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Answers

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2 m b Starting with second group of three, taking last
∫ sin x dx = 0.5

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ii

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3 0 value of that group with first value of next group

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id
2 m of three.
 − cos x  0 = 0.5
3

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4 a These people have already made the decision
2
am to buy and so are unlikely to be representative of

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( − cos m + 1) = 0.5
3 people in general.
cos m = 0.25
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b This restricts the age range from which the

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m = 1.32 sample can be selected. People outside the small
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Pr
age range of 25 to 29 years do not have a chance
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iii 1.28 to 3 s.f. of being selected.

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1
11 i
∫ k (1 − x ) d x = 1 c Only men have a chance of being selected.

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−1 5 The different totals have different probabilities; not

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1
 x2  all students have the same chance of being chosen.

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k x − =1
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2  −1

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 6 Number employees from 001 to 712. Generate

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3-digit random numbers. Ignore 000 and numbers

C
1
k = , as required. above 712. Ignore numbers which have come up
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ii 0.0625 previously. Repeat the process until 50 distinct

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id

employees have been selected.

1

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iii −
3
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iv 1 − 3 Exercise 5B
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6
X ~ N  6,   ; probability = 0.897
8
∫
s

12 a k (6t − t 2 ) dt = 1 1
 80 
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3
6
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 t3 
X ~ N  30, 
36 
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k 3t 2 −  = 1 ; probability = 0.0478

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2 165
 3 3  100 
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1  4.22 
k = , as required. 3 X ~ N  21,  ; probability = 0.954
50 
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18 
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33
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b 4 0.0548
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8 5 0.0019
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4
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c 6 a 0.0031 b 0.974
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27
1
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d Less than 5 min, as answer to part c < . 7 a 0.990 b 0.508

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4 8 0.846
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5 Sampling
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End-of-chapter review exercise 5

am

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Prerequisite knowledge 1 a i 0.0049 ii 0. 932

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1 a 0.894 b 0.290 b Original distribution is normal since n is only 20.

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2 a 0.807 b 0.0745 2 a E(X ) = 3.7

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Var(X ) = 22 × 0.1 + 32 × 0.4 + 42 × 0.2 +

Exercise 5A
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52 × 0.3 – 3.72 = 1.01, as required.

1 a 713  299  680  324  413  623
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b S ~ N(370,  101)
b 039  282  237  992  325  799
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c 0.0207; central limit theorem means S is

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2 a Reads across each row then down the column.

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approximately normal.
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b Reads two values in each line.

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3 0.924
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c Reads down the column.

a 0.991 b 15.3
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4
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3 a This method would give only those people who

5 a Not all sums of scores have the same probability.
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arrive early to work the chance of being selected.

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b Any valid method; random number tables,

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It would also exclude anyone working from

pieces of paper, Excel function, etc.
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home, or anyone who is away for some reason,

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such as on holiday or sick.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 2

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6 i 59 Accept H 0. There is no evidence to suggest the

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ii Any value, to three significant figures, from tablets do not work that quickly.

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0.687 to 0.693 inclusive. 2 H 0 : µ = 100; H1: µ > 100

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iii Repeats may be included, so another random
am a x = 102.4

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number would have to be chosen. s 2 = 219.4
7 i N  ~ N(352, 2.9) ii 0.120
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 

s
 102.4 − 100 

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8 i Likely to be friends if sitting at the same table; Φ
219.4 
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only considers people who use the canteen.  

