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 The two predominate architectural paradigms used in

modern network applications:
- Client server architecture
- Peer-to-peer architecture
1- Client server architecture
- On host ( server ) : services requests from many other

hosts
- The server has fixed well-Know- address (IP) or called
permanent IP address
- Client : communicate server , may be intermittently
connected, may have dynamic IP addresses and do not
communicate directly with each other
- Some applications using this architecture : web , FTP ,
Telnet and email
- Data center : a large cluster of hosts used to create a
powerful virtual server in this architecture
- Infrastructure intensive : application services that are
based on this architecture, examples : # search engines (
e.g. Google )
# Social networking (e.g. Facebook)
# Internet commerce (e.g. Amazon and e-Bay)
# Video sharing ( e.g. YouTube )
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2- Peer-to-peer architecture
- Examples : # file distribution ( e.g. Bit Torrent )

# file sharing (e.g. eMule and Lime wire)
# Internet telephony (e.g. Skype)
# IPTV (e.g. PPLive)
- Peers : desktops and laptops controlled by users
- no always-on server
- arbitrary end systems directly communicate
- peers are intermittently connected and change IP
addresses
- Features of P2P :
# Self-scalability: each peer workload by requesting files
and each of them adds service capacity to the system by
distributing files to other peers
# Cost effective: they don't require significant server
infrastructure and server bandwidth
- P2P applications face three major challenges :
# ISP friendly: residential ISPs have been dimensioned for
"asymmetrical" bandwidth usage which is much more
downstream than upstream traffic . P2P streaming and file
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distribution applications shift upstream traffic servers to
residential ISPs, so putting significant stress on the ISPs.
Future P2P applications need to be designed so that they
are friendly to ISPs.
# Security: because of their highly distributed and open
nature
# Incentives: the success of future P2P applications also
depends on convincing users to volunteer bandwidth,
storage and computing resources.
 Some important information :

- Socket : that a process sends messages into and receives
messages from the network through this software
interface
- Application programming interface (API) : socket between

the application layer and the transport layer ( between the
application and the network )
- Controls that the application developer has on the transport
layer:
# The choice of transport protocol
# Perhaps the ability to fix a few transport layer parameters
such as maximum buffer and maximum segment sizes
- Process: program running within a host.
- Within same host, two processes communicate using inter-
process communication (defined by OS).
- Processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging
messages
-Client process: process that initiates
communication
- Server process: process that waits to be contacted
 Service that a transport layer protocol can provide to an

application : process to process reliable data transfer ,
throughput ,timing and security
- Loss tolerant applications : when the transport layer
protocol doesn't provide reliable data transfer , data sent
may has some amount of data loss
- Bandwidth-sensitive applications : applications that have
throughput requirements
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- Elastic applications: which can make use of as much or
as little throughput as happens to be available .
- Examples : electronic mail , file transfer and web transfers
- Transport layer guarantee the throughput , time specially
in internet telephony and online games and guarantee the
security when it provide an application with one or more
security services .
 Application layer protocol defines :

# Types of message exchanged: for example, request
messages and response messages
# The syntax of various messages types such as the fields in
the message and how the fields are delineated
# The semantics of the fields: the meaning of the information
in the fields
# Rules for determining when and how a process sends
messages and response to messages
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 Network applications and application layer protocols
- Application layer protocol: one piece of network
application such as http which defines the format and
sequence of the messages that are passed between
browser and web server .
- Network applications such as email , web , and voice over
IP contains of many things such as images , banner or
video and application layer protocols
 Some questions and answers :

- What are the conditions for writing a program?
# In should run on (different) end systems
# Communicate over network, for example the web
server software communicates with browser software
- Why it is no need to write software for network-core
devices‫؟‬-
# Network-core devices do not run user applications
# Applications on end systems allows for
rapid applications development and propagation

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 The two predominate architectural paradigms used in

1- Client server architecture

- On host ( server ) : services requests from many other

- Examples : # file distribution ( e.g. Bit Torrent )

 Some important information :

- Application programming interface (API) : socket between

 Service that a transport layer protocol can provide to an

 Application layer protocol defines :

 Some questions and answers :

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