CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

STD X

EXPERIMENT 1:

IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS BY FLAME TEST

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given sample in a clean and dry watch glass. Take a platinum or nichrome wire and clean it by
dipping several times in concentrated hydrochloric acid till it shows no characteristic colour when held over the flame .

Take a pinch of the salt, on at the tip of the wire and hold it over the non-luminous flame of the burner. The following
observations, is noted.

SLNO. SALT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Sodium chloride Golden yellow flame Presence of sodium ion (Na⁺)

2. Calcium chloride Brick red d flame Presence of calcium ion (Ca²⁺)

3. Potassium permanganate Lilac flame Presence of potassium ion(K¹⁺)

4. Copper sulphate Bluish –green flame Presence of copper ion(Cu²⁺)

5. Barium chloride Apple green flame Presence of barium ion(Ba²⁺)

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EXPERIMENT 2

IDENTIFICATION OF COPPER IONS (Cu²⁺)

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Add water to prepare the salt solution.

To a part of the salt solution add Sodium hydroxide drop by drop and then in excess. To another part the solution add
Ammonium Hydroxide drop by drop then in excess and confirm the cation.

To one part of the solution add Barium Chloride and confirm the presence of anion.

SLNO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

.
1. Colour of the salt Blue Presence of copper ions
2. Nature of the salt Crystalline Absence of oxide and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of ammonium salt.
4. Add NaOH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Pale Blue precipitate Presence of copper ions
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble Presence of copper ions
5. Add NH₄OH solution to the
salt solution
a. Drop by drop Pale Blue precipitate Presence of copper ions
b. In excess Precipitate dissolves forming Presence of copper ions
inky blue solution.
6. Add potassium ferro cyanide- Chocolate brown precipitate Confirms the presence of copper ions.
K₄[Fe(CN)₆]
7. Take the paste of the salt in a Bluish green flame Confirms the presence of copper ions
nichrome wire and introduce
it into the flame
8. Add Barium Chloride solution White crystalline precipitate Confirms the presence of sulphate radical.
to the salt solution

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is blue in colour. Crystalline, in nature and is odourless .

To identify the presence of copper ions. NaOH solution is added drop by drop pale blue precipitate is formed which is
insoluble in excess of NaOH solution. When NH₄OH is added to the salt solution drop by drop , pale blue precipitate is
formed which turns into an inky blue solution in excess. A chocolate brown precipitate is formed when potassium ferro
cyanide is added to the salt solution. The salt burns with the bluish green flame, confirming the presence of copper ion.

BaCl₂ is added to the salt solution which results in the formation of a white crystalline precipitate, confirming the presence
of sulphate ion.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is Copper Sulphate.

EQUATION [To be written in the plain sheet (left side) in pencil]

To indentify Cu²⁺

1. CuSO₄ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)₂↓ + Na₂SO₄

2. CuSO₄ + 2NH₄OH → Cu(OH)₂↓ + (NH₄)₂SO₄

3. Cu(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄ +4NH₄OH → [Cu(NH₃)₄] SO₄ + 4H₂O

To identify [(SO₄)²⁻

4.CuSO₄ + BaCl₂ → CuCl₂ + BaSO₄↓

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EXPERIMENT 3

IDENTIFICATION OF CALCIUM IONS

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Add water to prepare the salt solution.

To one part of the salt solution add Sodium hydroxide drop by drop and then in excess. To another part of the solution,
add NH₄OH drop by drop and then in excess Identify the cation.

To another part of the salt solution AgNO₃ and identify the anion.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt White Presence of calcium or lead
nitrate.
2. Nature of the salt Micro -crystalline Absence of oxides and
carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of ammonium salt.
4. Add NaOH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Milky white precipitate Presence of calcium ion
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble Presence of calcium ions
5. Add NH₄OH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop No precipitate is formed Presence of calcium ions
b. In excess No precipitate is formed Presence of calcium ions
6. Flame test. Take the paste of the Brick red flame Confirms the presence calcium
salt in a nichrome wire and ions
introduce it into the flame.
7. Add ammonium oxalate White precipitate. Confirms the presence calcium
[(NH₄)₂C2O4] ions
8. Add AgNO₃ solution to the salt A curdy white precipitate is formed Confirms the presence of chloride
solution which is insoluble in dil HNO₃ and
soluble in NH₄ OH solution

IDENTIFICATION

The salt given is white in colour , micro crystalline and odourless.

