-130H Hercules
TKR 2 KC-767A (2 more on order)
FORCES BY ROLE
7 Air Groups UTL 10 U-4
TRG 230: 170 T-4; 20 Mitsubishi F-2B; 30 T-7; 10 T-400
ASW 7 sqn (shipboard / trg) with SH-60J/K Seahawk;
HELICOPTERS
MR 6 sqn(1 trg) with P-3C Orion SAR 40: 30 UH-60J Black Hawk; 10 KV-107 (Boeing Vertol
EW 1 sqn with EP-3 Orion; OP-3C 107)
MCM 1 sqn with MH-53E Sea Dragon SPT 10 CH-47 Chinook
SAR 2 sqn with UH-60J Black Hawk; 1 sqn with Shin
Meiwa US-1A Air Defence
Tpt 1 sqn with YS-11M; LC-90 FORCES BY ROLE
East Asia and

Australasia
ac control and warning
Trg 1 sqn with OH-6D (MD-500MD); OH-6DA (MD-
500ME); 3 sqn with T-5; TC-90; YS-11T AD 4 wg; 28 radar sites; 1 (Air Base Defence) gp with
Type-81 Tan-SAM; FIM-92A Stinger; Type-91 Kin-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SAM; M-167 Vulcan
SAM 6 gp, comprising 24 SAM bty each with 8
MP 80 P-3C Orion*
launchers MIM-104 Patriot) 16+ bty of PAC-3
SAR 7: 5 Shin Meiwa US-1A; 2 Shin Meiwa US-2
TPT 9: 4 YS-11M; 5 LC-90 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TRG 63: 33 T-5; 24 TC-90; 6 YS-11T AD • SAM 208+
HELICOPTERS 91 combat capable SP Type-81 Tan-SAM
ASW 91: 69 SH-60J Seahawk; 22 SH-60K TOWED 208+: 192+ MIM-104 Patriot; 16+ PAC-3
MCM 9 MH-53E Sea Dragon MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger; Type-91 Kei-SAM
SAR 18 UH-60J Black Hawk GUNS • TOWED 20mm M-167 Vulcan
SPT 3: 2 MCH-101; 1 CH-101 (additional ac being MSL
delivered) ASM ASM-1Type-80; ASM-2 Type-93;
UTL 4: 3 S-61A Black Hawk; 1 USH-60K AAM AAM-4 (Type-99); AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9
TRG 9: 4 OH-6D (MD-500MD); 5 OH-6DA (MD-500ME) Sidewinder; Type-90 (AAM-3)
FACILITIES
Radar stn 28 (ac control and warning) Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of DPRK
Paramilitary 12,250
North Korean Won 2007* 2008 * 2009
Coast Guard GDP US$
Ministry of Transport, no cbt role
per capita US$
PSOH 24: 1 Izu; 1 Kojima (trg); 2 Mizuho; 1 Shikishima; Def bdgt won
10 Soya; 1 Miura; 1 Nojima; 7 Ojika US$
PSO 60: 22 Shiretoko; 3 Aso; 14 Teshio; 2 Takatori; 15 US$1=won
Bihoro; 4 Amani * definitive economic data not available
PCO 3 Tokara
PFC 27 PS-Type Population 23,479,089
PCC 60 PC-Type
PCI 174: 170 CL-Type; 4 FM-Type Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 74: 4 ABU; 13 AGHS; 54 Male 12% 4% 4% 3% 22% 3%
small tenders; 3 Trg Female 12% 4% 4% 3% 23% 5%
AIRCRAFT
MP 2 Falcon 900 Capabilities

SAR 2 SAAB 340B
TPT 17: 10 LR-2 (Beech 350) Super King Air; 5 Beech ACTIVE 1,106,000 (Army 950,000 Navy 46,000 Air
200T; 2 Gulfstream V (MP) 110,000) Paramilitary 189,000
UTL 6: 1 Cessna U-206G Stationair; 5 YS-11A Terms of service Army 5–12 years Navy 5–10 years Air Force
HELICOPTERS 3–4 years, followed by compulsory part-time service to age
SPT 4 AS-332 Super Puma 40. Thereafter service in the Worker/Peasant Red Guard to
UTL 40: 4 Bell 206B JetRanger II; 26 Bell 212; 8 Bell 412
age 60.
Twin Huey; 3 S-76C
RESERVE 4,700,000 (Army 600,000, Armed Forces
Non-State Groups 4,035,000 Navy 65,000), Paramilitary 3,500,000
see Part II Reservists are assigned to units (see also Paramilitary)
Deployment Organisations by Service

KUWAIT
Army ε950,000
Air SDF 210 (most withdrawing end of 2008)
FORCES BY ROLE
MIDDLE EAST Army corps tps: 14 arty bde (incl 122mm,
UN • UNDOF 29; elms 1 log bn 152mm, SP, MRL); 1 (FROG) SSM regt;
NEPAL 1 Scud SSM bde, 6 hy arty bde (incl
MRL)
UN • UNMIN 6 obs
Armd 1 corps; 15 bde
Mech 4 corps
Foreign Forces
Inf 12 corps; 27 div; 14 bde
United States US Pacific Command: Army 2,544; 1 HQ
Arty 2 corps; 21 bde
(9th Theater Army Area Command) located at Zama Navy
3,725; 1 CVN; 2 CG; 7 DDG; 1 FFG; 1 LCC; 2 MCM; 1 LHD; MRL 9 bde
1 LPD;2 LSD; 1 base located at Sasebo; 1 base located at Capital Defence 1 corps
Yokosuka USAF: 12,504; 1 HQ (5th Air Force) located at
Okinawa–Kadena AB; 1 ftr wg located at Okinawa–Kadena Special Purpose Forces Command 88,000
AB (2 ftr sqn with total of 18 F-16 Fighting Falcon located at Army 6 sniper bde
Misawa AB); 1 ftr wg located at Okinawa–Kadena AB (1 Recce 17 bn
SAR sqn with 8 HH-60G Pave Hawk, 1 AEW sqn with 2 E-3B
Amph 2 sniper bde
Sentry, 2 ftr sqn with total of 24 F-15C Eagle/F-15D Eagle);
SF 8 Bureau of Reconnaissance bn
1 airlift wg located at Yokota AB with 10 C-130E Hercules;
2 C-21J; 1 special ops gp located at Okinawa–Kadena AB Lt inf 9 bde
USMC 14,183; 1 Marine div (3rd); 1 ftr sqn with 12 F/A-18D AB 2 sniper bde; 3 bde; 1 bn
Hornet; 1 tkr sqn with 12 KC-130J Hercules; 2 spt hel sqn
with 12 CH-46E Sea Knight; 1 spt hel sqn with 12 MV-22B Reserves 600,000
Osprey; 3 spt hel sqn with 10 CH-53E Sea Stallion Inf 40 div; 18 bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PFM 18:

MBT 3,500+ T-34/T-54/T-55/T-62/Type-59 4 Huangfen each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2
LT TK 560+: 560 PT-76; M-1985 tactical SSM
APC 2,500+ 6 Komar each with 2 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical
APC (T) Type-531 (Type-63); VTT-323 SSM
APC (W) 2,500 BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60/ BTR-80A/ 8 Osa II each with 2 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical
BTR-152 SSM
ARTY 17,900+ PHT 100: 60 Ku Song; 40 Sin Hung
SP 4,400: 122mm M-1977/M-1981/M-1985/M-1991; PFC 19:
130mm M-1975/M-1981/M-1991; 152mm M-1974/M-1977; 6 Hainan each with 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
170mm M-1978/M-1989 13 Taechong each with 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.)
TOWED 3,500: 122mm D-30/D-74/M-1931/37; 130mm PFI 12 Shanghai II
M-46; 152mm M-1937/M-1938/M-1943 PC 6 Chong-Ju each with 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 85mm
GUN/MOR 120mm (reported) gun
MRL 2,500: 107mm Type-63; 122mm BM-11/M-1977 PCI 164 (less than 100 tons); 18 FSU SO-1, 54 Chong-Jin,
(BM-21)/M-1985/M-1992/M-1993; 240mm M-1985/M- 59 Chaho, 33 Sinpo
1989/M-1991 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 24: 19
MOR 7,500: 82mm M-37; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-43 Yukto I; 5 Yukto II
AT • MSL
AMPHIBIOUS
SP AT-3 9K11 Sagger LSM 10 Hantae (capacity 3 tanks; 350 troops)
MANPATS AT-1 Snapper; AT-4 9K111 Spigot; AT-5 CRAFT 251:
9K113 Spandrel LCPL 96 Nampo (capacity 35 troops)
RCL 82mm 1,700 B-10 LCM 25
AD • SAM • MANPAD ε10,000+ SA-16 Gimlet/SA-7 Grail LCVP 130 (capacity 50 troops)
GUNS 11,000 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 23:
SP 14.5mm M-1984; 23mm M-1992; 37mm M-1992; AS 8 (converted cargo ships); ASR 1 Kowan; AGI 14
57mm M-1985 (converted fishing vessels)
TOWED 11,000: 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 23mm
FACILITIES
ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60; 85mm M-1939
Bases Located at Tasa-ri, Koampo, Chodo-ri, Sagon-ni,
KS-12; 100mm KS-19
Pipa Got, Nampo (West Coast); Puam-Dong, Toejo
MSL • SSM 64+: 24 FROG-3/FROG-5/FROG-7; ε10 No-
Dong, Chaho Nodongjagu, Mayang-do, Mugye-po,
dong (ε90+ msl); 30+ Scud-B/Scud-C (ε200+ msl)
Najin, Songjon-pardo, Changjon, Munchon (East
Coast)
Navy ε46,000
FORCES BY ROLE Coastal Defence
Navy 2 (Fleet) HQ located at Tasa-ri; 1 HQ located at FORCES BY ROLE
Nampo; 1 HQ located at Toejo Dong
SSM 2 regt (Silkworm in 6 sites, and probably some
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE mobile launchers)
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 63
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SSK 22 PRC Type-031/FSU Romeo† each with 8 single
ARTY • TOWED 122mm M-1931/37; 152mm M-1937
533mm TT with 14 SAET-60 HWT
COASTAL 130mm M-1992; SM-4-1
SSC 21 Sang-O† each with 2 single 533mm TT each with
Russian 53–65 ASW
East Asia and
Air Force 110,000
Australasia
SSI 20†
4 air divs. 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Divs (cbt) responsible for
N, E and S air defence sectors respectively. 8th Air Div
FRIGATES • FF 3:
(trg) responsible for NE sector. 33 regts (11 ftr/fga, 2 bbr,
2 Najin each with 2 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical
7 hel, 7 pt, 6 trg) plus 3 indep air bns (recce/EW, test and
SSM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 2 100mm sun
evaluation, naval spt). The AF controls the national airline.
1 Soho with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical SSM,
Approx 70 full time/contingency air bases.
2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
Flying hours 20 hrs/year on ac
platform (for med hel)
CORVETTES • FS 5: FORCES BY ROLE
4 Sariwon each with 1 85mm gun Bbr 3 (lt) regt with H-5 (Il-28) Beagle
1 Tral each with 1 85mm gun Ftr/FGA 1 regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum; 1 regt with Su-7
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 335+ Fitter; 6 regt with J-5 (MiG-17F) Fresco C; 5 regt
PTG 16: with J-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C; 4 regt with J-6
6 Sohung (MiG-19S) Farmer B; 1 regt with MiG-23 Flog-
10 Soju each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical ger ML/P; 1 regt with Su-25 Frogfoot; 1 regt with
SSM F-7B Airguard
Tpt regts with An-2 Colt to infiltrate 2 air force

sniper brigades deep into ROK rear areas (pos- Korea, Republic of ROK
sibly grounded); An-24 Coke; Il-18 Coot; Il-62M
South Korean Won 2007 2008 2009
Classic; Tu-134 Crusty; Tu-154 Careless
GDP won 901tr 947tr
Aslt hel regt with Mi-24 Hind
US$ 970bn 710bn
Trg regts with MiG-21 Fishbed; FT-2 (MiG-15UTI)
Midget; CJ-6 (Yak-18) per capita US$ 19,779 14,419
Growth % 5.0 4.1
Hel some regt with Z-5 (Mi-4) Hound; Mi-17
(Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; Inflation % 2.5 4.0
Hughes 500D (Tpt) Def bdgt won 24.7tr 26.6tr 28.6tr
SAM 19 bde with SA-3 Goa; SA-2 Guideline; SA-5 US$ 26.5bn 28.6bn n.a.
Gammon; SA-14 Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet/SA-7 US$1=won 929 1,334
Grail (Possible Western systems, reverse-
engineered Stinger) Population 49,232,844
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

AIRCRAFT 620 combat capable Male 10% 3% 4% 4% 25% 4%
BBR 80 H-5 (Il-28) Beagle† Female 9% 3% 4% 4% 25% 5%
FTR 388: ε35 MiG-29A/S Fulcrum; 46 MiG-23ML Flog-

ger; 10 MiG-23P Flogger; 30 MiG-21bis Fishbed†; 120 J-7 Capabilities
(MiG-21F) Fishbed C†; 107 J-5 (MiG-17F) Fresco C; 40 F-7B
Airguard ACTIVE 687,000 (Army 560,000 Navy 68,000 Air
FGA 152: 34 Su-25 Frogfoot; 18 Su-7 Fitter; 100 J-6 (MiG- 64,000) Paramilitary 4,500
19S) Farmer B; Terms of service conscription: Army 26 months; Navy and
TPT 215: 6 An-24 Coke; 2 Il-18 Coot; 2 Il-62M Classic; 2 Air Force 26 months; First Combat Forces (Mobilisation
Tu-134 Crusty; 4 Tu-154 Careless; 1 Tu-204-300; ε200 Y-5 Reserve Forces) or Regional Combat Forces (Homeland
(An-2) Colt Defence Forces) to age 33
TRG 217: 180 CJ-6 (Yak-18); 35 FT-2 (MiG-15UTI) Midget
HELICOPTERS RESERVE 4,500,000 Paramilitary 3,500,000
ATK 20 Mi-24 Hind Being re-organised
SPT 202: 48 Z-5 (Mi-4) Hound; 15 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/
Mi-8 Hip; 139 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite Organisations by Service
UTL 80 Hughes 500D (Tpt)
UAV Shmel
Army 420,000; 140,000 conscript (total
AD • SAM 3400+
TOWED 312+: 179+ SA-2 Guideline; 133 SA-3 Goa
560,000)
STATIC/SHELTER 38 SA-5 Gammon FORCES BY ROLE
MANPAD 3,050+ SA-7 Grail/SA-14 Gremlin/SA-16 Gimlet Command 3 fd Army, 1 special warfare, 1 capital defence,
(Possible Western systems, reverse-engineered Stinger) 1 army Avn; 8 corps
MSL • AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AA-2 Atoll; Mech Inf 5 div (each: 1 recce bde, 1 fd arty bde, 1 engr
AA-7 Apex; AA-8 Aphid; PL-5; PL-7 bde, 3 tk bde, 3 mech inf bde)
Inf 17 div (each: 1 arty regt (4 arty bn), 1 recce bn,
Paramilitary 189,000 active 1 engr bn, 1 tk bn, 3 inf regt); 2 indep bde
SF 7 bde
Security Troops 189,000 (incl border guards, Air aslt 1 bde
public safety personnel) Counter- 3 bde
Ministry of Public Security Infiltration
SSM 3 bn
Worker/Peasant Red Guard 3,500,000+
reservists ADA 3 bde
Org on a provincial/town/village basis; comd structure is SAM 2 (Nike Hercules) bn (10 sites); 3 (I HAWK) bn
bde–bn–coy–pl; small arms with some mor and AD guns (24 sites)
(but many units unarmed) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 2,330: 1,000 Type-88 K1; 80 T-80U; 400 M-47; 850
M-48
AIFV 2,040: 40 BMP-3; 2,000 Doosan
APC 2,480
APC (T) 2,260: 1,700 KIFV; 420 M-113; 140 M-577
APC (W) 220; 20 BTR-80; 200 KM-900/-901 (Fiat 6614)
ARTY 10,774+ PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 47

SP 1,089+: 155mm 1076: ε36 K-9 Thunder; 1,040 M-109A2; DESTROYERS • DDG 10:
175mm M-107; 203mm 13 M-110 1 Sejong KDX-3 each with 2 Mk 41 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
TOWED 3,500+: 105mm 1,700 M-101/KH-178; 155mm each with RGM-84 Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 32/64 cell
1,800+ KH-179/M-114/M-115 Mk 41 VLS with Sea Sparrow SAM and ESSM, 1 127mm
MRL 185: 130mm 156 Kooryong; 227mm 29 MLRS (all gun, (capacity Super Lynx utl hel); (ISD expected ’09;
ATACMS capable) further 2 of class in build)
MOR 6,000: 81mm KM-29 (M-29); 107mm M-30 3 Kwanggaeto Daewang KDX-1 each with 2 Mk 41
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn; TOW-2A Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with RGM-84 Harpoon
RCL 57mm; 75mm; 90mm M-67; 106mm M-40A2 tactical SSM, 1 16 cell Mk 48 VLS with Sea Sparrow
RL 67mm PZF 44 Panzerfaust SAM, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Super Lynx utl hel)
GUNS 58 6 Chungmugong Yi Sun-Jhin KDX-2 each with 2 Mk 141
SP 90mm 50 M-36 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with 8 RGM-84C Harpoon
TOWED 76mm 8 M-18 Hellcat (AT gun) tactical SSM, 2 Mk 41 VLS-32 cells each with SM-2 MR
HELICOPTERS SAM, 1 127mm gun (capacity 1 Super Lynx utl hel)
ATK 60 AH-1F Cobra/AH-1J Cobra FRIGATES • FFG 9:
SPEC OP 6MH-47E (MH-47E) Chinook 9 Ulsan each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each
SPT 21: 3 AS-332L Super Puma; 18 CH-47D Chinook with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon tactical SSM, 2 triple ASTT (6
UTL 337: 12 BO-105; 130 Hughes 500D; 45 MD-500; 20 eff.) each with Mk 46 LWT, 2 76mm gun
UH-1H Iroquois; 130 UH-60P Black Hawk CORVETTES • FS 28:
AD • SAM 1,138+ 4 Dong Hae each with 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with
SP Chun Ma Pegasus Mk 46 LWT
TOWED 158 I-HAWK MIM-23B; 48 Patriot being 24 Po Hang each with 2 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM
delivered (fitted on some vessels), 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with
STATIC 200 MIM-14 Nike Hercules Mk 46 LWT
MANPAD 780+: 60 FIM-43 Redeye; ε200 FIM-92A PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS ε75
Stinger; 350 Javelin; 170 Mistral; SA-16 Gimlet PFM 1 Yoon Young Ha each with Hae Song (Sea Star)
GUNS 330+ tactical SSM (reported) 1 76mm gun (additional vessels
SP 170: 20mm ε150 KIFV Vulcan SPAAG; 30mm 20 in build)
BIHO Flying Tiger PFI 75 Sea Dolphin
TOWED 160: 20mm 60 M-167 Vulcan; 35mm 20 MINE WARFARE 10
GDF-003; 40mm 80 L/60/L/70; M1 MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); AN/ MHC 6 Kan Kyeong
TPQ-37 Firefinder (arty); RASIT (veh, arty) MSC 3 Yang Yang
MSL • SSM 12 NHK-I/-II Hyonmu MINELAYERS • ML 1 Won San
AMPHIBIOUS
Reserves PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 1 Dodko
1 army HQ (capacity 2 LCVP; 10 tanks; 700 troops)
Inf 23 div LS 11
LST 8: 4 Alligator (capacity 20 tanks; 300 troops); 4 Un
Navy 24,000; ε19,000 conscript (total 68,000; Bong (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)
incl marines) ACV 3 Tsaplya (capacity 1 MBT; 130 troops)
CRAFT 36: 6 LCT; 20 LCVP; 10 LCM
East Asia and
Australasia
FORCES BY ROLE
Naval HQ (CNOROK) located at Gyeryongdae, with an AORH 3 Chun Jee
Operational Cmd HQ (CINCROKFLT) located Jinhae with ARS 1
3 Separate Fleet Elements; 1st Fleet Donghae (East Sea – Sea AG 1 Sunjin (trials spt)
of Japan); 2nd Fleet Pyeongtaek (West Sea – Yellow Sea); 3rd ATS 2
Fleet Busan (South Sea – Korea Strait); additional 3 Flotillas AGOR 17 (civil manned, funded by the Min. of
(incl SF, mine warfare, amphibious and spt elements) and 1 Transport)
Naval Air Wing (3 gp plus Spt gp)
FACILITIES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bases Located at Pusan, Mukho, Cheju, Pohang, Mokpo,
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 12 Jinhae (Fleet HQ and 3rd Fleet), Donghae (1st
SSK 10: Fleet), Pyongtaek (2nd Fleet)
9 Chang Bogo each with 8 single 533mm TT each with
SUT HWT Naval Aviation
2 Son Won-ill (AIP fitted) each with 8 single 533mm TT AIRCRAFT 8 combat capable
each with SUT HWT (additional vessel in build) MP ASW 8 P-3C Orion*
SSI 2 KSS-1 Dolgorae each with 2 single 406mm TT UTL 5 F406 Caravan II
HELICOPTERS AGM AGM-65A Maverick; AGM-84 Harpoon; AGM-

ASW 24: 11 Lynx MK99; 13 Lynx MK99-A 84-H SLAM-ER
UTL 5 IAR-316 (SA-316) Alouette III ARM AGM-88 HARM
AAM AIM-120B AMRAAM/AIM-120C5 AMRAAM;
Marines 25,000 AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 Sidewinder
FORCES BY ROLE
Spt some unit Paramilitary ε4,500 active
Marine 2 div; 1 bde
Civilian Defence Corps 3,500,000 reservists
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (to age 50)
MBT 60 M-47
AAV 102: 42 AAV-7A1; 60 LVTP-7 Maritime Police ε4,500
ARTY TOWED: 105mm; 155mm PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 87+:
LNCHR: some single (truck mounted) each with RGM- PSO 6: 1 Sumjinkang; 3 Mazinger; 1 Han Kang; 1 Sambongho
84A Harpoon tactical SSM PCO 12: 6 Sea Dragon/Whale; 6 430 Ton
PCC 31: 4 Bukhansan; 5 Hyundai Type; 22 Sea Wolf/Shark
Air Force 64,000 PCI ε20
PBI 18 Seagull
FORCES BY ROLE
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • ARS 10
4 Cmds (Ops, Southern Combat Logs, Trg), Tac Airlift Wg
HELICOPTERS • UTL 9 Hughes 500

and Composite Wg are all responsible to ROK Air Force
HQ.
FGA/Ftr 1 wg with F-15K; 2 wg with KF-16C Fighting Deployment
Falcon; KF-16D Fighting Falcon F-4E Phantom II;
3 wg with F-5E Tiger II; F-5F Tiger II Afghanistan
UN • UNAMA 1 obs
FAC 1 wg with KO-1
ELINT (SIGINT) sqn with Hawker 800XP Georgia
Recce/ 1 gp with Hawker 800RA; RF-4C Phantom II*; UN • UNOMIG 7 obs
TAC RF-5A Tiger II*; Harpy; Searcher India/Pakistan
SAR 1 sqn with Bell 212; UH-1H Iroquois UN • UNMOGIP 9 obs
CCT/FAC 1 wg with equipping with A-50 Golden Eagle
IRAQ
Tpt some wg with B-737-300 (VIP); BAe-748 (VIP);
MNF-I 300 (withdrawal by end 2008)
C-130H Hercules; CN-235-220/CN-235M; AS-332
Super Puma; CH-47 Chinook; KA-32 Helix C Lebanon
(SAR); S-92A Superhawk (VIP); UH-60 Black UN • UNIFIL 367; 1 inf bn
Hawk (Spec Ops)
Liberia
Trg some schools/sqn with F-5B Freedom Fighter*;
UN • UNMIL 1; 1 obs
Hawk MK67; KT-1; T-38 Talon; T-50; Il-103
nepal
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 491 combat capable UN • UNMIN 5 obs
FTR/FGA 468: 39 F-15K Eagle (20 more on order sudan
2010–2012); 20 F-5B Freedom Fighter*; 142 F-5E Tiger II; UN • UNMIS 1; 7 obs
32 F-5F Tiger II; 118 KF-16C Fighting Falcon; 47 KF-16D
Fighting Falcon; 70 F-4E Phantom II; (some F-4D Phantom
II in store) Foreign Forces
RECCE 47: 4 Hawker 800RA; 20 KO-1; 18 RF-4C Phan- Sweden NNSC: 5 obs
tom II*; 5 RF-5A Tiger II* Switzerland NNSC: 5 officers
EW • ELINT 4 Hawker 800SIG United States US Pacific Command: US Army 17,130; 1 HQ
TPT 33: 1 B-737-300 (VIP); 2 BAe-748 (VIP); 10 C-130H (8th Army) located at Seoul; 1 div HQ (2nd Inf) located at
Hercules; 20 CN-235-220/CN-235M Tongduchon; 1 armd HBCT; 1 cbt avn bde; 1 arty (fires) bde;
TRG 150: 17 Hawk MK67; 83 KT-1; 10 T-38 Talon (being 1 AD bde with MIM 104 Patriot/FIM-92A Avenger; some M-1
returned to the USAF); 15 Il-103; 25 A-50/T-50 Abrams MBT; some M-2/M-3 Bradley AIFV; some M-109 SP
HELICOPTERS arty; some MLRS; some AH-64 Apache; some CH-47 Chinook;
SPT 8: 2 AS-332 Super Puma; 6 CH-47 Chinook some UH-60 Black Hawk Navy 254; USAF 7,857; 1 HQ (7th
UTL 48: 5 Bell 212/412; 7 KA-32 Helix C (SAR); 5 UH-1H Air Force) located at Osan AB; 1 ftr wg located at Kunsan
Iroquois; 3 S-92A Superhawk (VIP); 28 UH-60 Black Hawk AB (1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting
UAV 100+: some Night Intruder Falcon); 1 ftr wg located at Kunsan AB (1 ftr sqn with 20
RECCE • TAC 103: 100 Harpy; 3 Searcher F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon, 1 ftr sqn with
MSL • TACTICAL 24 A-10 Thunderbolt II/OA-10 Thunderbolt II (12 of each type)
ASM AGM-130; AGM-142 Popeye located at Osan AB) USMC 133
PBR 40; 12 PCR less than 100 tonnes

Laos Lao AMPHIBIOUS LCM 4
New Lao Kip 2007 2008 2009
Air Force 3,500
GDP kip 39.2tr
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 4.1bn FGA 2 sqn with up to 22 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N†; up to
per capita US$ 627 2 MiG-21UM Mongol B†
Growth % 7.9 7.5 Tpt 1 sqn with 4 An-2 Colt; 5 Y-7 (An-24) Coke; 3 An-26
Inflation % 4.5 8.4 Curl; 1 An-74 Coaler; 1 Y-12; 1 Yak-40 Codling (VIP)
Def bdgt kip 140bn Trg sqn with 8 Yak-18 Max
US$ 14.6m Hel 1 sqn with 3 SA-360 Dauphin; 1 KA-32T Helix C (5
US$1=kip 9.600 8,537 more on order); 1 Mi-26 Halo; 1 Mi-6 Hook; 9 Mi-8
Hip; 12 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ethnic groups: Lao 55%; Khmou 11%; Hmong 8%
AIRCRAFT 22† combat capable
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FTR up to 22 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N†
Male 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
TPT 15: 4 An-2 Colt; 3 An-26 Curl; 1 An-74 Coaler; 1 Y-12;
5 Y-7 (An-24) Coke; 1 Yak-40 Codling (VIP)

Female 21% 5% 5% 4% 14% 2%
TRG up to 10: 2 MiG-21UM Mongol B†; 8 Yak-18 Max
HELICOPTERS
Capabilities
SAR 3 SA-360 Dauphin
ACTIVE 29,100 (Army 25,600 Air 3,500) Paramilitary SPT 24: 1 KA-32T Helix C (5 more on order); 1 Mi-26
100,000 Halo; 1 Mi-6 Hook; 9 Mi-8; 12 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H
Terms of service 18 month minimum conscription MSL • AAM AA-2 Atoll†
Organisations by Service Paramilitary

Militia Self-Defence Forces 100,000+
Army 25,600 Village ‘home guard’ or local defence
FORCES BY ROLE
4 Mil Regions
Armd 1 bn Malaysia Mal
Inf 5 div; 7 indep regt; 65 indep coy Malaysian Ringgit RM 2007 2008 2009
Arty 5 bn
GDP RM 641bn 719bn
ADA 9 bn
US$ 187bn 204bn
Engr 1 regt
Avn 1 (liaison) lt flt
Growth % 6.3 5.8
Engr construction 2 regt
Inflation % 2.1 6.0
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Def bdgta RM 13.79bn 13.92bn
MBT 25: 15 T-54/T-55; 10 T-34/85
US$ 4.02bn 3.94bn
LT TK 10 PT-76
East Asia and

US$1=RM
Australasia
APC (W) 50: 30 BTR-40/BTR-60; 20 BTR-152 3.43 3.53
ARTY 62+ Excluding extra-budgetary funding
a
TOWED 62: 105mm 20 M-101; 122mm 20 D-30/M-30

M-1938; 130mm 10 M-46; 155mm 12 M-114
Ethnic groups: Malay and other indigenous (Bunipatre) 64%;
MOR 81mm; 82mm; 107mm M-1938/M-2A1; 120mm
Chinese 27%; Indian 9%
M-43
AT • RCL 57mm M-18/A1; 75mm M-20; 106mm M-40; Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
107mm B-11 Male 17% 5% 5% 4% 18% 2%
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout Female 16% 5% 4% 4% 18% 3%
GUNS Capabilities
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23; 37mm ACTIVE 109,000 (Army 80,000 Navy 14,000 Air
M-1939; 57mm S-60 15,000) Paramilitary 24,600
Army Marine Section ε600 RESERVE 51,600 (Army 50,000, Navy 1,000 Air
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 52+: Force 600) Paramilitary 244,700
Organisations by Service Navy 14,000

FORCES BY ROLE
Army 80,000 (to be 60–70,000) 1 Naval HQ located at Lumut with 3 additional Regional
FORCES BY ROLE Commands (Reg Cmd); Reg Cmd 1 Kuantan – East Coast;
2 mil regions, 1 HQ fd comd, 4 area comd (div) Reg Cmd 2 Kota Kinabalu – Borneo; Reg Cmd 3 Langkawi
Armd 5 regt – West Coast
Mech Inf 1 bde (3 mech bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Inf 11 bde (28 bn) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 1 Tunku Abdul Rahman
SF 1 bde (3 SF bn) (Scorpene) each with 6 single 533mm TT (undergoing trials
AB 1 bde (10th) (Rapid Deployment Force) (1 lt tk expected ISD mid 2009)
sqn, 1 light arty regt, 3 AB bn) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 10
Med Arty 2 regt FRIGATES 2:
FFG 2 Lekiu each with 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm each
Fd Arty 7 regt
with Sting Ray LWT, 2 quad (8 eff.) each with MM-40
MRL 1 regt
Exocet tactical SSM, 1 Sea Wolf VLS with 16 Sea Wolf SAM,
ADA 3 regt (capacity 1 Super Lynx ASW/ASUW hel)
Engr 5 regt CORVETTES 8
Hel 1 sqn FSG 6:
Arty Loc 1 regt 4 Laksamana each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with 12 Aspide

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SAM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 324mm each with A244
MBT 48 PT-91M Twardy LWT, 3 twin (6 eff.) each with Mk 2 Otomat SSM, 1
LT TK 26 Scorpion 76mm gun
RECCE 394: 140 AML-60/AML-90; 92 Ferret (60 mod); 162 2 Kedah (MEKO) each fitted for MM-40 Exocet tactical
SIBMAS SSM; each fitted for RAM CIWS and 1 76mm gun
AIFV 44: 31 ACV300 Adnan (Bushmaster); 13 ACV300 (Further 4 of class in build)
Adnan AGL FS 2:
APC 835 2 Kasturi each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
APC (T) 333: 120 ACV300 Adnan, 77 variants; 25 FV4333 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 Mle 54 Creusot-Loire
Stormer; 98 K-200A, 13 variants 375mm Bofors (6 eff.), 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
APC (W) 502: 452 Condor (incl variants); 50 LAV-150 platform
Commando PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
ARTY 436 PFM 8:
TOWED 164: 105mm 130 Model 56 pack howitzer; 4 Handalan (Spica-M) each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
155mm 34: 12 FH-70; 22 G-5 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 57mm gun
MRL 18 ASTROS II (equipped with 127mm SS-30) 4 Perdana (Combattante II) each with 2 single each with 1
MOR 81mm SP 14: 4 K281A1; 10 ACV-300; 120mm 8 MM-38 Exocet tactical SSM, 1 57mm gun
ACV-S PFC 6 Jerong (Lurssen 45)
81mm: 232 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
AT MSL MCO 4 Mahamiru
SP 8 ACV300 Baktar Shikan; AMPHIBIOUS
MANPATS 60+: 18 AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn; 24 Eryx; 18 LS • LST 1 Sri Inderapura (capacity 10 tanks; 400 troops)
Baktar Shihan (HJ-8); METIS-M; C90-CRRB CRAFT 115 LCM/LCU
RCL 260: 84mm 236 Carl Gustav; 106mm 24 M-40 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 9
RL 73mm 584 RPG-7 Knout AOR 2; AOL 4; AGS 2; TRG •AXS 1
AMPHIBIOUS • LCA 165 Damen Assault Craft 540 FACILITIES
(capacity 10 troops) Bases Located at Tanjung Pengelih, Semporna, Langkawi
HELICOPTERS • UTL 20: 9 SA-316B Alouette III; 11 A109 (under construction), Lumut, Labuan, Kuantan,
AD SAM 15 Jernas (Rapier 2000) Sepanngar Bay (under construction)
MANPAD 48+: 48 Starburst; Anza; SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
GUNS • TOWED 60: 35mm 24 GDF-005; 40mm 36 Naval Aviation 160
L40/70 HELICOPTERS
ASW/ASUW 6 Lynx Srs300 Super Lynx
Reserves UTL 6 AS-555 Fennec
Territorial Army MSL
5 highway sy bn ASM Sea Skua
Border Security 2 bde (being created from existing
Territorial units) Special Forces
Inf 16 regt Mne cdo 1 unit
Air Force 15,000 FORCES BY ROLE

1 Air Op HQ, 2 Air Div, 1 trg and Log Cmd, 1 Intergrated Police 5 bde HQ; 2 (Aboriginal) bn; 19 bn;
Area Def Systems HQ 4 indep coy
Flying hours 60 hrs/year Spec Ops 1 bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE
RECCE ε100 S52 Shorland
Ftr 1 sqn with MiG-29N/MiG-29NUB Fulcrum (to
APC (W) 170: 140 AT105 Saxon; ε30 SB-301
be withdrawn from service)
FGA 1 sqn with F/A-18D Hornet; 1 sqn with Su- Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency
30MKM; 2 sqn with Hawk MK108; Hawk (MMEA) ε4,500
MK208
1 MMEA HQ Putrajaya with designated control for the
FGA/Recce 1 sqn with F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II; RF-5E Malaysian Maritime Zone, which is divided into 5 Maritime
Tigereye Regions (Northern Peninsula; Souther Peninsular; Eastern
MR 1 sqn with Beech 200T Peninsular; Sarawak; Sabah) and sub-divided into a further
SF 1 Air Force Commando unit (air field defence/ 18 Maritime Districts (Additional MMEA Air Unit under
SAR) development, expected to stand up mid ’09).
Tpt 2 sqn with KC-130H Hercules (tkr); C-130H EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules; Cessna 402B (2 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 40:
modified for aerial survey); 1 (VIP) sqn with PSO 2 Musytari each with 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
B-737-700 BBJ; 1 Airbus A319CT; BD700 Global platform
Express; F-28 Fellowship; Falcon 900; S-61N; PCC 18: 14 Kris; 4 Sabah
S-70A Black Hawk; A-109; 1 sqn with CN-235 PC 5
Trg 1 trg school with MB-339A/C; MD3-160; PC-7/ PBF 14
PC-7 MK II Turbo Trainer; SA-316 Alouette III TRG 1
Hel 4 (tpt/SAR) sqn with S-61A-4 Nuri; S-61N; HELICOPTERS
S-70A Black Hawk MP/SAR 3 Dauphin AS-365
SAM 1 sqn with Starburst
Marine Police 2,100
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FTR 29: 13 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II; 16 MiG-29N Fulcrum PFI 30: 9 Imp PX; 15 Lang Hitam; 6 Sangitan
(to be withdrawn from service) PBI 120
FGA 34: 8 F/A-18D Hornet; 18 Su-30MKM; 8 Hawk LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8: 2 AT; 6 tpt
MK108 FACILITIES
RECCE 2 RF-5E Tigereye Bases Located at Kuala Kemaman, Penang, Tampoi,
MP 4 Beech 200T Sandakan
TKR: 2 KC-130H Hercules
TPT 32: 1 Airbus A319CT; 1 B-737-700 BBJ; 1 BD700 Police Air Unit
Global Express; 4 C-130H Hercules; 8 C-130H-30 Hercules; 6 AIRCRAFT
CN-235 (incl 2 VIP); 9 Cessna 402B (2 modified for aerial TPT 7 PC-6 Turbo-Porter
survey); 1 F-28 Fellowship; 1 Falcon 900 UTL 10: 4 Cessna 206; 6 Cessna 208 Caravan I
HELICOPTERS
TRG 101: 15 Hawk MK208*; 8 MB-339AB; 8 MB-339C; 20
SPT 2 AS-355F Ecureuil II
East Asia and

MD3-160; 2 MiG-29NUB Fulcrum*; 30 PC-7/18 PC-7 MK
Australasia
UTL 1 Bell 206L LongRanger
II Turbo Trainer
HELICOPTERS Area Security Units (R) 3,500
ASW 20 S-61A-4 Nuri (Auxillary General Ops Force)
SPT 8: 4 S-61N; 4 S-70A Black Hawk Paramilitary 89 unit
UTL 9: 1 A-109; 8 SA-316 Alouette III
UAV • RECCE • TAC 3 Eagle 150; Aludra Border Scouts (R) 1,200
AD • SAM •MANPAD Starburst in Sabah, Sarawak
MSL
People’s Volunteer Corps 240,000 reservists
ASM AGM-65 Maverick; AGM-84D Harpoon (some 17,500 armed)
AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-11 Archer; AIM-7 Sparrow; AIM-9 RELA
Sidewinder
Customs Service
Paramilitary ε24,600 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 44
PFI 8: 2 Combatboat 90H; 6 Perak
Police-General Ops Force 18,000 MISC BOATS/CRAFT 36 craft
Non-State Groups Organisations by Service

see Part II
Deployment FORCES BY ROLE
Democratic Republic of Congo MRR 6 (under strength) regt
UN • MONUC 17 obs Lt Inf 1 bn (rapid deployment – 2nd bn to form
Lebanon AB 1 bn
UN • UNIFIL 370; 1 inf coy Arty 1 regt
Liberia EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNMIL 10 obs MBT 370 T-54/T-55
RECCE 120 BRDM-2
Nepal
AIFV 310 BMP-1
UN • UNMIN 5 obs
APC (W) 150 BTR-60
Philippines ARTY 570
IMT 12 obs TOWED ε300: 122mm D-30/M-30 M-1938; 130mm M-46;
152mm ML-20 M-1937
Sudan
MRL 122mm 130 BM-21

MOR 140: 120mm; 160mm; 82mm
Timor Leste AT • GUNS 200: 85mm D-44 /D-48; 100mm M-1944 /
UN • UNMIT 2 obs MT-12
ISF (Operation Astute) 209
Western Sahara Air Forces 800
UN • MINURSO 20; 12 obs; 1 fd hospital FORCES BY ROLE
Tpt 1 sqn with A-310-300; An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl;
B-737
Foreign Forces
Hel 1 sqn with Mi-24 Hind*; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-171 (SAR)
Australia Air Force: 13 with 1 AP-3C Orion crew; Army:
115; 1 inf coy (on 3-month rotational tours) AD 2 regt with 150 S-60/ZPU-4/ZU-23
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Mongolia Mgl AIRCRAFT • TPT 9: 1 A-310-300; 6 An-2 Colt; 1 An-26
Curl; 1 B-737
Mongolian Tugrik t 2007 2008 2009 HELICOPTERS
GDP t 4.4tr 5.5tr ATK 11 Mi-24 Hind
US$ 3.8bn 4.8bn SPT 13: 11 Mi-8 Hip; 2 Mi-171
AD • GUNS • TOWED 150: 14.5mm ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23;
57mm S-60
Growth % 9.9 9.0
Inflation % 6.7 2.0 Paramilitary 7,200 active
Def bdgt t ε50bn

Border Guard 1,300; 4,700 conscript (total
6,000)
US$ 43m
FMA (US) US$ 3.7m 1.0m 2.0m Internal Security Troops 400; 800 conscript
US$1=t 1,170 1,144 (total 1,200)
Gd 4 unit
Ethnic groups: Khalka 80%; Kazakh 6% Construction Troops 300
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 15% 6% 5% 5% 17% 2% Deployment
Female 14% 6% 5% 5% 18% 2%
Capabilities UN • MONUC 2 obs
ACTIVE 10,000 (Army 8,900 Air 800 Construction Georgia

Troops 300) Paramilitary 7,200 UN • UNOMIG 1 obs
Terms of service conscription: males 18–25 years, 1 year
Liberia
RESERVE 137,000 (Army 137,000) UN • UNMIL 250; 1 inf coy
Serbia ARTY 388+

NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 36 TOWED 278+: 76mm 100 M-48 M-1948; 88mm 50 25-pdr;
105mm 96 M-101; 122mm; 130mm 16 M-46; 140mm;
Sudan 155mm 16 Soltam
UN • UNMIS 2 obs MRL 30+: 107mm 30 Type-63; 122mm BM-21 (reported)
MOR 80+: 82mmType-53 (M-37); 120mm 80+: 80 Soltam;
Western Sahara
Type-53 (M-1943)
UN • MINURSO 3 obs AT
RCL 1,000+: 106mm M-40A1; 84mm ε1,000 Carl Gustav
RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout
Myanmar My GUNS 60: 57mm 6-pdr; 76.2mm 17-pdr
AD • SAM • MANPAD HN-5 Hong Nu/Red Cherry
Myanmar Kyat K 2007 2008 2009
(reported); SA-16 Gimlet
GDP GUNS 46
US$a 21.0bn 21.2bn SP 57mm 12 Type-80
per capita US$a 433 444 TOWED 34: 37mm 24 Type-74; 40mm 10 M-1
Growth % 5.5 2.0
Navy ε16,000
Naval Forces experienced considerable damage during
Def bdgt K 45bn

