1.

C a lculate
lc ulate the ener
ene rgy tra
tra nsfer
nsfer ra
ra te a c ross 6 in.
in. wall
wa ll of fireb
firebrrick with a tempe
te mperra ture
ture
difference across the wall of 50 C . The
The therma
th ermall co
˚ c o nduc
nd uc tivity
tivity of the fireb
fireb rick
ic k is
is 0.65
0.65 BT
BTU/hr-
U/ hr-
ft-
ft- F at the tempe
˚ te mperra ture
ture interes
interest.
t.

a. 285
285 W/m
W/ m2 c. 112 W/m2
b. 369
369 W/m
W/ m2 d . 429
429 W/m
W/ m2

Solution

  kAΔT
x
Q   kΔT
A x
Where:

ΔT  50   90 F˚

x  6in. 0.5 ft.

k  0.65 hr BTU
hr  ft  ˚F˚F
 Then:
 Then:

Q   0.6590 BTU

A 0.50 hr  ftft ˚F
 ˚F
Q  117 BTU   3.153  W
m 
A BTU
hrft 1 hr  ft


 Thus
 Thus::

b QA  368.90 mW

˚C
2. At an average temperature of 100 , hot air flows through a 2.5 m long tube with an
inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the tube is ˚C  along its entire length.
C o nvec tive
tive film
film co efficient
effic ient is
is 20.1
20.1 W/m
W/ m2-K. Determine the connective heat transfer from
air to
to the tube.
 a . 900
900 W c . 624
624 W

b . 909 W d . 632 W

Solution

Q  hAΔT
Where:

AπdL
A  π0.050
0.0502.5
2.5
A  0.3927m
0.3927m
 Thus
 Thus;;

Q  20.10.3927100 20
100  20
d Q  631.46 W

3. Steam,
tea m, initi
initia
a lly
lly sa
sa tura
tura ted a t 2.05
2.05 MPa
MP a , pa sses throug
throug h a 10.1
10.10
0 cm
c m stand
stand a rd steel
tee l pipe for
a tota l dista
distanc
nc e o f 152
152 m. The stea m line
line is insulate
insulatedd with 5.08
5.08 cm
c m thickness
thic kness o f 85%
85%
˚C
magnesia. For an ambient temperature of 22 , what is the quality of the steam which
arises at its destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second?

Properties of Steam:

Pressure=
Pressure=2.05 M Pa,
Pa , Tempe
mp erature=
rature =213.67
213.67  ˚C
Enthalpy: hf =914.5
914.52
2 kJ / kg hfg=1885
1885.5
.5 kJ / kg hg =2800.00
2800.00 kJ / kg

Note:
No te: k for
fo r 85%
85% mag
ma g nesia is 0.069
0.069 W/
W/ m-K and
a nd ho for
 fo r still air is 9.36 W/m
W/ m 2-K

a .93 % c . 84 %

b .98 % d . 76 %

Solution
Fro
Fro m figure,

r1=5.05 cm
cm

r2=10.13 cm
cm

Q  ln t  t
r
lnr 1
2πkL  Ah
Where:

A  2πrL
2π10.13
A  2π 10.13152
152
A  96.746 m
  213.6722
Q  ln0.1013/0.0505
ln0.1013/0.0505  1
2π0.069
2π 0.069152 96.7469.36
Q  16,427.4 W  16.43 kW
From:

Q  mh  h
16.43  0.1252800
2800 h
h  2668.6kJ/kg
Where:

h  h    x

2668
2668  914 914.5.522  x1885.5
1885.5
x  0.92998 or 93 %
 Thus
 Thus;;

a93%
4. The sun gen
g enera
erates
tes 1 kW/m
kW/ m2 when
 whe n used
used a s a source for solar
solar collecto
c ollectorrs, a c ollec
ollec tor with
with
an a rea of 1 m2 heat water. The flow rate is 3.0 liters per minute. What is the temperature
rise
ise in the wa ter? The
The spec ific
ific hea t of wa
w a ter is
is 4,20
4,200
0 J / kg ˚C.
 ˚C
a . 4.8
4.8 0.50 ˚C
c . 0.50

b. 0.48 ˚C 0.84 ˚C
d . 0.84

Solution

Q  mC∆T
Where:

Q  1 kW
m 1m   1kW


Li  1 kg60 min   0.05 kg

m  3 min Li s s
C  4200 kg˚CJ  4.2 kg˚C
kJ

 Thus
 Thus;;

0.054.2
1  0.05 4.2∆T
∆T
a∆T  4.76 ˚C

5. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its
˚C
surrounding which are a 25 , by a bric
bric k wall
wa ll 0.15
0.15 m thic
thic k. The b rick has
ha s a therma
therma l
c o nduc tivi
tivity
ty of 1.2 W/
W/ m-K and a surfa
urfacc e emis
e missivity
ivity of 0.80.
0.80. Unde
Underr steady
tea dy sta
sta te c ond itions
itions
and outer surface temperature of 100 ˚C  is measured. Free convection heat surface
temperature of 100 ˚C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this
surface is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 W/m 2-K. What is the inner
temperatur
temp erature
e in ˚C?
a . 623.7
623.7 c . 461.4
461.4

b . 352 d . 256.3
256.3

Solution
Let,Q  heat transmitted by convection
Q  ht  t
Q  2010025
Q  1500 mW
Q  heat transmitted by radiation
J
Q  20,408.410FeT  T hrm

Q  20,408.4100.80100273  25 273

Q  1,872,793 hrJ m
Q  520 mW
 Then;

Q  Q  Q   1500 520

Q  2020 W
m
 Thus;

Q   kAtx  t 
2020  1.2t0.15
  100

bt  352.5 ˚C

6. A 6 in. x 20 ft. uninsulated B.I. pipe conveys steam at 385 ˚F wit han average ambient
˚F
temperature of 85 . If the c ost of the fuel is P 250.00 per 106 BTU with the net energy
conversion efficiency of 75%, what is the annual cost of the heat lost?

a. P 60, 482.00 c. P 70, 482.00

 b. P 65, 482.00 d. P 75, 482.00

Solution

For 6 in. pipe schedule 80

D  6.625 in.

D  5.761 in.
For iron;

k  52 mW K
k  30 hrBTU
ft  ˚F
For the surface coefficients;

BTU
h  1000 hrft   ˚F
BTU
h  2 hrft   ˚F

Solving fo r Q:

Q t  t
D
1   ln D   1
Ah 2πkL Ah
Where:

A  πDL  30.16ft

A  πDL  34.69ft
Q 385  85
1 ln6.625 1
5.761  34.692
30.161000  2π3020
Q  20,713 BTU
hr
 Then the annual cost of heat lost:
 C   20,7138760250
0.7510
 Thus;

aC  P 60,482.00

7. What is the external heating area in square feet of a tube with the following d imensions:
tube inside diameter = 5 in. wall thickness = ½ in. leng th = 18 ft.

a. 26.5 c. 19.25

b. 24.25 d. 28.26

Solution

A  πDL
Where:

D  5  2 12  6 in.

 Thus;

 6 18
A  π12
dA  28.27ft

8. Determine the vac uum efficiency of a surfac e c ondenser which operates at a vac uum
 ˚C
of 635 mm Hg and exhaust steam enters the c ondenser at 45.81 , the barometric pressure
is 760 mm Hg a nd the saturation p ressure at 45.81  ˚C is 0.010 MPa .
a. 80.4% c. 92.7%

b. 85.2% d. 98.3%

Solution
 Vacuum Efficiency  PP  P
  P
Where:

P  101.325 kPa

P  0.010 MPa  10kPa
P  760 635
P  125 mmHg101.325kPa
760mmHg 
P  16.665kPa
 Then;

Vacuum Efficiency  101.325 16.665

101.32510
Vacuum Efficiency  0.9270
 Thus;

Vacuum Efficiency  92.70%

9. A heat exchanger was installed purposely to c ool 0.50 kg of gas per sec ond. Mo lec ular
 ˚C  ˚C
weight is 28 and k=1.32. The gas is cooled from 150  to 80 . Water is available at the rate
of 0.30 kg/ s and at a temperature of 12  ˚C. Calculate the exit temperature of the water.
a. 48 c. 46

b. 42 d. 44

Solution

Q  Q
mC∆T  mC∆T
mCt 12  mC150  80
Where:

C  1.2247 kgkJ K

C  4.187 kgkJ K

 Then;

0.304.187t  12  0.501.224715080

 Thus;

ct  46.125 ˚C

10. An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at
25 ˚C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surfac e temperature and emissivity
are 200 ˚C and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free convection heat
transfer from the surface to the a ir is15 W/m 2-K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surfac e
per unit length of pipe?

a. 997.84 W/m c. 797.84 W/m

b. 897.84 W/m d. 697.84 W/m

Solution

Q  Q  Q
Where:

Q  heat transmitted by convection

Q  hAt  t
Q  15π0.07L200  25
Q  577.27 Wm
Q  heat transmitted by radiation
 Q  20,408.4 10AFeT  T hrJ
Q  20,408.4 10π0.07L0.8473  298
J
Q  1,514,032.40 L hrm
Q  42,057 L Wm
 Thus;

Q  577.27L 420.57L
Q  997.84 L
a QL  997.84 Wm

11. A hea t excha nger is to be designed for the following spec ifications:

H2O gas temp erature = 1145 ˚C

C O 2 gas temperature = 45 ˚C
Unit surfac e c onductanc e on the hot side = 230 W/m2-K

Unit surfac e c onductanc e o n the c old side = 290 W/m 2-K

 Thermal C onduc tivity of the metal wall = 115 W/m-K

Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall between the hot g as and cold ga s so that
the maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545 ˚C.
a. 10.115 mm c. 17.115 mm
b. 13.115 mm d. 20.115 mm

Solution

Q  t  t
A h1   xk  h1
 
Solving for Q/ A:

Q  ht  t

A
Q  2301145 545
A
Q  138,000 W
A m
 Then;

138,000   1 1.4545
x 1

230 115 290
 Thus;

dx  20.115 mm

12. Calculate the heat transfer per hour throug h a solid b rick wall 6m long, 2.9 m high, and
225 mm thick, when the outer surface is at 5  ˚C and the inner surface 17 ˚C, the coefficient
of thermal conductivity of the brick being 0.5 W/m-K.

a. 2,004.48 kJ c. 2,400.48 kJ

b. 3,004.48 kJ d. 3,400.48 kJ

Solution

Q   kA∆T
x
Q   0.6060.225
2.917 5

Q  556.8 W
Q  556.8 sJ 360J0s1 kJ 
hr 1000J
Q  2,004.48 hrkJ
 Thus;

aThe heat transfer per hour is 2,004.48 kJ

13. A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner wall of firebrick 20 cm thick followed by
insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surfac e temperature
 ˚C
of the wa ll ad jacent to the c ombustion c hamber is 1200  while that of the outer surface
of steel is 50  ˚C. The thermal cond uctivities of the wall material in W/m-K a re: fireb rick, 10;
insulating brick 0.26; and steel, 45. Neglec ting the film resistanc es and conta ct resistanc e
of joints, determine the hea t loss per sq. m. of wa ll area .