To identify calcium ions: NaOH solution is added drop by drop. A white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess of
NaOH solution. When NH₄OH solution, no precipitate is formed. A white precipitate is formed on addition of ammonium
oxalate. The salt burns with brick red flame confirming the presence of calcium ions .

To identify chloride ions AgNO₃ solution is added to the salt solution which results in the formation of white precipitate
which is insoluble in HNO₃ but soluble in NH₄OH solution confirming the presence of chloride ions

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is calcium chloride

EQUATION

To identify Ca 2+

CaCl₂+2NaOH→Ca(OH)₂↓+2NaCl

CaCl₂+2NH₄OH→Ca(OH)₂+2NH₄Cl

To identify Cl 1-

CaCl₂+AgNO₃→Ca(NO₃)₂+2AgCl

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EXPERIENT 4

IDENTIFICATION OF FERROUS IONS

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Add water to prepare the salt solution .

To a part of the salt solution add NaOH solution drop by drop and then in excess. To another part of the salt solution, add
NH₄OH solution drop by drop then in excess. Identify the cation.

To other part of the solution , add BaCl₂ solution and identify the anion.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt Pale green Presence of ferrous ions.
2. Nature of the salt Crystalline Absence of oxide and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of ammonium salt.
4. Add NaOH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Dirty green Precipitate Presence of ferrous ions.
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble Presence of ferrous ions.
5. Add NH₄OH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Dirty green precipitate Confirms the presence of ferrous ions.
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble. Confirms the presence of ferrous ions
6. Add Barium Chloride solution to White precipitate Confirms the presence of sulphate ion
the salt solution Is formed

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is pale green in colour ,crystalline and odourless.

To identify ferrous ions, sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop. A dirty green precipitate is formed which is
insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide .NH₄OH solution is added drop by drop a dirty green precipitate is formed which
is insoluble in excess. Confirming the presence of ferrous ion.

To identify the suphate ion, barium chloride solution is added to the salt solution which results in formation of a white
precipitate. Confirming the presence of sulphate ion

FINAL DEDUCTION

The salt is ferrous sulphate

EQUATION

To identify Fe 2+

` FeSO₄+2NaOH→Fe(OH)₂↓+Na₂SO₄

FeSO₄+2NH₄OH→ Fe(OH)₂↓+(NH₄)₂SO₄

To identify SO4 2-

FeSO₄+BaCl₂→FeCl₂+BaSO₄↓

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EXPERIMENT 5

IDENTIFICATION OF FERRIC IONS

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Add water to prepare the salt solution .

To a part of the salt solution, add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop and then in excess. To another part of the salt
solution add ammonium hydroxide solution drop by drop and then in excess. Identify the cation.

To another part of the solution, add silver nitrate solution and identify the anion.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt Reddish brown Presence of ferric
ions.
2. Nature of the salt Micro Crystalline Absence of oxide and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of ammonium salt.
4. Add NaOH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Reddish brown Precipitate Presence of ferric ions.
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble Presence of ferric ions.
5. Add NH₄OH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Reddish brown precipitate Confirms the presence of ferric ions.
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble. Confirms the presence of ferric ions
6. Add Silver nitrate solution to the salt White precipitate Confirms the presence of chloride ion
solution Is formed

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is reddish brown in colour , microcrystalline and odourless.

To identify ferric ion , sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop and then in excess , a reddish brown precipitate is
formed which is insoluble. When ammonium hydroxide solution, is added drop by drop , a reddish brown precipitate is
formed which is insoluble in excess. ,confirming the presence of ferric ions.

To identify chloride ion, silver nitrate solution is added to the salt solution which results in the formation of a white
precipitate , confirming the presence of chloride ions.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is ferric chloride.

EQUATION

To identify Fe 3+

FeCl₃+3NaOH→Fe(OH)₃+3NaCl

FeCl₃+3NH₄OH→Fe(OH)₃+3NH₄Cl

To identify Cl 1-

Fe Cl₃+3AgNO₃→Fe(NO₃)₃+3AgCl↓

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EXPERIMENT 6

IDENTIFICATION OF ZINC IONS

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a dry and clean test tube. Add water to prepare the salt solution.