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ii 2-digit numbers; ignore > 82; ignore repeats.  180 

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9 i The sample includes only readers of that issue; it Φ(2.174) = 0.9852 

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includes only readers who care sufficiently to 1.48% < 2%

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complete and return the questionnaire. Reject H 0 and accept H1. There is some evidence

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ii 4975 3952 (0)386 or 4975 5203 6088

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to suggest the mean IQ is higher than 100.
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 15.62 
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b x = 104

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10 i N  48.8,  ii 0.568
 5   
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 104 − 100 
6 Estimation Φ

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15 
 6 

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Prerequisite knowledge
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Φ(0.653) = 0.7432 
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1 1.5, 0.1, 0.316
25.68% > 2%
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2 54.3, 386, 19.6

s

Accept H 0. There is insufficient evidence to

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3 20, 12.9, 3.59

suggest the mean IQ is higher than 100.
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Pr

4 13, 23.1, 4.81

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166
84 − 86  c Results obtained from a small sample may not be
5 H 0 : µ = 86, H1: µ ≠ 86 , Φ  < 5% as reliable as those obtained from large samples.
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 4 
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50 − 54  H 0 : µ = 380; H1: µ < 380

H 0 : µ = 54,  H1: µ < 54, Φ 
3
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6 < 5%
 3 
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 
 20 − 18 
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7 H 0 : µ = 18, H1: µ > 18, Φ  > 99%  378.7 − 380 

3 
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 Φ 
6.4
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X ~ N(16.8,  10.08)
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8  
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 10 
9 X ~ N(55,  24.8)
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Φ( −1.625) = 0.0521 
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Exercise 6A 5.21% > 5%

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1 x = 2.2; s = 0.667
2
Accept H 0 .
am

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2 t = 21; s = 18.6
2
Assume variance unchanged. There is insufficient
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3 x = 4.2 ; s = 0.143
2 evidence to suggest the mean mass of pesto has
s

reduced
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4 x = 752 ; s 2 = 23.1
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4 H 0 : µ = 68; H1: µ < 68

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5 x = 8.03; s 2 = 7.15
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x = 66.625
6 x =  1.1; s 2 =  1.55
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 
7 x =  2.41; s 2 =  1.27  66.625 − 68 
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Φ 
1.7
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 8 
Exercise 6B
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1 H 0 : µ = 18.4; H1: µ > 18.4 Φ( −2.288) = 0.011 

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1.1% > 1%
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 
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 19.7 − 18.4  Accept H 0.

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Φ 
3.6
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 40 
Assume egg masses are normally distributed and
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variance unchanged. There is no evidence to

Φ(2.284) = 0.9888  support the claim that the eggs are underweight.
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1.12% > 1%
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5 H 0 : µ = 80; H1: µ < 80 Exercise 6D

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x = 77.5 1 a (0.140, 0.260) b (0.115, 0.285)

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  2 (0.308, 0.428)

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 77.5 − 80 
Φ
9 
am 3 (0.105, 0.345)

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  4 a (0.507, 0.581) b 9
 6 
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Φ( −2.041) = 0.0207  5 45

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2.07% < 5% 6 a (0.127, 0.273)
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b (0.263, 0.437). Since the confidence intervals
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Reject H 0.
intersect, from  0.263 to 0.273, at the 99%

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Assume variance unchanged. There is some
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confidence level it is possible that more than 35%

evidence to suggest the amount of ice cream is

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of bees in the colony are infected, and so it

too low.
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might collapse.
H 0 : µ = 2; H1: µ < 2

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6
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x = 1.97675
End-of-chapter review exercise 6
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1 a (0.0584, 0.142)

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s 2 = 0.01887 1
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b i 0.113 + (0.207 – 0.113) or

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  2

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 1.97675 − 2  1
Φ 0.207 – (0.207 – 0.113)
0.01887 

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2
  ii 80%
 
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80
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2 a Average needs to be higher than contents as the
Φ( −1.514) = 0.065 
sold product cannot be less than that stated.
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6.5% > 5% b This is a small sample so we have to assume that

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Accept H 0 . There is no evidence to suggest the bags the mass is normally distributed. H 0 : µ = 276;
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of potatoes are underweight.  H1: µ ≠ 276 167

H 0 : µ = 2000; H1: µ ≠ 2000  

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7
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 277.7 − 276 
x = 1997.5 Φ 
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1.8
s 2 = 234.66  
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8
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  Φ(2.671) = 0.9962 
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 1997.5 − 2000 
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99.62% > 97.5%