Tropical Cyclone Nargis with up to 30 vessels destroyed.
US$b 7.0bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=K 6.42 6.42 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • CORVETTES
a
PPP estimate • FS 3 Anawrahta each with 1 76mm gun
b
defence budget at official exchange rate PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 49:
PFM 6 Houxin each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 4 C-801
Population 47,758,181 (CSS-N-4) Sardine tactical SSM
Ethnic groups: Burmese 68%; Shan 9%; Karen 7%; Rakhine 4%; PTG 8 Myanmar each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with 4
Chinese 3+%; Other Chin, Kachin, Kayan, Lahu, Mon, Palaung, Pao,
C-801 (CSS-N-4) Sardine tactical SSM
Wa, 9%
PCO 2 Indaw
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus PCC 9 Hainan
PFI 3 PB-90
Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 18% 2%
PCI 9: 6 PGM 401; 3 Swift
Female 13% 5% 5% 5% 19% 3%
PCR 12: 2 Nawarat; 9 Y-301; 1 Imp Y-301
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 15: 5 LCU; 10 LCM
Capabilities LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10
ACTIVE 406,000 (Army 375,000 Navy 16,000 Air AOT 1; AK 1; AKSL 5; AGS 2; ABU 1
15,000) Paramilitary 107,250 FACILITIES
Bases Located at Bassein, Mergui, Moulmein, Seikyi,
Rangoon (Monkey Point), Sittwe
Naval Infantry 800
Army ε375,000 Navy 1 bn
FORCES BY ROLE
East Asia and

Air Force ε15,000
Australasia
12 regional comd, 4 regional op comd, 14 military op comd,
34 tactical op comd (TDC) FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 10 bn Ftr 3 sqn with MiG-29B Fulcrum; F-7 (MiG-21F)
Fishbed C; FT-7 (JJ-7) Mongol A*;
Inf 100 bn; 337 bn (regional comd) MiG-29UB Fulcrum*
Lt Inf 10 div FGA 2 sqn with A-5M (Q-5II) Fantan
Arty 7 bn; 37 indep coy CCT 2 sqn with G-4 Super Galeb*; PC-7 Turbo
AD 7 bn Trainer*; PC-9*
Tpt 1 sqn with An-12 Cub; F-27 Friendship;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FH-227; PC-6A Turbo Porter/PC-6B Turbo
MBT 150: 50 T-72; 100 Type-69-II Porter
LT TK 105 Type-63 (ε60 serviceable) Trg/liaison sqn with Ce-550 Citation II; Cessna 180
RECCE 115: 45 Ferret; 40 Humber Pig; 30 Mazda Skywagon; K-8
APC 325 Hel 4 sqn with PZL W-3 Sokol; Mi-17 (Mi-8MT)
APC (T) 305: 250 Type-85; 55 Type-90 Hip H*; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite*; Bell 205; Bell 206
APC (W) 20 Hino JetRanger; SA-316 Alouette III

FTR 58: 8 MiG-29B Fulcrum; 50 F-7 (MiG-21F) Fishbed C
Army 4,754
FGA 22 A-5M (Q-5II) Fantan
FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 15: 2 An-12 Cub; 1 Ce-550 Citation II; 3 F-27 Friendship;
2 Land Force Gp HQ
4 FH-227; 5 PC-6A Turbo Porter/PC-6B Turbo Porter
Recce 1 sqn
UTL 4 Cessna 180 Skywagon
TRG 57: 10 FT-7 (JJ-7) Mongol A*; 12 G-4 Super Galeb*; Mech Inf 2 bn (1 being converted)
12 K-8; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum*; 12 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*; 9 SF 1 gp
PC-9* Arty 1 regt (2 fd arty bty, 1 AD tp)
HELICOPTERS
Engr 1 regt under strength
SPT 39: 10 PZL W-3 Sokol; 11 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H*; 18
PZL Mi-2 Hoplite* EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UTL 27: 12 Bell 205; 6 Bell 206 JetRanger; 9 SA-316 Alouette APC (W) 105 NZLAV
III LFAV 188 Pinzgauer
ARTY 74
Paramilitary 107,250 TOWED 105mm 24 L-118 Light Gun
MOR 81mm 50
People’s Police Force 72,000 AT • MSL 24 Javelin

People’s Militia 35,000 AD • SAM • MANPAD 12 Mistral
People’s Pearl and Fishery Ministry ε250 Reserves

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11 Territorial Force 1,690 reservists
PCC 3 Indaw Responsible for providing trained individuals for top-up
PCI 8: 5 Carpentaria; 3 Swift and round-out of deployed forces
Trg 6 (Territorial Force Regional) regt
Non-State Groups
see Part II Navy 2,020
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 1 (Fleet) HQ and 1 Naval Base located at
New Zealand NZ Auckland
New Zealand Dollar EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
2007 2008 2009
NZ$
GDP NZ$ 177bn 181bn
FF 2 Anzac each with 1 octuple Mk41 Sea Sparrow (8 eff.)
US$ 130bn 112bn
with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT (6
per capita US$ 31,622 26,771 eff.), 1 MK 15 Phalanx CIWS guns, 1 127mm gun, with 1
Growth % 3.2 0.7 SH-2G (NZ) Super Seasprite ASW hel,
Inflation % 2.4 3.4 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6:
Def exp NZ$ 1.88bn PSO 2 Otago (capacity 1 SH-2G Super Seasprite) (2nd of
US$ 1.38bn
class expected to commission ‘09)
PCO 4 Rotoiti (Final 2 vessels of class expected to
Def bdgt NZ$ 2.14bn 1.98bn
commission ‘09)
US$ 1.56bn 1.22bn LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5
US$1=NZ$ 1.36 1.62 MRV 1 Canterbury (capacity 4 NH90 tpt hel; 1 SH-2G
Super Seasprite ASW hel; 2 LCM; 16 NZLAV; 14 NZLOV;
20 trucks; 250 troops)
Ethnic groups: NZ European 58%; Maori 15%; Other European
13%; Other Polynesian 5% ; Chinese 2%; Indian 1%; Other 6% AO 1 Endeavour
AGHS (SVY) 1 Resolution
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus YDT/spt 1 Manawanui
Male 11% 4% 3% 3% 22% 6% Trg 1
Female 10% 3% 3% 4% 23% 7% FACILITIES
Base Located at Auckland
Capabilities
ACTIVE 9,278(Army 4,754 Navy 2,020 Air 2,504) Air Force 2,504
3 air bases – Auckland, Palmerston North and Blenheim
RESERVE 2197 (Army 1,690 Navy 315 Air Force 192) Flying hours 190
FORCES BY ROLE
MR 1 sqn with P-3K Orion (being upgraded) Papua New Guinea PNG
Tpt 1 sqn with B-757-200 (upgraded); C-130H Hercules Papua New Guinea
2007 2008 2009
(being upgraded) Kina K
GDP K 14.8bn 16.9bn
Hel 1 sqn with UH-1H Iroquois (to be replaced by
US$ 4.9bn 6.6bn
NH90 in 2009)
per capita US$ 843 1,113
ASW 1 sqn RNZAF/RNZN sqn with 5 SH-2G(NZ) Super
Seasprite Growth % 6.2 5.8
Inflation % 0.9 5.0
Trg Fg Trg Wg with Airtrainer CT-4E; Beech 200 King
Air (leased, to be replaced); Bell 47G trg hel (to be Def bdgt K 105m 101m
replaced by twin-turbine T/LUH aircraft) US$ 34m 39m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$1=K 3.03 2.56

AIRCRAFT 6 combat capable Population 5,931,769
MP 6 P-3K Orion*
TPT 7: 2 B-757-200 (upgraded); 5 C-130H Hercules (being Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
upgraded) Male 19% 5% 5% 5% 16% 2%
TRG 13 CT-4E (leased); 5 Beech 200 King Air (leased, to Female 19% 5% 4% 4% 15% 2%
be replaced)
HELICOPTERS Capabilities
UTL 14 UH-1H Iroquois (to be replaced by 8 NH90 in
ACTIVE 3,100 (Army 2,500 Air 200 Maritime
2009/10)
Element 400)
ASW 5 SH-2G(NZ)
TRG 5 Bell 47G (to be replaced by 5 twin-turbine A109
T/LUH aircraft) Organisations by Service
MSL • ASM AGM-65B Maverick/AGM-65G Maverick
Army ε2,500
Deployment FORCES BY ROLE
Inf 2 bn
Afghanistan Engr 1 bn
NATO • ISAF 155 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNAMA 1 obs ARTY • MOR 3+: 81mm; 120mm 3
Antarctica
Maritime Element ε400
Operation Antarctica 26
FORCES BY ROLE
Australia Navy 1 HQ located at Port Moresby
Army 9 (air navigation) trg Maritime some sqn located at Lombrun (Manus Island)
with Patrol and Coastal Combatants
Egypt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MFO 26 (trg + tpt)
Iraq PCC 4 Pacific
East Asia and

AMPHIBIOUS 2:
Australasia
UN • UNAMI 1 obs
LSM 2 Salamaua
Middle East CRAFT 6: 4 (civil manned); 2
UN • UNTSO 7 obs FACILITIES
Serbia Bases Located at Alotau (forward), Kieta (forward),
UN • UNMIK 1 obs Lombrun (Manus Island), Port Moresby
Solomon Islands Air Force 200

RAMSI 43; 1 inf pl FORCES BY ROLE
Sudan Tpt 1 sqn with 1 CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 CN-235; 3
IAI-201 Arava
Hel sqn with 4 UH-1H Iroquois†
Timor Leste EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ISF (Operation Astute) 187; 1 inf coy; 1 hel det with UH-1 AIRCRAFT • TPT 6: 1 CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 CN-235; 3
Iroquois IAI-201 Arava
UN • UNMIT 1 obs HELICOPTERS • UTL 4 UH-1H Iroquois†
Foreign Forces AIRCRAFT

TPT 3: 1 Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 Cessna 170; 1 P-206A
Australia Army 38; 1 trg unit
UTL 1 Cessna 172
UAV Blue Horizon
Philippines Pi Navy ε24,000
Philippine Peso P 2007 2008 2009 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GDP P 6.68tr 7.18tr PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES
FF 1 Rajah Humabon with 3 76mm gun
US$ 144bn 149bn
per capita US$ 1,583 1,616 PCO 13:
Growth % 7.2 4.4 3 Emilio Jacinto each with 1 76mm gun
Inflation % 2.8 10.1 8 Miguel Malvar each with 1 76mm gun
Def bdgt P 52.1bn 51.0bn 2 Rizal each with 3 Twin ASTT (6 eff.)†, 2 76mm guns
PFC 1 Cyclone
US$ 1.13bn 1.06bn
PCC 14: 3 Aguinaldo; 3 Kagitingan; 8 Thomas Batilo
FMA (US) US$ 39.76m 29.7m 15.0m PCI 34: 22 Jose Andrada; 10 Conrodo Yap; 2 Point
US$1=P 46.1 48.0 AMPHIBIOUS
LS • LST 7:
2 Bacolod City (Besson-class) each with 1 hel landing
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus platform (capacity 32 tanks; 150 troops)
Male 18% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
5 Zamboanga del Sur (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)
CRAFT 39: 3 LCU; 6 LCVP; 30 LCM
Female 17% 5% 5% 4% 16% 2%
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6: AOL 1; AR 1; AK 1; AWT
2; TPT 1
Capabilities
FACILITIES
ACTIVE 106,000 (Army 66,000 Navy 24,000 Air Bases Located at Sangley Point/Cavite, Zamboanga,
16,000) Paramilitary 40,500 Cebu
RESERVE 131,000 (Army 100,000 Navy 15,000 Air Naval Aviation

16,000) Paramilitary 40,000 (to age 49) AIRCRAFT • TPT 6
4 BN-2A Defender
Organisations by Service 2 Cessna 177 Cardinal
HELICOPTERS • UTL 7 Bo-105
Army 66,000 Marines 7,500

5 Area Unified Comd (joint service), 1 National Capital Marine 2 bde (total: 6 marine bn)
Region Comd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Lt Reaction 3 coy
APC (W) 24 LAV-300
Spec Ops 1 comd (1 Scout Ranger regt, 1 SF regt, 1 lt
AAV 85: 30 LVTP-5; 55 LVTP-7
armd bde (regt))
ARTY 150+
Lt Inf 8 div (each: 1 arty bn, 3 inf bde) TOWED 105mm 150 M-101
Arty 1 regt HQ MOR 107mm M-30
Engr 5 bn
Presidential 1 gp Air Force ε16,000
Guard FORCES BY ROLE
PAF HQ, 5 Cmds (AD, tac ops, air ed and trg, air log and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
spt, air res)
LT TK 65 Scorpion
Ftr 1 sqn with Augusta S-211*
AIFV 85 YPR-765
APC 370 RECCE 1 Rockwell Turbo Commander 690A
APC (T) 100 M-113 MP 1 sqn with F-27 MK 200MPA; GAF
APC (W) 270: 100 LAV-150 Commando; 150 Simba; 20 N-22SL Nomad
V-200 Chaimite SAR/Comms 4 sqn with AB-412SP Griffon; UH-1M
ARTY 282+ Iroquois
TOWED 242: 105mm 230 M-101/M-102/M-26/M-56; Tpt 1 sqn with C-130B Hercules; C-130H
155mm 12 M-114/M-68 Hercules; C-130K Hercules; 1 sqn with
MOR 40+: 81mm M-29; 107mm 40 M-30 Cessna 210 Centurion; GAF N-22B Nomad;
AT • RCL 75mm M-20; 90mm M-67; 106mm M-40A1 1 sqn with F-27-200 Friendship
FAC 1 sqn with OV-10 Bronco* Non-State Groups

Trg 1 sqn with SF-260TP; 1 sqn with T-41D see Part II
Mescalero; 1 sqn with R172 Hawk XP
Hel 4 sqn with UH-1H Iroquois; 1 (VIP) sqn
with S-70 A-5 (S-70A) Black Hawk; SA- Deployment
330L Puma; Bell 412EP Twin Huey/Bell
Côte D’Ivoire
412SP Twin Huey; 2 sqn with AUH-76;
MD-520MG UN • UNOCI 3; 4 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HAiti

30 combat capable UN • MINUSTAH 157; 1 HQ coy
AIRCRAFT
Liberia
FAC 15 OV-10 Bronco
MP 1 F-27 MK 200MPA UN • UNMIL 170; 3 obs; 1 inf coy
TPT 15: 2 C-130B Hercules (6 in store); 2 C-130H Hercules; sudan
4 C-130K Hercules; 1 F-27-200 Friendship; 1 L-100-20 in UN • UNMIS 13 obs
store; 1 Rockwell Turbo Commander 690A
UTL 4: 2 Cessna 210 Centurion; 1 GAF N-22B; 1 GAF Timor Leste
N-22SL Nomad; UN • UNMIT 3 obs
TRG 44: 15 Augusta S-211*; 6 R172 Hawk XP; 12 SF-260TP;

11 T-41D Mescalero; 18 SF-260F* to be delivered 09-10 Foreign Forces
HELICOPTERS
ASLT 25: 5 AUH-76; 20 MD-520MG Brunei IMT 10
SPT 2: 1 S-70 A-5 (S-70A) Black Hawk; 1 SA-330L Puma Libya IMT 6
UTL 79: 6 AB-412SP Griffon; 6 Bell 412EP Twin Huey/Bell Malaysia IMT 12
412SP Twin Huey; 40 UH-1H Iroquois; 27 UH-1M Iroquois United States US Pacific Command: Army 14; Navy 5;
UAV 2 Blue Horizon II USAF 9; USMC 84
MSL • AAM AIM-9B Sidewinder
Paramilitary Singapore Sgp

Philippine National Police 40,500 Singapore Dollar S$ 2007 2008 2009
Deptartment of Interior and Local Government GDP S$ 243bn 264bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 161bn 180bn
Regional 15 comd per capita US$ 35,345 38,973
Provincial 73 comd Growth % 7.7 3.6
Aux 62,000 Inflation % 2.1 6.5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Def bdgt S$ 10.58bn 10.80bn
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCI 14 US$ 7.01bn 7.34bn
Rodman US$1=S$ 1.51 1.47
AIRCRAFT
TPT 2 BN-2 Islander Population 4,608,167
East Asia and

Australasia
TRG 3 Lancair 320 Ethnic groups: Chinese 76%; Malay 15%; Indian 6%
Coast Guard Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 61 Male 8% 3% 3% 4% 27% 3%
PCO 5: 4 San Juan; 1 Balsam Female 8% 3% 3% 4% 29% 4%
PCC 6: 4 Ilocosnorte; 2 Tirad
PCI 29: 4 Agusan; 3 De Haviland; 22 Swift Capabilities
PBR 11
PB 10 ACTIVE 72,500 (Army 50,000 Navy 9,000 Air 13,500)
HELICOPTERS 3 SAR Paramilitary 93,800
Terms of service conscription 24 months
Citizen Armed Force Geographical Units
40,000 reservists RESERVE 312,500 (Army 300,000 Navy 5,000 Air
CAFGU 7,500) Paramilitary 44,000
Militia 56 bn (part-time units which can be called up for Annual trg to age of 40 for army other ranks, 50 for
extended periods) officers
Organisations by Service RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder; AN/TPQ-37

Firefinder (arty, mor)
Army 15,000; 35,000 conscripts (total 50,000) FACILITIES
FORCES BY ROLE Training 3 located in Taiwan (Republic of China) incl inf,
Combined Arms 3 div (mixed active/reserve formations) camp arty and armd, 1 located in Thailand, 1 located
(each: 2 inf bde (each: 3 inf bn), 1 armd bde, 1 in Brunei
recce bn, 1 AD bn, 1 engr bn, 2 arty bn)
Rapid 1 div (mixed active/reserve formations) Navy 3,000; 1,000 conscript; ε5,000 active
Reaction (1 amph bde (3 amph bn), 1 air mob bde, reservists (total 9,000)
1 inf bde) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Recce/Lt Armd 4 bn SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4 Challenger each
Inf 8 bn with 4 single 533mm TT
Cdo 1 bn PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 9:
Arty 4 bn FRIGATES • FFGHM 3 Formidable (3 additional vessels
Engr 4 bn in build) each with 8 RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, 4 octuple (32
MI 1 bn eff.) VLS with Aster15 SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity for 1
S-70B Sea Hawk)
Reserves CORVETTES • FSG 6 Victory each with 2+ Mk 140
9 inf bde incl in mixed active/inactive reserve formations Harpoon quad (8 eff.) each with 1 RGM-84C Harpoon
listed above; 1 op reserve div with additional inf bde;
tactical SSM, 2 octuple (16 eff.) each with 1 Barak SAM, 2
People’s Defence Force Comd (homeland defence) with
triple ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm gun
inf bn 12
Mech Inf 6 bn
PCO 11 Fearless each with 2 Sadral sextuple each with
Recce/Lt Armd ε6 bn
Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun
Inf ε56 bn
PBI 12
Cdo ε1 bn
Arty ε12 bn MHC 4 Bedok
Engr ε8 bn AMPHIBIOUS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LS • LST 4 Endurance each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with
MBT 196: 96 Leopard 2A4; 80–100 Tempest (Centurion) (being Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun with hel deck (capacity 2 hel;
replaced) 4 LCVP; 18 MBT; 350 troops)
LT TK ε350 AMX-13 SM1 LANDING CRAFT 34 LCU
RECCE 22 AMX-10 PAC 90 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2
AIFV 272+: 22 AMX-10P; 250 IFV-25; M-113A1/M-113A2 AS 1 Kendrick
(some with 40mm AGL, some with 25mm gun);
Trg 1
APC 1,280+
APC (T) 1,000+: 250 IFV-40/50; 750+ M-113A1/M-113A2; FACILITIES
ATTC Bronco Bases Located at Changi, Tuas (Jurong)
APC (W) 280: 250 LAV-150 Commando/V-200 Commando;
30 V-100 Commando Air Force 13,500 (incl 3,000 conscript)
ARTY 335
5 Cmds: Air Defence and Operations Cmd (includes Air
SP 155mm 36: ε18 Pegasus (replacing 105mm); ε18
SSPH-1 Primus Operations Control Group, Air Defence Group, and Air
TOWED 107: 105mm 37 LG1; 155mm 70: 18 FH-2000; 52 Surveillance and Control Group); Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
FH-88; (UAV) Cmd; Participation Cmd (includes Helicopter Group
MOR 192+ and Tactical Air Support Group: coordinates airlift, close
SP 90+ 81mm; 120mm 90: 40 on Bronco; 50 on M-113 air support and maritime air surveillance, and also raises,
TOWED 160mm 12 M-58 Tampella trains and sustains RSAF helicopters, divisional ground-
AT • MSL • MANPATS 30+ Milan/Spike MR based air-defence systems and tactical support elements);
RCL 290: 84mm ε200 Carl Gustav; 106mm 90 M-40A1 Air Combat Cmd (includes Fighter Group and Transport
RL 67mm Armbrust; 89mm M-20 Group); Air Power Generation Cmd (controls air base
AD • SAM 75+ support units including Field Defence Sqns).
SP Mistral; RBS-70; SA-18 Grouse (Igla) (on
V-200/M-113) FORCES BY ROLE
MANPAD Mistral/RBS-70/SA-18 Grouse (Igla) FGA/Recce 3 sqn with F-16C/F-16D Fighting Falcon (some
GUNS 30 used for recce with pods). Also F-16D+ with
SP 20mm GAI-C01 conformal fuel tanks for long-range strike;
TOWED 20mm GAI-C01 2 sqn with F-5S Tiger II; F-5T Tiger II; 1 recce
UAV Skylark sqn with RF-5
Recce/tkr/ 1 sqn with KC-130B Hercules (trk/tpt); KC- FORCES BY ROLE

tpt 130H Hercules; C-130H Hercules (2 Elint); 1 sqn AD Bde (total: 1 AD bn with 36 Mistral, 1 AD
with F-50 (5 Maritime Enforcer,4 tpt) bn with SA-18 Grouse (Igla), 3 AD bn with
AEW 1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye RBS-70)
Tkr 1 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Trg 1 sqn with F-16C/D at Luke AFB, AZ; AH-64D AD • SAM 36+
Apache located at Marana, (AZ), US; CH-47D TOWED Mistral; RBS-70
Chinook located at Grand Prairie, (TX), US; MANPAD SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
F-15 trg taking place at Mountain Home (ID),
US on F-15E, and then F-15SG; 1 sqn with Paramilitary 93,800 active
A-4SU Super Skyhawk; TA-4SU Super Skyhawk;
1 sqn with PC-21 Civil Defence Force 81,800 incl. 1,600
Hel 1 sqn with AH-64D Apache;1 sqn with CH- regulars, 3,200 conscripts, 23,000 reservists;
47SD Super D Chinook; 2 sqn with AS-332M 54,000+ volunteers; 1 construction bde (2,500
Super Puma (incl 5 SAR); AS-532UL Cougar; conscripts)
Trg: EC-120B Colibri (leased)
Singapore Police Force (including Coast
UAV 2 sqn with Searcher MkII; 1 sqn with Hermes
450. Staffed by personnel from all three
Guard) 8,500; 3,500 conscript; 21,000
reservists (total 33,000)
services
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 102 combat capable PCI 12 Swift
FGA 97: 60 F-16C Fighting Falcon/F-16D Fighting Falcon PBF 32
(incl reserves); 28 F-5S Tiger II; 9 F-5T Tiger II PBC 2 Manta Ray
MP 5 F-50 Maritime Enforcer* PB 56: 12 Shark; 44 (various)
AEW 4 E-2C Hawkeye
TKR 9: 4 KC-130B Hercules (trk/tpt); 1 KC-130H Hercules; Singapore Gurkha Contingent (under
4 KC-135R Stratotanker police) 1,800
TPT 9: 5 C-130H Hercules (2 Elint); 4 F-50 6 coy
TRG 41: 27 S-211; PC-21; 10 TA-4SU; 4 A-4SU
HELICOPTERS Deployment
ATK 12 AH-64D Apache
SPT 40: 18 AS-332M Super Puma (incl 5 SAR); 10 CH- ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
47SD Super D Chinook; 12 AS-532UL Cougar Maritime Security Operations 1 LST
TRG 12: EC-120B Colibri (leased); 6+ CH-47D Chinook
AUSTRALIA
UAV some Hermes 450; 40 Searcher MK II
Air force 2 trg schools: 1with 12 AS-332 Super Puma Spt/
MSL • TACTICAL
AS-532 Cougar utl hel (flying trg) located at Oakey; 1 with
ASM: AGM-45 Shrike; Hellfire; AGM-65B/G Maverick;
27 S-211 trg ac (flying trg) located at Pearce
AGM-84 Harpoon; AM-39 Exocet
AAM AIM-120C AMRAAM in store (US); AIM-7P BRUNEI
Sparrow; AIM-9N Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder Army 1 trg camp
Air force 500; 1 hel det with AS-332 Super Puma
Air Defence Group
East Asia and
Australasia
FRANCE
FORCES BY ROLE
Air force 200: 1 trg sqn with 4 A-4SU Super Skyhawk FGA
4 (field def) sqn
ac; 10 TA-4SU Super Skyhawk trg ac
Air Defence Bde TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA)

FORCES BY ROLE Army 3 trg camp (incl inf, arty and armd)
Air Some bde (total: 1 AD sqn with Oerlikon, 1 AD THAILAND
sqn with 18+ MIM-23 HAWK, 1 AD sqn with Army 1 trg camp (arty, cbt engr)
Rapier-Blindfire)
TIMOR LESTE
UN • UNMIT 2 obs
Air Force Systems Bde
Air bde (total: 1 AD sqn with radar (mobile), 1 AD UNITED STATES
sqn with LORADS) Air force trg units at Luke AFB (AZ) with F-16 C/D;
Mountain Home AFB (ID) with F-15E (F-15 SG in 2009);
Divisional Air Def Arty Bde AH-64D Apache hel at Marana (AZ); 6+ CH-47D Chinook
Attached to army divs hel at Grand Prairie (TX)
Foreign Forces Reserves

United States US Pacific Command: Army 9; Navy 85; Lt Inf 7 div
USAF 16; USMC 54; 1 USN support facility located at EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Changi naval base, Singapore; 1 USAF log spt sqn located MBT 926+: 376 M-60A3; 100 M-48A5; 450+ M-48H Brave
at Paya Lebar air base, Singapore Tiger
LT TK 905: 230 M-24 Chaffee (90mm gun); 675 M-41/
Type-64
Taiwan (Republic of China) ROC AIFV 225 CM-25 (M-113 with 20–30mm cannon)
APC 950
New Taiwan Dollar APC (T) 650 M-113
2007 2008 2009
NT$
GDP NT$ 12.4tr 14.0tr
ARTY 1,815+
US$ 383bn 431bn SP 405: 105mm 100 M-108; 155mm 245: 225 M-109A2/M-
per capita US$ 16,526 18,803 109A5; 20 T-69 ; 203mm 60 M-110
Growth % 5.7 3.8 TOWED 1,060+: 105mm 650 T-64 (M-101); 155mm 340+:
Inflation % 1.8 4.1 90 M-59; 250 T-65 (M-114); M-44; 203mm 70 M-115
Def bdgt NT$ 311bn 341bn COASTAL 127mm ε50 US Mk 32 (reported)
MRL 300+: 117mm Kung Feng VI; 126mm Kung Feng III/
US$ 9.58bn 10.49bn

Kung Feng IV; RT 2000 Thunder (KF towed and SP)
US$1=NT$ 32.5 32.5 MOR
Population 22,920,946 SP 81mm M-29
TOWED 81mm M-29; 107mm
Ethnic groups: Taiwanese 84%; mainland Chinese 14%
AT MSL 1,060: SP TOW
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MANPATS 60 Javelin; TOW
RCL 500+: 90mm M-67; 106mm 500+: 500 M-40A1;
Male 10% 4% 4% 4% 24% 5%
Type-51
Female 9% 3% 4% 4% 23% 5%
HELICOPTERS
ATK 101: 62 AH-1W Cobra; 39 OH-58D Warrior
Capabilities SPT 9 CH-47SD Super D Chinook
ACTIVE 290,000 (Army 200,000 Navy 45,000 Air UTL 80 UH-1H Iroquois
TRG 30 TH-67 Creek
UAV Mastiff III
AD • SAM up to 678+
RESERVE 1,657,000 (Army 1,500,000 Navy 67,000 SP 76: 74 FIM-92A Avenger; 2 M-48 Chaparral
Air Force 90,000) TOWED up to 137: 25 MIM-104 Patriot; 100 MIM-23
HAWK; up to 6 PAC-3 Patriot (systems); up to 6 Tien
Army reservists have some obligation to age 30
Kung I Sky Bow/Tien Kung II Sky Bow
MANPAD 465+ FIM-92A Stinger
Organisations by Service GUNS 400
SP 40mm M-42
Army ε200,000 (incl MP) TOWED 40mm L/70
MSL • SSM Ching Feng
FORCES BY ROLE
Comd 4 defence HQ
Navy 45,000
Army 3 corps
FORCES BY ROLE
Armd 5 bde Navy 3 district; 1 (ASW) HQ located at Hualein; 1 Fleet
Armd Inf 1 bde HQ located at Tsoying; 1 New East Coast Fleet
Inf 28 bde EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Avn/SF 1 comd (1 spec war bde, 3 avn bde) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:
2 Hai Lung each with 6+ single 533mm TT each with 20+
Mot Inf 3 bde
SUT HWT
SSM 1 coastal def bn 2 Hai Shih (trg only) each with 4 Single 533mm TT (aft)
each with SUT HWT, 6 (fwd) each with SUT HWT
Missile Command PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 26
AD 1 AD msl comd (2 AD / SAM gp (total: 6 SAM bn DESTROYERS • DDG 4 Keelung (ex US Kidd) with 2
with total of 100 MIM-23 HAWK; with up to 6 quad with 8 RGM-84L Harpoon SSM, 2 Mk 112 octuple
PAC-3 Patriot (systems); up to 6 Tien Kung I Sky with 16 ASROC, 2 twin (4 eff) eqpt with SM-2 MR naval
Bow / Tien Kung II Sky Bow)) SAM, 2 127mm guns, (capacity 2 med hel)
FRIGATES • FFG 22: Naval Aviation

8 Cheng Kung each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with FORCES BY ROLE
Hsiung Feng tactical SSM, 1 Mk 13 GMLS with 40+
ASW 3 sqn with 20 S-70C Defender*
SM-1 MR SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46
LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 S-70C Defender ASW MR 2 sqn with 24 S-2E Tracker; 8 S-2G Tracker
hel) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
8 Chin Yang each with 1 Mk 112 octuple with ASROC/ AIRCRAFT 32 combat capable
RGM-84C Harpoon SSM, 2 Twin 324mm ASTT (4 eff.) ASW 32: 24 S-2E Tracker*; 8 S-2G Tracker*
each with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 HELICOPTERS • ASW 20 S-70C Defender*
MD-500 utl hel)
6 Kang Ding each with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with Hsiung Air Force 55,000
Feng tactical SSM, 1 quad (4 eff.) with Sea Chaparral Flying hours 180 hrs/year
SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT (6 eff.) each with Mk 46 Four Cmds: Air Cbt Comd (Air Tac Ctrl Wg; Comms & Avn
LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 S-70C Defender ASW Ctrl Wg; Weather Wg) ; Log Comd (1st Log Depot (Ping-
hel) tung); 2nd Log Depot (Taichung); 3rd Log Depot (Kang-
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 70 shan); Air Defence & Security Comd;Education, Trg &
PTG 1 Kwang Hua Doctrine Devt Comd
PFM 61:
47 Hai Ou each with 2 single each with 2 Hsiung Feng Tactical Fighter Wings
tactical SSM 1st (443rd) Tactical Fighter Wing (TFW)(Tainan ) incl 3
12 Jinn Chiang each with 1 quad (4 eff.) with 4 Hsiung Tac Ftr Gp (TFG) (1st, 3rd, 9th) with F-CK-1A/B
Feng tactical SSM 2nd (499th) TFW (Hsinchu) incl 2 TFG (41st, 42nd) with
2 Lung Chiang each with 4 single each with 4 Hsiung Mirage 2000-5Di/Ei; 1 Trg Gp (48th) with Mirage
Feng tactical SSM 2000-5Di/Ei
PFC 8 Ning Hai 3rd (427th) TFW (Ching Chuan Kang) incl 2 TFG (7th, 28th)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 12 with F-CK-1A/B
MSC 8: 4 Yung Chuan; 4 Yung Feng 4th (455th) TFW (Chiayi) incl 3 TFG (21st, 22nd, 23rd) with
MSO 4 Aggressive (Ex US) F-16A/B; 1 Air Rescue Gp with S-70C
COMMAND SHIPS • LCC 1 Kao Hsiung 5th (401st) TFW (Hualien) incl 3 TFG (17th, 26th, 27th) with
AMPHIBIOUS F-16A/B; 1 Tac Recce Sqn (12th) with RF-16A
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LSD 2: 7th (737th) TFW (Taitung) with 1 TFG (7th) incl 3 ftr sqn
1 Shiu Hai (capacity either 2 LCU or 18 LCM; 360 (44th, 45th, 46th (Aggressor)) with F-5E/F
troops) with 1 hel landing platform
1 Chung Cheng (capacity 3 LCU or 18 LCM)
Composite Wing
439th Composite Wg (Pingtung) with 10th Tac Airlift Gp
LS 17
incl 2 airlift sqn (101st, 102nd) with C-130H; 1 EW Gp (20th);
LSM 4 Mei Lo
1 EW Sqn (2nd) with E-2T/E-2T Hawkeye 2000; 1 EW Sqn
LST 13: 11 Chung Hai (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops); 2
(6th) with C-130HE
Newport (capacity 3 LCVP, 400 troops)
LANDING CRAFT 290: 20 LCU; 100 LCVP; 170 LCM Airbase Commands
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11: Sungshan Air Base Comd incl Spec Tpt Sqn with Beech
AOE 1 WuYi with 1 hel landing platform 1900C, Fokker 50; Presidential Flt Sect with Boeing 737,
ARS 6 Fokker 50 • Makung Air Base Command incl 1 Det with
East Asia and

Australasia
AK 3 Wu Kang with 1 hel landing platform (troop tpt F-CK-1A/B
capacity 1,400 troops)
AGOR 1 Ta Kuan Air Force Academy
FACILITIES incl Basic Trg Gp with T-34C; Ftr Trg Gp with AT-3;
Bases Located at Makung (Pescadores), Keelung, Tsoying, Airlift Trg Gp with Beech 1900C 2
Hualein, Suo FORCES BY ROLE
Ftr 3 sqn with Mirage 2000-5EI (M-2000-5E)/Mirage
Marines 15,000 2000-5DI (M-2000-5D)
FORCES BY ROLE FGA 6 sqn with F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon; 1 sqn
Marine 3 bde with AT-3 Tzu-Chung; 3 sqn with F-5E/F-5F
Tiger II; 5 sqn with F-CK-1A/B Ching Kuo
Spt some amph elm
Recce 1 sqn with RF-16A Fighting Falcon
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EW 1 sqn with C-130HE Tien Gian
AAV 204: 54 AAV-7A1; 150 LVTP-5A1
ARTY • TOWED 105mm; 155mm AEW 1 sqn with E-2T (E-2) Hawkeye
AT • RCL 106mm SAR 1 sqn with S-70C Black Hawk
Tpt 2 sqn with C-130H Hercules (1 EW); 1 (VIP) sqn

with B-727-100; B-737-800; Beech 1900; Fokker 50 Thailand Th
Trg Trg school with T-34C Turbo Mentor; AT-3A/ Thai Baht b 2007 2008 2009
AT-3B Tzu-chung
GDP b 8.46tr
Hel sqn with CH-47 Chinook; S-70 Black Hawk; S-62A
US$ 245bn
(VIP)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Growth % 4.8 4.7
FTR 292: 89 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II (some in store); 146 Inflation % 2.2 5.7
F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon; 10 Mirage 2000-5DI (M-2000- Def bdgt b 115bn 143bn 169bn
5D); 47 Mirage 2000-5EI (M-2000-5E) US$ 3.33bn 4.18bn n.a.
FGA 150: 128 Ching Kuo; 22 Tzu-Chung AT-3
RECCE 8 RF-5E Tigereye US$1=b 34.5 34.2
EW 2 C-130HE Tien Gian
AEW 6 E-2T (E-2) Hawkeye Population 65,493,298
TPT 39: 4 B-727-100; 1 B-737-800; 10 Beech 1900; 19 C-130H Ethnic and religious groups: Thai 75%; Chinese 14%; Muslim 4%
Hercules (1 EW); 2 CC-47 (C-47) Skytrain; 3 Fokker 50
TRG 78: 36 AT-3A Tzu-Chung/AT-3B Tzu-Chung*; 42 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
T-34C Turbo Mentor Male 11% 4% 4% 5% 22% 4%

HELICOPTERS Female 11% 4% 4% 4% 23% 4%
SPT 34: 3 CH-47 Chinook; 14 S-70; 17 S-70C Black Hawk
UTL 1 S-62A (VIP) Capabilities
MSL • TACTICAL
ASM AGM-65A Maverick; AGM-84 Harpoon ACTIVE 306,600 (Army 190,000 Navy 70,600 Air
ARM Sky Sword IIA 46,000) Paramilitary 113,700
AAM AIM-120C AMRAAM; AIM-4D Falcon; AIM-9J Terms of service 2 years
Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder; MICA; R-550 Magic 2;
Shafrir; Sky Sword I/II
RESERVE 200,000 Paramilitary 45,000
Paramilitary 17,000 Organisations by Service

Coast Guard 17,000
New service formed with the merging of agencies from Army 120,000; ε70,000 conscript (total
the ministry of finance, customs and marine police. 190,000)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 48 4 Regional Army HQ, 2 Corps HQ
PSO 14: 2 Ho Hsing; 2 Taipei; 2 Mou Hsing; 1 Yun Hsing; FORCES BY ROLE
3 Dao Hsing; 4 Shun Hu Armd Air Cav 1 regt (3 air mob coy)
PCO 1 Shun Hsing Rapid Reaction 1 force (1 bn per region forming)
PCC 20: 4 Hai Cheng; 4 Hai Ying; 12 (various) Cav 2 div; 1 indep regt
PBF 13 Recce 4 coy
Mech Inf 2 div
Armd Inf 3 div
Inf 8 indep bn
SF 2 div
Lt Inf 1 div
Arty 1 div
ADA 1 div (6 ADA bn)
Engr 1 div
Hel some flt
Economic 4 div
development
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 333: 53 M-60A1; 125 M-60A3; 50 Type-69 (trg) in
store; 105 M-48A5
LT TK 515: 255 M-41; 104 Scorpion; 50 in store; 106 Stingray
RECCE 32+: 32 S52 Mk 3; M1114 HMMWV
APC 950
APC (T) 790: 340 M-113A1/M-113A3; 450 Type-85
APC (W) 160: 18 Condor; 142 LAV-150 Commando
ARTY 2,473+ gun (4 eff.), 2 twin 37mm gun (4 eff.), 1 hel landing
SP 155mm 20 M-109A2 platform
TOWED 553: 105mm 353: 24 LG1 MK II; 285 M-101/-Mod; 2 Kraburi each with 4 (8 eff.) each with CSS-N-4
12 M-102; 32 M-618A2; 130mm 15 Type-59-I; 155mm 185: Sardine tactical SSM, 2 twin (4 eff.) with HQ-61
42 GHN-45 A1; 50 M-114; 61 M-198; 32 M-71 (CSA-N-2) SAM, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 twin 100mm
MRL 130mm Type-85 (reported) gun (2 eff.), 2 twin 37mm gun (4 eff.), (capacity 1
MOR 1,900 AB-212 (Bell 212) utl hel)
SP 33: 81mm 21 M-125A3; 120mm 12 M-1064A3 2 Naresuan each with 2 Mk 141 Harpoon quad (8 eff.)
TOWED 1,867: 81mm; 107mm M-106A1 each with RGM-84A Harpoon tactical SSM, 1 8 cell
AT • MSL 318+ Mk 41 VLS with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple
SP 18+ M-901A5 (TOW) 324mm TT (6 eff.), 1 127mm gun, (1 Lynx SRS 300
MANPATS 300 M47 Dragon Super Lynx ASW/ASUW hel)
RCL 180: 75mm 30 M-20; 106mm 150 M-40 2 Phuttha Yotfa Chulalok (leased from US) each with
RL 66mm M-72 LAW 1 Mk 112 octuple with RGM-84C Harpoon tactical
AIRCRAFT SSM, tactical ASROC, 2 Twin ASTT (4 eff.) with 22
RECCE 40 Cessna O-1A Bird Dog Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 AB-212 (Bell
TPT 10: 2 Beech 1900C; 2 Beech 200 Super King Air; 2 212) utl hel)
CASA 212 Aviocar; 2 Jetstream 41; 2 Short 330UTT FF 2:
UTL 10 U-17B 1 Makut Rajakumarn with 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.), 2
TRG 33: 18 MX-7-235 Star Rocket; 15 T-41B Mescalero 114mm gun

HELICOPTERS 1 Pin Klao (trg) with 6 single 324mm ASTT, 3 76mm
ATK 5 AH-1F Cobra gun
SPT 6 CH-47D Chinook CORVETTES 9
UTL 159: 65 AB-212 (Bell 212)/Bell 206 JetRanger/Bell 214/ FSG 2 Rattanakosin each with 2 Mk 140 Harpoon quad
Bell 412 Twin Huey; 92 UH-1H Iroquois; 2 UH-60L Black (8 eff.) each with RGM-84A Harpoon tactical SSM, 1
Hawk Albatros octuple with Aspide SAM, 2 triple ASTT (6
TRG 42 Hughes 300C eff.), 1 76mm gun
UAV • RECCE • TACTICAL Searcher FS 7:
AD • SAM 3 Khamronsin each with 2 triple ASTT (6 eff.), 1 76mm
STATIC Aspide gun
MANPAD FIM-43 Redeye; HN-5A 2 Tapi each with 6 single 324mm ASTT each with Mk
GUNS 202+ 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
SP 54: 20mm 24 M-163 Vulcan; 40mm 30 M-1/M-42 SP 2 Pattani each with 1 76mm gun
TOWED 148+: 20mm 24 M-167 Vulcan; 37mm 52 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 87
Type-74; 40mm 48 L/70; 57mm 24+: ε6 Type-59 (S-60); PFM 6:
18+ non-operational 3 Prabparapak each with 2 single each with 1 GI Gabriel
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); RASIT I tactical SSM, 1 triple (3 eff.) with GI Gabriel I tactical
(veh, arty) SSM, 1 40mm gun, 1 57mm gun
3 Ratcharit each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with MM-38
Reserves Exocet tactical SSM, 1 76mm gun
Inf 4 div HQ PSO 3 Hua Hin each with 2 20mm gun, 1 76mm gun
PFC 3 Chon Buri each with 2 76mm gun
Navy 44,751 (incl Naval Aviation, Marines, PC 6 Sattahip each with 1 40mm gun, 1 76mm gun
Coastal Defence); 25,849 conscript (total PCC 3 each with 1 40mm gun, 1 76mm gun
East Asia and

PCI 44: 9 Swift; 10 T-11; 13 T-213; 3 T-81; 9 T-91
Australasia
70,600)
PCR 6
FORCES BY ROLE
PBR 16
Air wing 1 div
Navy 1 (Fleet) HQ located at Sattahip; Mekong River MCC 2 Bang Rachan
Operating Unit HQ located at Nakhon Phanom MCM SPT 1 Thalang
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MCMV 2 Lat Ya
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 20 MS ε12
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVH 1: MSC 2 Bangkeo
1 Chakri Naruebet (capacity 9 AV-8A Harrier† FGA ac; 6 AMPHIBIOUS
S-70B Seahawk ASW hel) LS 9: 2
FRIGATES 10 LSM 1 Kut (capacity 4 tanks)
FFG 8: LST 6:
2 Chao Phraya each with 4 twin (8 eff.) each with 4 Chang each with 6 40mm gun (capacity 16 tanks;
CSS-N-4 Sardine tactical SSM, 2 (4 eff.) non- 200 troops)
operational each with HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) SAM non- 2 Sichang training each with 2 40mm gun, 1 hel
operational, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 2 twin 100mm landing platform (capacity 14 tanks; 300 troops)
LANDING CRAFT • LCU 13: 3 Man Nok; 6 Mataphun FORCES BY ROLE