To a part of the salt solution , add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop and then excess. To another part of the salt
solution , add ammonium hydroxide solution drop by drop and then in excess. Identify the cation

To other part of the solution , add BaCl₂ solution and identify the anion.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt White Absence of copper salts.
2. Nature of the salt Crystalline Absence of oxide and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of ammonium salt.
4. Add sodium hydroxide solution to
the salt solution
A. Drop by drop White gelatinous Precipitate Presence of zinc ions.
B. In excess Precipitate is soluble Presence of zinc ions.
5. Add NH₄OH solution to the salt
solution
A. Drop by drop White gelatinous Precipitate Confirms the presence of zinc ions.
B. In excess Precipitate is soluble Confirms the presence of zinc ions
6. Add Barium Chloride solution to White precipitate Confirms the presence of sulphate ion
the salt solution Is formed

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white in colour , crystalline in nature and odourless

To identify the presence of zinc ion , sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop. A white gelatinous precipitate is
formed which is soluble in excess. When ammonium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop a white gelatinous
precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess. Confirms the presence of zinc ions.

To identify the presence of sulphate ion , barium chloride solution is added to the salt solution which results in the
formation of white precipitate , confirming the presence of sulphate ion.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is zinc sulphate.

EQUATION

To identify Zn 2+

1. ZnSO₄+2NaOH→Zn(OH)₂+Na₂SO₄

ZnSO₄+2NaOH→Na₂ZnO₂+2H₂O

2. ZnSO₄+2NH₄OH→Zn(OH)₂↓+(NH₄)₂SO₄

ZnSO₄+(NH₄)SO₄+NH₄OH→[Zn(NH₃)₄]+4H₂O

To identify SO4 2-

BaCl₂+ZnSO₄→ZnCl₂+BaSO₄↓

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EXPERIMENT 7

IDENTIFICATION OF LEAD IONS

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Add water to prepare a salt solution.

To a part of the salt solution. Add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop and then in excess. To another part of the salt
solution, add ammonium hydroxide solution drop by drop and then in excess. Identify the cation.

To another part of the salt solution perform the brown ring test to identify the action.

SLNO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt White Absence of copper salt
2. Nature of the salt crystalline Absence of oxide and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of ammonium salt.
4. Add NaOH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Chalky white precipitate Presence of lead ion
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble Presence of lead ion
5. Add NH₄OH solution to the salt
solution
a. Drop by drop Chalky white precipitate Presence of lead ions
b. In excess Precipitate is insoluble Presence of lead ions
6. Add potassium iodide (KI) to the Yellow precipitate Presence of lead ions
solution.
7. Add potassium chromate Yellow precipitate Confirms the presence lead ions
8. Brown ring test A brown ring is formed at the Confirms the presence of nitrate radical
Take the nitrate solution and treat it junction of the two solutions
with freshly prepared FeSO₄
solution, add concentrate H₂SO₄
along the side of the test tube
without disturbing it.

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white crystalline and odourless.

To identify lead ion. Add sodium hydroxide to the salt solution drop by drop which forms a chalky white precipitate and in
excess it is soluble . Add ammonium hydroxide solution drop by drop which forms chalky white precipitate and in excess it
is insoluble. Add potassium iodide to the salt solution a yellow precipitate is formed and add potassium chromate to other
part of the salt solution a yellow precipitate is formed. Which confirms the presence of lead ion.

To identify the nitrate radical , the brown ring test is performed when a freshly prepared FeSO₄ solution is added to the
salt solution and concentrated H₂SO₄ is added along the sides of the test tube without disturbing it , a brown ring is
formed at the junction of two liquids, confirming the presence of a nitrate radical .

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is lead nitrate.

EQUATION

Pb (NO₃)₂+2NaOH→Pb(OH) ₂↓+2NaNO₃

Pb (NO₃)₂+2NH₄OH→Pb(OH)₂↓+2NH₄NO₃

Brown ring test

6FeSO₄+3H₂SO₄2HNO₃→3Fe₂(SO₄)₃+4H₂O+2NO

FeSO₄+NO→FeSO₄.NO

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EXPEIMENT 8

IDENTIFICATION OF AMMONIUM ION

PROCEDURE

Take a small quantity of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube.

Add sodium hydroxide and heat it gently. Proceed to detect the cation using Nessler’s’ reagent.

