Wireless Pers Commun

DOI 10.1007/s11277-016-3798-3

Design, Simulation of a Compact Triangular Shaped

Dual-Band Microstrip Antenna for 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/
WLAN and UWB Applications

Praveen V. Naidu1

 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Abstract In this research article, a compact (12 9 20 mm2) triangular shaped monopole
dual-band antenna is presented for 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/WLAN and ultrawideband (UWB)
applications. The proposed geometry consist of a simple triangular shaped radiating patch
for achieving UWB characteristics and a quarter wavelength inverted L shaped strip
attached to the patch for achieving second operating band at 2.45 GHz for Bluetooth/
WLAN applications. The first operating band characteristics can be controlled by changing
the electrical length of the strip. To enhance the impedance bandwidth of second operating
band, an equilateral triangular shaped cut has been introduced in the patch. The measured
results (S11 B -10 dB) demonstrates that the proposed antenna exhibit dual frequency
operation from 2.4 to 2.52 GHz (Bandwidth of 120 MHz) and from 3.2 to 10.6 GHz
(Bandwidth of 7.4 GHz). The proposed very small dual-band antenna has omnidirectional
radiation patterns, peak gains and radiation efficiencies across both the operating bands.

Keywords Compact antenna  Very small antenna  Dual-band antenna  Bluetooth  UWB
antenna  Microstrip antenna and wireless local area network (WLAN)

1 Introduction

In modern wireless communication systems, compact multi band antenna has become one
of the key component due its capability of covering multiple frequency bands. In partic-
ular, an antenna that supports 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/WLAN and 3.1–10.6 GHz UWB pro-
tocols are of great area of interest to the researchers and engineers due to its wide range of
applications. However, designing such a multi band antenna with compact size and without

& Praveen V. Naidu

[email protected]
1
Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College,
Vijayawada 520007, India

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 P. V. Naidu

compromising on antenna performance is a major challenge. Recently, several UWB

antennas [1–5], multi-band antennas by using microstrip feeding technique [6–17],
coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding concept [18–48] and asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)
feeding [49–65] have been reported in the literature. Detailed comparative studies of the
reported antennas in terms of its performance characteristics are given Tables 1, 2 and 3
for microstrip antennas, CPW-fed antennas and ACS-fed antennas respectively. From the
above comparative tables, we have observed that most of the antennas are larger in size and
have limited frequency of operation characteristics and very few reported antennas cover
both 2.4 GHz WLAN/Bluetooth and 3.1–10.6 GHz UWB bands. But, at the same time,
most of them are having drawbacks of complex structures and large in size.
Thus to overcome these drawbacks, a novel compact and simple dual band microstrip
antenna that meets Bluetooth/WLAN and UWB technologies is described in this paper.
Dual operating frequency characteristics are obtained by printing the triangular shaped

Table 1 Comparison of reference microstrip multi-band antennas

References Type Size Total area Bandwidth Gain
(mm2) (mm2) (dBi)

[6] Dual-band 16 9 32 512 2.2–2.5 and 4.8–7.2 GHz 3.5

[7] Tri-band 21 9 33 693 2.39–2.51, 3.26–4.15 and 5.0–6.43 GHz 2.5
[8] Tri-band 28 9 40 1120 2.2–2.6, 3.3–4.2 and 5.06–7.07 GHz 3.0
[9] Dual-band 20 9 40 800 2.4–2.4 and 4.5–11 GHz –
[10] Tri-band 17 9 30 510 2.4–2.67, 3.26–3.8 and 5.0–7.0 GHz 2.0
[11] Dual-band 40 9 40 1600 3.15–3.70 and 5.05–5.97 GHz 4.0
[12] Tri-band 38 9 30 1140 2.23–2.65 and 3.24–6.95 GHz 2.5
[13] Dual-band 25 9 25 525 2.38–2.51 and 4.79–5.98 GHz 2.5
[14] Dual-band 40 9 30 1200 2.39–2.51 and 5–6.1 GHz 1.0
[15] Dual-band 40 9 40 1600 2.28–3.23, 3.28–3.94 and 5.05–6.17 GHz 3.5
[16] Tri-band 38 9 20 760 2.32–2.51, 3.05–3.95 and 5.4–5.95 GHz 3.1
[17] Tri-band 35 9 24 840 2.2–2.4, 2.8–3.3 and 3.55–11.6 GHz 1.0
Proposed work Dual-band 20 9 12 240 2.4–2.52 and 3.2–10.6 GHz 2.0

Table 2 Comparison of reference CPW-fed multi-band antennas

References Type Size (mm2) Total Bandwidth Gain
area (dBi)
(mm2)

