Birds of Banni Grassland

Birds of
Banni Grassland
1
Birds of Banni Grassland
Banni, an unique landscape and flourishing
grassland, is endowed with fascinating
history, geography, biodiversity, and a rich
cultural heritage. The diversity of habitats
and dynamic pattern changes with changing
climatic conditions provide rich habitats for
a variety of animals, especially birds. Birds
are the natural capital of this grassland,
which attracts many birdwatchers and
tourists throughout the year. The grassland
also attracts thousands of migratory birds
from many parts of India, as well as the
globe, during the winter. These avian visitors
enhance the biodiversity and bring life
to the grassland, in conjugation with the
socio-cultural dimensions of its indigenous
communities.
This book describes 262 species of birds
(166 terrestrial species and 96 aquatic
species) which are recorded from various
parts of Banni Grassland. These birds
belong to 51 families under 14 orders of
Aves. Among them, 118 are resident to
Banni, 76 are resident/short migratory, and
68 are migratory. The book contains short
descriptions and photographs of all the
recorded bird species of Banni Grassland
for researchers, academicians, birdwatchers,
bird enthusiasts, nature lovers, and general
readers.
2 Birds of Banni Grassland

Birds of
Banni Grassland
Mukesh H. Koladiya
Nikunj B. Gajera
A.K. Roy Mahato
V. Vijay Kumar
R.V. Asari
Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology
Published by
The Ravi Sankaran Foundation
3
Message
In the early hours before sunrise of January 17, 2009,

Dr. Ravi Sankaran, Director, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology
and Natural History, died suddenly and unexpectedly
of a massive heart attack, on his farm some 40 km from
Coimbatore. Within six hours thereafter, in the presence of his
family, friends, colleagues, students, and local residents, his last
rites were performed. Some eighteen months later, in a bizarre
car accident, his wife and daughter died. The whole of the Ravi
Sankaran family ceased to exist.
However unrelated, sad, and tragic these events, the
irony should not be lost: first, the loss of a researcher and
conservationist at the prime of his productive life, and then
the speed with which the whole family disappeared. So with
the avian species that Ravi so diligently researched, which
depend on the existence of thriving grasslands. As these spaces
disappear, so will these species. As humans we need to tread
lightly on the path of development, for we do not know when,
and at what speed, the consequences of our consumption
today will hurt our tomorrow. What we do know, from the
excellent work being done by people like Ravi and others, is
that when it does hit us it will be gargantuan, unanticipated,
and will devastate our whole species. How close are we to our
environmental apocalypse?
India’s unique grasslands are an ecological asset that is
not too well understood. The Adivasi tribes that traverse these
landscapes know their importance, utility, and magnificence.
Outsiders do not. A few, like Ravi, have made the effort.
Unfortunately, with few champions, the march of development
will seek to “unlock” the “value” of these spaces for other
purposes, mainly industry and urbanization. The recently
announced policy of the Government of India to establish

gigawatt-scale solar farms has major implications for our
remaining grasslands. A single megawatt of solar power
requires 5 acres of land, as against the 0.25 acres required
in conventional power plants! Such large tracts of land will
inevitably include grasslands, unless banned from such use.
Policy must respond urgently and ban any development on
India’s remaining grasslands. The Adivasis should be paid
to look after them and ensure that they are sustained for
succeeding generations. Research on the ecological role played
by grasslands and study of the species that live off grasslands
must be urgently supported.
The Ravi Sankaran Foundation (RSF) was formed in
Ravi’s name, soon after his death, to support initiatives that
lead to sustainable conservation measures, support research,
and further our understanding of the workings of such fragile
ecosystems, and to build human resources and other capacity
in the fields of ecology, field biology, and conservation. It
was thus with the greatest of pleasure that the RSF agreed to
sponsor this book when approached by the Gujarat Institute of
Desert Ecology.
We hope that the book will give readers an unique insight
into one of India’s fast disappearing landscapes, provoke those
in power to act to preserve these ecological assets, and instigate
more research. Above all, we wish it makes enjoyable reading!
Finally, we would like to place on record our appreciation
of the selfless support the Foundation has received from Kirti
Trivedi in designing the book. His contribution to the world of
design has been, at once, both inspirational and transformative.
We could not have left this task to any other.
Message 5
Foreword
India had vast stretches of grasslands, distributed across

varied altitudes, longitudes, latitudes, agro-climatic regimes,
and biogeographical provinces. However, most have vanished
due to the misconceptions about their ecological worth. Thus,
contrary to the popular perception, grasslands have become
highly endangered terrestrial ecosystems in the country.
Consequently, we have lost several species, including the
stunning Cheetah, and we are on the way to losing species
such as Great Indian Bustard, several other birds, mammals,
and reptiles, and many more. Grasslands traditionally used as
community grazing areas, a common property resource, have
always been an inseparable part of the economic, ecological,
and socio-cultural landscape of humankind. However,
increasing demands on these fragile ecosystems from multiple
quarters, notably agricultural intensification, infrastructure
development, mining, quarrying, industrial and commercial
development, invasive species, and what is more, the very
neglect of the common property resources, have eroded much
of the native grasslands in the Subcontinent. In particular,
the semi-arid grasslands of northern Gujarat are among
the most vulnerable to such modern-day externalities. In
recognition of the unique biodiversity value of these grasslands
and their importance to the livelihood of local communities,
Government of India in 2008 designated the Kachchh region
as the 15th Biosphere Reserve of the country. The region’s rich
flora and fauna, many of which are unique to the ecosystem,
are represented by about 35 species of mammals including the
Asiatic Wild Ass and Caracal, and over 250 species of birds:
waterfowl, waders including flamingos, raptors, bustards,
coursers, cranes, sandgrouse, larks, shrikes, wheatears, and
chats.
Regrettably, the inimitable biodiversity of the region
remains poorly documented and this has seriously impeded
efforts to understand the strong linkages between people and
biodiversity in the region and the entire gamut of ecosystem
services and functions of the landscape elements. Our current
knowledge of Kachchh’s avifauna is immensely indebted to
the works of stalwarts like Salim Ali, Dharmakumarsinhji,
Himmatsinhji, and Lavkumar Khachar. However, much more

is to be learnt about the diversity and status of the birds of the
grasslands of Kachchh. In this context, this work admirably
documenting the avifauna of the Banni grasslands of the
Kachchh region is a laudable attempt to fill the gap. The
cover with the excellent photograph of the landscape and the
Steppe Eagle is so inviting to explore the landscape. With bird
photographs of remarkably uniform quality, this book serves
as a handy identification guide to the birds in the field. It is
also quite thoughtful that snippets of ecology and population
status of each species are given as annotation. I compliment the
authors for their remarkable efforts.
As India’s National Biodiversity Action Plan (2008)
has rightfully acknowledged that grasslands are one of the
high-priority landscapes for conservation planning, the
semi-arid grasslands of Banni require an integrated approach
involving all the stakeholders. With the publication of this key
documentation, we can hope that the grasslands of Banni and
their unique avifauna will now receive much deserved attention
from birdwatchers, conservationists, and decision makers.
I am excited to find that this remarkable contribution
to the country’s ornithological knowledge is dedicated to
Dr. Ravi Sankaran, the former Director of SACON and a
close friend and intimate colleague of mine as well as many
researchers. He also happened to be one of the early researchers
on the grasslands of western India, completing his Ph.D.
working on Lesser Florican, an endangered grassland species.
It is a befitting homage to the path-breaking and industrious
ornithologist, who left us all at a very young and productive
age. I wish to congratulate the Gujarat Institute of Desert
Ecology, its Chairman Mr. Sudhir G. Mankad, and the
Ravi Sankaran Foundation, Mumbai for this commendable
gesture. I am sure that the conservation research community
would greatly appreciate and benefit from the “Birds of Banni
Grassland”.
P.A. Azeez
Director
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Foreword 7
Foreword
Banni constitutes nearly 2,500 sq. km of arid grassland,

roughly 85 km in length and 30 km wide, separating habitats
from the Rann, in the border district of Kachchh in Gujarat.
Many years ago, parts of it were lush grasslands, supporting
animal husbandry and dairy farming by the people living
on its fringes. The rich grasslands were gradually taken over
by the invasive Prosopis juliflora, Gaando Baval in Gujarati,
which brought in its wake rapacious charcoal makers, who
destroyed the green cover of Banni, leaving it bare, brown,
and vulnerable. It is heartening that after charcoal making was
banned, and as a result of the efforts of State foresters, Banni is
showing signs of recovery.
Banni is a unique ecosystem not seen elsewhere. Amid
the desolation exists abundant avian life. Chhari Dhandh
and other water bodies in Banni are a favourite stopover for
thousands of migrating birds from cold climes. Banni is also
home to many other small animals and raptors, and the Wild
Ass can be seen in some parts.
Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE) and its
small team of dedicated scientists have been studying avian
life in Banni for many years. During the last three years, they
have put together photographs of more than 250 species of
birds found in Banni, and presented to enthusiasts and the
common reader basic scientific information for each. Without
their commitment and enthusiasm, this book could not have
happened. We at GUIDE sincerely acknowledge the generosity
of those well wishers who made available the photographs used
in this publication.
I am grateful to my friend Hari Sankaran for agreeing to
publish this book in memory of his brother, the late
Dr. Ravi Sankaran, ornithologist and former Director of Salim
Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON).
GUIDE is deeply obliged to the Ravi Sankaran Foundation for
presenting this beautiful book on the Birds of Banni Grassland.
Sudhir G. Mankad, IAS (Retd)

Chairman
Bhuj, Kachchh, Gujarat.
Foreword 9
Contents
4 Message
6 Foreword
P.A. Azeez, Director
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History
9 Foreword
Sudhir G. Mankad, Chairman
12 Introduction
20 Methods
25 Detailed Description and
Status of Birds in Banni Grassland
26 Terrestrial birds
194 Aquatic birds
291 References
296 Index of Common Names
298 Index of Scientific Names
300 Authors’ Profiles
302 Photo Credits
11
Introduction
Grasslands – An Overview
Grasslands are a unique kind of ecosystem dominated by
grasses over other kinds of vegetation, and characterised by
diverse life forms which are linked together through the food
chain and food web. Grasslands are mainly distributed in areas
of low and erratic rainfall and are classified as a region where
annual precipitation is just enough to support predominantly
grasses and some scattered trees. Grasses and their value to
human beings have been recognized since time immemorial.
Humans directly and indirectly use grassland and grasses for
many purposes. The relationship between man and grasses
dates back to Palaeolithic times (Leafe, 1988).
India accounts for 15% of the world’s livestock
population, while available grazing lands in India are very
meagre (2% of the world’s area). This leads to excessive grazing
pressure followed by land degradation, resulting in about 80%
of the grassland range being categorised as “poor” (GoI, 2007).
It is a matter of concern that grasslands are the most neglected
and least protected ecosystem in India (GoI, 2007).
The varied species of grasses and associated vegetation in
a grassland offer ideal habitats for large numbers of animal
species that co-exist and sustain themselves successfully. The
presence of large open grassland ecosystems helps prey species
to escape from predators, by providing greater visibility to
the escaping species. On the other hand, predators can easily
spot their prey in open grassland landscapes. Thus, grassland
ecosystems play a pivotal role in prey-predator relationships.
The interspersed water bodies in a grassland form an ideal
habitat for several kinds of animal groups, particularly wetland
birds, herpetofauna, insects, annelids, etc., to survive and
sustain themselves successfully.
Grasslands of Gujarat and Kachchh

The grasslands of Gujarat state, which encompass an area
of 8,490 km2, are distributed in eight districts of the state, with
the majority (41.23%) occurring in Kachchh district (SAC,
2001). The State Forest Department manages an area of about

1,400 km2 of grasslands known as vidis or rakhals, of which an
area of 1,295 km2 is located in Kachchh and Saurashtra region
of the state (Tiwari and Rahmani, 1997). In ecological terms,
the Kachchh grasslands fall under Dichanthium-Cenchrus-
Lasiurus type (Dabadhghao and Shankarnarayan 1973,
Yadava and Singh 1977). Though grasslands are part of every
ecosystem type, the total grassland area reported in Kachchh
was 5,077 km2 (Figures 1, 2), which constitutes 24% of the
main land area (total reported area 21,111 km2) of Kachchh
district (GUIDE, 2004). There are two important grassland
regions in Kachchh: Banni Grassland covering an area of
2,617.72 km2 and Naliya which extends up to 654 km2. Other
scattered patches of grasslands are found in the hilly undulating
areas of Bhuj, Mandvi, Anjar, and Mundra, while isolated
pockets of coastal grasslands are spread in Lakhpat, Abdasa,
Mandvi, Mundra, Anjar, and Bhachau talukas of the district
(GUIDE, 2004). All grasslands are invaded by many weeds,
especially Prosopis juliflora which has infested about 3,853 km2
(75.88%) of the grasslands to various extents, whereas good
grass cover is found only in an area of 568 km2 (11.19%) out
of the total 5,077 km2. These grasslands, besides supporting
Figure 1
Distribution of the regional economy through the animal husbandry sector,
grasslands in Kachchh also play an important role in performing various ecological
district, Gujarat services, including maintenance of biodiversity.
Grassland Map of Kachchh (GUIDE, 2004)
Region/Cluster
Types of Grasslands
Good Grass
Grass Under Tree
Open Grass
Introduction 13
Overview of Banni Grassland
Banni, the largest and perhaps the only vast stretch of
grassland in India, spreads between 23° 22’ 15” N and 23°
48’ 07” N latitudes and from 69° 09’14” E to 70° 10’ 23” E
longitudes, with a perimeter of 367 km (Figure 3). It is located
in Kachchh district of Gujarat along the southern fringes of the
Greater Rann of Kachchh. The term Banni was derived from
a Kachchhi word Bannai, which means ‘made of’ and thus
signifies that the land has been formed by detritus.
Interestingly, the grasslands of Banni have many
interspersed temporary as well as permanent wetlands, which
in good rainfall years attract many migratory bird species. The
most important wetlands in Banni are Chhari Dhandh with
Figure 2
a maximum waterspread of 8,000 ha, Luna Dhandh, and Map showing Kachchh
Servo Dhandh. Chhari Dhandh has recently been declared as a district and Greater Rann
Conservation Reserve by the Government of Gujarat. of Kachchh
India Gujarat
Geography and geological history of Banni Grassland: The

plains of Banni represent an embayment between the Kachchh
mainland uplift in the south, the Pachchham uplift in the north,
and the Wagad and Bela uplift in the east. Banni plains form
a low alluvial tableland rising 3 to 10 m above the level of the
Greater Rann, and the entire area is more or less flat and without

any gradient. In the southern part of Banni there is an intervening
stretch of salty waste separating Banni from the Kachchh
mainland, known as Little Rann of Banni.
As the name implies, it is commonly believed that Banni was
formed by detritus and sediments brought down and deposited by
the many rivers flowing northwards from Bhuj ridge, including
Nara, Bhurud, Bhukhi, Nirona, Kaila, Khari, Kaswati, and
Panjora. However, the sediments actually show a strong affinity
to the materials brought down by the Rivers Indus, Luni,
Banas, and Saraswati, which in the recent geological past flowed
through this area from the north and east (Kadikar, 1994).
Studies on heavy minerals (Roy, 1973) also confirm that the
sediments of Banni plains represent the sediments brought by the
Figure 3
Indus river. There are also evidences to suggest that Banni is a part
Location and overview
(GIS map) of Banni of the Greater Rann of Kachchh (GIAP, 1989) and together with
grassland in Kachchh the Little Rann, used to form “the old arms” of the Arabian Sea
district that silted up, and subsequently gave rise to the Banni plains.
Kachchh
Legend
Water
Prosopis Dominant Area
Grassland with sparse Prosopis
Sparse Prosopis with grass and other vegetation
Highly saline land (Suaeda scrub & barren)
Panchayat Boundary
Climate
The climate of Banni is arid, with maximum temperatures
of 44 °C to 47 °C during summer and a minimum of 11 °C
during winter which on rare occasions dips to 4 to 5 °C. The
annual evapo-transpiration is 1,887 mm and relative humidity
is between 50 and 60% (Rao et al., 1996).
Introduction 15
Biodiversity
Flora: The waterlogged and marshy saline areas get colonized
by sedges like Fimbristylis, Scirpus, Cyperus, and Elaeocharis, Overview of the
whereas low to moderately saline areas are covered with annual grassland habitat
halophytic species such as Zygophyllum sp., Cressa cretica, and
Portulaca sp. Suaeda fruticosa is a predominant species in low-
lying saline areas and at places the density goes over 4,000–8,000
plants/ha. High saline areas are colonized by perennial grasses
of low productivity and palatability such as Aeluropes sp. and
Urochondra sp. The perennial, palatable grasses with high
productivity in this area, which grow in low to moderate saline
areas, include Sporobolus pallidus, S. helvolus, Dichanthium
annulatum, Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, and Desmostachya
bipinnata (Singh and Kar, 1996).
Among the tree species, Acacia nilotica was once
distributed all over Banni, but it has been, in the course of
time, replaced by Prosopis juliflora. The tree and shrub strata Banni grassland
are mainly composed of Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica, A. during monsoon
leucophloea, A. senegal, Salvadora persica, S. oleoides, Capparis
decidua, Tamarix sp., and Prosopis juliflora. These are found
in the wilderness as well as near human settlements. Further,
tree species like Azadirachta indica and other plant species
such as Ziziphus nummularia and Calotropis procera are also
found in the area. Today the upper canopy is, however, largely
dominated by the woody shrub Prosopis juliflora.
Fauna: Banni has traditionally supported wildlife that
has adapted to local conditions. The major wild animals of
Banni include Blue Bull, Chinkara, Indian Hare, Wild Boar,
Jackal, Indian Wolf, Caracal, Hyaena, Fox, and Jungle Cat.
The endangered mammals of the area include the Indian Wolf,
Caracal, and Chinkara. Banni also supports a rich diversity of
avifauna, herpetofauna, invertebrates, and micro-organisms.
The important avifauna of Banni Grassland includes
Flamingos, MacQueen’s Bustard, White-winged Black Tit,
Stoliczka’s Bushchat, and Grey Hypocolius (GUIDE 1998). High saline area
Banni is also a haven for migratory raptors and an important with invasion of
Prosopis juliflora
staging ground for the migratory Common Crane Grus grus.
The herpetofauna includes Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx
hardwickii, Common Monitor Lizard, and species of snakes
such as vipers and sand snakes.
Reptiles and rodents form the major diet of raptors in
Banni. Luna village in western Banni encompasses a pond
which is one of the best heronries of Gujarat. This 50 year

17
old heronry supports the largest nesting colony of Glossy Ibis
Plegadis falcinellus not only in Gujarat, but also throughout
western India (Tiwari and Rahmani 1997). This apart, a good
number of nests of Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Median Egret,
Night Heron, Little Cormorant, Oriental White Ibis, and
Spoonbill have been recorded in this heronry.
What is a bird?
Birds are warm-blooded quadrupeds with the unique
ability to fly. The normal body temperature of birds is about
38–44 °C, which is higher than that of most mammals.
Therefore, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of birds is also
higher than that of mammals.
Birds are believed to have originated from a reptilian
ancestor. The total number of bird species inhabiting the earth
today is estimated at about 8,600. If subspecies or geographical
races are taken into account, the figure would rise to nearly
30,000.
Livestock in
Banni grassland
Introduction 19
Methods
Avifaunal sampling
Prior to field surveys, the Banni study area was classified
into various land use categories, such as Woodland, Grasslands,
Wetlands, and human habitation. Woodland and Grasslands
were further subdivided into distinguishable habitats such as
Dense Prosopis (DP), Moderate Prosopis (MP), Sparse Prosopis
(SP), Euphorbia-Salvadora (ES), Dense grassland (DG), and
Sparse grassland (SG).
Table 1: Land use classes with area (1979–2009)
1989 1999 2009

Class Area (ha) % Area Area (ha) % Area Area (ha) %Area
Grassland 142,882.0 54.57 80,639.4 30.80 63,073.4 24.09
Prosopis juliflora
dominated area 41,180.8 15.72 63,717.5 24.33 80,356.7 30.67
Saline Soil 71,473.9 27.30 109,180.0 41.69 113,376.0 43.30
Water 6,323.92 2.41 8,323.65 3.17 5,054.5 1.94
Total Area 261,860.62 100 261,860.55 100 261,860.55 100
To assess the diversity and distribution pattern of birds

in Banni Grassland, stratified random sampling method
was employed, using transects of 1.1 km (n=60 transects)
in different habitats. All transects were laid diagonally to
randomly picked 1 x 1 km grid. Care was taken to represent
the sampling in each of the topographical features across
lateral and vertical gradients, like altitudinal range and terrain,
and spatially within each habitat type. Sampling was done in
summer (breeding season), monsoon (breeding season and
monsoon visitors), and winter (migrants and winter visitors)
for a period of three years between 2009 and 2011.