a. 1.93 W/m2 c. 1.55 W/m2

b. 2.93 W/m2 d. 2.55 W/m2

Solution

Q  t  t 
A kx  xk  xk
Q  1200 50  1.93
A 0.20  0.15  0.01
10 0.26 45
 Thus;

a QA  1.93  W

m

14. A comp osite wall is made up of an external thickness of b rickwork 110 mm thick inside
which is a layer of fiberglass 75 mm thick. The fiber glass is faced internally by an insulating
bo ard 25 mm thick. The c oefficients of thermal c ond uctivity for the three a re a s follows:

Brickwork 1.5 W/m-K

Fiberglass 0.04 W/m-K

Insulating boa rd 0.06 W/m-K

 The surfac e transfer coefficients of the inside wall is 3.1 W/m 2-K while that of the outside
wall is 2.5 W/ m2-K. Take the internal ambient temperature as 10  ˚C  and the external
temperature is 27  ˚C. Determine the heat loss through such wa ll 6 m high a nd 10 m long.
a. 330.10 W c. 430.10 W
b. 230.10 W d. 530.10 W

Solution

Q   A∆T
R
Where;

R  h1  xk  xk  xk  h1

R  3.11  0.110   0.075  0.025  1

1.5 0.04 0.06 2.5
m
R  3.09 W
 ˚C

 Then;

Q   6102710
3.09
 Thus;

aQ  330.10 W

15. One insulated wall of a cold-storage compartment is 8m long by 2.5 m high and
consists of an outer steel plate 18 mm thick. An inner woo d wall 22.5 mm thick, the steel
and wood are 90 mm apart to form a cavity which is filled with cork. If the temperature
drop across the extreme faces of the composite wall is 15 ˚C, calculate the heat transfer
per hour through the wa ll and the temperature drop across the thickness of the cork. Take
the c oefficients of thermal co nduc tivity for steel, c ork and wood as 0.45, 0.045, and 0.18
W/m-K respec tively.

a. 408.24 kJ , 12.12 ˚C c. 608.24 kJ , 13.12 ˚C

 b. 708.24 kJ , 11.12  ˚C d. 508.24 kJ , 14.12 ˚C
Solution

Q   A∆T
R
R   xk  xk  xx

R   0.018   0.09   0.09  0.0225

45 0.045 0.045 0.18
R  2.125
 Then:

Q   82.515
2.125
Q  141.176 W or sJ
Q  508.24 hrkJ
 Thus, the heat transfer per hour is 508.24 kJ

Solving for the temp erature d rop across the c ork:

Q  A∆T
x
k
141.176   20∆T
0.09
0.045
∆T  14.12 ˚C
 Thus;

d508.24 kJ,14.12˚C

16. A cubic tank of 2 m sides is constructed of meta l plate 12 mm and contains water at
˚C
75 . The surrounding a ir temperature is 16  ˚C. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient
Brine enters a cooler at the rate of 50 m3/hr at 15oC and leaves at 1oC. Specific heat and
specific gravity of brine are 1.07 kJ/kg-K and 1.1 respectively. Calculate the heat
transferred in kW.
a. 158.21 kW c. 258.21 kW
b. 228.86 kW d. 128.86 kW
Solution:
Q = mCp t
Where:
m = pV
= 1.1(1000 kg/m3)(50m3/hr)(1hr/3600s)
= 15.28 kg/s
Thus:
Q = (15.28)(1.07)(15-1)
(b) Q = 228.86 kJ/s or kW

60. Supplementary Problem

A metal rod is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm one end is in contact with steam
at 100oC while the other end contacts a block of ice at 0oC. the cylindrical surface of the
rod is carefully insulated so heat flows only from end to end. In a time of 20 minutes, 320
grams of ice melts. What is the thermal conductivity of metal?
a. 0.28266 kJ/kgoC c. 0.38266 kJ/kgoC
b. 0.18266 kJ/kgoC d. 0.48266 kJ/kgoC
Solution:
Qrod = Qice


   
0.011000 2060  0.3203.3  10
0.10
K = 282.66 J/kgoC
K = 0.28266 kJ/kgoC
Thus:
(a) k = 282.66 J/kgoC

61. Supplementary Problem

A wall with an area of 10 m2 is made of 2 cm thickness of white pine (k = 0.113 W/moC)
followed by 10 cm of brick (k = 0.649 W/moC). The pine is on the inside where the
temperature is 30oC while the outside temperature is 10oC. Assuming equilibrium
conditions exist, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?
a. 15.65oC c. 18.21oC
b. 17.64oC d. 19.31oC
Solution:

   ∆
 
Where:

    0.02  0.10
.113 0.649
RT = 0.331 m2oC/W
Then;

  103010
0.331
Q = 604.23 W
Solving for the temperature at the interface between the two materials:
Q = Q12

604.23   

604.23  .
.
 

Thus;
(a) t2 = 19.31oC

62. Supplementary Problem

In a hot air heating system, the furnace heats air from 60oF to 160oF. If the air is then
circulated at the rate of 330 ft3/min by the blower, how much thermal energy is
transferred per hour.
Note: the specific heat of air at constant pressure is 0.250 Btu/lboF, the density of air is
0.0806 lb/ft3 at atmospheric pressure.
a. 39,000 Btu/hr c. 36,805 Btu/hr
b. 46,800 Btu/hr d. 39,900 Btu/hr
Solution:
Q = mCp∆t
Where:
m = pV
= (0.0806 lb/ft3)(330 ft3/min)
= 26.60 lb/min
Then;
Q = (26.60 lb/min)(0.250 Btu/lboF)(160-60)oF
Q = 665 Btu/min
Thus;
(d) Q = 39,900 Btu/hr

63. Supplementary Problem

If 1000 liters of air at 27oC and pressure of 1 atm has a mass of 1.115kg and a specific
heat at constant pressure of 1 x 103 J/kg – K, how much heat is required to raise the
temperature of this gas from 27oC to 177oC at constant pressure?
a. 176.25 kJ c. 167.25 kJ
b. 157 kJ d. 175 kJ
Solution:
Q = mCP∆t
= (1.115)(1)(177-27)
Thus;
(b) Q = 167.25 kJ

64. Supplementary Problem

Calculate the amount of energy required to heat the air in a house 30 by 50 by 40 ft from
10 to 70oF. The density of air is about 0.08 lb/ft3, and its specific heat at constant pressure
0.24 Btu/lboF.
a. 49,120 Btu c. 69,120 Btu
b. 59,120 Btu d. 79,120 Btu
Solution:
Q = mCp∆t
Where:
m = pV
= (0.08 lb/ft3)[(30)(40)(50)]ft3
= 4800 lb
Then;
Q = 4800(0.24)(70-10)
Thus;
(c) Q = 69,120 Btu
65. Supplementary Problem
Water enters the condenser at 20oC and leaves at 35oC. What is the log mean
temperature difference if the condenser temperature is 40oC.
a. 16.37oC c. 15.37oC
b. 13.37oC d. 17.37oC
Solution:

  ∆∆
  ∆
 ∆

Where:
(∆t)max = 45 – 20
= 25oC
(∆t)min = 45 – 35
= 10oC

  2510
 25
10
Thus;
(a) LMTD = 16.37oC

66. Supplementary Problem

When 200 grams of aluminum at 100oC is dropped into an aluminum calorimeter (k =
0.909 x 103 J/kg-K) of mass 120 grams and containing 150 grams of kerosene at 15oC the
mixture reaches a temperature of 50oC, what is the specific heat of kerosene?
a. 1004 K/kg-k c. 1110 K/kg-k
b. 1050 K/kg-k d. 1080 K/kg-k
Solution:
Heat loss by aluminum = heat gained by the kerosene and calorimeter
QA = Qk  + Qc
maCa∆ta = mk Ck ∆tk  + mcCc∆tc
(0.20)(0.909x103)(100-50) = (0.15)(Ck )(50-15) + (0.12)(0.909x103)(50-15)
Thus;
(a) Ck = 1004.23 J/kg-K

67. Supplementary Problem

A calorimeter contains 66 kg of turpentine at 10.6oC. When 0.147 kg of alcohol at 75oC is
added, the temperature rises to 25.2oC. the specific heat of turpentine is 1.95x103 J/kg-oC
and the calorimeter is thermally equivalent to 30 grams of water. Find the specific heat
of alcohol.
a. 2.81745 kJ/kgoC c. 0.81745 kJ/kgoC
b. 3.81745 kJ/kgoC d. 1.81745 kJ/kgoC
Solution:
Heat loss by alcohol = heat gained by the turpentine and calorimeter
maCa∆ta = mtCt∆tt + mcCc∆tc
(0.147)(Ca)(75-25.2) = (0.66)(1.95x103)(25.2-10.6) + (0.03)(4.187)(25.2-10.6)
Ca = 2817.45 J/kgoC
Thus;
(a) Ca = 2.81745 J/KgoC

68. Supplementary Problem

The temperature of a sample of molten lead near its temperature of solidification is falling
at the rate of 6 K/min. If the lead continues to lose heat at this same rate and takes 35
min. to solidify completely, what is the heat of fusion of the lead? The specific heat of
molten lead is 0.126 kJ/kg-K.
a. 16.46 kJ/kg-K c. 36.46 kJ/kg
b. 26.46 kJ/kg-K d. 46.46 kJ/kg
Solution:
Q = mC∆t = mLf
Lf = C∆t
= (0.126 kJ/kg-K)(6K/min)(35min)
Thus;
(b) Lf = 26.46 kJ/kg

69. Supplementary Problem

A counterflow heat exchanger is designed to heat fuel oil from 45oC to 100oC while the
heating fluid enters at 150oC and leaves at 115oC. Calculate the arithmetic mean
temperature difference.
a. 40oC c. 60oC
b. 50oC d. 70oC
Solution:

   ∆ 2 ∆

Where:
 (∆t)max = 115 - 45
= 70oC
(∆t)min = 150 - 100
= 50oC

   7050
2
Thus;
(a) AMTD = 60oC

70. Supplementary Problem

A fuel oil of 20oAPI is to be heated in a heater which makes two passes thru heater tubes
and the heating fluid makes one passes but the flow is cross flow through the heater due
to baffles inside the shell.
Quantity of oil to be heated 3000L/hr
Temperature of oil entering heater tubes 21oC
Temperature of oil leaving heater tubes 95oC
Heating fluid, steam enter at 05oC and leaves as condesate at 105oC. Assume specific
heat of oil to be 2.093 kJ/kg-K. Find the heating surface area if the over-all coefficient of
heat transfer is taken as 140 W/m2oC.
a. 24.76 m2 c. 23.75 m2
b. 30.75 m2 d. 32.54 m2
Solution:
Q = UAs(LMTD)
= UAs(θ)
Where:

  ∆∆
  ∆
 ∆

  8410
 84
10
Θ = 43.77oC
Q = moCp∆to
Solving for mo:

..  141.5   141.5

 131.5 20131.5
S.G. = 0.934
mo = (3000L/hr)(1kg/L)(0.934)
 = 2802 kg/hr
= 0.778 kg/s
From:
Q = (0.778)(2.093)(95-21)
Q = 120.55 kW
Q = 120,550 W
Then:
120,550 – (140)(As)(34.77)
Thus;
(a) 24.76 m2

71. Supplementary Problem

A 30 cm thick wall has an inside and outside surface temperatures of 300oC and 50oC
respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the wall is 8 W/m-K. Calculate the heat
transferred in kW/m2.
a. 6.67 c. 7.67
b. 5.67 d. 8.67
Solution:
  ∆
  
 830050
0.30
= 6,666.67 W/m2
Thus;
(a) Q/A = 6.67 kW/m2

72. Supplementary Problem

A 4-pass low-pressure surface type feedwater heater is designed to heat 92,730 kg/hr of
feedwater from 40oC initial to 80oC final temperature using steam bleed at 70 kPa abs.
containing 2,645 kJ/kg enthalpy. Assume no subcooling of condensate, determine the
effective length of 19 mm O.D. x 2 mm thick muntz metal tubes to be installed, if the
water velocity inside the tubes is 1.22 m/s and U = 3000 W/m2K based on the external
surface of the tubes.
a. 2m c. 3m
b. 4m d. 5m
Solution:
 A = .. .  
A = 0.019
Solving for LMTD or θ:
∆  ∆

∆

∆
50  10

50

10
= 24.85oC
Solving for A:
By: energy balance:
ms(h1 – h2) = mwCpw(t2 – t1)
ms(2645 – 376.7) = 92,730(4.187)(80 – 40)
ms = 6846.72 kg/hr
Q = ms(h1 – h2)
= 1.90(2645 – 376.7)
Q = 4,314.01 kW
Q = 4,314,010 W
Then;

  

4,314,010

300024.85
= 57.87 m2
Solving for n:
.  
       