[18] Dual-band 34 9 30 1020 2.3–2.5 and 2.9–15.0 GHz 2.5

[19] Dual-band 20 9 20 400 2.45–2.6 and 3.18–11.6 GHz 4.0
[20] Dual-band 30 9 30 900 1.86–1.97 and 3.0–12.0 GHz 3.0
[21] Tri-band 40 9 40 1600 2.28–2.58, 3.38–3.66 and 5.07–5.86 GHz 3.3
[22] Tri-band 18 9 30 540 1.7–2.6, 3.01–3.91 and 5.1–6.0 GHz 3.4
[23] Tri-band 28 9 26 728 2.36–2.50 and 5.01–6.33 GHz 3.0
[24] Quad- 25 9 20 500 2.4–2.5, 3.3–3.6, 5.15–5.3 and 2.5
band 5.7–5.8 GHz
[25] Tri-band 31 9 21 651 2.33–2.83, 3.27–3.97 and 4.3–6.67 GHz 2.7
[26] Dual-band 25 9 50 1250 3.4–3.6 and 8–15 GHz –

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Design, Simulation of a Compact Triangular Shaped Dual-Band…

Table 2 continued

References Type Size (mm2) Total Bandwidth Gain

area (dBi)
(mm2)

[27] Dual-band 33.5 9 28.5 954.75 2.38–3.95 and 4.95–6.05 GHz 2.0
[28] Tri-band 30 9 18 540 2.39–2.69, 3.38–3.73 and 5.0–5.99 GHz 3.3
[29] Dual-band 50 9 50 2500 2384–2991 and 4959–6410 MHz 3.5
[30] Dual-band 40 9 35 1400 2.2–2.55 and 3.0–5.6 GHz 2.0
[31] Tri-band 22 9 41 902 2.32–3.27, 3.27–3.75 and 4.96–6.02 GHz 3.5
[32] Dual-band 20 9 25 500 2.25–2.48 and 5.0–6.2 GHz 2.4
[33] Dual-band 60 9 45 2700 2.26–2.57 and 4.81–6.56 GHz 3.2
[34] Dual-band 28 9 33 924 2.24–2.81 and 3.35–6.51 GHz 2.4
[35] Dual-band 30 9 25 750 2.34–2.55 and 4.8–9.62 GHz 3.5
[36] Dual-band 20 9 30 600 1.92–2.18 and 4.99–5.7 GHz 2.2
[37] Dual-band 34 9 22 748 2.36–2.50 and 3.40–6.41 GHz 2.7
[38] Dual-band 50 9 30 1500 2386–2510 and 4878–6002 MHz 2.6
[39] Tri-band 28 9 32 896 2.3–2.8, 3.1–4.0 and 4.6–5.3 GHz 3.0
[40] Tri-band 25 9 18 450 2.37–2.53, 3.34–3.82 and 4.23–6.88 GHz 3.7
[41] Tri-band 18 9 28 504 2.36–2.58, 3.36–3.83 and 4.83–6.29 GHz 2.7
[42] Tri-band 23 9 36.5 839.5 2.33–2.76, 3.05–3.88 and 5.57–5.88 GHz 2.8
[43] Tri-band 35 9 25 875 2.34–2.50, 3.07–3.82 and 5.13–5.89 GHz 2.4
[44] Dual-band 17.5 9 17.5 306.2 2.9–3.6 and 4.4–6.6 GHz 2.0
[45] Tri-band 17.5 9 17.5 306.2 1.97–2.15, 2.82–3.45 and 4.35–6.0 GHz 2.0
[46] Dual-band 20 9 20 400 2.5 and 3.0–6.0 GHz 2.0
[47] Dual-band 20 9 20 400 2.40–2.46 and 3.2–6.2 GHz 2.0
[48] Dual-band 25.4 9 25.4 645.1 1.2–1.9 and 3.5–6 GHz 1.0
Proposed Dual-band 20 9 12 240 2.4–2.52 and 3.2–10.6 GHz 2.0
work

patch with L shape strips on one side of the substrate. The patches are fed using 50 O
microstrip line with rectangular ground plane printed on the other side of the FR4 sub-
strate. For designing and theoretical analysis, CST Microwave Studio package was used.
Both the simulated and measured results show that the proposed antennas could be a good
candidate for Bluetooth/WLAN and UWB applications.