Add silver nitrate solution to the salt solution and confirm the presence of anion.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt White Absence of copper salt
2. Nature of the salt crystalline Absence of oxide and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Pungent odour Presence of ammonium salt.
4. Add NaOH solution to the salt solution Evolution of a gas with Presence of ammonia gas.
and heated it gently pungent irritating odour
5. Introduce a moist red litmus paper into Litmus paper turns blue. The gas is basic
the test tube.
6. Introduce the glass rod, dipped in Dense white fumes of Presence of ammonia gas
concentrated hydrochloric acid into the ammonium chloride
test tube.
7. Filter paper dipped in Nessler’s regent Its turns brown Presence of ammonia gas is confirmed
is introduced into the test tube.
8. Add silver nitrate to the salt solution Curdy white precipitate Confirms the presence of chloride ion

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white, crystalline and has a pungent odour

On adding sodium hydroxide solution to the salt and heated it gently. A pungent smelling gas is evolved, which turns
moist red litmus blue. Dense white fumes is evolved when a glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid is
introduced. A filter paper dipped in Nessler’s reagent turns brown, confirming the presence of ammonium ion.

When silver nitrate solution is added to the salt solution, it forms a curdy white precipitate, confirming the presence of
chloride ions.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is ammonium chloride.

EQUATION

NH4Cl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O+NH3↑

NH3+HCl→NH4Cl

K2HgI+NH3→ pale brown

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EXPERMENT 9

IDENTIFICATION OF DILUTE ACIDS AND DILUTE BASES WITH INDICATORS

PROCEDURE

You are provided with two solutions A and B

Identify the solutions as dilute acid and the base with the help of indicators.

SLNO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

.

I. Litmus test
1. Place a drop of solution A on the It turns red The solution A is an acidic in nature.
blue litmus paper
2. Place a drop of solution A on the No change The solution A is an acidic in nature.
red litmus paper
3. Place a drop of solution B on the No change The solution B is an basic in nature
blue litmus paper
4. Place a drop of solution B on the It turns blue The solution B is an basic in nature
red litmus paper

II. Methyl orange test

1. Take a solution A and add a few Methyl orange turns pink The solution A is an acidic in nature
drops of methyl orange
2. Take a solution B and add a few Methyl orange turns golden yellow The solution B is an basic in nature
drops of methyl orange

III. Phenolphthalein
1. Take a solution A and add a few It remains colourless The solution A is an acidic in nature
drops of phenolphthalein
2. Take a solution B and add a few It is turns pink The solution B is an basic in nature
drops of phenolphthalein

FINAL DEDUCTION

Solution A is a dilute acid

Solution B is a base
EXPERIMENT 10

ACTION OF HEAT ON COPPER CARBONATE (CuCO3)

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube.
Heat it gently at first and then strongly .
Identify the gas evolved and the residue.
SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Colour of the given salt. Sea green Presence of copper salt.
2. Nature of the given salt. Amorphous Presence of oxides or
carbonates
3. Odour of the salt given. Odourless Absence of Ammonium
salts.
4. Salt is heated gently. A colourless gas is It maybe H2 , O2,or CO2.
evolved
5. Moist blue litmus paper is It turns red. The gas is acidic in
introduced into the test nature and maybe CO2.
tube.
6. A lighted splinter is It gets extinguished The gas is a non-
introduced in the test supporter of
tube. combustion.
7. The gas is passed through Lime water turns The gas is confirmed to
limewater. milky. be CO2.

8. A filter paper dipped in No change Confirms the presence

purple /pink KMnO4 of CO2 gas.
solution and introduced
into the test tube.
9. A filter paper dipped in No change Confirms the presence
orange K2Cr2O solution and ofCO2 gas.
introduced into the test
tube.
10. Heat the salt strongly. Black residue is seen Copper oxide.

INDENTIFICATION

The given salt is sea green in colour ,amorphous and odourless.

On heating the salt a colourless, odourless gas is evolved which turns moist blue litmus red and extinguishes a
burning splinter.The gas turns lime water milky, but does not change purple colour potassium permanganate or
orange colour potassium dichromate solution. The gas confirmsto be carbon dioxide.

On strong heating the salt leaves a black residue. It is copper oxide.

FINAL DEDUCTION
The given salt is copper carbonate.

EQUATION
∆
CuCO₃ → 𝐂𝐮𝐎 + 𝐂𝐎₂↑

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EXPERIMENT 11
ACTION OF HEAT ON MECURIC OXIDE (HgO)

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat it gently at first and then strongly.

