Duarte Exercise Physiology

Module 1 – Bachelor of Physical Education
Student’s Module in
Physiology of Exercise and
Physical Activities
Quarter 1:
Exercise Physiology –
Skeletal System
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY is a specialization within the field of kinesiology. These
medical professionals study the body's responses to physical activity as well as how
the body adapts to physical activity over time
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages,

ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human
body.
 Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue

that forms most of the adult skeleton, the internal support structure
of the body.
 In the areas of the skeleton where whole bones move against each
other (for example, joints like the shoulder or between the bones of
the spine), cartilages, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provide
flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.
 Additionally, ligaments composed of dense connective tissue
surround these joints, tying skeletal elements together
(a ligament is the dense connective tissue that connect bones to
other bones).
Together, they perform the following functions:

SUPPORT MOVEMENT AND PROTECTION
Some functions of the skeletal system are more readily observable than
others.
 When you move you can feel how your bones support you, facilitate your
movement, and protect the soft organs of your body. Just as the steel beams of
a building provide a scaffold to support its weight, the bones and cartilages of
your skeletal system compose the scaffold that supports the rest of your body.
 Without the skeletal system, you would be a limp mass of organs, muscle, and
skin. Bones facilitate movement by serving as points of attachment for your
muscles. Bones also protect internal organs from injury by covering or
surrounding them.
For example, your ribs protect your lungs and heart, the bones of your vertebral
column (spine) protect your spinal cord, and the bones of your cranium (skull)
protect your brain
MINERAL AND FAT STORAGE, BLOOD CELL FORMATION
 On a metabolic level, bone tissue performs several critical functions. For one,
the bone tissue acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the
functioning of the body, especially calcium, and phosphorus.
 These minerals, incorporated into bone tissue, can be released back into the
bloodstream to maintain levels needed to support physiological processes.
 Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and
are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses.
 Bones also serve as a site for fat storage and blood cell production. The unique
connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is referred to as bone
marrow.
 There are two types of bone marrow: yellow bone marrow and red bone
marrow.
----Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and the triglycerides

stored in the adipocytes of this tissue can be released to serve as a source of
energy for other tissues of the body.
----- Red bone marrow is where the production of blood cells (named
hematopoiesis, hemato- = “blood”, -poiesis = “to make”) takes place. Red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red bone
marrow.
THERE ARE MAJOR BONES IN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Skull
 Clavicle
 Sternum
 Scapula
 Humerus
 Radius and Ulna
 Phalanges
 Carpals and metacarpals
 Vertebrae
 Femur
 Tibia and fibula
 Tarsals and metatarsals
SKULL
The human skull is the part of the skeleton that supports the structures of the face and forms
a cavity for the brain.
The skull supports the musculature and structures of the face and forms a protective cavity
for the brain. The skull is formed of several bones which, with the exception of the mandible,
are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints.
COMPOSITION of the Skull

 The adult human skull is comprised of twenty-two bones which are divided into two
parts of differing embryological origin: the neurocranium and the viscerocranium.
 The neurocranium forms the cranial cavity that surrounds and protects the brain and
brainstem. The neurocranium is formed from the occipital bone, two temporal bones,
two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones; they are all joined
together with sutures.
 The viscerocranium bones form the anterior and lower regions of the skull and
include the mandible, which attaches through the only truly motile joint found in the
skull. The facial skeleton contains the vomer, two nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two
maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal
bones.
Other Features
 The skull also contains the sinuses. These are air-filled cavities that contribute to
lessening the weight of the skull with a minimal reduction in strength. They
contribute to resonance of the voice and assist in the warming and moistening of air
inhaled via the nose.
CLAVICLE
 The clavicle (collarbone) extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the

acromion of the scapula.
 It is classed as a long bone, and can be palpated along its length. In thin individuals,
it is visible under the skin.
The clavicle has three main functions:
Attaches the upper limb to the trunk as part of the ‘shoulder girdle’.
Protects the underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb.
Transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
STERNUM
 The sternum is a long, flat bone that protects the underlying muscles, organs,
and important arteries within the chest. This includes the lungs, heart, and
stomach, along with all of their intricate blood vessels, muscles, and cartilage.
 The sternum also acts as a joining structure to the upper ribs on either side of
the body.
 This bone is sometimes cracked during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) as part of the sternum is located directly above the heart.
 The sternum must be cut through during operations on the heart
including open-heart surgery, making the rehabilitation for that procedure
more intensive than most others.
 The sternum connects the first six ribs in the middle of the chest while serving
as a strong protector of the stomach, heart, and lungs which lie below.
 The sternum does not assist with any visible range of motion to the chest or
torso. However, cartilaginous connectors between the sternum and each of the
upper six ribs assist with minor motions that occur with each breath.
 Each inward breath requires the lungs to fill with air and the intercostal (or
rib) muscles to contract. All of these motions require some internal room to
function appropriately.

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Module 1 – Bachelor of Physical Education

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY is a specialization within the field of kinesiology. These

the body adapts to physical activity over time

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages,

 Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue

Together, they perform the following functions:

SUPPORT MOVEMENT AND PROTECTION

MINERAL AND FAT STORAGE, BLOOD CELL FORMATION

----Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and the triglycerides

THERE ARE MAJOR BONES IN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

COMPOSITION of the Skull

 The clavicle (collarbone) extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the

The clavicle has three main functions:

Attaches the upper limb to the trunk as part of the ‘shoulder girdle’.

Protects the underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb.

Transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

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