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Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-1799
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, October 8, 2021
Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — SEPTEMBER 2021
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 194,000 in September, and the unemployment rate fell by
0.4 percentage point to 4.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains
occurred in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services, in retail trade, and in
transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education declined over the month.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted,
September 2019 – September 2021 September 2019 – September 2021
Percent Thousands
16.0 160,000
14.0 155,000
12.0 150,000
10.0 145,000
8.0 140,000
6.0 135,000
4.0 130,000
2.0 125,000
Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21 Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21
This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
The unemployment rate fell by 0.4 percentage point to 4.8 percent in September. The number of
unemployed persons fell by 710,000 to 7.7 million. Both measures are down considerably from their
highs at the end of the February-April 2020 recession. However, they remain above their levels prior to
the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020).
(See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the household survey and its
measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (4.7 percent), adult women
(4.2 percent), Whites (4.2 percent), and Blacks (7.9 percent) declined in September. The jobless rates for
teenagers (11.5 percent), Asians (4.2 percent), and Hispanics (6.3 percent) showed little change over the
month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers declined by 236,000 to 2.3 million in
September but is 953,000 higher than in February 2020. The number of persons on temporary layoff, at
1.1 million, changed little in September. This measure is down considerably from the high of 18.0
million in April 2020 but is 374,000 above the February 2020 level. The number of reentrants to the
labor force decreased by 198,000 in September to 2.3 million, after increasing by a similar amount in
August. (Reentrants are persons who previously worked but were not in the labor force prior to
beginning their job search.) (See table A-11.)
The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) decreased by 496,000 in
September to 2.7 million but is 1.6 million higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed
accounted for 34.5 percent of the total unemployed in September. The number of persons jobless less
than 5 weeks, at 2.2 million, changed little. (See table A-12.)
The labor force participation rate was little changed at 61.6 percent in September and has remained
within a narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The participation rate is 1.7
percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 58.7 percent,
edged up in September. This measure is up from its low of 51.3 percent in April 2020 but remains below
the figure of 61.1 percent in February 2020. (See table A-1.)
In September, the number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.5 million, was
essentially unchanged for the second month in a row. There were 4.4 million persons in this category in
February 2020. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.0 million in September,
little changed over the month but up by 959,000 since February 2020. These individuals were not
counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force edged up to 1.7 million in September, following a decline in the prior month. These
individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12
months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was
450,000 in September, little changed from the previous month. (See Summary table A.)
Household Survey Supplemental Data
In September, 13.2 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic,
little changed from the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked at
home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic.
-2-
In September, 5.0 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer
closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at
some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 5.6 million in August.
Among those who reported in September that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related
closures or lost business, 15.5 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours
not worked, little changed from the prior month.
Among those not in the labor force in September, 1.6 million persons were prevented from looking for
work due to the pandemic, little changed from August. (To be counted as unemployed, by definition,
individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to
help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables
with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 194,000 in September. Thus far this year, monthly
job growth has averaged 561,000. Nonfarm employment has increased by 17.4 million since a recent
trough in April 2020 but is down by 5.0 million, or 3.3 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February
2020. In September, notable job gains occurred in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business
services, in retail trade, and in transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education
declined over the month. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the
establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)
Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 74,000 in September, with continued job growth in
arts, entertainment, and recreation (+43,000). Employment in food services and drinking places changed
little for the second consecutive month, compared with an average monthly gain of 197,000 from
January through July. Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 1.6 million, or 9.4 percent,
since February 2020.
Professional and business services added 60,000 jobs in September. Employment continued to increase
in architectural and engineering services (+15,000), management and technical consulting services
(+15,000), and computer systems design and related services (+9,000). Employment in professional and
business services is 385,000 below its level in February 2020.
In September, employment in retail trade rose by 56,000, following 2 months of little change. Over the
month, employment gains occurred in clothing and clothing accessories stores (+27,000), general
merchandise stores (+16,000), and building material and garden supply stores (+16,000). These gains
were partially offset by a loss in food and beverage stores (-12,000). Retail trade employment is 202,000
lower than its level in February 2020.
Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 47,000 in September, in line with gains
in the prior 2 months. In September, job gains continued in warehousing and storage (+16,000), couriers
and messengers (+13,000), and air transportation (+10,000). Employment in transportation and
warehousing is 72,000 above its pre-pandemic level in February 2020.
-3-
Employment in the information industry increased by 32,000 in September. Gains occurred in motion
picture and sound recording industries (+14,000); in publishing industries, except Internet (+11,000);
and in data processing, hosting, and related services (+6,000). Employment in information is down by
108,000 since February 2020.
In September, social assistance added 30,000 jobs, led by a gain in child day care services (+18,000).
Employment in social assistance is 204,000 lower than in February 2020.
Employment in manufacturing increased by 26,000 in September, with gains in fabricated metal

products (+8,000), machinery (+6,000), and printing and related support activities (+4,000). These gains
were partially offset by a decline of 6,000 in motor vehicles and parts. Manufacturing employment is
down by 353,000 since February 2020.
Construction employment rose by 22,000 in September but has shown little net change thus far this
year. Employment in construction is 201,000 below its February 2020 level.
In September, employment in wholesale trade increased by 17,000, almost entirely in the durable goods
component (+16,000). Employment in wholesale trade is down by 159,000 since February 2020.
Mining employment continued to trend up in September (+5,000), reflecting growth in support activities
for mining (+4,000). Mining employment has risen by 59,000 since a trough in August 2020 but is
93,000 below a peak in January 2019.
In September, employment decreased by 144,000 in local government education and by 17,000 in

state government education. Employment changed little in private education (-19,000). Most back-to-
school hiring typically occurs in September. Hiring this September was lower than usual, resulting in a
decline after seasonal adjustment. Recent employment changes are challenging to interpret, as
pandemic-related staffing fluctuations in public and private education have distorted the normal seasonal
hiring and layoff patterns. Since February 2020, employment is down by 310,000 in local government
education, by 194,000 in state government education, and by 172,000 in private education.
Employment in health care changed little in September (-18,000). Job losses occurred in nursing and
residential care facilities (-38,000) and hospitals (-8,000), while ambulatory health care services added
jobs (+28,000). Employment in health care is down by 524,000 since February 2020, with nursing and
residential care facilities accounting for about four-fifths of the loss.
In September, employment showed little change in financial activities and in other services.
Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 19 cents to $30.85 in
September, following large increases in the prior 5 months. In September, average hourly earnings of
private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 14 cents to $26.15. The data for
recent months suggest that the rising demand for labor associated with the recovery from the pandemic
may have put upward pressure on wages. However, because average hourly earnings vary widely across
industries, the large employment fluctuations since February 2020 complicate the analysis of recent
trends in average hourly earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
In September, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2
hour to 34.8 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.4 hours, and overtime
-4-
edged up by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory
employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 34.2 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for July was revised up by 38,000, from +1,053,000 to
+1,091,000, and the change for August was revised up by 131,000, from +235,000 to +366,000. With
these revisions, employment in July and August combined is 169,000 higher than previously reported.
(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies
since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for October is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 5, 2021,
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on September 2021 Household and