. Identify the gas evolved and residue.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour of the given salt. Orange Presence of mercuric
oxide/lead salt.
2. Nature of the given salt. Amorphous Presence of oxides or
carbonates
3. Odour of the salt given. Odourless Absence of Ammonium
salts.
4. Salt is heated gently. A colourless ,odourless gas is Presence of H₂,O₂ or CO₂
evolved
5. Moist blue and red litmus No change in colour. The gas is neutral
paper is introduced into the
test tube.
6. A glowing splinter is The gas rekindles the Presence of O₂ gas, which is
introduced in the test tube. glowing splinter. supporter of combustion.
7. A filter paper dipped in It turns dark brown. The presence of O₂ is
alkaline pyrogallol solution is confirmed.
introduced into the test tube
8. The salt is heated strongly A silvery grey deposit is seen The residue is mercury.
on the cooler parts of the test
tube.

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is orange in colour, and amorphous and colourless.

On heating, the salt, a colourless , odourless, gas is evolved which does not change moist blue or red litmus paper and rekindles a
glowing splinter. Filter paper dipped in alkaline pyrogallol solution turns dark brown, confirming the presence of oxygen.

On strong heating the salt leaves a residue of mercury, a silvery grey deposit is seen on colour parts of the test tube.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is mercuric oxide.

EQUATION

∆
2HgO→ 𝟐𝐇𝐠 + 𝐎₂
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EXPERIMENT 12

ACTION OF HEAT ON AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat it gently at first and then strongly.

Identify the gas evolved and the residue.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour White Absence of copper and
lead mecury salts.
2. Nature crystalline Absence of
oxides/carbonates.
3. Odour pungent odour Presence of ammonium
salts
4. The salt is heated gently. On heating, the salt a The gas is basic in nature.
pungent smelling gas
which turns moist red
litmus blue is evolved.
5. The salt is heated A thick white sublimate is The given substance is a
strongly formed on the cooler sublimate solid.
parts of the test tube.
6. A filter paper dipped in It turns brown Presence of ammonia gas
Nessler’s reagent is confirmed.
7. A glass rod dipped in Dense white fumes are Presence of ammonia gas
conc HCl introduced in evolved. is confirmed.
the test tube.
8. Residue No residue is left behind. The given salt is
Ammonium chloride which
is a sublimate in nature.

INDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white in colour , crystalline and has a pungent odour.

On heating the salt, a pungent smelling basic gas is given out which turns moist red litmus blue. The gas turns filter paper
dipped in Nesseler’s Reagent ,brown, confirming the presence of Ammonia gas. A thick white sublimate is also formed on
the cooler part of the test tube.

No residue is left behind. The given salt is ammonium chloride, which is sublimate in nature.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is Ammonium Chloride.

EQUATION
∆
NH₄Cl→NH₃+HCl

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EXPERIMENT 13

ACTION OF HEAT ON LEAD NITRATE (Pb(NO3)2)

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube.Heat it gently at first and then strongly.

Identify the gas evolved and the residue.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour white Absence of mercury
/copper salts.
2. Nature crystalline Absence of
oxides/carbonates.
3. Odour Odourless Absence of ammonium
salts.
4. The salt is heated gently. On heating the salt Presence of lead nitrate
decrepitates and melts salts.
5. The salt is heated A reddish-brown pungent Presence of nitrogen
strongly. smelling gas is evolved. dioxide gas.

6. Moist blue litmus paper The gas is acidic in nature.

is introduced into the The gas turns moist blue
test tube. litmus red.
7. A burning splinter is The colourless, gas is Presence of oxygen gas.
introduced in the test evolved which rekindles a
tube. burning splinter.

8. Residue The residue is reddish Residue is lead monoxide..

brown when hot and
yellow when cold.

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white in colour, crystalline and odourless.

On heating the salt is decrepitates and melts. A reddish brown gas is evolved which turns moist blue litmus red.

A colourless gas is evolved which rekindles a burning splinter.

The residue is reddish brown when hot and yellow when cold., it is lead monoxide.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is lead nitrate.

EQUATION
∆
2Pb(NO₃)₂→ 𝟐𝐏𝐛𝐎 + 𝟒𝐍𝐎₂ + 𝐎₂
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EXPERIMENT 14

ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON ZINC GRANULES

PROCEDURE

Add dilute sulphuric acid to zinc granules.