(capacity either 3–4 MBT or 250 troops); 4 Thong Kaeo FTR/ FGA 3 sqn with F-16A Fighting Falcon; F-16B
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 15 Fighting Falcon; 2 sqn with L-39ZA/MP
AORH 1 Similan (1 hel) Albatros; 4 sqn (1 aggressor) with F-5E Tiger
II/F-5F Tiger II, F-5B
AOR 1 Chula
AOL 5: 4 Prong; 1 Samui Recce/ 1 sqn with IAI-201 Arava, Learjet 35A
ELINT
AWT 1
Tpt 1 sqn with Basler Turbo-67; GAF N-22B
AGOR 1
Nomad; 1 sqn with BAe-748; G-222; 1 sqn with
AGS 1 C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules
ABU 1
VIP 1 (Royal Flight) sqn with A-310-324; Airbus
TRG 1 A319CJ; B-737-200; BAe-748; B737-400; Beech
YPT 1 200 Super King Air; SA-226AT Merlin IV/IVA;
YTM 2 AS-532A2 Cougar MKII; AS-332L Super Puma;
FACILITIES Bell 412 Twin Huey
Bases Located at Bangkok, Sattahip, Songkhla, Phang Utl 1 sqn with AU-23A Peacemaker*, 1 sqn with
Nga, Nakhon Phanom L-39EA*, 1 with Alpha Jet*
Liaison 1 sqn with Beech 65 Queen Air; Beech E90 King
Naval Aviation 1,940 Air; Rockwell Commander 500; Cessna 150;

AIRCRAFT 17 combat capable T-41D Mescalero
FGA 7 AV-8A Harrier† Survey 1 sqn with SA-226AT Merlin IV/IVA; GAF
RECCE 9 Sentry 02-337 N-22B Nomad
MP 10: 5 Do-228-212*; 3 F-27 MK 200MPA*; 2 P-3T Trg Trg school with CT-4B/E Airtrainer; PC-9; Bell
(P-3A) Orion* 206B JetRanger II
TPT 2 F-27-400M Troopship Hel 1 sqn with UH-1H Iroquois; 1 sqn with Bell 212
UTL 8: 2 CL-215-III; 5 GAF N-24A Search Master; 1 UP- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
3T (UP-3A) Orion AIRCRAFT 165 combat capable
TRG 16: 14 TA-7; 4 TA-7C Corsair II; 2 TAV-8A Harrier† FTR/FGA 87: 35 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II (32 being
HELICOPTERS upgraded), 2 F-5B (to be replaced by 4 JAS-39C/2 JAS-
39D Gripen from 2011); 41 F-16A Fighting Falcon; 9 F-16B
8 atk hel
Fighting Falcon
ASW 6 S-70B Seahawk
TPT 57: 1 A-310-324; 1 A-319CJ; 1 B-737-200; 2 B737-400;
ASW/ASUW 2: 2 Lynx SRS 300 Super Lynx
6 BAe-748; 9 Basler Turbo-67; 2 Beech 200 Super King Air;
UTL 17: 5 AB-212 (Bell 212); 5 AB-214ST; 5 S-76B; 2 2 Beech 65 Queen Air; 1 Beech E90 King Air; 7 C-130H
Super Lynx Hercules; 5 C-130H-30 Hercules; 3 G-222; 3 IAI-201 Arava;
MSL • TACTICAL • ASM: AGM-84 Harpoon 2 Learjet 35A; 3 Rockwell Commander 500; 9 SA-226AT
Merlin IV/IVA
Marines 23,000 UTL 40: 22 AU-23A Peacemaker*; 18 GAF N-22B Nomad
FORCES BY ROLE TRG 123: 10 Alpha Jet*; 29 CT-4B/E Airtrainer; 3 Cessna
Recce 1 bn 150; 46 L-39ZA/MP Albatros*; 23 PC-9; 12 T-41D
Amph Aslt 1 bn Mescalero
Inf 2 regt HELICOPTERS
Arty 1 regt (1 ADA bn, 3 fd arty bn) SPT 19: 3 AS-332L Super Puma; 3 AS-532A2 Cougar MKII;
Marine 1 div HQ 13 Bell 212
UTL 28: 6 Bell 206B JetRanger II; 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 20
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UH-1H Iroquois
APC (W) 24 LAV-150 Commando MSL
AAV 33 LVTP-7 AAM AIM-120 AMRAAM; AIM-9B Sidewinder/AIM-9J
ARTY • TOWED 48: 105mm 36 (reported); 155mm 12 Sidewinder; Python III
GC-45 ASM: AGM-65 Maverick
AT • MSL 24+
TOWED 24 HMMWV TOW Paramilitary ε113,700 active
MANPATS M47 Dragon; TOW
AD • GUNS 12.7mm 14
Border Patrol Police 41,000
Marine Police 2,200
Air Force ε46,000 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 124
4 air divs, one flying trg school PSO 3: 1 Srinakrin; 2 Hameln
Flying hours 100 hrs/year PCC 3: 2 Chasanyabadee; 1 Yokohama
PCI 13: 6 Ital Thai Marine; 1 Burespadoog kit; 3 Cutlass; 3 Foreign Forces
Technautic 810-812 series
Australia ISF (Operation Astute) 750 (to reduce to 650 early
PBR 80
2009); 1 bn HQ; 3 inf coy; 1 mech inf pl eqpt with M-113
PB 25
APC (T); elms 1 arty regt; elms 1 cbt engr regt; 1 hel det
National Security Volunteer Corps 45,000 – with 5 S-70A-9 (S-70A) Black Hawk; 4 OH-58 Kiowa obs hel;
Reserves 3 C-130; • UNMIT 4 obs
Bangladesh UNMIT 4 obs
Police Aviation 500
Brazil UNMIT 4 obs
AIRCRAFT
TPT 16: 2 CN-235; 1 Fokker 50; 8 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 3 China, People’s Republic of UNMIT 2 obs
SC.7 3M Skyvan; 2 Short 330UTT Fiji UNMIT 1 obs
UTL 6 AU-23A Peacemaker India UNMIT 1 obs
HELICOPTERS • UTL 67: 20 AB-212 (Bell 212); 27 Bell Malaysia ISF (Operation Astute) 209; • UNMIT 2 obs
205A; 14 Bell 206 JetRanger; 6 Bell 412 Twin Huey Nepal UNMIT 1 obs
New Zealand ISF (Operation Astute) 187; 1 inf coy; 1 hel
Provincial Police 50,000 (incl est. 500 Special
Action Force) det with some UH-1H Iroquois • UNMIT 1 obs
Pakistan UNMIT 4 obs
Thahan Phran (Hunter Soldiers) ε20,000 Philippines UNMIT 3 obs

Volunteer irregular force Portugal ISF (Operation Astute) 127 • UNMIT 3 obs
Paramilitary 13 regt (each: 107 Paramilitary coy)
Sierra Leone UNMIT 1 obs
Singapore UNMIT 2 obs
Non-State Groups
see Part II
Vietnam Vn
Deployment Vietnamese Dong d 2007 2008 2009
Sudan GDP d 1,145tr 1,359tr
UN • UNAMID 7 US$ 70bn 82bn

UN • UNMIS 12 obs per capita US$ 829 951
Growth % 8.5 6.3
Timor Leste TL Def bdgt d ε60tr
Timorian Escudo US$ 3.70bn
2007 2008 2009
TPE
US$1=d 16,179 16,600
Population 1,040,880 Ethnic groups: Chinese 3%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 19% 6% 5% 3% 16% 1% Male 14% 6% 5% 5% 17% 2%
East Asia and

Australasia
Female 18% 6% 5% 3% 16% 2% Female 13% 5% 5% 4% 19% 3%
ACTIVE 1,286 (Army 1,250 Naval Element 36) ACTIVE 455,000 (Army 412,000 Navy 13,000 Air
Organisations by Service Terms of service 2 years Army and Air Defence, 3 years Air
Force and Navy, specialists 3 years, some ethnic minorities
Army 1,250 2 years
Training began in Jan 2001 with the aim of deploying 1,500
full-time personnel and 1,500 reservists. Events in early
RESERVES 5,000,000
2008 have placed existing domestic security capacities in
doubt; the UN is backing a security sector review project. Organisations by Service
Inf 2 bn
Army ε412,000
Naval Element 36 9 Mil Regions (incl capital), 14 Corps HQ
FORCES BY ROLE PFM 10:

Armd 10 bde 8 Osa II each with 4 single each with 1 SS-N-2 tactical
Mech inf 3 div SSM
Inf 58 div (div strength varies from 5,000 to 2 Svetlyak (Further 2 on order)
12,500); 15 indep regt PFT 3 FSU Shershen† each with 4 single 533mm TT
SF 1 bde (1 AB bde, 1 demolition engr regt) PHT 5:
2 Turya†
Fd arty 10+ bde
3 Turya† each with 4 single 533mm TT
Engr 8 div; 20 indep bde
PCI 16: 2 FSU Poluchat; 4 FSU SO-1; 10 Zhuk†
Economic 10–16 div PBR 4 Stolkraft
construction MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 14
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MCMV 5 K-8
MBT 1,315: 70 T-62; 350 Type-59; 850 T-54/T-55; 45 T-34 MSC 7: 4 Sonya; 1 Vanya; 2 Yurka
LT TK 620: 300 PT-76; 320 Type-62/Type-63 MSI 2 Yevgenya
RECCE 100 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 AMPHIBIOUS
AIFV 300 BMP-1/BMP-2 LS 6
APC 1,380 LSM 3:
APC (T) 280: 200 M-113 (to be upgraded); 80 Type-63 1 Polnochny A† (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
APC (W) 1,100 BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60/BTR-152 2 Polnochny B† (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
ARTY 3,040+ LST 3 US LST-510-511 (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)

SP 30+: 152mm 30 2S3; 175mm M-107 LANDING CRAFT 23: 5 LCU; 18 LCM
TOWED 2,300 100mm M-1944; 105mm M-101/M-102; LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 20:
122mm D-30/Type-54 (M-30) M-1938/Type-60 (D-74); AKSL 17; AWT 1; AGS 1; AT 1
130mm M-46; 152mm D-20; 155mm M-114 SPT 2 (floating dock)
GUN/MOR 120mm 2S9 Anona (reported)
MRL 710+: 107mm 360 Type-63; 122mm 350 BM-21; Naval Infantry ε27,000
140mm BM-14 FACILITIES
MOR 82mm; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-43 Bases Located at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang,
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger Cam Ranh Bay, Ha Tou, Haiphong, Can Tho
RCL 75mm Type-56; 82mm Type-65 (B-10); 87mm
Type-51 People’s Air Force 30,000
GUNS 3 air divs (each with 3 regts), a tpt bde
SP 100mm Su-100; 122mm Su-122
FORCES BY ROLE
TOWED 100mm T-12 (arty)
Ftr 7 regt with MiG-21bis Fishbed L
AD • SAM • MANPAD SA-7 Grail/SA-16 Gimlet/SA-18
FGA 2 regt with Su-30MKK Flanker; Su-27SK/Su-
Grouse (Igla)
27UBK Flanker; Su-22M-3/Su-22M-4 Fitter (some
GUNS 12,000
recce designated)
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
TOWED 14.5mm/30mm/37mm/57mm/85mm/100mm ASW 1 regt (The PAF also maintains Vn naval air arm)
MSL • SSM Scud-B/Scud-C (reported) SAR with Ka-25 Hormone; Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A;
KA-32 Helix C; PZLW-3 Sokol
Navy ε13,000 MR 1 regt with Be-12 Mail
FORCES BY ROLE Tpt 3 regt with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; Yak-40 Codling
Navy 1 HQ located at Haiphong (VIP); Mi-6 Hook; MI-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8
Hip; UH-1H
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Atk hel 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSI 2 DPRK Yugo†
Trg Trg regt with L-39 Albatros; MiG-21UM Mongol
B*; BT-6 (Yak-18) Max
FRIGATES • FF 5:
3 FSU Petya II each with 2 x5 406mm ASTT (10 eff.), 4 AD/ 4 bde with 100mm; 130mm; 37mm; 57mm;
RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (48 eff.), 4 76mm gun SAM 85mm; some (People’s Regional) force (total:
2 FSU Petya III each with 1 triple 533mm ASTT (3 eff.), ε1,000 AD unit, 6 radar bde with 100 radar stn)
4 RBU 2500 Smerch 1 (64 eff.), 4 76mm gun EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CORVETTES • FSG 6: AIRCRAFT 219 combat capable
4 FSU Tarantul each with 2 twin (4 eff.) each with SS-N- FTR 140 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N
2D Styx tactical SSM FGA 64: 4 Su-30MKK Flanker; 7 Su-27SK Flanker; 53 Su-
2 BPS-500 with 2 quad (8 eff.) each with SS-N-25 22M-3/M-4 Fitter (some recce dedicated)
Switchblade tactical SSM non-operational, SA-N-5 Grail ASW 4 Be-12 Mail
SAM (manually operated) TPT 28: 12 An-2 Colt; 12 An-26 Curl; 4 Yak-40 Codling
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 38 (VIP)
TRG 43: 10 BT-6 (Yak-18) Max; 18 L-39 Albatros; 10 MiG- AAM AA-10 Alamo; AA-12 Adder; AA-2 Atoll; AA-8
21UM Mongol B*; 5 Su-27UBK Flanker* Aphid
HELICOPTERS FACILITIES
ATK 26 Mi-24 Hind SAM site 66 with SA-16 Gimlet MANPAD/SA-2
ASW 13: 3 Ka-25 Hormone*; 10 Ka-28* (Ka-27PL) Helix A Guideline Towed/SA-3 Goa/SA-6 Gainful
SPT 48: 2 KA-32 Helix C; 4 Mi-6 Hook; 30 MI-17 (Mi-8MT) SP/SA-7 Grail MANPAD
Hip H/Mi-8 Hip Spt; 12 UH-1H Iroquois
SAR 4 PZL W-3 Sokol
AD • SAM
SP SA-6 Gainful Border Defence Corps ε40,000
TOWED SA-2 Guideline; SA-3 Goa
MANPAD SA-7 Grail; SA-16 Gimlet Local Forces ε5,000,000 reservists
GUNS 37mm; 57mm; 85mm; 100mm; 130mm Incl People’s Self-Defence Force (urban units), People’s
MSL Militia (rural units); comprises of static and mobile cbt
ASM AS-14 Kedge; AS-17 Krypton; AS-18 Kazoo; AS-9 units, log spt and village protection pl; some arty, mor
Kyle and AD guns; acts as reserve.
East Asia and

Australasia
Table 34 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, East Asia and Australasia
Due
Australia (Aus)
M113 A1 APC 350 AUD590m Dom BAE 2002 2010 Upgrade to AS3/AS4 (S) standard. 16
delivered by Jul 2008
Bushmaster LACV 143 AUD99m Dom Thales 2007 – Extension of 2002 contract for 300. 5
(USD82m) Australia variants. Final delivery due Mar 2009
Bushmaster LACV 254 AUD300m Dom Thales 2007 – –
(USD240m) Australia
F100 Hobart, DD 3 USD8bn Sp /Dom AWD Alliance 2007 2014 Aka Air Warfare Destroyer (AWD).
Brisbane, 2nd to be delivered 2016, 3rd 2017.
Sydney Option on a 4th DD. All to be fitted
with Aegis system
Anzac FFG – AD260m Dom CEA 2005 2009 Upgrade: CEA-FAR Anti-Ship Missile
Upgrade Technologies Defence. Completion due 2012
Canberra LHD 2 AUD3.1bn Dom/Sp Navantia 2007 2012 To replace HMAS Tobruk and 1
(USD2.8bn) Kanimbla-class amph tpt. To be
named Canberra and Adelaide

Collins SSK 6 AUD400m Int’l US DOD/ 2006 2007 Combat sys upgrade. Incl mk48 mod 7
Upgrade (USD220.9m) Raytheon ADCAP (advanced capability) torp
MU90 Torp – EUR150m Int’l/Dom Eurotorp 2004 2007 20 torpedoes delivered early 2008
(USD223m)
Tactical Msl 2 USD44m US Boeing 2006 2007 Incl 2 warhead sections, 2 Mk 992
Harpoon exercise/ warhead container and 1 Mk
Block II AURS 607 air-launch container
F/A-18F FGA 24 AUD6bn US Boeing 2007 2010 To replace current F111. May incl EA-
Block II Super (USD4.6bn) 18G Growler. Final delivery due 2011.
Hornet Advanced targeting forward-looking
infrared (ATFLIR) pods for 18 F/A-18F
AGM-158 Msl – AUD300m US 2006 2009 For F/A-18 A/B FGA
JASSM (USD255m)
A330-200 Tkr/Tpt 5 AUD1.5bn Int’l EADS 2004 2009 Project Air 5402
(MRTT) ac (USD1.4 bn)
Dash 8/ Hel SURV 12 EU20m It / Dom SAPL 2007 – Upgrade. Until 2020. 10 ATOS
Upgrade Surveillance Information
Management for Dash 8 ac and 2 for
Bell hel. For Coastwatch; civ contract
B-737 AEW&C 6 AUD3.6bn US Boeing 2000 2006 Increased from 4 to 6 in 2004. Delivery
Wedgetail (USD3.4bn) originally due 2006 but integration
problems mean first 2 due early 2010
and final 4 late 2010
Soothsayer EW – Dom Lockheed 2005 – Revived EWSP (Electronic Warfare Self
Martin Protection) fit to C-130H, CH-47 and
S-70A-9s with MILDS (Missile Launch
and Detection System)
AS-665 Tiger Hel 22 AUD3.3bn Sp/Dom Eurocopter 2001 2004 First delivery Dec 2004. Deliveries
(USD2.83bn) ongoing
AW109 Power Trg hel 3 – It Agusta- 2007 – For navy
Westland
MRH90 Tpt hel 46 AUD2bn Int’l / Dom NH Industries 2005 2007 Replacement programme. 6 for navy
(USD1.47bn) 2006 40 for army. Aus variant of NH90. First
4 built in Europe; remainder in Aus. 2
delivered by Dec 2007. Final delivery
due 2014. Option for a further 26
Skylark UAV Undis- Undisclosed II Elbit Systems 2008 2008 Quantity and cost undisclosed.
closed Follow-on order from 2005 for
6 on trial basis to support Aus
deployments to Irq and Afg
Due
ScanEagle UAV – AUD11.5m Dom Boeing 2007 – Lease contract to provide recce
(USD9.1m) and surv services until new TUAV
with I-View capabilities becomes
operational in 2009
China, People’s Republic of (PRC)

CSS-X-10 ICBM – Dom 1985 – DF-41 – range 12,000km. Programme
possibly either halted or terminated
in 2002. May have been restarted with
new performance requirement
DF-21X IRBM – Dom 1999 – In development. Modernised DF-15
CSS-9 IRBM – Dom 1985 – DF-31 – range 8,000km. Successfully
tested Aug 1999. 12 reported as
operationally deployed
CSS-NX-5 SLBM – Dom 1985 2009 In development; range 8,000km.
Reportedly to equip new Type 094

SSBN
4x4 Tigr LACV 100 RF Military 2008 2009 –
Industrial
Company
Type 094 SSBN 4 Dom 1985 2008 Construction reportedly began
1999. First of class launched 2004.
Currently undergoing sea-trials. Full
commissioning status unknown
Type 093 SSGN 2 Dom 1985 2006 First of class commissioned 2006,
second commissioned 2007.
Construction of a third may have
started but unconfirmed
J-10 FGA – Dom 1993 – Approaching 100 in service by 2008
IL-76TD Tpt ac 30 See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Combined cost with order for 8
export IL-78M tkr reported to be EUR850-
1.5bn (USD1-1.8bn). Reports suggest
contract currently frozen
IL-78 Midas Tkr ac 8 See notes RF Rosoboron 2005 – Combined cost with order for 30 IL-
export 76TD reported to be EUR850-1.5bn
(USD1-1.8bn). Reports suggest
contract currently frozen
Be-103 Ac 6 RF 2007 – Amphibious ac
EC-120 Colibri Hel – Dom 1990 2005 With Pak (150 units)
Indonesia (Indo)
East Asia and

BMP-3F AIFV 20 USD40m RF Rosoboron 2008 2010 Petroleum supply offset; funding
Australasia
export unconfirmed. To replace PT-76
LVTP7 AAV Undis- Value ROK – 2008 – Ex-ROK stock. Number undisclosed,
closed undisclosed but believed to be dozens
Kobra AD – USD40m PL CNPEP Radar 2006 2008 Intergrated AD system. Delivery due
early 2009
Kilo - class SSK 2 See notes RF – 2006 – Part of USD1bn deal incl Mi-17, Mi-35,
BMP-3F and ASSM. Petroleum supply
offset; funding unconfirmed
Sigma FS 4 USD1.9bn Nl Schelde Naval 2004 2008 First batch of 2 ordered in 2004.
Shipbuilding Second batch of 2 ordered 2006.
KRI Diponegoro delivered 2007 KRI
Hasanuddin delivered Jan 2008.
Remaining FS, Sultan Iskandar Muda
and Frans Kaisiepo due 2008 and 2009
Multi-role LPD 4 USD150m Dom/ROK PT Pal/ Dae 2003 2008 KRI Makassar commissioned Apr 2007,
vessel Sun KRI Surabaya launched May 2007, 3rd
vessel launched Aug 2008, 4th vessel
due to be launched 2009
Due
ASM package ASSM 2 See notes RF – 2006 – Part of USD1bn deal incl Su-27/30,
Mi-17, Mi-35, BMP-3F, 2 SSK.
Petroleum supply offset; funding
unconfirmed
Su-27SKM FGA 3 See notes RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 USD335m incl 3 Su-30. Final delivery
export due 2009
Su-30MK2 FGA 3 See notes RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 USD335m incl 3 Su-27. Final delivery
export due Nov 2008
NC-212 Tpt ac 1 Value Dom PT Dirgantara 2008 – –
undisclosed
CN-235 Tac tpt 2 Value Dom PT Dirgantara 2008 – –
ac undisclosed
NAS-332 Hel 12 – Dom PT Dirgantara 1998 2004 Delays due to funding problems.
Super Puma By Feb 2008, 7 delivered. Contract
reduced from 16 to 12 in 2008. To
replace Sikorsky S-58T
Japan (J)
Satellites Sat 4 Dom 1998 2002 Incl 2 optical and 2 radar sat. First
launched 2003
Theatre BMD – – Dom/US – 1997 – Joint development with US from
Missile 1998. Programme ongoing and incl
Defence SM-3 and PAC-3 systems
System
19DD DDGH 4 JPY84.8 bn Dom Mitsubishi 2007 2011 To replace the oldest 5 Hatsuyuki-
(USD700m) Heavy class. Firm contract not signed by
Industries Nov 2008
Kongou-class DDGH 4 USD33 - 40m Dom Lockheed 2002 2007 Upgrade to Aegis BMD Block IV
Upgrade per vessel Martin Standard with Standard SM-3 Block
1A ABM. JDS Kongou upgraded
2007, JDS Choukai to be upgraded in
2008/9, JDS Myoukou to be upgraded
2009 onwards and JDS Kirishima
awaiting contract
Standard SAM 9 USD458m US Raytheon 2006 – Part of Aegis BMD System for Kongou-
Missile 3 class DDGH
(SM-3)
F-2A / F-2B FGA 94 – Dom / US Mitsubishi 1999 2000 76 due 2008
Heavy
Industries
KC-767 Tpt/Tkr 4 – US Boeing 2003 2008 First delivered early 2008
Dash 8 Q300 MPA 3 – Ca / Dom Sojitz 2006 – For Coast Guard
E-767 AWACS 4 USD108m US Boeing 2006 – Radar System Improvement
Upgrade Programme (RSIP)
AH-64D Hel 13 – Dom Boeing 2001 2006 Up to 6 in Longbow config. 10
Apache delivered by early 2008. Original plans
to order up to 55 AH-64D halted
EH-101 Merlin Hel 14 – UK Agusta- 2003 2006 Second MCH-101 delivered Mar 2007.
(MCH101) Westland/ KHI For JMSDF to replace MH-53E and
S-61 hel under MCH-X program
Korea, Republic of (ROK)

K-21 IFV 500 USD3.5 m Dom Doosan 2008 2009 Deployment due to commence 2009
per unit Infracore
KDX-3 DDGH 3 – Dom DSME 2002 2008 First of class (Sejong Daewang) due to
be commissioned 2009. Final vessel
due 2012. 3 additional vessels may be
ordered
Due
FFX FFGH 6 KRW1.7bn Dom – 2006 2015 In development. To replace Ulsan-
(USD1.8bn) class FFG. ISD by 2015. Up to 15
vessels may be built
Haeseong ASCM 100 KRW270m Dom – 2006 2010 –
(Sea Star (USD294m)
- ASM/SSM-
700K)
KSS-II (Type SSK 3 KRW1.27tn Ge/Dom Hyundai 2000 2007 Final vessel (An Jung-geun) launched
214) (USD1.4bn) Heavy Jun 2008. Due to be commissioned
Industries Nov 2009
KSS-III SSK 3 – Dom – 2006 2015 Construction due to start 2010 or
2011. Further 3 or 6 SSK to follow in a
second phase. To replace Chang Bogo-
class (Type 209) KSS-I SSK
AAV-7A1 AAV Undis- KRW149bn US/Dom BAE/ 2006 2006 Third production phase. Final delivery
(LVTP7A1) closed (USD157m) Samsung due 2010
Techwin
Standard SAM – – Dom Raytheon 2000 2008 For Aegis BMD System
Missile-2
(SM-2)
(Multi- SAM – – Dom – 1998 2009 In development. To replace current
function army Hawk SAMs. Full scale
Surface to production due after 2009
Air Missile)
M-SAM
F-15K Eagle FGA 40 – US Boeing 2002 2005 First ac delivered 2005. First phase of
F-X fighter programme
F-15K Eagle FGA 20/21 USD2.2bn US Boeing 2008 2010 Exercised option of the 2002 contract.
(KRW2.3trn) Additional FGA included in cost to
replace that which crashed in 2006
AW139 MPA 2 – UK Agusta- 2008 2009 For Coast Guard for maritime patrol
Westland and SAR missions
737-700 AEW&C 4 USD1.7bn US Boeing 2006 2011 E-X programme. Delivery likely to be
AEW&C delayed due to integration problems.
(E-737)
T-50 / TA-50 Trg ac 25 Approx Dom KAI 2003 2005 First 2 ac delivered Jan 2006
Golden Eagle USD0.5bn
T-50 / TA-50 Trg ac 50 Approx Dom KAI 2006 – –
Golden Eagle USD1bn
AIM-9X AAM 102 USD31m US Raytheon 2008 – Contract value inc 26 containers
Sidewinder
East Asia and

Malaysia (Mal)
Australasia
PT-91M MBT 48 MUR1.4bn PI Bumar 2003 2005 Serial production began 2007
Twardy (USD368m)
ACV-300 APC 48 USD136m Dom DEFTECH 2008 – –
Adnan
Stormer APC 13 See notes Dom DSSB 2008 – Refurbishment. RM541.3m inc 21
Scorpion
Scorpion Recce 21 See notes Dom DSSB 2008 – Refurbishment. RM541.3m inc 13
Stormer
Vehiculo ACV 85 MYR60 Sp/Dom Urovesa 2008 – 4 x 4 tactical vehicles. Incl 24 Metis-M
de Alta million ATGW carriers and 25 Igla MANPAD
Movilidad (USD19.1m) system self-launching unit carriers
Tactica
(VAMATAC)
Astros II MRL 18 Br Avibras 2007 – –
Due
ACV-S300 Mor 8 USD16.8m Dom DEFTECH 2008 – To support Fr 120 mm 2R2M mortar
120 mm
Adnan mortar
carriers
Kedah-Class FFG 6 – Ge/Dom BN Shipyards 1997 2004 KD Kedah and KD Pahang
MEKO A100- commissioned 2006. KD Perak (F173)
class launched Nov 2007, KD Terengganu
(F174) Dec 2007. All ISD due 2010
Scorpene SSK 2 EUR23.7m Sp DCNS and 2002 2008 Tunku Abdul Rahman handover due
(USD29.3m) Navantia Jan 2009. Tun Razak handover due
Aug 2009
Su-30MKM FGA 18 USD900m RF Rosoboron 2003 2005 6 ac delivered May 2007. Final delivery
Flanker export by 2008
A-400M Tpt ac 4 MYR907m Int EADS 2006 2013 Final delivery by 2014
(USD246m)
MB-339 CM Trg ac 8 EUR88m It Alenia 2006 2007 –

(USD112.8m) Aermacchi
Mi-8 Hip Hel 10 – RF Rosoboron 2003 2005 Deliveries ongoing
export
AW139 Hel 3 USD62m Int’l Agusta- 2008 – For Maritime Enforcement Agency
Westland
ALUDRA UAV – MYR5m Dom UST 2007 – In development. For army and navy
(USD1.4m) Consortium
AIM-9M AAM 57 See notes US Raytheon 2007 – Upgrade. Part of a USD300m
Sidewinder Upgrade including the upgrade of 200 AIM-9X
for Pak and 57 for ROK
Tactical ASM 2 – US Boeing 2006 2007 –
Harpoon
Block II AUR
Mongolia (Mgl)
Mi-171 Hip SAR Hel – – RF Rosoboron 2007 2008 2 delivered by Aug 2008
export
Myanmar (My)
BN-2 MPA 2 – Ind – 2007 2007 Ex-Ind stock. For relief and
Defender humanitarian missions only
New Zealand (NZ)

Rotoiti-class PCI 4 NZD500m Dom BAE 2004 2007 Part of Project Protector Programme.
(USD337m) To replace RNZN’s Moa-class PCI
C-130H Tpt ac 5 NZD226m Ca L-3 Spar 2004 2010 SLEP. Final delivery due 2010
Hercules SLEP
C-130H Tpt ac 5 NZS21.2m US L-3 Spar 2007 2007 Upgrade programme in addition to
Hercules Upgrade (USD15.6m) 2004 SLEP. EW Self-protection systems
(EWSPS). All due by 2011
757 Tpt ac 2 NZD221m US Mobile 2006 2008 Upgrade: comms, engine thrust, nav
Upgrade Aerospace and surv/air traffic management
Engineering systems
P-3K Orion MPA 6 – US L-3 Spar 2005 2010 Mission systems, comms and nav
Upgrade equipment
NH-90 Hel 8 NZD771m Fr NH Industries 2006 2010 Final delivery by 2013
(USD477m)
A-109 Hel 5 NZD139m Int’l Agusta- 2008 2011 Likely to replace Bell 47G-3B Sioux
(USD109m) Westland
Due
Philippines (Pi)
T-41D Trg ac 15 – ROK – 2008 2008 Free transfer
Mescalero
SF-260F/PAF Trg ac 18 USD13.8m It Alenia 2008 2010 Final delivery due 2012
Aermacchi
UH-1 Hel Unspeci- USD7.7m US Bell 2008 2009 Final delivery due Aug 2009
Upgrade fied
Singapore (Sgp)
Leopard 2A4 MBT 96 – Ge – 2006 2007 Ex-Ge stock. 66 refurbished and
30 spare MBT. Final delivery due
mid-2008
Formidable FFG 6 – Fr – 2000 2007 Modified La Fayette-class. Final vessel
(Supreme) delivered Aug 2008 and
due to be commissioned 2009

Type A17 SSK 2 USD128m Swe Kockums 2005 2010 Ex-Swe stock to be modernised and
Vastergotland converted for tropical waters
Submarine SSAN 1 SGD400m Dom/UK 2007 2009 To replace MV Kendrick and MV Avatar
spt and (USD261.8m)
rescue ship
(SSRV)
F-15SG Eagle Ftr 12 – US Boeing 2005 2008 First rolled out Nov 2008. Sgp trg sqn
based at Mtn Home AB (US)
F-15SG Eagle Ftr 12 – US Boeing 2007 2010 8 were option in original 2005
contract. Incl 28 GBU-10 and 56
GBU-12 PGM, several thousand
cartridges and practice bombs
C-130 Tpt ac 10 – US Rockwell 2007 – Avionics upgrade. To be completed
Hercules Upgrade Collins in 7 years
G550 CAEW AEW 4 – Il IAI 2007 2008 Final delivery due 2010. To replace
E-2C Group 0 HawkeyeAEW ac
G550 Trg ac 1 USD73m ST Aerospace 2008 Part of a 20 year trg contract
Pilatus PC-21 Trg ac 19 – US Pilatus 2006 2008 First batch of 6 delivered Apr
2008. Incl engineering and log spt,
maintenance, simulators over 20 years
S-70 B Hel 6 – US Sikorsky 2005 2008 Final delivery due 2010. To operate
Seahawk with Formidable-class FFG
AIM-120 AAM 100 – US Raytheon 2006 2008 –
AMRAAM
Taiwan (Republic of China) (ROC)

East Asia and
Australasia
Patriot PAC-3 AD – USD79m US Raytheon 2008 – Upgrade: Patriot Configuration-3
upgrade kits upgrade kits
Jinn Chiang PFM 24 – Dom – 1992 2010 12 delivered by 2005. Final delivery
due 2010
AGM-84L ASM 60 USD89m US Boeing 2007 2009 For F-16
Harpoon
Block II
Hsiung Feng ASM – – Dom – 2005 – In development
3E
F-16 A/B Ftr 146 USD9.3m US BAE 2006 2008 Upgrade. Incl upgrade of AN/ALR-
Upgrade 56M radar warning receiver, and 185
central processing units
Thailand (Th)
TSP-77 long- Radar 1 – US Lockheed 2007 2009 Part of a multi-phase national AD
range air surv system
Due
Reva 4x4 APC 100 – RSA ICP 2007 – –
BTR-3E1 8x8 APC 96 THB4bn Ukr ADCOM 2007 – Amphibious APC. To be completed
(USD134m) in 2–3 years. Order on hold since Oct
2007
WMZ 551 APC 97 USD51.3m PRC NORINCO 2005 – Delivery date yet to be released
Type 25T FF 2 EUR5m Fr – 2007 – Hel landing system upgrade
Naresuan Upgrade (USD7m)
Hydrographic HSV 1 – NI Unithai 2005 2008 –
Survey Vessel Shipyard
C-802 SSM 50 THB1,600m PRC – 2007 – –
JAS 39C/D FGA 6 See notes Swe SAAB 2008 2010 SEK2bn (USD308m) incl two 340
Gripen Erieye. Four JAS 39D, two JAS 39C. To
replace F-5B/E Tiger II ac. Final delivery
due 2017
C-130H Tpt ac 12 THB1bn Dom / US Rockwell 2007 – Phase 1: avionics upgrade. Phase
Hercules Collins 2: Comms, Nav, Surv/Air Traffic

Management (CNS/ATM)
340 Erieye AEW 2 See notes Swe SAAB 2007 2008 SEK2bn (USD308m) inc 6 JAS 39
Gripen. Final delivery by 2017
MH-60S Hel 2 USD58m US Sikorsky 2007 2009 For Naresuan-class FF
Knighthawk
Vietnam (Vn)
VinaSat-1 Sat 1 USD300m US – 2006 2008 Dual military/commercial comms sat
T-72 MBT 150 See notes PL Profus 2005 2005 Part of USD150m Pl spt contract to
supply ac, electronics and equipment
Gepard FFG 2 USD300m RF Rosoboron- 2005 2010 Construction began 2007
export
Svetlyak PCI 4 USD40m RF Almaz 2006 – 2 vessels delivered 2002. Further 2
vessels expected 2007. Option for
further 8 PCI
PZL M-28B MPA/tpt 10 – PL Profus 2005 2005 Part of Pl spt contract. 1 ac in service.
Bryza-1R/ Plans for up to 12 ac. Owned by Coast
Skytruck Guard but operated by Army Air Force
Chapter Nine
Country comparisons – commitments,
force levels and economics
Table 35 UN Deployments 2008–2009 426

Index of contributing nations 434
Table 36 Non-UN Deployments 2008–2009 435
Index of contributing nations 441
Table 37 Selected training activity 2008 442
Table 38 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower 447
Table 39 Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations – Leading Recipients in 2007 453
Table 40 Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations – Leading Recipients in 2007 453
Table 41 Global Arms Deliveries – Leading Suppliers in 2007 453
Table 42 Global Arms Transfer Agreements – Leading Suppliers in 2007 453
Table 43 Value of Global Arms Transfer Agreements and Market Share, by Supplier, 2000–2007 453
Table 44 Value of Global Arms Deliveries and Market Share, by Supplier 2000–2007 453
Table 45 Arms Deliveries to Middle East and North Africa, by Supplier 454
Table 35 UN Deployments 2008–2009

Caribbean and Latin America Location GEORGIA
Operation UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
Location HAITI
Original Resolution 937 (27 Jul 1994)
Operation UN Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)
Mandate
Original Resolution 1542 (30 Apr 2004)
Mandate Resolution 1839 (9 Oct 2008)
Mandate:
Renewed
Mandate Resolution 1840 (14 Oct 2008)
Renewed 15 Feb 2009
Renewed:
until
Renewed 15 Oct 2009
Mission: Prior to the August 2008 conflict between Georgia and
Until:
Russia, UNOMIG’s mission was to monitor and verify the
Mission: Support the political process, help to strengthen state implementation of the ceasefire agreement of 14 May
institutions and support the work of both the Haitian 1994. In light of the recent conflict, the UN has yet to
National Police and the National Commission on outline a new mission for UNOMIG.
Disarmament, Dismantlement and Reintegration.
Country Military Observers
Country Forces by Role Troops
Germany 11
Brazil 1 inf bn(+), 1 engr coy 1,212
Pakistan 10
Uruguay 2 inf bn, 1 avn unit 1,143
Bangladesh 7
Nepal 2 inf bn 1,079
Jordan 7
Sri Lanka 1 inf bn 959
Hungary 7
Jordan 1 inf bn 754
Korea, Republic of 7
Argentina 1 inf bn, 1 avn unit, 1 fd hospital 558
Czech Republic 5
Chile 1 inf bn, 1 avn unit, elms 1 engr coy 499
Denmark 5
Bolivia 1 inf coy 217
Egypt 5
Peru 1 inf coy 205
Poland 5
Philippines 1 HQ coy 157
Russia 5
Guatemala 1 MP coy 118
Turkey 5
Ecuador elms 1 engr coy 67
UK 5
Paraguay 31
Ukraine 5
Canada 5
Greece 4
United States 4
Indonesia 4
Croatia 3
Switzerland 4
France 1
Albania 3
TOTAL (excluding police) 7,012
Croatia 3
France 3
Non-NATO Europe
Sweden 3
Location CYPRUS Uruguay 3
Operation UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Yemen, Rep of 3
Original Resolution 186 (4 Mar 1964) Austria 2
Mandate: Lithuania 2
Mandate Resolution 1818 (13 Jun 2008) Romania 2
Renewed:
United States 2
Renewed 15 Dec 2008
Ghana 1
Until:
Moldova 1
Mission: Prevent a recurrence of conflict between Greek Cypriot
and Turkish/Turkish Cypriot forces; help to maintain law Mongolia 1
and order Nepal 1
Country Forces by role Troops Nigeria 1
Argentina 2 inf coy, 1 avn unit 296 TOTAL (excluding police) 132
UK 1 inf coy 260
Slovakia elms 1 inf coy, 1 engr pl 196
Hungary elms 1 inf coy 84
Austria 5
Croatia 4
Canada 1
TOTAL (excluding police) 846
Country comparisons 427

Location SERBIA Location ISRAEL, SYRIA AND LEBANON
Operation UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Operation UN Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO)
Original Resolution 1244 (10 Jun 1999) Original Resolution 50 (29 May 1948)
Mandate: Mandate
Renewed Cancelled by the Security Council Mandate Resolution 339 (23 Oct 1973)
Until Renewed
Mission: Originally established to provide a transitional Renewed Cancelled by the Security Council
administration for Kosovo, and to oversee the Until
development of democratic, self-governing institutions. Mission Originally acting as supervisors for the armistice
UNMIK has subsequently scaled down and moved agreements signed between Israel and its Arab
from an executive role to providing support for local neighbours, UNTSO has subsequently undertaken
institutions. a range of tasks including providing a channel for
Country Military Observers communication between hostile powers; it can provide
Ireland 4 the nucleus for establishing other peacekeeping
Ukraine 4 operations at short notice.
Romania 3 Country Military Observers
Bangladesh 2 Finland 13
Portugal 2 Australia 11
Spain 2 Ireland 11
Argentina 1 Netherlands 11
Bolivia 1 Norway 11
Bulgaria 1 Denmark 10
Chile 1 Switzerland 10
Czech Republic 1 Canada 7
Denmark 1 Italy 7
Jordan 1 New Zealand 7
Norway 1 Austria 6
New Zealand 1 Sweden 6
Pakistan 1 Argentina 5
Poland 1 China, People’s 4
Republic of
Russia 1
Russia 4
Chile 3
Nepal 3
United States 3
Location IRAQ Belgium 2
Operation UN Mission Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) Estonia 2
Original Resolution 1500 (14 Aug 2003) France 2
Mandate
Slovakia 2
Mandate Resolution 1830 (7 Aug 2008)
Slovenia 2
Renewed
Renewed 7 Aug 2009
Until
Mission Support government and people of Iraq in the ongoing Location LEBANON
political process, help to provide humanitarian assitance Operation UNIFIL
to refugees and displaced persons, and promote human Original Resolutions 425 and 426 (19 Mar 2008)
rights. Mandate
Location Forces by role Troops Mil Obs Mandate Resolution 1832 (27 Aug 2008)
Fiji 3 Sy units 222 Renewed
Denmark 3 Renewed 31 Aug 2009
Australia 2 Until
New Zealand 1 Mission Assist the Lebanese government in securing its borders
and establishing a de-militarised zone in Southern Leba-
UK 1
non; help to ensure access for humanitarian aid.
222 7
Country Forces by role Troops
Italy 3 inf bn, 1 avn unit, 1 FF, 1 PB 2,420
France 1 combined arms BG, 1 engr coy, 1 FF, 1 PC 2,177
Spain 1 inf bn, 1 PB 1,139
India 1 inf bn, 1 fd hospital 897
Ghana 1 inf bn 880
Indonesia 1 inf bn 870
Nepal 1 inf bn 868
Turkey 1 engr coy, 2 PB 506
Poland 1 inf coy, 1 log bn 488
Belgium 1 inf coy, 1 FFG 485
Malaysia 1 inf coy 370