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Φ
234.66 
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  Reject H 0 .
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 
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42
Assume variance unchanged.
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Φ( −1.058) = 0.145 
3 a (19 600, 22 400)
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14.5% > 5%
b i 1 – 2 × 0.001 = 99.8% ii $23 194
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Accept H 0 .
4 a x = 288; s = 650
2
b (283, 293)
Assume the lifetime of bulbs follows a normal
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5 a x = 81.5
s

distribution. There is no evidence to suggest the

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average lifetime of bulbs is different. H 0 : µ = 80; H1: µ > 80

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 
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Exercise 6C  81.5 − 80 
Φ
2.6 
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1 a (1.86, 2.54) b (1.96, 2.44)  8 

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2 a (19.5, 22.5) b (19.2, 22.8)

Φ(1.632) = 0.9486 
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3 a (3.88, 4.52, 18.2, 20.1) b (18.4, 19.9)

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94.86% < 95%

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4 a (1.94, 2.00) b (1.93, 2.02) Accept H 0 . There is insufficient evidence to

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5 a (7.55, 9.41) b 92.3% reject the claim.

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a x = 1.95; s = 0.0775
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2
6 b (1.87, 2.03) Assume sd unchanged. Battery charging times
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c 90% are normally distributed.

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7 a 2 × 2.236 = 4.472 b 49
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 2

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b H 0 : µ = 24; H1: µ < 24 t2 −9 9

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= +

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  16 8t 2 8

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 23.2 − 24 

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Φ t 4 − 18t 2 + 18 = 0


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1
 5 
am t2 = 9 ± 3 7

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Φ( −1.789) = −0.9633  t = 1.03 is the only possible solution since other
solutions outside range for t.
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3.67% < 5%

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Reject H 0 . 2 a f (x)
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Assume variance unchanged.

c 26.0 h

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6 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15

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0.25
H 0 : µ = 2.60
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7 i
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H1 : µ > 2.60
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 
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0 4 8 x

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 2.64 − 2.6 
Φ = Φ(1.732)
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0.2 

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4
 b Mean = 6; variance =
75 

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3
 1

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c X ~ N 6, 
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Reject H 0 . There is sufficient evidence to suggest  30 

am

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the mean has increased. d a = 6.23
ii 0.0345 3 a Mean = 14.167; variance = 7.639
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b T ~ N(14.167, 0.382)
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8 i One-tailed as the test refers to a possible increase.

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ii 1.481 to 1.503 < 1.645 c 14.167 – 2 × 0.382 = 12.93 > 12.4

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168
iii Type II possible as H 0 not rejected. Alt.
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x − 22  12.4 − 14.167 
Φ = Φ ( − 2.86) = 0.0021
9 i > 1.645  0.382 
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3.5
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12 4 i Testing destroys items; it takes too long or is too

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ii 0.0172
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expensive to try to test the population.

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10 i (7.54, 9.26) ii a (64.9, 66.5)

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ii No, since the distribution of the population is

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b 64.7 lies outside the confidence interval;

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normal. therefore, the mean height of bounce

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iii 8g lies within the confidence interval, so the probably is affected.

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claim is justified. 5 i 2.09;  0.000131 ii 0.0832

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11 i (29.3, 29.9) 6 i Mean = 30.2 ; variance = 129

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ii 30 g lies outside the confidence interval, so the ii Mean = 55.2; variance = 291
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claim is not supported.

7 i (0.133, 0.307)
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iii The confidence interval is a variable.

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ii Mean = 127; variance = 11 001 or 11 000

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12 i 0.145; n = 600 ii 97.4

iii Generate 4-digit numbers; ignore repeats; ignore
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13 i There is insufficient evidence to conclude that values > 9526 .

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the mean is less than 750 g.

8 i 0.146
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ii n = 18
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ii a Looking specifically for a decrease.

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b There is sufficient evidence to reject H 0 ; the

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Cross-topic review exercise 2

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mean has decreased.

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t t
x 9 c No, because the population is normally
1
∫ dx =
∫ dx
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1 8 1 4x 3 distributed.
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 x2 
t t 9 i Mean = 2866 or 2870; variance = 4130
 −9 
 16  =  8x 2 
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ii There is no evidence to suggest that the mean ii People travelling to work on this train.

