FLUID MECHANICS

(ECW2053)
SESI :
JULY 2020 (0721)

PREPARED BY :
RUZLINA OMAR
FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO
FLUID PROPERTIES
WHAT IS WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS? FLUID
MECHANICS?

• Greek word “HUDAR” , means – • The study of the statics and

“WATER” dynamics of liquids and gases.
• Branch of engineering science deals • It’s that branch of engineering
with water ( at rest or in motion) science which deals with the
• Or its that branch of engineering behaviour of fluid under the
science which is based on conditions of rest & motion
experimental observation of water • Liquid and gas state are classified
flow. as fluid.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
• Why it is important for Civil Engineers to study Fluid Mechanics?
• Amenities of adequate water services such as supply of potable water,
the drainage systems and also sewerage are essential for the
development of industrial society which are pertaining to civil engineers.
• Leader in fluid mechanics such as
1. Archimedes : Archimedes’ Principle which relates to fluid static and
bouyancy
2. Sir Isaac Newton : Newtonian fluid
3. Sir Daniel Bernoulli : Bernoulli’s theorem which relates to
pressure, velocity and elevation in a moving fluid.
4. Other famous leader are Reynolds, Stokes, Navier, Euler, Leibniz,
Taylor and Prandtl

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 3

INTRODUCTION
DIRECT INVOLVEMENT OF FLUID MECHANICS IN
REAL WORLD:
1. Sea and river (flood) defenses.
2. Water distribution / sewerage (sanitation) networks
3. Hydraulics design of water / sewage treatment works
4. Dams
5. Irrigation
6. Pumps and turbines
7. Water retaining structures

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 4

INTRODUCTION
VARIOUS GROUP ASPECTS RELATES TO FLUID
MECHANICS:
1. Environment and medicine such as river and medicine
device.
2. Weather and climate such as climate change and tornado
3. Vehicles automobiles, trains, ships, plane etc.
4. Sports and recreation such as water surfing and water parks

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 5

INTRODUCTION
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FLUID MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING
APPLICATION SUCH AS:
1. Stability of floating and submerges objects.
2. Hydrostatics forces, which leads to evaluation of forces acting on
submerges surfaces.
3. Flow in pipes and evaluation of energy losses in pipelines.
4. Forces exerted by moving fluid.
5. Flow rate, energy dissipation from spillway and flow in open
channels.
6. Flow measurements devices in open channel and closed
conduits.
7. Design and application of fluid mechanics in flow systems.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

6
INTRODUCTION
KNOWLEDGE OF FLUID MECHANICS IS IMPORTANT IN
PROPER DESIGN OF:
1. Water supply systems
2. Wastewater Treatment Facilities
3. Dam spillways
4. Valves, flow meter, hydraulic shock absorbers and brakes
5. Aircraft, ships, submarines and rockets
6. Windmills, turbines and pump.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

7
3 BRANCHES OF FLUID MECHANICS :

• The study of incompressible fluid under static

conditions or at rest (hydrostatics)
FLUID STATICS • That dealing with the compressible static gases-
aerostatics

• The geometry of fluid motion.

FLUID • Deals with the – velocities, accelerations and pattern of
flow only without considering forces or energy
KINEMATICS

• The force exerted by fluids in motion.

FLUID • Deal with the relationship between velocities and
DYNAMICS accelerations and the FORCES @ ENERGY exerted by or
upon fluids in motion.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

8
COMPARISON OF LIQUID, GAS AND
SOLID
https://youtu.be/s-KvoVzukHo

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 9

COMPARISON OF LIQUID, GAS AND
SOLID
COMPARISON OF LIQUID, GAS & SOLID
BASIS FOR
LIQUID GAS SOLID
COMPARISON
Meaning Liquid is a substance, that Gas refers to a state of matter, do Solid refers to a form of matter
flows freely, having a definite not have any shape but conform which has structural rigidity
volume but no permanent to the shape of the container, and has a firm shape which
shape. completely, in which it is put in. cannot be changed easily.

Shape and Volume No fixed shape but has volume. Neither definite shape nor Fixed shape and volume.
volume.
Energy Medium Highest Lowest
Compressibility Nearly difficult Easy Difficult
Arrangement of Random and little sparsely Random and more sparsely Regular and closely arranged.
molecules arranged. arranged.
Fluidity Flows from higher to lower Flows in all directions. Cannot flow
level.
Molecular motion Brownian molecular motion Free, constant and random Negligible molecular motion
molecular motion.
Intermolecular More Large Very less
space
Intermolecular Medium Minimum Maximum
attraction
Sound speed Faster than gas but slower than Lowest among all Fastest
solid
Storage Cannot be stored without Needs closed container for Don't need container, for
container. storage. storage.
FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 11
1.1 COMMON UNITS AND DIMENSION
IN MEASURING FLUIDS.
WHAT IS WHAT IS
UNITS? DIMENSION?