Location LEBANON Location WESTERN SAHARA
Korea, Republic of 1 inf bn 367 Pakistan 8
China, People’s 1 engr coy, 1 fd hospital 343 Croatia 7
Republic of Honduras 6
Germany 1 MHC, 1 MSC, 1 Spt 234 Hungary 6
Greece 1 FF, 1 PB 192 Uruguay 6
Portugal 1 engr coy 146 Yemen, Rep of 6
Tanzania 1 MP coy 75 Italy 5
El Salvador 46 Guinea 4
Slovenia 14 Argentina 3
Ireland 7 Ireland 3
Norway 5 Mongolia 3
Hungary 4 Paraguay 3
Qatar 3 Sri Lanka 3
Cyprus 2 Austria 2
Guatemala 2 Djibouti 2
Croatia 1 Kenya 2
FYROM 1 Greece 1
Luxembourg 1 Poland 1
TOTAL (excluding police) 12,543 20 199
Location SYRIAN GOLAN HEIGHTS
Operation UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) Sub-Saharan Africa
Original Resolution 350 (31 May 1974)
Location BURUNDI
Mandate
Operation UN Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB)
Mandate Resolution 1821 (27 June 2008)
Renewed Original Resolution 1719 (25 Oct 2006)
Mandate
Renewed 31 Dec 2008
Until Mandate Resolution 1791 (19 Dec 2007)
Renewed
Mission Supervise the continued implemetation of the
disengagement of forces agreement signed by Israel and Renewed 31 Dec 2008
Syria after the war of October 1973. Until
Country Forces by role Troops Mission Support the government of Burundi in peace
consolidation and democratic governance, disarmament
Austria 1 inf bn 383
and security sector reform, and the promotion of human
Poland 1 inf bn 347 rights.
India elms 1 log bn 187 Country Military Observers
Croatia 1 inf coy 95 Bangladesh 1
Japan elms 1 log bn 29 Croatia 1
Canada 2 Egypt 1
TOTAL 1,043 Netherlands 1
Niger 1
Location WESTERN SAHARA Pakistan 1
Operation UN Mission for the Referendum in the Western Sahara Switzerland 1
(MINURSO)
Tunisia 1
Mandate
Mandate Resolution 1813 (30 Apr 2008)
Renewed
Renewed 30 Apr 2009
Until
Mission Ensuring compliance with the ceasefire agreed between
Morocco and POLISARIO whilst efforts continue to
establish a longer term solution to the situation in
Western Sahara.
Country Forces by Role Troops Mil Obs
Malaysia 1 Fd Hospital 20 12
Egypt 24
Ghana 18
Russia 15
France 14
China, Peoples 13
Republic of
Brazil 10
El Salvador 6
Bangladesh 8
Nigeria 8

Location CHAD AND THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Location CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Operation UN Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad Operation UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI)
(MINURCAT) Original Resolution 1528 (27 Feb 2004)
Original Resolution 1778 (25 Sep 2007) Mandate
Mandate Mandate Resolution 1826 (29 July 2008)
Mandate Resolution 1834 (24 Sep 2008) Renewed
Renewed Renewed 31 Jan 2009
Renewed 15 Mar 2009 Until
Until Mission Tasked with monitoring the ceasefire agreement and arms
Mission Trains and supports the Chadian Police; liaises with embargo, assisting in the process of disarming militia
security forces in both Chad and the CAR, as well as with groups, reform of the security sector, promoting and
the UNHCR, in order to provide security for local civilians. protecting human rights and law and order.
It is also tasked with monitoring and promoting human Country Forces by role Troops Mil Obs
rights and the rule of law. Bangladesh 3 inf bn, 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 2,714 11
Country Military Observers fd hospital
Ghana 4 Jordan 1 inf bn, 1 SF coy 1,062 7
Brazil 3 Pakistan 1 inf bn, 1 armd sqn(-), 1 engr 1,136 9
Kyrgyzstan 3 coy, 1 tpt coy
Nigeria 3 Morocco 1 inf bn 724
Senegal 3 Ghana 1 inf bn, 1 avn unit, 1 fd hospital 541 6

Yemen, Rep of 3 Benin 1 inf bn 427 8
Bangladesh 2 Niger 385 6
Ecuador 2 Senegal 1 inf bn 326 10
Egypt 2 Togo 1 inf bn 315 7
Gambia 2 France 1 engr coy 181 2
Mali 2 Russia 11
Nepal 2 Paraguay 2 8
Pakistan 2 Tunisia 3 7
Spain 2 Yemen, Rep of 1 8
Uganda 2 Nigeria 8
Zambia 2 China, People’s 7
Bolivia 1 Republic of
Gabon 1 Brazil 3 4
Jordan 1 India 7
Poland 1 Philippines 3 4
Portugal 1 Romania 7
Rwanda 1 Guatemala 5
TOTAL (excluding police) 45 Uganda 1 4
Moldova 4
Nepal 1 3
Bolivia 3
El Salvador 3
Gambia 3
Peru 3
Serbia 3
Tanzania 2 1
Chad 2
Croatia 2
Ecuador 2
Ethiopia 2
Ireland 2
Namibia 2
Poland 2
Uruguay 2
Zambia 2
Zimbabwe 2
Guinea 1
7,827 190

Location DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO Location LIBERIA
Operation UN Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Operation UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
Congo (MONUC) Original Resolution 1509 (19 Sep 2003)
Original Resolution 1279 (30 Nov 1999) Mandate
Mandate Mandate Resolution 1836 (29 Sep 2008)
Mandate Resolution 1794 (21 Dec 2007) Renewed
Renewed Renewed 30 Sep 2009
Renewed 31 Dec 2008 Until
Until Mission Provide support for the peace process and humanitarian
Mission Maintain a deterrent presence to discourage violence assistance, assist in security sector reform.
and protect civilians and UN staff; assists in seizing and Country Forces by role Troops Mil Obs
destroying illegal arms and assists the Congolese govern- Pakistan 1 mech inf bn, 2 inf bn, 3 engr 3,401 14
ment in disarming foreign and local armed forces. coy, 1 fd hospital
Country Forces by role Troops Mil Obs Bangladesh 2 inf bn, 2 engr coy, 1 sigs pl, 1 2,399 19
India 2 mech inf bn, 1 inf bn, 1 avn bn, 1 4,388 58 log unit, 1 MP unit
avn unit, 1 atk hel unit, 1 fd hospital Ethiopia 2 inf bn 1,785 19
Pakistan 3 mech inf bn, 3 inf bn 3,588 53 Nigeria 2 inf bn, 5 sigs pl 1,661 21
Uruguay 1 inf bn, 3 rvn coy(-) 1,324 47 Ghana 1 inf bn 701 15
Bangladesh 1 mech inf bn, 1 avn unit 1,331 28
China, Peoples 1 engr coy, 1 tpt coy, 1 fd 566 4
South Africa 1 inf bn, 3 engr coy, 1 CSS coy, 1,158 15 Republic of hospital
1 avn unit
Ukraine 1 avn unit 302 3
Nepal 1 mech inf bn, 1 engr coy 1,031 25
Mongolia 1 inf coy 250
Morocco 1 mech inf bn 1 fd hospital 831 4
Philippines 1 inf coy 170 3
Benin 1 inf bn 750 13
Jordan 1 fd hospital 123 7
Tunisia 1 mech inf bn 464 33
Nepal 43 4
Ghana 1 mech inf bn 462 23
El Salvador 26 3
Senegal 1 inf bn 459 17
China, Peoples 1 engr coy, 1 fd hospital 218 16 United States 6 7
Republic of Malaysia 10
Bolivia 1 inf coy(+) 200 7 Egypt 8
Indonesia 1 engr coy 175 16 Namibia 4 2
Malawi 1 CSS coy 111 23 Russia 6
Guatemala 1 SF coy 105 5 Serbia 6
Jordan 1 fd hospital 66 22 Kenya 2 3
Russia 27 Kyrgyzstan 5
Nigeria 23 Bolivia 1 3
Romania 23 Croatia 4
Egypt 22 Ecuador 1 3
Kenya 21 Mali 4
Zambia 19 Peru 2 2
Malaysia 17 Paraguay 1 3
Niger 16 Zambia 4
Mali 15 Benin 1 2
Ukraine 11 Brazil 3
Paraguay 11 Czech Republic 3
Burkina Faso 10 Indonesia 3
Canada 10 Moldova 3
France 5
Niger 3
Sweden 5
Romania 3
Belgium 7
Senegal 3
Algeria 6
Togo 1 2
Serbia 6
UK 3
Spain 6
Denmark 2
UK 6
France 2
Bosnia-Herzegovina 5
Yemen, Rep of 5 Korea, Republic of 1 1
Ireland 4 Montenegro 2
Peru 4 Finland 2
Sri Lanka 4 Poland 2
Switzerland 3 Zimbabwe 2
Czech Republic 3 Yemen, Rep of 1
Poland 3 11,465 206
Denmark 2 TOTAL (excluding police) 11,671
Mozambique 2
Mongolia 2
16,667 702

Location SIERRA LEONE Location SUDAN (continued)
Operation UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) Romania 14
Original Resolution 1620 (31 Aug 2005) Zimbabwe 14
Mandate Philippines 13
Mandate Resolution 1793 (31 Dec 2007) Ukraine 13
Renewed Indonesia 12
Renewed 30 Sep 2008 Thailand 12
Until
Malaysia 2 8
Mission UNIOSIL’s mandate terminates on 30th Sep 2008 when
Uganda 10
it will be replaced by a new United Nations Integrated
Peacebuilding Office (UNIPSIL) tasked with assisting Kyrgyzstan 9
the Sierra Leone government in resolving tensions Namibia 9
and preventing conflict and promoting human rights, Denmark 3 5
democratic institutions and the rule of law. Guatemala 1 7
Country Military Observers Paraguay 8
Nepal 2 Korea, Republic of 1 7
Pakistan 1 Fiji 7
Russia 1 Burkina Faso 6
UK 1 Benin 6
TOTAL (excluding police) 5 Guinea 6

Malawi 6
Location SUDAN Sri Lanka 6
Operation UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) Botswana 5
Original Resolution 1590 (24 Mar 2005) Croatia 5
Mandate Gabon 5
Mandate Resolution 1812 (30 Sep 2008) Sweden 2 3
Renewed El Salvador 5
Renewed 30 Apr 2009 Mali 4
Until
Belgium 4
Mission Monitor and verify the implementation of the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Greece 3
Sudanese Government and the Sudan People’s New Zealand 1 2
Liberation Movement/Army; provide security conditions Turkey 3
to enable the return of refugees and the provision of UK 3
humanitarian assistance. Mongolia 2
Country Forces by role Troops Mil Obs Moldova 2
India 1 inf bn(+), 1 inf bn, 1 engr 2,607 19 Poland 2
coy(+), 1 avn unit, 1 fd hospital Finland 1
Pakistan 1 inf bn(+), 1 engr coy, 1 avn 1,562 15 Uruguay 1
unit, 1 avn unit(-), 1 tpt coy, 1
Mozambique 1
demining coy(-), 1 fd hospital
8,724 609
Bangladesh 1 inf bn, 1 engr coy (+), 1 EOD/ 1,545 23
demining coy, 1 MP coy, 1 fd TOTAL (excluding police) 9,333
hospital, 1 tpt coy (-), 1 rvn coy
Egypt 1 inf coy (+), 1 engr coy(+), 1 814 23
med coy(+)
Kenya 1 inf bn, 1 demining coy(+) 821 5
China, People’s 1 engr coy, 1 tpt coy(-), 1 fd 444 14
Republic of hospital
Zambia 1 inf coy(+) 350 9
Rwanda 1 inf bn(-) 256 14
Cambodia 1 demining coy(+) 136 7
Russia 1 avn unit 123 12
Germany 6 33
Canada 8 24
Brazil 24
Norway 6 17
Yemen, Rep of 1 22
Ecuador 20
Jordan 6 14
Bolivia 18
Peru 18
Tanzania 17
Nepal 6 10
Netherlands 2 14
Australia 9 6
Nigeria 14

Location SUDAN (DARFUR REGION) Central and South Asia
Operation UN-AU Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Location AFGHANISTAN
Original Resolution 1769 (31 Jul 2007) Operation UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)
Mandate Original Resolution 1401 (28 Mar 2002)
Mandate Resolution 1828 (31 Jul 2008) Mandate
Renewed Mandate Resolution 1806 (20 Mar 2008)
Renewed 31 Jul 2009 Renewed
Until Renewed 23-Mar-09
Mission Protect the local civilian population from violence, Until
monitor the implementation of the various ceasefire Mission Assist the Afghan government in developing and
agreements, establish a safe environment for the promoting good governance and the rule of law;
provision of humanitarian assistance and economic support human rights; coordinating role for delivery
reconstruction, promote human rights and the rule of of humanitarian aid; promote coherent support for
law and monitor the situation on Sudan’s borders with Afghanistan from the international community.
Chad and the Central African Republic.
Military Observers
Country Forces by role Troops Mil Obs
Canada 2
Nigeria 4 inf bn 2,887 9
Norway 2
Rwanda 4 inf bn 2,559 7
Australia 1
Egypt 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy 624 12
Bangladesh 1
South Africa 1 inf bn 587 13

Bolivia 1
Senegal 1 inf bn 550 9
Czech Republic 1
Ethiopia elms 1 inf bn 357
Denmark 1
China, People’s 1 engr coy 322
Germany 1
Republic of
Paraguay 1
Gambia 1 inf coy 189
Portugal 1
Kenya 1 MP coy 84
Korea, Republic of 1
Bangladesh 39 4
Romania 1
Pakistan 24
Uruguay 1
Tanzania 7 12
Nepal 9 9
Mali 9 3
Malawi 7 4 Location INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Gabon 10 Operation UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
(UNMOGIP)
Burundi 2 7
Togo 1 8 Mandate
Yemen, Rep of 8 Mandate Resolution 307 (21 Dec 1971)
Jordan 7 Renewed
Thailand 7 Renewed Cancelled by the Security Council
Zambia 3 4 Until
Burkina Faso 3 3 Mission Monitor the ceasefire between India and Pakistan in
Canada 5 Kashmir.
Libya 5 Country Military Observers
Ghana 3 Korea, Republic of 9
Indonesia 1 2 Croatia 8
Uganda 3 Italy 7
France 2 Sweden 7
UK 1 1 Finland 5
Namibia 1 Denmark 4
8,287 136 Chile 2
TOTAL (excluding police) 8,423 Uruguay 2
TOTAL 44

Location NEPAL East Asia and Australasia
Operation UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) Location TIMOR-LESTE
Original Resolution 1740 (23 Jan 2007) Operation UNMIT
Mandate Original Resolution 1704 (25 Aug 2005)
Mandate Resolution 1825 (23 Jul 2008) Mandate
Renewed Mandate Resolution 1802 (25 Feb 2008)
Renewed 23 Jan 2009 Renewed
Until Renewed 26 Feb 2009
Mission After the elections of 10 April 2008, UNMIN remains Until
in Nepal to monitor the continued compliance of Mission Provide training and support to the Timorese National
the Nepalese Army and the Maoist forces with the Police (PNTL) and assistance to Timorese government
Comprehensive Peace Agreement. It also assists the and institutions. It also aids in the provision of economic
OHCHR in monitoring the human rights situation, and assistance.
aiding in the disposal of landmines and IEDs.
Military Observers
Country Military Observers
Australia 4
Jordan 10
Bangladesh 4
Brazil 6
Brazil 4
Japan 6
Pakistan 4
Indonesia 5
Philippines 3
Malaysia 5
Portugal 3
Paraguay 5
China, People’s 2
Romania 5 Republic of
Bolivia 3 Malaysia 2
Egypt 3 Singapore 2
Nigeria 3 India 1
Uruguay 3 Fiji 1
Switzerland 2 Nepal 1
Sierra Leone 2 New Zealand 1
Sweden 2 Sierra Leone 1
Zimbabwe 2 TOTAL (excluding police) 33
Denmark 1
Guatemala 1
Kazakhstan 1
South Africa 1
Yemen, Rep of 1
Zambia 1
TOTAL 68
Index of contributing nations – UN deployments

Albania (Alb): UNOMIG Ghana (Gha): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; MINURCAT; UNIOSIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; MINURSO;
Algeria (Alg): MONUC UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNAMID; MINURSO UNMIT
Argentina (Arg): MINUSTAH; UNFICYP; UNMIK; Greece (Gr): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; UNMIS; Paraguay (Py): MINUSTAH; UNOCI; MONUC;
UNTSO; MINURSO MINURSO UNMIL; UNMIS; MINURSO; UNAMA; UNMIN
Australia (Aus): UNAMI; UNTSO; UNMIS; Guatemala (Gua): MINUSTAH; UNIFIL; UNOCI; Peru (Pe): MINUSTAH; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL;
UNAMA; UNMIT MONUC; UNMIS; UNMIN UNMIS
Austria (A): UNFICYP; UNOMIG; UNTSO; Guinea (Gui): UNOCI; UNMIS; MINURSO Philippines (Pi): MINUSTAH; UNOCI; UNMIL;
UNDOF; MINURSO Honduras (Hr): MINURSO UNMIS; UNMIT
Bangladesh (Bng): UNOMIG; UNMIK; BINUB; Hungary (Hu): UNFICYP; UNOMIG; UNIFIL; Poland (Pl): UNOMIG; UNMIK; UNIFIL; UNDOF;
MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; MINURSO MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS;
UNAMID; MINURSO; UNAMA; UNMIT India (Ind): UNIFIL; UNDOF; UNOCI; MONUC; MINURSO
Belgium (Be): UNTSO; UNIFIL; MONUC; UNMIS UNMIS; UNMIT Portugal (Por): UNMIK; UNIFIL; MINURCAT;
Benin (Bn): UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS Indonesia (Indo): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; MONUC; UNAMA; UNMIT
Bolivia (Bol): MINUSTAH; UNMIK; MINURCAT; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNMIN Qatar (Q): UNIFIL
UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMA; Ireland (Irl): UNMIK; UNTSO; UNIFIL; UNOCI; Romania (R): UNOMIG; UNMIK; UNOCI;
UNMIN MONUC; MINURSO MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMA; UNMIN
Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH): MONUC Italy (It): UNTSO; UNIFIL; MINURSO; UNMOGIP Russia (RF): UNOMIG; UNMIK; UNTSO; UNOCI;
Botswana (Btwa): UNMIS Japan (J): UNDOF; UNMIN MONUC; UNMIL; UNIOSIL; UNMIS; MINURSO
Brazil (Br): MINUSTAH; MINURCAT; UNOCI; Jordan (HKJ): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNMIK; Rwanda (Rwa): MINURCAT; UNMIS; UNAMID
UNMIL; UNMIS; MINURSO; UNMIN; UNMIT MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; Senegal (Sen): MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC;
Bulgaria (Bg): UNMIK UNAMID; UNMIN UNMIL; UNAMID
Burkina Faso (BF): MONUC; UNMIS; UNAMID Kazakhstan (Kaz): UNMIN Serbia (Ser): UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL
Burundi (Bu): UNAMID Kenya (Kya): MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; Sierra Leone (SL): UNMIN; UNMIT
Cambodia (Cam): UNMIS UNAMID; MINURSO Singapore (Sgp): UNMIT
Canada (Ca): MINUSTAH; UNFICYP; UNTSO; Korea, Republic of (ROK): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; Slovakia (Slvk): UNFICYP; UNTSO
UNDOF; MONUC; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNAMA UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMA; UNMOGIP Slovenia (Slvn): UNTSO; UNIFIL
Chad (Cha): UNOCI Kyrgyzstan (Kgz): MINURCAT; UNMIL; UNMIS South Africa (RSA): MONUC; UNAMID; UNMIN
Chile (Chl): MINUSTAH; UNMIK; UNTSO; Libya (LAR): UNAMID Spain (Sp): UNMIK; UNIFIL; MINURCAT;
UNMOGIP Lithuania (L): UNOMIG MONUC
China (PRC): UNTSO; UNIFIL; UNOCI; MONUC; Luxembourg (Lu): UNIFIL Sri Lanka (Ska): MINUSTAH; MONUC; UNMIS;
UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; MINURSO; UNMIT Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic MINURSO
Croatia (Cr): MINUSTAH; UNFICYP; UNOMIG; (FYROM): UNIFIL Sweden (Swe): UNOMIG; UNTSO; MONUC;
UNIFIL; UNDOF; UNOCI; UNMIL; UNMIS; Malawi (Miw): MONUC; UNMIS; UNAMID UNMIS; UNMOGIP; UNMIN
MINURSO; UNMOGIP; BINUB Malaysia (Mal): UNIFIL; MONUC; UNMIL; Switzerland (CH): UNOMIG; UNTSO; BINUB;
Cyprus (Cy): UNIFIL UNMIS; MINURSO; UNMIN; UNMIT MONUC; UNMIN
Czech Republic (Cz): UNOMIG; UNMIK; Mali (RMM): MINURCAT; MONUC; UNMIL; Tanzania (Tz): UNIFIL; UNOCI; UNMIS; UNAMID
MONUC; UNMIL; UNAMA UNMIS; UNAMID Thailand (Th): UNMIS; UNAMID
Denmark (Da): UNOMIG; UNMIK; UNAMI; Moldova (Mol): UNOMIG; UNOCI; UNMIL; Togo (Tg): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNAMID
UNTSO; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMA; UNMIS Tunisia (Tn): BINUB; UNOCI; MONUC
UNMOGIP; UNMIN Mongolia (Mgl): UNOMIG; MONUC; UNMIL; Turkey (Tu): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; UNMIS
Djibouti (Dj): MINURSO UNMIS; MINURSO Uganda (Uga): MINURCAT; UNOCI; UNMIS;
Ecuador (Ec): MINUSTAH; MINURCAT; UNOCI; Montenegro (Mnt): UNMIL UNAMID
UNMIL; UNMIS Morocco (Mor): UNOCI; MONUC Ukraine (Ukr): UNOMIG; UNMIK; MONUC;
Egypt (Et): UNOMIG; BINUB; MINURCAT; Mozambique (Moz): MONUC; UNMIS UNMIL; UNMIS
MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; Namibia (Nba): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNMIS; United Kingdom (UK): UNFICYP; UNOMIG;
MINURSO; UNMIN UNAMID UNAMI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNIOSIL; UNMIS;
El Salvador (ElS): UNIFIL; UNOCI; UNMIL; Nepal (N): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNTSO; UNAMID
UNMIS; MINURSO UNIFIL; MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; United States (US): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG;
Estonia (Ea): UNTSO UNIOSIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNMIT UNTSO; UNMIL
Ethiopia (Eth): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNAMID Netherlands (Nl): UNTSO; BINUB; UNMIS Uruguay (Ury): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNOCI;
Fiji (Fji): UNAMI; UNMIS; UNMIT New Zealand (NZ): UNMIK; UNAMI; UNTSO; MONUC; UNMIS; MINURSO; UNAMA;
Finland (SF): UNTSO; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNMIS; UNMIT UNMOGIP; UNMIN
UNMOGIP Niger (Ngr): BINUB; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL Yemen (Ye): UNOMIG; MINURCAT; UNOCI;
France (Fr): MINUSTAH; UNOMIG; UNTSO; Nigeria (Nga): UNOMIG; MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID;
UNIFIL; UNOCI; MONUC; UNMIL; UNAMID; MONUC; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; MINURSO; UNMIN
MINURSO MINURSO; UNMIN Zambia (Z): MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC;
Gabon (Gbn): MINURCAT; UNMIS; UNAMID Norway (No): UNMIK; UNTSO; UNIFIL; UNMIS; UNMIL; UNMIS; UNAMID; UNMIN
Gambia (Gam): MINURCAT; UNOCI; UNAMID UNAMA Zimbabwe (Zw): UNOCI; UNMIL; UNMIS;
Germany (Ge): UNOMIG; UNIFIL; UNMIS; Pakistan (Pak): UNOMIG; UNMIK; BINUB; UNMIN
UNAMA MINURCAT; UNOCI; MONUC: UNMIL;
Table 36 Non-UN Deployments 2008–2009

NATO Europe Location: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA (continued)
Location: MEDITERRANEAN SEA Estonia 2
Operation: Active Endeavour Latvia 2
Primary NATO Lithuania 1
Organisation: Luxembourg 1
Mission: Naval deployment to the eastern Mediterranean to TOTAL 2,174
provide a deterrent presence and surveillance of
maritime traffic. Location: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Contributor: Forces: Operation: OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canada 1 FFG Primary OSCE
Germany 1 FFG Organisation:
Poland 1 FFG Mission: Promote human rights, democracy building and
Spain 1 FFG regional military stabilisation.
United States 1 FFG Contributor: Total:
United States 10
Non-NATO Europe Italy 8
France 7
Location: ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN
Germany 5
Operation: The Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-
Ireland 5
Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk
Conference Austria 4
Primary OSCE Russia 4
Organisation: Netherlands 3
Mission: Represent the OSCE in issues related to the Nagorno- Spain 3
Karabakh conflict, and assist in confidence-buliding Sweden 3
and other measures contributing to the peace Bulgaria 2
process. Hungary 2
Contributor: Total: Kyrgyzstan 2
Hungary 2 Finland 2
Bulgaria 1 Slovakia 2
Czech Republic 1 Tajikistan 2
Poland 1 Armenia 1
UK 1 Azerbaijan 1
TOTAL 6 Canada 1
Czech Republic 1
Location: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Greece 1
Operation: EUFOR (Operation Althea) Romania 1
Primary EU Slovenia 1
Organisation: UK 1
Mission: Ensure continued compliance with the Dayton/Paris TOTAL: 72
agreement, and maintain security and stability within
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total: Location: GEORGIA
Spain 1 inf bn HQ, 1 inf coy, 1 recce pl 376 Operation: EUMM
Italy 248 Primary EU
Organisation:
Turkey 1 inf coy 242
Mission: Monitoring compliance with the Sarkozy-Medvedev
Poland 1 inf coy 204 six-point Agreement, following the Aug 2008 war.
Hungary 1 inf coy 158 Contributor Total (Civilian):
Germany 138 France 36
Bulgaria 116 Italy 35
Austria 103 Poland 26
France 101 Germany 25
Netherlands 75 Sweden 25
Romania 58 Romania 20
Finland 53 UK 19
Portugal 51 Denmark 10
Greece 45 Finland 10
Ireland 43 Spain 10
Slovakia 40 Greece 8
Slovenia 34 Netherlands 8
Switzerland 25 Czech Republic 5
Chile 21 Lithuania 5
Albania 13 Austria 4
FYROM 12 Bulgaria 4
UK 12 Ireland 4

Location: GEORGIA (continued) Location: MOLDOVA
Hungary 3 Operation: Trans-dniester Peacekeeping Force
Latvia 3 Primary Russia/Moldova/Ukraine
Estonia 2 Organisation:
Luxembourg 2 Mission: Peacekeeping operations in the Trans-dniester region
Malta 2 under the terms of the 1992 cease-fire agreement,
with the aim of contributing to a negotiated
TOTAL 266
settlement between the two sides.
Contributor Obs Troops
Location: GEORGIA
Russia 500
Operation: Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Moldova 500
Primary Russia
Ukraine 10
Organisation:
TOTAL 1,010
Mission: Russian forces remaining in Abkhazia and South
Ossetia after the August war
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total: Location: MOLDOVA
Russia 2 MR bde 7,600 Operation: OSCE Mission to Moldova
Primary OSCE
Organisation:
Location: GEORGIA
Mission: Main objective is to negotiate a lasting solution to
Operation: OSCE Mission to Georgia
the Trans-dniestrian conflict. Mission also deals with

Primary OSCE issues of human rights, democratisation and the
Organisation: removal and destruction of former Russian munitions.
Mission: Assist the Georgian government with conflict Contributor: Total:
settlement, democratisation, human rights and the
Estonia 2
rule of law.
France 2
Contributor: Total:
United States 2
Germany 7
Bulgaria 1
Austria 5
Czech Republic 1
Finland 5
Finland 1
France 4
Germany 1
Hungary 4
Latvia 1
Turkey 4
Poland 1
United States 4
UK 1
Ukraine 3
TOTAL 13
Belarus 2
Bulgaria 2
Location: SERBIA
Poland 2
Operation: OSCE Mission to Serbia
Sweden 2
Primary OSCE
UK 2
Organisation:
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1
Mission: Assist Serbia to build democratic institutions,
Czech Republic 1 particularly in the fields of human rights and the rule
Denmark 1 of law.
Estonia 1 Contributor: Total:
Greece 1 United States 5
Italy 1 Italy 4
Kazakhstan 1 Norway 4
Latvia 1 UK 4
Moldova 1 Germany 3
Norway 1 Sweden 3
Romania 1 Turkey 3
Russia 1 Estonia 2
Serbia 1 Hungary 2
Slovakia 1 Ireland 2
Spain 1 Slovenia 2
Switzerland 1 Austria 1
TOTAL 62 Bosnia-Herzegovina 1
Croatia 1
France 1
Georgia 1
Moldova 1
Netherlands 1
Portugal 1
Slovakia 1
Ukraine 1
TOTAL 44

Location: SERBIA (KOSOVO) Location: SERBIA (KOSOVO)
Operation: KFOR (Joint Enterprise) Operation: OSCE Mission in Kosovo
Primary NATO Primary OSCE
Organisation: Organisation:
Mission: Under UNSCR 1244 (10th June 1999) KFOR is Mission: Institution and democracy building in Kosovo, and
mandated to enforce law and order in Kosovo until promoting human rights and the rule of law.
UNMIK can assume responsibility for this task. Contributor: Total:
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total: Germany 18
Germany 1 inf bn HQ, 3 inf coy, elms 1 hel bn, 2,249 Spain 17
elms 1 recce coy, elms 1 engr coy, 1 United States 17
sigs bn, 1 CIMIC coy, elms 1 log unit,
Italy 15
elms 1 MP coy, 1 med unit
Austria 14
Italy 1 combined arms BG, 1 mtn inf coy, 1 2,192
engr unit, 1 hel unit, 1 sigs unit, 1 CSS Bosnia-Herzegovina 8
unit, 1 Carabinieri regt France 7
France 1 inf bn, 1 Gendarmerie regt, some 1,830 Greece 6
spt units (incl. atk hel) Ireland 6
United States 1 ARNG cbt spt bde 1,492 Sweden 6
Greece 2 mech inf bn 744 Croatia 5
Turkey 5
Austria 1 inf bn HQ, 2 inf coy, elms 1 hel bn, 623

elms 1 recce coy, elms 1 engr coy, UK 5
elms 1 MP coy, elms 1 log unit Poland 4
Spain 1 combined arms BG 620 Finland 4
Turkey 1 inf bn HQ, 2 inf coy, 1 marine coy, 1 544 Bulgaria 3
log coy, 1 Gendarmerie pl, elms 1 hel
Canada 3
bn, elms 1 recce coy, elms 1 engr coy,
elms 1 MP coy FYROM 3
Finland 1 inf coy, 1 int/surv/recce coy, 1 log 450 Netherlands 3
coy Portugal 3
Czech Republic 1 inf coy 400 Romania 3
Slovenia 1 inf bn HQ, 2 mot inf coy, 1 CSS coy 360 Azerbaijan 2
Hungary 1 mot inf coy 317 Switzerland 2
Denmark 1 inf gp (1 scout sqn, 1 inf coy) 311 Hungary 2
Ireland 1 mech inf coy, 1 log coy 280 Lithuania 2
Poland 1 inf bn 271 Moldova 2
Portugal 1 inf bn (KTM) 253 Russia 2
Sweden 253 Ukraine 2
Switzerland 1 inf coy, 1 spt coy, elms 1 hel bn, 220 Uzbekistan 2
elms 1 MP coy, elms 1 log unit Armenia 1
Morocco 1 inf det 216 Belarus 1
Slovakia 1 inf coy 196 Georgia 1
Belgium 195 Montenegro 1
Ukraine 185 Slovakia 1
UK 1 inf coy 164 Tajikistan 1
Romania 150 TOTAL 177
Armenia 70
Bulgaria elms 1 engr coy 51 Middle East and North Africa
Argentina 46 Location: EGYPT
Mongolia 36 Operation: MFO
Azerbaijan 34 Mission: Supervising the implementation of the Egyptian–
Lithuania 34 Israeli peace treaty’s security provisions
Estonia 1 inf pl 30 Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
Norway 25 United States 1 inf bn, 1 (comp) log bn 687
Luxembourg 23 Colombia 1 inf bn 357
Latvia 19 Fiji 3 inf coy 338
Netherlands 9 Uruguay Engr + Tpt 83
TOTAL 14,892 Italy 1 Coastal Patrol Unit 79
Hungary MP 26 + 15 police
Canada 28
New Zealand Trg + Tpt 26
Australia 25
France 17
Norway 9
TOTAL 1,690

Location: IRAQ Location: ARABIAN GULF AND INDIAN OCEAN
Operation: MNF-Iraq Operation: Maritime Security Operations
Primary United States-led Coalition Mission: Maritime Security Operations in the Arabian Gulf,
Organisation: the Gulf of Oman and off the coast of Somalia (The
Mission: Under UNSCR 1546 (June 2004), and its extension United States 5th Fleet also operates in this area, in
by subsequent resolutions, MNF-Iraq is mandated addition to the forces listed).
with assisting the Iraqi government in maintaining Contributor Forces:
security and stability. This involves counter- UK 3 FFG, 2 MCC, 2 MHO
insurgency operations and the provision of training France 3 FFH, 1 FF, 1 PCO
and assistance to the Iraqi army and police. The UN
India 2 FFG
mandate is due to expire at the end of 2008, after
which the presence of foreign forces in Iraq will be United States 1 DDG, 4 MCM
governed by bilateral status of forces agreements Germany 1 FFG, 1 AOT
signed with the Iraqi government. Russia 1 FFG, 1 AOL
Contributor Forces (where known): Total: Italy 1 DDG
United States 1 corps HQ, 3 div HQ, 1 USMC MEF 143,000 Netherlands 1 DDG
HQ, 6 HBCT, 2 SBCT, 3 IBCT, 1 ACR, 4 Australia 1 FFG
ARNG IBCT, 2 USMC RCT Greece 1 FFG
UK 1 Armd bde (7th) with (1 armd regt, 1 4,100 Turkey 1 FFG
recce regt, 3 mech inf bn, 1 arty regt, Denmark 1 AG
1 engr regt) to be 1 armd bde (20th)

Singapore 1 LST
with (1 armd regt, 3 mech inf bn, 1
engr regt) from Dec 2008
Australia 1 sy det 350 Sub-Saharan Africa
Romania 1 inf bn 499
Korea, Republic of 300* Location: BURUNDI
Albania 2 inf coy 240 Operation: Curriculum
El Salvador 1 inf bn 200 Primary South Africa (Support of AU)
Bulgaria 1 inf coy, 1 inf pl 156* Organisation:
Azerbaijan 1 inf coy 88* Mission: Supporting the AU Special Task Force in Burundi
FYROM 3 SF units 80* Contributor Total:
Tonga 1 Marine unit 55 South Africa 1,024
Ukraine 37
Estonia 1 inf pl 35 Country CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Denmark Sy forces 33 Operation: Vimbezela
Moldova 20 Primary South
Organisation: Africa
Czech Republic 17
Mission: Providing general military assistance to the
Latvia 3*
government of the Central African Republic
TOTAL 149,213
Contributor: Total:
*withdrawal by end 2008
South Africa 56
Location: IRAQ
Country CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Operation: NTM-I
Operation: Boali
Primary NATO
Primary France
Organisation:
Organisation:
Mission: Train the Iraqi Security Forces
Mission: Providing technical and operational support to the
Contributor: Total: Central African armed forces
Italy 72 Contributor: Forces: Total:
Denmark 14 France 1 inf coy, 1 spt det 230
UK 10 to 20
United States 10 to 20
Czech Republic up to 10
Hungary up to 10
Poland up to 10
Turkey up to 10
Portugal 8
Netherlands 7
Lithuania 4
Estonia 3
Ukraine 3
Romania 2
Slovenia 2
TOTAL 185

Location: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/CHAD Location: CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Operation: EUFOR Tchad/RCA Operation: Licorne
Primary EU Primary France (in support of UN)
Organisation: Organisation:
Mission: Protect civilians and UN personnel and facilitating Mission: Assist the UNOCI peacekeeping operation and
the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance with provide the UNOCI force commander with a QRF.
UNSCR 1778 (25 Sep 2007) Contributor: Forces: Total:
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total: France 1 (Marine) Inf bn, 1 combined arms 1,800
France 1 mtn inf bde with (1 armd cav regt, 1 1,711 BG, 1 hel bn, 1 Gendarme sqn
mtn inf bn, 1 lt arty regt); 1 log bn
Ireland 1 inf bn 445 Location: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Poland 1 inf bn 404 Operation: EUSEC RD Congo
Austria 175 Primary EU
Russia 120 Organisation:
Italy 99 Mission: Advise and assist in the reform of the Congolese
Netherlands 1 recce pl (Marines) 90 armed forces
Spain 80 Contributor: Total:
Sweden 79 Belgium 10
Belgium 69 Netherlands 3
Albania 63 Austria 1
Finland 61 Italy 1
Croatia 15 TOTAL 15
Greece 15
Slovenia 15 Location: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Germany 4 Operation: Teutonic
UK 4 Primary Bilateral
Hungary 3 Organisation:
Bulgaria 2 Mission: Assist the reconstuction of the Congolese armed
forces
Cyprus 2
Contributor: Total:
Czech Republic 2
South Africa 29
Lithuania 2
Luxembourg 2
Location: SIERRA LEONE
Portugal 2
Operation: IMATT
Romania 2
Mission: Train and advise the Sierra Leone army
Slovakia 1
Contributor: Total:
TOTAL 3,467
UK 63
Canada 11
Location: CHAD
United States 3
Operation: Epervier
Germany 1
Primary France
Organisation: Jamaica 1
Mission: Provide technical support and military training to the Nigeria 1
armed forces of Chad TOTAL 80
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
France 4 inf coy; 1 recce sqn; 1 avn gp; 1 1,150 Location: SOMALIA
hel det Operation: AMISOM
Primary AU
Location: COMOROS Organisation:
Operation: MAES Mission: Support the Transitional Federal Governement’s
Primary AU efforts to stabilise the political and security
Organisation: situation in Somalia and facilitate the provision of
humanitarian assistance
Mission: Provide security assistance to the Comoran
government on the island of Anjouan. Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
Contributor: Total: Burundi 2 inf bn 1700
Sudan 200 Uganda 2 inf bn 1700
Tanzania 150 TOTAL 3,400
Senegal 120
TOTAL 470 Location: SOMALIA
Primary Bilateral
Organisation:
Mission: Provide military support to the Somali Transitional
Federal Government
Contributor: Total:
Ethiopia 2,500 to 3,000

Central and South Asia Location: AFGHANISTAN
Operation: Operation Enduring Freedom -Afghanistan (OEF-A)
Location: AFGHANISTAN
Primary United States Coalition
Operation: ISAF
Organisation:
Primary NATO
Mission: Combat operations against al-Qaeda, and training
Organisation:
Afghan security forces
Mission: Under UNSCR 1386 (Dec 2001), and its extension
by subsequent resolutions, ISAF has a peace-
enforcement mandate. In this capacity it undertakes United States 1 div HQ, 1 Cbt Avn bde, 1 spt 11,100+
a range of tasks, including counter-insurgency and bde 1 ARNG IBCT
counter-narcotics operations and the provision of Romania 50
training and support to the Afghan National Army. France 35
Contributor: Forces (where known): Total: Canada 12
United States 2 IBCT 20,600 Netherlands 6
UK 1 Cdo bde with (2 cdo regt, 1 lt inf 8,330 TOTAL 11,491+
regt, 1 gurhka inf regt, 1 armd recce
regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 engr regt) East Asia and Australasia
Germany 3,310
France 1 combined arms BG with (1 para 3,000 Location: NORTH/SOUTH KOREA
regt, elms 1 armd cav regt, elms 1 Operation: NNSC
arty regt, elms 1 engr regt) Mission: Monitor the ceasefire between North and South Korea
Canada 1 lt inf bn HQ, 2 lt inf coy, 1 armd sqn; 2,500 Contributor: Total:
1 armd recce sqn; 1 arty bty; 1 UAV Switzerland 5
flt; 1 Cbt Engr sqn; 1 MP coy Sweden 5
Italy 2,350 TOTAL 10
Netherlands 1 inf BG 1,770
Poland 1,130 Location: PHILIPPINES
Australia 1 inf BG with (elms 1 inf bn, elms 1 1,080 Operation: IMT
para bn, elms 1 armd recce regt, elms Mission: Originally responsible for overseeing the ceasefire
1 engr regt); elms 1 arty regt; 1 hel agreement between the Philippines government
gp; 1 UAV det and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Mindanao.
Turkey 800 However, in light of the subsequent breakdown
Spain 780 in relations between the two parties, the IMT
Denmark 2 mech inf coy, 1 tk pl. 1 hel det 750 announced its intention to leave on 30 November
Romania 1 inf bn 725 2008, unless a new mandate was agreed upon
Belgium 497 Contributor: Total:
Bulgaria 460 Malaysia 12
Norway 1 mech inf coy, 1 spt coy 455 Brunei 10
Czech Republic 415 Libya 6
Croatia 280 TOTAL 28
Sweden 280
Hungary 1 lt inf coy 240 Location: SOLOMON ISLANDS
Lithuania 200 Operation: RAMSI
New Zealand 155 Primary Coalition of 15 Pacific nations
Albania 1 inf coy, 1 inf pl 140 Organisation:
Greece 1 engr coy 137 Mission: Ensure the security and stability of the Solomon
Islands, and help to rebuild the Islands’ government
FYROM 135
and economy
Estonia 1 mech inf coy; 1 mor det; 1 EOD 120
team
Australia 1 inf coy 140
Finland 80
New Zealand 1 inf pl 43
Latvia 70
Tonga 1 inf pl 32
Portugal 70
TOTAL 215
Slovakia 70
Slovenia 70
Location: TIMOR-LESTE
Azerbaijan 45
Operation: ISF (Operation Astute)
Luxembourg 9
Primary International Coalition
Iceland 8 (civilian)
Organisation:
Ireland 7
Mission: Assisting the Timorese government in restoring
Ukraine 3 peace and stability to the country
Austria 1 Contributor: Forces (where known): Total:
Georgia 1 Australia 1 bn HQ, 3 inf coy, 1 mech inf pl, elms 750
TOTAL 51,065 1 arty regt, elms 1 cbt engr regt, 1
hel det
Malaysia 209
New Zealand 1 inf coy, 1 hel det 187
Portugal 127
TOTAL 1,273
Index of contributing nations – Non-UN deployments