Bird survey was done using direct count methods, which
include: (1) Point Count method and (2) Area Search method.
In the former method, all birds were recorded in four 25 m
radius plots at a distance of 300 m, as suggested by Bibby et al.
(1992) (Figure 4). Each plot was surveyed for 15 minutes. In
the case of Area Search method, survey was done using a 300
m long and 3 m wide belt between the abovementioned points,
which was mentioned as a time and area constrained survey
technique by Dieni and Jones (2002).
3m
25m 25m 25m 25m
3m
300m 300m 300m
Figure 4 The time taken for survey varied from 1 hour 45 minutes
Design of line transect to 2 hours 15 minutes, depending upon the terrain and
and circular plot for
topography. During winter and monsoon seasons, survey was
sampling of birds
conducted in the morning between 6.30 am and 9.30 am,
and in the evening between 3.30 pm and 6.30 pm. However,
during summer season, survey was done for one hour early in
the morning and one hour late in the evening. Observations
were carried out with the aid of 8 x 40 binoculars and field
characteristics were noted down on special ornithological data
sheets that include species, number of individuals, activity,
microhabitat, and threat, along with other details. The birds
were identified with the help of reference books of Ali and
Ripley (1983), Ali (2002), and Grimmett et al. (2006). Major
water bodies in the study area were also surveyed for aquatic
bird species and the number of individuals were counted. In
the case of larger water bodies having numerous individuals,
flock or block count method was used (Bhupathy, 1991).
Birds sighted during our survey were categorized as per
their migratory status, such as resident breeder (RB), resident
(R), and migrant (M), based on observations during the
present study and the previous records by Ali (2002). The
birds were also grouped into trophic guilds as insectivores,
nectarivores, omnivores, scavengers, frugivores, carnivores,
piscivores, and granivores, based on the descriptions provided
by Karr et al. (1990), Anjos (2001) and field observations
on the birds’ activity. The status of bird populations was
categorized as very common (VC) if recorded during >80% of
Methods 21
field visits; common (C) if recorded during 50–79% of field
visits; fairly common (FC) if recorded during 20–49% of field
visits; and rare (R) if recorded during <19% of field visits.
Overview of the Avifauna of Banni Grassland and

Kachchh
The grasslands of India are very important for avifauna,
as they are an abode for 477 species of birds which are solely
dependent on grasslands for their survival (Groombridge,
1992). Altogether, 370 bird species have been reported from
Kachchh district (Sen, 2012). Banni Grassland is known for its
rich avifaunal diversity. The water bodies of Banni support over
150 species of migratory and resident birds, and are important
staging grounds for several thousands of migratory cranes
(GEC, 1998). Various workers reported rich diversity of birds
from Banni Grassland, including 78 bird species by CEDO
(2012), 66 species by Sorensen (2007), and 250 species from
Chhaari Dhandh by Sen (2012). Further, Banni Grassland
acts as a breeding and nesting ground for more than 250 bird
species, including residents and winter migrants (Banni Breeders
Association, 2012). Among the reported birds from Banni, 47
species are threatened (IBC, 2012).
Interesting sighting records of some bird species include
Long-eared Owl (Joshua et al., 2005), Habshi Flamingo
(Vaidya, 1987), and Blacknecked Grebe from Chhari Dhandh
(Akhtar and Tiwari, 1992). Keeping these in view, Rahmani et
al. (1998) emphasized the conservation significance of Banni
Grassland and recommended it for conservation action.
Avifaunal composition of the recorded birds in

Banni Grassland
During the present survey between 2009 and 2011, a total
of 262 species of birds (166 terrestrial and 96 aquatic species)
belonging to 153 genera of 51 families under 14 orders of Aves
were recorded in Banni. Among the recorded birds, 118 were
resident to Banni, 76 species were resident/short migratory,
and the rest of the 68 species were migratory. On analysing
the feeding habits of the recorded birds, it was found that
there were 87 species of insectivores, 69 species of omnivores,
68 species of carnivores, 20 species of granivores, 15 species
of piscivores, 2 species of frugivores, and one species of
nectarivore. According to the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act,

1972, 3 of the Banni bird species are recorded under Part-III of
Schedule-I, and the remaining 259 species fall under Schedule-
IV. Among the total recorded bird species, 4 are Critically
Endangered (CR), 1 Endangered (EN), 8 Vulnerable (VU),
11 Near Threatened (NT), and the rest of the 238 species are
under Least Concern (LC) category of the IUCN Redlist of
Threatened Animals, 2011.
The detailed descriptions of all these bird species are given
in this book.
Methods 23
Birds of
Banni Grassland
Terrestrial Birds
Terrestrial Birds 25
Order: Ciconiiformes
Family: Accipitridae
Black-winged Kite or
Black-shouldered Kite
Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) Shape & Size: House Crow, <33 cm
Synonym: Elanus caeruleus caeruleus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Kapasi (Gujarati); Kapassi Habitat: Forest and grassland
(Hindi, Bengali); Adavi ramadasu (Telugu); Breeding Period: Round the year
Argellur (Yerkali); Velli-eriyan (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Elsewhere: Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, Myanmar
Conservation Status:
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Migratory Status: Resident
Period in Banni: Round the year
Status in Banni Grassland: Common
Remarks: Commonly seen on overhead
electric wires and on Prosopis juliflora.

Oriental Honey-buzzard or
Honey Buzzard
Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821) Shape & Size: Kite, ±68 cm
Synonym: Pernis ptilorhynchus ptilorhynchus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Madhiyo baj (Gujarati); Habitat: Semi-desert to semi-evergreen forest,
Shahutela, Madkare (Hindi); Tenu geddu and cultivation
(Telugu); Ten parandu (Tamil); Jen alawa Breeding Period: April to June
(Kannada); Ten kotichi (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 2
Distribution: India: North-west India

Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Maldives
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Migratory Status: Resident Migrant
Period in Banni: November to February
Remarks: Normally found on Prosopis
juliflora.
Black Kite
Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)
Synonyms: Milvus korschun, Milvus migrans
migrans, Milvus migrans govinda
Local Names: Samadi (Gujarati); Cheel
(Hindi, Bengali); Malla gadda (Telugu); Paria
parandu, Kalu parandu (Tamil); Chilana,
Mugacharani (Assam); Chakki parandu
(Malayalam); Ghar (Marathi)
Shape & Size: 61 cm

Habitat: Chiefly urban localities
Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Breeding Period: Round the year
Clutch Size: 2–4

Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on overhead electric
wires, Prosopis juliflora and Suaeda scrub.

Brahminy Kite
Haliastur indus (Boddaert, 1783) Shape & Size: Kite, <48 cm
Local Names: Chotili samadi (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Brahmani cheel, Sankar cheel, Dhobia Habitat: Sea coast and inland
cheel (Hindi); Shankha cheel (Bengal); Breeding Period: December to April
Khemankari (Sanskrit); Garuda (Kannada); Clutch Size: 2
Garuda lawa, Garuda mantaru (Telugu); Sem
parundu, Krishna parunthu (Tamil); Ranga
cheelani (Assam); Garudan, Krishna parundu
(Malayalam)

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found on Prosopis
juliflora, sometimes on overhead electric wires.
Shikra
Accipiter badius (Gmelin, 1788) Shape & Size: House Crow, <30–34 cm
Synonym: Accipiter badius badius Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Shakro (Gujarati); Shikra – Habitat: Light deciduous forest, village groves
male, Chipka or Cheepak – female (Hindi, Breeding Period: March to June
Marathi); Shikre (Bengal); Tingkyi (Lepcha); Clutch Size: 3–4
U-cham (Sikkim)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally seen on Prosopis juliflora,
electric wires, and ground.

Eurasian Sparrow-hawk or
Sparrow-Hawk
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: House Crow, <31–36 cm
Local Names: Badshah Shakro (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Basha (Hindi) Habitat: Forest and grassland
Breeding Period: April to June
Clutch Size: 4–6
Distribution: India: Himalaya, Arunachal

Pradesh, North-west India
Elsewhere: Not recorded
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Rare.
Long-legged Buzzard
Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1827) Shape & Size: Kite, ±61 cm
Synonym: Buteo ferox Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Mosami tiso (Gujarati); Habitat: Rocky ground with forest, open
Chuhamar (Hindi) country, and cultivation
Breeding Period: March to May
Clutch Size: 2–3
Distribution: India: Himalayan forests,

North-west India, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
Elsewhere: Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly seen on Prosopis
juliflora and electric poles.

White-eyed Buzzard
Butastur teesa (Franklin, 1831) Shape & Size: House Crow, ±43 cm
Local Names: Savet nayan tiso (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Tisa (Hindi); Buda mali gedda (Telugu); Habitat: Open dry forest, scrub, and
Parundu (Malayalam) cultivation
Breeding Period: February to May
Clutch Size: 3

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Bonelli’s Eagle
Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822) Shape & Size: Kite, 68–72 cm
Synonyms: Aquila fasciata, Aquila fasciatus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Sansa garaj (Gujarati); Morangi Habitat: Well-wooded country
(Hindi); Kundeli salawa (Telugu); Rajali Breeding Period: December and January
(Tamil) Clutch Size: 2

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Found on ground, trees, electric
poles, normally singly or in pairs.

Booted Eagle or Booted Hawk-Eagle

Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) Shape & Size: Kite, <50–54 cm
Synonyms: Aquila pennata, Aquila pennatus, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Hieraaetus dubius Habitat: Well-wooded country, hills, plains,
Local Names: Pardesi ane, Shiyalu, Sansa, and semi-desert
Garaj (Gujarati); Baghati, Jumiz, Gilehrimar Breeding Period: December and February
(Hindi); Udatal gedda (Telugu); Punja Clutch Size: 1–2
parandu, Rasali, Kalugu (Tamil)

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Eastern Imperial Eagle or

Imperial Eagle
Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809 Shape & Size: Vulture, <81–90 cm
Synonym: Aquila heliaca heliaca Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Shahi jummas (Gujarati); Habitat: Open treeless country
Jumiz, Bada jumiz, Salangal (Hindi); Frus Breeding Period: February to April
(Bengal) Clutch Size: 2

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the individuals were
recorded in grassland, one to three individuals
at a time.

Tawny Eagle
Aquila rapax (Temminck, 1828) Shape & Size: Kite, 63–71 cm
Synonym: Aquila vindhiana Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Deshi jummas (Gujarati); Habitat: Semi-desert, dry deciduous and
Ukaab, Ragar (Hindi); Dholva (Wagri); moist deciduous country
Alawa, Salawa (Telugu); Ali (Tamil) Breeding Period: November to April
Clutch Size: 2–3

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in grass cover areas and
on top of Prosopis juliflora.
Steppe Eagle
Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833 Shape & Size: Kite, 62–81 cm
Synonyms: Aquila nipalensis nipalensis, Aquila Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
rapax nipalensis Habitat: Open dry, desert, semi-desert, and
Local Names: Nepali jummas (Gujarati); Ali savannah
(Tamil) Breeding Period: December to March
Clutch Size: 1–3

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Migratory Status: Migrant
Remarks: Recorded on electric poles, Prosopis
juliflora, and above ground.

Greater Spotted Eagle

Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811
Synonyms: Aquila maculata, Ictinaetus clangus
Local Names: Tapkivalo jummas (Gujarati);
Kaljanga (Hindi); Ali (Tamil); Nalla gadda
(Telugu)
Shape & Size: Kite, 64–72 cm

Habitat: Large marshes, lakes, and canals
Clutch Size: 1–2

Myanmar
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on ground, electric pole,
and on Prosopis juliflora.
Lesser Spotted Eagle

Aquila pomarina Brehm, 1831 Shape & Size: Kite, 61–66 cm
Synonyms: Aquila pomarina pomarina, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Ictinaetus pomarinus Habitat: Open wooded country and
Local Names: Nano tapkivalo jummas cultivation
(Gujarati); Pahari teesa (Hindi); Gutimar Breeding Period: April to July
(Bengali); Ali (Tamil) Clutch Size: 1–3
Distribution: India: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya

Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, West Bengal, and
western states
Elsewhere: Bangladesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on electric pole, Prosopis
juliflora, and above ground.

Red-headed Vulture or King Vulture

Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli, 1786) Shape & Size: 84 cm
Synonyms: Aegypius calvus, Aegypus calvus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Raj gidh (Gujarati); Raj gidh, Habitat: Open country, cultivation, and semi-
Mulla gidh, Bhaonra (Hindi); Raj shakun, desert
Kalo shakun (Bengal); Raj hogon (Assam); Breeding Period: December to April
Nalla borawa (Telugu) Clutch Size: 1

IUCN: Critically Endangered
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Very Rare.
Cinereous Vulture
Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Vulture, 100–110 cm
Local Names: Shahi gidh (Gujarati); Kala Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
gidh (Hindi) Habitat: Semi-desert
Breeding Period: March to April
Clutch Size: 1
Distribution: India: Assam, Gujarat, Madhya

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala
Elsewhere: Baluchistan, Pakistan
IUCN: Near Threatened
IWPA: Schedule IV

Griffon Vulture or Eurasian Griffon

Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) Shape & Size: Vulture, 110–122 cm
Local Name: Pahadi gidh (Gujarati) Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Habitat: Bare mountains, open savannah, and
semi-desert country
Breeding Period: January to April
Clutch Size: 1
Distribution: India: North-west India,

Assam, Maharashtra
Elsewhere: Nepal, Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Indian Vulture or
Indian Long-billed Vulture
Gyps indicus (Scopoli, 1786) Shape & Size: 92 cm
Synonym: Gyps indicus indicus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Bhartiya gidh (Gujarati); Gidh Habitat: Open countryside
(Hindi); Gidhad (Marathi); Shakun (Bengali); Breeding Period: November to March
Hogun (Assamese); Gut (Lepcha) Clutch Size: 1
Distribution: India: Himalaya, eastern India,

Rajasthan, Gujarat
Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV

White-rumped Vulture or Indian

White-backed Vulture
Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788) Shape & Size: 90 cm
Synonym: Pseudogyps bengalensis Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Savet pith gidh (Gujarati); Habitat: Open countryside
Gidh (Hindi); Gidhad (Marathi); Shakun Breeding Period: October to March
(Bengali); Matti pudum-gadu (Telugu); Clutch Size: 1
Kazhukan (Malayalam)

IWPA: Schedule IV
Scavenger Vulture
Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Kite, ±64 cm
Local Names: Khero gidh (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Safed gidh, Kal kurgh (Hindi); Shwet shakun Habitat: Near towns and villages
(Bengali); Got gidh (Bihar); Tella borawa, Breeding Period: February to April
Peethiri gadda (Telugu); Thotti kazhukan Clutch Size: 2
(Malayalam); Manjal thirudi (Tamil)

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Endangered
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Very Rare
Remarks: One pair recorded in December
2010 along the roadside near Bhirandiyara
village.

Northern Harrier or Hen Harrier

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Kite, 43–52 cm
Synonym: Circus cyaneus cyaneus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Name: Uttari pattaei (Gujarati) Habitat: Swamps, grassy plains, and
cultivation
Clutch Size: 3–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Rare
Remarks: Normally found on Prosopis trees
and grass beds.
Pallid Harrier or Pale Harrier

Circus macrourus (Gmelin, 1770) Shape & Size: Kite, 46–51 cm
Local Names: Ujali pattaei (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Dastamal, Girgitmar, Pattai (Hindi); Math Habitat: Undulating country, plateau, grass-
cheel (Bengal); Tella chappa gadda, Pilli gadda land, hills, cultivation, and semi-desert
(Telugu); Poonai parundu (Tamil) Breeding Period: April to June
Clutch Size: 4–5

Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in open grassland areas.

Montagu’s Harrier
Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Kite, <46–49 cm
Synonym: Circus pigargus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Pati pattaei (Gujarati); Das- Habitat: Swamps, grassy plains, and
tamal, Girgitmar, Pattai (Hindi); Math cheel cultivation
(Bengal); Tella chappa gadda, Pilli gadda Breeding Period: April to July
(Telugu); Poonai parundu (Tamil) Clutch Size: 4–6
Distribution: India: Assam, Bengal, Bihar,

Orissa, Gujarat (Kachchh)
Elsewhere: Bangladesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all types of habitat in
Banni Grassland.
Western Marsh-Harrier or
Eurasian Marsh Harrier
Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Kite, <54–59 cm
Local Names: Pan pattaei (Gujarati); Kutar, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Safed sira (Hindi); Pan cheel, Tilla bauri Habitat: Marshes, flooded rice fields, and hills
(Bengali); Poonai parundu (Tamil); Karitappi Breeding Period: March to May
(Malayalam) Clutch Size: 3–8
Distribution: India: All coastal areas

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland and village areas.

Short-toed Snake-eagle or
Short-toed Eagle
Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788) Shape & Size: Kite, 63–68 cm
Synonym: Circaetus gallicus gallicus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Sapmar (Gujarati); Saampmar Habitat: Agriculture, stony deciduous scrub,
(Hindi); Sapmaril (Bengal); Malpatar (Kan- semi-desert, and hills
nada); Pamula gadda (Telugu); Onan koththi, Breeding Period: December to May
Pambu parandu (Tamil) Clutch Size: 1

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Fairly Common
Remarks: Observed in most of our surveys in
Banni Grassland.
Osprey
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Kite, <56 cm
Local Names: Machchhimar (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Machhlimar, Machhariya, Machhmanga Habitat: Lakes, reservoirs, estuaries
(Hindi); Machhmarol, Kurari, Utkrosh Breeding Period: April to June
(Bengal); Koramen gadda (Telugu); Vral Clutch Size: 1–2
addipan (Tamil); Talipparundu (Malayalam);
Pantiong (Lepcha)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule I, Part-III
Remarks: Recorded most of the time in pairs
in open grassy habitats.

Family: Falconidae
Peregrine Falcon
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 Shape & Size: Jungle Crow, <40–48 cm
Synonyms: Falco madens, Falco japonicus, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Falco kreyengorgi Habitat: Banks of rivers, marshes, and lagoons
Local Names: Shahin (Gujarati); Bhyri Breeding Period: February to March
– female, Bhyri bacha – male (Hindi); Clutch Size: 3–4
Bhyridega (Telugu); Kayal pullu (Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the time observed on
Prosopis juliflora.
Family: Falconidae
Eurasian Hobby or Hobby

Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Pigeon, 31–34 cm
Local Names: Moti dhoti (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Morassani (Uttar Pradesh) Habitat: Open wooded country and semi-
desert
Breeding Period: May to July
Clutch Size: 3–4

Karnataka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Falconidae
Red-headed Falcon or
Red-necked Falcon
Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800 Shape & Size: Pigeon, 31–36 cm
Local Names: Turoomti (Gujarati); Turumti – Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
male, Turumtari – female (Hindi); Jellaganta, Habitat: Open country with groves of trees
Jelgadda (Telugu) and in cultivation
Breeding Period: January to May
Clutch Size: 3–4

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Bangladesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Observed on overhead electric wires
most of the time.
Family: Falconidae
Laggar Falcon or Laggar

Falco jugger Gray, 1834 Shape & Size: Kite, <43–46 cm
Synonym: Falco biarmicus jugger Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Lagad (Gujarati); Laggar, Jaggar Habitat: Dry open country and cultivation
(Hindi); Lagadu (Telugu) Breeding Period: January to April
Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: Assam, South India

IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the time observed alone in
all types of habitats.

Family: Falconidae
Common Kestrel or Kestrel

Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±36 cm
Synonym: Falco tinnunculus [tinnunculus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
group] Habitat: Grassland, semi-desert, cultivation,
Local Name: Moti larjee (Gujarati); Karontia, and rocky areas
Khermutia, Narzinak – male, Narzi – female Breeding Period: April to June
(Hindi); Thondala muchi gadda (Telugu); Clutch Size: 3–6
Cherupullu (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
grassland.
Family: Glareolidae
Cream-coloured Courser
Cursorius cursor (Latham, 1787) Shape & Size: Francolin, <25 cm
Synonym: Cursorius cursor cursor Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Retal rann godhalo (Gujarati) Habitat: Open dry, semi-desert country
Breeding Period: March to August
Clutch Size: 2–3

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on short grass beds
around seasonal waterbodies in grassland.

Family: Glareolidae
Indian Courser
Cursorius coromandelicus (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Francolin, <26 cm
Local Names: Badami rann godhalo Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
(Gujarati); Nukri (Hindi); Thonth (Bihar); Habitat: Dry stony plains and fallow land
Yarra chitawa (Telugu); Allkatti (Tamil); Veli Breeding Period: March to August
alappan (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 2–3

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded mostly in open areas in
the grassland.
Family: Glareolidae
Small Pratincole or
Small Indian Pratincole
Glareola lactea Temminck, 1820 Shape & Size: Sparrow, >17 cm
Local Names: Nanu tejpar (Gujarati); Chhota Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
babuibatan (Bengal) Habitat: Large streams, marshes, and coastal
swamps
Breeding Period: February to April
Clutch Size: 2–3

Elsewhere: Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Charadriidae
White-tailed Lapwing
Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Shape & Size: Francolin, >28 cm
Synonyms: Chettusia leucura, Chettusia Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
leucurus, Vanellochettusia leucura Habitat: Gregarious in marshy area and jheel
Local Name: Savetpoonchh titodi (Gujarati) edges
Breeding Period: April to August
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: North India, Gujarat,

northern Madhya Pradesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Red-wattled Lapwing
Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) Shape & Size: Francolin, >33 cm
Synonyms: Hoplopterus indicus, Lobivanellus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
indicus Habitat: Near water in open country and
Local Names: Titodi (Gujarati); Titeeri, Titi, cultivation
Titori (Hindi); Hatatut, Hatatertu (Kashmir); Breeding Period: March to August
Balighora, Tetatua (North-east India); Titwi Clutch Size: 4
(Marathi); Yennapa chitawa (Telugu); Allkati
(Tamil); Chenkanni (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly observed in all types of
habitats in Banni.

Yellow-wattled Lapwing
Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert, 1783) Shape & Size: Francolin, >27 cm
Synonyms: Hoplopterus malabaricus, Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Lobipluvia malabarica Habitat: Wasteland, stubble, and fallow fields
Local Names: Parasna titodi (Gujarati); Zirdi in dry biotope
(Hindi); Laori (M.P.); Chitawa (Telugu); Breeding Period: April to July
Allkatti (Tamil); Manjakkanni (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Observed in all types of habitats.
Sociable Lapwing
Vanellus gregarius (Pallas, 1771) Shape & Size: Francolin, <27–30 cm
Synonyms: Chettusia gregaria, Chettusia Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
gregarius Habitat: Open grassland, wasteland, stubble,
Local Name: Maltavdi titodi (Gujarati) and fallow fields in dry biotope
Breeding Period: March to July
Clutch Size: 5

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Syria,Turkey, Israel, Sudan
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Pteroclididae
Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse or
Indian Sandgrouse
Pterocles exustus Temminck, 1825 Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±28 cm
Synonym: Pterocles senegalensis Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Deshi batavdo (Gujarati); Bhat Habitat: Stony semi-desert and dry fallow
teetar, Kuhar (Hindi); Pokurdee, Pokundi land
(Marathi); Kal gojal hakki (Kannada); Jam Breeding Period: January to May
polanki (Telugu); Kal koudari (Tamil) Clutch Size: 3
Distribution: India: Throughout

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all areas, very common
on bushes.
Spotted Sandgrouse
Pterocles senegallus (Linnaeus, 1771) Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±32 cm
Local Name: Kachchhi Batavdo (Kachchh- Habitat: Stony semi-desert and dry fallow
Gujarati) land
Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Breeding Period: January to April
Clutch Size: 3–4

Elsewhere: Afghanistan, Arabian countries,
some parts of Europe
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in most parts of Banni
Grassland.