• Standardized system of • The basic nature of quantity.

measurements used to • Measurable properties used
describe the magnitude of to describe a body/system
the dimension

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

12
 VARIOUS SYSTEM
• Student also expected to be familiar with the various systems of units used in
engineering. These systems include :

IMPERIAL UNIT
PARAMETER SI UNITS c.g.s system of unit (British Gravitational
system; English Units)
Length Meters (m) Centimeters (cm) Foot (ft)

Mass kilogram(kg) Gramme (g) Pound ( Ib)

Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)
Temperature Degree Celcius (oC) Degree Farenheit ( oF)

Electric Circuit Ampere (A)

As any quantity can be expressed in whatever way you like it is

sometimes easy to become confused as to what exactly or how much is
being referred to. This is particularly true in the field of fluid mechanics.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 13

MEASUREMENTS
PARAMETER UNITS SYMBOLS

Force, F Newton N = kgm/s2

Pressure, P Pascal Pa = N/m2

Work, Energy, E Joule J = Nm

Power, P watt W = J/s

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 14

MEASUREMENTS

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 15

MEASUREMENTS

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 16

DENSITY
DENSITY
FLUID PROPERTIES
1.2 BASIC PROPERTIES - DENSITY, RELATIVE DENSITY,
SPECIFIC WEIGHT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SPECIFIC
VOLUME AND VISCOSITY
MASS, m

▪ Mass, m, is defined as the quantity of matter in a body

▪ Mass does not change with position.
▪ Unit : kg

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 19

WEIGHT, w

▪ Weight depends on the acceleration due to gravity, g

g = 9.81m/s2.

Weight,w = Mass, m x Gravity, g

kg

w mx
kgm/s2 or = g m/s2
N
Units: kgm/s2 or N

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 20

DENSITY @ MASS DENSITY, ρ
▪ Density of a fluid, ρ, is defined as the mass per unit volume
▪ Regardless of form (solid, liquid, gas) we can define how much
mass is squeezed into a particular space.

kg
ρ=m
kgm-3 V m3

ρ Water = 1000 Units: kg/m3

kg/m3
ρair = 1.23 kg/m3

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 21

SPECIFIC WEIGHT, γ
▪ Specific weight of a fluid, γ, is defined as the weight of the fluid
per unit volume .
▪ Force exerted by gravity, g, upon unit volume of substance

γ=w
V =ρx ρ = the density of the material (kgm-3)
g
g = acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)
Units: N/m3

γw = 9.81 X 103 N/m3

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 22

RELATIVE DENSITY @ SPECIFIC
GRAVITY, SG
A ratio of the specific weight of a substance to the specific
weight of water at standard temperature (4°C) and
atmospheric pressure.

Unit: dimensionless.

• Unit is none, since ratio is a pure number. SG is a dimensionless

quantity.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 23

SPECIFIC VOLUME, v
▪ The reciprocal of the mass density i.e. the volume per unit
mass or the inverse of density.

v = 1/ρ = V/m
Units: m3 / kg

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 24

VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
⚫Viscosity is a property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to motion.
⚫ Viscosity, μ, is the property of a fluid, due to
cohesion and interaction between molecules,
which offers resistance to shear deformation.
⚫Since viscosity is a resistance of fluid to flow.
So a high viscosity means the substance is
very resistance to flow; it won't flow easily.
⚫For example, honey has a higher viscosity
compared to water.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 26

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian
Fluid
Fluid
obey
Newton’s law Newtonian fluids
refer

of viscosity
Newton’s’ law of viscosity is given Example:
by; Air
Water
τ = shear stress Oil
μ = viscosity of fluid Gasoline
du/dy = shear rate, rate of Alcohol
strain or velocity Kerosene
gradient Benzene
Glycerine
• The viscosity μ is a function only of the condition of the fluid,
particularly its temperature.
• The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on
the magnitude of μ.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO 27

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, µ
Definition: shear stress per unit area

⚫Measure of internal friction of fluid particles

⚫Molecular cohesiveness
⚫Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)
⚫Dynamic viscosity = µ = shear stress/rate of change of
θ with time
τ = Shear
Stress
= velocity gradient

Units: Ns/m2

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 –

RHO 28
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY,ѵ
Definition: is the ratio of the viscosity to the density;
• will be found to be important in cases in which
significant viscous and gravitational forces exist.

Typical values:
Units: m2/s Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s;
Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;
μ=
viscosity
ρ= density • In general, viscosity of liquids with temperature,
whereas

viscosity of gases with in temperature.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053

29
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, k

• The elasticity of a fluid is related to the amount of deformation

(expansion or contraction) for a given pressure changes. Bulk
modulus of elasticity is a measure degree of elasticity

k = change in pressure
volumetric strain

The bulk modulus for water is approximately 2.2GN/m2

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053

30
SURFACE TENSION, σ
• Surface tension produces several observable phenomena, such as
described in figure below. The interfacial liquid at the boundary
between a liquid and a gas behaves like membrane that
possesses tensile strength.
• This tension is measure as force acting across a unit length.

Fluid molecules

h = 4 σ cos α
ρdg

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053

31
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1.1
An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g and
occupies a volume of 23.4 ml. (milliliter). Calculate its
specific weight in SI unit.
γ = 7756 N/m3

EXAMPLE 1.2
If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m3, calculate the
specific gravity of iron.

SG = 7.85
EXAMPLE 1.3
The specific gravity, SG of certain oil is 0.86. Compute its
density, ρ and specific weight, .
ρoil = 860 kg/m3
𝛄oil = 8.44 kN/m3

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

32
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1.4
If the specific volume of certain gas is 0.73 m3/kg. Calculate its
specific weight.

EXAMPLE 1.5
If the specific volume of fluid A is 1.2 m3/kg, fluid B is 0.8 m3/kg
and fluid C is 1.0 m3/kg. State which fluid has the biggest
volume occupied by an amount of 1kg fluid.

FLUID MECHANICS - ECW2053 – RHO

33