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distance has changed. iii Mean = 6.17 ; variance = 0.657

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10 i (56.6, 67.4)

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ii 92% of all confidence intervals will contain the
am Practice exam-style paper

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mean.
f(t)
iii Each possible sample is equally likely to be 1 a
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0.5

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chosen.

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0.4
11 i Assume that the standard deviation is unchanged.
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0.3
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There is sufficient evidence to suggest that the

0.2
mean weekly profit has increased.

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0.1
ii Yes, because the distribution of X is unknown.

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iii 0.05
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0 0.5 3 t

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iv 0.0091

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3
Sampling from a telephone directory excludes:
∫ 10t − 3t 2 dt = 1
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12 i k
U

C
0.5
people without a phone; those who are
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ex-directory; children; partners of named k 5t 2 − t 3  =1
0.5

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person. 8
k=

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ii (0.119, 0.261) 135

am

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iii x = 92.8% (2 significant figures) 8 3 48
b i 5t 2 − t 3  =
13 i Mean = 331(.125 ); variance = 4.125 or 4.13 135  2 135
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ii B  10, 
ii (330, 332) 48 
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 135 
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iii No, because 333 does not lie within the

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10 9 169
confidence interval. 48 0  48  48 1  48 
10
C0 1− + 10C1 1−
135  135  135  135 
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14 i 0.941
= 0.0805
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ii m < 2.53 and m > 2.71

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3
15 i Multiplying by 2 means odd numbers are not 8 3
8  10t 3 3t 4 
∫
y
10t − 3t dt =
2 3
− = 1.711
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c
135  3 4  0.5
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included. 135 0.5

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ii (1.54, 1.70)
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d Not realistic, as it is unlikely that no calls will be

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16 i 0.324 connected within 1 a minute.

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2
3
ii 0.994 −0.9 0.9
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2 a i e = 0.0494
H 0 : µ = 42; H1: µ ≠ 42. The teacher’s estimate can be 3!
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17
accepted. ii 0.04943 = 0.000121
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18 i µ = 4.27 ; σ 2 = 0.00793  0.92 

iii e −0.9  1 + 0.9 + =  0.937
2 
-C


s

ii (4.25, 4.29)
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iii 9 b e − (4  × 0.9) = 0.0273

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c H 0 : λ = 3.6; H1: λ < 3.6;

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4 1
19 i
∫ kt 2 dt = 1
e −3.6 (1 + 3.6) = 0.126
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1
4
 3  As this is greater than 10%, accept H 0 . There is
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 2 kt 2  =1 insufficient evidence to say that the number of

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 3 
y

breakdowns has decreased.

ev

 1
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B  12, 
1
3
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3
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k=  2
C

14
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 12  1 12  12  1 12  12  1 12
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ii 2.66 h iii 2.73 h iv 0.0243  0  2 +    1  2 +  2  2   = 0.0193

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id

20 i Only train travellers are asked the question,

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so very many adults are excluded. Minimum level of significance = 2%

am

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 2

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4 8 × 17 + 8 × 4.5 + 50 = 222 6 Assume that the lifetime of the batteries is normally

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distributed.
8 × 22 + 8 × 0.32 = 32.72

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id
H 0 : µ = 76; H1: µ ≠ 76
 230 − 222 

ev
Φ

br
 32.72 
am  

-R
= Φ(1.399) = 0.919  74.6 − 76 
Φ 
5 a 32.2 ± z × 3.9 4
-C

 40 

s
z = 1.96

es
Φ( −2.214) = 0.0135
Required interval = (24.6, 39.8)
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Pr
1.35% > 1%
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301.6
b = 30.16
Accept H 0 ; there is insufficient evidence to reject

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10
3.9 the manufacturer’s claim.

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30.16 ± z ×
10
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z = 1.645

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Required interval  = ( 28.1, 32.2 )

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C
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id

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am

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170
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id

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am

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