Establishment Survey Data
Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data
continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the
safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone
interviews could not be done.
As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as
unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the
share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic
and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of
what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the
unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in September
2021 would have been 0.1 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper
bound of our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error.
More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at
www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-september-2021.htm.
-5-
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Change from:
Sept. July Aug. Sept.
Category Aug. 2021-
2020 2021 2021 2021
Sept. 2021
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,742 261,469 261,611 261,766 155
Civilian labor force.......................................................... . 160,078 161,347 161,537 161,354 -183
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 61.7 61.7 61.6 -0.1
Employed.................................................................. . 147,543 152,645 153,154 153,680 526
Employment-population ratio......................................... . 56.6 58.4 58.5 58.7 0.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,535 8,702 8,384 7,674 -710
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 -0.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,664 100,123 100,074 100,412 338
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 -0.4
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 5.4 5.1 4.7 -0.4
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.0 4.8 4.2 -0.6
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 9.6 11.2 11.5 0.3
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 4.8 4.5 4.2 -0.3
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 8.2 8.8 7.9 -0.9
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 5.3 4.6 4.2 -0.4
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ . 10.3 6.6 6.4 6.3 -0.1
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 4.8 4.5 4.2 -0.3
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.5 7.8 7.9 0.1
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 6.3 6.0 5.8 -0.2
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 5.0 5.1 4.5 -0.6
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. . 4.7 3.1 2.8 2.5 -0.3
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,039 4,960 4,468 4,065 -403
Job leavers..................................................................... . 808 930 822 788 -34
Reentrants...................................................................... . 2,123 2,287 2,487 2,289 -198
New entrants................................................................... . 535 463 512 490 -22
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,552 2,257 2,083 2,237 154
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. . 2,754 1,861 2,066 1,872 -194
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,934 1,174 1,164 990 -174
27 weeks and over............................................................ . 2,405 3,425 3,179 2,683 -496
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,283 4,483 4,469 4,468 -1
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,881 2,965 3,183 3,180 -3
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,120 1,116 1,032 975 -57
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... . 18,990 20,087 20,359 20,389 30
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,931 1,872 1,577 1,744 167
Discouraged workers....................................................... . 590 507 392 450 58
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 1,091 366 194
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 816 332 317
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 74 37 52
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 6 4
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 12 0 22
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 57 31 26
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 41 20 16
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 14.1 9.9 -6.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16 11 10
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 742 295 265
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 15.0 -3.2 16.9
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 -6.1 -3.8 56.1
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 56.1 54.5 47.3
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 0.3 -0.8 -0.5
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 19 29 32
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 31 11 2
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 91 85 60
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 18.6 -3.7 -5.2
Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 84 51 -7
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.9 43.6 1.6 12.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 408 38 74
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 44 34 -16
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -216 275 34 -123
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,342 889 806 550
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174 726 652 488
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.8
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.3
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.8
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.50 $30.55 $30.66 $30.85
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,026.60 $1,060.09 $1,060.84 $1,073.58
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.8 108.8 108.8 109.7
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.8
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.9 158.9 159.5 161.8
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.0 0.4 1.4
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 70.0 66.9 61.7
Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 67.3 56.0 54.0
1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; labor force as a percent of the population, and
establishment survey). The household survey provides the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
information on the labor force, employment, and percent of the population. Additional information
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked about the household survey can be found at
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
The establishment survey provides information on drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each those who worked or received pay for any part of the
month from the payroll records of a sample of reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 employees and for production and nonsupervisory
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on defined as production and related employees in
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a private service-providing industries.
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the Industries are classified on the basis of an
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 2017 version of the North American Industry Classification
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which System. Additional information about the establishment
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect household and establishment surveys result in important
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
responses to a series of questions on work and job search surveys. Among these are:
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in • The household survey includes agricultural
the labor force. workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
People are classified as employed if they did any work are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked private household workers among the employed.
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or These groups are excluded from the establishment
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or survey.
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad • The household survey includes people on unpaid
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal leave among the employed. The establishment
reasons. survey does not.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the • The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
reference week; they were available for work at that time; of age and older. The establishment survey is not
and they made specific active efforts to find employment limited by age.
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting • The household survey has no duplication of
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as individuals, because individuals are counted only
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for establishment survey, employees working at more
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. than one job and thus appearing on more than one
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The
Seasonal adjustment Reliability of the estimates
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor Statistics based on the household and establishment
force and the levels of employment and unemployment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such differ from the true population values they represent. The
seasonal variation can be very large. component of this difference that occurs because samples
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
developments, such as declines in employment or increases than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying (50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-the-
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make month change lies within this interval. Since this range
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
activity. rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
as total payroll employment, employment in most major unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be In general, estimates involving many individuals or
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and small number of observations. The precision of estimates
duration are derived from the sum of the independently also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
seasonally adjusted component series, and will not as for quarterly and annual averages.
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally The household and establishment surveys are also
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
For both the household and establishment surveys, a in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current processing of the data.
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated that the estimate is considered final.
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year Another major source of nonsampling error in the
revisions to historical data are made once a year. establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for The sample-based estimates from the establishment
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
estimation procedure with two components is used to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
account for business births. The first component excludes administrative records of the unemployment insurance
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based program. The difference between the March sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains employment estimates and the March universe counts is
from business births. This is incorporated into the sample- known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from
employment. -0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment Other information
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived Information in this release will be made available to
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
deaths over the past 5 years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,742 261,611 261,766 260,742 261,210 261,338 261,469 261,611 261,766
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,073 161,788 161,392 160,078 160,935 161,086 161,347 161,537 161,354
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 61.8 61.7 61.4 61.6 61.6 61.7 61.7 61.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,796 153,232 154,026 147,543 151,620 151,602 152,645 153,154 153,680
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 58.6 58.8 56.6 58.0 58.0 58.4 58.5 58.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,277 8,556 7,366 12,535 9,316 9,484 8,702 8,384 7,674
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.3 4.6 7.8 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,670 99,823 100,373 100,664 100,275 100,253 100,123 100,074 100,412
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,984 5,810 5,710 7,184 6,600 6,428 6,517 5,682 5,969
Men, 16 years and over
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,817 81,670 81,731 78,663 80,062 80,176 80,712 81,100 81,501
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,251 4,404 3,984 6,537 5,148 5,144 4,795 4,584 4,296
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,468 78,783 79,230 76,258 77,340 77,545 78,041 78,440 78,927
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,781 4,034 3,635 6,036 4,842 4,869 4,484 4,225 3,919
Women, 16 years and over
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,979 71,562 72,295 68,880 71,557 71,426 71,934 72,054 72,179
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,026 4,152 3,382 5,998 4,168 4,340 3,906 3,799 3,378
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,547 68,746 69,699 66,328 68,811 68,817 69,235 69,357 69,466
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,582 3,825 3,085 5,537 3,895 4,038 3,648 3,485 3,067
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,781 5,702 5,097 4,957 5,468 5,240 5,369 5,357 5,287
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914 697 647 963 578 577 569 674 687
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
Employment status, race, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
WHITE
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,603 118,601 119,154 115,510 117,553 117,320 118,428 118,697 119,023
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,492 5,728 4,980 8,691 6,344 6,480 5,985 5,635 5,199
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,904 62,142 62,471 60,780 61,182 61,122 61,701 61,980 62,295
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,014 2,702 2,467 4,220 3,311 3,357 3,157 2,875 2,700
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,917 51,930 52,666 50,813 52,079 52,084 52,538 52,496 52,571
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,779 2,564 2,024 3,755 2,618 2,716 2,455 2,319 2,007
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,782 4,530 4,016 3,917 4,292 4,114 4,189 4,220 4,157
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 462 489 716 415 408 373 441 492
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,609 18,934 19,063 17,558 18,584 18,769 18,757 18,892 18,996
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,298 1,889 1,524 2,385 1,854 1,910 1,673 1,825 1,638
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,031 8,700 8,696 7,975 8,533 8,648 8,609 8,628 8,644
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102 844 698 1,149 927 958 793 864 755
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,026 9,589 9,725 8,999 9,448 9,473 9,511 9,652 9,683
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076 906 726 1,093 844 886 782 828 759
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 784 743 726 686 714 735 746 794
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 646 642 584 603 648 637 612 669
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 138 101 142 83 67 98 134 125
See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
Employment status, race, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
ASIAN
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,581 10,181 10,245 9,553 9,890 9,789 10,094 10,122 10,190
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 492 438 926 581 598 559 488 446
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,388 45,004 45,083 44,388 44,786 44,857 44,927 45,004 45,083
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,771 29,449 29,577 28,804 29,243 29,367 29,529 29,534 29,617