And identify the gas evolved and the residue.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour Silvery grey Presence of zinc granules

2. Nature Metallic Presence of zinc

granules.
3. On adding dilute H2SO4 to Brisk effervescence takes Evolution of the
the salt place. gas,which is colourless
and odourless.
4. Moist blue litmus is No change. The gas is neutral.
introduced into the test
tube.
5. A lighted splinter is The gas explodes with a The gas is confirmed to
introduced into the test loud pop sound and gets be hydrogen.
tube. extinguished.

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is metallic in nature and silvery grey in colour.

When added to dilute H2SO4, brisk effervescence is noticed. The gas evolved in colourless ,odourless and neutral to litmus.
A lighted splinter when introduced into the test tube explodes with a pop sound confirming the presence of hydrogen gas.

The residue formed is zinc sulphate.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is zinc granules and gas evolved is hydrogen.

EQUATION

Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑

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EXPERIMENT 15

ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON SODIUM SULPHITE

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Add dilute H2SO4to it and identify the gas evolved.

Confirm the presence of the action by performing the test.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour White Absence of lead ,
mercury or copper salt

2. Nature Crystalline Absence of oxides or

carbonates
3. Odour Odourless Absence of Ammonium
salts.
4. On adding dilute H2SO4 to Brisk effervescence is Evolution of a colourless
the salt noted. gas.
5. Moist blue litmus paper is It turns blue litmus red. The gas is acidic in
introduced into the test nature.
tube.
6. A lighted splinter is It gets extinguished The gas is a non-
introduced in the test supporter of combustion.
tube.
7. The filter paper dipped in Filter paper turns Presence of SO2 is
pink potassium colourless. confirmed.
permanganate solution
solution
8. The filter paper dipped in Filter paper turns green The gas is confirmed to
orange potassium be Sulphur dioxide
dichromate solution

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white in colour , crystalline in nature and odourless.

Brisk effervescence is noted when H2SO4is added to the salt.The gas is acidic in nature and extinguishes the burning
splinter as it a non supporter of combustion. A filter paper dipped in pink coloured KMnO4 solution turns colourless and
turns orange coloured potassium dichromate solution green when introduced into the test tube confirming the presence
of Sulphur Dioxide gas.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is Sodium Sulphite.

EQUATION

Na₂SO₃ + H₂SO₄→ NaSO₄ + H₂O + SO₂

2KMnO4+ 2H2O + 5SO2 → 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 +3SO2 → Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

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EXPERIMENT 16

ACTION OF DILUTE SULPURIC ACID ON SODIUM SULPHIDE

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of a given salt in a dry and clean test tube.Add dilute sulphuric acid to Sodium Sulphide.

Identify the gas evolved And the residue.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour Orange Absence of lead or
copper salt

2. Nature Salt is in solid flakes. Absence of oxides or

carbonates
3. Odour Pungent and irrirating Absence of Ammonium
odour salts. Presence of
sulphide salt.
4. On adding dilute H₂SO₄ to Brisk effervescence is Evolution of a colourless
the salt noted. gas.
5. Moist blue litmus paper is It turns blue litmus red. The gas is acidic in
introduced into the test nature.
tube.
6. A lighted splinter is It gets extinguished The gas is a non-
introduced in the test supporter of combustion.
tube.
7. The gas is passed through The gas has a pungent Presence of H₂S gas.
the test tube. odour (rotten egg smell.

8. The filter paper dipped in Filter paper turns silvery The gas is confirmed to
lead ascetic solution black. be hydrogen sulphide.

IDENTIFICATION

The salt is orange in colour, nature is solid flakes and odourless.

Brisk effervescence is seen when dil H2SO4 is added.Gas evolved has rotten egg smell confirming the presence of H 2.

Gas is acidic in nature and extinguishes a burning splinter. When the gas is dipped in lead acetic solution the filter paper
turns silvery black.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is Sodium Sulphide.

EQUATION.

Na₂S+H₂SO₄→Na₂SO₄+H₂S↑

Pb(CH₃COO)₂+H₂S→PbS+2CH₃COOH

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EXPERIMENT 17

ACTION OF CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID ON MANGANESE DIOXIDE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE

PROCEDURE

Take a little bit of the given salt in a clean and dry test tube. Heat it gently at first and then strongly.

