Laws of Thermodynamics

Two
physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy

between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat.
Laws of thermodynamics
The four fundamental laws of thermodynamics express empirical facts and define physical
quantities, such as temperature, heat, thermodynamic work, and entropy, that
characterize thermodynamic processes and thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic
equilibrium. They describe the relationships between these quantities, and form a basis for
precluding the possibility of certain phenomena.
thermodynamics has stated three fundamental laws: the first law, the second law, and the third
law. A more fundamental statement was later labelled the 'zeroth law'.
Zeroth law of thermodynamic:
If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted

for thermodynamic systems. In general, the law of conservation of energy states that the
total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to
another, but can be neither created nor destroyed.
In a closed system (i.e. there is no transfer of matter into or out of the system), the first law states
that the change in internal energy of the system (ΔUsystem) is equal to the difference between the
heat supplied to the system (Q) and the work (W) done by the system on its surroundings (note,
an alternate sign convention, not used in this article, is to define W as the work done on the
system by its surroundings):
First law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted

for thermodynamic systems. In general, the law of conservation of energy states that the
total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to
another, but can be neither created nor destroyed.
In a closed system (i.e. there is no transfer of matter into or out of the system), the first law states
that the change in internal energy of the system (ΔUsystem) is equal to the difference between the
heat supplied to the system (Q) and the work (W) done by the system on its surroundings (note,
an alternate sign convention, not used in this article, is to define W as the work done on the
system by its surroundings):
Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can

never decrease over time, and is constant if and only if all processes are reversible.
Third law of thermodynamics
A system's entropy approaches a constant value as its temperature approaches absolute zero.
ENTHALPY:
Enthalpy /ˈɛnθəlpi/ ( listen) is a property of a thermodynamic system, that is a convenient state

function preferred in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a
constant pressure. It is defined as the sum of the system's internal energy and the product of its
pressure and volume.
H(S,p)=U+pV
According to the law of energy conservation, the change in internal

energy is equal to the heat transferred to, less the work done by, the
system. If the only work done is a change of volume at constant
pressure, the enthalpy change is exactly equal to the heat
transferred to the system. When energy needs to be added to a
material to change its phase from a liquid to a gas, that amount of
energy is called the enthalpy (or latent heat) of vaporization and is
expressed in units of joules per mole.
The enthalpy H of a thermodynamic system is defined as the sum of its internal energy U and the
work required to achieve its pressure and volume:[5][6]
H = U + pV,
where p is pressure, and V is the volume of the system.
FREE Energy:
The difference between the change in internal energy, which is ΔU, and the energy lost in the
form of heat is what is called the "useful energy" of the body, or the work of the body performed
on an object. In thermodynamics, this is what is known as "free energy". In other words, free
energy is a measure of work (useful energy) a system can perform at constant temperature.
Mathematically, free energy is expressed as:
free energy A = U - TS
Just like the general concept of energy, free energy has a few definitions suitable for different
conditions. In physics, chemistry, and biology, these conditions are thermodynamic parameters
(temperature T, volume V, pressure p, etc.). Scientists have come up with several ways to define
free energy. The mathematical expression of Helmholtz free energy is:
A=U-TS
This definition of free energy is useful for gas-phase reactions or in physics when modeling
the behavior of isolated systems kept at a constant volume. For example, if a researcher
wanted to perform a combustion reaction in a bomb calorimeter, the volume is kept constant
throughout the course of a reaction. Therefore, the heat of the reaction is a direct measure of
the free energy change, q = ΔU. In solution chemistry, on the other hand, most chemical
reactions are kept at constant pressure. Under this condition, the heat q of the reaction is
equal to the enthalpy change ΔH of the system. Under constant pressure and temperature,
the free energy in a reaction is known as Gibbs free energy G.
G=H-TS
(Gibbs free energy G at T = constant, P = constant or Helmholtz free energy A at T =
constant, V = constant),
Free energy or Gibbs free energy G, is the energy available in a

system to do useful work and is different from the total energy
change of a chemical reaction.
where:
G is Gibbs free energy (kJ mol−1)
H is the heat of combustion, enthalpy (kJ mol−1)
T is temperature (°Kelvin), and
S is entropy (J°K−1)
For E,G,K
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map
%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/19%3A_Electrochemistry/19.05%3A_Cell_Potential_Gibbs_
Energy_and_the_Equilibrium_Constant
For half cell:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7b34XYgADlM

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Laws of Thermodynamics

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Two

physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy

Zeroth law of thermodynamic:

The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted

The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted

Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can

A system's entropy approaches a constant value as its temperature approaches absolute zero.

Enthalpy /ˈɛnθəlpi/ ( listen) is a property of a thermodynamic system, that is a convenient state

According to the law of energy conservation, the change in internal

Free energy or Gibbs free energy G, is the energy available in a

For half cell:

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