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 65.4 65.6 64.9 65.3 65.5 65.7 65.6 65.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,897 27,635 27,813 25,834 27,110 27,183 27,576 27,652 27,738
Employment-population ratio.............. . 58.3 61.4 61.7 58.2 60.5 60.6 61.4 61.4 61.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,874 1,814 1,764 2,969 2,133 2,184 1,953 1,882 1,880
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 6.2 6.0 10.3 7.3 7.4 6.6 6.4 6.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,617 15,555 15,506 15,584 15,543 15,490 15,398 15,470 15,466
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,529 15,374 15,488 14,463 15,006 15,005 15,225 15,318 15,411
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,303 865 881 1,397 1,073 1,063 1,003 967 992
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,326 11,160 11,277 10,306 11,043 11,111 11,209 11,253 11,253
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,276 742 661 1,270 884 959 811 725 662
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,042 1,101 1,048 1,066 1,061 1,066 1,142 1,081 1,074
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 207 222 303 175 162 138 190 226
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,946 9,188 9,263 8,811 8,790 9,142 9,254 9,158 9,127
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 45.9 45.9 43.5 42.8 44.1 46.7 45.8 45.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,093 8,542 8,644 7,872 7,993 8,210 8,377 8,448 8,406
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 42.7 42.9 38.9 38.9 39.6 42.3 42.2 41.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 646 619 939 797 932 877 710 721
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 7.0 6.7 10.7 9.1 10.2 9.5 7.8 7.9
High school graduates, no college1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,284 33,473 33,351 31,835 32,543 32,517 32,735 33,232 32,838
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,044 2,098 1,910 3,139 2,388 2,455 2,211 2,115 2,020
Some college or associate degree
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,055 33,611 34,273 33,056 33,808 33,970 34,111 34,019 34,200
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,866 1,890 1,567 2,912 2,108 2,109 1,785 1,826 1,626
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,021 58,441 59,213 57,024 58,802 58,392 59,027 59,077 59,246
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,818 1,880 1,497 2,837 1,925 2,091 1,900 1,717 1,539
1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
Total Men Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,389 18,011 16,482 16,091 1,907 1,920
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,814 8,485 7,705 7,345 1,109 1,141
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 47.1 46.7 45.6 58.1 59.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,246 8,181 7,209 7,078 1,037 1,103
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 45.4 43.7 44.0 54.4 57.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 304 496 266 72 37
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 3.6 6.4 3.6 6.5 3.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,575 9,526 8,777 8,746 798 779
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,579 4,641 3,827 3,876 752 765
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,643 3,651 3,114 3,084 529 567
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,371 3,522 2,872 2,966 499 555
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 129 242 117 30 12
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 990 713 792 223 198
Gulf War-era I veterans
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,017 2,135 1,701 1,804 316 331
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 65 107 50 24 14
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 885 687 693 177 192
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,180 1,016 1,130 961 50 55
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128 977 1,082 923 46 55
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 39 48 39 4 0
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.2 4.0 – –
Veterans of other service periods
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,730 1,547 1,555 1,385 176 162
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 71 100 60 13 11
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,495 234,883 105,156 106,108 128,340 128,776
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,094 150,627 76,330 77,266 72,764 73,361
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,705 143,774 70,735 73,655 66,970 70,119
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,389 6,853 5,595 3,611 5,794 3,243
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,401 84,256 28,826 28,842 55,575 55,414
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
Persons with a disability Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2020 2021 2020 2021
TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... . 29,802 31,569 230,941 230,196
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,047 7,051 154,026 154,341
Participation rate.................................................................... . 20.3 22.3 66.7 67.0
Employed............................................................................ . 5,291 6,417 142,505 147,609
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 20.3 61.7 64.1
Unemployed......................................................................... . 755 634 11,521 6,732
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 12.5 9.0 7.5 4.4
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 23,755 24,518 76,915 75,855
Men, 16 to 64 years
Employed............................................................................ . 2,259 2,710 70,944 73,102
Unemployed......................................................................... . 304 255 5,606 3,544
Women, 16 to 64 years
Employed............................................................................ . 1,949 2,534 62,663 65,190
Unemployed......................................................................... . 346 307 5,273 2,910
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Employed............................................................................ . 1,082 1,173 8,898 9,317
Unemployed......................................................................... . 105 72 642 279
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
Total Men Women
Employment status and nativity Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 41,810 43,111 20,159 20,904 21,651 22,207
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,712 28,100 15,377 16,212 11,335 11,887
Participation rate................................................. . 63.9 65.2 76.3 77.6 52.4 53.5
Employed......................................................... . 24,419 26,816 14,350 15,540 10,068 11,276
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 62.2 71.2 74.3 46.5 50.8
Unemployed...................................................... . 2,293 1,284 1,027 672 1,266 611
Unemployment rate........................................... . 8.6 4.6 6.7 4.1 11.2 5.1
Not in labor force................................................... . 15,098 15,012 4,782 4,692 10,316 10,320
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 218,933 218,654 105,969 105,743 112,964 112,911
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,361 133,293 69,691 69,503 63,670 63,790
Participation rate................................................. . 60.9 61.0 65.8 65.7 56.4 56.5
Employed......................................................... . 123,377 127,210 64,466 66,191 58,911 61,019
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 58.2 60.8 62.6 52.1 54.0
Unemployed...................................................... . 9,983 6,083 5,224 3,312 4,759 2,771
Unemployment rate........................................... . 7.5 4.6 7.5 4.8 7.5 4.3
Not in labor force................................................... . 85,572 85,362 36,278 36,240 49,294 49,121
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Category Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,309 2,385 2,272 2,270 2,293 2,318 2,305 2,329 2,249
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,480 1,606 1,504 1,482 1,534 1,604 1,584 1,606 1,519
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 816 744 743 799 737 692 708 712 724
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 34 26 – – – – – –
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,487 150,847 151,754 145,454 149,397 149,329 150,481 151,115 151,693
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,709 141,181 142,210 136,493 139,799 139,873 140,487 141,168 141,768
Government.................................... . 20,361 20,277 20,343 20,466 20,454 20,578 20,761 20,793 20,487
Private industries.............................. . 116,348 120,904 121,866 116,299 119,449 119,460 119,955 120,345 121,741
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 733 768 – – – – – –
Other industries............................. . 115,665 120,171 121,099 115,601 118,901 118,948 119,334 119,608 120,981
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 8,723 9,607 9,491 8,675 9,265 9,146 9,571 9,541 9,418
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 60 53 – – – – – –
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,955 4,385 4,130 6,283 5,271 4,627 4,483 4,469 4,468
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,669 3,087 2,960 4,881 4,069 3,430 2,965 3,183 3,180
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124 958 982 1,120 966 1,007 1,116 1,032 975
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,012 18,871 20,432 18,990 19,160 20,337 20,087 20,359 20,389
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,901 4,309 4,077 6,197 5,231 4,544 4,351 4,414 4,406
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,623 3,029 2,924 4,823 4,039 3,381 2,908 3,126 3,130
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,120 943 967 1,112 963 996 1,099 1,019 960
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,612 18,557 20,037 18,589 18,774 19,982 19,736 20,027 20,003
1
Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
2
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
Characteristic Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,796 153,232 154,026 147,543 151,620 151,602 152,645 153,154 153,680
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,781 5,702 5,097 4,957 5,468 5,240 5,369 5,357 5,287
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,845 2,266 2,071 1,786 2,080 1,952 1,971 2,025 2,013
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,936 3,436 3,026 3,162 3,380 3,287 3,378 3,293 3,256
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,015 147,530 148,929 142,586 146,151 146,362 147,277 147,797 148,393
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,561 13,462 13,448 12,641 13,157 13,399 13,342 13,238 13,498
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,454 134,068 135,481 130,040 132,898 133,068 134,135 134,652 134,958
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,026 97,881 98,702 94,738 97,172 97,331 98,131 98,289 98,346
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,405 34,575 34,780 33,293 34,406 34,284 34,589 34,742 34,664
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,844 32,828 33,085 31,687 32,491 32,612 32,923 32,914 32,915
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,777 30,479 30,837 29,758 30,275 30,436 30,620 30,633 30,767
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,428 36,186 36,778 35,302 35,726 35,737 36,003 36,363 36,611
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,817 81,670 81,731 78,663 80,062 80,176 80,712 81,100 81,501
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,349 2,887 2,501 2,405 2,722 2,631 2,670 2,660 2,574
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 1,085 997 849 1,013 942 944 949 974
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,476 1,802 1,503 1,546 1,707 1,679 1,720 1,691 1,584
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,468 78,783 79,230 76,258 77,340 77,545 78,041 78,440 78,927
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,477 6,982 6,846 6,512 6,719 6,737 6,713 6,769 6,868
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,991 71,801 72,384 69,718 70,798 70,955 71,479 71,690 72,046
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,918 52,406 52,634 50,723 51,664 51,804 52,220 52,348 52,398
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,882 18,523 18,598 17,808 18,352 18,167 18,472 18,535 18,516
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,232 17,741 17,891 17,146 17,525 17,616 17,707 17,699 17,793
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,804 16,142 16,145 15,769 15,787 16,021 16,041 16,115 16,090
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,073 19,395 19,751 18,996 19,134 19,150 19,259 19,342 19,647
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,979 71,562 72,295 68,880 71,557 71,426 71,934 72,054 72,179
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,432 2,816 2,596 2,552 2,746 2,609 2,698 2,697 2,713
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 1,181 1,073 937 1,067 1,010 1,027 1,076 1,040
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,460 1,635 1,523 1,616 1,673 1,608 1,658 1,602 1,672
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,547 68,746 69,699 66,328 68,811 68,817 69,235 69,357 69,466
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,085 6,480 6,602 6,129 6,438 6,662 6,629 6,469 6,630
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,462 62,266 63,097 60,322 62,100 62,113 62,655 62,962 62,912
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,108 45,476 46,069 44,016 45,508 45,527 45,911 45,941 45,948
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,523 16,052 16,182 15,485 16,054 16,117 16,116 16,207 16,149
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,612 15,087 15,194 14,541 14,966 14,995 15,216 15,215 15,122
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,972 14,337 14,692 13,989 14,488 14,415 14,579 14,519 14,677
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,355 16,791 17,028 16,306 16,592 16,587 16,744 17,021 16,964
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,845 43,637 43,821 43,598 43,647 43,533 43,823 43,641 43,593
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,350 34,485 35,044 34,321 34,950 34,891 35,208 35,043 35,013
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,109 9,642 9,618 – – – – – –
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,998 128,664 128,484 122,569 126,384 126,201 127,466 127,436 128,027
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,798 24,568 25,542 25,067 25,202 25,610 25,360 25,783 25,747
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,482 6,783 7,032 6,491 7,269 7,109 7,026 7,041 7,045
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,275 6,091 6,146 – – – – – –
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,540 10,351 10,234 9,473 10,002 9,837 10,279 10,253 10,142
1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates
Characteristic (in thousands)
Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,535 8,384 7,674 7.8 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8
16 to 19 years.................................... . 963 674 687 16.3 9.6 9.9 9.6 11.2 11.5
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 264 258 17.2 8.9 9.6 9.7 11.6 11.4
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 407 429 15.8 9.5 10.1 9.4 11.0 11.6
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,572 7,710 6,987 7.5 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,810 1,365 1,166 12.5 10.1 9.1 9.1 9.3 8.0
25 years and over............................. . 9,801 6,358 5,902 7.0 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.5 4.2
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,280 4,870 4,566 7.1 5.2 5.5 4.9 4.7 4.4
25 to 34 years............................ . 3,151 2,069 1,958 8.6 5.8 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.3
35 to 44 years............................ . 2,098 1,512 1,374 6.2 5.0 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.0
45 to 54 years............................ . 2,031 1,289 1,235 6.4 4.8 4.6 3.8 4.0 3.9
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,513 1,489 1,349 6.6 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.6
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,537 4,584 4,296 7.7 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0