4 
92,730 0.015 
     1.22 
10003600 4 4
n = 477.91 pcs say 480 pcs
Thus;
A =  0.019
57.87 =  0.019480
(a) L = 2.02 m tube length
73. Supplementary Problem

Find the thermal conductivity of the 500 cm thick material with an area of 50,000
cm2 and a temperature difference of 10 K if the heat transmitted during 2 hours
test is 2000 KJ.

a. 0.014 W/m-K c. 0.126 W/m-K

b. 0.025 W/m-K d. 0.214 W/m-K

Solution:

kA∆t
Q=
 x

k 10,000210
2000   100
23600 0.500
Thus;

(a) k = 0.014 W/m-K

74. Supplementary Problem

A pipe with an outside diameter of 2.5 in. is insulated with a 2 in. layer of asbestos
(k a = 0.396 Btu-in./hr-ft2-oF), followed by a layer of cork 1.5 in. thick (k c = 0.30 Btu-
in./hr-ft 2-oF). If the the temperature of the outer surface of t he cork is 90 oF, calculate
the heat lost per 100 ft of insulated pipe.

a. 847.64 Btu/hr c. 2847.42 Btu/hr

b. 3847.51 Btu/hr d. 1847.14 Btu/hr

Solution:

Q  lnr2t1‐tln
3
r
r1   r32
2πkaL 2πkcL
Q 290‐90
ln 3.25
1.25   ln4.75 3.25 
2π0.396 0.30
12   100 2π 12  100
Thus;
 c Q2847.42 Btu/hr

75. Supplementary Problem

At $ 0.25 per kW-hr, how much will it cost to maintain a temperature of 95 oF for 24
hours in a box 2ft square on each side if the outside temperature is 72 oF and the
over-all heat transfer coefficient for the box is 0.10 Btu/hr-ft2-oF ?

a. P 0.10 c. P 0.15
b. P 0.20 d. P 0.25

Solution:

Area of One side:

A  22  4 ft2
Heat transferred through one side:

Q  AUt1‐t2
Q  40.196‐72
Q  9.6 Btu
hr
Total Heat Transferred through 6 sides in 24 hours:

Q  9.6624
Q  1382.4 Btu
The Cost to maintain:

C  1382.4$ 0.25
3412.75
Thus;

a C  $ 0.10

76. Supplementary Problem

 Solution:

Q  20408.4 x 10‐8 Fe T14‐ T24

where:

Fe = 0.10

A = 700 cm2 = 0.07 m2

T1 = 37 + 273 = 310 K

T2 = 0 + 273 = 273 K

Substituting Values:

Q = 5,258.116 J/hr

Q = 1.46 J/s

Thus;

(a) Thus; the energy transferred by the radiation between the walls each
second is 1.46 J

83. Supplementary Problem

The hot gas temperature in a heat exchanger is 350 oC (ho = 220 W/m2-K). What is
the surface temperature on the wall if the heat transferred is 1500 W/m2?

a. 3500C c. 3430C
b. 3380C d. 3580C

Solution:

Q   ho ∆t
A
1500 = 220 (350 – t1)

Thus;

c t1  343.18oC

84 ME Board Problem

An oil heater heats 100 kg per minute of oil from 35 oC to 100oC in a counterflow
heat exchanger. The average specific heat of the oil is 2.5 kJ/kg oC. Exhaust gases
used for heating enter the heater with an average specific heat of 1 kJ/kg oC, a
mass flow rate of 250 kg/min and an initial temperature of 200 oC. The over-all heat
transfer coefficient is 75 W/m2oC. Determine the heating surface in m 2.

a. 36.110C c. 32.720C
b. 41.720C d. 25.34 0C

Solution:

QAUθ
Solving for total heat transferred Q and  : θ
Qoil = Qgas

∆
moCpo to = mgCpg tg ∆
100(2.5)(100 – 35) = 250(1)(200 – t)

t = 1350C

∆
( t)max = 135 - 35 = 1000C

(∆t) min = 200 – 100 = 1000C

∆ ∆ θ
If ( t)max = ( t)min , then  = average value = 1000C

Q = mCp t ∆
Q  100
60 2.5100‐35
Q  270.83 kW
Thus;

270.83 = A (0.075) (100)

a A  36.11 m2

85. Supplementary Problem

 If total resistance to heat flow of a composite wall is 3.0875 m2-K/W. What is the
over-all transfer coefficient of the wall?

a. 0.324 W/m2-K c. 0.243 W/m2-K

b. 0.423 W/m2-K d. 0.243 W/m2-K

Solution:

U  R1T  3.0875
1

Thus;

(a) U = 0.324 W/m2-K

86. Supplementary Problem

In a composite vertical furnace wall, the resistance due to insulating brick is 0.5769
oC/W. What is the total resistance to heat flow if the percent of the total resistance
due to insulating brick is 96.80%.

a. 0.597 0C/W c. 0.975 0C/W

b. 0.795 0C/W d. 0.957 0C/W

Solution:

% brick  RRbrickT
0.9680  0.5769
RT
Thus;

(a) RT = 0.597 0C/W

87. Supplementary Problem

A counterflow bank of boiler tubes has total area of 900 ft2 and its over-all efficiency
of heat transfer is 13 Btu/hr-ft 2-oF. Calculate the heat transferred if the log mean
temperature difference is 1380oF.

a. 16,146,000 Btu/hr c. 18,148,000 Btu/hr

 b. 17,147,000 Btu/hr d. 15,145,000 Btu/hr

Solution:

QAUθ
Q  900 131380
Thus;

(a) Q = 16,146,000 Btu/hr

88. Supplementary Problem

Calculate the quantity to be transferred to 3.25 kg of brass to raise its temperature

from 30oC to 250oC taking the specific heat of the brass as 0.394 kJ/kg-K.

a. 182 kJ c. 151 kJ
b. 282 kJ d. 251 kJ

Solution:

Q  m Cp ∆t
Q  3.250.394250‐30
Thus;

(b) Q = 281.712 kJ

89. Supplementary Problem

The mass of the copper calorimeter is 0.28 kg and it contains 0.4 kg of water at
15oC. Taking the specific heat of copper as 0.39 kJ/kg-K, calculate the heat
required to raise the temperature to 20 oC?

a. 6.92 kJ c. 8.92 kJ
b. 7.92 kJ d. 9.92 kJ

Solution:

Water equivalent of calorimeter:

  0.39 
m  0.28 4.187
m  0.026 kg
Heat received by the water and calorimeter

Q  mmw Cp ∆t
Q  0.0260.404.18720‐15
Thus;

(c) Q = 8.92 kJ
(d)

90. Supplementary Problem

In an experiment to find the specific heat of lead, a 0.50 kg of lead shot at a

temperature of 51oC is poured into an insulated calorimeter containing 0.25 kg of
water at 13.5oC and the resultant temperature of the mixture is 15.5 oC. If the water
equivalent of the calorimeter is 0.020 kg, find the specific heat of the lead.

a. 0.1278 kJ/kg-K c. 0.01389 kJ/kg-K

b. 0.0278 kJ/kg-K d. 0.0389 kJ/kg-K

Solution:

Heat lost by the lead = Heat gained by the water and calorimeter

mL CL ∆tL  mw Cw ∆tw mC CC ∆tC

0.5CL51 ‐15.5  0.250.024.18715.5‐13.5
thus;
a CL  0.1278 kJ/kg-K

∆tmax  55 ‐ t1
∆tmin  55 ‐ t2
∆tmax ‐ ∆tmin  t2 ‐ t1  9.04
91. Supplementary Problem

The load on a water-cooled condenser is 90,000 Btu/hr. If the quantity of water

circulated through the condenser is 15 gpm, det ermine the temperature rise of the
water in the condenser.

a) 12°F c) 16°F
b) 14°F d) 18°F

Solution:
Q = mCpΔt

90,000
Btu
hr 
 =m lbBtu° FΔt
Where:
m = ρV

= 8.33
lb
gal
15 min
gal
60hr min
lb
= 7497
hr 

Thus;
90,000 = 7497 1Δt
(a) Δt = 12°F

92. Supplementary Problem

Thirty-six gallons of water per minute are circulated through a water-cooled

condenser. If the temperature rise of the water in the condenser is 2°F, compute the
load on the condenser in Btu/hr.

a) 216,000 Btu/hr c) 217,000 Btu/hr

b) 215,000 Btu/hr d) 218,000 Btu/hr

Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Where:

m = 36 gal  60 min

8.33 
min hr 

= 17992.8 lb/hr
Thus:
 Q =17992.8(1) (12)
(a) Q = 215,913.6 Btu/hr

93. Supplementary Problem

The load on an air-cooled condenser is 121,500 Btu/hr. If the desired temperature of

the air in the condenser is 25°F, determine the air quantity in cfm that must be
circulated over the condenser.

a) 4500 cfm c) 5500 cfm

b) 3500 cfm d) 3000 cfm

Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Where:
Q = 121,500 Btu/hr
Cp= 0.24 Btu/°F
Δt = 25°F
Then:
121,500 = m(0.24)(25)
m = 20,250 lb/hr
the volume flow rate is:
m 20,250 lb/hr 
V= =
ρ 0.075 lb/ft³

V = 270,000 ft3/hr = 4500 ft3/min

Thus;
(a) V = 45000 cfm

94. Supplementary Problem

Three thousand cubic feet per minute of air are circulated over an air-cooled
condenser. If the load on the condenser iss 64,800 Btu/hr , compute the temperature
rise of the air passing over the condenser.

a) 16°F c) 20°F
b) 18°F d) 22°F
 Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Where:
Q = 64, 800 Btu/hr
m = ρV
m = 0.075 lb/ft3 (3000 ft3/min) (60min/hr)
m = 13,500 lb/hr
Cp = 0.24 Btu/lb °F
Thus;
6400 = 13,500 (0.24) Δt
(c) Δt = 20°F

95. Supplementary Problem

The weight of ammonia circulated in a machine is found to be 21.8 lb/hr. If the vapor
enters the compressor with a specific volume of 9.6 ft3/lb , calculate the piston
displacement, assuming 80% percent volume efficiency.
a) 261.6 ft3/hr c) 281.8 ft3/hr
b) 271.6 ft3/hr d) 291.6 ft3/hr