Painted Sandgrouse
Pterocles indicus (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Pigeon, >28 cm
Local Names: Rangin batavdo (Gujarati); Habitat: Bare, stony plateau country
Pahari bhat-teetar, Bhat-ban (Hindi); Gutila Feeding Habit: Granivorous
teetar (Uttar Pradesh); Kal gojal hakki Breeding Period: March to June
(Karnataka) Clutch Size: 3

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the time observed in
groups in all parts of this grassland.
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Black Francolin
Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: 34 cm
Local Names: Kalo tetar (Gujarati); Kala Feeding Habit: Granivorous
teetar (Hindi); Tetra, Kalo tetra (Garhwal) Habitat: Aquatic bodies with tall grass, scrub
and wet cultivation
Breeding Period: April to July
Clutch Size: 6–8

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most individuals recorded in grasses
and bushes.

Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Grey Francolin
Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: 33 cm
Synonym: Francolinus pondericanus Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Khadiya tetar ane tetar Habitat: Thorn-scrub, dry jungle, cultivation
(Gujarati); Safed teetar (Hindi); Gowjal hakki Breeding Period: April to August
(Kannada); Kawanga (Telugu); Kondari, Clutch Size: 4–8
Kauthari (Tamil); Kozhi kata (Malayalam);
Chittur (Marathi)

Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all types of landscape
in Banni Grassland.
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Common Quail or Grey Quail

Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Partridge, >20 cm
Synonyms: Coturnix coturnix africana, Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Coturnix coturnix coturnix Habitat: Grassland, agricultural land
Local Names: Moti lavri (Gujarati); Bater, Breeding Period: February to October
Ghagus bater (Hindi); Bhatri (Bengal); Clutch Size: 6–14
Gundri (Orissa); Bota sorai (Assam);
Gurganj (Maharashtra); Barli, Sipale hakki
(Karnataka); Gogari yellichi (Telugu); Kata
(Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Common.

Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Rain Quail
Coturnix coromandelica (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Quail, >18 cm
Synonym: Tetrao coromandelicus Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Varsha lavri, Chinaga bater Habitat: Grassland and standing crops
(Gujarati); China bater (north India); Kadai Breeding Period: March to October
(Tamil); Chinna yellichi (Telugu); Kata Clutch Size: 6–8
(Malayalam)

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, North
Myanmar, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Fairly Common.
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Rock Bush-Quail
Perdicula argoondah (Sykes, 1832) Shape & Size: Quail, >17 cm
Local Names: Vagdauv bhadkiyu (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Lowwa (Hindi, Marathi); Kampa lawya Habitat: Open semi-desert and thorn-scrub
(Kannada); Lawunka (Telugu); Sinna kadai country
(Tamil) Breeding Period: Throughout the year
Clutch Size: 4–5
Distribution: India: Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Indian Peafowl or Common Peafowl

Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Heron, Male 92–122 cm
Local Names: Mor – male, Dhel – female Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Gujarati); Mor, Manjur, Mayura (Hindi); Habitat: Moist and dry deciduous forest,
Mayur (Bengali); Mor – male, Landor – cultivation and in the vicinity of villages
female (Maharashtra); Manja – male, Mania Breeding Period: January to October
– female (Orissa); Moira (Assamese); Mayil Clutch Size: 3–5
(Malayalam, Tamil); Nemali (Telugu); Navilu
(Kannada)

Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule I Part-III
Remarks: Found mostly in open areas; some
individuals recorded in village areas.
Order: Turniciformes
Family: Turnicidae
Common Buttonquail or
Common Bustard Quail
Turnix suscitator (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Quail, 15 cm in length
Synonym: Turnix suscitator suscitator Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Rakhodi pag bil bater Habitat: Grassland, scrub jungle, and
(Gujarati); Sansorai (Assam); Gundra, Gundlu deciduous forest
(Hindi); Gulu (Bengal); Kalada – male, Breeding Period: Round the year
Pured – female (Telugu); Ankadik – male, Clutch Size: 3–4
Kurungkadik – female (Tamil); Durwa
(Maharashtra); Karechakki (Kannada)

Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Common Crane
Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Vulture, standing ±140 cm
Local Names: Samany kunj (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Kurunch (Hindi); Kudam (Andhra Pradesh) Habitat: Cultivated plains, reed, marshes, and
sandy riverbeds
Breeding Period: July to December
Clutch Size: 2–3
Distribution: India: North-west India, West

Bengal, Maharashtra
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Observed in large flocks, most of
them recorded in Suaeda grasses.
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Sarus Crane
Grus antigone (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Vulture, 156 cm in height
Local Names: Saras (Gujarati, Hindi); Khur Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
sang (Assamese) Habitat: Marshes and cultivation
Breeding Period: July to December
Clutch Size: 2
Distribution: India: Central and North-east

India
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: In most of the observations,
recorded in pairs in wet grasses.

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Demoiselle Crane
Grus virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Vulture, 76 cm in height
Synonym: Anthropoides virgo Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Karkaro (Gujarati); Karkara Habitat: Winter crops, paddy stubble, banks
(Hindi); Karkucha (Marathi); Kurra (Bihar); of water bodies
Garara (Orissa); Wada koraka (Telugu); Breeding Period: July to December
Karkoncha (Kannada) Clutch Size: 2

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly recorded in flocks in open
grassland.
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Otididae
Houbara Bustard or
Macqueen’s Bustard or Houbara
Chlamydotis undulata (Jacquin, 1784) Shape & Size: Village hen±, Male 73 cm,
Synonyms: Chlamydotis undulata undulata, Female 66 cm
Otis undulata Habitat: Sandy semi-desert
Local Names: Macqueenno ghorad Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Gujarati); Tiloor, Hobara, Obara (Punjab); Breeding Period: June to February
Tilor (Rajasthan); Siara tiloor (Kachchh) Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Rajasthan, Gujarat,

Kashmir, Delhi, Kerala
Elsewhere: Baluchistan, Pakistan
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule I Part-III
Remarks: A single individual recorded in
Banni Grassland in December 2010.

Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Rock Pigeon or Blue Rock Pigeon

Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 Shape & Size: Pigeon, 33 cm in length
Local Names: Kabutar, Parevun (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Kabutar (Hindi); Gola payra (Bengali); Habitat: Human habitation, cultivation
Peruwa (Jharkhand); Parva (Marathi); Mada Breeding Period: Round the year
pura, Malai pura (Tamil); Kutta pravu Clutch Size: 2
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all types of habitats in
and around villages and cultivation.
Family: Columbidae
Eurasian Collared-Dove or
Ring Dove
Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±32 cm
Local Names: Holo, Dhol (Gujarati); Parki, Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Panduk, Gugi (Hindi); Kukil (Kashmir); Habitat: Dry deciduous plains with light
Doula (Bihar); Par ghughu (Bengal); Pitha jungle and cultivation
hola, Kavda (Marathi); Pedda bella guwa Breeding Period: Round the year
(Telugu); Kalli pura (Tamil); Pottanchengali Clutch Size: 2
(Malayalam); Set kopu (Assam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all kinds of habitats.

Family: Columbidae
Red Collared-Dove or
Red Turtle-Dove
Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann, Shape & Size: Myna, ±23 cm in length
1804) Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Synonym: Oenopopelia tranquebarica Habitat: Deciduous scrub jungle, cultivation
Local Names: Lotan holo (Gujarati); Lali Breeding Period: Round the year
pohu, Harua kopu (Assam); Gulabi ghughu, Clutch Size: 2
Ithuiya ghughu, Tuma khuri, Lal ghughu
(Bengal)

Elsewhere: Indian sub-continent
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in groups of 2–3
individuals in all types of habitat.
Family: Columbidae
Little Brown Dove or

Laughing Dove
Streptopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Myna, <27 cm
Synonym: Stigmatopelia senegalensis Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Khumadi holi (Gujarati); Habitat: Dry deciduous forests, arid areas
Chhota fakhta, Parki, Panduk (Hindi); Chitti Breeding Period: Round the year
bellaguvva (Telugu); Touta pura (Tamil); Clutch Size: 2
Aripravu (Malayalam); Ram kopu (Assam)
Distribution: India: Western India

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the time observed in
Prosopis juliflora.

Family: Columbidae
Spotted Dove
Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1768) Shape & Size: Pigeon, <30 cm
Synonyms: Stigmatopelia chinensis, Streptopelia Feeding Habit: Granivorous
chinensis Habitat: Dry deciduous and moist deciduous
Local Names: Taliyo holo – male, Vana forest areas
holi – female (Gujarati); Chitroka fakhta, Breeding Period: Round the year
Parki, Chitta, Panduk (Hindi); Chhite Clutch Size: 2
ghughu, Telia ghughu (Bengal); Tipkya kavda
(Marathi); Chakkara kutta pravu, Aripravu
(Malayalam); Poda bellaguvva (Telugu); Pulli
pura (Tamil); Pati kopu (Assam); Inruigu
(Naga); Voh kurup (Kuki) Distribution: India: North-western parts of
the country
Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in Prosopis juliflora
and in open grassland.
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Rose-ringed Parakeet
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) Shape & Size: Myna+, overall 42 cm
Local Names: Popat, Sudo (Gujarati); Tota, Feeding Habit: Frugivorous
Lybar tota (Hindi); Swa, Suva (Madhya Habitat: Moist and dry deciduous forests,
Pradesh); Popat, Keera (Marathi); Chiluka gardens, cultivation, human habitation
(Telugu); Kili (Tamil); Tatta (Malayalam) Breeding Period: February to April
Clutch Size: 4–6

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Usually recorded on overhead
electric wires in groups of 2–7 individuals.

Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Pied Cuckoo or
Pied Crested Cuckoo
Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783) Shape & Size: Myna, ±33 cm in length
Synonyms: Clamator serratus, Oxylophus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
jacobinus, Oxylophus serratus Habitat: Dry deciduous and moist deciduous
Local Names: Chatak, Motido (Gujarati); areas
Papiya, Kala papiya, Chatak (Hindi); Horkuk Breeding Period: June to August
(Kashmir); Kala bulbul, Shah bulbul (Bengal); Clutch Size: 1–2
Chatak (Marathi)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Period in Banni: March to June
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Common Hawk-Cuckoo
Hierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797) Shape & Size: Pigeon, >34 cm
Synonym: Cuculus varius Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Bappieyo (Gujarati) Habitat: Dry deciduous and moist deciduous
lightly wooded country
Breeding Period: March to June
Clutch Size: 1

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Common Cuckoo or
The Cuckoo or Eurasian Cuckoo
Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±33 cm
Local Names: Pardeshi kuhukanth (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Phuphu, Kupwah (Himachal Pradesh); Akku Habitat: Keeps to the tree canopy in well-
(Bhutea); Horkuk, Shakuk, Kuki (Kashmir) wooded country
Clutch Size: 2–3

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly recorded on bushes and in
Prosopis juliflora.
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Asian Koel
Eudynamys scolopacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: House Crow, >43 cm
Synonym: Eudynamys scolopaceus [scolopaceus Feeding Habit: Frugivorous
group] Habitat: Lightly wooded country and
Local Names: Koyal (Gujarati); Koel (Hindi); cultivation
Kokil, Kokila (Bengali, Marathi); Kovela Breeding Period: April to August
(Telugu); Kuyil, Pullikuyil (Malayalam); Kuyil Clutch Size: 3–5
(Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally observed on Prosopis
juliflora.

Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Sirkeer Malkoha or Sirkeer Cuckoo

Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii (Lesson, Shape & Size: House Crow, >42 cm
1830) Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Synonym: Taccocua leschenaulti Habitat: Lightly wooded country and
Local Names: Sirkeer (Gujarati); Sirkeer cultivation
malkoha (Hindi); Chiluka (Telugu); Kalli Breeding Period: March to August
kuyil (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 2–3

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all types of habitat.
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Greater Coucal or Crow-Pheasant

Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815) Shape & Size: Jungle Crow, >48 cm
Synonym: Centropus menbecki Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Kukadiyo kumbhar, Hokko, Habitat: Deciduous scrub forest and gardens
Ghoyaro (Gujarati); Mahok (Hindi); Jemudu Breeding Period: February to September
kaki (Telugu); Kalli kaka (Tamil); Uppan, Clutch Size: 3–4
Chemboth (Malayalam); Kumbhar kaola
(Marathi)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly seen in grassland and
on Prosopis juliflora.

Order: Strigiformes
Family: Tytonidae
Barn Owl
Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) Shape & Size: Jungle Crow, <36 cm
Synonym: Tyto alba [excluding insularis Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
group] Habitat: Buildings and wasteland
Local Names: Revi devi (Gujarati); Kuraya, Breeding Period: Round the year
Karail, Buri churi (Hindi); Lakhi pecha Clutch Size: 4–7
(Bengal); Ghuvad (Marathi); Chavu kuruvi
(Tamil); Chaao pitta (Telugu); Veli moonga
(Malayalam); Madoosa (Bihar); Ghughu
(Madhya Pradesh)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Eurasian Eagle-Owl or
Great Horned Owl
Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Kite, <56 cm
Synonyms: Bubo bubo bubo, Bubo ignavus, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Bubo maximus Habitat: Rocky hills, riverine patches, forest
Local Names: Moto ghuvad, Ghuvad Breeding Period: November to April
(Gujarati); Ghughu (Hindi); Hutom pecha Clutch Size: 3–4
(Bengal); Ghubad (Marathi); Yerra gudla guba
(Telugu); Komban moonga (Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the sightings were in open
grassland.

Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Spotted Owlet
Athene brama (Temminck, 1821) Shape & Size: Myna, ±21 cm
Synonym: Athene brahma Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Chibari (Gujarati); Ullu, Habitat: Ruins of buildings, mango trees, old
Khakusat, Khusattia, Chughad (Hindi); trees
Pencha (Bihar); Kuture pencha (Bengal) Breeding Period: November to April
Clutch Size: 3–4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally recorded in Prosopis
juliflora and Prosopis cineraria.
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Short-eared Owl
Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Shape & Size: Pigeon, >38 cm
Synonym: Asio accipitrinus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Ravaeido ghuwad (Gujarati); Habitat: Open undulating grasslands, scrub,
Poocha moonga (Malayalam); Aandai (Tamil) marshes, plains and hills
Breeding Period: November to March
Clutch Size: 4–7

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly observed in grasses and
bushes.

Order: Strigiformes
Family: Caprimulgidae
Eurasian Nightjar
Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Myna, 25–30 cm
Local Name: Shiyalu dashrathiyu (Gujarati) Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Habitat: Open desert with a few trees or
bushes
Breeding Period: February to September
Clutch Size: 3

Elsewhere: West Asia, North Africa, Europe
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly seen in open dry grassland.
Order: Strigiformes
Indian Nightjar or
Common Indian Nightjar
Caprimulgus asiaticus Latham, 1790 Shape & Size: Myna, ±24 cm
Local Names: Nanu dashrathiyu, Deshi Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
chhapo (Gujarati); Chapka (Hindi) Habitat: Dry deciduous scrub jungle
Breeding Period: February to September
Clutch Size: 2

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in bushes.

Order: Strigiformes
Savanna Nightjar or
Franklin’s Nightjar
Caprimulgus affinis Horsfield, 1821 Shape & Size: Myna, >25 cm
Synonyms: Caprimulgus monticolus, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Caprimulgus affinis affinis Habitat: Scrubby hillsides, light deciduous
Local Names: Chabuk dashrathiyu (Gujarati); forest, and grassy jungle
Chhippak, Chhappa, Dabchiri (Hindi) Breeding Period: March to August
Clutch Size: 2

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Apodidae
Alpine Swift
Tachymarptis melba (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Bulbul, >22 cm
Synonym: Apus melba Habitat: High cliffs
Local Names: Pahadi ababil, Pahadi ababeelo Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
(Gujarati); Badi ababeel (Hindi); Sarappakshi Breeding Period: May to June
Distribution: India: Plains and hills

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Period in Banni: Throughout the year

Order: Apodiformes
Family: Apodidae
Little Swift or House Swift

Apus affinis (Gray, 1830) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Synonym: Apus affinus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Moto ababil, Ababeelo Habitat: Gregarious around buildings and
(Gujarati); Ababeel, Babeela (Hindi); Pakoi cliffs
(Marathi); Sarappakshi (Malayalam) Breeding Period: February to September
Clutch Size: 2–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Meropidae
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater or
Madagascar Bee-eater
Merops persicus Pallas, 1773 Shape & Size: Bulbul, overall >31 cm
Synonym: Merops superciliosus persicus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Bada hajamda, Bhura galvalo Habitat: Near lakes, tanks, and sandy
patrango, Moto patrangiyo (Gujarati); Bada seashores
patringa (Hindi) Breeding Period: April to August
Clutch Size: 4–5

(Kachchh, Rajasthan)
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly recorded on overhead
electric wires and Prosopis juliflora.

Family: Meropidae
Little Green Bee-eater or

Green Bee-eater or Small Bee-eater
Merops orientalis Latham, 1802 Shape & Size: Sparrow, >21 cm
Synonym: Merops viridis Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Nano patrango, Nano Habitat: Open country and cultivation
patrangiyo (Gujarati); Chhota hajamda Breeding Period: February to May
(Kachchh); Patringa, Harial (Hindi); Banspati Clutch Size: 4–7
(Bengal); Tai lingi, Veda raghu, Patur, Pateri
(Marathi); Chinna passeriki (Telugu); Veli
tatta (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all surveys in all types
of grassland habitat.

Family: Coraciidae
European Roller
Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±31 cm
Local Names: Kashmiri chas, Kashmiri Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
nilkanth (Gujarati) Habitat: Wooded parkland, cultivation
Breeding Period: May to September
Clutch Size: 5–6
Distribution: India: Kashmir, Rajasthan,

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Frequently seen on overhead
electric wires, on top of houses and Prosopis
juliflora.
Family: Coraciidae
Indian Roller
Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±31 cm
Synonym: Coracias benghalensis benghalensis Habitat: Open country, cultivation, gardens,
Local Names: Deshi nilkanth (Gujarati); thin deciduous forest
Nilkanth (Hiindi); Tas, Chash (Marathi); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Pala pitta (Telugu); Kattu kadei, Pal Breeding Period: March to July
kuriwi (Tamil); Panamkakka (Malayalam); Clutch Size: 4–5
Panankadai (Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: One of the abundant species of
Banni Grassland, recorded in each survey.

Order: Upupiformes
Family: Upupidae
Eurasian Hoopoe or
Common Hoopoe
Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Myna, >31 cm
Synonym: Upupa senegalensis Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Ghanti tankno, Hudhud Habitat: Open hillsides, cultivation, light
(Gujarati); Hudhud (Hindi, Marathi); forest, and human habitation
Konda pitta (Telugu); Chaval kuruvi (Tamil); Breeding Period: February to May
Uppooppan (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 5–6

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: In most of the surveys recorded in
open grassland.

Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Eurasian Wryneck or Wryneck

Jynx torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Bulbul, <19 cm
Local Names: Doka mardi (Gujarati); Gardan Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
eyengtha (Hindi); Meda nulingadu (Telugu) Habitat: Thorn jungle, open deciduous scrub,
cultivation
Breeding Period: May and June
Clutch Size: 6–8

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker or

Yellow-crowned Woodpecker
Dendrocopos mahrattensis (Latham, 1801) Shape & Size: Bulbul, <18 cm
Synonym: Picoides mahrattensis Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Kabro lakkadkhod (Gujarati); Habitat: Semi-desert to moist deciduous
Katphora (Hindi); Vadrangi pitta (Telugu); biotope
Maramkothi (Malayalam); Chitla katkola Breeding Period: January to May
(Madhya Pradesh); Kaudya sutar (Marathi) Clutch Size: 3

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Passeriformes
Family: Alaudidae
Indian Lark or Indian Bushlark or

Red-winged Bush Lark
Mirafra erythroptera Blyth, 1845 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±14 cm
Local Names: Aagiya agan (Gujarati); Aggiya Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
(Hindi); Jhirjhira (Madhya Pradesh) Habitat: Sparse scrub jungle and fallow land
at low elevations
Breeding Period: April to October
Clutch Size: 2–4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly recorded in flocks on open
grassland and Suaeda vegetation.

Family: Alaudidae
Ashy-crowned Sparrow-Lark or
Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark
Eremopterix grisea (Scopoli, 1786) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonym: Eremopterix griseus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Bhon chakli, Rakhodi bhonya Habitat: Sparse scrub wasteland, stubble, and
chakli (Gujarati); Diyora, Duri, Fothauli, ploughed fields
Deoli (Hindi); Math charai, Dhula chata Breeding Period: Round the year
(Bengali); Poti pichika, Piyada pichika Clutch Size: 2–3
(Telugu); Gotowli (Bihar); Vanampadi kuruvi
(Tamil); Karimpandi (Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly recorded in flocks on open
grassland and Suaeda vegetation.

Family: Alaudidae
Black-crowned Sparrow-Lark or
Blackcrowned Finch-Lark
Eremopterix nigriceps (Gould, 1839) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonyms: Eremopterix nigriceps nigriceps, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Eremopterix nigriceps affinis, Eremopterix Habitat: Dry savanna, open stony scrub, and
nigriceps melanauchen bush plains
Local Name: Shyamsir bhonya chakli Breeding Period: More or less round the year
(Gujarati) Clutch Size: 3

Elsewhere: Indian sub-continent, Arabian
countries, Europe, North Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Frequently observed in small flocks
in open grassland with Suaeda scrub.

Family: Alaudidae
Rufous-tailed Finch-Lark or
Rufous-tailed Lark
Ammomanes phoenicurus (Franklin, 1831) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±16 cm
Synonyms: Ammomanes phoenicura testacea, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Ammomanes phoenicura phoenicura Habitat: Open scrubby plains, hillocks, fallow
Local Names: Khetariyo (Gujarati); Ambali land, and cultivation
jori gadu, Dowa pitta (Telugu); Vanambadi Breeding Period: February to May
kurivi (Tamil) Clutch Size: 3–4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Frequently observed in small flocks
in open grassland with Suaeda vegetation.