16 to 19 years.................................... . 501 359 377 17.3 10.1 9.5 10.4 11.9 12.8
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 119 136 18.3 8.0 10.5 10.1 11.2 12.3
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 243 243 16.8 11.2 8.8 10.5 12.6 13.3
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,036 4,225 3,919 7.3 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966 727 706 12.9 10.9 10.2 10.4 9.7 9.3
25 years and over............................. . 5,081 3,515 3,238 6.8 5.3 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.3
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,821 2,699 2,502 7.0 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.6
25 to 34 years............................ . 1,694 1,159 1,120 8.7 6.2 7.0 6.2 5.9 5.7
35 to 44 years............................ . 1,115 837 767 6.1 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.1
45 to 54 years............................ . 1,012 703 614 6.0 5.0 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.7
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,261 815 737 6.2 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.6
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,998 3,799 3,378 8.0 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5
16 to 19 years.................................... . 462 314 310 15.3 9.0 10.4 8.7 10.4 10.3
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 145 122 16.2 9.7 8.8 9.3 11.9 10.5
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 164 186 14.8 7.7 11.3 8.3 9.3 10.0
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,537 3,485 3,067 7.7 5.4 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.2
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 638 460 12.1 9.2 7.9 7.7 9.0 6.5
25 years and over............................. . 4,720 2,843 2,664 7.3 4.9 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.1
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,459 2,171 2,064 7.3 4.9 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.3
25 to 34 years............................ . 1,457 910 837 8.6 5.4 5.8 6.0 5.3 4.9
35 to 44 years............................ . 984 675 607 6.3 4.7 5.5 4.7 4.2 3.9
45 to 54 years............................ . 1,019 586 621 6.8 4.5 4.6 3.5 3.9 4.1
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259 674 604 7.2 5.0 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.4
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,195 1,464 1,279 4.8 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.2 2.9
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,154 1,035 1,040 5.9 3.7 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.9
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012 828 698 10.0 6.6 8.1 8.5 7.9 6.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,301 6,972 6,589 7.8 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.2 4.9
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,286 1,418 1,135 8.4 5.1 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.2
1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
Reason Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,738 4,547 3,728 9,039 5,841 5,787 4,960 4,468 4,065
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,280 1,283 786 4,624 1,823 1,811 1,239 1,252 1,124
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,457 3,264 2,943 4,415 4,019 3,976 3,721 3,217 2,941
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,704 2,545 2,270 3,661 3,234 3,187 2,930 2,487 2,251
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . 754 719 672 754 785 789 791 730 689
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 905 852 808 778 942 930 822 788
Reentrants........................................... . 2,139 2,514 2,301 2,123 2,149 2,298 2,287 2,487 2,289
New entrants........................................ . 531 590 486 535 525 494 463 512 490
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 53.1 50.6 72.3 62.9 60.8 57.4 53.9 53.3
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 15.0 10.7 37.0 19.6 19.0 14.3 15.1 14.7
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 38.1 39.9 35.3 43.2 41.8 43.1 38.8 38.5
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 10.6 11.6 6.5 8.4 9.9 10.8 9.9 10.3
Reentrants........................................... . 17.4 29.4 31.2 17.0 23.1 24.1 26.5 30.0 30.0
New entrants........................................ . 4.3 6.9 6.6 4.3 5.7 5.2 5.4 6.2 6.4
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 2.8 2.3 5.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Reentrants........................................... . 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4
New entrants........................................ . 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
Duration Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,518 2,051 2,209 2,552 2,023 1,981 2,257 2,083 2,237
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 2,518 2,269 1,565 2,754 2,126 2,166 1,861 2,066 1,872
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,241 4,236 3,593 7,339 5,013 5,314 4,599 4,343 3,674
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 4,806 1,042 889 4,934 1,262 1,329 1,174 1,164 990
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,435 3,195 2,704 2,405 3,752 3,985 3,425 3,179 2,683
Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 29.2 29.2 21.0 29.9 31.6 29.5 29.6 28.4
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 14.3 13.9 17.8 19.3 19.8 15.2 14.7 13.3
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 24.0 30.0 20.2 22.1 20.9 25.9 24.5 28.7
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 20.5 26.5 21.2 21.8 23.2 22.9 21.3 24.3 24.1
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 49.5 48.8 58.0 54.7 56.2 52.8 51.1 47.2
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 39.1 12.2 12.1 39.0 13.8 14.0 13.5 13.7 12.7
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 37.3 36.7 19.0 40.9 42.1 39.3 37.4 34.5
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed
rates
Occupation
Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
Total, 16 years and over1............................................ . 147,796 154,026 12,277 7,366 7.7 4.6
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 62,759 65,163 2,946 1,580 4.5 2.4
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... . 26,747 27,952 1,336 669 4.8 2.3
Professional and related occupations......................... . 36,011 37,211 1,611 911 4.3 2.4
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,428 25,674 3,200 1,758 12.0 6.4
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,696 29,593 2,610 1,525 8.1 4.9
Sales and related occupations................................. . 14,157 14,225 1,388 782 8.9 5.2
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,539 15,368 1,222 743 7.3 4.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... . 13,683 14,295 1,023 700 7.0 4.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966 1,024 61 71 5.9 6.5
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,038 8,332 702 427 8.0 4.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 4,679 4,939 261 202 5.3 3.9
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... . 18,231 19,301 1,953 1,298 9.7 6.3
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,696 7,967 691 463 8.2 5.5
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,534 11,335 1,262 835 10.7 6.9
1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2020 2021 2020 2021
Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . 12,277 7,366 7.7 4.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,098 5,868 8.0 4.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... . 108 48 14.9 7.3
Construction......................................................................... . 700 444 7.1 4.5
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 935 580 6.2 3.9
Durable goods.................................................................... . 531 370 5.7 3.9
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 210 7.1 3.8
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545 1,102 7.8 5.7
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 447 9.8 5.4
Information........................................................................... . 202 97 8.6 4.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 246 4.4 2.5
Professional and business services.............................................. . 1,161 802 6.7 4.4
Education and health services.................................................... . 1,250 805 5.1 3.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,436 1,019 19.0 7.7
Other services....................................................................... . 566 278 9.2 4.2
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 77 5.0 5.0
Government workers.................................................................. . 884 497 4.1 2.4
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 688 438 6.7 4.1
1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Measure Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . 4.5 2.6 2.2 4.6 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.3
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 2.8 2.3 5.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.3 4.6 7.8 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5.5 4.8 8.2 6.1 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.0
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . 8.8 6.2 5.6 8.9 6.9 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.8
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... . 12.4 8.9 8.1 12.8 10.2 9.8 9.2 8.8 8.5
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
Total Men Women
Category Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,670 100,373 41,059 40,933 59,610 59,441
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,984 5,710 3,367 2,479 3,617 3,232
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,921 1,732 1,016 887 905 844
Discouraged workers2........................................ . 556 409 341 246 214 163
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . . 1,365 1,323 675 642 690 682
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ . 6,482 7,032 3,054 3,530 3,428 3,502
Percent of total employed......................................... . 4.4 4.6 3.9 4.3 5.0 4.8
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,711 3,904 1,959 2,148 1,753 1,757
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,586 1,690 530 636 1,056 1,054
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... . 256 352 141 222 115 130
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 1,055 412 510 479 545
1
Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Change
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. from:
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Aug.2021 -
Sept.2021p
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,946 146,536 147,028 147,682 141,865 146,993 147,359 147,553 194
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,101 125,774 125,958 125,735 120,008 124,920 125,252 125,569 317
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,154 20,742 20,781 20,739 19,971 20,451 20,488 20,540 52
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 642 646 649 592 637 643 647 4
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 45.5 45.7 43.9 44.7 44.5 44.5 43.5 -1.0
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551.2 596.5 599.8 604.6 547.1 592.5 598.3 603.0 4.7
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.0 139.5 140.5 141.9 136.6 138.3 139.3 140.4 1.1
Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.2 186.0 186.4 185.1 177.6 181.9 182.8 182.7 -0.1
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 41.4 42.4 42.3 40.8 41.4 42.2 42.3 0.1
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 43.0 42.7 42.2 41.8 42.7 42.5 42.4 -0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 101.6 101.3 100.6 94.9 97.8 98.1 98.0 -0.1
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.0 271.0 272.9 277.6 232.9 272.3 276.2 279.9 3.7
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,419 7,640 7,651 7,628 7,256 7,425 7,425 7,447 22
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,644.5 1,732.0 1,724.5 1,719.7 1,626.3 1,692.9 1,690.6 1,696.9 6.3
Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.9 897.1 894.2 887.3 826.1 880.3 880.1 882.3 2.2
Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809.6 834.9 830.3 832.4 800.2 812.6 810.5 814.6 4.1
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,079.1 1,096.3 1,098.0 1,100.5 1,017.8 1,042.5 1,033.4 1,036.5 3.1
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,695.3 4,811.8 4,828.0 4,808.0 4,611.4 4,689.7 4,700.7 4,713.3 12.6
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,123.6 2,215.0 2,221.3 2,211.2 2,098.4 2,167.7 2,177.3 2,178.5 1.2
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,571.7 2,596.8 2,606.7 2,596.8 2,513.0 2,522.0 2,523.4 2,534.8 11.4
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,138 12,460 12,484 12,462 12,123 12,389 12,420 12,446 26
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,532 7,728 7,747 7,734 7,538 7,704 7,724 7,740 16
Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.2 408.8 412.3 411.8 392.8 406.5 408.7 411.0 2.3
Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399.1 403.0 403.6 402.6 394.8 395.7 396.2 397.0 0.8
Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.7 357.4 354.7 353.2 344.2 354.7 354.7 355.2 0.5
Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.2 1,421.1 1,416.5 1,419.5 1,375.8 1,411.8 1,416.6 1,424.8 8.2
Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,045.5 1,081.3 1,081.3 1,080.0 1,051.3 1,076.1 1,079.0 1,085.3 6.3
Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,067.8 1,090.7 1,091.2 1,088.1 1,070.1 1,086.1 1,087.3 1,089.3 2.0
Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 161.3 165.8 166.6 166.8 161.5 165.9 165.9 166.6 0.7
Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 86.1 85.1 85.1 85.9 85.9 85.0 85.5 0.5
Semiconductors and electronic
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.6 374.8 374.7 373.8 368.6 372.0 372.9 374.0 1.1
Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.6 429.3 429.9 428.4 421.0 427.9 429.3 429.4 0.1
Miscellaneous computer and electronic
products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 34.7 34.9 34.0 33.1 34.4 34.2 33.8 -0.4
Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 373.4 384.9 381.4 378.9 373.2 382.9 379.8 379.0 -0.8
Transportation equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,590.6 1,587.6 1,615.5 1,610.8 1,589.5 1,599.6 1,613.6 1,608.5 -5.1
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.3 886.6 915.0 911.6 895.7 902.8 912.7 906.6 -6.1
Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.9 362.6 360.7 362.8 351.2 362.1 361.8 363.1 1.3
Miscellaneous durable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.4 630.1 629.9 626.6 595.5 628.3 626.3 626.5 0.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,606 4,732 4,737 4,728 4,585 4,685 4,696 4,706 10
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633.4 1,663.6 1,660.3 1,658.2 1,618.0 1,640.6 1,643.8 1,647.3 3.5
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 98.3 98.7 98.3 94.5 97.9 98.0 97.8 -0.2
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.7 107.3 107.3 108.0 104.5 106.5 107.1 107.5 0.4
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.5 93.1 93.1 93.4 89.4 92.9 92.5 92.5 0.0
Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.9 353.1 353.1 352.7 356.1 351.7 352.3 352.8 0.5
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 367.9 373.6 375.6 378.7 366.8 373.1 373.0 377.2 4.2
Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.5 103.1 103.3 103.1 103.1 100.3 100.8 100.9 0.1
Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837.9 863.5 859.9 854.8 840.3 858.2 858.7 858.4 -0.3
Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.4 733.9 741.3 737.6 708.9 730.6 735.6 736.6 1.0
Miscellaneous nondurable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.3 342.7 344.3 343.6 303.1 333.2 333.9 335.0 1.1
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,947 105,032 105,177 104,996 100,037 104,469 104,764 105,029 265
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,512 27,338 27,328 27,422 26,662 27,409 27,456 27,576 120
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,575.7 5,744.9 5,737.4 5,735.6 5,578.4 5,722.1 5,718.9 5,735.8 16.9
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,043.7 3,150.4 3,149.1 3,150.6 3,044.0 3,138.4 3,135.7 3,151.2 15.5
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,055.2 2,113.9 2,108.0 2,106.8 2,056.8 2,105.8 2,105.2 2,107.0 1.8