Solution:
Volume flow rate at suction
Actual volumetric efficiency =
Piston displacement

eva = V1/VD

0.80 =
9.6)
21.8(
VD

VD = 261.6 ft3/hr

Thus;
(a) VD = 261.6 ft3/hr

96. Supplementary Problem

A single-stage ammonia compressor is producing 10 tons of refrigeration and the

power consumed is 15 Hp. Suction pressure is 25 psi, condensing pressure is 180 psi.
Brine temperature is 20°F off brine cooler. Determine the actual coefficient of
performance.
 a) 10.14 c) 12.14
b) 11.14 d) 13.14
Solution:
Refrigeration Capacity
COP =
compressor power 

=
 
10 3.516 
 
15 0.746 
= 13.14
Thus;
(d) COP = 13.14

97. Supplementary Problem

In an ammonia condensing machine (compressor plus condenser) the water used for
condensing is 55°F and the evaporator is at 15°F. Calculate the ideal COP.

a) 11.875 c) 10.875
b) 12.875 d) 13.875

Solution:
T1
COP =
 ‐
T2 T1

Where:
T1 = 15 + 460 = 475 °R
T1 = 55 + 460 = 515 °R
Then;
475
COP =
515 475 ‐
Thus;
(a) COP = 11.875
1. Supplementary Problem

Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic meters pre kilogram of
dry air when the following conditions prevail : t = 30°C, w = 0.015 kg/kg, and Pt = 90
kPa.

a) 0.99 m3/kg c) 0.79 m3/kg

b) 0.89 m3/kg d) 0.69 m3/kg

Solution:
RaT
v=
‐
Pt Pv

Solving for Pv:

Pv
w = 0.622
‐
Pt Pv
Pv
0.015 = 0.622
‐
90 Pv

Pv = 2.12 kPa
Thus;
(0.287) (30+273)
v=
90 - 2.12

(a) v = 0.99 m3/kg

2. Supplementary Problem

Compute the Humidity Ratio of air at 62 % relative humidity and 34°C when the
barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa.

a) 0.021 kgvapour /kgdry air c) 0.041 kgvapour /kgdry air 

b) 0.031 kgvapour /kgdry air d) 0.051 kgvapour /kgdry air 

Solution:
Pv
w = 0.622
‐
Pt Pv

Solving for Pv:

Psat @ 34°C = 5.32 kPa

Pv = (RH) Psat

 = (0.62) (5.32)

= 3.30 kPa

Then:

3.30
w = 0.622
101.325 ‐ 3.30

Thus;

(a) w = 0.021 kgvapour/kgdry air

3. Supplementary Problem

A sample of air has dry-bulb temperature of 30°C and a wet-bulb temperature of

25°C. The barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa. Calculate the enthalpy of the air if i t is
adiabatically saturated.

a) 75.94 kJ/kg c) 79.54 kJ/kg

b) 70.94 kJ/kg d) 74.09 kJ/kg

Solution:
Enthalpy of air if adiabatically saturated:
h = Cpt + whg
Solving for humidity ratio, w:
Pv
w = 0.622
Pt ‐ Pv

From steam table, at 25°C :

Pv = 3.17 kPa, hg = 2547.2 kJ/kg
3.17
w2 = 0.622
101.325‐ 3.17

= 0.02 kgvapour /kgdry air

Thus;
h2 = 1.0 kJ/kg-°C (25°C) + (0.02) (2547.2 kJ/kg)
(a) h2 = 75.94 kJ/kg

4. Supplementary Problem
 An air-vapor mixture has dry bulb temperature of 30°C and a humidity ratio of 0.015.
Calculate the enthalpy at 85 kPa barometric pressure.

a) 68.34 kJ/kg c) 72.45 kJ/kg

b) 54.35 kJ/kg d) 67.45 kJ/kg

Solution:
h = Cpt + whg

From steam table, at 30°C :

h = 2556.3 kJ/kg
then,
h = (1 kJ/kg-°C) (30°C) + (0.015) (2556.3 kJ/kg)
Thus;
(a) h = 68.34 kJ/kg

5. Supplementary Problem

In an air conditioning unit, 3.5 m3/s of air 27°C dry-bulb temperature 50 % relative
humidity and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving condition of the
air is 13°C dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity. Using the p roperties from the
psychrometric chart, calculate the refrigerating capacity in kW.

a) 87.57 kW c) 57.87 kW
b) 77.57 kW d) 58.77 kW

Solution:
Refrigerating Capacity Q A:
QA = m (h2 - h1)
Solving for m:
Volume Flow Rate
m=
Ave. Specific Volume

3.5
=
1/2(0.866 ‐ 0.822)
 = 4.15 kg/s
Thus;
QA = 4.15 (55.3 - 34.2)
(a) QA = 87.57 kJ or kW

6. Supplementary Problem

A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an air conditioning
system that operates at 101 kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor system air is 2 kg/s
and its condition is 35°C dry-bulb temperature and 25°C wet-bulb temperature. The
flow rate of return air is 3 kg/s and its condition is 24°C and 50% relative humidity.
Determine the enthalpy of the mixture.

a) 91.56 kJ/kg c) 91.56 kJ/kg

b) 91.56 kJ/kg d) 91.56 kJ/kg

Solution:

By Energy Balance:

m1h1 + m2h2= m3h3

m1h1 + m2h2 = ( m1+ m2 ) h3

2 (75.9) 3 (48)
h3 =
2+3

Thus;

(d) h3 = 59.16 kJ/kg

7. Supplementary Problem
 What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 30°C and a relative humidity of
45°C at 101.325 kPa.

a) 0.578 m3/kg c) 0.875 m3/kg

b) 0.785 m3/kg d) 0.758 m3/kg

Solution:
RaT
v=
‐
Pt Pv

Solving for Pv :
Psat @ 30°C = 4.24 kPa
Pv = (RH) Psat @ 30°C
= 0.45 (4.24)
= 1.91 kPa
Thus;
0.287(30+273)
v=
101.325 - 1.91

(c) v = 0.875 m3/kg

8. Supplementary Problem

A mixture of dry-air and water vapor is at temperature of 21°C under a pressure of 101
kPa. The dew point temperature is 15°C. Calculate the relative humidity.

a) 68.56 % c) 56.68 %
b) 65.68 % d) 58.66 %

Solution:
Pv
RH =
Psat @ 21°C

Where:

PV = Psat @ 15°C

= 1.7044 kPa

Psat @ 21°C = 2.4861 kPa

Thus;
 1.7044
RH = = 0.6851
2.4861

(b) RH = 68.56%

9. Supplementary Problem

The density of air at 35°C and 101 kPa is 1.05 kg/m3. The humidity ratio is:

a) 0.036 kgvapour /kgdry air c) 0.36 kgvapour /kgdry air 

b) 0.063 kgvapour /kgdry air d) 0.63 kgvapour /kgdry air 

Solution:

PV = mRT

P = mRT/V

Pair = 1.08 ( 0.287 )( 35 + 273 )

Pair = 95.48 kPa

Pt = Pair + Pvapor

101 = 95.48 + Pv

Pv = 5.53 kPa

Then;

Pv
w = 0.622
‐
Pt Pv

5.53
= 0.622
101 5.53‐
Thus;

(a) w = 0.036 kgvapour/kgdry air

10. Supplementary Problem

 If the sensible heat ratio is 0.80 and the cooling load is 100 kW, what is the amount of
sensible heating?

a) 80 kW c) 125 kW
b) 60 kW d) 100 kW

Solution:
SHR = sensible heat ratio
Qs
=
Qs  QR
0.80 = Qs/100
Thus;
(a) Qs = 80 kW

11. Supplementary Problem

A 4m x 4m x 4m room has a relative humidity ratio of 80 %. The pressure in the room is

120 kPa and temperature is 35 °C (Psat = 5.628). What is the mass of vapor in the room.
Use Rvapor = 0.4615 kN-m/kg-K.
a) 3.03 kg c) 4.03 kg
b) 2.03 kg d) 5.03 kg

Solution:
PvV = mvRvT
Solving for Pv :
RH = Pv / Psat
0.08 = Pv / 5.628
Pv = 4.5024 kPa
Thus;
4.5024 [(4)(4)(4)] = mv (0.4615) (35 + 273)
(a) mv = 2.027 kg
18. Supplementary Problem

A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls, ceiling
and floor are covered to a thickness of 150 mm with insulating material which has a
coefficient of thermal conductivity of 5.8 x 10-2  W/m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat
leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of
the material is 15°C and -5°C respectively.

a. 2185.44 kJ c. 3185.44 J
b. 1185.44 kJ d. 4185.44 kJ

 Solution

kAΔt
Q =
 x

where:

A = 2 [ (4.5)(2.5) + (4)(2.5) + (4.5(4) ]

= 78.5 m2

then:
(5.8x10-2)(78.50)(15+5)
Q =
0.15
Q = 607.07 W or J/s
Q = 2185.44 kJ/hr

thus;
(a) the quantity of heat through the insulation per hour is 2185.44 kJ
19 Supplementary Problem

A thin square steel plate, to 10 cm on a side, is heated in a blacksmiths forge to a

temperature of 800°C. If the emissivity is 0.60, what is the total rate of radiation of energy?

a. 900 Watts c. 300 Watts

b. 400 Watts d. 700 Watts

 Solution

Q = A e σ T4
W
Q = (0.020m 2 ) (0.60) (5.67 x 10 -8 ) (1073)4 K4
m2K4
thus;
(a) Q = 900 Watts
20. Supplementary Problem

A furnace wall consist of 35 cm firebrick (k= 1.557 W/m-K), 12 cm insulating refractory

(k=0.346) and 20cm common brick (k=1.692) covered with 7 cm steel plate (k=45). The
temperature at the inner surface of the firebrick is 1230 degree C and at the outer face of
the steel plate is 60 degree C. Atmosphere 27 degree C. What is the value of combined
coefficient for convection and radiation from the outside wall?

a. 31.13 W/m2-K c. 41.3 W/m2-K

b. 30.13 W/m-K d. 40.13 W/m2-K

 Solution

Q Δt
=
A RT
where:
k 12 k 23 k 34 k 45
RT = + + +
X12 x23 x34 x45
0.35 0.12 0.2 0.07
= + + +
1.557 0.346 0.692 45
m2K
= 0.862
W
then;
Q (1230-60)K
= = 1357.15 W/m2
A m2K
0.862
W
Q Q5-0 t5 - to
= =
A A 1
h0
60-70
1357.15 =
1
h0
W
h0 = 41.13
m2K
21. Supplementary Problem

A dry ice storage chest is a wooden box lined with glass fiber insulation 5cm thick. The
wooden box (k= 0.069) is 2 cm thick and cubical 60 cm on an edge. The inside surface
temperature is -76 degree C and the outside surface temperature is 18 degree C. Use k=
0.035 for fiber glass insulation. Determine the heat gain per day.

a. 10211 kJ c. 12211kJ

b. 11195 kJ d. 9185 kJ

 Solution

A∆t
Q =
RT
where:
A = 6[(0.60)(0.60)]
= 2.16m2
k 12 k 23
RT = +
 x12 x23
0.05 0.02
= +
0.035 0.069
= 0.1718
then;
2.16(18+76) J
Q = = 118.18
1.718 S
(3600s) (24hrs) (1kJ)
= (118.18)
(hr) (Day) (1000J)
kJ
= 10211.092
day

thus;
(a) the heat gain per day is 10211.092kJ
22. Supplementary Problem

One side of the refrigerated cold chamber is 6 m long by 3.17 m high and consists of
168mm thickness of cork between outer and inner walls of wood. The outer wood wall is
30 thick and its outside face temperature is 20 degree C, the inner wood wall is 35 mm
thick and its inside face temperature is -3 degree C. Taking the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of cork and wood as 0.42 and 0.20 W/m-K respectively, calculate the heat
transfer per second per sq. m of surface area.