Family: Alaudidae
Greater Hoopoe-Lark or
Large Desert Lark
Alaemon alaudipes (Desfontaines, 1789) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Synonym: Alaemon alaudiceps Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Rann chandul (Gujarati) Habitat: Open stony scrub and bushy plains
Clutch Size: 3

Elsewhere: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Africa,
Arabian Peninsula
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Alaudidae
Indian Short-toed Lark or

Sand Lark
Calandrella raytal (Blyth, 1844) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Local Names: Ret chandul (Gujarati); Retal Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
(Hindi) Habitat: Sandy river banks and islets
Clutch Size: 3

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Frequently observed in open areas
in Banni Grassland.

Family: Alaudidae
Crested Lark or Franklin’s Crested

Lark or Common Crested Lark
Galerida cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Sparrow, >18 cm
Synonym: Galerida cristata [cristata group] Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Moto chandul, Ghaghas Habitat: Sandy semi-desert and cultivated
chandul (Gujarati); Chandul (Hindi) plains
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Rajasthan, Madhya

Pradesh, West Bengal
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found in small flocks in
open areas and Suaeda vegetation.

Family: Alaudidae
Tawny Lark or Sykes’ Crested Lark

Galerida deva (Sykes, 1832) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±13 cm
Local Names: Nano chandul (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Chandul (Hindi); Chinna chandul (Telugu) Habitat: Stony, sparse scrub in plateau
country and dry cultivation
Breeding Period: March to September
Clutch Size: 2–4
Distribution: India: Rajasthan, North

Gujarat and Kachchh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found in small flocks in
open areas and Suaeda vegetation.

Family: Alaudidae
Singing Bushlark
Mirafra cantillans Blyth, 1845 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Synonym: Mirafra cheniaia schillingsi Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Agan chandul (Gujarati); Habitat: Grassland, fallow cultivation, and
Agan, Agin (Hindi); Burutta pitta, Agin pitta sparse scrubby semi-desert
(Telugu) Breeding Period: March to September
Clutch Size: 2–4
Distribution: India: Eastern India, Kerala,

Kachchh
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in flocks in small bushes.

Family: Hirundinidae
Dusky Crag Martin

Hirundo concolor Sykes, 1833 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonyms: Ptyonoprogne concolor, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Ptyonoprocne concolor Habitat: In the vicinity of forts, old buildings
Local Names: Nani ababil (Gujarati); Chatan Breeding Period: June to October
ababil (Hindi); Katrikappakshi (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 2–3

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly recorded in buildings in
villages.

Barn Swallow or Common Swallow

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±18 cm
Synonyms: Chelidon erythrogastra, Hirundo Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
erythrogaster, Hirundo rustica rustica Habitat: Open cultivated country and around
Local Names: Shiyalu tarodiyu (Gujarati); human settlements
Ababil (Hindi, Bengali); Katij (Kashmir); Adai Breeding Period: April to July
kallan kuruvi (Tamil); Wana kovela (Telugu); Clutch Size: 4–5
Vayalkoti (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Observed in large flocks of 50–55
individuals on overhead electric wires.

Wire-tailed Swallow
Hirundo smithii Leach, 1818 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±14 cm
Synonyms: Hirundo smithi, Hirundo smithii Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
smithii Habitat: Open, broken or cultivated country
Local Names: Tarpoonchh tarodiyu Breeding Period: March to September
(Gujarati); Ababil (Hindi, Bengali); Katij Clutch Size: 3–5
(Kashmir); Tam-padi (Tamil); Wana kovela
(Telugu); Vayalkoti (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in large flocks of
50–70 individuals on overhead electric wires.

Streak-throated Swallow
Hirundo fluvicola Blyth, 1855 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <12 cm
Synonym: Petrochelidon fluvicola Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Bhekhad ababil, Nanu tarodiyu Habitat: Open country, cultivation, and
(Gujarati); Nahar ababil (Hindi) around rivers and canals
Breeding Period: July to October
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: North India, Sikkim,

Tamil Nadu
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Red-rumped Swallow
Hirundo daurica Linnaeus, 1771 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±17 cm
Synonym: Cecropis daurica [daurica group] Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Kenchi ababil, Kenchipoonchh Habitat: Open, broken or cultivated country
tarodiyu (Gujarati); Masjid ababil (Hindi); Breeding Period: April to August
Varayankatrika (Malayalam); Phairni Clutch Size: 3–4
(Kashmir)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in large flocks
of 70–100 individuals in open areas and on
overhead electric wires.
Family: Lanidae
Bay-backed Shrike
Lanius vittatus Valenciennes, 1826 Distribution: India: North-west India, Tamil
Local Names: Pachanak latoro (Gujarati); Nadu, West Bengal
Pachanak (Hindi); Chhoto kilatora, Khayeri Elsewhere: Pakistan
karkata (Bengali); Chinna bilinki, Venne dega Conservation Status:
(Telugu); Kichan kuruvi (Tamil); Asurakkili IUCN: Least Concern
(Malayalam) IWPA: Schedule IV
Shape & Size: Bulbul, <18 cm Status in Banni Grassland: Common
Feeding Habit: Carnivorous Remarks: Recorded in grasses, Prosopis
Habitat: Dry deciduous open thorn-scrub juliflora, and open areas.
jungle, outskirts of cultivation
Breeding Period: April to September
Clutch Size: 2–3

Family: Lanidae
Red-backed Shrike
Lanius collurio Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Bulbul, <16–18 cm
Local Name: Lalipith latoro (Gujarati) Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Habitat: Dry deciduous open thorn-scrub
jungle
Breeding Period: June to August
Clutch Size: 2–3

Elsewhere: Europe, western Asia, tropical
Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Period in Banni: July to February
Remarks: Commonly observed on Prosopis
juliflora.

Family: Lanidae
Rufous-tailed Shrike
Lanius isabellinus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Shape & Size: Bulbul, <18 cm
1833 Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Synonym: Lanius arenarius Habitat: Open wooded country and
Local Name: Lal poonchh latoro (Gujarati) cultivation
Clutch Size: 2–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly observed on Prosopis
juliflora and grasslands.

Family: Lanidae
Long-tailed Shrike or
Rufous-backed Shrike
Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Bulbul, >25 cm
Synonym: Lanius schach schach Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Lambi poonchh latoro Habitat: Open wooded country and
(Gujarati); Matiya latora, Kajala latora cultivation
(Hindi); Majhla latora (Madhya Pradesh); Breeding Period: February to July
Yerra lilinchi (Telugu); Kattu kuruvi, Pey Clutch Size: 3–6
kuruvi (Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Observed on Prosopis juliflora and
open grasslands.

Family: Lanidae
Brown Shrike
Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Bulbul, ±19 cm
Synonym: Lanius cristatus cristatus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Badami latoro (Gujarati); Habitat: Dry deciduous and semi-evergreen
Kerkheta (Hindi); Karkata (Bengali); Batte scrub, and scattered bushes
gadu, Batte kiriti gadu (Telugu) Breeding Period: May or June
Clutch Size: 2–6
Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar

Islands, Lakshadweep
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
open grasslands.

Family: Lanidae
Southern Grey Shrike

Lanius meridionalis Temminck, 1820 Shape & Size: Bulbul, ±17 cm
Synonyms: Lanius excubitor meridionalis, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Lanius elegans, Lanius elegans meridionalis Habitat: Dry deciduous and semi-evergreen
Local Names: Dudhio or Moto latoro, scrub and scattered bushes
Dakshini rakhodi latoro (Gujarati); Dudiya Breeding Period: April to June
latora, Safed latora, Bada latora (Hindi); Clutch Size: 3–5
Kachkacha, Anjana (Bengal); Pedda kiriti gadu
(Telugu)

Elsewhere: Europe, Asia, North Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
open grasslands.

Family: Corvidae
Black Drongo
Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817 Shape & Size: Bulbul, >31 cm
Local Names: Kosita, Kalo koshi (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Kanchh, Kalkanchh (Kachchh); Kolsa, Habitat: Open deciduous forest and
Bhujanga, Kotwal (Hindi); Karanjua (Madhya cultivation
Pradesh); Finga (Bengali); Pasala poli gadu Breeding Period: April to August
(Telugu); Karuvattu vali (Tamil); Anaranchi Clutch Size: 3–5
(Malayalam); Chosia (Marathi)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Family: Corvidae
House Crow
Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817 Shape & Size: Pigeon, >43 cm
Local Names: Kagdo (Gujarati); Kowwa, Desi Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
kowwa (Hindi); Kaola (Marathi); Kag, Kak Habitat: Human habitation, towns and cities
(Bengali); Pat kaori (Assamese); Manchi kaki Breeding Period: April to June
(Telugu); Nalla kaka (Tamil) Clutch Size: 4–5

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found in human
habitation.

Family: Corvidae
Large-billed Crow or Jungle Crow

Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 Shape & Size: House Crow, 48–50 cm
Synonym: Corvus macrorhynchus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Girnari kagdo (Gujarati); Habitat: Wooded country and outskirts of
Kala kowwa, Pahari kowwa, Jangli kowwa towns and cities
(Hindi); Kagh (Bihar); Dom kaola (Marathi); Breeding Period: December to April
Mala kaki (Telugu); Andan kakai, Karung Clutch Size: 4–5
kakai (Tamil); Tonnan kakka, Veli kakka
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Family: Corvidae
Common Raven
Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Kite, >69 cm
Local Names: Mahakag (Gujarati); Domkak Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Hindi); Doda kaang (Punjab) Habitat: Near towns and villages, desert
settlements, and semi-arid areas
Breeding Period: December to March
Clutch Size: 3–6
Distribution: India: Punjab, Rajasthan,

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly recorded in human
habitation.

Family: Campephagidae
Small Minivet
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <15 cm
Synonym: Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
cinnamomeus Habitat: Deciduous forest, open scrub,
Local Names: Nano rajalal (Gujarati); gardens
Bulalchashm, Rajalal, Saheli (Hindi); Breeding Period: February and September
Kunkumpu jitta (Telugu); Techinnam Clutch Size: 3
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Found inside the canopy of trees
and in bushes.

Family: Campephagidae
White-bellied Minivet
Pericrocotus erythropygius (Jerdon, 1840) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <15 cm
Synonym: Pericrocotus erythropygius Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
erythropygius Habitat: Dry deciduous forest and thorn-
Local Names: Savet petal rajalal, Kabao rajalal scrub
(Gujarati); Safed rajalal (Hindi) Breeding Period: June to October
Clutch Size: 3
Distribution: India: Peninsular India, Bihar,

Bengal
IUCN: Least Concern,
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Aegithinidae
White-tailed Iora or Marshall’s Iora

Aegithina nigrolutea (Marshall, 1876) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±14 cm
Local Names: Marshalni shobigi (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Shaubeegi (Hindi); Fatik jal (Bengali); Barsat Habitat: Dry deciduous scrub, thorn jungle,
sorai (Assamese); Daotisha gurrmo gadeba and groves
(Assam); Ingaruina (Naga) Breeding Period: June to August
Clutch Size: 2
Distribution: India: Punjab, Haryana,

Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Most of the sightings were in small
or large bushes.

Family: Sturnidae
Brahminy Starling or
Brahminy Myna
Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Myna, <22 cm
Synonyms: Temenuchus pagodarum, Sturnia Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
pagodarum Habitat: Open deciduous and scrub forest,
Local Names: Shyamshir kabar (Gujarati); near cultivation and habitations
Popoya myna, Brahmini myna, Puhaia Breeding Period: May to July
(Hindi); Bamani myna, Harbola (Bengal); Clutch Size: 3–4
Pabiyapawi (Uttar Pradesh); Papata
gorinki (Telugu); Papata pariki (Tamil);
Karimtalaichikkili (Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found in areas near
human habitation.

Family: Sturnidae
Rosy Starling or Rosy Pastor

Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Myna, ±23 cm
Synonym: Pastor roseus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Gulabi vaiyu (Gujarati); Wyha, Habitat: Open cultivation, grassland, and
Waheeo, Wyho (Kachchh); Gulabi myna, semi-desert
Tilyar (Hindi); Lal myna (Bengal); Ganggoya Breeding Period: May and June
(Bihar); Pariki pitta, Palisa (Telugu) Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: North-west and South

India, West Bengal, Andamans
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in large flocks on
overhead electric wires.

Family: Sturnidae
Common Myna
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Pigeon, <23 cm
Synonyms: Acridotheres griseus, Acridotheres Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
tristas, Sturnus tristis Habitat: Neighbourhood of homesteads in
Local Names: Kabar (Gujarati); Desi myna villages and cities
(Hindi); Hor (Kashmiri); Salik, Bhat salik Breeding Period: April to August
(Bengali); Salik sorai, Ghor salika (Assamese); Clutch Size: 4–5
Bemni, Saloo (Jharkhand); Gulgul (Madhya
Pradesh); Shale, Salonki (Marathi);
Gorwantera (Kannada); Nahanavai (Tamil);
Goranka (Telugu); Kavalamkili, Matatta
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Found in all types of habitat in
Banni Grassland.

Family: Sturnidae
Bank Myna
Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham, 1790) Shape & Size: Myna, <21 cm
Synonym: Acridotheres gingianus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Shirajee kabar, Ghoda kabar Habitat: Neighbourhood of human
(Gujarati); Ganga myna, Daryla myna habitations
(Hindi); Gang salik (Bengali); Barad myna Breeding Period: May to August
(Bihar) Clutch Size: 3–5

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Mostly found in human habitations
and with herds of livestock.

Family: Hypocolidae
Grey Hypocolius
Hypocolius ampelinus Bonaparte, 1850 Shape & Size: 19–21 cm
Local Name: Maskati latoro (Gujarati) Habitat: Woodland and scrub in arid and
semiarid regions, near desert, irrigated and
cultivated areas with trees
Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Breeding Period: June and July
Clutch Size: 4
Distribution: India: Western India

Elsewhere: Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan,
Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern,
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Pycnonotidae
White-eared Bulbul or
White-cheeked Bulbul
Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould, 1836) Shape & Size: Myna, <20 cm
Synonyms: Pycnonotus leucogenys leucotis, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Pycnonotus leucotis leucotis Habitat: Open scrub, cultivation, and gardens
Local Names: Savetkarn bulbul, Kanaru Breeding Period: March to September
bulbul (Gujarati); Jogido (Kachchh); Clutch Size: 3–4
Kushandra (Punjab)
Distribution: India: Western and Central

India
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Found in all types of habitat.

Family: Pycnonotidae
Red-vented Bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Myna, <20 cm
Local Names: Hadiyo bulbul (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Bulbul, Guldum (Hindi); Piglipitta (Telugu); Habitat: Cultivation and scrub
Kondalati, Kondai kuruvi (Tamil); Nattu Breeding Period: February to May
bulbul (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 2–3

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Cisticolidae
Zitting Cisticola or
Streaked Fantail Warbler
Cisticola juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <10 cm
Synonym: Cisticola juncidus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Nani pantiktiki (Gujarati); Habitat: Tall grass, paddy fields, dry grassland
Ghas ki phutki, Ghas ki pitpiti (Hindi); Breeding Period: June to September
Khergusa, Tuntunia (Bihar); Yedrupitta Clutch Size: 3–5
(Telugu)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally observed on grasses,
bushes, and in open areas.

Grey-breasted Prinia or Franklin’s

Wren-Warbler or Franklin’s Prinia
Prinia hodgsonii Blyth, 1844 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <11 cm
Synonym: Prinia hodgsoni Habitat: Scrub and grass jungle, undergrowth
Local Names: Kathiyavadi fadakfutki in deciduous forest, mangrove swamps, reed
(Gujarati); Phutki (Hindi) beds
Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Breeding Period: June to October
Clutch Size: 3–4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Rufous-fronted Prinia or
Rufous-fronted Wren-Warbler
Prinia buchanani Blyth, 1844 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <12 cm
Local Names: Lalbhalni fudki, Lalbhal Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
fadakfutki (Gujarati) Habitat: Arid scrub forest and grass patches in
semi-desert areas
Breeding Period: June to September
Clutch Size: 4–5
Distribution: India: North-west India, Bihar,

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Plain Prinia
Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonym: Prinia subflava inornata Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Pan fadakfutki (Gujarati); Habitat: Mixed thorn-scrub forest and tall
Phutki (Hindi); Lota kun jitta (Telugu); grass patches, cultivation
Chitakul (Madhya Pradesh) Breeding Period: March to September
Clutch Size: 3–5

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally observed in groups of
2–3 individuals in all types of habitat.

Jungle Prinia
Prinia sylvatica Jerdon, 1840 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Local Names: Moti fadakfutki (Gujarati); Tot Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
rungi (Hindi); Kenda lotakun jitta (Telugu); Habitat: Low bush jungle mixed with coarse
Chettolirivo (Malayalam) grasses
Breeding Period: March to October
Clutch Size: 4

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
2–3 individuals on grassy patches.

Ashy Prinia
Prinia socialis Sykes, 1832 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Local Names: Rakhodi fadakfutki (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Phutki, Kali phutki (Hindi); Katirkuruvi Habitat: Grassland, scrub, garden, and
(Malayalam) cultivation
Breeding Period: March to September
Clutch Size: 3–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
4–5 individuals on grassy patches.

Graceful Prinia or
Streaked Wren-Warbler
Prinia gracilis (Lichtenstein, 1823) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonyms: Prinia gracilis gracilis, Prinia Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
gracilis palaestinae, Prinia gracilis deltae Habitat: Grass and scrub forest in sandy and
Local Names: Vid fudki, Rann fadakfutki semi-desert areas
(Gujarati); Khar phutki (Hindi) Breeding Period: February to October
Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: Rajasthan, Gujarat,

Punjab
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Common Tailorbird
Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonyms: Orthotomus sutorius guzuratus, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Orthotomus sutorius luteus Habitat: Scrub country near cultivation,
Local Names: Tashko, Darjido (Gujarati); gardens, and deciduous jungle
Darzee, Phutki, Piddi (Hindi, Marathi); Likka Breeding Period: April to September
jitta (Telugu); Panakkuruvi (Malayalam); Clutch Size: 3–4
Thaiyal chittu, Pon chittu (Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Clamorous Reed Warbler or

Indian Great Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich & Shape & Size: Bulbul, ±19 cm
Ehrenberg, 1833) Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Synonyms: Acrocephalus stentoreus stentoreus, Habitat: Bushes and shrubs around lakes,
Acrocephalus stentoreus levantinus jheels, ponds, and canals
Local Names: Moto pan karkariyo, Pan tiktiki Breeding Period: May to August
(Gujarati); Karkat, Korkuch (Kashmir); Bora Clutch Size: 3–6
jitti (Telugu); Kaitakkallan (Malayalam); Kosu
kattai, Nunni chirai (Tamil)
Distribution: India: Andamans, Kashmir,
North India, West Bengal, Kerala
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Blyth’s Reed-Warbler
Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, 1849 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <14 cm
Synonyms: Herbicola dumetorum, Notiocichla Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
dumetora Habitat: Bushes, hedges, orchards, bamboo
Local Names: Pan tiktiki, Nano pan karkariyo clumps, and agricultural fields
(Gujarati); Podna, Tiktiki (Hindi); Tikra Breeding Period: September to April
(Bengali); Kumpa jitta (Telugu); Eetapolappan Clutch Size: 3–5
(Malayalam)

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Paddyfield Warbler
Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon, 1845) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonyms: Acrocephalus agricola agricola, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Notiocichla agricola, Sollicitus agricola Habitat: Elephant grass, sugarcane, and wet
Local Names: Dangar karkariyo (Gujarati); paddy cultivation
Yerra kumpa jitta (Telugu); Patakkuruvi Breeding Period: October to March
Distribution: India: Kachchh

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on grass patches in Banni
Grassland.

Booted Warbler
Hippolais caligata (Lichtenstein, 1823) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <12 cm
Synonyms: Iduna caligata, Hippolais caligata Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
caligata Habitat: Deciduous scrub jungle
Local Name: Dangar karkariyo (Gujarati) Breeding Period: May to July
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Eastern Ghats ranges

Elsewhere: Baluchistan, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Silvidae
Yellow-eyed Babbler
Chrysomma sinense (Gmelin, 1789)
Local Names: Pili aankh lela (Gujarati);
Bulalchashm, Gulabchashm (Hindi); Yerra
kali jitta (Telugu)
Shape & Size: Bulbul, <18 cm

Habitat: Scrub, thorn jungle, reed beds,
bamboo
Clutch Size: 4–5 Distribution: India: Throughout the country
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Silvidae
Common Babbler
Turdoides caudatus (Dumont, 1823) Shape & Size: Bulbul, >23 cm
Synonyms: Turdoides caudata caudata, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Turdoides caudata eclipes Habitat: Thorn-scrub forest in semi-desert
Local Names: Thoriyu lela, Sheradi and dry plains
(Gujarati); Chilchil, Sor, Genga, Chhota Breeding Period: March and July
genga, Dumri (Hindi); Chinna sida (Telugu); Clutch Size: 3–4
Huni (Tamil); Chilappan (Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Status in Banni Grassland: Very common
Banni Grassland.

Family: Silvidae
Large Grey Babbler

Turdoides malcolmi (Sykes, 1832) Shape & Size: Myna, >28 cm
Synonym: Turdoides makomi Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Laledo, Motu lela (Gujarati); Habitat: Dry, open, sparse scrub country,
Ghogoi, Ghaughai, Bhaina (Hindi); Gongya thorn forest, and around cultivation
(Kannada); Kokatti, Khekta (Marathi); Verri Breeding Period: More or less throughout the
chinda, Gowa sida (Telugu) year
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Gujarat, Punjab, Uttar

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally recorded among bushes.

Family: Silvidae
Jungle Babbler
Turdoides striatus (Dumont, 1823) Shape & Size: Myna, >25 cm
Synonyms: Crateropus canorus, Turdoides Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
striatus striatus Habitat: Deciduous and scrub forest, bamboo
Local Names: Van laledi (Gujarati); Sat bhai brakes, cultivation
(Hindi); Kariyilakkili (Malayalam) Breeding Period: Throughout the year
Clutch Size: 3–4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally recorded in grassy and
bushy areas.