Albania (Alb): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); MNF-Iraq; Security Operations Arabian Gulf; EUFOR OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA;
EUFOR Tchad/RCA Tchad/RCA; IMATT; ISAF ISAF; OSCE Mol
Argentina (Arg): KFOR Greece (Gr): Maritime Security Operations Portugal (Por): ISF (Op Astute); ISAF; EUFOR
Armenia (Arm): OSCE BiH; OSCE Kosovo; Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE (BiH); OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I;
KFOR BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA
Australia (Aus): ISAF; ISF (Op Astute); RAMSI; EUFOR Tchad/RCA Romania (R): OEF-A; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE
MFO; Maritime Security Operations Arabian Hungary (Hu): OSCE Minsk Conf; MFO; ISAF; BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo;
Gulf; MNF-Iraq EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA
Austria (A): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I; Russian Federation (RF): Trans-dniester
EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE EUFOR Tchad/RCA Peacekeeping Force; Ga; Maritime Security
Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; EUSEC RD Iceland (Icl): ISAF Operations Arabian Gulf; OSCE BiH; OSCE
Congo India (Ind): Maritime Security Operations Ga; OSCE Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA
Azerbeijan (Az): ISAF; OSCE BiH; OSCE Arabian Gulf Senegal (Sen): MAES
Kosovo; KFOR; MNF-Iraq Ireland (Irl): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; Serbia (Ser): OSCE Ga
Belarus (Bel): OSCE Kosovo; OSCE Ga EUMM; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; Singapore (Sgp): Maritime Security
Belgium (Be): ISAF; KFOR; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; EUFOR Tchad/RCA Operations Arabian Gulf
EUSEC RD Congo Italy (It): MFO; Maritime Security Operations Slovakia (Slvk): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH;
Bosnia and Herzigovia (BiH): OSCE Ga; OSCE Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo;
Ser; OSCE Kosovo EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE EUFOR Tchad/RCA
Brunei (Bru): IMT Kosovo; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; EUSEC Slovenia (Slvn): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH;
Bulgaria (Bg): ISAF; OSCE Minsk Conf; OSCE RD Congo OSCE Ser; KFOR; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA
Mol; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Jamaica (Ja): IMATT South Africa (RSA): Curriculum; Vimbezela;
Ga; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; MNF-Iraq; EUFOR Kazakhstan (Kaz): OSCE Ga Teutonic
Tchad/RCA Korea, Republic of: MNF-Iraq Spain (Sp): Active Endeavour; EUFOR (BiH);
Burundi (Bu): AMISOM Kyrgyzstan (Kgz): OSCE BiH OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; OSCE
Canada (Ca): Active Endeavour; OSCE BiH; Latvia (Lat): OSCE Mol; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; ISAF
IMATT; ISAF; OEF-A; OSCE Kosovo; MFO EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; MNF-Iraq Sudan (Sdn): MAES
Chile (Chl): EUFOR (BiH) Libya (LAR): IMT Sweden (Swe): NNSC; ISAF; OSCE BiH; EUMM;
Colombia (Co): MFO Lithuania (L): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo;
Croatia (Cr): ISAF; OSCE Ser; OSCE Kosovo; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/ EUFOR Tchad/RCA
EUFOR Tchad/RCA RCA Switzerland (CH): NNSC; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE
Cyprus (Cy): EUFOR Tchad/RCA Luxembourg (Lu): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); EUMM; Ga; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo
Czech Republic (Cz): ISAF; OSCE Minsk Conf; KFOR; EUFOR Tchad/RCA Tajikistan (Tjk): OSCE BiH; OSCE Kosovo
OSCE Mol; OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic Tanzania (Tz): MAES
KFOR; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA (FYROM): ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE Kosovo; Tonga: RAMSI; MNF-Iraq
Denmark (Da): ISAF; Maritime Security MNF-Iraq Turkey (Tu): Maritime Security Operations
Operations Arabian Gulf; EUMM; OSCE Ga; Malaysia (Mal): IMT; ISF (Op Astute) Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE Ga;
KFOR; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I Malta (M): EUMM OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I
El Salvador (ElS): MNF-Iraq Moldova (Mol): Trans-dniester Peacekeeping Uganda (Uga): AMISOM
Estonia (Ea): ISAF; OSCE Mol; EUFOR (BiH); Force; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; OSCE Kosovo; Ukraine (Ukr): ISAF; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser;
EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; MNF-Iraq; MNF-Iraq KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; NTM-I; MNF-Iraq;
NTM-I Mongolia (Mgl): KFOR Trans-Dneister peacekeeping force
Ethiopia (Eth): Somalia Montenegro (Mtn): OSCE Kosovo United Kingdom (UK): IMATT; OSCE Minsk
Fiji (Fji): MFO Morocco (Mor): KFOR Conf; OSCE Mol; Maritime Security
Finland (SF): OSCE Mol; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); Netherlands (Nl): OEF-A; Maritime Security Operations Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH);
OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR; OSCE Operations Arabian Gulf; ISAF; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR;
Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE OSCE Kosovo; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I; EUFOR
France (Fr): ISAF; Boali; Licorne; Epervier; Kosovo; NTM-I; EUFOR Tchad/RCA; EUSEC Tchad/RCA
OEF-A; OSCE Mol; MFO; Maritime Security RD Congo United States (US): IMATT; OEF-A; OSCE Mol;
Operations Arabian Gulf; EUFOR (BiH); OSCE New Zealand (NZ): ISF (Op Astute); RAMSI; MFO; Maritime Security Operations Arabian
BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE MFO; ISAF Gulf; ISAF; OSCE BiH; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser;
Kosovo; EUFOR Tchad/RCA Nigeria (Nga): IMATT KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; MNF-Iraq; NTM-I;
Georgia (Ga): ISAF; OSCE Ser; OSCE Kosovo Norway (No): MFO; ISAF; OSCE Ga; OSCE Ser; Active Endeavour
Germany (Ge): Active Endeavour; EUFOR KFOR Uruguay (Ury): MFO
(BiH); OSCE BiH; EUMM; OSCE Ga; OSCE Mol; Poland (Pl): Active Endeavour; OSCE Minsk Uzbekistan (Uz): OSCE Kosovo
OSCE Ser; KFOR; OSCE Kosovo; Maritime Conf; EUFOR (BiH); EUMM; OSCE Ga; KFOR;
Table 37 Selected training activity 2008

Date Title Location Aim Principal Participants/Remarks
North America (US and Canada)
February RED FLAG 3 US (Nellis AFB, Bilateral air cbt trg ex Sau (F-15; 160 pers); US (F-22); Obs: Pak,
NEV) UAE; ROK
07–28 February SOUTHERN BEAR US (Fort Bliss, TX) Bilateral counter-IED ex Ca (2 mech bde; 3,000 pers); US. Pre-
deployment trg relating to Afgh
10–24 March SHATRUJEET 08 US (Fort Irwin, CA) Bilateral CT-COIN ex Ind; US
03 April– RED FLAG ALASKA US (Pacific Annual series of FTX, SAR and air US; Aus; Ca; UK; Ge; ROK; J
17 October 08-2; 08-3; 09-1 Alaskan Range cbt trg ops
Complex)
21 April–23 May; MAPLE GUARDIAN Ca (Alberta) Battle Group pre-deployment ex, Ca (2,500 pers) Pre-deployment trg relating
September– 08-1, 08-2 Incl air force participation (long- to Afgh
November range patrol and CAS)
30 April–07 May REACTION ROYALE Ca (Charlevoix Joint interagency CMX-ADEX Ca (1,400 pers); NORAD
08 area) (G-8 meeting protection
scenario)
05–16 May NORTHERN EDGE US (Alaska) National joint tac-air exercise US (5,000 pers; 120 ac: F/A-18D; F-15; F-16;
08 HH-60; B-52; E-3; HC-130; KC-135)
01–12 June CROMIN 08 US (Minnesota) Bilateral army PKO and urban CT US; Cr (34 pers)
exercise
28 July– NOBLE RESOLVE 08 US (VA; OR; CO; National interagency civil- US; Obs: Da; Fr; SF; Ge; Hu; It; J; HKJ; Mor; Por;
01 August IN) military DISTEX ROK; R; Sp; Swe; NATO
29 June–31 July RIM OF THE Pacific (Hawaii) Joint NAVEX with ASW and live US (1 CVBG); A; Ca; Chl; J; Nl; Pe; ROK; Sgp;
PACIFIC 08 msl firing UK. 35 ships; some DDG; 6 SSN; over 20,000
pers
05–25 August VAJRA PRAHAR US (Guam) Bilateral COIN-CT ex US; Ind
08-2
10–24 August RED FLAG 08 US (Nellis AFB, Multilateral air cbt trg Ex US(F-15; F-16); Ind (8 Su-30; 2 tkr; 1 tpt; 247
NEV) focused on network centric pers); Fr (Rafale); ROK (F-15K);
interoperability
19–26 August NANOOK 08 Ca (Arctic) Joint naval CT, anti-pollution MP Ca (2 ac, 2 ships) 500 pers.
DISTEX
September BOLD QUEST 08 US (Nellis AFB Tac theatre-level air cbt ident ex US; Ca; Nl; Swe; Fr; Ge; Be; UK; Aus; Da; It.
NEV; Fort Irwin, About 1390 pers; 40 ac
CA)
20 October– RED FLAG 09-1 US (Nellis AFB, Air cbt trg ex Gr, Sgp (F-16s) Sp (EF-18s) US ( F-15s, A-10s,
1 November NEV) KC-135s and several C2 ac
30 October– YUDH ABHYAS 08 US (Hawaii) Bilateral brigade-level jungle US; Ind
12 November CT CPX

26–29 November ANDES 07 Arg Bilateral air SAR ex Arg; Chl
March–April TRADEWINDS 08 DR (Santo Multilateral civil-mil DISTEX, joint About 1,500 pers. US (500 pers); UK; DR; Bs;
Domingo) MP and SAR ex (smuggling) AB; Bze; Guy; RH; Ja; Sme; TT
March– BEYOND THE Hr; TT; Sme Series of bilateral humanitarian US (about 350 pers); Hr; TT; Sme
September HORIZON 08 and civil-mil exs
22 April–3 May UNITAS ATLANTIC Brazilian coast Naval exercise, part of the US (1 CVBG); Br; Arg
49-08 Partnership of the Americas
deployment
May; 03–06 June n.k. Chl (Magellan Series of bilateral naval ASW US (1 FFG; 1 DDG); Chl
Straits; Valparaiso) and MP exercises, part of the
Parnership of the Americas
deployment
12–18 June SILENT FORCES 08 Pe (Callao) Bilateral ASW ex US (2 DDG; 1 FFG; 2 SH-60B); Pe (2 FF; 4 SS;
1LHD). Partnership of the Americas Ex.
23 June–3 July UNITAS PACIFIC Pe (Callao) EW, ASW and maritime security Ch; Co; Ec; US. Obs Arg; Mex
49-08 activities
14–25 August FUERZAS ALIADAS Pan (Canal; Pacific US-led multilateral CT and MP ex US (1 FFG; 2 DDG); Arg; Br; Ca; Chl; Co; CR;
PANAMAX 08 and Carribean DR; Ec; Fr; Gua; Hr; Nic; Nl; Pan; Pe; Ury. 4 obs
seas) (ElS; UK; Py; Mex). 30 ships; 12 ac; 7,000 pers
17–22 August SOUTHERN Arg (Chubut Bilateral PKO ex (UN scenario) for Arg (270 pers); Chl
AURORA 2 province) the Arg-Chl Cruz del Sur force
12–26 September OPERATION Br NAVEX: oil field protection 17 ships; 40-50 ftr ac; 300 veh; over 10,000
ATLANTIC scenario pers.

Europe and Nato
14 January– TLP Flying Course UK (RAF Kinloss, NATO Tactical Leadership Nl; Be; Fr; It; UK. At least 18 ac (F16; Mirage
8 February 08-1 Scotland) Programme ex, incl air-to-air, F1; Mirage 2000; Super Etendard; Tornado);
SAM threat, EW threat trg some hel
11–12 March n.k. Kosovo NATO tac CPX-CMX-PKO exercise KFOR (incl Fr; Mor)
(Gazivoda)
17–21 March MAVI BALINA 08 Tu NATO-led NAVEX to train the Tu; UK; Ge; It; Gr; Nl; US (1 DDG); Pak
NATO Response Force in ASW
03 April n.k. Tu (Ardahan Bilateral army exercise focused Tu; Ga
province) on cross-border security
01–14 May COMBINED Ge (Aulenbach); NATO PfP-led C4 CPX for 1,350 pers; incl 40 countries from NATO,
ENDEAVOUR 08 Cr (Split) expeditionary comb joint ops other nations and the South Eastern Europe
Brigade
04–15 May EUROPEAN Ge (Camp EU CPX (force HQ) CMX on PKO 1,100 pers. Certifying the Franco-German BG
ENDEAVOUR Heuberg) scenario
01–15 May MEDCEUR 08 Cr (Split) NATO PfP-led medical CMX and US (179 pers) and 13 NATO countries; 370
DISTEX pers.
12–15 May n.k. Tu (Kirklareli area) Bilateral army CMX focused Tu; Bg
on border security and
humanitarian aid
12–15 May ADRIATIC SHIELD Cr (Rijeka; Opatija) Naval WMD interception Ex Cr; Pl; US; BiH; It; Mnt; Slvn
08
28 May–12 June GLORIOUS Gr (Crete coast) Bilateral air ex focused on SAR Gr; Il (About 100 F-15; F-16; some hel)
SPARTAN 08 and long distance refueling
26 May–06 June BOLD MONARCH No (Kristiansand) NATO-led SAR ex to test a new Ca; Fr; Ge; Gr; Il; It; Nl; No; Pl; RF; Tu; Ukr; UK;
08 US-Fr-No-UK rescue systems US
02–06 June ARGONAFTIS + Cy (Larnaca) Naval SAR CMX (humanitarian Gr (1 FF); Fr (hel; 1 FF); It; Ge. 16 Obs
ESTIA evacuation scenario)
06–20 June BALTOPS 08 Pl (Gdynia), Baltic NATO PfP joint exercise focused Da; Ea; SF; Fr; Ge; Lat; L; No; Pl; RF; Swe; UK;
sea on peace spt, interdiction, SAR US. At least 30 ships; 2 SS.
16–27 June LOYAL MARINER / UK (Northwood) NATO joint exercises to test RRF Over 40 vessels incl CV; DD; FF, MCV.
SWORDFISH 08 Sp (Ferrol), Por readiness
19–27 June MILEX 08 It (Rome); Sp EU ESDP multilateral crisis- 340 pers. Obs: US; European NATO non-EU
(Valencia) management CPX (UN chapter 7 countries; RF; Ukr; Ca; Some Med countries.
PKO scenario) First activation of It EU Op HQ
30 June–30 July n.k R (Babadag) Bilateral live ex to enhance US Army JTF East (900 pers); R (280 pers)
interoperability, incl urban and
air trg ops
14–28 July SEA BREEZE 08 Ukr (Odessa) Multilateral combined NATO PfP- 16 countries (Ukr; Arm; Az; Ca; Da; Fr; Ga; Ge;
led MSO Ex to enhance interop Gr; Lat; FYROM; No; R; Tu; UK; US). 14 ships
(incl 1 US DDG); 17 ac; 2,200 pers. Incl 200
trg events
15–31 July IMMEDIATE Ga (Tbilisi, NATO PfP PKO CPX to enhance US (2 bn, 1,000 pers); Ga (300 pers); Az; Arm;
RESPONSE 08 Vaziani) interop Ukr. 2 HH-60
03–16 September DANEX 08 Skagerrak, Naval littoral MSO MIO Ex Da; Ge; Pl; UK. AAW ASW FF; MCM ships;
Kattegat straits some SS
06–12 September EVROPI-II 08 Gr EU crisis-management ex Gr (1 bn); Bg (1 coy); R (1 NBC pl; PSYOPS
(HELBROC BG in PKO scenario) pers); Cy (2 pl); 1,200 pers.
September ANATOLIAN EAGLE Tu (Konya NATO-led tac air cbt ex Tu; Be; Ge; It; Nl; UAE; US; Fr; Il; HKJ; Pak; UK
08/3 province)
01–13 September RAPID TRIDENT 08 Ukr (Yavoriv) NATO PfP-led tac CPX (Kosovo A; Az; Alb; Arm; Be; Bel; Ga; It; HKJ; Ca; L;
PKO KFOR scenario) FYROM; Mol; No; R; Swe. 930 pers.
18–26 September CRYSTAL EAGLE 08 Ge (Wildflecken) Multinational NATO-led planning NATO (Multinational Corps North East); 14
and C2 CPX drawing on ISAF countries
deployment lessons
19–29 September ADRIATIC EAGLE 08 FYROM (Skopje) SF Ex Alb; FYROM; Cr
27 September– COOPERATIVE Arm (Yerevan) NATO-led PfP CMX (CPX-LIVEX 7 NATO members (Ca; UK; Gr; Hu; L; Pl;
06 October LONGBOW + with UN-mandate PKO scenario) US); 11 PfP members (Alb; Arm; A; Bel; BiH;
COOPERATIVE FYROM; Kaz; Mol; CH; Ukr); UAE. 1,000 pers.
LANCER 08

Russia and Collective Security Treaty Organisation
31 October– SHARED RESPONSE RF (Moscow) Bilateral comb UN-based US; RF. About 30 pers
01 November 07 scenario CPX-CMX-DISTEX for
HQ- and tac-level interop
01–15 December TORGAU 07-2 Ge (Grafenwoehr; Bilateral UN-based scenario mil- US; RF (200 pers.)
Hohenfels) civ PKO-CPX incl air-grd rapid
response units
05 December– n.k. Atlantic ocean, NAVEX incl SS-N-12 test RF. 1 CVBG; 2 DD; 1 CC; About 47 ac, 10 hel
03 March Mediterranean (Tu-160; Tu95MS; Tu-22M-3; MiG-31; Su-33;
sea Su-27; Il-78; A-50)
January– n.k. RF (Siberia) National tac- and op-level RF (MR Bde, 41st Army)
February offenive and def CPX CAX
04 February n.k. Arctic ocean area National air surveillance ex RF (A-50)
March n.k. RF; US (Aka) ADEX focused on CT threats RF; US (NORAD); Ca
July JOINT ACTION 08 Kaz (Almaty) Bilateral joint airborne aslt ex
RF; Kaz; 2,500 pers; More than 40 ac, hel.
Obs: Kgz; Taj
July–August FRONTIER RF (Moscow); Arm CSTO-led series of 4 ex at op, tac. Arm; RF; Taj. 2,500 pers; Obs: CSTO members
(RUBEZH) 08 (Yerevan) strategic levels

15 July–04 CAUCASUS RF (Southern National interagency SF CT and RF (58th army, 4th AF army). About 8,000
August (KAVKAZ) 08 Federal district) PKO ex incl amphib and mtn ops pers; 700 veh; 30 ac.
29 July–August n.k. RF (Nizhniy National op and tac-level arty ex RF (About 300 veh; About 2,000 pers)
Novgorod)
15–23 August FRUKUS 08 Sea of Japan RF-led multilateral NAVEX RF (1 ASW DD); Fr (1 FF)
25–29 August BALEX DELTA 08 RF (Kaliningrad) Coastal naval DISTEX (oil spill Da; SF; L; Pl;Swe; RF; 20 ships
scenario) (HELCOM members)
26 August– n.k. RF (Kamchatka) National naval strat and tac ASW RF (Pacific fleet: 50 ships including some
September and AD ex SS; DD)
01–27 September CENTER 08 RF (Chelyabinsk) Bilateral ex (defeat invading force RF; Kaz. About 6,000 pers; 30 ac (Su-24
scenario) Fencer) and hel (Mi-8; Mi-24); 800 arty pieces
22 September– STABILITY 08 + RF; Bel Bilateral inter-agency AD and RF (Moscow and Far East Mil districts; 11th;
21 October AUTUMN (VOSEN) strategic cbt exercises 16th; 37th; 32nd Air Forces; 3 fleets; 12 ac;
08 300 pers) Bel. 8,500 pers; 300 veh; 40 ac and
hel
25 September BASTION 08 RF (Mulinski) National interagency CT ex RF. 8,500 pers; About 200 tk; 200 arty and
against non-state groups mor; 44 ac and hel. Some tk regt.
October INTERACTION Kaz (Alamaty CSTO-led air tac CPX RF; Kaz.
(ALDASPAN) 08 area)

18 November n.k. West Bank Il army CT crisis-management ex Il
(urban violence scenario)
December n.k. HKJ Army and air force FTX HKJ: 1 armd bde (1 armd div); hel
December ISSINE (AYSIN) 07 LAR (Western Army ex to improve cooperation LAR; Ag
border)
February 08 UNITY (ETTEHAD) Hormuz Strait; Nat NAVEX, incl msl launches Ir navy (1 DD, 1 Ghadir-class SS)
86 Gulf of Oman
25 February– GULF SHIELD 01 UAE Multilateral op and tac ex, UAE; Fr; Q. Total: 5,300 pers; 6 ships (FFG;
05 March incl air-defence and seaward- PFC); 40 ac (incl 1 AWACS)
defence elm, for interop and C2
improvement
20 April–05 May HASM AL-OQBAN UAE MP, CT and interdiction crisis- UAE; Kwt; Brn; Q; US. Obs: Et; Sau; O; HKJ
08 management ex (WMD scenario)
June AFRICAN LION 08 Mor (Guelmim) Bilateral army ex in medical and US (30 pers); Mor (35 pers)
humanitarian civil trg
July MODAFE’AN-E Ir National AD ex Ir (IRGC; Air Force)
ASMAN-E VELAYAT
04–30 October RAHPUYAN Ir (Markazi National defence ex Ir (Basiji and IRGC)
HAZRAT province)
RUHOLLAH
21–24 October n.k. Shamal area Bilateral GCC-led naval DISTEX Brn; Q
(CBRN scenario)
16–24 October BOLD MASTER 08 Gulf of Aden NATO-led series of naval CMX/ Fr; Ge; No; Ca; Gr; Nl; Pl; Por; Tu; Sp; UK; US.
DISTEX (shipping and piracy 132 pers.
scenario)

Sub–Saharan Africa
17–18 November n.k. Cha (Moussoro) PKO ex by the Economic 10 countries incl DRC; RC; Gbn; CAR
Community of Central African
States
20–24 November n.k. Tz (Dar es Salaam) Bilateral NAVEX (SADC Tz; RSA (1 AORH, 265 pers)
preparedness scenario)
28 November– DEGGO 27 Sen (Thies) CPX-FTX (failing state scenario) Fr; some ECOWAS (Sen; CV; BF; Gam; Gui;
07 December for ECOWAS Standby Force RMM). Part totals: 1,653 pers
10–27 May LIGHTNING RSA (Lohatla) Bilateral tac CPX in network RSA; Sgp. Some arty; UAV; AH-64 hel
WARRIOR 08 warfare
14–20 June JIGUI 08 RMM (Bamako) CPX focused on preparing the AU First ECOWAS organised Ex
Standby Force
July n.k. Sdn (Khartoum) National joint urban defence ex Sdn
against non-state groups
11–24 July MEDFLAG 08 RMM (Bamako) Bilateral medical and DISTEX US (90 pers); RMM
16–23 July AFRICA ENDEAVOR Nga (Abuja AFB) US EUCOM-sponsored C3 ex Bn; Btwa; BF; Bu; Crn; CV; Cha; Gbn; Gha; Kya;
08 focused on PKO scenarios Ls; Miw; RMM; Nba; Nga; Rwa; Sen; SL; Uga;
Z. Obs: Swe; US; AU; ECOWAS.

September PANGALANA 08 Mdg (Atsinanana) Army PKO readiness ex for SADC Fr; Mdg (1 btn; 300 pers)
deployment

November YUDH ABHYAS Ind (North) Bilateral mountain COIN ex Ind; US (more than 120 pers)
07-02
December n.k. Cholistan Army readiness ex Pak (elm Multan Corps), incl Ftr ac, Hel, APC
22 January– NASEEM AL BAHR 9 Pak (Karachi Bilateral joint naval and air exs Sau (7 ships); Pak (Pak Navy Tac School)
February coast) focused on asymmetric threats,
CT and SF ops
12–14 February n.k. Tjk (Khatlon) Bilateral op-level CT ex Tjk; RF (191 MRR). Some arty
March BRAZEN CHARIOTS Ind (Khar desert) Corps-level ground and air joint Ind: 37,000 pers (some T-90; some SMERCH
08 ex msl; UAV; AD sys; FGA ac); Obs: more than
100 from 59 countries
19–29 April INDUS VIPER 08 Pak (Mushaf ) Air ex Pak; Tu (5 F-16 C/D; 49 pers)
July n.k. Kaz (Matybulak) Air defence ex Kaz (About 100 pers; some arty)
04–24 August VAJRA PRAHAR Ind (Vairengte, Jungle COIN-CT ex Ind; US (24-30 SF pers)
08-1 Tripura)
23–26 August PASSEX 08 Ind (Mumbai Air-naval ex Ind (1 FS; 1 DD); J (2 DDG; 1 Trg)
coast)
13 September n.k. Ind (Chennai) Bilateral MP naval ex Ca (1 FFG; 1 tkr); Ind ()
October MALABAR 08 Ind (Goa); Arabian Bilateral naval ex (ASW, air and Ind (3 DDG; 4 FFG; 1 SSK); US (1 CG; 2 DDG; 1
sea surface ops) FFG; 1 SSN; 1 CVN)

November HELANG LAUT 07 Indo (East Java) Bilateral MP tactical naval-ASW Bru; Indo. Part totals: 5 ptrl boats, some with
ex (incl EW) msl capability
November n.k. Pacific (East of PRC naval ex PRC incl East and South China Sea fleets.
Taiwan) Eqpt incl type-22 msl vessels, FF, 1 DDG,
some SS
16–23 November n.k. Paracel islands PRC naval ex PRC
19 November– SAFKAR INDOPURA Sgp Bilateral army ex (incl urban Sgp (200 pers); Indo (150 pers)
02 December 07 warfare)
26 November– PACIFIC REACH 07 Aus (Coast) Multilateral SMASHEX (Kursk- 23 part incl US; J (1 SS); Sgp (1 SS); ROK;
08 December type scenario) Aus (2 SS); UK (divers); PRC; RF; Indo. 15 obs
countries.
20–28 December HAND-IN-HAND 07 PRC (Chengdu; Army CT ex (cordon/search) PRC; Ind; 200 pers. First ever comb army ex.
Kunming, Yunnan CT theme at PRC request
province)
02–06 March FOAL EAGLE + KEY ROK (Pusan) Bilateral strat, tac, op CPX with ROK; US (CTF 76; 7th fleet; About 27,000
RESOLVE 08 amph and mine trg pers; 1 CVN; 1 CG; 1 DD; 1 SSGN).
29 April–04 May PASSAGE Mal (Lumut) Naval ex Ind (2 FSG); Mal (2 FSG)
Malacca Straits

08–21 May COBRA GOLD 08 Th (Korat) Multilateral joint CPX-FTX Th; US (8,800 pers); J; Sng; Indo. Obs: Fr; Bru;
in humanitarian and civ-mil Cam; PRC; Ind; Pak; Lao; Mal; N; ROK; Vn.
assistance
July STRIKE 08 Th (Chiang May) Bilateral Special Oops CT ex Th; PRC. 48 pers. First held in Th.
03–21 July ELANG Indo (Megetan) Bilateral joint CPX, tac air, AD and Th; Sng. At least 17 ac; 300 pers
INDOPURA15-08 SAR ex
30 July– n.k. Dokdo / Naval ex ROK (1 DD; ASW hel; some F-15K)
02 August Takeshima islands
18–22 August ULCHI FREEDOM ROK Bilateral computer assisted ex ROK; US (94th Army Air Msl Def Cmd; 2 AD
GUARDIAN (AD scenario / theatre msl def ) bde). Led by ROK for the first time
September KHAN QUEST Mgl Multilateral CPX and crisis Mgl ; Ind; N; Th; US (PACOM); Bng; ROK; Bru;
management ex in Multinational Ska; Indo; Cam. Obs: Fr; PRC. Above 1,000
Planning Augmentation Team pers.
PKO scenario
26 August– WARRIOR / PRC (Zhurihe, Mobilisation ex PRC (1 armd regt Beijing MAC; 1 mech inf
25 September SHARPENING 08 Inner Mongolia) bde from Jinan MAC). Over 5,200 pers. Obs:
36 countries
18–23 September JOINT (LIANHE) 08 PRC (Dalian)
National joint ex incl EW cbt trg First multi-region ex (Liaodong-Shandong)

22–26 September CHINESE GLORY ROC National joint ex ROC. 10-13,000 pers. ASW phase on 05
(HAN KUANG) september
24-08
Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary

Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists
(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009
North America
Canada 13,224 15,103 18,491 403 456 554 1.17 1.19 1.29 64 60 0
USA 1 495,326 521,840 552,568 1,675 1,749 1,835 3.98 3.94 3.99 1,540 979 0
Nato Europe
Belgium 4,250 4,294 5,000 410 414 481 1.14 1.09 1.10 39 2 0
Bulgaria 669 703 881 90 95 120 2.46 2.26 2.21 41 304 34
Czech Republic 2,216 2,408 2,669 216 235 261 1.78 1.68 1.55 24 0 3
Denmark 3,472 3,901 4,028 639 716 737 1.34 1.41 0.19 30 54 0
Estonia 205 238 344 154 179 261 1.48 1.44 1.61 5 16 2
France 2 53,181 54,321 60,662 877 892 993 2.48 2.43 2.37 353 70 0
Germany 38,250 37,956 42,108 464 461 511 1.37 1.32 1.27 244 162 0
Greece 6,786 7,286 8,653 636 682 808 2.38 2.37 2.77 157 238 4
Hungary 1,601 1,413 1,530 160 142 154 1.45 1.26 1.10 25 44 12
Iceland 48 46 - 161 153 0 0.29 0.28 0.00 0 0 0.13
Italy 2 33,699 33,289 37,770 580 573 650 1.89 1.81 1.80 293 42 143
Latvia 204 318 453 89 140 200 1.25 1.59 1.66 5 11 11
Lithuania 305 353 447 85 99 125 1.19 1.19 1.16 9 7 15
Luxembourg 245 254 279 523 535 582 0.67 0.61 0.57 1 0 0.612
Netherlands 9,616 10,181 11,141 586 617 672 1.52 1.55 1.43 41 3 6
Norway 4,887 4,962 5,546 1064 1076 1198 1.62 1.48 1.42 19 45 0
Poland 5,545 6,136 7,983 144 159 207 1.86 1.79 1.90 122 222 21
Portugal 3,159 3,143 3,389 299 296 318 1.72 1.62 1.53 43 211 48
Romania 1,976 2,259 3,044 88 101 137 2.03 1.84 1.83 73 45 80
Slovakia 824 917 1,352 152 169 248 1.73 1.62 1.66 17 0 0
Slovenia 516 629 741 257 313 369 1.50 1.69 1.64 7 4 5
Spain 2 13,121 14,385 17,495 325 356 433 1.16 1.18 1.22 222 319 1
Turkey 10,328 13,038 13,643 148 185 192 2.84 3.21 2.07 511 379 102
United Kingdom 56,922 59,926 63,258 942 989 1041 2.49 2.49 2.28 160 199 0
Subtotal NATO Ex-US 265,250 277,457 310,907 468 488 546 1.83 1.80 1.57 2,505 2,437 488
Total NATO 760,576 799,297 863,475 882 922 992 2.82 2.79 2.57 4,045 3,416 488
Non-Nato Europe
Albania 116 141 198 33 39 55 1.40 1.54 1.83 14 0 0.5
Armenia 125 184 296 42 62 99 2.55 2.87 3.13 42 0 0
Country comparisons
Table 38 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower
Austria 2,263 2,630 3,603 276 321 439 0.74 0.82 0.96 35 195 0
447

448

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009
Azerbaijan 314 658 936 40 82 115 2.46 3.13 2.96 67 300 15
Belarus 324 466 572 31 48 59 1.07 1.26 1.28 73 290 110
Bosnia 175 179 196 39 40 43 1.73 1.57 1.42 9 0 0
Croatia 600 693 843 133 154 188 1.54 1.62 1.64 19 21 3
Cyprus 274 240 498 352 306 631 1.65 1.30 2.30 10 60 0.75
Finland 2,758 2,750 3,151 528 526 601 1.41 1.31 1.29 29 237 3
Georgia 214 339 573 46 73 123 3.35 4.38 5.60 21 0 12
Ireland 948 1,113 1,329 236 274 323 0.47 0.51 0.51 10 15 0
Macedonia 128 134 157 63 65 76 2.20 2.10 2.07 11 21 8
Malta 49 46 44 122 114 109 0.83 0.69 0.59 2 0.2 0
Moldova 10 13 19 2 3 4 0.35 0.40 0.44 6 66 2
Montenegro n.a. 53 59 n.a. 79 86 0.00 2.36 2.26 5 0 10
Serbia 634 812 985 59 80 97 2.82 2.51 2.67 24 54 0
Sweden 5,837 6,006 6,773 648 666 750 1.63 1.56 1.49 17 262 0.6
Switzerland 3,606 3,473 3,526 481 462 467 0.98 0.92 0.83 23 218 0
Ukraine 1,080 1,269 1,802 23 27 39 1.25 1.19 1.29 130 1,000 85
Total 19,454 21,198 25,559 141 155 187 1.16 1.16 1.19 547 2,739 250
Russia 3
Russia 18,768 24,577 32,215 131 173 228 1.20 1.44 1.54 1,027 20,000 449
Algeria 2,877 3,096 4,270 88 94 128 2.80 2.74 3.25 147 150 187
Bahrain 500 532 539 726 761 817 3.80 3.42 3.28 8 0 11
Egypt 3,834 4,337 4,640 49 55 56 4.08 4.01 3.36 469 479 397
Iran 7,275 8,541 7,451 112 131 114 3.96 3.89 2.87 523 350 40
Iraq n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 577 0 0
Israel 10,745 11,582 11,607 1712 1823 1806 8.27 8.25 7.17 177 565 8
Jordan 973 1,115 1,621 169 189 268 7.59 7.92 10.28 101 65 10
Kuwait 3,568 3,514 3,757 1528 1453 1500 4.51 3.44 3.31 16 24 7
Lebanon 564 589 733 147 152 187 2.65 2.78 3.26 56 0 20
Libya 721 593 656 125 100 109 1.75 1.13 1.14 76 40 0
Mauritania 18 18 19 6 6 6 0.97 0.56 0.49 16 0 5
Morocco 2,054 2,161 2,409 63 65 71 3.98 3.78 3.21 196 150 50
Oman 3,695 3,276 3,237 1231 1056 1010 11.90 8.96 8.09 43 0 4
Palestinian Autonomous Areas

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 0 56
of Gaza and Jericho

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009
Qatar 888 1,065 1,099 1028 1203 1211 2.11 2.03 1.55 12 0 0
Saudi Arabia 25,372 29,541 35,446 960 1093 1284 8.05 8.48 9.40 222 0 16
Syria 1,502 1,739 1,465 81 92 76 5.30 5.07 3.90 293 314 108
Tunisia 471 502 470 47 49 46 1.63 1.61 1.33 36 0 12
UAE 8,747 9,482 10,082 3412 3643 3815 6.86 6.67 5.47 51 0 0
Yemen 584 824 908 28 38 41 3.71 4.17 4.27 67 0 71
Total 74,388 82,507 90,409 214 234 251 5.49 5.31 4.96 3,086 2,137 1,002
Afghanistan 116 120 153 4 4 5 1.78 1.56 1.57 53 0 0
Bangladesh 889 938 998 6 6 7 1.55 1.58 1.45 157 0 64
India 21,726 22,428 26,513 20 20 23 2.69 2.46 2.32 1,281 1,155 1,301
Kazakhstan 596 800 1,164 39 53 76 1.06 1.03 1.12 49 0 32
Kyrgyzstan 34 36 39 7 7 7 1.40 1.28 1.05 11 0 10
Maldives 46 56 63 132 156 169 6.15 6.07 6.11 n.a n.a n.a
Nepal 154 156 167 6 6 6 2.06 1.94 2.12 69 0 62
Pakistan 4,067 4,156 4,530 25 25 27 3.68 3.24 3.16 617 0 304
Sri Lanka 729 863 975 36 42 47 3.08 3.14 3.00 151 6 62
Tajikistan 62 73 87 9 10 12 2.68 2.60 2.36 9 0 8
Turkmenistan 154 184 209 31 36 41 1.85 1.80 1.72 22 0 0
Uzbekistan 76 85 94 3 3 3 0.53 0.50 0.43 67 0 20
Total 28,650 29,894 34,991 19 19 22 2.60 2.38 2.25 2,486 1,161 1,863
Australia 15,550 17,208 20,216 774 849 989 2.27 2.35 2.24 55 20 0
Brunei 309 328 346 830 864 895 3.23 2.78 2.81 7 0.7 2
Cambodia 111 123 137 8 9 10 1.77 1.69 1.59 124 0 67
China 3 29,873 35,223 46,174 23 27 35 1.31 1.34 1.42 2,185 800 700
Fiji 49 43 50 55 47 54 1.63 1.45 1.54 4 6 0
Indonesia 2,869 3,645 4,329 13 16 18 1.00 1.00 1.00 302 400 280
Japan 43,910 41,144 41,039 345 323 322 0.96 0.95 0.93 230 42 12
Korea, North n.a n.a n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,106 4,700 189
Korea, South 21,504 24,645 26,588 442 505 542 2.72 2.78 2.74 687 4,500 5
Laos 12 13 15 2 2 2 0.41 0.38 0.36 29 0 100
Malaysia 3,110 3,206 4,021 130 131 162 2.39 2.15 2.15 109 52 25
Country comparisons
Mongolia 30 39 43 11 14 15 1.29 1.24 1.13 10 137 7

Myanmar 6,944 7,266 7,009 148 155 148 32.45 34.11 33.38 406 0 107
449

450

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009
New Zealand 1,449 1,544 1,388 359 379 337 1.32 1.51 1.07 9 2 0
Papua New Guinea 30 31 35 5 6 6 0.71 0.68 0.71 3 0 0
Philippines 836 899 1,130 10 10 12 0.85 0.76 0.78 106 131 41
Singapore 5,578 6,321 7,007 1260 1407 1539 4.77 4.81 4.35 73 313 94
Taiwan 7,978 7,738 9,585 348 336 414 2.24 2.21 81.33 290 1,657 17
Thailand 2,075 2,373 3,333 32 37 51 1.17 1.15 1.36 307 200 114
Timor Leste n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 0 0
Vietnam 3,153 3,439 3,709 38 41 43 5.97 5.62 5.24 455 5,000 40

Total 145,368 155,228 176,152 69 73 82 1.50 1.53 1.61 6,498 17,961 1,800
Antigua and Barbuda 5 5 5 70 70 75 0.52 0.50 0.45 0 0.075 0
Argentina 1,780 1,873 2,093 45 47 52 0.97 0.87 0.80 76 0 31
Bahamas, The 36 48 58 119 159 191 0.61 0.79 0.81 1 0 0
Barbados 26 27 28 93 95 98 0.85 0.78 0.80 1 0.43 0
Belize 16 18 18 57 63 61 1.45 1.50 1.44 1 0.7 0
Bolivia 147 156 162 17 17 18 1.56 1.40 1.24 46 0 37
Brazil 13,281 16,206 20,559 71 86 108 1.50 1.51 1.56 326 1,340 395
Chile 4,143 4,677 5,238 259 290 322 3.48 3.21 3.19 61 40 42
Colombia 4,937 5,377 6,806 115 123 154 4.01 3.96 3.96 267 62 144
Costa Rica 95 123 159 24 30 39 0.48 0.55 0.61 0 0 10
Cuba 1,444 1,668 n.a. 127 147 n.a. 4.00 4.00 n.a. 49 39 27
Dominican Republic 273 256 271 30 28 29 0.79 0.69 0.66 50 0 15
Ecuador 593 653 773 44 48 56 1.82 1.85 1.80 58 118 0.4
El Salvador 106 106 111 16 16 16 0.62 0.57 4.80 16 10 17
Guatemala 90 146 166 7 12 13 0.28 0.40 0.39 16 64 19
Guyana n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 0.67 2
Haiti n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 0 0
Honduras 53 55 76 7 8 9 0.63 0.59 0.62 12 60 8
Jamaica 56 57 108 21 21 39 0.58 0.56 1.02 3 0.953 0
Mexico 3,123 3,229 3,982 29 30 37 0.41 0.34 0.39 255 40 31
Nicaragua 34 35 37 6 6 6 0.68 0.66 0.64 12 0 0
Panama 158 171 200 50 54 62 1.02 0.96 1.02 0 0 12
Paraguay 58 67 100 9 10 15 0.78 0.73 0.83 11 165 15
Peru 1,097 1,108 1,226 39 39 43 1.38 1.19 1.12 114 188 77

Suriname 21 20 22 49 44 47 1.58 1.33 1.04 2 0 0

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009
Trinidad and Tobago 92 52 55 86 48 52 0.61 0.29 0.26 4 0 0
Uruguay 240 227 304 70 66 88 1.44 1.17 1.29 25 0 0.9
Venezuela 2,454 2,588 2,795 97 101 107 1.70 1.42 1.23 115 8 0
Total 34,358 38,949 45,351 63 70 84 1.33 1.26 1.30 1,522 2,137 883
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola 1,189 1,588 2,264 101 132 185 3.62 4.68 4.79 107 0 10
Benin n.a. 49 55 n.a 6 7 n.a 1.04 0.93 5 0 3
Botswana 305 289 317 186 176 194 3.20 2.95 2.74 9 0 2
Burkina Faso 64 72 95 5 5 7 1.12 1.20 1.34 11 0 0.25
Burundi 64 74 78 8 9 9 7.98 7.67 7.89 20 0 31
Cameroon 222 257 297 13 15 16 1.34 1.43 1.57 14 0 9
Cape Verde 7 7 8 17 17 19 0.69 0.62 0.55 1 0 0
Central African Republic 15 16 18 4 4 4 1.12 1.05 1.04 3 0 0
Chad 56 59 70 6 6 7 1.03 0.90 1.05 25 0 10
Congo 79 84 94 22 23 25 1.35 1.20 1.14 10 0 2
Cote d’Ivoire 249 266 290 14 15 16 1.52 1.51 1.38 17 10 2
Democratic Republic of Congo 150 163 166 2 3 3 2.11 1.88 1.71 151 0 0
Djibouti 12 17 17 26 36 33 1.77 2.29 1.90 10 0 3
Equatorial Guinea 7 8 8 14 14 15 0.11 0.09 0.08 1 0 0
Eritrea 65 n.a. n.a. 14 n.a. n.a. 6.33 n.a. n.a. 202 120 0
Ethiopia 300 345 336 4 5 4 2.65 2.61 1.88 138 0 0
Gabon 114 111 123 82 78 85 1.30 1.23 1.15 5 0 2
Gambia, The 3 3 4 2 2 2 0.67 0.67 0.63 1 0 0
Ghana 76 83 104 3 4 5 0.70 0.66 0.70 14 0 0
Guinea 55 36 52 6 4 5 1.67 1.17 1.08 12 0 7
Guinea Bissau 12 13 15 9 9 10 3.90 4.05 4.30 6 0 0
Kenya 388 398 681 11 11 18 2.03 1.75 2.47 24 0 5
Lesotho 35 35 40 17 17 20 2.39 2.44 2.28 2 0 0
Liberia n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 0 0
Madagascar 54 54 82 3 3 4 1.07 0.98 1.11 14 0 8
Malawi 34 39 42 3 3 3 1.64 1.79 1.71 5 0 2
Mali 120 132 157 11 11 13 2.26 2.23 2.10 7 0 5
Mauritius 10 11 27 8 9 22 0.16 0.17 0.36 0 0 2
Country comparisons
Mozambique 58 57 57 3 3 3 0.86 0.81 0.74 11 0 0

