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Advanced Database Systems: Lecture # 7 Normalization (Revision)

The document summarizes the process of normalization to decompose poorly structured database tables into smaller well-structured tables to eliminate anomalies. It defines common normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF and DKNF. Examples are provided to explain the concepts of repeating groups, functional dependencies and how to transform tables to satisfy 1NF by removing repeating groups and 2NF by eliminating partial dependencies.

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31 views13 pages

Advanced Database Systems: Lecture # 7 Normalization (Revision)

The document summarizes the process of normalization to decompose poorly structured database tables into smaller well-structured tables to eliminate anomalies. It defines common normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF and DKNF. Examples are provided to explain the concepts of repeating groups, functional dependencies and how to transform tables to satisfy 1NF by removing repeating groups and 2NF by eliminating partial dependencies.

Uploaded by

Visual Tech
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful

Advanced Database Systems


Lecture # 7
Normalization (revision)

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Normalization definition
• A process of decomposing poorly structured tables into smaller well-
structured tables.
• The poorly structured tables contain anomalies, therefore, we decompose
them into smaller anomaly-free tables

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Normal forms
• During normalization, we ensure presence of certain properties in the
table. A normal form refers to a state of the table when one or more
specific properties are present into it.
• Common normal forms include:
• First normal form (1NF)
• Second normal form (2NF)
• Third normal form (3NF)
• Boyce Codd normal form (BCNF)
• Fourth normal form (4NF)
• Domain key normal form (DKNF)

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


First normal form (1NF) - definition
• A table (or relation) is in 1NF when no repeating group present in it

Repeating group

EMPLOYEE:
EmpID FirstName LastName Salary DateOfBirth ContactNo Designation
1001 Ahmad Tahir 50000 12-Jun-1992 0333-9999999 Manager
0300-9999999
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0333-8888888 Manager
0321-8888888
0349-8888888

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


First normal form (1NF) –
Removing the repeating group
• Make attribute containing repeating group, a part of the primary key
EMPLOYEE:
EmpID FirstName LastName Salary DateOfBirth ContactNo Designation
1001 Ahmad Tahir 50000 12-Jun-1992 0333-9999999 Manager
1001 Ahmad Tahir 50000 12-Jun-1992 0300-9999999 Manager
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0333-8888888 Manager
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0321-8888888 Manager
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0333-8888888 Manager

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Second normal form (2NF) - definition
• A table (or relation) is in 2NF when already in 1NF and no partial
dependency present in it

• Partial dependency: Functional dependency of a non-primary-key


attribute on a part of primary key

• Functional dependency: The concept of determining value of one


attribute by another attribute, written as:
Attribute-1 → Attribute-2

Determinant
Instructor: Furqan Shahid
Functional dependency examples
EmpNO → DateOfBirth
(Empno is determinant of DateOfBirth)

EmpNO → Salary
(Empno is determinant of Salary)

However, FirstName is not determinant of DateOfBirth or Salary. Why?

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Second normal form (2NF) cont.
• Primary key is determinant of all non-primary-key attributes

• Means, every non-primary-key attribute functionally depends on the


primary key

• For a table to be in 2NF, each non-primary-attribute should be


functionally dependent on full primary key (not on a part of primary
key)

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Second normal form (2NF) example
Causes partial dependency
EMPLOYEE:
EmpID FirstName LastName Salary DateOfBirth ContactNo Designation
1001 Ahmad Tahir 50000 12-Jun-1992 0333-9999999 Manager
1001 Ahmad Tahir 50000 12-Jun-1992 0300-9999999 Manager
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0333-8888888 Manager
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0321-8888888 Manager
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 0333-8888888 Manager

EMP_CONTACT:
2NF
EMPLOYEE:
EmpID FirstName LastName Salary DateOfBirth Designation EmpID ContactNo
1001 Ahmad Tahir 50000 12-Jun-1992 Manager 1001 0333-9999999
1002 Zubair Saeed 70000 02-Feb-1990 Manager 1001 0300-9999999
1002 0333-8888888
1002 0321-8888888
1002 0333-8888888

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Repeating group (not in 1NF)
Normalization example-2
STUDENT
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth PassedCourse CourseTitle CourseCredits ObtainedGPA
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 CS-001 PF 4 3.0
CS-002 OOP 4 3.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-001 PF 4 3.5
CS-002 OOP 4 2.5
CS-003 DBMS 3 4.0

1NF
STUDENT
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth PassedCourse CourseTitle CourseCredits ObtainedGPA
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 CS-001 PF 4 3.0
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 CS-002 OOP 4 3.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-001 PF 4 3.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-002 OOP 4 2.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-003 DBMS 3 4.0
Instructor: Furqan Shahid
Example-2 (Functional dependencies)
Currently:
(RegNo, PassedCourse) → Name, Address, DateOfBirth, CourseTitle,
CourseCredits, ObtainedGPA

Should be transformed as:


RegNo → Name, Address, DateOfBirth
CourseCode → CourseTitle, CourseCredits
(RegNo, PassedCourse) → ObtainedGPA

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


STUDENT:
Example-2 (second normal form)
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth PassedCourse CourseTitle CourseCredits ObtainedGPA
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 CS-001 PF 4 3.0
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 CS-002 OOP 4 3.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-001 PF 4 3.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-002 OOP 4 2.5
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 CS-003 DBMS 3 4.0

STUDENT:
2NF
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth STD_RESULT:
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 RegNo PassedCourse ObtainedGPA
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 1001 CS-001 3.0
COURSE: 1001 CS-002 3.5
CourseCode CourseTitle CourseCredits 1002 CS-001 3.5
CS-001 PF 4 1002 CS-002 2.5
CS-002 OOP 4 1002 CS-003 4.0
CS-003 DBMS 3
Instructor: Furqan Shahid
Thank you

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

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