Family: Silvidae
Orphean Warbler
Sylvia hortensis (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Synonyms: Hortensis hortensis, Hortensis Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
hortensis hortensis, Sylvia hortensis hortensis, Habitat: Shrubs on stony slopes and semi-
Sylvia orphea orphea desert
Local Names: Seetafutki, Moto shveta kanth Breeding Period: May to June
(Gujarati); Pedda nalla kampa jitta (Telugu) Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: Bihar, Orissa, Tamil

Nadu
Elsewhere: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Family: Silvidae
Lesser Whitethroat or
Common Lesser Whitethroat
Sylvia curruca (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <12 cm
Synonyms: Curruca curruca, Sylvia carruca, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Sylvia curraca, Sylvia currura Habitat: Scrub jungle and bushes in stony
Local Names: Nano savetkanth (Gujarati); semi-desert
Chinna nalla kampa jitta (Telugu) Breeding Period: May to July
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Kashmir, West Bengal,

North India
Elsewhere: Baluchistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Family: Silvidae
Common Whitethroat or Indian

Whitethroat or Greater Whitethroat
Sylvia communis Latham, 1787 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <12 cm
Synonym: Communis communis Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Divali savetkanth (Gujarati) Habitat: Open country and cultivation
Clutch Size: 3–7
Distribution: India: Gujarat, Rajasthan,

Punjab
Elsewhere: Europe, West Asia, Africa, Arabia,
Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Silvidae
Desert Warbler
Sylvia nana (Ehrenberg, 1833) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <11–12 cm
Synonyms: Atraphornis nana, Sylvia nana Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
nana Habitat: Shrubs on stony slopes and semi-
Local Name: Rann savetkanth (Gujarati) desert
Clutch Size: 4–6

Elsewhere: Central and Western Asia, Europe
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally recorded in groups of
3–5 individuals in shrubby areas.

Family: Silvidae
Common Chiffchaff
Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot, 1817) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <12 cm
Synonyms: Phylloscopus tristis, Phylloscopus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
collybita collybita, Phylloscopus collybitus Habitat: Open country and cultivation
Local Name: Jal kitkit (Gujarati) Breeding Period: April to July
Clutch Size: 3–5

Elsewhere: Southern and Western Europe,
South Asia, North Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Muscicapidae
Spotted Flycatcher
Muscicapa striata (Pallas, 1764) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±14 cm
Local Name: Tapkilo makhimar (Gujarati) Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Habitat: Deciduous woodlands, parks and
gardens
Clutch Size: 4–6

Elsewhere: Europe, West Asia, Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in small and
medium sized trees and bushes in Banni
Grassland.

Red-breasted Flycatcher or
Red-throated Flycatcher
Ficedula parva (Bechstein, 1792)
Synonym: Ficedula parva parva
Local Names: Sifiya makhimar (Gujarati);
Turra (Hindi); Yeepidippan (Tamil)
Shape & Size: Sparrow, <11–12 cm

Habitat: Deciduous woodlands, especially
near water
Clutch Size: 4–7

Elsewhere: Europe, Asia
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found on small and
medium sized trees and bushes in Banni
Grassland.

Oriental Magpie-Robin
Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Bulbul, ±20 cm
Local Names: Daiyad (Gujarati); Dhaiyal, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Dhaiyar (Hindi, Bengali); Dominga (Mar- Habitat: Dry and moist deciduous forest,
athi); Kali sooi chiria (Madhya Pradesh); secondary jungle and near human habitations
Pedda nalanchi, Sarela gadu (Telugu); Hatiure, Breeding Period: April to July
Deyalo (Jharkhand) Clutch Size: 3–5

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Bluethroat
Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Synonyms: Cyanecula suecica, Cyanosylvia Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
suecica, Cyanosylvia svecica, Erithacus svecica, Habitat: Agricultural fields, grassland, reeds,
Erithacus svecicus, Erithacus svecius, Luscinia bushes near water, gardens, fallow fields
svecicus Breeding Period: June to July
Local Names: Nilkanthi lusiniya (Gujarati); Clutch Size: 4
Nyul hot (Kashmir); Nilkanthi, Hussaini
pidda (Hindi); Gunpigera, Gurpeorah (West
Bengal)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally found singly or in groups
of up to 3 individuals on Prosopis juliflora and
grass beds.

Black Redstart
Phoenicurus ochruros (Gmelin, 1774) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Local Names: Kalo thartharo (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Thirthira, Thirthir kampa (Hindi); Phirira, Lal Habitat: Stony, sparse, scrubby broken
girdi (Bengali); Nune bundi gadu (Telugu); country, and near cultivation and villages
Kankal (Mundari) Breeding Period: May to August
Clutch Size: 4–6
Distribution: India: Plains and hills

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally found singly or in pairs
on Prosopis juliflora and on grassy patches.

Pied Bushchat
Saxicola caprata (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Synonyms: Saxicola aethiops, Saxicola caprata Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
caprata Habitat: Cultivated fields, sparsely scrubby
Local Names: Kabaro piddo (Gujarati); hillsides, tamarisk, reeds, coarse grasses near
Kumpa nalanchi (Telugu) water and cultivation
Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: Plains and hilly areas

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Generally found singly or in pairs
on Prosopis juliflora and grassbeds.

Common Stone Chat or

Collared Bushchat
Saxicola torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Sparrow, >13 cm
Synonyms: Saxicola axillaris, Saxicola torquata Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Mediyo piddo (Gujarati) Habitat: Dry, scrub-covered hillsides,
wasteland, fallow fields, tamarisk jungle
Clutch Size: 4–6

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally recorded solitarily in grass
and hedges.

Stoliczka’s Bushchat or
White-browed Bushchat
Saxicola macrorhynchus (Stoliczka, 1872) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±13 cm
Synonym: Saxicola macrorhyncha Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Rann piddo (Gujarati) Habitat: Semi-arid areas
Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: North-west India, Goa,

Pune (Maharashtra)
Elsewhere: Pakistan, Afghanistan
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV

Isabelline Wheatear or
Isabelline Chat
Oenanthe isabellina (Temminck, 1829) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±13 cm
Local Names: Pilo piddo, Ujalo piddo Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
(Gujarati) Habitat: Sandy semi-desert and wasteland
Clutch Size: 5
Distribution: India: Western India, Uttar

Pradesh, Maharashtra
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Kurdish Wheatear or
Rufous-tailed Chat
Oenanthe xanthoprymna (Hemprich & Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±14 cm
Ehrenberg, 1833) Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Synonyms: Oenanthe chrysopygia, Oenanthe Habitat: Sandy semi-desert and wasteland
xanthoprymna xanthoprymna Breeding Period: March to July
Local Name: Lalpoonchh piddo (Gujarati) Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Gujarat, Rajasthan

Elsewhere: Turkey, Iran, Arabian Peninsula,
Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found on Prosopis
juliflora and other thorny trees.

Desert Wheatear
Oenanthe deserti (Temminck, 1825) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Local Names: Rann piddo, Shyam kanth rann Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
piddo (Gujarati) Habitat: Arid, semi-desert broken tracts, and
canal-irrigated desert cultivation
Clutch Size: 4–6
Distribution: India: Jammu & Kashmir,

Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
Elsewhere: Nepal, Sri Lanka, Baluchistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally solitary individuals found
on grass beds, open areas, and on Prosopis
juliflora.

Variable Wheatear or Pied Chat

Oenanthe picata (Blyth, 1847) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Local Name: Striklandno piddo (Gujarati) Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Habitat: Hot desert
Clutch Size: 4–5

Elsewhere: Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Iran, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Europe
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally recorded solitarily in grass
beds, open areas, and on Prosopis juliflora.

Indian Robin
Saxicoloides fulicata (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±16 cm
Synonyms: Copsychus fulicatus, Saxicoloides Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
fulicata fulicata Habitat: Arid and stony country, semi-desert
Local Names: Kali deva, Deoli (Gujarati); with scattered bushes, cultivation, and around
Kalchuri (Hindi); Dachko (Bhil) habitations
Clutch Size: 2–3

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all parts of Banni
Grassland.

Family: Paridae
White-naped Tit or
White-winged Black Tit or Pied Tit
Parus nuchalis Jerdon, 1845 Shape & Size: Sparrow, <13 cm
Local Names: Kabari ramachakli (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Nalla patsa jitta (Telugu) Habitat: Hummocky semi-desert country
Breeding Period: May to August
Clutch Size: 3–4

Eastern Ghats, Karnataka
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Single individual recorded once on
grass bed in Banni Grassland.

Family: Nectarinidae
Purple Sunbird
Nectarinia asiatica (Latham, 1790) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <10 cm
Synonym: Cinnyris asiaticus Feeding Habit: Nectarivorous
Local Names: Phul chakli, Jambali Habitat: Light deciduous or dry thorn forest,
sakkarkhoro (Gujarati); Kala pidda (Punjab); cultivation, gardens, and compounds
Shakarkhora, Phool sungni (Urdu, Hindi); Breeding Period: March to May
Jugi jugi (Bihar); Sue (Jharkhand); Chumka Clutch Size: 2–3
(Marathi); Karupan tenkili (Malayalam);
Thena pitta (Telugu); Then kudi (Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally recorded in dense Prosopis
juliflora and grasslands of Banni.

Family: Passeridae
House Sparrow
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Bulbul, <15 cm
Synonym: Passer italiae Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Chakli (Gujarati); Churi, Habitat: Ubiquitous commensal of man in
Khas churi, Gauriya (Hindi, Urdu); Choti cities, suburbs, and villages
charai (West Bengal); Ghor charika (Assam); Breeding Period: Round the year
Sendang (Manipur); Kuruvi (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 3–5

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Found all over the grassland, the
majority found in human habitation.

Family: Passeridae
Chestnut-shouldered Petronia or
Yellow-throated Sparrow
Petronia xanthocollis (Burton, 1838) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <14 cm
Synonyms: Gymnoris xanthocollis, Petronia Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
xanthosterna Habitat: Dry deciduous forest, scrub and
Local Names: Pahalvan chakli, Raji thorn forest, groves, and cultivation
(Gujarati); Raji, Jangli chiria (Hindi); Breeding Period: April to June
Ban chiria (Bengali); Maharaoi, Daidem Clutch Size: 3–4
(Jharkhand); Konde pichike, Cheuka pichike
(Telugu); Manjatali (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Family: Passeridae
Tawny Pipit
Anthus campestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Sparrow, >16 cm
Synonym: Agrodroma campestris Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Vagdauw dhanchidi (Gujarati) Habitat: Dry open country including semi-
desert
Breeding Period: February to June
Clutch Size: 4–6

Elsewhere: Europe, Asia, Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in groups of 2–5
individuals on Prosopis juliflora and grasses.

Family: Passeridae
Paddyfield Pipit
Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818 Shape & Size: Sparrow, >15 cm
Synonym: Anthus novaeseelandiae rufulus Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Vid dhanchidi (Gujarati); Habitat: Grassland, stubble fields, fallow and
Rugail, Charchari (Hindi); Serwi, Chanchir marshy ground
(Jharkhand); Gurapa modi pitta (Telugu); Breeding Period: February to October
Pulla purake, Nettai kali (Tamil); Chatuppan, Clutch Size: 3–4
Varamban (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals on Prosopis juliflora and grasses.

Family: Passeridae
Long-billed Pipit or
Brown Rock Pipit
Anthus similis Jerdon, 1840 Shape & Size: Bulbul, ±20 cm
Synonym: Anthus bannermani Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Name: Moti dhanchidi (Gujarati) Habitat: Grassy slopes and plains, sparse
scrub country, fallow land, sand dunes
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Western India, Deccan

plateau, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Passeridae
Yellow Wagtail
Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±17 cm
Local Names: Bhura mathano pilakyo, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Rakhodi pilakyo, Matano pilakyo (Gujarati); Habitat: Pastures, wet paddy stubble, and
Pilkya (Hindi); Charattalayan valkuluki wetlands
(Malayalam) Breeding Period: May to July
Clutch Size: 4–8
Distribution: India: Sikkim, Andaman &

Nicobar Islands
Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on the fringes of seasonal
and perennial water bodies.
Family: Passeridae
Citrine Wagtail or
Yellowheaded Wagtail
Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±17 cm
Synonyms: Budytes citreola, Motacila citreola, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Motacilla citrinella Habitat: Marshes, irrigated paddy fields
Local Names: Pitshir pilakiyo (Gujarati); Breeding Period: May to June
Pilkya, Pani ka pilkya (Hindi); Tooni (Assam) Clutch Size: 3–5

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in grass patches around
fringes of seasonal and perennial water bodies.

Family: Passeridae
Grey Wagtail
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±17 cm
Synonyms: Calobates cinerea, Motacila cinerea, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Motacilla boarula, Motacilla caspica Habitat: Along clear mountain streams with
Local Names: Van pilakiyo (Gujarati); rocky banks and boulders
Khak dobbai (Kashmir); Balkatara (Punjab); Breeding Period: May to July
Haldiya balimahi (Assam); Mudi tippudu jitta Clutch Size: 4–6
(Telugu); Valukulukki (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in grass patches around

Family: Passeridae
White Wagtail or Pied Wagtail

Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Bulbul, <18 cm
Synonym: Motacilla lugens Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Local Names: Diwali ghodo, Khatriani Habitat: Open country in the vicinity of
(Gujarati); Peenchkani, Dobbai (Kashmir); watercourses, reservoirs, paddy cultivation
Balkatara (Punjab); Dhoban (Hindi); Khanjan Breeding Period: May to July
(Jharkhand, West Bengal); Balimati, Tiposi Clutch Size: 4–6
(Assam); Vella valkulukki (Malayalam)
Distribution: India: North-western and

eastern India
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in grassland around the

Family: Passeridae
Baya Weaver
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Local Names: Sughari (Gujarati); Baya, Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Sonchiri (Hindi); Bijra (Uttar Pradesh); Habitat: Grassland and scrubland with Acacia
Suyam (Jharkhand); Babui (Bengali); Parsupu species.
pita (Telugu); Thonga nathan, Thukanan Breeding Period: May to September
kuruvi (Tamil) Clutch Size: 2–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Common in all terrestrial habitats
in Banni Grassland.

Family: Passeridae
Streaked Weaver
Ploceus manyar (Horsfield, 1821) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Local Names: Litivali sughari (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Teliya baya, Bamani baya (Hindi); Tite babui Habitat: Swampy reed beds in cultivated land
(Bengali); Attakuruvi, Kayatatta (Malayalam); or wetland
Thukanan kuruvi, Manja kuruvi (Tamil) Breeding Period: February to September
Clutch Size: 2–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Passeridae
White-throated Munia or
Indian Silverbill
Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <10 cm
Synonym: Euodice malabarica Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Tapushiyu, Pavai munia Habitat: Dry, open cultivated, sparse scrub
(Gujarati); Charchara, Charga, Pidda (Hindi); and bush country
Piduri, Sar munia (Bengali); Jinuwayi Breeding Period: Round the year
(Telugu); Vayalatta (Malayalam); Nellu Clutch Size: 4–6
kuruwi (Tamil)
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals on bushes.
Family: Fringillidae
Black-headed Bunting
Emberiza melanocephala Scopoli, 1769 Shape & Size: Sparrow, >18 cm
Synonym: Granativora melanocephala Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Shyamsir gandam (Gujarati); Habitat: Cereal cultivation
Gandam (Hindi) Breeding Period: May to June
Clutch Size: 5
Distribution: India: North, West, and

Central India
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Grey-necked Bunting
Emberiza buchanani Blyth, 1844 Shape & Size: Sparrow, >17 cm
Synonym:Glycispina buchanani Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Patharal gandam, Thoriyo Habitat: Grassland, weedy or stubbly fields
gandam (Gujarati) Breeding Period: April to August
Clutch Size: 3–4

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan,
Nepal, China, Iran, Russia
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found on grasses and
bushes.

House Bunting or
Striolated Bunting
Emberiza striolata (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Synonym: Emberiza striolata [striolata group]
Local Name: Laheriyo gandam (Gujarati)
Shape & Size: Sparrow, <14 cm

Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Habitat: Hillsides with rocky or stony sparse
scrub
Breeding Period: February to November
Clutch Size: 2–3

Central India
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found in grasses and
bushes.

Birds of
Banni Grassland
Aquatic Birds
Aquatic Birds 193

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Greylag Goose
Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Duck, >81 cm
Local Names: Gaj hans (Gujarati); Raj hans Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Hindi, Bengali, North-eastern states) Habitat: Gregarious in jheels and rivers
Breeding Period: July to October
Clutch Size: 6–10

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies in
groups of 15–30 individuals.

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Lesser Whistling-Duck or
Lesser Whistling Teal
Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) Shape & Size: Duck, <42 cm
Local Names: Nani sisoti batak, Nani sisoti Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Gujarati); Seelhi, Seelkahi (Hindi); Sharal Habitat: Marshes, reservoirs, reedy ponds
(Bengali); Horali (Assamese); Chilli thara Breeding Period: June to October
(Tamil); Yeranda (Malayalam) Clutch Size: 7–12

Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in all water bodies
located in dense grassland.
Aquatic Birds 195

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Ruddy Shelduck or
Brahminy Shelduck
Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) Shape & Size: Duck, >66 cm
Synonyms: Casarca casarca, Casarca ferruginea Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Bhagvi surkhab (Gujarati); Habitat: Lakes and rivers
Chakva – male, Chakvi – female, Surkhab, Lal Breeding Period: April to June
(Hindi); Chaka-chaki (West Bengal); Chakoi- Clutch Size: 6–10
chakoua (Assam); Panda hansa (Orissa);
Sarza, Chakravak (Marathi); Bapana chiluwa
(Telugu)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Marbled Teal
Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetries, Shape & Size: Duck, <48 cm
1832) Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Synonyms: Anas angustirostris, Habitat: Reedy jheels
Marmarmonetta angustirostris Breeding Period: May to June
Local Name: Chamkili murghabi (Gujarati) Clutch Size: 9–12
Distribution: India: North-east India,

Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in Chhari Dhandh and
Lakhara wetland in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 197

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Northern Pintail
Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, <56–74 cm
Synonyms: Anas acuta acuta, Dafila acuta Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
acuta Habitat: Reedy jheels, brackish lagoons, and
Local Names: Singpar (Gujarati); estuaries
Dhruguchho (Kachchh); Sand, Seenkhpar Breeding Period: May to June
(Hindi); Dig hans, Bada digar, Sholoncho Clutch Size: 7–12
(West Bengal); Dighonch (Bihar); Nanda,
Nanja (Orissa); Markalian (Tamil); Nejal
hans, Dighal negi (Assam); Meitunga
(Manipur)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
of Banni Grassland.

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Common Teal
Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, ±38 cm
Synonyms: Anas crecca crecca, Anas crecca Feeding Habit: Granivorous
nimia, Nettion crecca, Nettion crecca crecca Habitat: Jheels and marshes
Local Names: Nani murghabi (Gujarati); Breeding Period: April to June
Chhoti murghabi, Patari, (Hindi); Naroib, Clutch Size: 7–10
Patari hans, Tulsibigri (West Bengal); Baijla
(Bihar); Chakrang (Marathi); Siravi, Kilawai
(Tamil); Solari hakki (Kannada); Kalimari,
Chila hans, Patari hans (Assam); Surit
(Manipur)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
of Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 199

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Western Spot-billed Duck or

Spot-billed Duck
Anas poecilorhyncha Forster, 1781 Shape & Size: Duck, ±61 cm
Synonym: Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Tilavali batak (Gujarati); Habitat: Shallow lakes and reservoirs
Garmpai, Gugral (Hindi); Laddim (Bihar); Breeding Period: July to September
Kara (Manipur); Bor mughi hans (Assam) Clutch Size: 6–12

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
of Banni Grassland.

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Gadwall
Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, <51 cm
Synonyms: Anas strepera strepera, Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Chaulelasmus streperus, Mareca strepera Habitat: Reedy marshes
Local Names: Luhar batak (Gujarati); Maila, Breeding Period: July to September
Bhuar, Beykhur (Hindi); Peeing hans (West Clutch Size: 6–12
Bengal); Maila (Bihar); Saru mugi hans
(Assam); Thoidingnam (Manipur)

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Northern
Europe, Asia
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
of Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 201

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Eurasian Wigeon or Wigeon

Anas penelope Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, <49 cm
Synonym: Mareca penelope Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Piyasan, Pharao (Gujarat, Nal Habitat: Reedy marshes
Sarovar); Peasan, Patari, Pharia, Chhota lalsir Breeding Period: May to July
(Hindi); Chhota lalsir (West Bengal); Aroon Clutch Size: 6–10
(Bihar); Khaltriya kunda (Assam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
of Banni Grassland.

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Garganey
Anas querquedula Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, <41 cm
Synonym: Querquedula querquedula Feeding Habit: Granivorous
Local Names: Chetva, Kardio (Gujarat); Habitat: Marshes, reservoirs, and lakes
Chaita, Khira, Patari (Hindi); Ghang roib, Breeding Period: May to June
Giria hans (West Bengal); Ghila hans (Assam); Clutch Size: 6–12
Gendu (Orissa); Surit angouba (Manipur)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 203

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Northern Shoveler or Shoveler

Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, <51 cm
Synonyms: Anas spathula, Spatula clypeata Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Gaino (Gujarat, Nal Sarovar); Habitat: Inland waters
Phatphaje (Kachchh); Tidari, Punana, Breeding Period: April to June
Tokarwala, Ghirah (Hindi); Panta mukhi, Clutch Size: 7–16
Khunte hans (West Bengal); Sankhar (Bihar);
Khantiya hans, Nak dungara (Assam);
Mattimikh cherevi (Tamil); Khara (Manipur)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all the water bodies
surveyed in Banni Grassland.

