Milling Machines - Lect. 1 Introduction
Milling Machines - Lect. 1 Introduction
Milling Machines - Lect. 1 Introduction
1
11/29/2020
2
11/29/2020
❖ A CNC machine is
a NC machine
with the added
feature of an
onboard computer
or the Machine
Control Unit
(MCU).
❖ They can be
played back,
edited, and
processed.
3
11/29/2020
4
11/29/2020
MACHINING CENTERS
❖ Machining centers are the latest development in CNC technology. They are
equipped with:
▪ automatic tool changers capable of
changing 90 or more tools.
▪ Many are also fitted with movable
rectangular worktables called pallets
which are automatically load and unload
workpieces.
❖ At a single setup, machining centers can
perform such operations as milling,
drilling, tapping, boring, counterboring,
and so on.
5
11/29/2020
❖ The CNC tool location is controlled by XYZ coordinates, the point of intersection
is the origin. Y
❖ Indicate the location of points
▪ A (3,-2)
▪ B (1.4)
▪ C (-2,-3)
▪ D(-3,4)
X
6
11/29/2020
❖ Open-loop systems do not use any form of feedback control for the slide
movement or velocity.
❖ The motor will simply drive the slideway to the desired position by means of a
pulse count electrically generated.
❖ A command signal is sent to the stepper motor and it assumes that when the
required count of pulses has occurred, the machine slide has moved a
certain distance.
❖ This method of control is relatively cheap to
construct; however its errors are accumulated.
❖ This system uses lead screw which generate
friction and backslash which can cause
positioning error.
❖ Servo motors are used in this system, motors types are AC, DC and hydraulic
❖ In servo motors, the speed is variable depends on the amount of input AC or
DC current or amount of fluid in hydraulic
❖ Tachometer is mounted on the backside to measure and feed back the angular
velocity.
❖ This feedback is sent to the Motor Derive Unit which compares the motion with
and tachometer feedback and correct the error.
❖ Ball lead screw are used to reduce the friction and backlash
❖ A device called encoder (resolver) monitors the distance by the table and
spindle and sends information to MCU, which adjust its signal to the table or
spindle
7
11/29/2020
8
11/29/2020
❖ Incremental: is the operating mode in which the new tool position is defined
relative to the last tool position
❖ Absolute: the machine determines the new tool position from fixed home or
specified origin (0,0)
❖ Both incremental and absolute can be used in the same program by using
the code for changing
Tool Incremental Absolute
position X Y X Y
A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
B 0.5 0 1 0.5
C 0.75 0.25 1.75 0.75
9
11/29/2020
❖ Climb (down) milling: the tool makes the maximum thickness at the start of
the cut and the minimum at the end.
▪ The tool pushes down the workpiece so less clamping needed.
▪ Chips are pushed behind and away from the cutter which reduce the tool wear.
▪ It is recommended for machining thin parts that hard to clamp
▪ High impact loads causes excessive tool wear
❖ conventional (up) milling: no chip
thickness at start and max at the end
▪ Chips are pushed up in front of the cutting
tool
▪ More fixture are required to hold-down the
workpiece
▪ Is recommended for finishing operations
10
11/29/2020
Thank you
11