Namibia 166 197 239 82 96 116 2.66 3.00 3.17 9 0 6
451

452

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2009 2009 2009
Niger 33 38 46 3 3 4 0.99 1.08 1.05 5 0 5
Nigeria 854 768 980 7 6 7 0.90 0.65 0.73 80 0 82
Rwanda 56 72 62 7 7 6 2.34 2.42 2.13 33 0 2
Senegal 125 149 193 11 12 15 1.44 1.62 1.64 14 0 5
Seychelles 15 15 11 181 178 140 2.13 2.05 1.97 0 0 0.45
Sierra Leone 24 28 29 4 5 5 2.03 2.03 1.71 11 0 0
Somali Republic n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a n.a
South Africa 3,697 3,527 3,753 83 80 85 1.53 1.38 1.42 62 15 0

Sudan 1,169 n.a. n.a. 29 n.a. n.a. 4.41 n.a. n.a. 109 0 18
Tanzania 135 147 162 4 4 4 1.07 1.21 1.13 27 80 1
Togo 33 34 42 6 6 7 1.58 1.58 1.60 9 0 0.75
Uganda 196 192 232 7 7 8 2.14 1.88 1.93 45 0 2
Zambia 158 300 247 14 27 21 2.18 2.89 2.21 15 3 1
Zimbabwe 136 156 n.a. 11 13 n.a. 2.35 2.78 n.a. 29 0 22
Total 10,537 9,892 11,495 15 13 15 1.70 1.43 1.47 1,277 228 248
Summary
USA 1 495,326 521,840 552,568 1,675 1,749 1,835 3.98 3.94 3.99 1,540 979 0
Subtotal NATO Ex-US 265,250 277,457 310,907 468 488 546 1.83 1.80 1.57 2,505 2,392 488
Total NATO 760,576 799,297 863,475 882 922 992 2.82 2.79 2.57 4,045 3,416 488
Non-NATO Europe 19,454 21,198 25,559 141 155 187 1.16 1.16 1.19 547 2,739 250
Russia 3 18,768 24,577 32,215 131 173 228 1.20 1.44 1.54 1,027 20,000 449
Middle East and North Africa 74,388 82,507 90,273 214 234 251 5.49 5.31 4.96 3,086 2,137 1,002
Central and South Asia 28,650 29,894 34,991 19 19 22 2.60 2.38 2.25 2,486 1,161 1,863
East Asia and Australasia 145,368 155,228 176,152 69 73 82 1.50 1.53 1.61 6,498 17,961 1,800
Caribbean and Latin America 34,358 38,949 45,351 63 70 84 1.33 1.26 1.30 1,522 2,137 883
Sub-Saharan Africa 10,537 9,892 11,495 15 13 15 1.70 1.43 1.47 1,277 228 248
Global totals 1,131,331 1,206,966 1,279,647 176 185 202 2.40 2.38 2.26 20,488 49,779 6,983
1
Outlays not Budget Authority
2
The totals for the armed forces include Gendarmerie (103,000), Carabinieri (107,000), Guardia Civil (72,600)
3
Official budget only at market exchange rates
Table 39 Arms Deliveries to Table 40 Arms Transfer Agree Table 41 Global Arms Table 42 Global Arms Transfer
Developing Nations ments with Developing Nations Deliveries Agreements
Leading Recipients in 2007 Leading Recipients in 2007 Leading Suppliers in 2007 Leading Suppliers in 2007
(current US$m) (current US$m) (current US$m) (current US$m)
1 India 1,600 1 Saudi Arabia 10,600 1 United States 12,793 1 United States 24,860
2 Israel 1,500 2 India 5,000 2 Russia 4,700 2 Russia 10,400
3 Egypt 1,500 3 Pakistan 4,200 3 UK 2,600 3 UK 9,800
4 Saudi Arabia 1,100 4 Syria 3,700 4 France 2,100 4 China 3,800
5 Pakistan 1,100 5 South Korea 2,700 5 China 1,400 5 Spain 2,000
6 South Korea 1,000 6 UAE 1,900 6 Germany 1,000 6 France 1,800
7 Venezuela 1,000 7 Iraq 1,900 7 Canada 900 7 Germany 1,500
8 South Africa 800 8 Egypt 1,700 8 Sweden 800 8 Israel 1,000
9 Taiwan 800 9 Oman 1,400 9 Spain 600 9 Italy 900
10 China 700 10 Israel 1,000 10 Israel 500 10 South Korea 50
Table 43 Value of Global Arms Transfer Agreements and Market Share by Supplier, 2000–2007 (constant 2007US$m – % in italics)
Total Russia US UK France Germany Italy All Other European China Others
2000 40,620 5,113 12.6 15,662 38.6 7,183 17.7 3,044 7.5 1,583 3.9 365 0.9 3,774 9.3 1,096 2.7 2,800 6.9
2001 32,789 5,550 16.9 10,824 33.0 4,960 15.1 2,362 7.2 827 2.5 590 1.8 3,543 10.8 1,063 3.2 3,070 9.4
2002 33,189 4,140 12.5 11,568 34.9 5,635 17.0 1,725 5.2 1,495 4.5 690 2.1 3,450 10.4 1,035 3.1 3,450 10.4
2003 37,019 4,949 13.4 12,497 33.8 5,512 14.9 2,925 7.9 2,475 6.7 450 1.2 4,499 12.2 900 2.4 2,812 7.6
2004 37,610 6,005 16.0 12,826 34.1 3,603 9.6 6,005 16.0 2,184 5.8 218 0.6 2,402 6.4 983 2.6 3,385 9.0
2005 31,929 3,377 10.6 12,721 39.8 3,905 12.2 2,533 7.9 1,583 5.0 950 3.0 3,061 9.6 950 3.0 2,850 8.9
2006 34,386 6,043 17.6 12,876 37.4 4,404 12.8 1,536 4.5 2,561 7.4 307 0.9 3,585 10.4 1,127 3.3 1,946 5.7
2007 30,993 4,700 15.2 12,793 41.3 2,600 8.4 2,100 6.8 1,000 3.2 500 1.6 3,200 10.3 1,400 4.5 2,700 8.7
Table 44 Value of Global Arms Deliveries and Market Share by Supplier, 2000–2007 (constant 2007US$m – % in italics)
Total Russia US UK France Germany Italy All Other European China Others
2000 45,013 8,157 18.1 21,273 47.3 730 1.6 4,505 10.0 1,461 3.2 243 0.5 4,991 11.1 730 1.6 2,922 6.5
2001 37,097 6,495 17.5 13,479 36.3 709 1.9 5,196 14.0 2,362 6.4 1,299 3.5 3,188 8.6 1,299 3.5 3,070 8.3
2002 32,878 6,671 20.3 14,936 45.4 805 2.4 805 2.4 1,150 3.5 460 1.4 5,060 15.4 460 1.4 2,530 7.7
2003 32,570 5,287 16.2 16,260 49.9 675 2.1 3,150 9.7 1,687 5.2 675 2.1 2,362 7.3 675 2.1 1,800 5.5
2004 44,767 8,189 18.3 13,759 30.7 6,551 14.6 3,166 7.1 1,856 4.1 655 1.5 6,223 13.9 983 2.2 3,385 7.6
2005 48,709 7,704 15.8 13,564 27.8 2,955 6.1 8,865 18.2 1,794 3.7 1,583 3.2 6,755 13.9 3,166 6.5 2,322 4.8
2006 54,908 14,647 26.7 16,703 30.4 4,200 7.6 4,609 8.4 2,049 3.7 1,229 2.2 6,043 11.0 1,434 2.6 3,995 7.3
Country comparisons
2007 59,960 10,400 17.3 24,860 41.5 9,800 16.3 1,800 3.0 1,500 2.5 900 1.5 4,400 7.3 3,800 6.3 2,500 4.2
US DoD Price Deflator . All data rounded to nearest $100m. Source: Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms
453
Transfers to Developing Nations 2000-2007 (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service)

Table 45 Arms Deliveries to Middle East and North Africa, by Supplier

(current US$m)
Major West All other
2000–2003 US Russia China European* European Others Total
Algeria 300 100 200 100 700
Bahrain 600 600
Egypt 510 200 300 100 100 1,210
Iran 300 100 400 800
Iraq 100 100 200
Israel 3,000 300 3,300
Jordan 600 400 100 100 100 1,300
Kuwait 1,000 100 300 200 1,600
Lebanon -
Libya 100 100 200 400
Morocco 100 100 100 300
Oman 100 100

Qatar -
Saudi Arabia 6,000 15,300 2,800 24,100
Syria 200 100 300
Tunisia -
UAE 200 300 100 3,300 300 4,200
Yemen 300 900 100 200 1,500
2004-2007
Algeria 900 100 1,000
Bahrain 300 100 400
Egypt 5,500 200 500 400 6,600
Iran 400 200 200 800
Iraq 300 100 200 200 800
Israel 5,700 100 5,800
Jordan 600 100 700
Kuwait 1,500 1,500
Lebanon -
Libya 200 200 400
Morocco 100 100 200 400
Oman 700 300 1,000
Qatar -
Saudi Arabia 4,400 9,900 200 14,500
Syria 300 300 600
Tunisia -
UAE 600 300 4,000 400 5,300
Yemen 300 100 200 600
* Major West European includes UK, Germany, France, Italy

All data rounded to nearest $100m
Source: Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations 2000–2007
(Washington DC: Congressional Research Service)
Chapter Ten
Current trends in Asia-Pacific
defence industries
The Asia-Pacific region possesses the highest concen- Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. The
tration of arms-producing nations outside North Japanese Self-Defense Force (SDF) relies mainly on
America and Europe. While the value of military indigenously developed weapons systems, and will
manufacturing in the region is still quite small, only buy military equipment from foreign suppliers
perhaps accounting for !"% of total global arma- when local production is not economically feasible.
ments production, the region has seen considerable Even then, it will usually involve some form of
growth in arms manufacturing, in terms of value, licensed production. Japan’s Ground SDF is largely
types of systems, sophistication and, particularly, equipped with tanks, armoured vehicles, artillery
national ambitions for such manufacturing. systems and munitions designed, developed and
In an era of globalisation, some Asia-Pacific defence manufactured by Japanese companies, or produced

industries stand out for their continued emphasis on under licence. The Maritime SDF generally operates
autarky – in this case pursuing techno-nationalist a mix of Japanese designed and built submarines and
goals of self-sufficiency in weapons development and surface combatants equipped with foreign subsys-
manufacturing. Among the nations in the region that tems such as propulsion systems, vertical-launch
produce arms, there is a preference for self-reliance in systems, missiles and fire-control systems.
arms procurement and production. As a result, there At the same time, a near-total ban on arms
has been substantial investment in national defence- exports, coupled with a very small domestic market,
technological and industrial bases, although nations has resulted in a ‘boutique’ defence industry with
often lack the technological and industrial capacity to relatively high prices for indigenously produced
implement this preference for self-reliance (leading in weapons. (For instance, the locally built F-& fighter
many cases to foreign purchases and licensed produc- costs more than $!"" million apiece, compared to
tion). The question facing these countries is whether approximately $*+m for the US F-!/ upon which it is
such a strategy will result in sustainable and techno- based.) Exacerbating this problem of high unit costs
logically advanced domestic defence industries. In is a defence-equipment budget that is being squeezed
the face of this challenge, some Asia-Pacific nations by new requirements, particularly for missile defence,
choose to incorporate local defence industries into airborne early warning and maritime force projec-
global supply chains, while others appear willing to tion. For example, Tokyo will spend at least ! trillion
continue to pay a premium for high levels of autarky yen ($0./ billion) – including $!bn for joint research
in arms acquisition. and development (R&D) – to fully deploy a layered
missile-defence system. Since the budget for equip-
Asia-Pacific defence industries: ment is relatively unchanged, funding for missile
an overview defence has had to come at the expense of other types
While almost every sizeable Asia-Pacific nation of procurement. Overall, Japan is finding it harder
produces some form of defence product, in most cases to pursue arms projects on its own, because of rising
these are low-end items, such as small arms (generally development and manufacturing costs, coupled with
assault rifles and side arms produced under licence) increasingly tight budgetary constraints. Therefore,
and ammunition. Only a handful of countries possess Japan’s defence industry pins considerable hope on
relatively sophisticated and broad-based defence- co-producing missile-defence systems with the United
industrial bases. Kokusanka, or self-reliance in defence States and, especially, on eventually producing the
products, is an important concept in Japan, and Tokyo jointly developed SM-* Block II missile. As a conse-
has devoted considerable resources to building and quence, participation in US missile-defence R&D and
maintaining a technologically advanced domestic production is an essential requirement for Japan. That
arms industry, most of which is embedded in large, said, the importance of domestic production is evident
diversified conglomerates, such as Mitsubishi Heavy in the continued pursuit of several wholly indigenous
arms programmes, including the P-! maritime patrol the Chinese arms industry suffered several short-
aircraft, the C-X transport aircraft and a new main comings, including a backward R&T base, excess
ba2le tank. industrial capacity and an SOE mindset that valued
South Korea has built up an impressive defence- quotas and jobs over capabilities and customer-
industrial base. The local arms industry is particularly responsiveness. These inhibited the translation of
broad-based, fuelled by considerable investments in breakthrough technologies and designs into advanced
the aerospace, land-systems and shipbuilding sectors. weapon systems.
As a consequence, nearly 0"% of South Korea’s arms Over the past decade or so, however, Beijing has
are procured domestically. As in Japan, most Korean instituted several reforms intended to inject more
defence production is concentrated in subsidiaries market-oriented thinking into the defence industry.
of large conglomerates, such as Hyundai, Samsung These include the introduction of Western manage-
and Daewoo. Indigenous products include the T-+" ment techniques, a new emphasis on quality control
supersonic advanced trainer/light a2ack aircraft, the and greater oversight by the Chinese military
K-! main ba2le tank, and the KDX-III destroyer. Yet concerning procurement and programme manage-
even after more than *" years of significant public ment, downsizing and consolidation of the industrial
and private input into infrastructure and technology, base. There is now even a modicum of competition,
South Korea still possesses only limited capacity for particularly in the shipbuilding and aviation sectors.
self-sufficient arms production. Overall, the country’s In addition, the Chinese have aggressively pursued a
defence research-and-technology (R&T) base remains dual-use R&T strategy that stresses the development
underdeveloped, and local arms production relies of advanced civilian technologies – such as space
heavily on foreign input in several key areas, such (launch vehicles and satellites), aviation, computer-
as design, components and subsystems, and systems aided manufacturing and, particularly, information
integration. The T-+", for example, depends on crit- technologies – that can be spun on to defence prod-
ical technical input from foreign defence firms. This ucts and production. Finally, the local arms industry
includes the design, which is developed in partner- has greatly benefited from a rise in Chinese defence
ship with Lockheed Martin, the computerised flight- spending – a fivefold increase since the late !55"s
control system, avionics and the engine. – that has invested considerable sums in weapons
Nevertheless, South Korea’s indigenous arms R&D, upgrading assembly lines and increasing
industry is producing an array of equipment; it is production.
developing its own anti-ship and land-a2ack cruise China is producing several new weapons systems
missiles, a new tank (the XK-&) and an infantry that are competitive in terms of quality and capabili-
fighting vehicle. It also plans to build its own class ties, including the J-!" fighter aircraft, the Song-class
of a2ack submarines. Seoul hopes that its aerospace diesel-electric submarine, the Type-"+&C destroyer
industry will develop so that eventually it is perceived (equipped with an indigenous Aegis-type radar and air-
as a world-class source of airframe design and manu- defence system), the HQ-5 long-range surface-to-air
facture, ranking in the world’s top ten aerospace- missile (akin to the US Patriot air-defence missile) and
producing countries. It has particular expectations several types of ballistic-missile systems. Moreover,
for the T-+" and anticipates selling /"" to 0"" of these rumours abound of China developing a fifth-
aircraft to overseas customers over the next &" years. generation fighter, laser weapons, anti-ship ballistic
China has long strived to become self-supporting missiles and other state-of-the-art military systems.
in the development and production of armaments, Overall, it appears that Beijing places substantial
and it possesses the region’s largest defence industry. emphasis on achieving self-sufficiency in arms acqui-
The Chinese defence-industrial base comprises more sition. In fact, it has severely reduced its once-size-
than !,""" state-owned enterprises (SOEs) employing able arms purchases from countries such as Russia
some three million workers, including more than and Ukraine. Allegations of reverse engineering
*"",""" engineers and technicians. China is one of have dogged some recent Chinese development
the few countries in the developing world to produce programmes, and during his first state visit to China
a full range of military equipment, from small arms in May &""0, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
to armoured vehicles to fighter aircraft to warships reportedly sought an agreement on the protection of
and submarines, as well as nuclear weapons and the Russian defence industry’s intellectual property
intercontinental ballistic missiles. Yet for decades, rights. (see East Asia and Australasia, p. */6.)
Current trends in Asia-Pacific defence industries 457
In Taiwan, armaments production is concentrated Russian T-5" tanks, as the Arjun is still not avail-
in three state-owned enterprises: the Chung Shan able after *" years of development. Overall, foreign
Institute for Science and Technology (missile systems); weapons systems (that is, both imports and licensed
the Aerospace Industry Development Corporation production) still comprise around 7"% of the Indian
(fighter aircraft); and China Shipbuilding Corporation military arsenal. India is expected to remain depen-
(warships). The local arms industry is under- dent on the joint development and production of
utilised and losing money. Many domestic weapons high-technology missile and aerospace systems with
programmes – such as the Indigenous Defensive Russia, along with spares, despite growing public
Fighter and the Kwang Hua VI missile boat – have disillusionment with price escalations and extended
been either halted or delayed, and alternative activi- delays of Russian arms supplies. (See Central and
ties, such as switching over to commercial produc- South Asia, p. **+.)
tion or exporting arms, have proved unsuccessful. At Efforts have been made to reform the local arms
the same time, Taipei has been reluctant to privatise, industry by opening up defence contracting to the
rationalise or sell off its state-owned defence firms to private sector, permi2ing foreign companies to invest
foreign investors, fearing that this would mean the in defence firms and encouraging collaborative R&D
permanent loss of critical high-tech, national security- and production. Market-oriented business practices
related industries. and accountability have been introduced into the

India has long harboured the ambition of state-owned defence-industrial sector and DRDO–
possessing a self-sufficient, high-tech arms industry. industry–armed forces coordination and planning
This can be traced back to the country’s a2empt to has been improved. However, these measures have
design and build its own fighter aircraft, the HF-&6 produced few positive results so far. Some private
Marut, in the early !5/"s. Today, New Delhi has Indian companies have taken up the opportunity to
created a substantial military-industrial complex, compete for defence work; for example, local firms
consisting of eight state-owned Defence Public Sector Larsen and Tubro (L&T) and Tata were recently
Undertakings, 6" Ordnance Factories and, at the awarded a joint contract to develop components for
top, the powerful and influential Defence Research a new multiple rocket launcher. But it is still proving
and Development Organisation (DRDO), which is difficult to encourage the private sector to invest in
charged with designing, developing and managing work that requires large, risky investments in R&D
the country’s indigenous weapons programmes. The and infrastructure, in exchange for low and unpre-
defence sector employs more than !.6m workers, dictable returns.
including around 6",""" in the DRDO. Indigenous Though a2empts to get foreign firms to buy pieces
products include the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft of the local defence industry have generally been
(LCA), the Arjun tank and elements of the BrahMos unsuccessful, India is still trying by various means
anti-ship cruise missile (which is a joint Russian– to encourage such investment. On 5 August &""0, the
Indian venture). Nevertheless, the history of India’s Ministry of Defence (MoD) released a revised proce-
defence industry is li2ered with unsuccessful endea- dure for the procurement of weapon systems and
vours, and even today Indian armaments production defence industrialisation, the Defence Procurement
is characterised by overreach and costly setbacks. Procedure &""0 (DPP-&""0) (in effect from ! September
The LCA, for example, is more than !& years behind &""0). Along with provisions for increasing transpar-
schedule, with R&D costs nearly doubling since the ency, it included the concept of banking of offsets
project’s inception; and when it does finally go into valid for two and a half years. Since &""+, all foreign
production, around &"!", the aircraft will be manu- companies bidding for Indian defence contracts worth
factured at such a low rate that it may well be obso- more than Rs*"" crore (US$/57m) have been required
lete before the final aircraft is delivered. The Indian to invest *"–+"% of the order in the Indian defence
military has been forced continually to search for sector. Although offsets are expected to increase
foreign equipment to compensate for delays in between ten and fifteen billion in the next few years,
domestic weapons programmes. For example, the there is considerable unease over the implementa-
air force is acquiring up to &6" Russian Su-*"s, and it tion of this measure. The armed services feel it will
recently inaugurated the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft delay acquisitions, while the bureaucracy feels it
competition to buy !&/ foreign fighter aircraft. The will increase the cost of weapons systems and that
Indian Army, meanwhile, is buying several hundred industry in India may not be able to absorb the tech-
nology. The DPP-&""0 is the sixth review of India’s Indonesia started manufacturing defence equip-
defence-procurement policy since !55&. Its implemen- ment in the mid !57"s, with the establishment of
tation is expected to remain slow because of the forth- several state-owned strategic industrial enterprises,
coming general elections, to be held in early &""5. In including aerospace and shipbuilding. The country
September &""0, Defence Minister, A.K. Antony stated produced transport aircraft and helicopters under
that India might consider raising the proportion of licence and co-developed the CN-&*+ medium trans-
foreign investment in defence joint ventures from port and maritime patrol aircraft with CASA of
&/% to 65% on a ‘selective basis’, providing greater Spain. Nevertheless, the local defence industry has
opportunities for foreign arms manufacturers. suffered from over-capacity and debt problems, and
Australia has an established naval construc- the !557–50 financial crisis forced a major retrench-
tion capacity. In the recent past, it has constructed ment. Today, Indonesia’s defence industry, while a
submarines and frigates, and various elements of shadow of its former self, still produces helicopters,
the projected three Aegis-equipped Air Warfare transport and maritime patrol aircraft and armoured
Destroyers and two &0,"""-ton amphibious power- personnel carriers, amongst other equipment, for the
projection ships are to be manufactured in Australia; country’s armed forces.
these vessels have been designed by Spain’s Navantia. Malaysia’s defence-industrial base includes both
Australia’s defence industry also manufactures light private and government-owned companies, mostly
armoured vehicles, and it has assembled the British engaged in maintenance, repair and overhaul activi-
Hawk advanced training aircraft and Franco-German ties or in the low-end manufacturing of parts, compo-
Tiger a2ack helicopters under licence. Particularly nents, or sub-assemblies. Key production activities
noteworthy is the fact that much of Australia’s defence have included the licensed manufacture of Turkish-
industry is now in foreign hands. ADI (formerly designed armoured vehicles and construction of Kedah-
Australian Defence Industries) was bought by Thales class offshore patrol vessels (based on the German
of France; EADS (the European Aeronautic Defence MEKO A-!"" corve2e) for the Royal Malaysian Navy.
and Space Company, owner of the aircraft manufac-
turer Airbus) has acquired both Australian Aerospace Future directions: autarky, niche production
and Hawker Pacific; and Boeing operates a sizeable or globalisation?
subsidiary in the country. Meanwhile, BAE Systems Armaments production is a capital- and technology-
Australia, already a leading player in the Australian intensive industry, requiring significant investment
defence sector, acquired Tenix Defence in June &""0. in R&D, production facilities and skilled personnel.
Australia is thus witness not only to international Consequently, small-scale arms manufacturing of
defence-sector consolidation, but also to consolida- the type generally found in the Asia-Pacific is rarely
tion within the national sector. (See ‘&""7 in review: cost effective. Yet overall, there appears to be li2le
major developments in the European and US defence inclination among leading Asia-Pacific armaments
industries’, The Military Balance , pp. 6+!–6.) producers to rationalise their defence sectors by
In Southeast Asia, only Singapore possesses a abandoning overly ambitious weapons programmes,
significant indigenous arms industry. Although this closing down unsustainable production lines and
is narrowly focused on certain products and services, laying off unneeded workers. If anything, the
it is nevertheless globally competitive in quality and commitment to preserving – and in some cases even
technology terms. The government-linked Singapore expanding – local defence-industrial bases has never
Technologies Engineering (STEngg) produces the been stronger. Despite the technological hurdles and
Bionix infantry fighting vehicle and other army vehi- high entry costs, other factors continue to have a very
cles, !++mm artillery systems (including air-portable strong influence on Asia-Pacific arms-producing
and SP variants) and small arms and ammunition. states – among them perceived national-security
Under licence, it also builds stealth frigates based on imperatives, projected technology spin-offs and even
the French Lafaye!e class. STEngg is a critical provider national pride.
of information-technology solutions, is the lead con- Of course, there will always be some countries
tractor for the Singapore Armed Forces’ Integrated that remain commi2ed to preserving a high degree
Knowledge-based Command and Control (IKC&) of self-sufficiency and will therefore be prepared to
infrastructure, and has shown particular interest in pay the price of gaining or maintaining an across-
developing unmanned systems. the-board capacity for indigenous arms production.
Current trends in Asia-Pacific defence industries 459
This commitment is certainly evident in China, Japan, and Indonesia and perhaps also in Taiwan, albeit with
India and South Korea. Despite the technological and varying degrees of success.
economic challenges of sustaining modern military- Finally, some arms-producing states in the
industrial complexes, these countries continue to region are keen to take advantage of developments
stress self-sufficiency in arms production, as a strain the international defence sector. Defence firms in
tegic necessity. Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea have
The question for these countries is not simply stated the goal of integrating themselves into the
whether they can continue to afford a ‘techno- global production chain as preferred subcontractors
nationalist’ defence-industrial strategy, but also and second-tier suppliers. In the case of Malaysia,
whether this strategy will be worthwhile technologi- this is official government policy. In South Korea,
cally, as an overly self-sufficient approach risks closing Samsung has established a joint venture with Thales
off access to global technology. As Raymond Vernon to produce and market defence-electronics systems,
and Ethan Kapstein noted nearly twenty years ago, while, as discussed above, Australia has permi2ed
(‘National Needs, Global Resources’, Daedalus, Fall foreign firms to purchase local defence companies. On
!55!, p. !5): the other hand, there appears to be no desire or drive
to regionalise armaments production as a means of
Any nation that is determined to rely upon its rationalising production or of pooling technological
own products, its own technologies, and its strengths or financial resources, as there is in Europe.
own enterprises to fulfill its defense needs will Each Asia-Pacific country still jealously protects its
pay a far higher premium for such a policy than defence industry from its neighbours.
in years past, costs that will be expressed not In the final analysis, whatever strategies they
only in terms of money but also in a sacrifice in pursue, most Asia-Pacific armaments producers will
the quality of its military equipment. remain – relative to the United States and Western
Europe – secondary or even tertiary actors in the
Other Asia-Pacific countries appear to have adopted international defence business. They will continue to
a niche-production approach to local arms manufac- manufacture military equipment mainly for domestic
turing, choosing to find and market areas where they consumption or occupy specialised niches in the global
may have advantages over imports. These countries arms market. The one possible exception is China.
may still be reliant upon foreign sources for major Should it adequately reform its defence industries,
weapons systems, but they avoid total dependency by and should it continue to dedicate ever-increasing
creating mitigating core competencies in indigenous funds to military R&D and to modernising its military-
(and sometimes exportable) armament production. industrial complex, China could be the real breakout
This strategy has been clearly evident in Singapore arms producer of the twenty-first century.
460
THE MILITARY BALANCE 2009
Chapter Eleven
UN Peacekeeping at 60
The resumption of large-scale fighting in the eastern Organisation (UNTSO) was sent to supervise the
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) at the end of ceasefire agreed after the first Arab–Israeli war of
!""# and the humanitarian disaster surrounding %()#. Some /" years later, UNTSO remains in busi-
it have once again exposed the limitations of UN ness, its mandate now geared towards supporting
peacekeeping. MONUC, the UN Mission in the DRC, UN peacekeepers elsewhere in the region.
which is the largest UN peacekeeping force in the Since UNTSO’s establishment, the UN has
world today, is facing many of the same accusations launched more than /" peacekeeping operations at
as missions before it and is blamed by all sides for an estimated total cost of $$) billion. The amount
failing to prevent massacres or to meet the needs of is surprisingly modest, given the scale and scope of
civilian populations caught up in war. It was reported activities undertaken, and this may well be one reason
that some !$",""" civilians had been displaced by the why the demand for ‘blue helmets’ has remained
fighting by mid November !""# and, although UN brisk. When UN peacekeeping forces were awarded
forces had stopped the regional capital of Goma from the Nobel Peace Prize in %(##, just as the organisation
falling, rebel forces were advancing in other locations was breaking loose from the geopolitical constraints
across the east. In part the problem is one of resources imposed by )" years of Cold War, there were fewer
and competence. Even with the %&,""" troops it had than %$,""" troops deployed worldwide. Today, there
in late !""#, MONUC was ill-equipped to address are almost (",""" uniformed personnel from nearly
the enormous challenges in the east of the country. %!" countries involved in %/ missions. (With civilian
More fundamentally, MONUC’s activities on the staff, the figure rises to just under %%",""".) Six oper-
ground can never be a substitute for what is currently ations have been established in Africa alone since
lacking: an overall political strategy involving key !""2.
regional actors aimed at addressing underlying and However, more important than the growth in troop
unresolved issues at the heart of the on-going conflict. numbers and missions are the qualitative changes in
MONUC’s current predicament only serves to high- UN peacekeeping over the past two decades.
light, albeit in extreme form, questions that have In %(##, the Nobel Commi3ee stressed the contri-
too often plagued UN missions about the precise bution that UN peacekeeping forces had made ‘to
mandates under which forces operate, the quality reducing tensions where an armistice has been nego-
of the forces despatched on missions and the UN’s tiated but a peace treaty has yet to be established’.
organisational capacity to manage and sustain its Throughout the Cold War that contribution was
peacekeeping responsibilities. generally made in disputes between member states.
In the most notable departure from that pa3ern – the
Peacekeeping’s evolution UN operation in the Congo between %(/" and %(/)
The charter that established the United Nations (when the UN force was first tasked with ensuring
in %()$ contains no mention of peacekeeping as a the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Congo and
distinctive activity, but the practice of UN peace- then with a3empting to prevent civil war) – the role
keeping is nearly as old as the world body itself. The of UN peacekeepers proved far more ambiguous and
conceptualisation of peacekeeping as a unique form controversial.
of third-party intervention – predicated on the closely Since the end of the Cold War, nearly all UN peace-
connected principles of host-state consent, impar- keeping operations have been deployed in intra-
tiality and minimum use of force – only took place in state conflicts, even though these have often formed
late %($"s, after the first UN Emergency Force in the part of a region-wide pa3ern of conflict. In another
Middle East (UNEF I) was deployed. The UN’s first marked contrast to the period of ‘classical’ peace-
foray into peacekeeping, however, occurred nearly keeping, humanitarian considerations – ensuring,
ten years earlier, when the UN Truce Supervision for instance, that humanitarian relief is delivered or
that fundamental human rights are protected – are an ment of UN operations and a major reassessment of
increasingly important motivation for deploying UN the requirements for success. That reassessment was
troops. eventually embodied in the report and recommenda-
Taken together, these developments help explain tions of the Panel on UN Peace Operations in !""".
why UN missions have become increasingly complex Chaired by Lakhdar Brahimi and be3er known as
and multi-faceted in nature. As MONUC illustrates, the ‘Brahimi Report’, it continues to inform efforts to
one single mission’s tasks can include election and improve the UN’s peacekeeping capacity and perfor-
human-rights monitoring; the provision of secu- mance. ‘Peace Operations !"%"’ – the current reform
rity for refugees in war-affected areas; support for agenda pursued by the Department of Peacekeeping
national policing and reform of law-and-order insti- Operations (DPKO) – focuses on five broad areas
tutions; and the organisation of large-scale disarma- covered by the Brahimi Report: doctrine; personnel,
ment, demobilisation and reintegration programmes. including the recruitment and retention of highly
UN operations have become increasingly ‘multi- qualified staff; relations with partners inside and
dimensional’, as the jargon would have it. Another outside the UN system; resources; and headquarters
aspect of this is the greater proximity of peacekeepers organisation, both in New York and in the field.
to other actors on the ground: international organi- The Brahimi Report’s discussion of the require-
sations, non-governmental bodies of various kinds ments for success fell broadly into two categories.
and the many members of the UN’s own sprawling The first of these was concerned with practicalities
and mildly dysfunctional family of specialised agen- – that is, how best to meet the resource, administra-
cies and programmes. At present, UN peacekeepers tion and management demands generated by the
are deployed in two hybrid operations on the African increasingly complex, multi-faceted character of UN
continent. In the first – the African Union/United operations deployed, more often than not, in a less-
Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) – a than-benign environment. The panel highlighted the
joint peacekeeping force has been deployed to protect need to speed up the deployment of peacekeepers
civilian populations in the troubled Sudanese region once a mission had been authorised by the Security
of Darfur. In !""&, the UN established a mission in Council; improve inter-departmental and contin-
concert with EU aimed at creating secure conditions gency planning for missions; overcome bureau-
for the return of refugees and displaced persons in the cratic stove-piping and encourage system-wide and
Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT). integrated approaches to the running of operations;
Both the quantitative and qualitative changes to delegate more financial and procurement authority
UN peacekeeping outlined above have placed severe to field missions; strengthen the way that field head-
strains on the organisation’s capacity to sustain and quarters are staffed and organised; reform the anti-
manage operations. Warnings of ‘operational over- quated procurement policies and procedures of the
stretch’ by the UN Secretariat are not without justi- organisation; and systemise lessons from previous
fication and have become more insistent. At the same operations and feed these into the planning process
time, the experiences of UN peacekeepers in some for future missions.
localities – most strikingly of MONUC in the DRC – An encouragingly large number of the panels’
have continued to pose perhaps more fundamental recommendations in these areas have been acted
questions about the appropriateness of UN peace- upon, in several cases with direct benefits for peace-
keeping as an instrument to address what are often keepers on the ground. To ensure more rapid deploy-
deep-seated, complex emergencies. ment of troops, for example, the UN Logistics Base
(UNLB) at Brindisi, Italy, has been substantially
The Brahimi Report expanded to provide peacekeeping operations with
The mode of UN peacekeeping that evolved during the Strategic Deployment Stocks essential to rapid
the Cold War – lightly equipped troops, deployed in start-up of missions. The UNLB now also maintains
generally benign environments and reliant on host- the UN’s information and technology network that
state consent – was poorly suited to meet the chal- supports missions worldwide.
lenges faced by UN forces in the former Yugoslavia, Further aiding the deployment of peacekeepers has
Somalia and Rwanda in the early %(("s. Although the been the creation of Rapid Deployment Teams and the
sources of failure in each case rested fundamentally use of ‘pre-mandate commitment authority’, so that
with member states, the experiences led to a retrench- money can spent before the Security Council formally
UN Peacekeeping at 60 463
approves a peacekeeping mandate. Integrated departments, for whatever reason, do not get along.
Mission Task Forces have been employed to trans- How the restructuring will work out in practice, and
late the ideal of integrated missions into reality, not whether it will undermine progress made since the
just at the top but throughout the bureaucracy. Other Brahimi panel issued its report, is a major issue in the
recommendations, such as a substantial increase years ahead.
in the UN civilian policing capacity, have also been
enacted. These reforms have made a tangible differ- Clarity of mandates
ence to UN operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone The second category of issues addressed by the
since !""%, challenging the popular image of the UN Brahimi panel, though hard to separate from the ques-
as essentially ‘unreformable’. tion of resources and managerial capacity, was argu-
Progress can, however, be exaggerated and some ably more fundamental. It was concerned with the
key areas, such as procurement and staff recruitment, political requirements of success. Looking back at the
remain stubbornly resistant to meaningful reform. painful experiences of the early half of %(("s, the panel
Moreover, the sheer increase in the number and identified the absence of ‘clear, credible and achiev-
complexity of missions since !""2 has made it hard to able mandates’ for UN peacekeepers as the deeper
consolidate progress. source of failure. This is also one of the chief lessons
There are also legitimate concerns about the likely enshrined in the so-called ‘capstone doctrine’ adopted
effects of Ban Ki Moon’s decision in !""& to push by the DPKO in !""#. Formally entitled United Nations
through with a major restructuring of peacekeeping Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, this is
management. Not long after moving into the 2#th not a doctrine proper. It does, however, usefully bring
floor of the UN headquarters in New York, the new together the ‘largely unwri3en body of principles that
Secretary-General decided to reverse the most signifi- has guided and informed’ UN peacekeepers over the
cant management decision taken with regard to peace- past /" years, as well as detailing how UN opera-
keeping after the Cold War: the incorporation of the tions have become more complex and demanding.
UN’s Field Operations Division into the Department As with the Brahimi report, it stresses that success in
of Peacekeeping Operations. Ban Ki Moon has effec- peacekeeping will always be strictly limited without
tively recreated a Department of Field Support (DFS), ’a peace to keep’ and a ‘clear and achievable mandate
headed by an Under-Secretary-General, which is now with resources to match’.
responsible for supporting ‘all UN peace missions While noting how UN peacekeeping has evolved
worldwide’. away from its modest beginnings, the capstone
The decision to split the department and make doctrine recognises the continuing importance of
the new head of DFS equal in rank to the head of the core principles of consent, impartiality and
the DPKO (although supposedly reporting to him in ‘non-use of force except in self-defence and defence
ma3ers relating to DPKO-managed operations) was of the mandate’, seeing these as ‘a navigation aid,
inspired largely by political considerations. As far or compass, for practitioners both in the field and at
as the effective management of operations from the UN headquarters’. The one difference here with past
headquarters is concerned, however, the history of formulations is the explicit inclusion of the ‘defence
UN peacekeeping suggests that the decision was ill- of the mandate’ as grounds for using force. While
advised and fraught with risk. The a3empt to rationa- this shift in emphasis is straightforward enough and
lise it, as some have done, in terms of the need to rein makes good sense on paper, the difficulty is that
in the DPKO and separate out its administrative and Security Council mandates have not generally lived
support functions is unconvincing, not least because up to the standard of clarity and achievability set out
it fails to account for the reality that distinctions by the Brahimi Report and reiterated in the capstone
between the administrative, operational and political doctrine. When mandates are muddled, or worse
direction of UN operations are bound to be blurred still contradictory, the injunction to act in ‘defence
and overlapping in practice. of the mandate’ becomes problematic – all the more
The effect of the decision could therefore well be to so if the force in question is under-resourced and ill-
undermine unity of command and to increase rather equipped. Nowhere has this been more evident than
than minimise the potential for debilitating conflict in the DRC.
between headquarters and the field. This would most Though MONUC is the largest UN mission, on
obviously be the case if the heads of the respective the ground the UN is ill-equipped to address the
scale of the challenges in the country, especially as peacekeeping. The evident strains on the UN peace-
key enabling capabilities such as logistics, tactical keeping machinery and the difficulties of agreeing
mobility and firepower continue to be in short supply. clear and properly resourced mandates have not
UN peacekeepers have used and threatened force stopped member states from continuing to resort to
against parties in the Congo conflict and, certainly by UN peacekeeping.
UN peacekeeping standards, MONUC has sustained Against this, however, must now be set impor-
significant casualties. Its involvement in more offen- tant changes in the dynamics of Security Council
sive operations has drawn it into to direct conflict decision-making, especially over the past five years.
with warring factions in parts of the country, yet it This factor is likely to most decisively shape the future
has manifestly failed to provide adequate security and the fortunes of UN peacekeeping. Put simply,
for civilian populations targeted and displaced by both Russia and China have evinced greater assertive-
fighting. In this context, questions have been raised ness and a less accommodating a3itude towards the
about not only the number of troops deployed in the Western permanent members on the Security Council
DRC, but also the quality of these troops. While UN than they typically displayed for much of the early
peacekeepers have seen allegations made in the past post-Cold War period. The Security Council autho-
concerning reported criminal behaviour, more funda- rises and regularly renews peacekeeping mandates
mental issues concerning the suitability of the troops and, as the impasse over Kosovo indicates, growing
deployed to tackle the tasks in hand have also been distrust and a deterioration of relations among
discussed. In late !""#, when the authorised size of permanent members cannot but influence the UN’s
MONUC was raised by nearly 2,""", the former head peacekeeping activities. Indeed, it is already clear that
of DPKO, Jean Marie Guéhenno, argued forcefully two conditions for successful peacekeeping identified
that additional forces should come from European by the capstone doctrine – ‘full backing’ from a united
nations. While it is true that the EU military mission Security Council and ‘positive regional engagement’
to the eastern DRC did, as part of its !""2 Operation – are proving more difficult to obtain. The deteriora-
Artemis, deploy robust military force, this was for tion in relations is also certain to inject politics into the
a limited time only. Asking European nations to ongoing efforts to strengthen the UN’s peacekeeping
contribute substantial military forces to long-term capacities. Russia’s inflamed reaction to a September
complex UN operations would require a commit- !""# joint declaration on secretariat cooperation
ment that some may, in the midst of other activities between the UN and NATO, presented by Russian
such as in Afghanistan, find hard to address. Indeed, officials as a ‘secretive UN–NATO deal’, is an indica-
several European countries have made it clear that tion of the change in atmosphere.
they do not have troops available for the DRC. Finally, there is one sentiment that Russia and
China share: a distrust of the humanitarian grounds
The future of UN peacekeeping that have so often been invoked by Western powers
In !""2, it was widely believed that tensions among for intervening in the internal affairs of member
key member states before the US-led invasion of Iraq states. A greater readiness on the part of Russia and
had severely weakened the UN and that this would China to translate distrust of Western humanitarian
translate into a diminished role for the organisation. justifications into action might itself place a break on
Instead, there has been an unprecedented surge in UN the expansion of UN operations.
Chapter Twelve
Selected Trends in Non-State Activity
2007–2008
The number of non-state groups of various types listed services have reported an upsurge in the activities of
by the IISS in its database has increased to almost 500. these movements.
Analysis of the trends in non-state activity in the latter Nationalist movements continue to operate in
part of 2007 and in 2008 showed that the links between Sudan, with groups now attacking the interests of
global crime and insurgent and terrorist groups have foreign countries like China that they believe are
broadened. Weak border regimes and an increasing supporting Khartoum through oil deals and arms sales.
volume of trade moving in unchecked containers aid Two new opposition groups have emerged within the
the activities of these groups, as do poor inter-state semi-nomadic ‘Arab’ population. The Justice Front in
relationships. Sudan is demanding 45 billion Sudanese pounds from
the government for services provided as a militia in the