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
— Continued
[In thousands]
Change
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Aug.2021 -
Sept.2021p
Wholesale trade - Continued
Electronic markets and agents and
brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.8 480.6 480.3 478.2 477.6 477.9 478.0 477.6 -0.4
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,891.9 15,347.5 15,303.9 15,267.8 15,025.3 15,355.3 15,351.5 15,407.6 56.1
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,922.6 1,992.1 1,991.0 1,986.4 1,917.4 1,978.7 1,982.5 1,985.3 2.8
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,217.1 1,254.8 1,255.0 1,252.7 1,214.2 1,252.2 1,254.6 1,255.0 0.4
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.6 172.2 171.7 168.4 151.0 163.8 165.0 166.2 1.2
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 552.9 565.1 564.3 565.3 552.1 562.7 562.9 564.1 1.2
Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 412.5 441.6 441.0 440.8 418.7 447.6 447.3 447.1 -0.2
Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 411.9 410.2 412.1 418.1 421.8 422.1 423.9 425.6 1.7
Building material and garden supply
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,376.7 1,407.3 1,374.4 1,361.9 1,390.3 1,366.4 1,361.8 1,377.8 16.0
Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,113.6 3,120.7 3,106.6 3,069.4 3,123.6 3,099.2 3,091.6 3,079.3 -12.3
Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 947.5 1,000.2 997.1 1,005.5 958.7 1,005.6 1,006.2 1,011.3 5.1
Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935.4 968.6 968.8 955.7 933.4 956.0 952.8 950.4 -2.4
Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 930.5 1,047.1 1,046.2 1,041.9 959.4 1,051.4 1,048.0 1,075.3 27.3
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.3 485.2 495.2 491.4 467.0 495.7 501.9 499.6 -2.3
General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,032.4 3,014.1 3,011.0 3,045.8 3,072.5 3,084.8 3,080.4 3,096.5 16.1
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.1 965.7 967.5 969.8 973.1 1,005.9 1,003.5 1,008.9 5.4
General merchandise stores, including
warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,090.3 2,048.4 2,043.5 2,076.0 2,099.4 2,078.9 2,076.9 2,087.6 10.7
Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765.6 840.6 838.0 822.0 767.4 822.8 826.9 826.9 0.0
Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.9 619.8 622.5 628.9 595.1 625.0 628.2 632.5 4.3
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,504.6 5,703.0 5,747.3 5,882.3 5,516.4 5,792.9 5,847.4 5,894.7 47.3
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.4 441.6 449.8 456.1 409.5 436.7 446.0 455.7 9.7
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.7 143.6 142.5 142.5 145.4 143.5 142.2 141.7 -0.5
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.9 62.6 61.2 60.1 58.9 59.7 59.2 59.3 0.1
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,466.7 1,514.2 1,519.6 1,518.0 1,450.1 1,494.4 1,500.4 1,502.9 2.5
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.4 340.0 332.9 416.2 343.4 404.0 397.8 403.0 5.2
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 49.3 49.3 49.2 50.2 49.2 49.2 49.3 0.1
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 25.2 40.3 41.5 38.4 21.5 31.0 31.5 32.4 0.9
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 681.6 716.7 724.5 724.8 682.3 715.3 723.3 724.5 1.2
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941.6 973.0 984.6 1,004.7 980.9 1,011.1 1,032.7 1,045.2 12.5
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,367.9 1,421.7 1,441.4 1,472.3 1,374.2 1,448.0 1,465.1 1,480.7 15.6
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539.6 542.3 539.6 536.1 541.6 538.9 538.1 537.6 -0.5
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,652 2,761 2,781 2,801 2,659 2,745 2,774 2,806 32
Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 756.7 776.0 776.5 785.5 752.0 770.0 772.8 783.8 11.0
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.8 320.4 332.8 335.6 269.6 312.6 325.7 339.4 13.7
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.7 236.3 238.2 239.7 244.7 238.7 239.9 239.5 -0.4
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680.9 677.0 671.1 673.4 684.2 676.1 674.0 672.9 -1.1
Data processing, hosting and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349.1 370.0 377.2 381.8 351.7 368.4 379.5 385.8 6.3
Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.0 381.5 384.9 385.2 356.3 378.7 382.1 384.8 2.7
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,710 8,897 8,900 8,847 8,712 8,837 8,848 8,850 2
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,497.7 6,561.6 6,559.7 6,529.5 6,509.3 6,545.1 6,546.1 6,541.0 -5.1
Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.6 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.2 0.0
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,644.9 2,670.8 2,669.7 2,656.4 2,652.7 2,665.7 2,667.1 2,665.9 -1.2
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,753.1 1,733.9 1,729.9 1,715.8 1,761.8 1,726.3 1,724.7 1,723.3 -1.4
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,369.9 1,344.3 1,340.8 1,326.8 1,376.9 1,338.2 1,336.2 1,333.2 -3.0
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 585.5 612.5 615.4 618.9 583.7 615.0 616.7 620.5 3.8
Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 306.3 324.4 324.4 321.7 307.2 324.4 325.7 322.1 -3.6
Securities, commodity contracts,
investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 968.5 1,005.9 1,006.0 994.2 969.7 996.4 995.3 994.3 -1.0
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,864.0 2,864.3 2,863.7 2,858.7 2,866.6 2,862.8 2,863.5 2,860.6 -2.9
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,212.2 2,335.7 2,340.3 2,317.4 2,202.7 2,291.9 2,302.0 2,308.9 6.9
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,698.0 1,780.2 1,785.9 1,767.7 1,695.7 1,756.7 1,765.0 1,768.3 3.3
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491.9 533.0 531.9 527.6 484.6 513.1 514.8 518.4 3.6