2 Antenna Design and Results

The geometry of proposed dual band antenna fed by microstrip line is shown in Fig. 1. In
the figure, the structure was designed on 1.6 mm thickness FR4 substrate with relative
permittivity of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The proposed structure consists of a triangular
shaped radiating patch with an equilateral triangular cut and a simple rectangular ground
plane. An additional quarter wavelength L shaped strip is attached to the radiating element
to generate dual frequency of operation. In the design, radiating patch has been connected
to a 50 O feed line of width W1 = 2 mm, length L1 = 8.5 mm and ground plane of width
W and length L4. The optimized dimensions of proposed antenna are as follows: W = 12,

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Table 3 Comparison of reference ACS-fed multi-band antennas

References Type Size (mm2) Total Bandwidth Gain
area (dBi)
(mm2)

[49] Dual-band 20 9 12 240 3.3–4.0, 5.4–6.0 GHz 2.52

[50] Dual-band 21 9 19 399 2.24–2.55 and 4.64–5.39 GHz 1.8
[51] Dual-band 18 9 22 396 2.4–2.5 and 3.3–7.2 GHz 2.8
[52] Tri-band 31 9 15 465 2.38–2.52 and 5.08–6.70 GHz 2.6
[53] Tri-band 26.5 9 12 318 2.32–2.53, 3.22–3.64 and 5.53–5.98 GHz 2.0
[54] Tri-band 27.5 9 13 227.5 2.35–2.53, 3.34–3.85 and 5.05–6.28 GHz 2.5
[55] Tri-band 35 9 19 665 2.38–2.5, 3.35–3.67 and 4.76–6.55 GHz 3.6
[56] Tri-band 22 9 12 264 2.38–2.48, 3.37–3.68 and 5.48–6.12 GHz 2.7
[57] Tri-band 22.1 9 12 265.2 2.37–2.53, 3.37–3.71and 4.93–6.35 GHz 3.2
[58] Tri-band 10 9 17.5 175 2.3–2.42, 3.3–3.75 and 4.5–6.0 GHz 2.5
[59] Dual-band 13.75 9 26 357.5 2.40–2.60 and 3.2–6.0 GHz 3.25
[60] Dual-band 13.4 9 22.7 304 2.45–2.7 and 3.9–6.0 GHz 2.0
[61] Tri-band 22 9 20 440 2.3–2.5, 3.4–5.85 and 7.7–8.4 GHz 2.0
Proposed work Dual-band 20 9 12 240 2.4–2.52 and 3.2–10.6 GHz 2.0

Fig. 1 Geometry of the proposed dual-band microstrip antenna

L = 20, L2 = 9.1, W2 = 9.5, W3 = 11.8, L3 = 3.1, W4 = 8.6, L4 = 4, L5 = 4.5,

L6 = 14.6, g = 1, h = 60 (all dimensions are in mm). The evolution stages of proposed
antenna (Ant#3) are Ant#1 and Ant#2 with the return loss characteristics as given in Fig. 2
and Fig. 3 respectively. In the antenna design, the parametrs L6 and L5 are set close to
quarter-wavelength to have a UWB lower frequency (f2 min) at 3.3 GHz and UWB upper
frequency (f2 max) at 10.6 GHz. A quarter wavelength inverted L-shaped element has been

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Design, Simulation of a Compact Triangular Shaped Dual-Band…

Fig. 2 Evolution process of the proposed dual-band monopole antenna

Fig. 3 Simulated return loss curves of various structures in the design evolution process

attached to the patch to generate 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/WLAN band. The values of these
parameters can be calculated for the desired resonance frequencies from Eqs. (1)–(4).
c
L6 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1Þ
4f2min r;eff
c
L5 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð2Þ
4f2max r;eff
c
f1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð3Þ
4Y1 r;eff

2r þ1
2r;eff ¼ ð4Þ
2
In the above Eqs. (1)–(3), c is the velocity of light, er, eff is the effective relative
permittivity of the substrate which can be calculated from Eq. (4).
To understand the input impedance behavior of the proposed dual-band antenna with
and without triangular slot cut, a plot of the real and imaginary parts of the input impe-
dance is given in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively. It can seen from the figure that, when
compared to the simple triangular patch case, the deviations with frequency of the real part

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Fig. 4 Real part of input impedance for the Ant#1, Ant#2 and proposed antenna

Fig. 5 Imaginary part of input impedance for the Ant#1, Ant#2 and proposed antenna

of the impedance from the 50 X line is less in case of proposed antenna (triangular slot
cut). Similarly, the imaginary part of the impedance is almost closer to the 0 X line. Both
these observations indicate better impedance matching can be achieved antenna with tri-
angular slot cut in the patch.
For better understanding of the antenna operation, the simulated surface current dis-
tribution at the first two resonance frequencies (2.45 and 4.1 GHz) are calculated and
presented in Fig. 6. As shown in the figure, at 2.45 GHz, maximum current was concen-
trated on the L-shaped strip and at 4.1 GHz it was on the radiating patche. This clearly
justifies that the first resonance frequency was due to the additional strip and the second
resonance frequency was due to the radiating patch. The same explanation can also be
derived by using the mathematical expression (1–4). The additional resonances seen in the
second operating band are due to the triangular shape of the patch and are the harmonics of