Nationalism and separatism South Sudan conflict, while the United Revolutionary
Despite the increasingly global nature of much non- Force Front (URFF) represents semi-nomadic Arab
state activity, nationalist groups continue to operate tribesmen that are not part of, but have suffered from,
against state governments, though cross-border links the Janjaweed militias in Darfur. In 2007, the United
with other organisations as well as international finan- Front for Liberation and Development was created
cial arrangements are increasingly observed. In addi- with the purpose of uniting all Darfuri African rebel
tion to Islamist terrorism, nationalist and separatist groups. The appearance of these groups on both sides
activity in India has intensified. Groups including of the ethnic divide reflects growing disillusionment
Maoist Naxalites along the ‘Red Corridor’ from the among Sudanese tribes with the Khartoum govern-
Nepalese border to the south coast have carried out ment. In future it may be expected that more groups
more terrorist activity within the country. may emerge in this complex conflict. In the same
The seemingly conclusive Russian intervention region, in Chad, the Union of Forces for Change and
which followed Georgia’s attack on South Ossetia in Democracy developed to oppose the national govern-
August effectively enabled the two separatist regions ment. In both Chad and Darfur the flow of weapons
of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to gain de facto inde- into the region as well as the ready availability of old
pendence under Russia protection and with Russian stocks, in particular small arms and light weapons, has
recognition (see Russia, p. 210). enabled the arming of new groups. The ready avail-
In the Philippines, protests by Christian and indig- ability of such weapons worldwide continues to facili-
enous communities on Mindanao over the expansion tate the creation and ready arming of new groups.
of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao led The Sri Lankan government’s military offensive
the Philippine Supreme Court to issue a temporary against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
restraining order in early August halting the signing intensified during 2008, with military offensives
of the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral directed at LTTE strongholds in the north of the
Domain (negotiated by the Moro Islamic Liberation island. LTTE activity continued and it was apparent
Front (MILF) and the Manila government in July that, even if the LTTE was militarily degraded, it still
2008). This exacerbated existing tension between posed a terror threat (see South Asia, p. 370).
MILF units under hardline rebel commanders and the
Philippines armed forces, leading to escalating armed Al-Qaeda, possible affiliates, and
clashes on Mindanao (see East Asia and Australasia, radicalisation
p. 363). Al-Qaeda elements on the Durand Line between
In UK the Continuity Irish Republican Army Afghanistan and Pakistan increased their activity in
(CIRA) and the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) Pakistan whilst continuing to support the insurgency
continued their activities to disrupt the established in Afghanistan (see Central and South Asia, p. 329).
Northern Ireland peace process. British security A series of suicide attacks on targets in Pakistan and
efforts against cartels by President Felipe Calderon

Table 46 Main al-Qaeda groupings and
(see the Chart of Conflict 2009). By August 2008, casu-
affiliates in 2008
alties due to cartel violence had already exceeded
Afghanistan al-Qaeda and Afghan Taliban
the total figure for 2007. Assassinations of police and
Algeria al-Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQM)
Algeria Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
government officials involved in attempts to ‘crack
Egypt Takfir Wal Hijra/Excommunication and Exodus
down’ on the drug trade have increased in frequency.
Egypt al-Gamaa Islamiyyah/ Islamic Group (IG) Mexican cartels have continued to grow interna-
Indonesia Jemaah Islamiah (JI)/ Islamic Group/Community tionally, cementing their presence in Bolivia, Peru,
Iraq al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia/Tanzim Qa’idat al-Jihad Colombia and Brazil. The US remains the primary
fi Bilad al-Rafidayn market for Mexican drugs, and has suffered violence
Morocco Groupe Islamique Combatant Marocain (GICM) / along the border; targeted assassinations and gang
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
violence have occurred in California, Arizona and
Morocco Salafya Al-Aihadya/Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade/
Assirat Al-Moustakim Texas (see Caribbean and Latin America, pp. 54–5).
Morocco Secret Organisation Group of al-Qaeda of Jihad There is an increase in the trafficking of methamphet-
Organisation in Europe/Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade amine by cartels in the region.
Pakistan al-Qaeda and Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan The South American drug trade uses Western
Saudi Arabia al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) Africa as an entry point for European markets. Guinea-
UK, Morocco Secret Organisation Group of al-Qaeda of Jihad Bissau in particular has suffered a rise in violence as
Organisation in Europe/Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade
Yemen al-Qaeda in Yemen
a result of the drug trade, and this country is now
hosting an EU security-sector reform mission in a bid
to boost law enforcement and military capacities (see
the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 282). The trade then moves
Bhutto were widely attributed to the al-Qaeda asso- north through the Maghreb to Europe. Al-Qaeda
ciate group, Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). in the Maghreb (AQM) may be benefiting from this
In North Africa, al-Qaeda affiliates were also trafficking. Tuareg rebels are heavily involved in the
active. In Morocco, the Secret Organisation Group smuggling of goods through Niger and Mali; connec-
of Jihad of al-Qaeda in Europe became the base for tions between the AQM and the Tuareg, as well as
al-Qaeda activity in the region. increased AQM presence in the region, have led to
The main al-Qaeda groupings and main affiliates assertions that this trade has been funding AQM
in 2008 are shown in Table 46. activities.
The co-ordinated attacks by muslim extremists In Afghanistan, high rates of heroin production
in Mumbai on 27 November highlighted growing and cannabis cultivation continue, although according
concern over a rising trend of this kind of activity to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
in India. It was reported that a hitherto unknown Afghanistan Opium Survey 2008 poppy cultivation
group, calling itself Deccan Mujahideen, was behind has dropped in 2008 (see Afghanistan map, p. 332).
the highly organised operation which principally This downward trend may be due in part to drought,
targeted hotels and restaurants with western clien- a more favourable wheat price for farmers, or a more
tele, and a Jewish community centre. Other groups stringent application os Afghanistan’s National Drug
which espouse anti-western and non-secular muslim Control Strategy. Organised crime within the country
ideologies have increaesed their activities in India. is closely tied to the insurgency. Poverty has the
The Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) is one effect of forcing people on to the ‘black economy’.
example which is believed to have grown in recent Prostitution, human trafficking and money laun-
years. dering are rife. Money laundering in Afghanistan is
often carried out through the medium of property
Organised crime and trafficking deals in the Middle East.
Organised crime and trafficking have become increas- The production of counterfeit pharmaceuticals
ingly tied to worldwide patterns of violence. It is esti- continues internationally. It is reported that up to 15%
mated that 95% of global illicit ‘hard’ drug production of all drugs sold internationally are fake, and in areas
takes place in conflict zones. of Africa and Asia this figure exceeds 50%. The over
In Mexico, violence resulting from the illicit drug £17bn industry has been linked to organised crime
trade rose sharply in 2008, despite anti-narcotics and terrorist organisations, including the Russian
Selected Trends in Non-State Activity 2007–2008 467
mafia, Chinese triads, Colombian cartels, Hizbullah, enforcement agencies have been active in trying to
the Real IRA and ETA. prevent the Internet from being used in this way: over
In June 2008, Spanish police arrested 20 members the past year, banned posts on sites have included
of the Tambov Group, a Russian criminal organisa- ‘How to become a member of al-Qaeda’ and ‘Anthrax
tion, in Madrid, the Balearic Islands, and a number of Production Technique’.
coastal resorts. They were accused of criminal asso- Jihadist websites increasingly target young
ciation, tax fraud and laundering money from crim- Westerners by translating propaganda into English,
inal activities in Russia that included contract killing, French, Italian and Spanish. A UK site recently issued
arms trafficking and drug smuggling. a call to British Muslims to travel to Somalia and fight
The Italian mafia has expanded over the past year, with Islamist forces, claiming the only end to the
increasing its presence both nationally and globally. conflict lay in the establishment of an Islamist govern-
An estimated 80% of businesses in Palermo, and 70% ment. Jihadist propaganda is increasingly centred on
throughout Sicily, pay protection money to organised the war in Afghanistan, after many years of focusing
crime groups. The mafia is also believed to have primarily on the war in Iraq. It was reported that jiha-
control over some public works programmes. The dist militants may be using ‘Second Life’ – a virtual
Camorra group have dominated illicit waste-disposal Internet world – to recruit new members, proselytise
activity in the region since the 1990s, with adverse and transfer funds.
environmental consequences. Groups that do not directly resort to violence them-
The organisations have also strengthened their selves but that espouse extremist and fundamentalist
global influence. The Italian mafia has links to ideologies use the Internet widely and are increasing
organised-crime groups in Albania and Serbia, in number. Hizb ut-Tahrir in particular is now esti-
such as the Surcin Group. The ‘Ndrangheta Clan mated to have a presence in 45 countries. National
have expanded their global presence, with traf- responses to Hizb ut-Tahrir vary from country to
ficking through ports in Argentina, Australia, country. In some cases it is permitted, and in others
Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, the the organisation is banned and sometimes listed as a
Netherlands, Spain and the US. terrorist organisation. Whilst declaring a strategy of
non-violence, the movement calls for the restoration
The Internet and the global non-state of the Ottoman Caliphate.
community
The use of the Internet for the broadcast of jihadist See the Chart of Conflict 2009 for more data on worldwide
propaganda and migration of ideas continues. Law conflict trends.
Definition and acts independently from state of government, though propagandist activity likely to lead to violence. This year,
468
In this table, a ‘non-state group’ is an organised force which it may have the support of a state. The groups may be the selected groups are organised according to an assessed
may be armed, has a recognised political or ideological terroristic or engage in criminal violence. Some may be ‘identifying characteristic’.
goal, or whose criminal activities impact on state security, non-violent in their declared aims but may engage in radical
Organisation *aka Origin Estb. Est. Strength Active in Aims and remarks
International: professed non-violent
Hizb ut-Tahrir PA 1950s– Millions Allowed in: UK, Da, Estb. worldwide Islamic Caliphate; extend Caliphate boundaries from Sp to Indo. Int’l
1960s (Mid- Aus, US, A, Be, Ca, CH, collection of groups with shared ideology. Inspired by Ottoman Empire
dle East) Swe, Pak, Sp, Sdn,
Indo, Tz (Zanzibar),
Nl, Mal, Ye, Fr, Pl, UAE,
PA, Tz. Banned in: Ge,
Kgz, Az, Tkm, Uz, Tu,
RF, HKJ, Mor, Tn, RL,

LAR, Et, Irq, Syr, PRC,
Sau, Afg.
Tablighi Jamaat/ Tabliq-e-Jamaat/ Jama’t Ind 1920 Over 80 countries, Formed as missionary group; wishes to ‘revive Islam’. Deobandi links. Some members
al-Tablighi particularly in Pak, in Pak linked to Harakat-ul-Mujahideen and some with terrorism, coup attempts,
North Africa, Fr, UK radicalisation of Muslim prisoners in Fr
International: terrorist organisations
Al-Qaeda Afg, Pak n.k. 3,000 Int’l Create Islamic state in Afg; eject Western forces from the area; create Islamic state
worldwide; Jihad against the west. De-facto alliance with the Taliban. Rallying point for
int’l Islamic fundamentalist insurgent and terrorist organisations. Believed to be largely
behind the increasing use of tactics such as kidnappings, beheadings and suicide
Table 47 Selected Non-State Groups and Affiliates
bombings, practices not previously seen in Afg. Key affiliate believed to be Tahir
Yuldashev’s Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan/Turkestan (IMU/T), based in Waziristan,
which seeks the overthrow of the Uzbek regime
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Ag 2006–7 n.k. Ag, RIM Estb. Islamic state in Ag; creation of an Islamic state worldwide; Jihad against the West;
possible ambition for pan-Maghreb insurgency. Group emerged after Groupe Salafiste
pour la Prédication et le Combat aligned with al-Qaeda
Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication Ag 1998 500 Ag, Cha, Nga, RMM, Estb. Islamic state in Ag; possible ambition for pan-Maghreb insurgency; create Islamic
et le Combat (GSPC)/Salafist Group for Int’l state worldwide; Jihad against the West. Linked to thwarted attacks on Western
Preaching and Combat/ Group for Call targets in Ag. Has pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda, after which Al-Qaeda in the Islamic
and Combat Maghreb emerged
Takfir Wal Hijra/Excommunication and Et early 1970s 300+ Ag, Et, RL, Sdn Estb. Islamic state in Et; Jihad against the west; estb. of worldwide Khalifah. Considered
Exodus one of the links between al-Qaeda and Europe. Joined with deported Afg/Pak
Mujahideen in North Africa; intellectual inspiration to al-Qaeda and other militant
groups. Original group was Muslim Brotherhood offshoot in Et, responsible for death
of President Anwar Sadat.
Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya/ Islamic Group Et 1977 500 Afg, Et Estb. Islamic state in Et; estb. of worldwide Khalifah. Al-Qaeda affiliate, has received
support from bin Laden. An off-shoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, its members
rejected the Brotherhood’s non-violent stance.
Jemaah Islamiah (JI)/Islamic Group/ Indo 1993–94 500+ Indo, Mal, Pi, Th Estb.ment of an Islamic state encompassing Indo, Mal, and Pi; Jihad against the West.
Community Active faction Thoifah Muqatilah conducted 2005 Bali bombings
Al-Qaeda in Irq/al-Qaeda Organisation in Irq 2004 n.k. Irq, HKJ Expel US and coalition forces from Iraq; estb. Islamic state; spread insurgency to
the Land of the Two Rivers/Tanzim Qa’idat secular neighbours; fight Il; Jihad against the West
al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn
Salafya Al-Aihadya/Abu Hafs al-Masri Mor n.k. 200–1,000 Mor, UK Further al-Qaeda aims in the the Maghreb; Jihad against the West; estb. of Islamic state
Brigade/Assirat Al-Moustakim in Muslim lands. Loose network of Salafist groups suspected of bombings in Madrid,
London and Casablanca. Used as an al-Qaeda connection to Europe
Groupe Islamique Combatant Marocain Mor 1990s n.k. Afg, Et, Mor, Tu, Estb. Islamic state in Mor; Jihad against the West. Supports al-Qaeda. Has supporters in
(GICM) / Moroccan Islamic Combatant Western Europe Western Europe
Group
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Sau 2004 n.k. Sau, Q, Ye Overthrow the Saudi monarchy; eject western forces from Sau; estb. Islamic state
worldwide; Jihad against the west. Sunni terrorist organisation linked to al-Qaeda.
Operates in other countries on Arabian peninsula, including Q and Ye
Secret Organisation Group of al-Qaeda of UK 2004–05 n.k. UK, Irl, Mor Encourage Muslims in the UK and Europe to become part of the global Islamist
Jihad Organisation in Europe/ Abu Hafs movement. Estb. Islamic state worldwide. Jihad against the west. Suspected of London
al-Masri Brigade bombings
Criminal / narcotics
Hakmarrje per Drejtesi/ Vengeance for Alb Early 1990s n.k. Alb Revive communist system in Alb. An organised armed and criminal group associated
Justice with the former communist special services in Alb
Wo Shing Wo Triad PRC 1930 20,000 PRC, Int’l Based in Hong Kong, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling
and gambling. Divided into nine subgroups specialising in different areas. Maintains
int’l presence, including in Aus, NZ, US (where it controls many legal gambling sites),
and Ca. Considered largest operational triad in the UK, responsible for increase in UK
heroin trade
14K PRC late 1940s 20,000 PRC, Int’l Based in Hong Kong, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling
and gambling. Known to carry out assassinations. Maintains int’l presence, incl in
Western Europe and North America. Possibly the most internationally active Chinese
org crime group.
United Bamboo Gang PRC 1957 15,000 PRC, ROC, Int’l Based in Taiwan, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling,
prostitution, extortion, and gambling. Involved in heroin smuggling in North America,
prostitution rings worldwide
Four Seas Gang PRC 1950s 5,000 PRC, ROC, Int’l Based in Taiwan, involved in illicit activities in PRC. Significant int’l presence; involved
in drug and human trafficking in US
Sun Yee On Triad/ New Righteousness PRC 1919 25,000+ PRC, Int’l Based in Hong Kong, involved in illicit activities in PRC, including opiate smuggling
and Peace Triad and gambling. Main presence is in Hong Kong and Guangdong Province
Big Circle Gang PRC 1980s n.k. PRC, Ca Armed robbery, drug-trafficking, loansharking, human smuggling, counterfeiting and
export of stolen goods. Composed of former Red Guards and PLA soldiers who, after
Mao’s death in 1976, were sent to ‘re-education’ prison camps. Offshoot in Ca
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Co 1964 12,000+ Co Overthrow current democratic government and replace with communist system.
Colombia (FARC) / Revolutionary Armed Exerts ctrl over drug protection industry; offices in Cuba, Mex and various European
Forces of Colombia capitals. Latin America’s oldest and most capable insurgent group
Non-State Groups
Sicilian Mafia It mid–1800s n.k. It (Sicily), Int’l Illegal business activities in Sicily (It). Involved in drug-trading, smuggling, money
laundering, garbage disposal and US crime networks
469
Non-State
Groups
470
Camorra It 1500s 84,700 It (Campania), Int’l Illegal business activities in Campania (It), incl garbage disposal. Maintain presence in
US. Rival to the Sicilian mafia’s presence in New York
Mafia - Ndrangheta It 1991 10,000 It (Calabria, South), Illegal business activities in Calabria (It), with particular focus on the drug trade.
Ge, Int’l Involved in int’l criminal activities; carried out assassinations in Ge; accused of
trafficking nuclear waste. Branches in Arg, Aus, Be, Ca, Co, Fr, Ge, Nl, Sp, and US
Sacra Corona Unita It late–1970s 2,000 It (Calabria), Int’l Illegal business activities in Puglia (It). Presence in US. Emphasis on drugs, arms and
people smuggling through It
Yamaguchi-gumi J 1600s 20,000 J, Int’l Involved in activities including assassinations, extortion, prostitution, smuggling, and
gambling throughout J. Has worldwide presence using business fronts. Believed to be
involved in money laundering in US. Prostitution rings in South America, primarily Mex
Sumiyoshi-kai J 1600s 6,600 J, Int’l Involved in activities including assassinations, extortion, prostitution, smuggling, and

Inagawa-kai J 1600s 5,000 J, Int’l Involved in activities including assassinations, extortion, prostitution, smuggling, and
Beltran-Leyva Cartel Mex n.k. n.k. Mex, US Originally faction of Sinaloa cartel; split in May 2008. Formed alliance with Gulf Cartel
and Los Zetas
Sinaloa Cartel Mex 1989 n.k. Mex, US, Pe, Bol One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Sinaloa. Involved in human
smuggling into US. Controls los Negros, armed enforcer gang created in response to
Los Zetas activities
Juarez Cartel Mex 1980s n.k. Mex, US, Western One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
Africa, Pe, Bol drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Chihuaha. Significant
interaction with Colombian Cartels
Gulf Cartel Mex 1940s n.k. Mex, US, Western One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
Africa, Pe, Bol drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Controls ‘los Zetas’. Significant
interaction with Colombian cartels. Have hired Guatemalan Kaibiles and Central
American Mara Salvatruchas to work as enforcers.
Tijuana Cartel/Arellano Felix Organization Mex 1989 n.k. Mex, US, Int’l One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Tijuana. Significant presence
in Pe; a member of the organisation assassinated a Peruvian judge
Millennium Cartel/Valencia Cartel Mex 1999 n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Separated from the Juarez Cartel in
1999. Based in Michoacan. Significant interaction with Colombian cartels
Oaxaca Cartel Mex 1990s n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also
exports drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Oaxaca. Significant
interaction with Colombian cartels
Zambada Cartel Mex late 1990s n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also
exports drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Sinaloa. Significant
interaction with Colombian cartels
Colima Cartel Mex 1980s n.k. Mex, US One of several Mex cartels attempting to control drug trade into the US. Also exports
drugs to Western Africa and European markets. Based in Guadalajara and Jalisco.
Significant interaction with Colombian cartels
Los Zetas Mex late 1990s 60–62,000 Mex, US Protect Gulf Cartel interests in Mex (based in Tamaulipas); protection of key members
and trafficking routes; expand Mex position in int’l drug trade. Maintain control of
the US trafficking routes. Expand into Western Africa and Europe. Has recruited from
military and police in Mex and Gua Kaibiles (special forces) and MS-13 members
Los Negros Mex late 1990s n.k. Mex Protect Sinaloa Cartel interests; expand Mex position in int’l drug trade; maintain control
of the US trafficking routes; expand into western Africa and Europe. Has recruited from
military and police in Mex and Gua Kaibiles (special forces) and MS-13 members
Nigerian Mafia Nga n.k. n.k. Nga, Int’l Primarily involved in money laundering and fraud though also control herion
trafficking through Nga. 419 scams in western Europe and North America
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) / Pakistan Pak 2007 n.k. Pak Sharia law; links with al-Qaeda,Lashkar-e Islam and Nafaz-e Sharia-e Mohammadi
Taliban
The Solntsevskaya Bratva/ Solntsevskaya RF mid–1980s 5,000 RF (Moscow), Eastern Control of illegal business activities in Moscow. Significant presence in Eastern Europe
Brotherhood Europe (particularly Hu), as well as in the US and Western Europe
Dolgoprudnenskaya RF 1988 n.k. RF (Moscow), Control of illegal business activities in Moscow. Kidnap and extortion in return for
Western Europe ‘protection’. Maintains some int’l presence, particularly in Ge
Izmaylovskaya gang RF mid–1980s 200–500 RF (Moscow), US, Control of illegal business activities in Moscow. Int’l presence, incl in Tel Aviv, Paris,
Il, int’l Toronto, Miami, and New York
Tambov gang RF 1988 n.k. RF (St. Petersburg), Control of illegal business activities in St. Petersburg. Operations worldwide. Spanish
int’l branch dismantled June 2008
Obshina RF 1974 n.k. Chechnya, Europe Control of illegal business activities in Chechnya. Began as opposition movement.
Used drugs and smuggling (arms and goods) profits to benefit secessionist movement.
Connections throughout Europe, esp Eastern Europe
Central Gang RF late 1980s n.k. RF (Moscow) Involved in illegal industries in Moscow
Uralmash gang RF late 1980s n.k. RF (Moscow) Involved in illegal business activities in Moscow
The Surcin Group Ser and 1990s n.k. Ser, Mnt, Western Control illegal business in Belgrade suburb of Surcin. Maintain connections
Mnt Europe throughout Ser, Mnt, and Western Europe (esp Swe, Ge, A, Nl, and No.)
Mara Savatrucha (MS-13) US 1980s 8–10,000 EIS, Gua, Hr, US, Originally Pico Union in Los Angeles, gang to protect El Salvador immigrants to the
Central America US from other criminal organisations. Expanded to drug and human trafficking. Now
present throughout Central America, Ca, Mex, and UK. Often hired by Mex drug cartels.
18th Street Gang / Mara 18 US 1960s 15,000 EIS, Mex, US Organised crime, turf wars, predominantly Hispanic organisation. Presence
throughout the US, Ca, and Mex
Nationalist movements
Albanian National Army (ANA)/ Armaj Alb 1999 n.k. Kosovo, FYROM Estb united Albanian state. Most members from disbanded Kosovo Liberation Army
Kombetare Shiqitare (AKSh) and National Liberation Army. Refocused efforts from pan-Alb unification to defense of
Kosovo. Most gave up arms to NATO as part of 2001 peace agreement
New BiH/Nova BiH BiH n.k. n.k. BiH Fights for unitary Bosnian state comprising a Muslim majority with Serb and Croat
Non-State Groups
minorities
471
Non-State
Groups
472
Hîzbî Dêmokiratî Kurdistanî Êran / Ir 1995 1,200–1,800 Ir Estb indep Kurdish state. Support other Kurdish nationalist movements in Tu and Irq
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
(DPKI) / Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran
(KDPI)
The Arbav Martyrs of Khuzestan Ir 2005 n.k. Ir Estb indep state of Khuzestan in response to perceived discrimination against Shia
Arabs in the region by the Iranian majority. No support from Arab nations; fought
against Irq in the Ir-Irq War
Party for Freedom and Life in Kurdistan Irq n.k. n.k. Irq (North) Estb. indep Kurdish state. Support other Kurdish nationalist movements in Tu and Ir.
(PFLK)
Sahrawi People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) Mor 1973 3–6,000 Mor Indep Western Sahara. Armed wing of the Frente Popular para la Liberacion de Saguia
el-Hamra y del Rio de Oro (Polisario Front)
Chechen Rebels RF n.k. 2–3,000 Chechnya, Dagestan Estb indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya; secure int’l support for
independence
Chyornyye Vdovy (Black Widows) RF 1999 30+ Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya. Female suicide
bombers; avenge death of relatives in Chechen conflict
Ingush Mujahideen RF 2007 n.k. Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya
(Ingushetia)
Islamist Terror Group/Jama’at Yarmuk RF 2004 n.k. North Caucasus Estb. autonomous North Caucasus region.Resp for Nalchik bombing in 2005
Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and RF 2002 50 Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya
Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs
(RSRSBCM)
Silence Association / Amanat Jama’at RF n.k. n.k. Chechnya Estb. indep Chechen state under Islamic law. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya.
Wahhabi Chechen separatist group

Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR) RF 1996 100 Chechnya, Az, Ge, Tu Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya. Involved in Oct 2002
Dubrovka theatre attack in Moscow
Islamic International Peacekeeping RF 1998 400 Chechnya, Az, Ge, Tu Estb. indep Chechen state. Force RF withdrawal from Chechnya. Involved in Oct 2002
Brigade (IIPB) Dubrovka theatre attack in Moscow
Jama’at of Dagestan ‘Shariat’/Shariah RF 2004 n.k. Dagestan Estb. indep Dagestan. Force RF withdrawal from Dagestan
Jama’at/Dzhenet
Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) Sp 1959 30 Sp Indep homeland on Marxist principles in Basque autonomous regions. Ceasefire Mar
2006; broken in 2007
Eastern Front Sdn 2005 5200 Sdn (East) Estb. representative democracy in Sdn. Coalition of the Beja Congress and the Rashida
Free Lions, poss links with Justice and Equality Movement
Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) Sdn 1983 20,000–30,000 Sdn (South) Estb. secular, unitary democracy. Self-determination for south. Armed wing of Sudan
People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), cease-fire with goverment in July 2002,
recreated as police
Sudan Liberation Movement/Army Sdn 2003 thousands Sdn (Darfur) Fight govt forces and Janjaweed in Darfur. Estb. secular democracy in Sdn. Defend
(SLM/A)/SLM-Classic/SLM-Unity/Group Darfur inhabitants. Believed to have targeted AU and UN force to obtain weapons
19(G19)
The Beja Congress Sdn 1993 500 Sdn (East) Represent the interest of the Beja people of northeastern Sdn. Overthrow Sudanese
government and establish autonomous Beja state. Force Khartoum to share oil profits
and political power with the rest of the country. Controls area of Eastern Sudan
centred around Garoura and Hamshkoraib
Sudan Alliance Forces Sdn 1994 500 Sdn (East) Overthrow Sudanese government and estb. secular democracy
New Sudan Brigade Sdn 1995 2,000 Sdn (East) Overthrow Sudanese government and estb. secular, unitary democracy. Eastern
branch of Sudan People’s Liberation Army
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Sdn 2002–03 thousands Sdn (Darfur) Increased autonomy for Darfur; create a federal system allowing for state autonomy, estb.
rotating presidency; distribute wealth from natural resources equally. Protests regional
under-development, National Movement for Reform and Development is aligned
Janjaweed Militias Sdn 2002–03 20,000 Sdn (West) Protect interests of Khartoum government; tackle rebel movements in Darfur; prevent
int’l forces from the UN and AU from intervening significantly in conflict. Janjaweed a
generic term for tribal Arab militias displacing the African population of Darfur, Rizigat
tribe biggest element
United Revolutionary Force Front (URFF) Sdn 2007 n.k. Sdn Represent semi-nomadic Arab tribesmen that have suffered from Janjaweed actions.
Arab group formed from Democratic Popular Front Army
United Front for Liberation and Sdn 2007 n.k. Sdn Unite all Darfuri rebel groups; represent Darfuri peoples; protection from Janjaweed
Development (UFLD) and government forces. Represents an alliance of 5 groups. Also believed to have
targeted AU and UN force in order to secure weapons
Justice Front Sdn 2007 4,000 Sdn (Darfur, Al- Tribal Arab militia in south Darfur, composed of former Janjaweed militia loyal to
Duayn) Khartoum
Vetevendosje/Self-Determination Ser after 2000 n.k. Kosovo Indep Kosovo free of UN administraton. Opposes decentralisation fearing split in
(Kosovo) Kosovo
Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK)/People’s Tu 1978 3,000 Ir (North), Irq (North), Estb. indep Kurdish state based on Marxist-Leninist principles. Encourage Kurdish
Congress of Kurdistan (Kongra-Gel) Syr, Tu nationalist movements in Ir and Irq
People’s Defence Forces/Hêzên Parastina Tu n.k. 3,000+ Tu Estb. indep Kurdish state. Encourage Kurdish nationalist movements in Ir and Irq.
Gel (HPG) Militant wing of the People’s Congress of Kurdistan
Teyrbazen Azadiya Kurdistan (TAK) / Tu 2004 n.k. Tu Estb. indep Kurdish state. Encourage Kurdish nationalist movements in Ir and Irq.
Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Targets businesses and government installations
Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA)/True UK 1997 200 UK, Irl Unification of Irl; British withdrawal from Northern Ireland. Opposed Sinn Fein’s
IRA adoption of July 1997 cease-fire, armed wing of 32 County Sovereignty Committee
Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)/ UK 1994 30 UK, Irl Unification of Irl; British withdrawal from Northern Ireland. Opposed Sinn Fein’s
Continuity Army Council adoption of the July 1997 cease-fire
Separatist movements
Frente de Libertacao do Enclave de Ang 1980s 250 Ang (Cabinda) Indep Cabinda region; grew from FLEC in the 1980s; in 2001, Jose Tiburcio (leader) said
Cabinda - Renovada (FLEC-Renovada)/ they were giving up armed activity
Front for the Liberation of Cabinda
Frente de Libertacao do Enclave de Cabin- Ang 1980s 300 Ang Indep Cabinda region; operates from Congolese ports
da - Forcas Armadas de Cabinda/ Front for
Non-State Groups
the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda -

Armed Force of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC)
473
Non-State
Groups
474
Abkhaz separatist regime Ga early 1990s 1,500+ Abkhazia Abkhaz indep; protect Abkhaz culture; de facto independence after 2008 war
South Ossetian separatist regime Ga early 1990s n.k. South Ossetia South Ossetian indep; de facto independence after 2008 war
Tripura Liberation Organisation Front (TLOF) Ind 1992 n.k. Ind Estb. indep state in Tripura, a majority Christian area
United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF) Ind 1990s n.k. Kuki Estb. indep Kuki state (Kukiland) for ethnic Kukis
United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) Ind 1979 3,000 Ind (Assam) Estb. sovereign socialist Assam
United Liberation Front of Barak Valley Ind 2002 50+ Ind (Assam) Estb. indep state for Karimanganj and Hailakandi (Assam)
(ULFBV)
United National Liberation Front (UNLF)/ Ind 1964 n.k. Ind (Assam) Estb. indep and socialist state of Manipur
Manipur Peoples’ Army (MPA)
United People’s Democratic Solidarity Ind 1999 150 Ind (Assam) Secession of Karbi-Anglong (Assam) Union of Karbi National Volunteers and Karbi
(UPDS) People’s Front

Babbar Khalsa International (BKI) Ind 1981 hundreds Ind Estb. indep Sikh state (Khalistan) in NW Ind
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO) Ind 1995 300 Ind (Assam) Estb. indep state of Kamtapur
Kuki National Army (KNA) Ind 1991 600 Ind (border with My) Estb. indep Kukiland comprising parts of Ind and My. Links with an alliance of pro-
democracy exile organisations in My
Manipur People’s Liberation Front (MPLF) Ind 1999 n.k. Ind Estb. indep socialist Manipur. Coalition of United National Liberation Front, the
Revolutionary People’s Front and the People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
National Democratic Front of Bodoland Ind 1988 1,500 Ind (Assam), Bhutan, Estb. indep state of Bodoland
(NDFB) My
Rabha National Security Force (RNSF) Ind late 1990s 120 Ind (Assam) Estb. indep Rhaba state (Rhabaland)
Sanjukta Mukti Fouj (SMF) Ind 1996 1,500 Ind (Assam) Estb. autonomous and socialist Assam. Military wing of the United Liberation Front of
Assam
Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT) Ind late 1980s 30 Ind Estb. indep Tamil State. Sponsored by LTTE
National Socialist Council of Nagaland- Ind/ My 1988 2,000 Ind, My Estb. indep socialist Greater Nagaland. Believed to have armed units though ceasefire
Khaplang (NSCN-K) with govt since 1997. Trg camps in My
South Maluku Republic/Republik Maluku Indo 1950 n.k. Ind (East) Estb. indep Christian Maluku
Selatan (RMS)
Transnistrian separatist regime Mol 1992 7,500 Transnistria Estb. indep state of Transnistria within the recognized borders of Mol. Maintain RF
support for separatist region
Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) My 1948 2–4,000 Th border Estb. Karen State with right to self-determination. Ongoing conflict with Democratic
Karen Buddhist Army, Armed wing of Kayin National Union
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) My 1948 800–2,000 My (Kayah State, Independence of Karenni State. Armed wing of Karenni National Progressive Party.
North) Operates near the border with Th
Kayin National Union (KNU)/Karen My 1959 5,000 My, Th Estb. indep Karen state. Involved in black market trading into Th, operates near the
National Union border with Th
Movement for the Actualisation of the Nga 1999 thousands Nga (Southeast) Estb. sovereign state of Biafra in Nga. Garner int’l support for Biafra
Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Ska 1972 8–11,000 N. and E. Ska Indep Tamil state; armed conflict began 1983; broke ceasefire in 2007; continues
/ World Tamil Association / World Tamil attacks within Ska; land, air and naval wing
Movement
Part Three
Reference
Table 48 Designations of Aircraft

Notes
1 [Square brackets] indicate the type from which a variant was derived: shows that in another version the Lockheed Type 188 Electra is
‘Q-5 … [MiG-19]’ indicates that the design of the Q-5 was based on known as the P-3 Orion.
that of the MiG-19. 3 Names given in ‘quotation marks’ are NATO reporting names, e.g., ‘Su-
2 (Parentheses) indicate an alternative name by which an aircraft is 27… “Flanker”’.
known, sometimes in another version: ‘L-188 … Electra (P-3 Orion)’ 4 For country abbreviations, see ‘Index of Country/Territory Abbreviations’
(p. 487).
Type Name/designation Country of origin/Maker Type Name/designation Country of origin/Maker

Fixed-wing AT-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech

A-1 AMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br/It AMX AT-26 EMB-326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
A-1 Ching-Kuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROC AIDC AT-33 (T-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
A-3 Skywarrior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas Atlantic (Atlantique) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault–Breguet
A-4 Skyhawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD AU-23 Peacemaker [PC-6B] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild
A-5 (Q-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF AV-8 Harrier II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US/UK MD/BAe
A-7 Corsair II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US LTV Aztec PA-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
A-10 Thunderbolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild B-1 Lancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
A-36 Halcón (C-101) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA B-2 Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Northrop Grumman
A-37 Dragonfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna B-5 H-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAF
A-50 ‘Mainstay’ (Il-76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Beriev B-6 H-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC XAC
A300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/Fr/Ge/Sp Airbus Int B-52 Stratofortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
A310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/Fr/Ge/Sp Airbus Int B-65 Queen Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
A340 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/Fr/Ge/Sp Airbus Int BAC-167 Strikemaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
AC-47 (C-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas BAe-125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
AC-130 (C-130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed BAe-146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
Air Beetle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nga AIEP BAe-748 (HS-748) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
Airtourer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NZ Victa Baron (T-42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
AJ-37 (J-37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe Saab Basler T-67 (C-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Basler
Alizé (Br 1050) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Breguet Be-6 ‘Madge’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Beriev
Alpha Jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr/Ge Dassault–Breguet/Dornier Be-12 ‘Mail’ (Tchaika) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Beriev
AMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br/It Embraer/Alenia/Aermacchi Beech 50 Twin Bonanza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
An-2 ‘Colt’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Beech 95 Travel Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
An-12 ‘Cub’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov BN-2 Islander, Defender, Trislander . . . UK Britten-Norman
An-14 ‘Clod’ (Pchyelka) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Boeing 707 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
An-22 ‘Cock’ (Antei) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Boeing 727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
An-24 ‘Coke’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ukr Antonov Boeing 737 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
An-26 ‘Curl’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Boeing 747 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
An-28/M-28 ‘Cash’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov/Pl PZL Boeing 757 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
An-30 ‘Clank’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Boeing 767 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
An-32 ‘Cline’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Bonanza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
An-72 ‘Coaler-C’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Bronco (OV-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
An-74 ‘Coaler-B’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov BT-5 HJ-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAF
An-124 ‘Condor’ (Ruslan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukr Antonov Bulldog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
Andover [HS-748] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe C-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Kawasaki
Reference
Arava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI C-2 Greyhound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman

AS-202 Bravo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH FFA C-5 Galaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .US Lockheed
AT-3 Tsu Chiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROC AIDC C-7 DHC-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
AT-6 (T-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech C-9 Nightingale (DC-9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
C-12 Super King Air (Huron) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech Ching-Kuo A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROC AIDC
C-17 Globemaster III . . . . . . . . . . . . US McDonnell Douglas Citabria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Champion
C-18 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing Citation (T-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
C-20 (Gulfstream III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream CJ-5 [Yak-18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC NAMC (Hongdu)
C-21 (Learjet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Learjet CJ-6 [Yak-18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC NAMC (Hongdu)
C-22 (Boeing 727) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing CL-215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-23 (Sherpa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Shorts CL-415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-26 Expediter/Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild CL-600/604 Challenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-27 Spartan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Alenia CM-170 Magister [Tzukit] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
C-32 [Boeing 757] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing CM-175 Zéphyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
C-37A [Gulfstream V] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream CN-212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/IPTN
C-38A (Astra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI CN-235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/IPTN
C-42 (Neiva Regente) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Cochise T-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
C-46 Commando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Curtis Comanche PA-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
C-47 DC-3 (Dakota) (C-117 Skytrain) . . . . . . . US Douglas Commander Aero-/TurboCommander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
C-54 Skymaster (DC-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas Commodore MS-893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale

C-91 HS-748 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe CP-3 P-3 Orion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
C-93 HS-125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe CP-140 Acturas (P-3 Orion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
C-95 EMB-110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer CT-4 Airtrainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NZ Victa
C-97 EMB-121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer CT-114 CL-41 Tutor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-101 Aviojet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA CT-133 Silver Star [T-33] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair
C-115 DHC-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca De Havilland CT-134 Musketeer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
C-117 (C-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas CT-156 Harvard II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
C-118 Liftmaster (DC-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas Dagger (Nesher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI
C-123 Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
C-127 (Do-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA Dakota (C-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
C-130 Hercules (L-100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed DC-3 (C-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
C-131 Convair 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Convair DC-4 (C-54) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
C-135 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing DC-6 (C-118) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
C-137 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing DC-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
C-140 (Jetstar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed DC-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
C-141 Starlifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed DC-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
C-160 Transall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr/Ge EADS Deepak (HPT-32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL
C-212 Aviocar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA Defender BN-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Britten-Norman
C-235 Persuader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/Airtech DHC-3 Otter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
C-295M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA DHC-4 Caribou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
Canberra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe DHC-5 Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
CAP-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Mudry DHC-6 Twin Otter, CC-138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
CAP-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Mudry DHC-7 Dash-7 (Ranger, CC-132) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
CAP-230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Mudry DHC-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
Caravelle SE-210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Dimona H-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Hoffman
CC-115 DHC-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC Do-27 (C-127) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Dornier
CC-117 (Falcon 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault Do-28 Skyservant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Dornier
CC-132 (DHC-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC Do-128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Dornier
CC-137 (Boeing 707) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing Do-228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Dornier
CC-138 (DHC-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC E-2 Hawkeye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman
CC-144 CL-600/-601 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair E-3 Sentry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
CF-5a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Canadair E-4 [Boeing 747] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
CF-18 F/A-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD E-6 Mercury [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
CH-2000 Sama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HKJ/JAI E-26 T-35A (Tamiz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chl Enear
Cheetah [Mirage III] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RSA Atlas EA-3 [A-3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas
Cherokee PA-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper EA-6 Prowler [A-6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman
Cheyenne PA-31T [Navajo] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper EC-130 [C-130] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
Chieftain PA-31-350 [Navajo] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper EC-135 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
Reference 477
EF-111 Raven (F-111) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US General Dynamics Galaxy C-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed

Electra (L-188) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed Galeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY SOKO
EMB-110 Bandeirante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Genet SF-260W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It SIAI
EMB-111 Maritime Bandeirante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer GU-25 (Falcon 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault
EMB-120 Brasilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Guerrier R-235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Socata
EMB-121 Xingu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Gulfstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream Aviation
EMB-145 (R-99A/-99B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Gumhuria (Bücker 181) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Et Heliopolis
EMB-201 Ipanema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer H-5 [Il-28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAF
EMB-312 Tucano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer H-6 [Tu-16] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC XAC
EMB-314 Super Tucano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer H-36 Dimona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Hoffman
EMB-326 Xavante (MB-326) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Halcón [C-101] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA
EMB-810 [Seneca] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Harrier (AV-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
EP-3 (P-3 Orion). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
ERJ-145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Hawker 800XP (BAe-125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Raytheon
Etendard/Super Etendard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault HC-130 (C-130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
EV-1 (OV-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell HF-24 Marut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL

F-1 [T-2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Mitsubishi HFB-320 Hansajet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Hamburger FB
F-4 Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD HJ-5 (H-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAF
F-5 -A/-B Freedom Fighter -E/-F Tiger II . . . US Northrop HJT-16 Kiran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL
F-6 J-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF HPT-32 Deepak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL
F-7 J-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CAC-GAIC HS-125 (Dominie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
F-8 J-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CACC HS-748 [Andover] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
F-10 J-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAC HT-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL
F-11 J-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAC HU-16 Albatross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman
F-14 Tomcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman HU-25 (Falcon 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault
F-15 Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD Hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
F-16 Fighting Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US GD HZ-5 (H-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAF
F-18 [F/A-18], Hornet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD IA-50 Guaraní . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arg FMA
F-21 Kfir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI IA-58 Pucará . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arg FMA
F-22 Raptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed IA-63 Pampa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arg FMA
F-27 Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nl Fokker IAI-201/-202 Arava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI
F-28 Fellowship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nl Fokker IAI-1124 Westwind, Seascan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI
F-35 Draken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB IAI-1125 Astra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI
F-50/-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nl Fokker Iak-52 (Yak-52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R Aerostar
F-104 Starfighter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed IAR-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R IAR
F-111 EF-111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US GD IAR-93 Orao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY/R SOKO/IAR
F-117 Nighthawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed IAR-99 Soim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R IAR
F-172 (Cessna 172) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr/US Reims-Cessna Il-14 ‘Crate’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
F-406 Caravan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Reims Il-18 ‘Coot’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
F/A-18 Hornet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD Il-20 ‘Coot-A’ (Il-18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
Falcon Mystère-Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault Il-22 ‘Coot-B’ (Il-18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FB-111 (F-111) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US GD Il-28 ‘Beagle’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FBC-1 Feibao [JH-7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CAC-GAIC Il-38 ‘May’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FC-1 (Sabre 2, Super-7). . . . PRC/RF/Pak CAC/MAPO/Pak Il-62 ‘Classic’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FH-227 (F-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild-Hiller Il-76 ‘Candid’ (tpt), ‘Mainstay’ (AEW) . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
Firefly (T-67M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Slingsby Il-78 ‘Midas’ (tkr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
Flamingo MBB-233 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge MBB Il-82 ‘Candid’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FT-5 JJ-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CAF Il-86 ‘Camber’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FT-6 JJ-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF Il-87 ‘Maxdome’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Ilyushin
FT-7 JJ-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC GAIC Impala [MB-326] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RSA Atlas
Reference
FTB-337 [Cessna 337] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna Islander BN-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Britten-Norman

G-91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Aeritalia J-5 [MiG-17F] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF
G-115E Tutor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge Grob J-6 [MiG-19] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF
G-222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Alenia J-7 [MiG-21] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CAC/GAIC
J-8 Finback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAC MC-130 (C-130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed

J-10 [IAI Lavi] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAC Mercurius (HS-125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
J-11 [Su-27] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAC Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild
J-32 Lansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB Mescalero T-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
J-35 Draken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB Metro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild
J-37 Viggen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB MFI-17 Supporter (T-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
JA-37 (J-37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB MiG-15 ‘Midget’ trg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
Jaguar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr/UK SEPECAT MiG-17 ‘Fresco’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
JAS-39 Gripen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB MiG-19 ‘Farmer’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
Jastreb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY SOKO MiG-21 ‘Fishbed’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
Jetstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe MiG-23 ‘Flogger’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
JH-7 [FBC-1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC XAC MiG-25 ‘Foxbat’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
JJ-5 [J-5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CAF MiG-27 ‘Flogger D’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
JJ-6 [J-6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF MiG-29 ‘Fulcrum’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
JJ-7 [J-7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC GAIC MiG-31 ‘Foxhound’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG
JZ-6 (J-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC SAF MiG-35 ‘Fulcrum’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF MiG

K-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC/Pak/Et Hongdu/E Mirage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault
KA-3 [A-3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas Missionmaster N-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus GAF
KA-6 [A-6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman Mohawk OV-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
KT-1B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rok kai MS-760 Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
KC-10 Extender [DC-10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD MS-893 Commodore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
KC-130 [C-130] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed MU-2 LR-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Mitsubishi
KC-135 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing Musketeer Beech 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
KE-3A [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing Mystère-Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault
KF-16 (F-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US GD N-22 Floatmaster, Missionmaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus GAF
Kfir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI N-24 Searchmaster B/L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus GAF
King Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech N-262 Frégate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
Kiran HJT-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL N-2501 Noratlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
Kraguj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY SOKO Navajo PA-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
KT-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROK KAI NC-212 C-212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/Nurtanio
L-4 Cub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper NC-235 C-235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp/Indo CASA/Nurtanio
L-18 Super Cub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper Nesher [Mirage III] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI
L-19 O-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna NF-5 (F-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Northrop
L-21 Super Cub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper Nightingale (C-9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .US MD
L-29 Delfin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Aero Nimrod [Comet] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
L-39 Albatros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Aero Nomad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus GAF
L-59 Albatros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Aero O-1 Bird Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
L-70 Vinka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SF Valmet O-2 (Cessna 337 Skymaster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
L-90 Redigo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SF Valmet OA-4 (A-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
L-100 C-130 (civil version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed OA-37 Dragonfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
L-188 Electra (P-3 Orion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed Orao IAR-93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY/R SOKO/IAR
L-410 Turbolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz LET Ouragan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault
L-1011 Tristar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed OV-1 Mohawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
Learjet (C-21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gates OV-10 Bronco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
LR-1 (MU-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Mitsubishi P-3 Orion [L-188 Electra] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
M-28 Skytruck/Bryza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl MIELEC P-92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Teenam
Magister CM-170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale P-95 EMB-110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
Marut HF-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL P-166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Piaggio
Mashshaq MFI-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pak/Swe PAC/SAAB P-180 Avanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Piaggio
Matador (AV-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US/UK MD/Bae PA-18 Super Cub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
Maule M-7/MXT-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Maule PA-23 Aztec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
MB-326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Aermacchi PA-28 Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
MB-339 (Veltro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Aermacchi PA-31 Navajo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
MBB-233 Flamingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge MBB PA-32 Cherokee Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper
Reference 479
PA-34 Seneca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper Sentry (O-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Summit

PA-36 Pawnee Brave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper SF-37 (J-37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
PA-38 Tomahawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper SF-260 (SF-260W Warrior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It SIAI
PA-42 Cheyenne III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper SH-5 PS-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAMC
PBY-5 Catalina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Consolidated SH-37 (J-37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
PC-6 Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus Sherpa Short 330, C-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Short
PC-6A/B Turbo Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus Short 330 (Sherpa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Short
PC-7 Turbo Trainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus Sierra 200 (Musketeer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
PC-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus SK-35 (J-35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
PC-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus SK-37 (J-37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
PD-808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Piaggio SK-60 (SAAB-105) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
Pillán T-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chl Enaer SK-61 (Bulldog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
PL-1 Chien Shou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROC AIDC Skyvan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Short
PLZ M-28 [An-28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL SM-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Technoavia
Porter PC-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus SM-1019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It SIAI
PS-5 [SH-5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAMC SP-2H Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed

PZL M-28 M-28 [An-28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL SR-71 Blackbird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
PZL-104 Wilga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL Su-7 ‘Fitter-A’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
PZL-130 Orlik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL Su-15 ‘Flagon’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
Q-5 A-5 ‘Fantan’ [MiG-19] . . . . . . . . PRC NAMC (Hongdu) Su-17/-20/-22 ‘Fitter-B’ - ‘-K’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
Queen Air (U-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech Su-24 ‘Fencer’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
PD-808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Piaggio Su-25 ‘Frogfoot’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
Rafale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault Su-27 ‘Flanker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
R-160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Socata Su-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
R-235 Guerrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Socata Su-30 ‘Flanker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
RC-21 (C-21, Learjet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Learjet Su-33 (Su-27K) ‘Flanker-D’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
RC-47 (C-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Douglas Su-34 (Su-27IB) ‘Flanker-C2’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
RC-95 (EMB-110) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Su-35 (Su-27) ‘Flanker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
RC-135 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing Su-39 (Su-25T) ‘Frogfoot’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Sukhoi
RF-4 (F-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD Super . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Dassault
RF-5 (F-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Northrop Shrike Aerocommander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
RF-35 (F-35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB Super Galeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY SOKO
RF-104 (F-104) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed T-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Fuji
RG-8A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Schweizer T-1A Jayhawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
RT-26 (EMB-326) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer T-2 Buckeye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell
RT-33 (T-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed T-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Mitsubishi
RU-21 (King Air) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech T-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Fuji
RV-1 (OV-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell T-6A Texan II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
S-2 Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman T-17 (Supporter, MFI-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB
S-208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It SIAI T-23 Uirapurú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Aerotec
S-211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It SIAI T-25 Neiva Universal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
SA 2-37A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Schweizer T-26 EMB-326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
Saab 340H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB T-27 Tucano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
Sabreliner (CT-39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell T-28 Trojan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US North American
Safari MFI-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB T-33 Shooting Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
Safir SAAB-91 (SK-50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swe SAAB T-34 Mentor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
SB7L-360 (Seeker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus/HKJ KADDB/Seabird T-35 Pillán [PA-28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chl Enaer
SC-7 Skyvan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Short T-36 (C-101) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp CASA
SE-210 Caravelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale T-37 (A-37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
Sea Harrier (Harrier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe T-38 Talon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Northrop
Reference
Seascan IAI-1124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI T-39 (Sabreliner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Rockwell

Searchmaster N-24 B/L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus GAF T-41 Mescalero (Cessna 172) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna
Seneca PA-34 (EMB-810) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper T-42 Cochise (Baron) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
Sentinel (Global Express) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Bombardier T-43 (Boeing 737) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
T-44 (King Air) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech UTVA-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY UTVA

T-47 (Citation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna UTVA-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRY UTVA
T-67M (Firefly) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Slingsby UV-18 (DHC-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
T-400 (T-1A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech V-400 Fantrainer 400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge VFW
TB-20 Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale V-600 Fantrainer 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge VFW
TB-21 Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Socata Vampire DH-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC
TB-30 Epsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale VC-4 Gulfstream I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream
TB-200 Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Socata VC-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
TBM-700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Socata VC-11 Gulfstream II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream
TC-45 (C-45, trg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech VC-25 [Boeing 747] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
TCH-1 Chung Hsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROC AIDC VC-91 (HS-748) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
TL-1 (KM-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Fuji VC-93 (HS-125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
Tornado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/Ge/It Panavia VC-97 (EMB-120) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
TR-1 [U-2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed VC-130 (C-130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
Travel Air Beech 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech VFW-614 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge VFW
Vinka
Trident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe L-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SF Valmet

Trislander BN-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Britten-Norman VU-9 (EMB-121) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
Tristar L-1011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .US Lockheed VU-93 (HS-125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
TS-8 Bies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL WC-130 [C-130] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed
TS-11 Iskra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL WC-135 [Boeing 707] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing
Tu-16 ‘Badger’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Westwind IAI-1124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI
Tu-22 ‘Blinder’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Winjeel CA-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aus Boeing
Tu-22M ‘Backfire’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Xavante EMB-326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
Tu-95 ‘Bear’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Xingu EMB-121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer
Tu-126 ‘Moss’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Y-5 [An-2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC Hua Bei
Tu-134 ‘Crusty’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Y-7 [An-24/-26] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC XAC
Tu-142 ‘Bear F’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Y-8 [An-12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC STAF
Tu-154 ‘Careless’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Y-12 Turbo/Twin Panda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAMC
Tu-160 ‘Blackjack’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Tupolev Yak-11 ‘Moose’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
Tucano (EMB-312/314) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Yak-18 ‘Max’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
Turbo Porter PC-6A/B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH Pilatus Yak-28 ‘Firebar’ (‘Brewer’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
Twin Bonanza Beech 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech Yak-38 ‘Forger’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
Twin Otter DHC-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca DHC Yak-40 ‘Codling’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
Typhoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge,It,Sp,UK Eurofighter Yak-42 ‘Clobber’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
Tzukit [CM-170] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il IAI Yak-52 (IAK 52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R Aerostar
U-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed Yak-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Yakovlev
U-3 (Cessna 310) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna YS-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Nihon
U-4 Gulfstream IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Gulfstream Z-142/143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Zlin
U-7 (L-18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Piper Z-226 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Zlin
U-8 (Twin Bonanza/Queen Air) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech Z-242 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Zlin
U-9 (EMB-121) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer Z-326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Zlin
U-10 Super Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Helio Z-526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cz Zlin
U-17 (Cessna 180, 185) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna Zéphyr CM-175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
U-21 (King Air) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech
U-36 (Learjet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Learjet Tilt-Rotor Wing
U-42 (C-42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br Embraer V-22/MV-22 Osprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell/Boeing
U-93 (HS-125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe
U-125 BAe 125-800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK BAe Helicopters
U-206G Stationair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Cessna A-109 Hirundo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Agusta
UC-12 (King Air) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Beech A-129 Mangusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It Agusta
UP-2J (P-2J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed AB- . . . (Bell 204/205/206/212/214, etc.) .It/US Agusta/Bell
US-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Shin Meiwa AH-1 Cobra/Sea Cobra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
US-2A (S-2A, tpt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Grumman AH-2 Rooivalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RSA Denel
US-3 (S-3, tpt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Lockheed AH-6 (Hughes 500/530) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
Reference 481
AH-64 Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Hughes HD-16 SA-319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale

ALH Adv Light Hel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL HH-3 (SH-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
Alouette II SA-318, SE-3130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale HH-34 (CH-34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
Alouette III SA-316, SA-319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale HH-53 (CH-53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
AS-61 (SH-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US/It Sikorsky/Agusta HH-65 (AS-365) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Eurocopter
AS-313 – AS-365/-366 (ex-SA-313 – SA-365/-366) Fr Aérospatiale Hkp-2 Alouette II/SE-3130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
AS-332 Super Puma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Hkp-3 AB-204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It/US Agusta/Bell
AS-350 Ecureuil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Hkp-4 KV-107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J/US Kawasaki/Vertol
AS-355 Ecureuil II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Hkp-5 Hughes 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
AS-365 Dauphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Hkp-6 AB-206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It/US Agusta/Bell
AS-532 Cougar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Eurocopter Hkp-9 Bo-105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge MBB
AS-550/555 Fennec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Hkp-10 AS-332 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
AS-565 Panther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Eurocopter HR-12 OH-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
ASH-3 (Sea King) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It/US Agusta/Sikorsky HSS-1 (S-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
AUH-76 (S-76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky HSS-2 (SH-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
Bell 47 (Sioux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell HT-17 CH-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing-Vertol

Bell 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell HT-21 AS-332 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
Bell 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell HU-1 (UH-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J/US Fuji/Bell
Bell 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell HU-8 UH-1B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
Bell 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell HU-10 UH-1H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
Bell 222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell HU-18 AB-212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It/US Agusta/Bell
Bell 406 Kiowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell Hughes 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
Bell 407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Bell Hughes 500/520 Defender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
Bell 412 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell IAR-316/-330 (SA-316/-330) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R/Fr IAR/Aérospatiale
Bo-105 (NBo-105) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge MBB Ka-25 ‘Hormone’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Kamov
CH-3 (SH-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky Ka-27/-28 ‘Helix-A’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Kamov
CH-34 Choctaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky Ka-29 ‘Helix-B’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RF Kamov
CH-46 Sea Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing-Vertol Ka-32 ‘Helix-C’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Kamov
CH-47 Chinook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing-Vertol Ka-50 Hokum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Kamov
CH-53 Stallion (Sea Stallion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky KH-4 (Bell 47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J/US Kawasaki/ Bell
CH-54 Tarhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky KH-300 (Hughes 269) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J/US Kawasaki/MD
CH-113 (CH-46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing-Vertol KH-500 (Hughes 369) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J/US Kawasaki/MD
CH-124 SH-3 (Sea King) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky Kiowa OH-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
CH-136 Kiowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Bell KV-107 [CH-46] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J/US Kawasaki/Vertol
CH-139 Bell 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell Lynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Westland
CH-146 Bell 412 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Bell MD-500/530 Defender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US McDonnell Douglas
CH-147 CH-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing-Vertol Merlin EH-101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/It Westland/Agusta
CH-149 Cormorant (Merlin) . . . . . . . . UK/It Westland/Agusta MH-6 (AH-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
Cheetah [SA-315] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL MH-53 (CH-53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
Chetak [SA-319] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL Mi-2 ‘Hoplite’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
Commando (SH-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/US Westland/Sikorsky Mi-4 ‘Hound’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
Dhruv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ind HAL Mi-6 ‘Hook’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
EC-120B Colibri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr/Ge Eurocopter Mi-8 ‘Hip’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
EH-60 (UH-60). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky Mi-14 ‘Haze’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
EH-101 Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK/It Westland/Agusta Mi-17 ‘Hip-H’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
F-28F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Enstrom Mi-24, -25, -35 ‘Hind’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
FH-1100 (OH-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Fairchild-Hiller Mi-26 ‘Halo’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
Gazela (SA-342) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr/FRY Aérospatiale/SOKO Mi-28 ‘Havoc’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RF Mil
Gazelle SA-341/-342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale NAS-330 (SA-330) . . . . . . . . . . . Indo/Fr Nurtanio/Aérospatiale
H-34 (S-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky NAS-332 AS-332 . . . . . . . . . . . . Indo/Fr Nurtanio/Aérospatiale
Reference
H-76 S-76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky NB-412 Bell 412 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indo/US Nurtanio/Bell

HA-15 Bo-105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge MBB NBo-105 Bo-105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indo/Ge Nurtanio/MBB
HB-315 Gavião (SA-315) . . . . . . Br/Fr Helibras Aérospatiale NH-300 (Hughes 300) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It/US Nardi/MD
HB-350 Esquilo (AS-350) . . . . . . Br/Fr Helibras Aérospatiale OH-6 Cayuse (Hughes 369) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
OH-13 (Bell 47G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell SH-2 Sea Sprite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Kaman

OH-23 Raven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Hiller SH-3 (Sea King) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
OH-58 Kiowa (Bell 206) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell SH-34 (S-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
OH-58D (Bell 406) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell SH-57 Bell 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
Oryx (SA-330) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale SH-60 Sea Hawk (UH-60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
PAH-1 (Bo-105) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ge MBB Sokol W3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL
Partizan (Gazela, armed) . . . . . . . . Fr/FRY Aérospatiale/SOKO TH-50 Esquilo (AS-550) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale
RH-53 (CH-53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky TH-55 Hughes 269 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US MD
S-58 (Wessex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky TH-57 Sea Ranger (Bell 206) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
S-61 SH-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky TH-67 Creek (Bell 206B-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Bell
S-65 CH-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky Tiger AS-665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Eurocopter
S-70 UH-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky UH-1 Iroquois (Bell 204/205/212) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
S-76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky UH-12 (OH-23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Hiller
S-80 CH-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky UH-13 (Bell 47J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
SA-313 Alouette II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale UH-19 (S-55) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca Bell
SA-315 Lama [Alouette II] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale UH-34T (S-58T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
SA-316 Alouette III (SA-319) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale UH-46 (CH-46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Boeing/Vertol

SA-318 Alouette II (SE-3130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale UH-60 Black Hawk (SH-60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
SA-319 Alouette III (SA-316) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale VH-4 (Bell 206) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Bell
SA-321 Super Frelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale VH-60 (S-70) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US Sikorsky
SA-330 Puma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale W-3 Sokol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl PZL
SA-341/-342 Gazelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Wasp (Scout) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Westland
SA-360 Dauphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Wessex (S-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US/UK Sikorsky/Westland
SA-365/-366 Dauphin II (SA-360) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Z-5 [Mi-4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAF
Scout (Wasp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Westland Z-6 [Z-5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CHAF
SE-316 (SA-316) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Z-8 [AS-321] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CHAF
SE-3130 (SA-318) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fr Aérospatiale Z-9 [AS-365] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC HAMC
Sea King [SH-3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK Westland Z-11 [AS-352] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRC CHAF
Reference 483
Table 49 List of Abbreviations for Data Sections
– part of unit is detached/less than AOT tanker C2 command and control

* combat capable AP armour-piercing/anti-personnel CAB combat aviation brigade
’’ unit with overstated title/ship class APC armoured personnel carrier CALCM conventional air-launched cruise
nickname AR/C repair ship/cable missile
+ unit reinforced/more than ARG amphibious ready group CAS close air support
< under 100 tonnes ARL airborne reconnaissance low casevac casualty evacuation
† serviceability in doubt ARM anti-radiation missile CASM conventionally armed stand-off
ε estimated missile
armd armoured
cav cavalry
ARS salvage ship
AAA anti-aircraft artillery cbt combat
ARSV armoured reconnaissance/
AAM air-to-air missile surveillance vehicle CBU cluster bomb unit
AAV amphibious assault vehicle arty artillery CBRNE chemical, biological, radiological,
nuclear, explosive
AB airborne ARV armoured recovery vehicle
CCS command and control systems
ABM anti-ballistic missile AS anti-submarine
cdo commando
ABU sea-going buoy tender ASaC airborne surveillance and control
CET combat engineer tractor
ac aircraft ASCM anti-ship cruise missile
CFE Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

ACCS Air Command and Control System aslt assault
C/G/GN/L cruiser/guided missile/guided
ACM advanced cruise missile ASM air-to-surface missile missile, nuclear powered/light
ACP airborne command post ASR submarine rescue craft cgo cargo (freight) aircraft
ACV air cushion vehicle / armoured ASROC anti-submarine rocket CIMIC civil-military cooperation
combat vehicle ASSM anti-surface-ship missile CIWS close-in weapons system
AD air defence ASTOR airborne stand-off radar CLOS command-to-line-of-sight
ADA air defence artillery ASTROS II artillery saturation rocket COIN counter insurgency
adj adjusted System
comb combined/combination
AE auxiliary, ammunition carrier ASTT anti-submarine torpedo tube
comd command
AEW airborne early warning ASW anti-submarine warfare
COMINT communications intelligence
AF Air Force ASuW anti-surface warfare comms communications
AFB Air Force Base / Station AT tug / anti-tank CPV crew protected vehicle
AFS logistics ship ATBM anti-tactical ballistic missile CPX command post exercise
AG misc auxiliary ATF tug, ocean going CS combat support
AGB icebreaker ATGW anti-tank guided weapon CSAR combat search and rescue
AGF command ship ATK attack CSG carrier strike group
AGHS hydrographic survey vessel ATP advanced targeting pod C-RAM counter rocket, artillery and mortar
AGI intelligence collection vessel ATTACMS army tactical missile system CT counter terrorism
AGL automatic grenade launcher ATTC all terrain tracked carrier CTOL conventional take off and landing
AGM air-to-ground missile AV armoured vehicle CV/H/N/S aircraft carrier/helicopter/
AGOR oceanographic research vessel AVB aviation logistic ship nuclear powered/VSTOL
AGOS oceanographic surveillance vessel avn aviation CVBG carrier battlegroup
AGS survey ship AWACAS airborne warning and control CW chemical warfare/weapons
AH hospital ship system DD/G/GH destroyer/guided missile/with
AIFV armoured infantry fighting vehicle AWT water tanker helicopter
AIP air independent propulsion AXL training craft DDS dry dock shelter
AK cargo ship AXS training craft, sail def defence
aka also known as BA budget authority (US) demob demobilised
AKR fast sealift ship / cargo ship Bbr bomber det detachment
AKSL stores ship (light) BCT brigade combat team DISTEX disaster training exercise
ALARM air-launched anti-radiation missile bde brigade div division
ALCM air-launched cruise missile bdgt budget dom domestic
amph amphibious/amphibian BfSB battlefield surveillance brigade DSCS defense satellite communications
BG battle group system
AMRAAM advanced medium-range air-to-
air missile BMD ballistic missile defence ECM electronic counter measures
AO tanker with RAS capability BMEWS ballistic missile early warning ECR electronic combat and reconnaissance
AOE auxiliary fuel and ammunition, RAS system EELV evolved expendable launch vehicle
Reference
capability bn battalion/billion ELINT electronic intelligence

AORH tanker with hel capacity BSB brigade support battalion elm element/s
AORL replenishment oiler light BSTB brigade special troops battalion engr engineer
AORLH oiler light with hel deck bty battery EOD explosive ordnance disposal
eqpt equipment imp improved MCLOS manual CLOS

ESG expeditionary strike group IMV infantry mobility vehicle MCM mine countermeasures
ESM electronic support measures incl includes/including MCMV mine countermeasures vessel
est estimate(d) indep independent MCO mine countermeasures ocean
ETS engineer tank systems inf infantry MD military district
EW electronic warfare INS inertial navigation system MEADS medium extended air defence
EWSP electronic warfare self protection IR incident response system
excl excludes/excluding IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile MEB marine expeditionary brigade
exp expenditure IRLS infra-red line scan mech mechanised
FAC forward air control ISD in-service date med medium
FF/G/H/L frigate/guided missile/ ISTAR intelligence, surveillance, target MEF marine expeditionary force
helicopter/light acquisition and reconnaissance MEU marine expeditionary unit
FGA fighter ground attack JDAM joint direct attack munition MFO multinational force and observers
flt flight JSF Joint Strike Fighter MGA machine gun artillery
FMA Foreign Military Assistance JSTARS joint surveillance target attack MH/C/D/I/O mine hunter / coastal / drone
FMTV family of medium transport vehicles radar system / inshore /ocean
FROG free rocket over ground LACV light armoured combat vehicle MI military intelligence
FS/G corvette/guided missile LAM land-attack missile mil military
FSSG force service support group LAMPS light airborne multi-purpose MIRV multiple independently targetable
system re-entry vehicle

FSTA future strategic tanker aircraft
LANTIRN low-altitude navigation and MIUW mobile inshore undersea warfare
Ftr fighter targeting infra-red system night
FTX field training exercise mk mark (model number)
LAV light armoured vehicle
FW fixed-wing ML minelayer
LAW light anti-tank weapon
FY fiscal year MLRS multiple-launch rocket system
LC/A/AC/D/H/M/PA/PL/T/U/VP landing
GA group army craft / assault / air cushion / dock / heavy MLU mid-life update
GBAD ground-based air defences / medium / personnel air cushion / MLV medium launch vehicle
GBU guided bomb unit personnel light / tank / utility / vehicles mne marine
and personnel
gd guard mob mobilisation/mobile
LCC amphibious command ship
GDP gross domestic product mod modified/modification
LCS littoral combat ship
GEODSS ground-based electro-optical mor mortar
deep space surveillance system LFV light forces vehicles
mot motorised/motor
GMLS guided missile launch sytem LGB laser-guided bomb
MP maritime patrol
GMLRS guided multiple-launch rocket LHA landing ship assault
MPA maritime patrol aircraft
system LHD amphibious assault ship
MPS marine prepositioning squadron
GNP gross national product LIFT lead-in ftr trainer
MR maritime reconnaissance / motor rifle
gp group LKA amphibious cargo ship
MRAP mine-resistant ambush-protected
GPS global positioning system lnchr launcher
MRAAM medium-range air-to-air missile
GW guided weapon log logistic
MRBM medium-range ballistic missile
HARM high-speed anti-radiation missile LORADS long range radar display system
MRL multiple rocket launcher
HBCT heavy brigade combat team LP/D/H landing platform / dock /
helicopter MRTT multi-role tanker transport
hel helicopter
LPV lifespan patrol vessel MS/A/C/D/I/O/R mine sweeper / auxiliary /
HIMARS high-mobility artillery rocket
coastal / drone / inshore / ocean /
system LRAR long range artillery rocket
HMMWV high-mobility multi-purpose msl missile
LRSA long-range strike/attack
wheeled vehicle MSTAR manportable surveillance and
LS/D/L/LH/M landing ship / dock / logistic
HMTV high-mobility tactical vehicle target acquisition radar
/ logistic helicopter / medium
HOT high-subsonic optically teleguided Mtn mountain
LST landing ship tank
how howitzer Lt light NAEW NATO Airborne Early Warning &
Control Force
HQ headquarters LWT lightweight torpedo
n.a. not applicable
HSV high speed vessel MAMBA mobile artillery monitoring
battlefield radar n.k. not known
HUMINT human intelligence
MANPAD man portable air-defence NBC nuclear biological chemical
HVM high-velocity missile
MANPAT man portable anti-tank NCO non-commissioned officer
HWT heavyweight torpedo
MARDIV marine division NLACM naval land attack cruise missile
hy heavy
IBCT infantry brigade combat team MAW marine aviation wing nm nautical mile
IBU inshore boat unit MBT main battle tank nuc nuclear
ICBM inter-continental ballistic missile MCC mine countermeasure coastal O & M operations and maintenance
IFV infantry fighting vehicle MCD mine countermeasure diving OBS observation/observer
IMET international military education and support OCU operational conversion unit
training MCDV maritime coastal defence vessel op/ops operational/operations
IMINT imagery intelligence MCI mine countermeasure inshore OPFOR opposition training force
Reference 485
OPV off-shore patrol vessel RRC/F rapid-reaction corps/force STO(V)L short take-off and (vertical)
org organised/organisation RRC rapid raiding craft landing
OSV oceanographic survey vessel RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance and str strength
OTH/-B over-the-horizon/backscatter target acquisition SUGW surface-to-underwater GW
(radar) RV re-entry vehicle SURV surveillance
OTHR/T over-the-horizon radar/targeting RY royal yacht SUT surface and underwater target
PAAMS principal anti-air missile system SACLOS semi-automatic CLOS sy security
PAC Patriot advanced capability SAM surface-to-air missile t tonnes
para paratroop/parachute SAR search and rescue tac tactical
pax passenger/passenger transport sat satellite TASM tactical air-to-surface missile
aircraft SBCT Stryker brigade combat team temp temporary
PB/C/I/O/R patrol boat / coastal / inshore / SDV swimmer delivery vehicles THAAD theatre high altitude area defence
offshore / riverine
SEAD suppression of enemy air defence tk tank
PC/C/I/M/O/OH/R/T/F patrol craft / coastal
SEWS satellite early warning station tkr tanker
/ inshore / with SSM / offshore / offshore
with helicopter / riverine / torpedo / fast SF special forces TLAM tactical land-attack missile
PDMS point defence missile system SHORAD short range air defence TLE treaty-limited equipment (CFE)
pdr pounder SIGINT signals intelligence TMD theatre missile defence
pers personnel SLAM stand-off land-attack missile torp torpedo
PF/C/I/M/OH/T fast patrol craft / coastal SLBM submarine launched ballistic missile TOW tube launched optically wire guided
/ inshore / with SSM / offshore with SLCM submarine launched cruise missile tpt transport
helicopter/ torpedo SLEP service life extension programme tr trillion
PGM precision guided munitions SMASHEX submarine search, escape and trg training
PHM patrol hydrofoil with SSM rescue exercise TriAD triple AD
PHT patrol hydrofoil with torpedo SMAW shoulder-launched multi-purpose TRV torpedo recovery vehicle
PKO peacekeeping operations assault weapon
TT torpedo tube
PPP purchasing-power parity SOC special operations capable
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
PR photo-reconnaissance SP self propelled
UCAV unmanned combat aerial vehicle
prepo pre-positioned Spec Op special operations
URG under-way replenishment group
PSO/H offshore patrol vessel over 60 spt support
USGW underwater to surface guided
metres / with helicopter sqn squadron weapon
PTG guided missile patrol craft SRAM short-range attack missile utl utility
PTRL/SURV patrol / surveillance SRBM short-range ballistic missile UUV unmanned undersea vehicle
PVO anti-aircraft defence (Russia) SS diesel submarine V(/S)TOL vertical(/short) take-off and
qd quadrillion SSAN submersible auxiliary support vessel landing
R&D research and development SSBN ballistic-missile submarine nuclear- veh vehicle
RAM rolling airframe missile fuelled VLS vertical launch system
RAS replenishment at sea SSC diesel submarine coastal VSHORAD very short range air defence
RCL ramped craft logistic SSG attack submarine diesel, non-ballistic VSRAD very short range air defence
missile launchers
RCWS remote controlled weapon station wg wing
SSGN SSN with dedicated non-ballistic
RCT regimental combat team missile launchers WLIC Inland construction tenders
recce reconnaissance SSI diesel submarine inshore WMD weapon(s) of mass destruction
RF response force SSK patrol submarine with ASW capability WTGB Icebreaker tugs
regt regiment SSM surface-to-surface missile YDG degaussing
RIB rigid inflatable boat SSN attack submarine nuclear powered YDT diving tender
RL rocket launcher START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks/ YTL light harbour tug
ro-ro roll-on, roll-off Treaty YTM medium harbour tug
RPV remotely piloted vehicle StF stabilisation force
Reference
Index of Countries and Territories

Afghanistan Afg 342 Georgia Ga 176 Nigeria Nga 314
Albania Alb 164 Germany Ge 124 Niger Ngr 313
Algeria Ag 239 Ghana Gha 304 Norway No 140
Angola Ang 288 Greece Gr 127 Oman O 260
Antigua and Barbuda AB 61 Guatemala Gua 80 Pakistan Pak 353
Argentina Arg 61 Guinea Bissau GuB 306 Palestinian Autonomous Areas
Armenia Arm 165 Guinea Gui 305 of Gaza and Jericho PA 262
Australia Aus 377 Guyana Guy 81 Panama Pan 87
Austria A 166 Haiti RH 82 Papua New Guinea PNG 405
Azerbaijan Az 167 Honduras Hr 83 Paraguay Py 88
Bahamas Bs 64 Hungary Hu 130 Peru Pe 89
Bahrain Brn 240 Iceland Icl 131 Philippines Pi 406
Bangladesh Bng 343 India Ind 345 Poland PI 142
Barbados Bds 64 Indonesia Indo 388 Portugal Por 145
Belarus Bel 168 Iran Ir 245 Qatar Q 262
Belgium Be 111 Iraq Irq 247 Romania R 147
Belize Bze 65 Ireland Irl 178 Russia RF 217

Benin Bn 289 Israel Il 249 Rwanda Rwa 315
Bolivia Bol 65 Italy It 131 Saudi Arabia Sau 263
Bosnia–Herzegovina BiH 170 Jamaica Ja 84 Senegal Sen 316
Botswana Btwa 289 Japan J 391 Serbia Ser 182
Brazil Br 67 Jordan HKJ 251 Seychelles Sey 317
Brunei Bru 380 Kazakhstan Kaz 350 Sierra Leone SL 317
Bulgaria Bg 112 Kenya Kya 306 Singapore Sgp 407
Burkina Faso BF 290 Korea, Democratic People’s Slovakia Slvk 148
Burundi Bu 291 Republic of DPRK 394 Slovenia Slvn 149
Cambodia Cam 380 Korea, Republic of ROK 396 Somalia SR 318
Cameroon Crn 292 Kuwait Kwt 253 South Africa RSA 319
Canada Ca 28 Kyrgyzstan Kgz 351 Spain Sp 150
Cape Verde CV 293 Laos Lao 399 Sri Lanka Ska 356
Central African Republic CAR 293 Latvia Lat 135 Sudan Sdn 320
Chad Cha 294 Lebanon RL 254 Suriname Sme 91
Chile Chl 69 Lesotho Ls 307 Sweden Swe 184
China, People’s Republic of PRC 381 Liberia Lb 308 Switzerland CH 186
Colombia Co 72 Libya LAR 256 Syria Syr 265
Congo RC 295 Lithuania L 136 Taiwan (Republic of China) ROC 410
Costa Rica CR 74 Luxembourg Lu 137 Tajikistan Tjk 357
Côte D’Ivoire CI 296 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Tanzania Tz 322
Croatia Cr 171 Republic FYROM 179 Thailand Th 412
Cuba C 75 Madagascar Mdg 309 Timor Leste TL 415
Cyprus Cy 173 Malawi Miw 309 Togo Tg 323
Czech Republic Cz 114 Malaysia Mal 399 Trinidad and Tobago TT 92
Democratic Republic of Congo DRC 297 Mali RMM 310 Tunisia Tn 267
Denmark Da 116 Malta M 180 Turkey Tu 154
Djibouti Dj 299 Mauritania RIM 257 Turkmenistan Tkm 358
Dominican Republic DR 76 Mauritius Ms 311 Uganda Uga 324
Ecuador Ec 77 Mexico Mex 84 Ukraine Ukr 188
Egypt Et 242 Moldova Mol 180 United Arab Emirates UAE 268
El Salvador ElS 79 Mongolia Mgl 402 United Kingdom UK 158
Equatorial Guinea EG 300 Montenegro Mnt 181 United States US 31
Eritrea Er 300 Morocco Mor 258 Uruguay Ury 92
Estonia Ea 117 Mozambique Moz 311 Uzbekistan Uz 358
Ethiopia Eth 301 Myanmar My 403 Venezuela Ve 94
Fiji Fji 388 Namibia Nba 312 Vietnam Vn 415
Finland SF 174 Nepal N 352 Yemen, Republic of Ye 270
France Fr 119 Netherlands Nl 138 Zambia Z 325
Gabon Gbn 302 New Zealand NZ 404 Zimbabwe Zw 326
Gambia Gam 303 Nicaragua Nic 86
Reference 487
Index of Country/Territory Abbreviations

A.....................................................................Austria GI................................................................ Gibraltar PF...............................................French Polynesia
AB.....................................Antigua and Barbuda GL............................................................Greenland PI....................................................................Poland
Afg...................................................... Afghanistan Ga.................................................................Georgia PNG.......................................Papua New Guinea
Ag.................................................................. Algeria Gam............................................................Gambia PRC........................China, People’s Republic of
Alb............................................................... Albania Gbn............................................................... Gabon Pak..............................................................Pakistan
Ang............................................................... Angola Ge.............................................................. Germany Pan..............................................................Panama
Arg...........................................................Argentina Gf.....................................................French Guiana Pe........................................................................Peru
Arm............................................................Armenia Gha.................................................................Ghana Pi........................................................... Philippines
Aus............................................................ Australia Gr...................................................................Greece Por............................................................. Portugal
Az........................................................... Azerbaijan Gua........................................................Guatemala Py.............................................................. Paraguay
BF.......................................................Burkino Faso GuB.................................................Guinea Bissau Q........................................................................Qatar
BIOT................. British Indian Ocean Territory Gui................................................................ Guinea R..................................................................Romania
Bds............................................................Barbados Guy.............................................................. Guyana RC................................................................... Congo
Be................................................................Belgium HKJ................................................................Jordan RF.................................................................... Russia
Bel.................................................................Belarus Hr.............................................................Honduras RH...................................................................... Haiti
Bg................................................................ Bulgaria Hu.............................................................. Hungary RIM........................................................Mauritania
BiH......................................Bosnia–Herzegovina Icl................................................................... Iceland RL...............................................................Lebanon
Bn..................................................................... Benin Il......................................................................... Israel RMI...................... Republic of Marshall Islands

Ind.....................................................................India RMM.................................................................. Mali
Bng...................................................... Bangladesh
Indo.........................................................Indonesia ROC....................... Taiwan (Republic of China)
Bol................................................................. Bolivia
ROK........................................ Korea, Republic of
Br.......................................................................Brazil Ir...........................................................................Iran
RSA..................................................... South Africa
Brn............................................................... Bahrain Irl....................................................................Ireland
Rwa............................................................ Rwanda
Bru..................................................................Brunei Irq........................................................................Iraq
SB................................................Solomon Islands
Bs.............................................................. Bahamas It.......................................................................... Italy
Ser.................................................................. Serbia
Btwa........................................................Botswana J.........................................................................Japan
SF..................................................................Finland
Bu.................................................................Burundi Ja..................................................................Jamaica
SL........................................................Sierra Leone
Bze...................................................................Belize Kaz........................................................Kazakhstan
SR................................................ Somali Republic
C......................................................................... Cuba Kgz.........................................................Kyrgyzstan
ST................................... Sao Tome and Principe
CAR............................. Central African Republic Kwt................................................................Kuwait
Sau.................................................... Saudi Arabia
CH........................................................ Switzerland Kya.................................................................. Kenya Sdn.................................................................Sudan
CI........................................................ Côte d’Ivoire L.................................................................Lithuania Sen..............................................................Senegal
CR............................................................ Costa Rica LAR...................................................................Libya Sey..........................................................Seychelles
CV..........................................................Cape Verde Lao......................................................................Laos Sgp......................................................... Singapore
Ca..................................................................Canada Lat....................................................................Latvia Ska.............................................................Sri Lanka
Cam........................................................Cambodia Lb................................................................... Liberia Slvk............................................................ Slovakia
Cha................................................................... Chad Ls..................................................................Lesotho Slvn............................................................Slovenia
Chl.....................................................................Chile Lu.......................................................Luxembourg Sme......................................................... Suriname
Co............................................................. Colombia M...................................................................... Malta Sp..................................................................... Spain
Cr................................................................... Croatia Mal............................................................. Malaysia Swe..............................................................Sweden
Crn..........................................................Cameroon Mdg.................................................... Madagascar Syr......................................................................Syria
Cy.................................................................. Cyprus Mex.............................................................. Mexico TL......................................................... Timor Leste
Cz................................................. Czech Republic Mgl...........................................................Mongolia TT....................................... Trinidad and Tobago
DPRK.................. Korea, Democratic People’s Miw.............................................................. Malawi Tg.......................................................................Togo
Republic of Mnt . ................................................. Montenegro Th............................................................... Thailand
DR.......................................Dominican Republic Mol............................................................Moldova Tjk.............................................................Tajikistan
DRC............... Democratic Republic of Congo Mor............................................................Morocco Tkm................................................. Turkmenistan
Da.............................................................. Denmark Moz.................................................. Mozambique Tn...................................................................Tunisia
Dj................................................................. Djibouti Ms.............................................................Mauritius Tu................................................................... Turkey
EG.............................................Equatorial Guinea My.............................................................Myanmar Tz................................................................ Tanzania
Ea.................................................................. Estonia N.......................................................................Nepal UAE................................... United Arab Emirates
Ec................................................................. Ecuador NC................................................. New Caledonia UK.............................................. United Kingdom
ElS..........................................................El Salvador NZ..................................................... New Zealand US......................................................United States
Er.....................................................................Eritrea Nba.............................................................Namibia Uga..............................................................Uganda
Et......................................................................Egypt Nga............................................................... Nigeria Ukr............................................................... Ukraine
Eth.............................................................. Ethiopia Ngr....................................................................Niger Ury............................................................. Uruguay
FI...................................................Falkland Islands Nic........................................................... Nicaragua Uz.......................................................... Uzbekistan
Ve............................................................Venezuela
Reference
FSU.................................... Former Soviet Union Nl.........................................................Netherlands

FYROM.............Macedonia, Former Yugoslav No................................................................ Norway Vn................................................................Vietnam
Republic O...................................................................... Oman Ye........................................... Yemen, Republic of
Fji...........................................................................Fiji PA................... Palestinian Autonomous Areas Z.................................................................... Zambia
Fr.................................................................... France of Gaza and Jericho Zw..........................................................Zimbabwe
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The Military Balance 2009

been made to ensure accuracy, some transactions may

stocks. Inventory totals for missile systems – such as

Principal Ground Equipment Definitions

The Military Balance uses the following definitions of equipment:

Principal Naval Equipment Definitions

Principal Aviation Equipment Definitions

Fixed Wing Aircraft

action of between ,km and !,km;

Table 1 National Defense Budget Authority FY2007–2013

Bridge funding 66,000

Table 2 US Defence Expenditure (Outlays) as % of GDP

DoD Unallocated 5.5 Subtotal 125,718 53,537

TOTAL 864bn Reconstitution 46,366 9,462

Enhancing Ground Forces

Infantry Brigade Combat Teams, in high demand in Navy

US$11bn. Fallout from the cancelled tanker programme also

Mediterranean sea Organisations by Service

Diameter Bombs); 4 B-52 test hvy bbr; 1 B-2 test

Foreign Forces Air Force Space Command

SAR 15 HH-60L Black Hawk and gen spt avn bns)

PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 107 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9

Trg 1 (aggressor) sqn with F/A-18C Hornet/ F/A- MSL

COMD 16 E-6B Mercury

FORCES BY ROLE Test 1 sqn with V-22 Osprey

ARTY 1,867+ 1 C-20G Gulfstream IV; 2 C-9B Nightingale

Reserve Organisations US Coast Guard Aviation 7,960

Air National Guard 106,680 reservists

BOSNIA-HerZEGOVINA FORCES BY ROLE

Japan Mediterranean SEA

United Arab Emirates Foreign Forces

Table 8 US Air Capability 2009

EA-18G Growler (EW) 0 1 1

Table 8 US Air Capability 2009

Table 8 US Air Capability 2009

Table 8 US Air Capability 2009

Table 8 US Air Capability 2009

UH-3H Sea King 0 3 3

Table 8 US Air Capability 2009

TOTAL AIRCRAFT 5871 304 2264 175 473 58 81 31 9257

Table 9 Selected US Arms Orders

Sat SBIR 2 1,664

Table 10 Selected arms procurements and deliveries, Canada

1950s and 1960s and that many recently announced

Table 11 Caribbean and Latin America Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

Antigua and Barbuda AB Argentina Arg

Population 69,842 Population 49,677,348

SAR 5 SA-315B AMPHIBIOUS 20: 4 LCM; 16 LCVP

Air Force 14,600 (1,700 conscripts) Gendarmerie 18,000

Bahamas Bs Growth % 3.3 1.7

US$1=B$ 1.0 1.0

Organisations by Service Navy 110

Belize Bze Bolivia Bol

Population 301,270 Population 9,247,816

Organisations by Service Organisations by Service

Army ε1,050 Army 9,800; 25,000 conscript (total 34,800)

TPT 11 (river transports)

Marines 1,700 (incl 1,000 Naval Military Deployment

Male 13% 5% 5% 5% 20% 2%

tpt gps operate C-295M, ERJ-145 tactical transports, C/KC- Deployment

action of between ,km and !,km;