a. 5.138 J c. 6.318 J

b. 4.138 J d. 3.318 J

 Solution

Q ∆t
=
A RT
where:
0.03 0.168 0.035
RT = + + = 4.325
0.2 0.042 0.2
then;
Q 20+3
= = 5.918W
A 4.325
J
= 5.318
s
thus;
(a) the heat transfer per second per sq.m of the surface is 5.318 J
23. Supplementary Problem

Hot gases at 280 degree C flow on one side of a metal plate of 10 mm thickness and air
at 35 degree C flows on the other side. The heat transfer coefficient of the gases is 31.5
W/m-K and that of the air 32 W/m-K. Calculate the overall transfer coefficient.

a. 15.82 W/m2-K c. 14.82 W/m2-K

b. 15.82 W/m2-K d. 17.82 W/m2-K

 Solution
1
U =
RT
where:
F k 12 1 1 0.01 1
RT = + + = + +
h1 x12 x12 31.5 50 32

= 0.0632

thus;
1
U = = 15.82
0.06032
W
(a) U=15.82
m2-K
24. Supplementary Problem

The surface temperature of the hot side of the furnace wall is 1200 degree C. It is desired
to maintain the outside of the wall at 38 degree C. A 152 mm of refractory silica is used
adjacent to the combustion and 10 mm of steel covers the outside. What thickness of
insulating bricks is necessary between refractory and steel, if the heat loss should be keep
at 788 W/m2? Use k= 12.84 W/m-K for refractory silica; 0.15 for insulating brick, and 45 for
steel.

a. 220 mm c. 260 mm

b. 240 mm d. 280 mm

 Solution
 x12  x23  x34
RT = + +
k 12 k 23 k 34
0.152  x23 0.01
RT = + +
31.84 0.15 45
Solving for RT
∆t
788 =
RT
(1200-38)
788 =
RT
RT = 1.475
then;
0.152  x23 0.01
1.475 = + +
13.48 0.15 45
thus;
 x23  = 0.22mm
(a) x23  = 220mm
25. Supplementary Problem

How much heat will flow in 24 hours through a plaster wall that is 0.50 in thick and 8 ft x 14
ft in area if the temperature is 80 degree F on one side and 40 degree F on the other? Use
= 3.25 Btu-in/hr-ft2-degree F

a. 5.99 x 105 Btu c. 7.99 x 105 Btu

b. 6.99 x 105 Btu d. 4.99 x 105 Btu

 Solution
kA∆T
Q =
 x
3.25[(8)(14)](80-40)(24)
=
0.5
thus;
(b) Q = 6.99 x10 5 Btu
26. Supplementary Problem

A hollow sphere has an outside radius of 1 m and is made of polystyrene foam with a
thickness of 1 cm. A heat source inside keeps the inner surface 5.20 degree C hotter that
the outside surface. How much power is produced by the heat source? Thermal
conductivity of polystyrene foam is 0.033 W/M degree C.

a. 200 W c. 300 W

b. 216 W d. 316 W

 Solution
kA∆T
Q =
 x
where:
A = 4∏(1)2
= 12.56 m2
(0.033)(12.56)(5.20)
Q = = 216 W
0.01
thus;
(b) Q= 216 W
27. Supplementary Problem

A glass window has an area of 1.60 m 2  and a thickness of 4mm. If one side is at a
temperature of 6.80 degree C and other is at -5 degree C, how much thermal energy flows
through the window in a time of 24 hours? The thermal conductivity of glass is 1.89 x 10 -4
Kcal/ m-s-degree C

a. 26200 kCal c. 40700 kCal

b. 58000 kCal d. 77100 kCal

 Solution
kA∆T
Q =
 x
(1.89 x 10-4)(1.60)(6.80+5)(3600)(24)
=
0.004
= 77100 kCal
thus;
(d) Q = 77100 kCal
33. Supplementary Problem

Calculate the heat loss per linear ft from 2 in. nominal pipe (2.375 in. outside diameter )
covered with 1 in. of an insulating material having an average thermal conductivity of
0.0375 Btu/ hr- ft- degree F. Assume that the inner and outer surface temperatures of the
insulation are 380 degree F and 80
8 0 degree F respectively.

a. 110 Btu/ hr-ft c. 120 Btu/ hr-ft

b. 116 Btu/ hr-ft d. 126 Btu/ hr-ft

Solution
∆t ∆t
Q = =
RT ln( d2/d1)
2∏kL
380
=
ln(4.375/2.375)

2∏(0.0375)

Btu
Q = 116
hr-ft
34. Supplementary Problem
Calculate the heat loss per linear foot from a 10 in. normal pipe ( outside diameter = 10.75
in. ) covered with a composite pipe insulation consisting of 1 ½ in of insulation I placed next
to the pipe and 2 in. of insulation II placed upon insulation I. assume that the inner and
outer surface temperatures
temperatures of the composite
composite insulation are 700o F and 100oF respectively,
and that the thermal conductivity of material I is 0.05 Btu/hr-ft-oF and for material II is 0.039
Btu/hr-ft-oF.

a. 423.13 Btu/hr-ft c. 120 Btu/hr-ft

b. 123.13 Btu/hr-ft d. 126 Btu/hr-ft

Solution


Q = 

Where:

./.  ./.
RT = .
 + .

= 1.826

Then:


Q = .

Thus;


(d) Q = 323.13 
35. Supplementary Problem

A steam pipe carrying a steam at 380 kPa pressure for a distance of 120 m in a chemical
plant is not insulated. Estimate the saving in steam cost that would be made per year if this
8 cm steam line were covered with 85% magnesia pipe covering 5 cm thick. Take room
temperature to be 25 C, the cost of steam is 65 cents per 1000 kg. thermal
˚ t hermal conductivity of
magnesia
magnesia k = 0.0745 W/m-K, unit convective coe
coefficient
fficient of room air, ho = 12 W/m2-K.

a. $ 305 c. $ 505
b. $ 405 d. $ 605

Solution

Steam temperature = 142o C

Latent heat h fg  = 2139.4 kJ/kg

Heat Loss from the bare pipe:


Q1 = 

Where:


Ro =  


= .
. 
 

= 0.00276 oC/W

Then;


Q1 = .

= 42,343.64 W
= 42,344 kW
Total Resistance from the insulated pipe:
R1 = R2 + Ro
 / 
 
= 
 + 
 

/
/ 
= .
+ .
 R1 = 0.01113 C/W ˚

Heat loss from the insulated pipe:

 
Q2 = 
= .

= 10,512.13 W

Heat Saved = Q1- Q2

= 42,34364 – 10.51213
= 31,831 kW
Amount of steam saved due to condensation (m 2):

. /
m =
. /

= 0.014878 kg/yr
36. Supplementary Problem

A liquid to liquid counter flow heat exchanger is sued to heat a cold fluid from
120  310. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500F and leaves at 400F, calculate the
log mean temperature difference for the heat exchanger

a. 132F c. 332F

b. 232F d. 432F

Solution

LMTD = log mean temperature difference

∆∆
LMTD = ∆
 
∆

Where:

∆   400  120  280 

∆  500  310  190 


Thus, LMTD = = 232



37. Supplementary Problem

A blower with the inlet open to the atmosphere delivers 300 cfm of air at a pressure of 2in.
WG trough a duct 11 in. diameter, the manometer being attached to the discharge duct
at the blower. Air temperature is 70ºF, and the barometer pressure is 30.22 in Hg. Calculate
the horsepower.

a. 1.54 Hp c. 3.54 Hp

b. 2.54 Hp d. 0.75 Hp

Solution:

Pair  =
 = ɣgh

where:

Q = 3000 cfm

Solving for h:

Air density at the following condition by correcting the standard density.

30.2
ρair  =
 = 0.075 ( ) = 0.076 lb/ft3
29.92

2 62.4
hs =  ( ) = 136.84 ft of air
12 0.076

3000/60

V
 11 2
π/4( )
12
hv =  = [  ] = 89.13 ft
2g 2(32.2)

then;

P = 0.075 (3000/60(136.84 + 89.13)

P = 847.39
ft - lb
 (
1 Hp  )
s 550 ft-lb/s

thus;

(a) P = 1.54 Hp
38. Supplementary Problem

A certain fan delivers 12,000 cfm at a static pressure of 1in. WG when operating at a speed
of 400 rpm and requires an input of 4 Hp. If the same installation 15,000 cfm are desired,
what will be the new speed, and the new power needs?

a. 450 rpm, 6.81 Hp c. 500 rpm, 6.81 Hp

b. 500rpm, 7.81 Hp d. 450 rpm, 7.81 Hp

Solution:

New Speed Required: The New Power Required:

N2
N1
 =
Q2
Q1
P2
P1
 = (
N2
N1

N2
400
 =
15000
12000
P2
4
 = (
500
400

N2 = 500 rpm P2 = 7.81 hp

thus;

(b) 500 rpm, 7.81 Hp

39. Supplementary Problem

A certain fan delivers 12,000 cfm at 70ºF and normal barometric pressure at a static
pressure of 1 in. WG when operating at 400 rpm and requires 4 Hp. If the air temperature is
increased to 200ºF (density 0.06018 lb/ft3) and the speed of the fan remains the same, what
will be the new static pressure and power?

a. 0.81 in. WG, 3.21 Hp c. 0.71 in. Wg, 3.24 Hp

b. 0.81 in. WG, 2.24 Hp d. 0.71 in. WG, 2.24 Hp

Solution:

New Static Pressure Required: New Power Required:

h2 ρ2 P2 ρ2
 =  =
h1 ρ1 P1 ρ1
 h2 0.06018 P2 0.06018
 =  =
1 0.075 4 0.075

h2 = 0.80 in. WG P2  = 3.21 Hp

thus;

(a) 0.81 in. WG, 3.21 Hp

40. Supplementary Problem

If the speed of the fan in problem 39 is increased so as to produce a static pressure of 1

in. WG at 200ºF. What will be the new speed and new capacity?

a. 446.54 rpm, 13,396.33 cfm c. 457.45 rpm, 12,457.45 cfm

b. 454.34 rpm, 15,345.17 cfm d. 745.54 rpm, 11,345.34 cfm

Solution:

New Speed Required: New Capacity Required:

N2
400
 =   0.075
0.06018
Q2
12000
 =   0.075
0.06018

N2 = 446.54 rpm Q2  = 13,396.33 cfm

thus;

(a) 446.54 rpm, 13,396.33 cfm

41. Supplementary Problem

If the speed of the fan of the previous examples (Problem 39-40) is increased so as to
deliver the same weight of air at 200ºF as at 70ºF. What will the new speed, new capacity,
new static pressure and new power?

a. 498.50 rpm, 14,955.14 cfm, 1.25 in. WG, 6.21 Hp

b. 646.54 rpm, 15,396.33 cfm, 2.25 in. WG, 7.21 Hp
c. 464.54 rpm, 15,396.33 cfm, 3.25 in. WG, 5.21 Hp
d. 546.54 rpm, 12,396.33 cfm, 4.25 in. WG, 4.21 Hp
Solution:

New Speed Required: New Static Pressure Required:

N2 0.075 h2 0.075
 =  =
400 0.06018 1 0.06018

N2 = 498.50 rpm h2 = 1.25 in. WG

New Capacity Required: New Power Required:

Q2
12000
 =
0.075
0.06018
P2
4
 = (
0.075
0.06018

Q2 = 14,955.135 cfm P2 = 6.21 Hp

thus;

a. 498.50 rpm, 14,955.14 cfm, 1.25 in. WG, 6.21 Hp

42. Supplementary Problem

A fan discharges 10,000 cfm of air through a duct 2 ft by 2 ft against a static pressure of
0.90 in. of water. The gage fluid density is 62lb/ft 3, air temperature is 85ºF and the
barometric pressure is 28.7 in. Hg. If the power input to the fan is measured as 3.6 Hp, what
is the over-all mechanical efficiency of the fan?

a. 50 % c. 60 %
b. 56 % d. 65 %

Solution:

Pair 
em  = h = hs  + hv
3.6

Solving for Pair : h = 19.05 + 8.22 = 27.27 m

Q
V= Q = 10000 ft3/min
A

V = 2500 ft/min = 41.67 ft/s Q = 4.72 m3/s

V=  2gh
2gh then;
 41.67 =  2(32.2) h v Pair  = ɣgh

hv = 29.96 ft = 8.22 m Pair  = [1.2(0.00981)](4.72)(27.27)

ρ w
w
hs  = h  ( ) Pair  = 1.515 kW
ρair 

1000
hs  = 0.9 ( ) = 750 in. Pair  = 2.03 Hp
1.2

hs = 19.05 m thus;

2.03
(a) em  =  = 0.564 = 56.4 %
3.6

43. Supplementary Problem

A ventilation system includes a fan with a mechanical efficiency of 45% against a static
pressure of 30 cm WG. If the total pressure created by fan is 300m of air, what is the static
efficiency?

a. 37.5 % c. 40.5 %
b. 35 % d. 45 %

Solution: thus;

es  = e m  hs
h
) (a) es = 0.375 or 37.5 %

Solving for hs:

hs = 0.30 1000

1.2
)

hs = 250 m

then;

es  = 0.45  250
300
)

44. Supplementary Problem

It requires 55 Hp to compress 1000 cfm of air at 60ºF and 14.7 psi to a pressure of 10 psig.
The temperature of the air leaving the blower is 184ºF. What is the flow in cfm from the
blower discharge?
 a. 852.64 cfm c. 737.06 cfm
b. 801.62 cfm d. 700.91 cfm

Solution:

P1 V 1  = P2 V2
T1 T2

P1 Q P2 Q
1 2
 =
T1 T2

(14.7)(1000) (10 + 47)Q2

 =
60 + 460 184 + 460

thus;

(a) Q2 = 737.06 cfm

45. Supplementary Problem

A blower draws 3000 cfm of air through a duct of 12 in. in diameter with a suction of 3 in.
of water. The air is discharged through a duct 10 in. in diameter against a pressure of 2in.
of water. The air is measured at 70ºF and 30.2 in. Hg. Calculate the air horsepower. Use
specific weight of 62.34lb/ft3.

a. 2.82 Hp c. 3.87 Hp
b. 2.87 Hp d. 1.75 Hp

Solution:

P = ɣgh

Solving for h:

Pd - Ps Vd2 – Vs2

h = Zd – Zs +  +
ɣ 2g

where:

3000 3
 ft /s
60
Vs = π 10 2 2  = 91.67 ft/s
( )  ft
4 12

3000 3
 ft /s
60
Vd = π 2 2  = 63.56 ft/s
(1)  ft
4
 Ps = ɣh = (62.34)(2/12) = 0.072 psi

Pd = (62.34)(-3/12) = -0.108 psi

Zs = Zd

The density of Air @ 30.2 in. Hg and 70ºF

14.7
P 30.2( )(144)
29.92
ɣ= =
RT 53.34(70 + 460)

ɣ = 0.0756 lb/ft3

then;

2 2
(0.072 + 0.108)(144)lb/ft3 (91.67) -(63.66)
h=  +
0.0756 lb/ft3 2(32.2)

h = 410. 42 ft of air

thus;

Pair  = ɣgh = 0.0756(3000/60)(410.42) ft-lb/s

1 Hp
Pair  = 1551.39 ft-lb/s ( )
550 ft-lb/s

(a) Pair  = 2.82 Hp

46. Supplementary Problem

A blower operating at 15,000 rpm, compresses air from 68F and 14.7 psia to 10 psig. The
design flow is 1350 cfm and at this point the BHp is 80. Determine the efficiency of the
blower at the design point.

a. 48.41 Hp c. 55.62 Hp
b. 40.54 Hp d. 57.65 Hp

Solution:

Pair  = ɣgh

Solving for the density of air at 68ºF and 14.7 psia

P (14.7)(144)
ρ =  =
RT 53.34 (68 + 460)
Solution:

hs
estatic = efan ( )
h

Solving for h:

V1 = Q/A1 = 1.42/( /4)(0.3)2

V1 = 20.089 m/s


V2 = Q/A2 = 1.42/( /4)(0.275)2

V2 = 23.907 m/s

hv =
V22 – V12
=

(23.907)2 – (20.089 2

2g 2(9.81)

hv = 8.562 m of air

hs = 0.0254 (1000/1.2)

hs = 21.17m of air

h = hs + hv

h = 21.17 + 8.562

h = 29.73 m of air

thus;

estatic = 0.70 (21.17/29.73)

estatic = 0.4984

(d) estatic = 49.84 %

19. Supplementary Problem
A 95 tons refrigeration system has a comp ressor power of 90 Hp. Find the coefficient
of performance, CO P.
a. 3.85 c. 4.77
b. 2.77 d. 1.99

Solution:

  
where:
RE = 95 tons = 334.02 kW
  =90 hp =120.64 kW
thus;

  334.02
120.64
(b) C OP = 2.77

20. Past ME Board Problem

A refrigeration system operates on the reversed C arnot c ycle. The minimum and
 
maximum temperatures are -25  and 72 , respectively. If the heat rejected at the
condenser is 6000 kJ /min, find the power input required .
a. 1 663.38 kJ /min c . 1 686.83 kJ /min
b. 1 888.38 kJ /min d. 1 886.83 kJ /min

Solution:

     ∆
where: T
345 K
  72273  345  3 2

  25 273  248 

solving for ∆:

∆  2 4 1
248 K
∆ =17.39 kJ /min-K S
thus,
  34524817.39
(c)   1 686.83 /
21. Supplementary Problem
In a 0  refrigerating plant, the specific enthalpy of the refrigerant as it leaves the
cond enser is 135 kJ /kg and a s it leaves the eva po rator it is 320 kJ / kg. If the mass flow the
refrigerant is 5 kg/ min, calculate the refrigerating effec t per hour.
a. 55 500 kJ / hr c . 65 500 kJ /hr
b. 35 500 kJ /hr d. 45 500 kJ / hr

Solution:
     
where:
m = 5 kg/ min = 300 kg/hr
  320 /
  135 /
thus;
RE = 300 ( 320 – 135 )
(a) RE = 55 500 kJ / hr

22. Supplementary Problem

A refrigerator is 2 m high, 1.2m wide and 1m deep. The over-all heat transfer
 . How many kilograms of 0 ice will melt per hour if the inside
coefficient is 0.532 W/
temperature is maintained at 10 while the surrounding air temperature is at 35?
a. 1.60 kg c. 2.60 kg
b. 1.80 kg d. 2.80 kg

Solution:
Q =m  
Solving fo r Q:
Q =U A ∆
where:
A= 221.2 1.21  21
A = 11.2 

C OP = 0.532   11.2  )(35 – 10) 

Q = 148.96 W = 0.14896 kW
       35  233.5 /
thus;

m=
..
(a)
(a ) m = 2.97 kg/ s

27. Supplementary Problem

C old salt brine
brine at an
a n init
initial
ial temp
temperatur
erature
e of 
o f 0  is used in a packing plant to chill beef
fro 
fro m 40  to 
 to 5  in 18 hours. Determine the volume of brine in liters per minute required
to cool 1000beeves of 250 kg each, if the final temperature of brine is 3 . Specific 
hea t of b rine is 3.76 
3.76 kJ / kg  and
 a nd S.G.
.G . =1.05
1.05.. Spe
Specc ific
ific hea t of b eef
ee f is 3.15 
3.15 kJ / kg .
a . 37.59
37.59 kg/ s c . 38.79
38.79 kg/ s
b . 39.67
39.67 kg/ s d . 35.67
35.67 kg/ s

Solution
Volume of
o f brine
brine c irc
irc ula
ula ted:

 = 

where:

 =1   1.05  1.05 /

/
Solving for the  :

(  )(
 =   3.14 40 – 5)


  424 
then;
   

   
  ∆ 424
 3.763  0  424
   37.59 /
thus;
(a)
(a ) 37.59
37.59 kg/ s
28. Past ME Board
oa rd Exam
A simple
simple vap
va p or comp
c omp ression c ycle d evelop
eve lops
s 13 tons of refri
refrige
gerra tion.
tion. Using
Using ammonia
a mmonia
as refrigerant and operating at a condensing temperature of 24  and evaporating
temperature of -18; and assuming that the compressions are isentropic and that the
gas leaving the condenser is saturated. Find the power requirement.
a . 13 kW c . 12 kW
b . 8.79 kW d . 9.79 kW

Properties of R-12:
At 24:
   312.87 /
h @ 974 kPA ( P a t 24 
974 kPA 974 kPA 24

and       1657 /

At -18: -18

   1439.94 /
   0.5729  /

Solution
     
where:
   @ 947  &    
= 1657
1657 kJ / kg
    @  18
= 1439.94
1439.94 kJ / kg
from:
     
13tons ( 3.516
3.516 kW/to
kW/ ton)
n) = m ( 1439.94
1439.94 – 312.87
312.87 ) kJ / kg
m = 0.0415 kg/ s
thus;
0.0405 1567
   0.0405 1567  1439.94
1439.94
(b)   = 8.79 kW
29. Past ME Board
oa rd Exam
A b elt dr
d riven c o mpr
mp resso
esso r is used
used in refrige
refrigeration
ration system tha t will c o ol 10 liter
liter per
pe r

second of water from 13  to 1 . The 
The b elt effic
e fficienc
ienc y is 98%
98%, moto
mo torr efficienc
effic ienc y is 85%
85%
a nd the input of the c omp resso r is 0.7
0.7 kW
kW per
pe r ton o f refri
refrige
gerra tion.
tion. Find
Find the ac
a c tual
coefficient of performance of over-all efficiency is 65%.
a . 4.44
4.44 c . 6.44
6.44
b . 5.44 d . 3.44

Solution

C OP =

where:
   ∆
= [ 10(1)] ( 4.187 ) ( 13 – 1 )
= 502.44 kW
= 142.90
142.90 TOR
TOR
So lving
lving fo r c o mpr
mp resso
esso r wor  
wo rk,  :
.
..
  = . 
.
..
0.65 =
.  . 
  78.055 
thus;