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Red-crested Pochard
Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) Shape & Size: Duck, <54 cm
Synonym: Rhodonessa rufina Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Lal chanch karchiya, Ratobari Habitat: Large lakes and reservoirs
(Gujarat); Lalchonch, Lalsir (Hindi); Bada Breeding Period: Round the year
rangamuri, Chobra hans (West Bengal); Clutch Size: 6–12
Doommer (Bihar); Deo hans (Assam); Irupi
(Manipur)

Assam, Tamil Nadu
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 205

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Common Pochard
Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Duck, <48 cm
Synonyms: Aristonetta ferina, Nyroca ferina Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Rakhodi karchiyo, Tarandio Habitat: Open jheels and reservoirs
(Gujarati); Lalsir (Hindi); Lal muri (Bengali); Breeding Period: Round the year
Ranga muriya (Assamese); Irupi (Manipuri) Clutch Size: 8–12

North-east India, Karnataka, Pondicherry
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
of Banni Grassland.

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Tufted Duck or Tufted Pochard

Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Duck, <46 cm
Synonym: Nyroca fuligula Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Chotili kabri batak, Kalwelio Habitat: Open lakes and reservoirs
(Gujarat); Dubaru, Ablak, Rahvara (Hindi); Breeding Period: June to October
Kurungalian (Tamil); Nalla chiluwa (Telugu); Clutch Size: 7–12
Bamuniya hans (West Bengal, Assam)

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on most of the water
bodies in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 207

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Cotton Teal
Nettapus coromandelianus (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Partridge, ±33 cm
Local Names: Kapasi murghabi (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Insectivorous
Girri, Girria, Girja, Gurgura (Hindi); Bali Habitat: Jheels and ponds
hans (West Bengal); Dandana (Orissa); Ade, Breeding Period: July to September
Atla (Maharashtra); Keeke, Chuwa (Assam) Clutch Size: 6–12

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Comb Duck
Sarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant, 1769) Shape & Size: Duck, >76 cm
Synonyms: Sarkidornis melanotos, Sarkidiornis Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
melanotos melanotos Habitat: Reedy water bodies in well-wooded
Local Names: Nakto (Gujarati); Nakta plains
(Hindi, West Bengal); Nakwa (Bihar); Naki Breeding Period: July to September
hansa (Orissa); Juttu chiluwa (Telugu); Clutch Size: 8–12
Doda sarle hakki (Kannada); Mookkan thara
(Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found on all water bodies
in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 209

Family: Cerylidae
Pied Kingfisher or
Lesser Pied Kingfisher
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Myna, >31 cm
Local Names: Kabro kalkaliyo (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Kirkiria (Kachchh); Koryala kilkila (Hindi); Habitat: Stagnant water, jheels, reservoirs,
Karona (Bihar); Chitla kilkila (Madhya ditches, and slow streams
Pradesh); Phatka machhranga, Karikata (West Breeding Period: May and October
Bengal); Sufaid tont, Duddru (Kashmir); Clutch Size: 5–6
Meenkotti (Tamil); Ngarakpi, Wakrek
(Manipuri)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally recorded on trees around
water bodies.

Family: Alcedinidae
Common Kingfisher or
Small Blue Kingfisher
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Sparrow, >18 cm
Local Names: Nano kalkaliyo (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Chhota kilkila, Nita or Nika machhrala Habitat: Along streams, canals, ponds,
(Hindi); Kola tonth, Chhota tont, Tuntu mangrove swamps, and seashore
(Kashmiri) Breeding Period: March to June
Clutch Size: 5–7

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in the vicinity of all water
bodies.
Aquatic Birds 211

Family: Dacelonidae
White-throated Kingfisher or
White-breasted Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Myna, >28 cm
Local Names: Kalkaliyo, Savet kanth Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
kalkaliyo (Gujarati); Kilkila, Kourilla (Hindi); Habitat: Canals, streams, reservoirs,
Tanki (Bihar); Sandabuk machhranga (West cultivation, and edges of forest away from
Bengal); Lali mach sorai (Assam); Khandya water
(Marathi); Lakmuka, Buchegadu (Telugu); Breeding Period: March to July
Vichuli, Meenkotti (Tamil); Ponman Clutch Size: 4–7
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded singly or in pairs on
Prosopis juliflora and overhead electric wires.

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
White-breasted Waterhen
Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769) Shape & Size: Partridge, ±32 cm
Synonym: Amaurornis phoenicurus chinensis Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Safed chhati santakukdi, Davak Habitat: Marshes, ponds, and paddy fields
(Gujarati); Davak, Dahak, Dauk (Hindi); Breeding Period: June to October
Panpaira (West Bengal); Kinati (Uttar Clutch Size: 6–7
Pradesh); Ban murghi (Bihar); Jal murghi
(Madhya Pradesh); Kuku kombdi (Marathi);
Pani duboi (Assam); Kula kozhi (Malayalam)

Maldives, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 213

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Watercock
Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: Partridge, Male >43 cm,
Synonyms: Fulica cinerea, Gallicrex cinerea Female 36 cm
cinerea Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Jal murgho (Gujarati); Kora, Habitat: Marshes, ponds, and paddy fields
Kangra (Hindi); Toobka, Kora (Bihar); Kora, Breeding Period: June to September
Jal morag (West Bengal); Khora sorai (Assam); Clutch Size: 3–6, up to 8
Utum (Manipur); Tannir kozhi (Tamil);
Theepporikkannan (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Purple Swamphen or
Purple Moorhen
Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Village hen, ±43 cm
Local Names: Nil jal murgho, Neel kukadi Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Gujarati); Kaim kharim, Kalim, Khima Habitat: Marshy reed beds, flooded paddy
(Hindi); Kaim, Kam pakhi (West Bengal); fields
Wan tech (Kashmir); Korma (Bihar); Kham Breeding Period: June to September
charai (Assam); Umu (Manipur); Nila bolli Clutch Size: 3–7
kodi (Telugu); Neela kozhi (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all marshy areas in
Aquatic Birds 215

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Common Moorhen
Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Partridge, >32 cm
Synonym: Gallinula chloropus [chloropus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
group] Habitat: Jheels, marshes, and ponds
Local Names: Jal kukadi (Gujarati); Breeding Period: June to September
Jal murghi, Pani murghi (Hindi); Tech Clutch Size: 5–12
(Kashmiri); Bodor (Bihar); Jal murgi, Dakab
paira (West Bengal); Jumbu kodi, Bolli kodi
(Telugu); Paat uren (Manipur); Kanan koli
(Tamil); Patta kozhi (Malayalam); Pan kombdi
(Marathi)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all small and large
water bodies in Banni Grassland.

Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Common Coot
Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Duck, ±42 cm
Local Names: Bhagatdu, Aad, Dasadi Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Gujarati); Kokdi (Kachchh); Dasari, Aari, Habitat: Large jheels, lakes, and reservoirs
Khuskul, Thekari (Hindi); Karandab, Breeding Period: July to August
Jal kukkut (West Bengal); Kesrar, Serar Clutch Size: 6–10
(Bihar); Bolli kodi (Telugu); Kaam, Poonaar
(Marathi); Kolur, Kolru (Kashmir); Nganu
porom (Manipur)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in all annual and
perennial water bodies in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 217

Family: Podicipedidae
Great Crested Grebe

Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Duck, 50 cm in length
Local Names: Chotili moti dubki (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Shivahans (North-east India) Habitat: Lakes and littoral waters
Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: Ladakh, Andhra

Pradesh, Gujarat
Elsewhere: Baluchistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in all small and
large water bodies in Banni Grassland.

Black-necked Grebe
Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, 1831 Shape & Size: Duck, 28–34 cm
Synonyms: Colymbus caspicus, Colymbus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
nigricollis, Podiceps caspicus Habitat: Jheels and littoral waters
Local Name: Shyam-griva dubki (Gujarati) Breeding Period: June to October
Clutch Size: 2

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly found in all water
Aquatic Birds 219

Little Grebe or Dabchick

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) Shape & Size: Pigeon, ±23 cm
Synonyms: Tachybapthus ruficollis, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Tachybaptus ruficollis [ruficollis group] Habitat: Water tanks and ponds
Local Names: Nani dubki (Gujarati); Breeding Period: April to October
Pandubi, Pantiri, Dubdubi, Churaka (Hindi); Clutch Size: 3–5
Dubdubi, Pandubi, Duburi (West Bengal);
Munu gudi kodi (Telugu); Mukkulippan,
Tanni pullu (Tamil); Pind (Kashmir)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Commonly recorded in small and
large water bodies in Banni Grassland.

Family: Pelecanidae
Great White Pelican or Rosy Pelican

Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Vulture, >183 cm
Synonyms: Pelecanus onocrotalus roseus, Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Pelecanus roseus Habitat: Jheels and lagoons
Local Names: Gulabi pen (Gujarati); Breeding Period: February to April
Havasil (Hindi); Gorapullo (West Bengal); Clutch Size: 2
Chinkabatu (Telugu); Deohans (Assamese);
Kulakeda (Tamil); Kotumpannom
(Malayalam)

Central India
Elsewhere: Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on all water bodies in
Banni Grassland in groups of 6–8 individuals.
Aquatic Birds 221

Family: Pelecanidae
Dalmatian Pelican
Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 Shape & Size: Vulture, 160–180 cm
Local Names: Chotili pen (Gujarati); Pen Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
(Kachchh); Havaso, Havasil, Lorer (Hindi); Habitat: Large lakes and rivers
Bellua, Birva (Bihar); Ganggoya, Garapolo Breeding Period: November to April
(West Bengal); Chikabatu (Telugu); Deohans, Clutch Size: 3
Bhela (Assam); Uphong (Manipur); Kulakeda
(Tamil); Kotumpannom (Malayalam)
Myanmar
IUCN: Vulnerable
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in some water bodies of

Family: Pelecanidae
Spot-billed Pelican
Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, 1789 Shape & Size: Vulture, >152 cm
Local Names: Rooperi pen (Gujarati); Pen Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
(Kachchh, Sind); Havaso; Havasil, Lorer Habitat: Large lakes and rivers
(Hindi); Bellua, Birva or Bheerva (Bihar); Breeding Period: November to April
Ganggoya, Gaganber, Garapolo or Gorapullo Clutch Size: 3
(West Bengal); Chikabatu (Telugu); Deohans,
Dhera, Bhela (Assam); Uphong (Manipur);
Pas boruwa, Pasbara (Sinhala); Kulakeda Distribution: India: Throughout the country
(Tamil); Kotumpannom (Malayalam) Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 223

Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Great Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Duck, >80 cm
Synonym: Phalacrocorax carbo carbo Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Local Names: Moto kajeeyo (Gujarati); Habitat: Inland water and tidal lagoons
Pankowwa (Hindi); Pani kaori (Assamese); Breeding Period: September to February
Pankawri (Bengal); Bonta kaki (Telugu) Clutch Size: 3–5, sometimes 6

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Indian Cormorant or Indian Shag

Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 Shape & Size: Duck, >63 cm
Synonym: Hypoleucos fuscicollis Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Local Names: Vachet kajeeyo (Gujarati); Habitat: Jheels, rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries
Pankowwa, Jograbi, Ganhill (Hindi); Pani Breeding Period: July to February
kaori (Assamese); Pankawri (Bengali); Clutch Size: 3–6
Neetikaki, Bontakaki (Telugu); Kadal kagam,
Neer kagam (Tamil); Diya kawa (Sinhala);
Kakataravu (Malayalam)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies
of Banni Grassland in groups of 10–15
individuals.
Aquatic Birds 225

Little Cormorant
Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot, 1817) Shape & Size: Crow, >51 cm
Synonyms: Microcarbo niger, Halietor niger Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Local Names: Nano kajeeyo (Gujarati); Habitat: Found on all inland water bodies
Pankowwa, Jograbi, Ganhill (Hindi); Breeding Period: July to September
Pankawri (West Bengal); Neetikaki (Telugu); Clutch Size: 4–5
Kadal kagam, Neer kagam (Tamil);
Kakataravu (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies
of Banni Grassland in groups of 10–15
individuals.
Family: Anhingidae
Darter or Oriental Darter or

Snakebird
Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 Shape & Size: Duck, >90 cm
Synonym: Anhinga melanogaster melanogaster Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Local Names: Sarpgriv (Gujarati); Panva, Habitat: Lakes and reservoirs
Pandubi, Banbe (Hindi); Goyar (West Breeding Period: June to August
Bengal); Pamubatu (Telugu); Pambuttara Clutch Size: 3–4
(Tamil); Maniori, Begiagir (Assam)

Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in small and large water
bodies and their vicinity.
Aquatic Birds 227

Family: Ardeidae
Grey Heron
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Vulture, >98 cm
Synonyms: Ardea cinerea monicae, Ardea Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
cinerea cinerea Habitat: Swamps, estuaries, and rocky
Local Names: Kaboot baglo (Gujarati); Nari, offshore habitats
Kabud, Anjan, Sain (Hindi); Khyra (Bihar); Breeding Period: July to September
Sada kank or Kank, Anjan (West Bengal); Clutch Size: 3–6
Brag (Kashmir); Nazayana pachchi (Telugu);
Narai, Sambal narai (Tamil); Charamunti
(Malayalam); Kudal (Maharashtra)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies singly
or in pairs.

Family: Ardeidae
Purple Heron
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 Shape & Size: Vulture, >97 cm
Synonyms: Ardea bournei, Ardea purpurea Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
purpurea Habitat: Jheels, reedy lakes, and rivers
Local Names: Nadi baglo (Gujarati); Lal Breeding Period: June to March
anjan (Hindi); Lal kank (Bengali); Lalkol Clutch Size: 3–5
(Assamese); Yerra narayana tella konga
(Telugu); Peria vellai kokku (Tamil)

Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies singly
or in twos.
Aquatic Birds 229

Family: Ardeidae
Little Heron or Little Green Heron

Butorides striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Heron, ±46 cm
Synonym: Ardea striatus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Lili bagli (Gujarati); Kancha Habitat: Inland waters and swamps
bagla (Hindi); Kana bak (West Bengal); Kona Breeding Period: March to August
moochree (Assam); Dosi konga (Telugu); Clutch Size: 3–5
Doshi kokku (Tamil); Chinna kokku
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Ardeidae
Indian Pond-Heron
Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832)
Local Names: Kani bagli (Gujarati); Bagla,
Andha bagla, Khunch bagla (Hindi); Konch
bak (West Bengal); Bogli (Bihar); Kulathu
kokku, Madai katan (Tamil); Guddi konga
(Telugu); Broku (Kashmir); Kulamuti
(Malayalam)
Shape & Size: Heron, >46 cm

Habitat: Marshes, streams, paddy fields, and
ponds
Breeding Period: May to September
Clutch Size: 3–5

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in trees and bushes on the
periphery of water bodies.
Aquatic Birds 231

Family: Ardeidae
Cattle Egret
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Ardea ibis, Egretta ibis, Bubulcus Shape & Size: Heron, ±51 cm
ibis ibis Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Dhor baglo (Gujarati); Surkhia Habitat: Gregarious in grassland and
bagla, Badami bagla, Doria bagla (Hindi); Gai agriculture
bak (West Bengal); Samti konga (Telugu); Breeding Period: June to August
Unni kokku (Tamil); Jobogali (Assam); Gai Clutch Size: 3–5
Bagla (Marathi); San dung il (Manipur);
Kalikunti (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies of
Banni Grassland, associated with livestock,
singly or in groups of 8–10 individuals.
Family: Ardeidae
Large Egret
Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Vulture, ±91 cm
Synonyms: Egretta alba, Egretta albus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Moto baglo (Gujarati); Bada Habitat: Jheels, marshes, and rivers
bagla (Hindi); Bada bak (Bengali); Bor bog Breeding Period: July to February
(Assamese); Pedda pakshi (Telugu); Chennarai Clutch Size: 3–4
(Tamil); Chayamunti (Malayalam)

Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies, in
Aquatic Birds 233

Family: Ardeidae
Intermediate Egret or Median Egret

Mesophoyx intermedia (Wagler, 1829)
Synonyms: Ardea intermedia, Egretta
intermedia
Local Names: Dholo baglo (Gujarati);
Karchia bagla (Hindi); Korche bak (West
Bengal); Talla konga (Telugu); Vellai kokku
(Tamil)
Shape & Size: Heron, >80 cm

Habitat: Jheels, marshes, estuaries, mangrove
swamps
Breeding Period: July to February
Clutch Size: 3–4

Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in water bodies and
muddy, damp places in Banni Grassland.

Family: Ardeidae
Little Egret
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Heron, >63 cm
Synonym: Ardea garzetta Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Nano dhor baglo (Gujarati); Habitat: Gregarious in marshes, lakes, rivers,
Kilchia or Karchia bagla (Hindi); Chhota and tidal mudflats
korche bak (West Bengal); Teteri bog Breeding Period: July to August
(Assamese); Chinna tella konga (Telugu); Clutch Size: 4
Chinna vellai kokku (Tamil); Chinnamunti
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in water bodies, muddy
and damp places in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 235

Family: Ardeidae
Western Reef-Egret or
Indian Reef Heron
Egretta gularis (Bosc, 1792)
Synonyms: Egretta garzetta gularis, Egretta
gularis gularis
Local Names: Dariyay baglo (Gujarati); Kala Distribution: India: Western India
bagla (Hindi); Thiramunti (Malayalam); Elsewhere: Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Theerapu konga (Telugu); Karai kokku, Karpu Conservation Status:
kallavayan (Tamil) IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Shape & Size: Heron, ±63 cm Migratory Status: Resident Migrant
Feeding Habit: Carnivorous Period in Banni: Throughout the year
Habitat: Rocky seashores, tidal lagoons and Status in Banni Grassland: Common
mudflats, mangroves, swamps Remarks: Recorded in the vicinity of water
Breeding Period: March to July bodies in Banni Grassland.
Clutch Size: 3–4

Family: Ardeidae
Black-crowned Night-Heron or
Night Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Heron, >58 cm
Local Names: Awaak, Waak (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Waak, Kwaak, Tar bagla, Kokrai (Hindi); Bor Habitat: Inland water, estuaries, coastal
(Kashmir); Bachka (West Bengal); Chongkhu lagoons, and backwater
(Manipur); Raat baggal, Raat kokku, Raj kok Breeding Period: April to September
(Marathi); Chinta wakha (Telugu); Vakka Clutch Size: 4–5
(Tamil); Toppi kokku (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in perennial and seasonal
water bodies of Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 237

Family: Ciconiidae
Painted Stork
Mycteria leucocephala (Pennant, 1769) Shape & Size: Vulture, standing ±93 cm
Synonyms: Ibis leucocephalus, Mycteria Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
leucocephalus Habitat: Large marshes
Local Names: Pili chanch dhonk (Gujarati); Breeding Period: August and January
Chitroda (Kachchh); Janghil, Dokh (Hindi); Clutch Size: 3–5
Kankari (Bihar); Jhangil, Ram jhankar,
Sona jangha (West Bengal); Yeru kala konga
(Telugu); Chenga narai, Sanguvalai narai
(Tamil)

Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded on the periphery of water
bodies in groups of 6–8 individuals.

Family: Ciconiidae
Woolly-necked Stork or
White-necked Stork
Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) Shape & Size: Vulture, standing >106 cm
Synonym: Ciconia espicopus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Local Names: Safed dok honk, Kali tul Habitat: Flooded grasslands, irrigated fields,
(Gujarati); Manik jor (West Bengal); Laglag marshes in forest
(Hindi); Bagula, Kardok, Kandesur, Kowrow Breeding Period: Round the year
(Marathi); Vannathi narai (Tamil); Kanua Clutch Size: 3–4
(Assam)

Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: A single individual recorded near a
water body in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 239

Family: Ciconiidae
European White Stork or

White Stork
Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Vulture, standing >106 cm
Local Names: Uajali dhonk (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Laglag, Haji laglag, Ujli dhak, Gybar, Bada Habitat: Marshes, moist grassland
retwa (Hindi); Wadumi konga (Telugu) Breeding Period: May to July
Clutch Size: 3–5

Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: A single individual recorded in
Lakhara wetland in Banni Grassland.

Family: Ciconiidae
Black Stork
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Vulture, standing >106 cm
Local Names: Kali dhonk (Gujarati); Surmal Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
(Hindi) Habitat: Marshes and near rivers
Breeding Period: April to May
Clutch Size: 3–5

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal east to Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 241

Family: Ciconiidae
Black-necked Stork
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) Shape & Size: Vulture, standing >135 cm
Synonyms: Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
asiaticus, Xenorhynchus asiaticus Habitat: Marshes and large rivers
Local Names: Banaras, Kali dok dhonk Breeding Period: August and January
(Gujarati); Banaras, Loharjang, Loha sarang Clutch Size: 3–4
(Hindi); Lohar jangh or Loha jangha (West
Bengal); Telia hareng (Assam); Periya narai
(Tamil); Pedda nalla konga (Telugu)

Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in the vicinity of water

Family: Ciconiidae
Asian Openbill-Stork or
Asian Openbill
Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783) Shape & Size: Duck, >81 cm
Local Names: Fati chanch dhonk (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Gungla, Ghonghila, Ghungil (Hindi); Dokar Habitat: Lakes and marshes
(Bihar); Thonte bhanga, Shakukh khol (West Breeding Period: July to September
Bengal); Galu konga (Telugu); Naththai Clutch Size: 2–4
kuththi narai (Tamil); Samuk bhanga
(Assamese); Cherakokkan (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 243

Family: Threskiornithidae
White Ibis or Black-headed Ibis or

Oriental White Ibis
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, Shape & Size: Heron, ±75 cm
1790) Feeding Habit: Carnivorous
Synonym:Threskiornis melanocephala Habitat: Rivers, marshes, and inundated land
Local Names: Safed kankansar (Gujarati); Breeding Period: June to August
Munda, Safed baza, Didhar (Hindi); Clutch Size: 2–4
Kachator, Mundukh (Bihar); Kastechara,
Sada dochara (West Bengal); Boga koki bog
(Assam); Thalaikaththi (Tamil); Kashanti
kokku (Malayalam)

Sri Lanka, Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Black Ibis or Red-naped Ibis

Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824) Shape & Size: Heron, ±68 cm
Synonym: Pseudibis papillosa papillosa Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Kali kankansar (Gujarati); Habitat: River banks, stubble fields, and jheel
Baza, Kala baza, Karan kul (Hindi); Kalo margins
dochara (West Bengal); Kala akohi bog Breeding Period: March to October
(Assam); Nella kankanam (Telugu) Clutch Size: 2–4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
and grassy areas of Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 245

Glossy Ibis
Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) Shape & Size: Heron, ±52 cm
Synonyms: Plegadis autumnalis, Plegadis Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
falcinellus falcinellus Habitat: Marshes and river banks
Local Names: Pan-nani kankansar (Gujarati); Breeding Period: May to July
Chhota bujja (Hindi); Kachia tora (Bengali); Clutch Size: 2–3
That kankanam (Telugu); Karuppukottan
(Tamil)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in water bodies in groups
of 2–3 individuals.