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Design, Simulation of a Compact Triangular Shaped Dual-Band…

Fig. 6 Simulated surface current distribution at 2.45 and 4.1 GHz

Fig. 7 Simulated S11 for various values of Y1

the fundamental. The merging of the fundamental with the resonances makes the second
band to have UWB nature.
The parametric analysis of varying the length of the L-shaped strip on return loss is
shown in Fig. 7. It is seen from the figure that, as the overall length of the strip Y1
increases from 20.7 to 22.7 mm, the first resonant band shifts towards the lower frequency
side. This is due to the fact that the length of the strip (Y1) determines the first resonant
frequency of the antenna. Therefore the length is fixed at 21.7 mm to achieve the resonance
at 2.45 GHz, which can be used for Bluetooth/WLAN applications.

3 Experimental and Simulated Results

Figure 8 shows the photograph of the fabricated proposed dual-band antenna and its
measured and simulated reflection coefficients curves are given in Fig. 9. The measure-
ments are obtained from R&S ZVA-40 Network Analyzer, while the simulation studies

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 P. V. Naidu

Fig. 8 Photograph of the proposed antenna prototype

Fig. 9 Simulated and measured return loss against frequency

Fig. 10 Radiation patterns of the proposed compact dual-band microstrip antenna

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Design, Simulation of a Compact Triangular Shaped Dual-Band…

Fig. 11 Peak gains and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna

were performed by using CST Microwave Studio package. As seen from Fig. 9, a good
agreement between the simulated and the measured results is found. The difference
between the measured and simulated results is due to the small size of the antenna,
uncertainties in the substrate dielectric constant, SMA connector quality, soldering effect
and fabrication tolerances. The measured impedance bandwidth of the dual-band antenna is
from 2.4 to 2.52 GHz (Bandwidth of 120 MHz) and from 3.2 to 10.6 GHz (Bandwidth of
7.4 GHz).
The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at frequencies 2.45, 4.2, 6.2 and 9.2 GHz
are shown in Fig. 10. The partterns are nearly omnidirectional patterns in H-plane and
bidirectional patterns in E-plane in the operating frequencies. At higher frequencies, these
patterns got disturbed due to the generation of higher order modes. Figure 11 illustrates the
peak gains and the radiation efficieny of the proposed antenna in the two operating bands.
The simulation studies show that the radiation efficiency is more than 80 %.in the second
band and nearly 70 % in the first band. The reduced efficiency at lower frequency may be
because the antenna works more like a transmission line at this frequency.

4 Conclusion

In this research article, a novel, very small size triangular shaped microstrip antenna
embedded with L-shaped strips have been proposed and studied for dual frequency
operation. Wide impedance bandwidth has been achieved by introducing a triangular
shaped slot in the patch. The proposed antenna exhibit good return loss, omnidirectional
radiation patterns with acceptable peak gains and radiation efficiency. Along with these
features, the proposed antennas are very small in size (12 9 20 mm2), which makes them a
suitable candidate for portable wireless system applications.

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Praveen V. Naidu was born in Vuyyuru, Andhra Pradesh, India, in

1988. He received the Ph.D. degree from Symbiosis International
University (DU), Pune India, M.Tech degree from Defense Institute of
Advanced Technology (DIAT), Pune, India and the B.Tech degree
from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Kakinada,
India, in 2015, 2012 and 2009 respectively. Presently, he is working as
an Associate Professor in Department of Electronics and Communi-
cation Engineering, VRSE College (Autonomous), Vijayawada, India.
He is author of more than 22 research papers published in the refereed
peer-reviewed international journals and conferences. He has received,
International Travel Grant under Young Scientist Scheme from
Government of India and listed in Marquis Who’s Who in the World.
His main research interests are in microstrip antennas, ultra wideband
antennas, multi-band antennas, compact antennas, ACS-fed antennas,
CPW-Fed antennas, electromagnetic analysis and simulations. He is a
reviewer of research papers for the DST SERB Project Proposal
Reviewer, Government of India, IEEE AWPL, MIT-Progress in
Electromagnetics Research, Springer-Wireless Personnel Communications and Taylor & Francis-Journal of
Electromagnetic Waves and Applications journals.

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