C OP =
.
.
(c ) C O P = 6.44
6.44

30. Supplementary Problem

Four thousand liters
liters per
pe r hour o f dis
d istill
tilla
a tes a re to b e c oo led from  
from 21  to 12  and 12%
of wax by weight is separated out at 15 . The spec ific
ific hea t of oil kJ / kg  and
o il is 2 kJ  a nd S.G.
.G . is
0.87
0.87.. The
The spec
spe c ific
ific hea t of the wax
wa x is 2.5
2.5 and the latent
la tent hea
he a t of fusion
fusion is 290
290 kJ
kJ / kg. The
The
sp ec ific
ific hea t of
o f the wa
w a x is 2.5
2.5 and the latent
la tent hea t is 290
290 kJ
kJ / kg. Allow 10%
10% for the losses,
losses,
find
find the c ap ac ity
ity of the refr
refriger
igerating
ating mac hine.
hine.
a . 20 TO R c . 40 TO R
b . 51.08
51.08 TO R d . 31.08
31.08 TO R
Solution
         

Distil
Distillate
late
 O il
 O il

21 15 -12
-12 

Wax
 Wax
15 -12
-12

where:
m = mas
ma ss o f dis
d istil
tillate
late c hilled
hilled p er hour
ho ur

m = 400   ( 0.87 ) 1 

m = 3,480 kg/ hr =0.97 kg/ s
and;

= 0.97
   2
  (21 – 15) = 11.64 kW

 
= (0.12)(0.97)    (290) = 33.76 kW

= (0.12)(0.97)
   (2.5)
 (15+12) = 7.86 kW

= (0.88)(0.97)
   (2)
 (15+27) = 46.09 kW

  0.10
0.101
11.1.64
64  33.7
33.766  7.86
7.86  46.0
46.09
9  9.935
935 

thus;
  109.285
(d)    31.08 

31. Supplementary Problem

A 50 ton vapor compression system using Ammonia as refrigerant operates between
 
20   condenser and -16   evaporator temperature. If simple saturation cycle with
isentropic
isentropic c omp ression is a ssumed , determi
de termine
ne the pis
piston
ton d isplac
pla c ement
eme nt of the
reciprocating compressor to be used in the system operating at 600 rpm.
Properties of Ammonia:
At 20 At -16
   274.9 /    1424.4 /
 @ 857.12 @20    0.5296 /
&       1640 /
5000 
a . 5000 7000 
c . 7000
b. 6000  8000 
d . 8000

Solution
Piston displacement of the compressor:

 =

Where:
 
m= 974 kPA 20

 
m= -16
-16
  
.
m=
..
m = 0.513 kg/ s
then;
..
 = 

   0.0081   8000 
thus;
(a)    8000 

32. Past ME Board Problem

A simple vapor compression cycle develops 15 tons of refrigeration using Ammonia
as refrigerant and operating at condensing temperature of 24   and evaporating
temperature of -18  and assuming compression are isentropic and that the gas
leaving the condenser is saturated, find the power per ton.
Properties of Ammonia
At 24 At -16
   312.87 /    1439.94 /
   1665 /
 a . 0.70
0.702
2 kW/
kW/ ton c . 0.60
0.602
2 kW/
kW/ ton
b . 0.802
0.802 kW/ton
kW/ ton d . 0.502
0.502 kW/ton
kW/ ton

Solution

  = 




=

where:
     
Solving for
fo r m:
    
15(3.516) =   1439.
1439.94
94  312.87
312.87 
M = 0.04688 kg/
kg/ s
then;
  0.04688
0.04688  1665
1665 1439.9
1439.944 
  10.531 
thus;

  = . 

 
(a)     0.702 /

33. Past ME Board

oa rd Problem
roblem
In an Ammonia refrigerator the pressure in the evaporator is 267,58 kPa and the
a mmonia
mmo nia a t entry is
is 0.12
0.12 dry while
while a t exit is
is 0.91
0.91 dry. During
During c o mpr
mp ression
ession the wor
wo rk
done
do ne p er kg
kg o f ammonia is 17,0
17,033
33 kg-m. C alcul
alc ula
a te the c oeffi
oe ffic
c ient of performanc
performanc e. If
the rate of ammonia circulation is 5.64 kg, calculate the volume of vapor entering
the c o mpr
mp resso
esso r p er minute
minute.. The c o mpr
mp resso
esso r is single a c ting, its volumetri
vo lumetric
c effic ienc y is
is
80%
80% a nd it runs
runs a t 120
120 rp
rp m. The ra tio
tio o f str
stro
o ke to b ore is 1. Ca lculate
lcula te the bo re a nd
stroke. It is given that the latent enthalpy and specific volume of ammonia a 267.58
kPa a re 320 kCa
kC a l/kg a nd 0.436
0.436 /kg respectively.
a . 2.235
2.235/ c . 1.457
1.457 /
b. 4.357  / 3.567 /
d . 3.567
Solution
Properties of Ammonia:
  267.58   320 /
 @ 267.58   0.436  /
     
   0.9132
0.91320
0
   291.2 /
    
1 2320
   0.12
   38.4 /
/

Solving for C O P:
  
C OP =
   =

where:
RE =    
=   201.
201.2
2 -   38.4
38.4
= 252.8
252.8 kC
kC a l/kg
l/ kg = 1058
1058.47
.47 kJ
kJ / kg
  = 17 033 / ( 0.00981 kN/  

then;

C OP =
. = 6.335
.

Solving for the volume of

o f vap or entering
entering the c omp resso r per
pe r minute:
minute:
  
where:
m = 5.64 kg
kg / min
  
= 0.001527 + 0.91(0.436)
= 0.3983 /
then;

5.61
 =5.61    0.3983 =2.235 /
 
Solving for the bore a nd stroke:
from:

  = LN
 
 =  LN
.=(D)(120) Note: L =D
. 
thus;
(a ) L =D =0.31 m =31 cm

34. Supplementary Problem

Freon-12 leaves the condenser of a refrigerating plan as a saturated liquid at 5.673
ba r. The evap orator pressure is 1.509 bar and the refrigerant lea ves the evap orator at

this pressure a nd at a temperature of -5 . Calc ulate the refrigerating effect per kg.
a. 132.88 kJ / kg c. 160.91 kJ /kg
b. 123.77 kJ /kg d. 123.86 kJ /kg

Solution
Properties of Freon-12
At 5.673 bar 
At 1.509 bar ( t = - 20  )
     54.87 /    17.82 /
   178.73 /
  160.91 /

Since, the saturation temperature at 1.509 is -20  and the refrigerant at this pressure
 
leaves the evaporator at -5 , it is superhea ted by -5 , it is superheated by 15 
    @ 1.509 bar superheated 15 =187.75 kJ / kg

then;
   
RE = 
RE = 187.75 – 54.87

thus;
(a) RE = 132.88 kJ /kg
35. Past ME Board Exam
An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 kPa and a
condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 5 and is superheated
8. A twin cylinder c ompressor with bo re to stroke ratio of 0.85 is to be used at 1200
rpm. The mechanica l efficienc y is 76%. For a load of 87.5 kW, determine the size o f the
driving motor.
a. 24.26 kW c. 34.26 kW
b. 25.26 kW d. 35.26 kW

Solution
Properties of Ammonia
    @ 316  & 0  1472 /
    @ 316  & 0  0.41  /
       @ 34  361.2 /
    @ 1514.2         1715 /

 
  =  
P

5
     
  = =

   34 3 1514 kPa

    
  = 316 kPa    0

8

Solving for m:
Q =      
87.5 = m (1472 – 361.2)
m = 0.079 kg/ s
.  
  =
.

thus;
(b)  = 25.26 kW
36. Supplementary Problem
A refrigeration system ha ving a 30 kW c apa city req uires 10 Hp c omp ressors. Find the
C OP of the system.
a. 2.78 c. 4.02
b. 3.78 d. 5.02

Solution

C OP =

=

  . 

thus;
(c) C OP = 4.02
 h3 = h4 = 383.5 kJ/kg

Let: n = no. of units

Q = heat gained by cooling water

Q1 = heat transferred per unit

then;

  
Solving for Q:

kW refrigeration for cold storage = 137,000 kJ/hr (1hr/3600s)

= 38.06 kW

kW refrigeration for ice plant = 25(3.516)(1.925)

= 169.21 kW

QT = Total kW = 38.06 + 169.21

QT = 207.27

From:

m=

 

m=
.
..

m = 0.1985 kg/s

then;

Q = m (h2 – h1)

= 0.1985 (1714 – 383.5)

= 264.12 kW
 Solving for Q1:

Area of each unit, A:

A = π (O.D.) L N

= π (0.06) (6) (7)

= 7.92 m2

then;

Q1 = A U F (LMTD)

= (7.92)(539)(0.75)(39.22)

= 125,569.11 W

= 125.57 kW/units

thus;

n=
 . 
 = . /

n = 2.10 units ( or n must be 3 units )

(a) n = 3

75. Past ME Board Problem

Calculate the power required by a system of one compressor serving two

evaporators. One evaporator carries a load of 35 kW at 10 0C and the other a load
of 70 kW at -5 0C. a back pressure valve reduces the pressure in the 10 0C evaporator
to that of the -5 0C evaporator. The condensing temperature is 37 0C. if the refrigerant
is ammonia , then what is the COP.

a. 4.33 c. 6.33
b. 5.33 d. 3.33
 Properties of Ammonia:

h3 = h4 = h7 @ 37 0C = 375.9 kJ/kg

h5 = h6 = hg @ 10 0C = 1471.6 kJ/kg

h8 = hg @ -5 0C = 1456.2 kJ/kg

h2 = h @ 1432 kPa (Psat @ 37 0C) and S2 = S1 = 1665 kJ/kg

then;

 . .

COP =
 

COP =



Solving for WC:

m4 =
  = 
 ..

= 0.0319 kg/s

 
m7 =
  = ..

= 0.0648 kg/s

m1 = m6 + m8

= m4 + m7
 (b) Q = 1440 Btu

79. Supplementary Problem

Compute the cooling rate (energy flow rate in Btu/hr) produces by ice melting at the
rate of 150 lb/hr.

a. 30000 Btu/hr c. 21,600 Btu/hr

b. 10,530 Btu/hr d. 15,000 Btu/hr

Solution

Q = mLf

 
= (150 )(144
  )

thus;

(c) Q = 21,600 Btu/hr

80. Supplementary Problem

Twenty kilograms of water at initial temperature of 25 0C are heated until the

temperature is increased to 80 0C. Compute the quantity of heat energy supplied.

a. 4,605.7 kJ c. 2,000.1 kJ
b. 4,000.2 kJ d. 2,302.85 kJ

Solution

Q = mCp∆t

= (20 kg)(4.187
 )(80-25) K


thus;

(a) Q = 4,605 kJ
81. Supplementary Problem

One-tenth m3 of water is cooled from 39 0C to 2 0C. Determine the quantity of heat
energy rejected by the water.

a. 15,491.90 kJ c. 17,321.90 kJ
b. 14,591.90 kJ d. 18,231.80 kJ

Solution

Q = mCp∆t

=  10004.1873510
thus;

(a) Q = 15,491.90 kJ

82. Supplementary Problem

Suppose that 30 kg/s of water are cooled from 35 0C to 10 0C. Compute the required
energy flow rate in kJ/s.

a. 3140.25 kW c. 3457.75 kW
b. 3240.25 kW d. 3567.25 kW

Solution

Q = mCp∆t

= 30  4.187 3510

thus;

(a) Q = 3140.25 kJ/s or 3140.25 kW

83. Supplementary Problem

Compute the cooling rate produced by ice melting at the rate of 150 kg/hr.

