International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(8) 2019, Pages: 100-110

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International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences

Journal homepage: http://www.science-gate.com/IJAAS.html

A review on fault detection and condition monitoring of power

transformer
Muhammad Aslam 1, *, Muhammad Naeem Arbab 2, Abdul Basit 1, Tanvir Ahmad 1, Muhammad Aamir 3

1US Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
3Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Real-time monitoring of transformers ensures equipment safety and
Received 15 March 2019 guarantees the necessary intervention in precise time thereby reducing the
Received in revised form risk of non-schedule energy blackouts. Many utilities monitor the condition
18 June 2019 of the components that make up a power transformer and use this
Accepted 19 June 2019 information to minimize interruption and prolong life. Currently, routine and
diagnostic tests are used to monitor conditions and assess the aging and
Keywords: defects of the core, windings, bushings and power transformer tape
Transformer changers. To accurately assess the remaining life and probability of failure,
Incipient fault methods have been developed to correlate the results of different routine
Condition based monitoring and diagnostic tests. There are several electrical and chemical (diagnostic)
Insulation deterioration techniques available for condition monitoring of power transformer. This
Electrical fault paper reviews real time techniques used for condition-based monitoring of
power transformer.

© 2019 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction paper quality thus, it reduces transformer lifetime.

Likewise, the transformer condition is also affected
Power transformer is an important and
* when oil gets deteriorated by moisture and oxidation
expensive component in the electrical power system. (Jan et al., 2015; Mandlik and Ramu, 2014).
The reliable operation of power system is dependent Transformer faults are classifying as internal and
on transformer’s health. Any fault on transformer external faults. The internal faults can be either
not only reduces the reliable operation of power active or incipient in nature. Active faults are the
system but also results in financial damages. Special solid faults that appear on the windings of the
care is taken to ensure that transformers are well transformer. It may be a turn to turn shorts fault, i.e.,
protected from all types of faults with greater phase to phase, or turn to earth shorts fault, i.e.,
lifetime and efficiency (Bartley, 2003; phase to ground fault. These faults always result in
Meshkatoddini, 2008; Arshad and Tsai, 2018; Zhao high currents leading to insulation breakdown and
et al., 2019). The insulation made up of oil and permanent damage to transformer (Bhide et al.,
cellulose paper plays an important role in 2010; Tuethong et al., 2012; Usha and Usa, 2015; Yao
safeguarding transformers from electrical et al., 2014). Incipient faults are not severe at its
breakdown. A thick layer of cellulose paper, wrapped initial stage but slowly develop into serious faults.
around each part of winding, make it electrically Incipient faults are divided into two main categories
insulated while oil acts as insulation medium and namely thermal fault and electrical fault. Electrical
heat dissipater (Azis et al., 2014; Han et al., 2014). fault is further classified into over-heating and
The cellulose paper and the oil determine the health winding failure, while thermal fault is due to
of the transformer. Heavy loading on the contamination of oil and insulation deterioration.
transformer results in heating that deteriorates the Faults due to insulation deterioration are sub-
divided into oil and cellulose paper deterioration
faults (Chatterjee et al., 2017; Ciulavu and Helerea,
* Corresponding Author. 2008). It is essential to know about conceivable
Email Address: [email protected] (M.
Aslam) faults that may happen and to know how to prevent
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2019.08.014 them. The degradation cellulose paper and oil
Corresponding author's ORCID profile: contamination insulation in the transformer with
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-6598 time or any abnormal conditions are the primary
2313-626X/© 2019 The Authors. Published by IASE.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license causes of these incipient faults (Martin et al., 2014;
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Wang and Butler, 2002).

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The high current due to abnormal load conditions There are several electrical and chemical
or faults result in high temperature that damages the techniques for diagnostic available for monitoring of
transformer insulation. The break down in insulation insulation condition of the power transformers
releases different types of gases that dissolve into oil (Abu-Elanien and Salama, 2010, Bengtsson, 1996,
instantly and will stay there inconclusively. Certain Fuhr, 2009, Saha et al., 1997, Tenbohlen et al., 2016,
significant gases are produced by the breakdown of Van Bolhuis et al., 2002, Wang et al., 2002), However,
an insulation which are related with particular faults a review of all these techniques in a single paper is
(Gibeault and Kirkup, 1995). These gases are rarely available (Abu-Elanien and Salama, 2010; Al-
methane (CH4), ethane(C2H6), ethane (C2H4), ethyne Janabi et al., 2015; Christina et al., 2018; Saha and
(C2H2), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and Purkait, 2004; Sun et al., 2017a; Wang et al., 2002).
carbon monoxide(CO) (Fofana et al., 2011; Lelekakis This paper reviews different types of technique for
et al., 2012; Morais and Rolim, 2006; Su et al., 2000). health monitoring of power transformer which are
They are collectively known as the diagnostic gases made up into six sections. In section 2, the paper
or key gases. Each fault type evolves a specific discusses the chemical techniques for internal
characteristic gas. The nature of the fault can be incipient faults detection with critical analysis and
determined from the type as well as the quantity of artificial intelligence-based techniques are briefly
the gas (Bartley, 2003). The identification of the discussed in section 3. The Electrical Diagnostic
gases which are generated during abnormal load Techniques for incipient faults detection is
condition or with an ageing of transformer could be presented in section 4 while section 5 discusses the
very useful information for any predictive furan analysis. Conclusion is presented in last
maintenance. Online monitoring is now gaining section. The studies presented in below sections are
importance day by day. summarized in Fig. 1.