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
— Continued
[In thousands]
Change
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Aug.2021 -
Sept.2021p
Real estate and rental and leasing -
Continued
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.1 22.4 22.1 22.2 22.2 0.0
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,115 21,067 21,193 21,203 20,055 20,939 21,024 21,084 60
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,306.8 9,881.8 9,914.3 9,882.8 9,397.4 9,839.0 9,897.2 9,952.7 55.5
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,108.5 1,144.8 1,142.3 1,141.3 1,114.1 1,137.3 1,141.3 1,145.6 4.3
Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 930.0 1,012.8 1,013.8 1,001.5 993.6 1,061.7 1,065.2 1,065.5 0.3
Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,514.6 1,593.1 1,597.2 1,592.5 1,514.0 1,560.7 1,577.8 1,592.9 15.1
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.7 142.6 143.4 142.6 131.9 141.6 142.8 143.5 0.7
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,162.0 2,286.7 2,294.0 2,277.0 2,174.8 2,259.8 2,269.4 2,278.2 8.8
Management and technical consulting
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,516.7 1,633.4 1,644.8 1,655.9 1,517.8 1,626.6 1,635.4 1,650.6 15.2
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765.5 833.1 836.4 829.0 770.4 824.2 831.1 836.3 5.2
Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 436.0 447.5 449.9 450.9 437.8 445.0 447.6 452.1 4.5
Other professional and technical services. . . 741.8 787.8 792.5 792.1 742.9 782.1 786.6 788.0 1.4
Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,328.6 2,346.6 2,347.3 2,340.3 2,333.0 2,329.8 2,336.2 2,339.3 3.1
Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,479.8 8,838.3 8,931.6 8,979.4 8,324.5 8,770.3 8,790.2 8,791.9 1.7
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,032.9 8,383.5 8,475.6 8,522.8 7,880.1 8,322.2 8,340.4 8,339.0 -1.4
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 523.7 558.4 567.4 566.2 524.3 557.1 563.3 564.2 0.9
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.2 150.5 152.9 150.7 153.3 151.0 153.0 151.3 -1.7
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,052.0 3,283.2 3,352.3 3,430.8 2,987.6 3,335.0 3,335.2 3,330.1 -5.1
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,467.5 2,641.5 2,702.0 2,775.3 2,398.3 2,696.9 2,693.2 2,688.0 -5.2
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794.5 767.7 772.6 779.9 795.5 778.8 780.6 784.4 3.8
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.0 160.8 163.3 166.4 151.4 158.7 161.5 166.3 4.8
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 898.2 897.1 903.9 904.8 888.6 898.8 901.0 899.2 -1.8
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,166.8 2,255.8 2,245.6 2,200.9 2,090.0 2,127.8 2,127.4 2,124.8 -2.6
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.5 310.0 317.6 323.1 289.5 315.0 318.4 318.7 0.3
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.9 454.8 456.0 456.6 444.4 448.1 449.8 452.9 3.1
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,086 23,319 23,362 23,588 23,152 23,621 23,672 23,665 -7
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,375.1 3,292.9 3,326.4 3,575.0 3,403.9 3,576.1 3,625.3 3,606.4 -18.9
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,710.7 20,025.9 20,035.1 20,012.6 19,748.0 20,044.8 20,046.4 20,058.7 12.3
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,818.1 16,008.1 16,003.5 15,958.6 15,835.9 15,984.2 15,985.9 15,968.4 -17.5
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,570.8 7,839.5 7,846.3 7,859.5 7,587.0 7,831.9 7,842.3 7,870.5 28.2
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,631.1 2,704.1 2,709.5 2,708.6 2,638.9 2,703.7 2,711.2 2,711.6 0.4
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959.3 1,020.2 1,022.8 1,020.6 962.1 1,016.8 1,018.5 1,022.6 4.1
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 924.8 991.7 995.9 999.2 928.8 989.3 993.0 1,003.5 10.5
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977.6 1,007.0 1,008.1 1,010.2 981.2 1,006.8 1,009.0 1,011.5 2.5
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 280.4 294.7 297.1 296.6 280.1 295.5 297.0 297.9 0.9
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492.7 1,503.4 1,497.9 1,507.2 1,492.3 1,503.0 1,498.1 1,506.3 8.2
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.9 318.4 315.0 317.1 303.7 316.8 315.5 317.1 1.6
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,109.0 5,151.8 5,153.4 5,145.5 5,109.7 5,148.6 5,152.3 5,144.2 -8.1
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,138.3 3,016.8 3,003.8 2,953.6 3,139.2 3,003.7 2,991.3 2,953.7 -37.6
Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,457.9 1,374.9 1,365.8 1,346.0 1,456.6 1,371.0 1,360.7 1,344.9 -15.8
Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 613.5 599.0 596.2 590.5 614.8 594.9 594.0 590.3 -3.7
Community care facilities for the
elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.8 893.3 891.4 866.8 911.8 889.8 887.1 867.6 -19.5
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 156.1 149.6 150.4 150.3 156.0 148.0 149.5 150.9 1.4
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,892.6 4,017.8 4,031.6 4,054.0 3,912.1 4,060.6 4,060.5 4,090.3 29.8
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,568.6 2,674.6 2,674.5 2,658.6 2,585.8 2,668.8 2,673.2 2,683.4 10.2
Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 181.5 183.2 182.6 184.1 182.4 184.0 184.6 185.4 0.8
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 278.8 286.4 284.8 281.3 280.0 282.4 282.7 283.7 1.0
Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863.7 873.6 889.7 930.0 863.8 925.4 920.0 937.8 17.8
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,446 15,864 15,827 15,414 13,357 15,209 15,247 15,321 74
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,760.1 2,390.8 2,379.8 2,221.1 1,735.2 2,093.4 2,142.7 2,185.7 43.0
Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 301.6 428.5 451.6 474.2 290.7 408.3 432.2 455.9 23.7
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.5 157.5 153.5 145.7 130.3 142.6 143.0 145.4 2.4