Eurasian Spoonbill
Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758
Local Names: Chamcha (Gujarati); Chamach
baza, Chamcha, Dabil (Hindi); Chinta,
Khunte bak (West Bengal); Khantiya bog
(Assam); Gent muku konga (Telugu); Karandi
much narai, Chappai chundan (Tamil)
Shape & Size: Duck, standing >60 cm Distribution: India: Throughout the year
Feeding Habit: Carnivorous Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Habitat: Marshes and rivers Myanmar
Breeding Period: July to November Conservation Status:
Clutch Size: 4 IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
and damp places in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 247

Family: Phoenicopteridae
Greater Flamingo or
American Flamingo
Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Vulture, >140 cm
Synonyms: Phoenicopterus roseus, Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Habitat: Brackish lakes and lagoons, sea coast,
Local Names: Moto hanj (Gujarati); Hanj estuaries, mudflats
pakkhi (Kachchh); Bog hans, Raj hans Breeding Period: September to October,
(Hindi); Kanmunthi, Kanthuti (West Bengal); February to April
Charaj baggo (Bihar); Pu konga, Samudrapu Clutch Size: 1–2
chiluka (Telugu); Pun narai, Urian (Tamil)

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in some saline water
bodies of Banni Grassland.

Family: Phoenicopteridae
Lesser Flamingo
Phoenicopterus minor Geoffroy Saint- Shape & Size: Duck, 90–105 cm
Hilaire, 1798 Feeding Habit: Feeds on aquatic plants and
Synonym: Phoeniconaias minor insects
Local Names: Nano hanj (Gujarati); Chhota Habitat: Gregarious in highly saturated brine
rajhans (Hindi) areas
Breeding Period: June to July
Clutch Size: 1–2

Tamil Nadu, Orissa
Elsewhere: Sub-Saharan country, and from
Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: A breeding population recorded in
Banni Grassland in Kachchh.
Aquatic Birds 249

Family: Jacanidae
Pheasant-tailed Jacana
Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) Shape & Size: Partridge, ±31 cm
Local Names: Katthaei lal manjar (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Piho, Pihuya (Hindi); Gund kav, Gair kov Habitat: Jheels and ponds with floating
(Kashmir); Surdal, Sakdal, Dal kukra, Jal vegetation
mayor, Jal kokra, Chitra billai (West Bengal, Breeding Period: June to September
Bihar); Lobo dak (Santhali); Miwa, Manal Clutch Size: 4
pura (Tamil); Tamara kozhi (Malayalam)
Distribution: India: Northern and Western

India
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in all water bodies,
muddy and damp places in Banni Grassland.

Family: Jacanidae
Bronze-winged Jacana
Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790) Shape & Size: Partridge, Male ±28 cm,
Local Names: Kalo jal manjar (Gujarati); Jal Female 31 cm
pipi (Hindi); Dal pipi, Jal pipi, Karatiya (West Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Bengal); Pipi, Kundai (Bihar); Thamnachenbi Habitat: Jheels and ponds with floating
(Manipur) vegetation
Clutch Size: 4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 251

Family: Scolopacidae
Greater Painted-Snipe or
Painted Snipe
Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Quail, >25 cm
Synonyms: Rhynchaea capensis capensis, Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis Habitat: Reedy marshes and pools
Local Names: Sali poonchh garkhod, Breeding Period: Round the year
Garkhod (Gujarati); Chaha (Hindi); Chegga, Clutch Size: 3–4
Kadakhocha (West Bengal); Khocha sordid,
Chaha sorai, Chergya (Assam); Cheklaobi
(Manipur); Mor ullan, Ullan kuruvi, Korra
kuthi (Tamil); Muku puredi (Telugu);
Chuntan kata (Malayalam); Pan lawa
(Marathi) Distribution: India: Throughout the country
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Black-winged Stilt
Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms:Himantopus ceylonensis, Shape & Size: Partridge, <25 cm
Himantopus himantopus himantopus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Gajpauv (Gujarati); Gazpaon, Habitat: Seashore and mudflats
Tinghur (Hindi); Sargain or Sargyne (Bihar); Breeding Period: April to August
Lal gon, Lal thengi, Lam gora (West Bengal); Clutch Size: 3–4
Pavilla kal ullan (Tamil)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in groups of 10–15 in all
Aquatic Birds 253

Pied Avocet or Avocet

Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Partridge, >46 cm
Local Names: Ulti-chanch (Gujarati); Kusya Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
chaha (Hindi); Kooni arichichan (Tamil) Habitat: Marshes, lagoons, and mudflats,
inland and seashore
Breeding Period: April
Clutch Size: 4

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Breeds in Great Rann of Kachchh.

Whimbrel
Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Village hen, ±43 cm
Synonyms: Numenius hudsonicus, Numenius Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
phaeopus phaeopus Habitat: Seashore and mudflats
Local Names: Nani khalili (Gujarati); Chhota Breeding Period: March to August
ghongh, Chhota gulinda (Hindi, West Clutch Size: 4
Bengal); Chhota guinyar (Bihar); Tetti kokku
(Malayalam); Kuthirai malai kottan (Tamil)

Elsewhere: Asia, Europe, North America
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals.
Aquatic Birds 255

Eurasian Curlew
Numenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Village hen, ±58 cm
Synonym: Numenius arquatus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Vilayti khalili, Khalili Habitat: Seashore and mudflats
(Gujarati); Goar, Goonch, Bada gulinda Breeding Period: April to June
(Hindi); Choppa, Sada kastachura (West Clutch Size: 3–5
Bengal); Guinyar (Bihar); Kuthirai malai
kottan (Tamil); Valkokku (Malayalam)

Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in most of the water

Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Village hen, Male ±41 cm,
Local Names: Kali poonchh gadero Female ±50 cm
(Gujarati); Gudera, Gairiya, Jangral (Hindi); Habitat: Marshes
Malgujha (Bihar); Jaurali (Bengal); Tondu Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
ulanka (Telugu) Breeding Period: April to July
Clutch Size: 3–4

Myanmar
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 257

Bar-tailed Godwit
Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Hen, Male ±36 cm,
Synonym: Limosa laponica Female ±41 cm
Local Names: Patta poonchh gadero Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
(Gujarati); Gudera, Gairiya, Khag (Hindi); Habitat: Seashore and mudflats
Malgujha (Bihar); Jaurali (Bengal); Tondu Breeding Period: April to June
ulanka (Telugu) Clutch Size: 3–5
Distribution: India: Western parts and

islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in groups of 7–8 in most
of the water bodies of Banni Grassland.

Spotted Redshank or
Dusky Redshank
Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764) Shape & Size: Partridge, ±33 cm
Synonyms: Totanus erythropus, Tringa fuscus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Kali tutvari (Gujarati); Batan, Habitat: Marshes, reservoirs, estuaries
Gatni, Surma (Hindi); Yerra kal ulanka Breeding Period: April to August
(Tamil); Ngahoibi (Manipur) Clutch Size: 4–5

Elsewhere: Nepal, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 259

Common Redshank
Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Partridge, <28 cm
Synonym:Totanus totanus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Rata pag tutvari (Gujarati); Habitat: Marshes, margins of lakes, river
Chhota batan (Hindi); Mali kottan, Segappu banks, and estuaries
kal ullan (Tamil); Ngahoibi (Manipur) Breeding Period: May to July
Clutch Size: 4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in some water

Marsh Sandpiper
Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803)
Synonyms: Totanus stagnatilis, Tringa Shape & Size: Partridge, <25 cm
stagnatalis Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Ganda pag tutvari (Gujarati); Habitat: Marshes, margins of ponds,
Chhota gotra (Hindi); Biler balubatan inundated fields, and mudflats
(Bengal) Breeding Period: April to August
Clutch Size: 3–4

Elsewhere: Nepal, Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 261

Common Greenshank
Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) Shape & Size: Partridge, >36 cm
Synonyms: Glottis nebularia, Totanus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
nebularia, Totanus nebularius Habitat: Marshes, margins of ponds, lagoons,
Local Names: Moti lilapag tutvari (Gujarati); and mudflats
Tantana, Timtima (Hindi); Gotra (Bengal); Breeding Period: March to June
Peria kottan (Tamil); Pachakkali (Malayalam); Clutch Size: 4
Timbla (Marathi)

Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Green Sandpiper
Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Partridge, >34 cm
Synonyms: Helodromas ocrophus, Helodromas Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
ocropus, Totanus ochropus, Tringa ochrophus, Habitat: Marshes, margins of ponds, lagoons,
Tringa ocrophus and mudflats
Local Name: Lili tutvari (Gujarati) Breeding Period: April to August
Clutch Size: 3–4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in and around all the
Aquatic Birds 263

Wood Sandpiper
Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Quail, ±21 cm
Synonym: Rhyacophilus glareola Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Van tutvari (Gujarati); Habitat: Marshes, flooded paddy fields,
Chupka, Chobaha, Titvari (Hindi); Balu mudflats
batan (Bengal); Chinna ulanka (Telugu); Kata Breeding Period: May to June
kokku (Malayalam); Vaya ullan (Tamil) Clutch Size: 4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Terek Sandpiper
Xenus cinereus (Guldenstadt, 1775) Shape & Size: Quail, >24 cm
Synonyms: Tringa cinerea, Tringa cinereus, Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Tringa terek, Xenus cinerea Habitat: Seashore, mudflats, and lagoons
Local Name: Dariyaei tutvari (Gujarati) Breeding Period: May to August
Clutch Size: 3–5

Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Normally found in the vicinity of
water bodies and mudflats in Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 265

Common Sandpiper
Actitis hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Quail, ±21 cm
Synonym: Tringa hypoleucos Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Samanya tutvari (Gujarati); Habitat: Gravel bars in rivers, reservoirs,
Polte ulanka (Telugu); Kottan (Tamil); lagoons, and seashore
Neerkata (Malayalam) Breeding Period: May to June
Clutch Size: 4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in the vicinity of water

Common Snipe or Fantail Snipe

Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Quail, >27 cm
Synonyms: Capella gallinago, Gallinago Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
gallinago gallinago Habitat: Marshes
Local Names: Pankh poonchh garkhod, Breeding Period: May to June
Garkhod (Gujarati); Chaha (Hindi); Chegga, Clutch Size: 4
Kadakhocha (Bengal); Khocha sorai, Chaha
sorai, Chergya (Assam); Cheklaobi (Manipur);
Mor ullan, Ullan kuruvi, Korra kuthi (Tamil);
Muku puredi (Telugu); Chuntan kata
(Malayalam); Pal lawa (Marathi)
Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 267

Jack Snipe
Lymnocryptes minimus (Brunnich, 1764) Shape & Size: Quail, ±21 cm
Synonyms: Gallinago minima, Lymnocryptes Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
gallinula, Lymnocryptes minima Habitat: Marshes
Local Names: Nani pankh poonchh garkhod Breeding Period: May to July
(Gujarati); Chhota chaha (Hindi); Ullan Clutch Size: 4–5
(Tamil); Do lagin (Bihar)
Distribution: India: Andamans

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals in all water bodies of Banni
Grassland.

Little Stint
Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812) Shape & Size: Sparrow, <15 cm
Synonyms: Ereunetes minutus, Erolia minuta Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Nano kichadiyo (Gujarati); Habitat: Shores, mudflats, and marshes
Chhota panlowwa (Hindi); Runni (Bihar); Breeding Period: June to July
Kosu ullan (Tamil) Clutch Size: 4
Distribution: India: Throughout the year

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 269
Temminck’s Stint
Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812) Shape & Size: Sparrow, ±15 cm
Synonyms: Ereunetes temminckii, Erolia Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
temminckii Habitat: Coastal lagoons, tidal mudflats, and
Local Names: Uajla pag kichadiyo (Gujarati); inland marshes
Chhota panlowwa (Hindi); Runni (Bihar); Breeding Period: June to August
Kosu ullan (Tamil) Clutch Size: 4
Distribution: India: Andamans

Elsewhere: Nepal, Sri Lanka, and coastal areas
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.

Dunlin
Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Quail, ±19 cm
Synonyms: Ereunetes alpina, Erolia alpina, Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Pelidna alpina, Tringa alpina Habitat: Seashore, mudflats, and river banks
Local Name: Kalo pet kichadiyo (Gujarati) Breeding Period: May to August
Clutch Size: 4
Distribution: India: North-west and

peninsular India
Elsewhere: Pakistan, Maldives
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 271
Curlew Sandpiper
Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Shape & Size: Quail, ±20 cm
Synonyms: Calidris subarquata, Calidris Feeding Habit: Feeds on aquatic invertebrates
testacea, Ereunetes ferrugineus, Erolia ferruginea, Habitat: Seashore, mudflats, and marshes
Erolia testacea, Tringa ferruginea Breeding Period: March to June
Local Name: Vanki chanch kichadiyo Clutch Size: 3–4
(Gujarati)

Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Ruff or Reeve
Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Partridge, Male ±31 cm,
Synonyms: Machetes pugnax, Pavoncella Female >25 cm
pugnax Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Tiliyo (Gujarati); Gehwala, Habitat: Mudflats, marshes, and wet paddy
Bagbad (Hindi); Geowala (Bengal) stubble
Clutch Size: 4

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals in some water bodies of Banni
Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 273

Family: Burhinidae
Eurasian Thick-knee or
Stone Curlew
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Partridge, >41 cm
Local Names: Nano chadvo (Gujarati); Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Karvanak, Barsiri (Hindi); Kharma, Chhota Habitat: Stony semi-desert
shilabatan (Bengal); Kolleydu (Telugu); Breeding Period: February to August
Kannadi al katti (Tamil); Vayalkannan Clutch Size: 2
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals in and around water bodies.

Family: Burhinidae
Great Thick-knee or
Great Stone Plover
Esacus recurvirostris (Cuvier, 1829) Shape & Size: Village hen, ±51 cm
Synonym: Burhinus recurvirostris Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Moto chadvo (Gujarati); Bada Habitat: Rocky river beds and sea coasts
karwanak (Hindi); Bada shilabatan (Bengal); Breeding Period: February to July
Baligura (Assam) Clutch Size: 2–3

Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 275

Grey Plover
Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Shape & Size: Francolin, ±31 cm
Synonyms: Charadrius squatarola, Pluvialis Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
squatarola squaratola, Squatarola squatarola Habitat: Gregarious on sandy seashores, tidal
Local Names: Batan titodi (Gujarati); Bada creeks, and mudflats, less commonly inland
batan (Hindi, Bengali) Breeding Period: April to July
Clutch Size: 3–4
Distribution: India: Coast of peninsular

India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
Lakshadweep
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Common Ringed Plover

Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Quail, 35–41 cm
Synonyms: Aegialitis hiaticula, Charadrius Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
hiaticulus Habitat: Stony or sandy plains near lakes,
Local Name: Samany zini titodi (Gujarati) bogs, and streams
Clutch Size: 4

Elsewhere: Northern Canada, Europe, South
Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
individuals in and around all water bodies.
Aquatic Birds 277

Little Ringed Plover

Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 Shape & Size: Quail, <17 cm
Synonym: Aegialitis dubia Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Local Names: Vilayti zini titodi (Gujarati); Habitat: Shingle beds in rivers, seashore and
Zierrea, Merwa (Hindi); Jiria (Bengal); mudflats
Kola katij (Kashmiri); Bytu ulanka, Rewa Breeding Period: March to May
(Telugu); Sinna kottan (Tamil); Motira kozhi Clutch Size: 4
(Malayalam)

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in and around most of
the water bodies in Banni Grassland.

Kentish Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 Shape & Size: Quail, <17 cm
Synonyms: Charadrius alexandrinus Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
alexandrinus, Charadrius alexandrinus Habitat: Sandy shores
dealbatus Breeding Period: March to August
Local Names: Bhulamani dhongili Clutch Size: 2–4
(Gujarati); Sinna kottan (Tamil); Manal kozhi
(Malayalam)
Distribution: India: East and west coast,

Nicobars, Southern India
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in and around all water
Aquatic Birds 279

Lesser Sand Plover

Charadrius mongolus Pallas, 1776 Shape & Size: Quail, ±19 cm
Synonyms: Aegialitis mongola, Charadrius Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
monachus, Charadrius mongolus mongolus Habitat: Stony or sandy plains near lakes,
Local Names: Nani dhongili (Gujarati); bogs, and streams
Kottan (Tamil); Manal kozhi (Malayalam) Breeding Period: June to July
Clutch Size: 3
Distribution: India: East and west coast,

Andaman & Nicobar Islands
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in and around water
bodies and mudflats in Banni Grassland.

Family: Laridae
Black-headed Gull
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 Shape & Size: House Crow, ±43 cm
Synonyms: Chroicocephala ridibundus, Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Larus ridibundus Habitat: Sea coast and estuaries
ridibundus Breeding Period: March to June
Local Name: Kala mathano dhomado Clutch Size: 4–7
(Gujarati)

Elsewhere: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 281

Family: Laridae
Pallas’s Gull or
Great Black-headed Gull
Larus ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 Shape & Size: Duck, 66–72 cm
Synonyms: Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus, Larus Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
ichtyaetus Habitat: Sea coast, large rivers and lakes
Local Names: Moto kala mathano dhomado Breeding Period: May to August
(Gujarati); Dhomra (Hindi); Kheir (Bihar) Clutch Size: 5–8
Distribution: India: Kachchh, Rajasthan

Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Nepal
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
bodies.

Family: Laridae
Brown-headed Gull or Tibetan Gull

Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840 Shape & Size: House Crow, >45 cm
Synonyms: Chroicocephala brunnicephalus, Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus Habitat: Sea coast, lagoons, backwaters,
Local Names: Ladakhi dhomado (Gujarati); estuaries, and large rivers
Dhomra (Hindi); Kadalpatta (Malayalam); Breeding Period: June to July
Kadal kakkai (Tamil) Clutch Size: 6–8

Myanmar
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 283

Family: Laridae
Slender-billed Gull
Larus geneii (Brème, 1839) Shape & Size: House Crow, >46 cm
Synonyms: Chroicocephalus genei, Habitat: Sea coast, lagoons, backwaters,
Chroicocephala genei, Larus galastes estuaries, and large rivers
Local Name: Gulabi dhomado (Gujarati) Feeding Habit: Omnivorous
Clutch Size: 5–8

Elsewhere: North Africa
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Laridae
Whiskered Tern
Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas, 1811) Shape & Size: Pigeon, <25 cm
Synonyms: Chlidonias hybrida, Chlidonias Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
leucopareai, Sterna hybrida Habitat: Lakes, marshes, coastal lagoons, and
Local Names: Kashmiri vabagli (Gujarati); mudflats
Tehari, Ganga cheel, Machh louka, Kurari Breeding Period: June to September
(Hindi); Krind, Kreu (Kashmir); Kadal kuruvi Clutch Size: 2–3
(Tamil); Ramadasu, Samudrapu kaki (Telugu);
Kadalkakka (Malayalam)
Distribution: India: Kashmir, Assam

Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, East Nepal,
Sri Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Banni Grassland.
Aquatic Birds 285

Family: Laridae
Gull-billed Tern
Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) Shape & Size: House Crow, <38 cm
Synonyms: Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica, Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Sterna angelica, Sterna nilotica Habitat: Jheels, rivers, and coastal mudflats
Local Names: Dhomada – male, Dhomadi – Breeding Period: April to June
female (Gujarati); Tehari, Ganga cheel, Machh Clutch Size: 2–3
louka, Kurari (Hindi); Krind, Kreu (Kashmir);
Kadal kuruvi (Tamil); Ramadasu, Samudrapu
Distribution: India: Andamans, West Bengal
kaki (Telugu); Kadalkakka (Malayalam)
Elsewhere: Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan,
Bangladesh
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Remarks: Recorded in a group of 2–3
individuals in Lakhara wetland of Banni
Grassland.
Family: Laridae
Caspian Tern
Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770 Shape & Size: House Crow, >51 cm
Synonyms: Hydroprogne tschegrava, Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Hydroprogne caspia, Sterna caspica, Sterna Habitat: Sea coast and large lakes
tschegrava Breeding Period: May to June
Local Names: Dariyaei dhomadi (Gujarati); Clutch Size: 2–3
Periya kadal kurivi (Tamil)
Distribution: India: Sea coast and large lakes

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
Aquatic Birds 287

Family: Laridae
River Tern or Indian River Tern

Sterna aurantia Gray, 1831 Shape & Size: House Crow, ±38–46 cm
Local Names: Kenchi poonchh vabagli Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
(Gujarati); Kinai (Sindh) Habitat: Large rivers and reservoirs
Breeding Period: March to May
Clutch Size: 3

IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV

Family: Laridae
Little Tern
Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 Shape & Size: Myna, ±23 cm
Synonym: Sternula albifrons Feeding Habit: Piscivorous
Local Name: Nani vabagli (Gujarati) Habitat: Rivers, marshes, and estuaries
Breeding Period: May and June
Clutch Size: 2–3
Distribution: India: Gujarat, coast of

Maharashtra, North India
Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka
IUCN: Least Concern
IWPA: Schedule IV
bodies.
Aquatic Birds 289