Identify the gas evolved and the residue.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour White Absence of lead or
copper salt

2. Nature Crystalline Absence of oxides or

carbonates
3. Odour Odourless Absence of Ammonium
salts.
4. On adding dilute Heating it gently a The gas chlorine.
SULPHURIC ACID to the pungent smell gas is
salt evolved which is greenish
yellow in colour
5. Moist blue litmus paper is The gas turns moist blue The gas is confirmed to
introduced into the test litmus red and bleaches it be chlorine which is a
tube. . bleaching agent.
6. Moist starch iodide paper It turns blue black Presence of chlorine is
is introduced into the test confirmed
tube.
7. Residue It is in black in colour It is a mixture of sodium
bisulphate and
manganese sulphate

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white in colour crystalline and odourless.

On heating with MnO₂ and conc H₂SO₄ a greenish yellow pungent smelling gas is evolved. The gas turns moist blue litmus
paper red and bleaches it. It turns starch iodide paper blue –black. The gas is confirmed to be chlorine and the residue is
sodium bisulphate and manganese sulphate.

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is sodium chloride and gas liberated is chloride.

EQUATION

MnO₂ + 2NaCl + 3H₂SO₄ → 2NaH₂SO₄ + MnSO₄ + 2H₂O + Cl₂

Cl₂ + 2KI → 2KCl + I₂

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 EXPERIMENT 18

ACTION OF CONCERATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID ON COPPER OXIDE AND MANGENSE DIOXIDE

PROCEDURE

You are provided with two samples A and B containing manganese dioxide and copper oxide with conc hydro chloric acid

SAMPLE A

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour Black Maybe MnO₂ or CuO

2. Add concentrated HCL to Pungent smelling , Presence of Cl₂ gas is

the sample A and heat it greenish yellow gas is confirmed.
evolved. It turns blue
litmus red and bleaches it.
3. Moist starch iodide is It turns blue litmus black Presence of chlorine gas.
introduced

RESULT

The given salt is manganese dioxide.

SAMPLE B

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour Black Maybe MnO₂ or CuO

2. Add concentrated HCl to The solution turns green Presence of copper salt.
the sample B and heat it and no gas is evolved
3. Moist blue litmus is It turns red Acidic HCl vapour
introduced changes the colour
4 Moist starch iodide paper No change No Cl₂ is evolved , the salt
is introduced is copper oxide

RESULT

The given salt is copper oxide

EQUATION

SAMPLE A

MnO₂ + 4 HCl → MnCl₂ + 2H₂O + Cl₂↑

SAMPLE B

CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O↑

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EXPERIMENT 19

ACTION OF CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID ON ZINC NITRATE AND COPPER TURNINGS.

PROCEDURE

Add concentrated sulphuric acid to the given sample. Heat it gently at first and then strongly, in the presence of copper
turnings. Identify the gas evolved and confirm the presence of nitrate radical by performing the brown ring test.

SLNO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INTERENCE

1. Colour of the salt White Absence of copper
and mecury.
2. Nature of the salt Crystalline Absence of oxide
and carbonates.
3. Odour of the salt Odourless Absence of
ammonium salt.
4. Add concentrated
sulphuric acid and
copper turnings
and heat it.
a. A pattering sound is Presence of nitrate
heard salt
b. A reddish brown Presence of NO₂ gas
pungent smelling
gas is evolved.
5. Moist blue litmus The gas turns moist Gas is acidic in
is introduced blue litmus red nature.
6. The solution turns Presence of copper
greenish blue nitrate.
7. Brown ring test is Brown ring is formed Confirming the
performed at the junction of presence of nitrate
the two liquid layers radical.

IDENTIFICATION

The given salt is white in colour crystalline and odourless.

On heating it with concentrated H₂SO₄ and copper turnings , reddish brown NO₂ gas is evolved. The gas turns moist blue
litmus red. The solution turns greenish blue in colour due to the formation of Cu(NO₃)₂. When the brown ring test is
performed a brown ring is formed at the junction of the two liquid layers confirming the nitrate radical .

FINAL DEDUCTION

The given salt is zinc nitrate

EQUATION

Cu+Zn(NO₃)₂+2H₂SO₄→2ZnSO₄+Cu(NO₃)₂+2H₂O+NO₂↑

BROWN RING TEST

FeSO₄+2HNO₃+3H₂SO₄→3Fe(SO₄)₃2H₂O+2NO↑

FeSO₄+NO→FeSO₄.NO

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