a. 737.5 kW c. 937.5 kW
b. 837.5 kW d. 637.5 kW

Solution

Q = mLf

=m 335  
where:

m = 1.50 kg/hr

= 2.50 kg/s

Q= 2.5  335  

thus;

(b) Q = 837.5 kJ/s or kW

84. Supplementary Problem

Seventy-five hundred pounds of fresh beef enter a chilling cooler at 102 0F and are
chilled to 45 0F each day. Compute the product load in Btu per 24 hours. The specific
heat of beef above freezing is 0.75 Btu/lb-0F.

a. 320,600 Btu c. 220,600 Btu

b. 420,600 Btu d. 520,600 Btu

Solution

Production Load = (7500)(0.75)(102-45)

= 320,600 Btu per 24 hrs

(a) Product Load = 320,600 Btu per 24 hrs

26. Supplementary Problem

Find the refrigeration capacity required to cool 29 cubic meter per minute from 29 oC to
18oC if air from the outside has an RH of 90%.

a. 2.9 TOR c. 4.9 TOR

b. 3.9 TOR d. 5.9 TOR

Solution:

Qn = ma(h1 – h2)

Solving for m a:

From psychometric chart:

 At 29oC db and 90% RH

h1 = 88.45 kJ/kg

 At 218oC db and 100% RH

h2 = 50.45 kJ/kg

ѵ1 = 0.886 m 3/kg


ma =  = 32.73 kg/min
.

ma = 0.546 kg/s

then;

Q A = 0.546(88.45 – 50.45)

= 20.75 kW

Thus;

(a) Q A = 5.9 tons of refrigeration

27. Past ME Board Exam

The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by the use of steam coils
within the dryer. The product enters the dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The
initial moisture content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be dried to moisture
content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg dry solid. Air enters the dryer with a humidity ratio of
0.016 kg moisture per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of 100% while the
temperature remains constant at 60 . If the total pressure of the air is 101.3 kPa,
determine the capacity of the forced draft far to handle this air in  ⁄.

a. 85.75  ⁄ c. 55.87 ⁄

b. 87.55  ⁄ d. 58.75  ⁄

Capacity of fan = 

Solving for m and  :

 At point 1:
. 
  =
 

. 
0.16 =
.

   2.54 

 1   

101.3  2.541 = 0.287 (60 + 273)

1  0.968 ⁄

 At point 2:

 @   = 19.94 kPa

  = RH (  @  )

= (1)(19.94)

= 19.94 kPa
. 
  =
 

. .
=
..

= 0.1524 kg/kg

 At point 3:
   = 250 kg

 At point 4:
.
Moisture content =
.

= 0.0909 or 9.09%

 = 0.0909  

 = 0.0909  250

 = 275 /

By mass balance in the dryer:

    =   
 
 =
 


=
..

Thus;

Capacity of Fan = 5315.25 (0.968)

= 5142.16  ⁄

(a) Capacity of the Fan = 85.75  ⁄

Alternate Solution:

Fan Capacity = 

From psychrometric chart:

 At 60 and 0.016 humidity ratio:

 = 0.968  ⁄

From steam table at 60,    19.94 

. .
  =
..

   0.1524 /

Moisture removed = m (    

3 (350) – (0.10)(250) = m (0.154- 0.1016)

M = 5315.25 kg/hr

Thus;

Fan Capacity = 5315.16 (0.968)

= 5145.16  ⁄

(a) Fan Capacity = 82.75 ⁄

28. Past ME Board Exam

Wet material containing 215% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg/s
in a continuous dryer to give a product containing 5% moisture (wet basis). The drying
medium consist of air heated to 373 K and containing water vapor equivalent to a partial
pressure of 1.40 kPa. The air leaves the dryer at 310 K and 70% saturated. Calculate
how much air will be required to remove the moisture.

a. 50 kg/s c. 60 kg/s

b. 55 kg/s d. 65 kg/s

Solution:

 Amount of moisture removed = amount of moisture absorbed by air.

Let m = rate of flow of dried product


(1.5) = 0.95 m
.

m = 0.501 kg/s

 Amount of moisture removed = 1.5 – 0.501

= 0.999 kg/s

Solving for W 1:
. ..
W1 =  =
  ..

= 0.00871 kg/kg

From psychrometric chart, W 2 = 0.0289 kg/kg

Then,

ma(0.0289 – 0.00871) = amount of moisture removed

ma(0.0289 – 0.00871) = 0.999

thus;

(a) ma = 49.48 kg/s

29. Past ME Board Exam

One hundred fifty cubic meters of air per minute at 35 oC dry bulb and 25 oC wet bulb
temperature are to be cooled to 21 oC. Determine the refrigeration capacity.

a. 10 TOR c. 12 TOR

b. 11 TOR d. 13 TOR

Solution:

Refrigeration Capacity, Q A:

Q A = maCp(t1 – t2)

Solving for m a:

From psychrometric chart:

 1 = 0.892 m 3/kg,  2 = 0.855 m 3/kg


ma =  = 168.16 kg/min
.

then;

Q A = 2.8 (1) (35 - 21)

= 39.24 kW

Thus;

(a) Q A = 11.16 TOR

30. Past ME Board Exam

In an auditorium maintained at a temperature not to exceed 24 oC and relative humidity

not to exceed 60%, a sensible heat load of 132 kW and 78 kg of moisture per hour to be
remove. Air is supplied to the auditorium at 18 oC. How many kilograms of air must be
supplied per hour?

a. 79,200 kg/hr c. 72,900 kg/hr

b. 97,200 kg/hr d. 92,700 kg/hr

Solution:

Qs = maCp(t2 – t1)

132 = ma(1)(24 - 18)

ma = 22 kg/s

thus;

(a) ma = 79,200 kg/hr

 = 23.61 kg/min
= 0.394 kg/s
thus;
Q = 0.394 (65.5 – 50)
(a) Q = 6.10 kJ/s or kW

40. Supplementary Problem

Determine the partial pressure of water vapor if the barometric pressure is 101.325
kPa and the humidity ratio is 0.05.
a. 7.54 kPa c. 5.74 kPa
b. 4.75 kPa d. 5.47 kPa

Solution:
Pv
W = 0.622
Pt -Pv

Pv
0.05 = 0.622
101.325-Pv

thus;
(a) 7.54 kPa

41. Supplementary Problem

The evaporative condenser of an ammonia refrigeration plant has a water flow
rate 226 kg/s and enters a natural draft cooling tower at 40 °C. The water is
cooled to 29 °C by air entering at 38 °C db and 24 °C wb. The air leaves the
tower as saturated at 40 °C db. Calculate the make-up water required in kg/hr.
Water properties: Air Properties:
At 49oC; hf = 167.48 kJ/kg At 38oC db and 42oC wb
At 29oC; hg = 121.43 kJ/kg h = 72.5 kJ/kg
w = 0.013 kg/kg

At 40oC db saturated;
h = 166 kJ/kg, w = 0.0488 kg/kg
a. 8977 c. 8055
b. 8055 d. 8388
 Solution:
m = ma (W2 – W1)
Solving for mass of air, ma:
Heat absorbed by air = heat rejected by water
ma (h2 – h1) = mw Cw ∆t
ma (166 – 72.5) = 126 (4.187) (40 – 29)
ma = 62.07 kg/s
then;
m = 62.07 (0.0488 – 0.013)
= 2.22 kg/s
thus;
(a) m = 7999.08 kg/hr

42. Supplementary Problem

Determine the absolute humidity (vapor density) of an air sample that has a dew
point temperature of 45 °F if the value of the gas constant R for low pressure
water vapor is 85.66 ft-lbm °R. The vapor pressure corresponding to a saturation
temperature of 45 °F is 0.1475 psia.
a. 0.000491 lb/ftᵌ c. 0.000149 lb/ftᵌ
b. 0.000941 lb/ftᵌ d. 0.000194 lb/ftᵌ

Solution:
PV = mRT
m P
 = ρ =
V RT
0.1475 (144)
=
85.66(45+460)
thus;
ρ = 0.000491 lb/ft3

43. Supplementary Problem

A certain sample of the air has a temperature of 70 °F (partial pressure of 0.36
psia) and a dew point temperature of 50°F. The partial pressure of the water is
 vapor corresponding to a 50 °F dew point temperature is 0.178 psia. Determine
the relative humidity RH.
a. 49.44% c. 39.44%
b. 59.44% d. 69.44%

Solution
Actual partial pressure
RH =  x 100
partial pressure at saturation

0.178
=  x 100
0.36
thus;
(a) RH = 49.44 %

44. Supplementary Problem

Air at normal atmospheric pressure has a temperature of 70 °F and a dew point
temperature of 50 ° F. Determine the saturation ratio of the air. The humidity ratios
corresponding to dew point temperatures of 50 °F and 70 °F respectively are
0.00763 lb/lb and 0.01576 lb/lb respectively
a. 58.51% c. 38.31%
b. 28.21% d. 48.41%

Solution:
Wactual
Saturation ratio =  x 100
Wsaturation

0.00763
=  x 100
0.01576
thus;
(c) Saturation ratio = 48.41

45. Supplementary Problem

Determine the sensible heat of 5 lb of air having a dry bulb temperature of 70 °F
and a humidity ratio of 0.0092 lb/lb. The latter corresponding to a dew point
temperature of approximately 55°F.
a. 94 BTU c. 84 BTU
b. 48 BTU d. 49 BTU
 Solution:
Qs = m (0.24 DB)
= 5 (0.24)(70)
thus;
Qs = 84 BTU

46. Supplementary Problem

If the total heat removed per pound of dry air is 0.10 Btu and the sensible heat
removed per pound of dry air is 6 BTU. Compute the sensible heat factor (SHR).
a. 0.50 c. 0.70
b. 0.60 d. 0.40

Solution:
QR 6
SHR =  =
QS 10

thus;
(a) SHR = 0.60

47. Supplementary Problem

Determine the approximate load on a cooling tower if the entering and leaving
temperatures are 96 °F and 88 °F, respectively and the flow rate of the water over
the tower is 30 gpm.
a. 2500 Btu/min c. 3000 Btu/min
b. 2000 Btu/min d. 3500 Btu/min
Solution:
Tower load = 8.33 V ∆t Btu/min
= 8.33 (30) (96 – 88)
thus;
(b) Tower load = 2000 Btu/min

48. Supplementary Problem

Determine the equipment standard air volume for 150 mᵌ/s of air having a dry
bulb temperature of 15 °C.
 a. 150 mᵌ/s c. 170 mᵌ/s
b. 160 mᵌ/s d. 180 mᵌ/s

Solution:
150 (21+273)
Vs =
(15+273)

thus;
(a) Vs = 153 m3/s

49. Supplementary Problem

Determine the quantity of water lost by bleed off if the water flow rate over the
tower is 30 gpm and the range is 10 °F. Percent bleed-off required is 33%.
a. 0.077 gpm c. 0.099 gpm
b. 0.088 gpm d. 0.066 gpm

Solution:
The quantity of water lost by bleed-off,
Vw = 0.33 (30)
thus;
(a) Vw = 0.099 gpm

50. Supplementary Problem

The mass of an outside air is 50°C in an air conditioning unit is 60 kg. find the
temperature after mixing if the outside air mixed with 40 kg with recirculated air at
35 °C.
a. 44 °C c. 52 °C
b. 39 °C d. 47 °C
Solution:

moto + mr tr = msts

60(50) + 40(35) = (60 + 40)ts

thus;
(a) ts = 44oC