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Index of ___, Spotted 83 Hawk-Cuckoo, Common 86
Drongo, Black 127 Heron, Black-crowned Night-
Common Names Duck, Comb 209 237
___, Tufted 207 ___, Grey 228
Avocet, Pied 254 ___, Western Spot-billed 200 ___, Indian Pond- 231
Dunlin 271 ___, Little 230
Babbler, Common 154 ___, Purple 229
___, Jungle 156 Eagle, Bonelli’s 34 Hobby, Eurasian 54
___, Large Grey 155 ___, Booted 35 Honey-buzzard, Oriental 27
___, Yellow-eyed 153 ___, Eastern Imperial 36 Hoopoe, Eurasian 104
Bee-eater, Blue-cheeked 100 ___, Greater Spotted 39 Hoopoe-Lark, Greater 111
___, Little Green 101 ___, Lesser Spotted 40 Hypocolius, Grey 138
Bluethroat 165 ___, Steppe 38
Bulbul, Red-vented 140 ___, Tawny 37 Ibis, Black 245
___, White-eared 139 Eagle-Owl, Eurasian 92 ___, Glossy 246
Bunting, Black-headed 189 Egret, Cattle 232 ___, White 244
___, Grey-necked 190 ___, Intermediate 234 Iora, White-tailed 133
___, House 191 ___, Large 233
Bushchat, Pied 167 ___, Little 235 Jacana, Bronze-winged 251
___, Stoliczka’s 169 ___, Western Reef- 236 ___, Pheasant-tailed 250
Bushlark, Singing 115
Bush-Quail, Rock 72 Falcon, Laggar 56 Kestrel, Common 57
Bustard, Houbara 78 ___, Peregrine 53 Kingfisher, Common 211
Buttonquail, Common 74 ___, Red-headed 55 ___, Pied 210
Buzzard, Long-legged 32 Finch-Lark, Rufous-tailed 110 ___, White-throated 212
___, White-eyed 33 Flamingo, Greater 248 Kite, Black 28
___, Lesser 249 ___, Black-winged 26
Chiffchaff, Common 161 Flycatcher, Red-breasted 163 ___, Brahminy 29
Cisticola, Zitting 141 ___, Spotted 162 Koel, Asian 88
Collared-Dove, Eurasian 80 Francolin, Black 68
___, Red 81 ___, Grey 69 Lapwing, Red-wattled 62
Coot, Common 217 ___, Sociable 64
Cormorant, Great 224 Gadwall 201 ___, White-tailed 61
___, Indian 225 Garganey 203 ___, Yellow-wattled 63
___, Little 226 Godwit, Bar-tailed 258 Lark, Crested 113
Coucal, Greater 90 ___, Black-tailed 257 ___, Indian 107
Courser, Cream-coloured 58 Goose, Greylag 194 ___, Indian Short-toed 112
___, Indian 59 Grebe, Black-necked 219 ___, Tawny 114
Crag Martin, Dusky 116 ___, Great Crested 218
Crane, Common 75 ___, Little 220 Magpie-Robin, Oriental 164
___, Demoiselle 77 Greenshank, Common 262 Malkoha, Sirkeer 89
___, Sarus 76 Gull, Black-headed 281 Minivet, Small 131
Crow, House 128 ___, Brown-headed 283 ___, White-bellied 132
___, Large-billed 129 ___, Pallas’s 282 Moorhen, Common 216
Cuckoo, Common 87 ___, Slender-billed 284 Munia, White-throated 188
___, Pied 85 Myna, Bank 137
Curlew, Eurasian 256 Harrier, Montagu’s 49 ___, Common 136
___, Northern 47
Darter 227 ___, Pallid 48
Dove, Little Brown 82 ___, Western Marsh- 50

Nightjar, Eurasian 95 Sandgrouse, Chestnut-bellied Tailorbird, Common 148
___, Indian 96 65 Teal, Common 199
___, Savanna 97 ___, Painted 67 ___, Cotton 208
___, Spotted 66 ___, Marbled 197
Osprey 52 Sandpiper, Common 266 Tern, Caspian 287
Owl, Barn 91 ___, Curlew 272 ___, Gull-billed 286
___, Short-eared 94 ___, Green 263 ___, Little 289
Owlet, Spotted 93 ___, Marsh 261 ___, River 288
___, Terek 265 ___, Whiskered 285
Painted-Snipe, Greater 252 ___, Wood 264 Thick-knee, Eurasian 274
Parakeet, Rose-ringed 84 Shelduck, Ruddy 196 ___, Great 275
Peafowl, Indian 73 Shikra 30 Tit, White-naped 175
Pelican, Dalmatian 222 Shoveler, Northern 204
___, Great White 221 Shrike, Bay-backed 121 Vulture, Cinereous 42
___, Spot-billed 223 ___, Brown 125 ___, Griffon 43
Petronia, Chestnut- ___, Long-tailed 124 ___, Indian 44
shouldered 178 ___, Red-backed 122 ___, Red-headed 41
Pigeon, Rock 79 ___, Rufous-tailed 123 ___, Scavenger 46
Pintail, Northern 198 ___, Southern Grey 126 ___, White-rumped 45
Pipit, Long-billed 181 Snake-eagle, Short-toed 51
___, Paddyfield 180 Snipe, Common 267 Wagtail, Citrine 183
___, Tawny 179 ___, Jack 268 ___, Grey 184
Plover, Common Ringed 277 Sparrow, House 177 ___, White 185
___, Grey 276 Sparrow-hawk, Eurasian 31 ___, Yellow 182
___, Kentish 279 Sparrow-Lark, Ashy-crowned Warbler, Booted 152
___, Lesser Sand 280 108 ___, Desert 160
___, Little Ringed 278 ___, Black-crowned 109 ___, Orphean 157
Pochard, Common 206 Spoonbill, Eurasian 247 ___, Paddyfield 151
___, Red-crested 205 Starling, Brahminy 134 Watercock 214
Pratincole, Small 60 ___, Rosy 135 Waterhen, White-breasted
Prinia, Ashy 146 Stilt, Black-winged 253 213
___, Graceful 147 Stint, Little 269 Weaver, Baya 186
___, Grey-breasted 142 ___, Temminck’s 270 ___, Streaked 187
___, Jungle 145 Stone Chat, Common 168 Wheatear, Desert 172
___, Plain 144 Stork, Asian Openbill- 243 ___, Isabelline 170
___, Rufous-fronted 143 ___, Black 241 ___, Kurdish 171
___, Black-necked 242 ___, Variable 173
Quail, Common 70 ___, European White 240 Whimbrel 255
___, Rain 71 ___, Painted 238 Whistling-Duck, Lesser 195
___, Woolly-necked 239 Whitethroat, Common 159
Raven, Common 130 Sunbird, Purple 176 ___, Lesser 158
Redshank, Common 260 Swallow, Barn 117 Wigeon, Eurasian 202
___, Spotted 259 ___, Red-rumped 120 Woodpecker, Yellow-fronted
Redstart, Black 166 ___, Streak-throated 119 Pied 106
Reed-Warbler, Blyth’s 150 ___, Wire-tailed 118 Wryneck, Eurasian 105
___, Clamorous 149 Swamphen, Purple 215
Robin, Indian 174 Swift, Alpine 98
Roller, European 102 ___, Little 99
___, Indian 103
Ruff or Reeve 273
Index of Common Names 297

Index of Butorides striatus 230 Emberiza buchanani 190
___ melanocephala 189
Scientific Names Calandrella raytal 112 ___ striolata 191
Calidris alpina 271 Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
Accipiter badius 30 ___ ferruginea 272 242
___ nisus 31 ___ minuta 269 Eremopterix grisea 108
Acridotheres ginginianus 137 ___ temminckii 270 ___ nigriceps 109
___ tristis 136 Caprimulgus affinis 97 Esacus recurvirostris 275
Acrocephalus agricola 151 ___ asiaticus 96 Eudynamys scolopacea 88
___ dumetorum 150 ___ europaeus 95
___ stentoreus 149 Casmerodius albus 233 Falco chicquera 55
Actitis hypoleucos 266 Centropus sinensis 90 ___ jugger 56
Aegithina nigrolutea 133 Ceryle rudis 210 ___ peregrinus 53
Aegypius monachus 42 Charadrius alexandrinus 279 ___ subbuteo 54
Alaemon alaudipes 111 ___ dubius 278 ___ tinnunculus 57
Alcedo atthis 211 ___ hiaticula 277 Ficedula parva 163
Amaurornis phoenicurus 213 ___ mongolus 280 Francolinus francolinus 68
Ammomanes phoenicurus 110 Chlamydotis undulata 78 ___ pondicerianus 69
Anas acuta 198 Chlidonias hybridus 285 Fulica atra 217
___ clypeata 204 Chrysomma sinense 153
___ crecca 199 Ciconia ciconia 240 Galerida cristata 113
___ penelope 202 ___ episcopus 239 ___ deva 114
___ poecilorhyncha 200 ___ nigra 241 Gallicrex cinerea 214
___ querquedula 203 Circaetus gallicus 51 Gallinago gallinago 267
___ strepera 201 Circus aeruginosus 50 Gallinula chloropus 216
Anastomus oscitans 243 ___ cyaneus 47 Gelochelidon nilotica 286
Anhinga melanogaster 227 ___ macrourus 48 Glareola lactea 60
Anser anser 194 ___ pygargus 49 Grus antigone 76
Anthus campestris 179 Cisticola juncidis 141 ___ grus 75
___ rufulus 180 Clamator jacobinus 85 ___ virgo 77
___ similis 181 Columba livia 79 Gyps bengalensis 45
Apus affinis 99 Copsychus saularis 164 ___ fulvus 43
Aquila clanga 39 Coracias benghalensis 103 ___ indicus 44
___ heliaca 36 ___ garrulus 102
___ nipalensis 38 Corvus corax 130 Halcyon smyrnensis 212
___ pomarina 40 ___ macrorhynchos 129 Haliastur indus 29
___ rapax 37 ___ splendens 128 Hieraaetus fasciatus 34
Ardea cinerea 228 Coturnix coromandelica 71 ___ pennatus 35
___ purpurea 229 ___ coturnix 70 Hierococcyx varius 86
Ardeola grayii 231 Cuculus canorus 87 Himantopus himantopus 253
Asio flammeus 94 Cursorius coromandelicus 59 Hippolais caligata 152
Athene brama 93 ___ cursor 58 Hirundo concolor 116
Aythya ferina 206 ___ daurica 120
___ fuligula 207 Dendrocopos mahrattensis 106 ___ fluvicola 119
Dendrocygna javanica 195 ___ rustica 117
Bubo bubo 92 Dicrurus macrocercus 127 ___ smithii 118
Bubulcus ibis 232 Hydrophasianus chirurgus
Burhinus oedicnemus 274 Egretta garzetta 235 250
Butastur teesa 33 ___ gularis 236 Hypocolius ampelinus 138
Buteo rufinus 32 Elanus caeruleus 26

Jynx torquilla 105 Passer domesticus 177 Saxicoloides fulicata 174
Pavo cristatus 73 Spilopelia chinensis 83
Lanius collurio 122 Pelecanus crispus 222 Sterna albifrons 289
___ cristatus 125 ___ onocrotalus 221 ___ aurantia 288
___ isabellinus 123 ___ philippensis 223 ___ caspia 287
___ meridionalis 126 Perdicula argoondah 72 Streptopelia decaocto 80
___ schach 124 Pericrocotus cinnamomeus 131 ___ senegalensis 82
___ vittatus 121 ___ erythropygius 132 ___ tranquebarica 81
Larus brunnicephalus 283 Pernis ptilorhynchus 27 Sturnus pagodarum 134
___ geneii 284 Petronia xanthocollis 178 ___ roseus 135
___ ichthyaetus 282 Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii Sylvia communis 159
___ ridibundus 281 89 ___ curruca 158
Limosa lapponica 258 Phalacrocorax carbo 224 ___ hortensis 157
___ limosa 257 ___ fuscicollis 225 ___ nana 160
Lonchura malabarica 188 ___ niger 226
Luscinia svecica 165 Philomachus pugnax 273 Tachybaptus ruficollis 220
Lymnocryptes minimus 268 Phoenicopterus minor 249 Tachymarptis melba 98
___ ruber 248 Tadorna ferruginea 196
Marmaronetta angustirostris Phoenicurus ochruros 166 Threskiornis melanocephalus
197 Phylloscopus collybita 161 244
Merops orientalis 101 Platalea leucorodia 247 Tringa erythropus 259
___ persicus 100 Plegadis falcinellus 246 ___ glareola 264
Mesophoyx intermedia 234 Ploceus manyar 187 ___ nebularia 262
Metopidius indicus 251 ___ philippinus 186 ___ ochropus 263
Milvus migrans 28 Pluvialis squatarola 276 ___ stagnatilis 261
Mirafra cantillans 115 Podiceps cristatus 218 ___ totanus 260
___ erythroptera 107 ___ nigricollis 219 Turdoides caudatus 154
Motacilla alba 185 Porphyrio porphyrio 215 ___ malcolmi 155
___ cinerea 184 Prinia buchanani 143 ___ striatus 156
___ citreola 183 ___ gracilis 147 Turnix suscitator 74
___ flava 182 ___ hodgsonii 142 Tyto alba 91
Muscicapa striata 162 ___ inornata 144
Mycteria leucocephala 238 ___ socialis 146 Upupa epops 104
___ sylvatica 145
Nectarinia asiatica 176 Pseudibis papillosa 245 Vanellus gregarius 64
Neophron percnopterus 46 Psittacula krameri 84 ___ indicus 62
Netta rufina 205 Pterocles exustus 65 ___ leucurus 61
Nettapus coromandelianus 208 ___ indicus 67 ___ malabaricus 63
Numenius arquata 256 ___ senegallus 66
___ phaeopus 255 Pycnonotus cafer 140 Xenus cinereus 265
Nycticorax nycticorax 237 ___ leucotis 139
Oenanthe deserti 172 Recurvirostra avosetta 254

___ isabellina 170 Rostratula benghalensis 252
___ picata 173
___ xanthoprymna 171 Sarcogyps calvus 41
Orthotomus sutorius 148 Sarkidiornis melanotos 209
Saxicola caprata 167
Pandion haliaetus 52 ___ macrorhynchus 169
Parus nuchalis 175 ___ torquatus 168
Index of Scientific Names 299

Authors’ Profiles
Mukeshkumar H. Koladiya obtained
a Masters in Zoology from Sardar Patel
University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat.
He is an ornithologist and is presently
working as a Project Fellow in Gujarat
Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE),
Bhuj, India. He has been involved in
many research and consultancy projects
of the Institute. He has published more
than 15 research papers in peer-reviewed
journals of national and international
repute.
Nikunj B. Gajera obtained a Ph.D. in

Zoology from KSKV Kachchh University,
Bhuj, Gujarat. He is an ornithologist and
is presently working as a Scientist in the
Terrestrial Ecology Division of Gujarat
Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj, India.
He has published more than 25 research
papers on various aspects of birds, ecology,
and biodiversity. Besides, he has been
involved in more than 20 research and
consultancy projects.
Arun Kumar Roy Mahato received a

Ph.D. in Zoology from Vinoba Bhave
University, Hazaribag, Jharkhand. He
is an ecologist and is presently working
as a Scientist in Gujarat Institute of
Desert Ecology, Bhuj, India. He has
research experience in animal behavior,
socio-ecology, and biodiversity from
the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI),
Kolkata. He has published more than
30 research papers in national and
international journals. He is a recipient
of the Young Scientist Award from the
International Society for Ecological
Communication.

V. Vijay Kumar received a Ph.D. in
Biosciences from Saurashtra University,
Rajkot. He has 25 years experience in the
fields of wetland ecology, herpetology,
wildlife conservation and management,
as well as grassland and saline land
restoration/reclamation. He is presently
Additional Director at Gujarat Institute
of Desert Ecology, Bhuj, India. He has
published more than 50 research papers
in various national and international
journals.
R.V. Asari obtained a Master’s degree

from M.S. University, Baroda. An Indian
Forest Service Officer of the Gujarat
Cadre, he retired as PCCF (WL). He
worked in several positions in the
Government of Gujarat and Government
of India. After superannuation from
the IFS, he joined Gujarat Institute
of Desert Ecology as a Director. He
has a deep interest in forestry, wildlife,
ecology, and environment. At core, he is
a natural resource manager and landscape
ecologist. He worked for Project Tiger
and Protected Area management for
many years.
Authors’ Profiles 301

Photo Credits
Anil Gohil 161 Nikunj Gajera 30, 33, 41, 45, 55, 73,
Arpit Deomurari 36, 39, 46,52, 59, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 96,
60, 64, 68, 71, 72, 87, 95, 107, 109, 101, 106, 108, 110 116, 118, 119,
112, 114, 151, 159, 163, 165, 167, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130,
169, 175, 190, 194, 198, 202, 218, 131, 134, 135, 154, 164, 170, 174,
227, 251, 254, 269, 271, 275, 277, 186, 187, 188, 191, 212, 215, 217,
287, 288 221, 232, 233, 238, 243, 244, 246,
247, 249, 250, 253, 257, 278
Arthur Grosset 66
Nishith Dharaiya 29, 43, 44, 241
Deepak Sahu 184, 270
P.A. Vihol 42
Delip K. Das Bisharga 34
Pratap Sevak 27
Devesh Gadhavi 58, 111, 138, 157,
160 Rohit Patel 67, 97
Haresh Patel 28, 35, 62, 69, 79, 88, Sanjib Sarangi 149, 152, 153, 208,
127, 136, 146, 147, 158, 171, 176 214, 223, 263, 268
Jasmin Kava 32, 50, 70, 105, 181, Shakti Nanda 142
185, 196, 205, 216, 225, 240, 267, Shivram Tiwari 37, 38, 65, 92, 93,
285 100, 102, 113, 123, 140, 143, 156,
Jignesh Kundal 90, 183, 195, 199, 162, 172, 173, 180, 204, 222, 224,
203 226, 231, 236, 242, 245, 248, 255,
256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 272,
Kashyap Patel 103 273, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283,
Kartik Upadhyay 26, 40, 53, 56, 57, 284, 286
63, 63, 86 Swati Das (Illustrations) 47, 197
Kirti Trivedi 1, 2, 8, 10, 17, 18, 24, Urmil Javeri 61, 141, 203, 289
192, 290, 304
V. Vijay Kumar 99
M.H. Trivedi 51, 54, 74, 81, 91,
132, 145, 148, 179, 182, 201, 220, Yogendra Shah 31, 48
265
Mukesh Koladiya 49, 78, 98, 115,
117, 121, 125, 137, 144, 150, 155,
166, 177, 206, 228, 234, 235

Birds of Banni Grassland
Authors
Mukesh H. Koladiya
Nikunj B. Gajera
A.K. Roy Mahato
V. Vijay Kumar
R.V. Asari
Text Editing
Gayatri Ugra
Design
Kirti Trivedi
Published by
www.ravisankaran.org

Mundra Road, Bhuj 370 001
Kachchh, Gujarat
India
www.gujaratdesertecology.com
©
Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology,
2016
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, adapted, stored or
transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, in any manner
whatsoever without the written permission of
the copyright holder.
Printed at Jak Printers,

Mumbai, India
303
The Ravi Sankaran Foundation supports conservation
research through its Fellowship Programme for young
conservationists. The Foundation was set up in the memory
of
Dr. Ravi Sankaran (Oct 4, 1963 – Jan 17, 2009), an
ornithologist who dedicated his life to biodiversity
conservation throughout India, as a researcher, teacher,
mentor, and finally, Director of the Salim Ali Centre for
Ornithology & Natural History.
Ravi gained recognition for his pioneering research on the
endangered Lesser Florican in western India in the 1980s, as
a graduate student at the Bombay Natural History Society.
His research provided the basic framework for conservation
of this endangered species, and of other species and habitats
he studied subsequently. He was a tremendous source of
inspiration to colleagues and students, and a prominent
figure in the field of wildlife conservation in India.
Ravi’s work on the Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet on the
Andaman & Nicobar islands provided crucial insights for
the conservation of this species, and he was deeply involved
in developing community-based conservation efforts
including ranching/sustainable harvesting of these birds’
nests. This approach is radically different from the dominant
preservationist approach in India, and illustrates Ravi’s
distinct and balanced perspective on conservation.

Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE) was
established in May 1995 and registered as public trust
and society with a mission to catalyse the process of
ameliorating hardships to human beings in desert
ecosystems of Gujarat, following sound ecological
principles and carefully using scientific knowledge,
imaginative technology and capital.
GUIDE’s mandate is to focus on desert arid and semi-
arid ecosystems of Gujarat, with special emphasis on
Kachchh;  develop benchmark database for ecosystems
of Kachchh and thereafter undertake continuous
monitoring and trend-analysis through specific research
activities;  identify problem areas and evolve appropriate
solutions and management strategies through basic and
applied research; formulate and implement relevant
projects that would provide models for emulation; and
disseminate ecological information and communicate
action plans to suit local conditions, through extension
and other programmes.
305
ISBN: 978-93-5254-957-3

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Birds of

2 Birds of Banni Grassland

Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology

In the early hours before sunrise of January 17, 2009,

4 Birds of Banni Grassland

The Ravi Sankaran Foundation

India had vast stretches of grasslands, distributed across

6 Birds of Banni Grassland

Banni constitutes nearly 2,500 sq. km of arid grassland,

Sudhir G. Mankad, IAS (Retd)

Grasslands of Gujarat and Kachchh

12 Birds of Banni Grassland

Grassland Map of Kachchh (GUIDE, 2004)

Geography and geological history of Banni Grassland: The

14 Birds of Banni Grassland

16 Birds of Banni Grassland

Table 1: Land use classes with area (1979–2009)

1989 1999 2009

To assess the diversity and distribution pattern of birds

20 Birds of Banni Grassland

300m 300m 300m

Overview of the Avifauna of Banni Grassland and

Avifaunal composition of the recorded birds in

22 Birds of Banni Grassland

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

26 Birds of Banni Grassland

Distribution: India: North-west India

Shape & Size: 61 cm

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

28 Birds of Banni Grassland

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

30 Birds of Banni Grassland

Distribution: India: Himalaya, Arunachal

Distribution: India: Himalayan forests,

32 Birds of Banni Grassland

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

34 Birds of Banni Grassland

Booted Eagle or Booted Hawk-Eagle

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Eastern Imperial Eagle or

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

36 Birds of Banni Grassland

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

38 Birds of Banni Grassland

Greater Spotted Eagle

Shape & Size: Kite, 64–72 cm

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Lesser Spotted Eagle

Distribution: India: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya

40 Birds of Banni Grassland

Red-headed Vulture or King Vulture

Distribution: India: Throughout the country

Distribution: India: Assam, Gujarat, Madhya

42 Birds of Banni Grassland

Griffon Vulture or Eurasian Griffon

Distribution: India: North-west India,