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
— Continued
[In thousands]
Change
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Aug.2021 -
Sept.2021p
Arts, entertainment, and recreation -
Continued
Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,327.0 1,804.8 1,774.7 1,601.2 1,314.2 1,542.5 1,567.5 1,584.4 16.9
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,686.1 13,472.9 13,446.9 13,193.0 11,622.0 13,115.3 13,104.2 13,135.3 31.1
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461.9 1,866.1 1,874.9 1,787.2 1,434.9 1,742.0 1,755.6 1,757.7 2.1
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 10,224.2 11,606.8 11,572.0 11,405.8 10,187.1 11,373.3 11,348.6 11,377.6 29.0
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,426 5,786 5,786 5,721 5,440 5,709 5,743 5,727 -16
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293.5 1,371.3 1,378.2 1,373.2 1,293.5 1,360.4 1,369.6 1,369.7 0.1
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,283.1 1,420.5 1,430.7 1,421.7 1,283.3 1,406.7 1,425.8 1,416.8 -9.0
Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,849.3 2,993.9 2,977.1 2,925.9 2,862.8 2,941.4 2,947.8 2,940.7 -7.1
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,845 20,762 21,070 21,947 21,857 22,073 22,107 21,984 -123
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,121 2,894 2,888 2,890 3,117 2,883 2,886 2,886 0
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,519.9 2,292.5 2,289.2 2,286.5 2,513.9 2,276.1 2,278.9 2,277.9 -1.0
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601.2 601.9 599.2 603.3 603.0 606.4 606.6 607.6 1.0
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,066 4,737 4,791 5,091 5,010 5,074 5,068 5,046 -22
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,370.7 2,068.4 2,131.8 2,446.7 2,315.0 2,421.0 2,419.2 2,402.6 -16.6
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,695.5 2,668.3 2,658.8 2,643.8 2,695.0 2,653.4 2,648.8 2,643.7 -5.1
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,658 13,131 13,391 13,966 13,730 14,116 14,153 14,052 -101
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,383.7 6,624.3 6,925.5 7,643.8 7,443.5 7,848.1 7,863.6 7,719.4 -144.2
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,274.3 6,506.3 6,465.6 6,322.6 6,286.6 6,267.9 6,289.6 6,332.1 42.5
1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.8
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.4
Mining and logging............................................................... . 44.4 45.3 45.0 45.6
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 38.8 38.8 40.0
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 40.5 40.4 40.4
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 40.7 40.4 40.5
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 39.9 40.2 40.3 40.2
Private service-providing........................................................... . 33.7 33.7 33.6 33.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 34.5 34.4 34.4
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.6 39.4 39.1 39.3
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.7
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7
Utilities.......................................................................... . 42.8 42.7 42.8 42.3
Information........................................................................ . 36.6 37.1 37.1 36.9
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.5
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6 36.7 36.5 36.7
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.4
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1 26.5 26.2 26.2
Other services.................................................................... . 32.4 32.1 32.0 32.1
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept.
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.50 $30.55 $30.66 $30.85 $1,026.60 $1,060.09 $1,060.84 $1,073.58
Goods-producing...................................... . 30.13 31.10 31.20 31.38 1,205.20 1,244.00 1,248.00 1,267.75
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.89 35.33 35.53 35.62 1,549.12 1,600.45 1,598.85 1,624.27
Construction......................................... . 31.82 32.97 33.08 33.25 1,240.98 1,279.24 1,283.50 1,330.00
Manufacturing....................................... . 28.90 29.78 29.87 30.02 1,164.67 1,206.09 1,206.75 1,212.81
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.31 31.32 31.45 31.60 1,230.59 1,274.72 1,270.58 1,279.80
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.55 27.22 27.27 27.41 1,059.35 1,094.24 1,098.98 1,101.88
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.35 30.42 30.54 30.72 989.10 1,025.15 1,026.14 1,032.19
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 25.55 26.48 26.55 26.67 876.37 913.56 913.32 917.45
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.52 33.71 33.75 33.77 1,255.27 1,328.17 1,319.63 1,327.16
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.44 21.98 22.11 22.27 660.35 676.98 680.99 683.69
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.42 26.82 26.85 26.95 983.75 1,037.93 1,039.10 1,042.97
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.08 44.89 44.97 45.07 1,886.62 1,916.80 1,924.72 1,906.46
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.93 44.25 44.32 44.30 1,607.84 1,641.68 1,644.27 1,634.67
Financial activities.................................. . 38.21 40.19 40.05 40.24 1,436.70 1,511.14 1,501.88 1,509.00
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.35 36.76 36.95 37.02 1,293.81 1,349.09 1,348.68 1,358.63
Education and health services.................... . 28.70 29.82 29.93 30.37 961.45 993.01 996.67 1,014.36
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 17.10 18.58 18.85 18.95 446.31 492.37 493.87 496.49
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.58 27.32 27.44 27.49 861.19 876.97 878.08 882.43
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Sept. July Aug. from: from:
Sept. Aug. Sept. July Aug. Sept. Aug.
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 - 2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 -
Sept. Sept.
2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.8 108.8 108.8 109.7 0.8 147.9 158.9 159.5 161.8 1.4
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.0 93.2 93.4 94.5 1.2 123.9 131.0 131.7 134.1 1.8
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6 90.7 90.9 92.7 2.0 115.7 128.6 129.7 132.6 2.2
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.5 99.3 99.3 102.7 3.4 134.9 142.3 142.7 148.3 3.9
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.9 90.3 90.3 90.5 0.2 118.1 125.0 125.4 126.3 0.7
Durable goods.......................... . 86.2 88.3 87.9 88.3 0.5 116.0 122.8 122.7 123.9 1.0
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 94.0 94.5 94.4 -0.1 123.0 129.8 130.7 131.3 0.5
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.5 113.3 113.3 113.6 0.3 154.8 167.6 168.2 169.6 0.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 99.8 103.2 103.1 103.5 0.4 137.5 147.3 147.6 148.9 0.9
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.0 99.4 98.6 99.4 0.8 129.2 140.2 139.2 140.5 0.9
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 0.0 133.2 139.5 140.3 141.4 0.8
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 122.7 128.8 130.0 131.1 0.8 158.6 175.8 177.6 179.7 1.2
Utilities................................... . 100.3 99.6 99.6 98.4 -1.2 146.1 147.7 148.1 146.5 -1.1
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.9 93.0 94.0 94.6 0.6 139.0 146.5 148.3 149.2 0.6
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 108.9 108.7 108.7 0.0 160.0 170.7 169.8 170.7 0.5
Professional and business services. . . . . 115.1 120.5 120.3 121.3 0.8 164.7 179.3 180.0 181.9 1.1
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 126.6 128.4 128.7 129.1 0.3 174.9 184.3 185.3 188.6 1.8
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.5 115.0 114.0 114.5 0.4 137.2 172.4 173.3 175.1 1.0
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.6 105.7 106.0 106.0 0.0 148.0 158.2 159.4 159.7 0.2
1
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,583 73,300 73,476 73,450 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.8
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,030 60,515 60,645 60,705 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.3
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,516 4,648 4,666 4,680 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 83 83 82 14.4 13.0 12.9 12.7
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 1,020 1,029 1,035 13.4 13.7 13.9 13.9
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,462 3,545 3,554 3,563 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6
Durable goods................................. . 1,840 1,879 1,884 1,890 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.4
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,622 1,666 1,670 1,673 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.6
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,514 55,867 55,979 56,025 53.5 53.5 53.4 53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,485 10,791 10,793 10,870 39.3 39.4 39.3 39.4
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,672.3 1,727.3 1,729.2 1,731.0 30.0 30.2 30.2 30.2
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,315.3 7,435.8 7,429.6 7,469.6 48.7 48.4 48.4 48.5
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,362.6 1,493.7 1,499.2 1,533.2 24.7 25.8 25.6 26.0
Utilities.......................................... . 135.2 134.6 134.9 135.9 25.0 25.0 25.1 25.3
Information........................................ . 1,062 1,087 1,099 1,099 39.9 39.6 39.6 39.2
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,921 4,958 4,965 4,964 56.5 56.1 56.1 56.1
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,188 9,682 9,736 9,730 45.8 46.2 46.3 46.1
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,876 18,251 18,254 18,238 77.2 77.3 77.1 77.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,096 8,058 8,068 8,075 53.1 53.0 52.9 52.7
Other services.................................... . 2,886 3,040 3,064 3,049 53.1 53.2 53.4 53.2
Government............................................ . 12,553 12,785 12,831 12,745 57.4 57.9 58.0 58.0
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry 2021p
2020 2021 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,686 101,707 102,010 102,199

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,192 14,606 14,629 14,652
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 472 478 479
Construction......................................................................... . 5,380 5,517 5,510 5,518
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 8,390 8,617 8,641 8,655
Durable goods.................................................................... . 5,106 5,270 5,299 5,304
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,284 3,347 3,342 3,351
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,494 87,101 87,381 87,547
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... . 22,491 23,098 23,126 23,210
Wholesale trade.................................................................. . 4,435.7 4,547.8 4,549.8 4,568.8
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,831.6 13,068.6 13,073.8 13,110.8
Transportation and warehousing............................................... . 4,795.9 5,052.6 5,074.5 5,102.9
Utilities............................................................................. . 428.0 429.1 427.4 427.1
Information........................................................................... . 2,103 2,183 2,201 2,233
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,628 6,647 6,661 6,659
Professional and business services.............................................. . 16,079 16,721 16,820 16,889
Education and health services.................................................... . 20,279 20,677 20,725 20,665
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,489 13,133 13,172 13,234
Other services....................................................................... . 4,425 4,642 4,676 4,657
1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Industry 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.1 34.2 34.1 34.2
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 40.9 40.8 41.4
Mining and logging............................................................... . 45.0 46.6 46.9 47.4
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 39.4 39.3 40.9
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 41.5 41.5 41.4
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.4
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 40.8 41.5 41.5 41.4
Private service-providing........................................................... . 33.0 33.1 33.0 33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 34.4 34.3 34.3
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 39.1 38.9 39.0
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.9 30.8 30.7 30.7
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.3 38.6 38.6 38.5
Utilities.......................................................................... . 43.1 42.6 42.8 42.4
Information........................................................................ . 36.2 36.9 37.5 36.7
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.3 37.4 37.3 37.4
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.0 36.3 36.3 36.4
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.7
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 25.2 25.0 24.9
Other services.................................................................... . 31.3 31.2 30.9 31.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2
1
payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24.79 $25.86 $26.01 $26.15 $845.34 $884.41 $886.94 $894.33
Goods-producing...................................... . 25.49 26.61 26.74 26.92 1,034.89 1,088.35 1,090.99 1,114.49
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.36 31.42 31.67 31.72 1,366.20 1,464.17 1,485.32 1,503.53
Construction......................................... . 29.09 30.58 30.70 30.79 1,143.24 1,204.85 1,206.51 1,259.31
Manufacturing....................................... . 23.01 23.91 24.04 24.18 948.01 992.27 997.66 1,001.05
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.99 24.95 25.07 25.22 993.19 1,035.43 1,040.41 1,044.11
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.46 22.26 22.39 22.55 875.57 923.79 929.19 933.57
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.64 25.70 25.86 25.99 813.12 850.67 853.38 857.67
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 21.47 22.54 22.60 22.70 734.27 775.38 775.18 778.61
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.93 27.88 27.83 28.01 1,036.81 1,090.11 1,082.59 1,092.39
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.78 18.62 18.67 18.68 549.40 573.50 573.17 573.48
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.59 24.15 24.29 24.54 865.20 932.19 937.59 944.79
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.98 39.92 39.98 40.00 1,680.04 1,700.59 1,711.14 1,696.00
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.16 36.75 36.60 36.50 1,308.99 1,356.08 1,372.50 1,339.55
Financial activities.................................. . 29.48 30.39 30.55 30.65 1,099.60 1,136.59 1,139.52 1,146.31
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.50 30.66 30.83 30.94 1,062.00 1,112.96 1,119.13 1,126.22
Education and health services.................... . 25.60 26.97 27.18 27.46 839.68 881.92 886.07 897.94
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 14.80 16.47 16.60 16.71 365.56 415.04 415.00 416.08
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.61 23.22 23.40 23.38 707.69 724.46 723.06 729.46
1
payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Sept. July Aug. from: from:
Sept. Aug. Sept. July Aug. Sept. Aug.
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 - 2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 -
Sept. Sept.
2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.0 115.9 115.9 116.5 0.5 183.9 200.3 201.5 203.6 1.0
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.1 91.3 91.2 92.7 1.6 137.4 148.7 149.3 152.8 2.3
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.9 116.9 119.1 120.7 1.3 178.2 213.6 219.4 222.6 1.5
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.9 108.8 108.4 113.0 4.2 166.3 179.7 179.7 187.9 4.6
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.4 82.1 82.3 82.3 0.0 119.4 128.4 129.4 130.1 0.5
Durable goods.......................... . 79.4 82.2 82.6 82.5 -0.1 118.9 128.0 129.3 129.9 0.5
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.9 81.8 81.7 81.7 0.0 119.7 128.7 129.3 130.2 0.7
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.4 122.8 122.9 123.1 0.2 198.4 216.5 217.9 219.4 0.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 107.6 111.1 110.9 111.3 0.4 165.0 179.0 179.2 180.6 0.8
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.4 105.5 105.0 105.7 0.7 161.1 173.7 172.5 174.8 1.3
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.3 101.9 101.6 101.9 0.3 152.9 162.5 162.5 163.0 0.3
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 139.0 147.6 148.2 148.7 0.3 199.9 226.9 229.2 232.2 1.3
Utilities................................... . 94.3 93.5 93.6 92.6 -1.1 153.5 155.8 156.1 154.6 -1.0
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.9 91.9 94.2 93.5 -0.7 155.5 167.3 170.7 169.0 -1.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.4 117.0 116.9 117.2 0.3 211.0 218.8 219.8 221.0 0.5
Professional and business services. . . . . 129.4 135.7 136.5 137.5 0.7 227.0 247.4 250.3 252.9 1.0
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 141.8 144.2 144.1 144.1 0.0 239.6 256.6 258.4 261.1 1.0
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.9 121.2 120.6 120.7 0.1 174.7 226.7 227.4 229.1 0.7
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.1 101.6 101.3 101.9 0.6 160.0 171.8 172.8 173.6 0.5
1
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary

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8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, October 8, 2021

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THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — SEPTEMBER 2021

Household Survey Data

Household Survey Supplemental Data

Establishment Survey Data

Employment in manufacturing increased by 26,000 in September, with gains in fabricated metal

In September, employment decreased by 144,000 in local government education and by 17,000 in

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on September 2021 Household and

Sept. July Aug. Sept.

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

See footnotes at end of table.

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Less than a high school diploma

VETERANS, 18 years and over

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Foreign born, 16 years and over

AGE AND SEX

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . 12,277 7,366 7.7 4.6

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

See footnotes at end of table.

See footnotes at end of table.

See footnotes at end of table.

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,686 101,707 102,010 102,199

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

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