Key Gas Ratio

Method

Doerenburg
PhotoAcoustic
Ratio Method

Gas
Rogers Ratio
Chromatograp
Method
hy
Chemical
Techniques Hydrogen
IEC Ratio
Online
Method
Monitoring

Logarithmic
DGA
Nomo Graph

Duval s
Artificial Triangle
Neural Method
Networks
Health
Intelligent
Monitoring
Based DGA Fuzzy Logic
Techniques
And Expert
System
Degree of
Polarization And
Depolarization

Time Domain
Recovery Voltage
Electrical Method or Return
Techniques Voltage Measurement

Frequency Frequency Domain

Domain Spectroscopy

High Performance
Liquid Chromatography

Furan Analysis
Confocal Laser Raman
Spectroscopy

Fig. 1: Health monitoring technique

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2. Critical analysis of chemical techniques for not accurate enough, the diagnoses may be
detection of incipient faults inconclusive if some of gases are not found (Taneja
et al., 2016).
Among different chemical techniques for
predictive maintenance, the Dissolved Gas Analysis 2.2. Doernenburg ratio method (DRM)
(DGA) has been considered as the single first most
powerful techniques for transformer fault detection IEEE C57.104-191 guidelines explains the
and still has been used (Duval, 2003; Kelly, 1980; doernenburg ratio method. The complication of
Shintemirov et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2012b; Ashkezari doernenburg ratio method has been led to decrease
et al., 2011). It has been at the forefront of most the use of this method and elaborated into the rogers
progressive utilities monitoring strategy for the last ratio and key gas ratio perspective (Harlow, 2012).
four decades (Saha, 2003; Kim et al., 2012; Gómez, To utilize doernenburg ratio, the concentration of
2014; Kelly, 1980). the following main gases should be no less than
Various approaches for analysis of dissolved gas double the relevant 1 concentration, as appeared in
analysis have elaborated e.g. Key gas ratio, Table 1.
Doernenburg ratio, Roger ratio, IEC ratio
Logarithmic Nomo graph and Duval triangle Table 1: Concentration of dissolved gasses
methods. Each of these techniques depends on the Main gases (key gases) Concentration (PPM)of Ɬ1
Ethyne - C2H2 35
collection of information or gathered knowledge and
Ethene-C2H2 50
linking with various experts alternatively than Ethane C2H6 65
thorough quantitative technological models and for Methane-CH4 120
that reason they delivered different diagnoses for Hydrogen-H2 100
Carbon dioxide-CO2 2500
the same oil sample (He and Xu, 2012; Fuhr, 2009).
Carbon Monoxide-CO 350
These different techniques are briefly discussed
below.
2.3. Rogers ratio
2.1. Key gas ratio method
The Rogers ratio technique advanced from the
doernenburg method and is utilized the same way,
The main guideline of the key gas ratio technique
yet as opposed to requiring sufficiently
depends on the quantity of individual fault gases
concentrations main key gases, the rogers ratio
generated from the insulating oil and paper amid the
technique only utilized when the concentrations
event of a fault. In this method, individual gas is
exceed the same value listed in Table 2 (DiGiorgio,
considered rather than the gas ratio for fault
2005; Muhamad et al., 2007). The values for these
detection is calculated. This ratio technique
three-gas ratios, relating to proposed diagnostic
correlates the main gases to faults types and try to
cases is provided below. In this method three ratios
identify four different types of faults that also
are indicated by diagnoses the transformer fault
include winding failure (corona) (PD), overheating of
types.
oil cellulose paper and arcing. However, key gas ratio
method has several drawbacks, the diagnoses are

Table 2: Rogers ratio technique

Case Possible fault diagnoses R1=C2H2/C2H4 R2=CH4/H2 R3=C2H4/C2H6
0 Normal <0.01 <0.1 <1.0
1 Partial discharge of low energy ≥1.0 ≥0.1and<0.5 ≥1.0
2 Partial discharge of high energy ≥0.6 and <3.0 ≥0.1and<1 ≥2.0
3 Thermal fault less than 3000C <0.01 ≥1.0 <1.0
4 Thermal fault less than 7000C <0.1 ≥1.0 ≥1.0 and <4.0
5 Thermal fault > 7000C <0.2 ≥1.0 ≥4.0

Rogers has better accuracy among the key gas, faults, electrical faults, normal ageing, partial
doernenburg and roger’s ratio. The only drawback discharge of low and high energy are four detected
with this method that few bunches of gases don't fit conditions of varying severity, but it does not clarify
into the predefined range of values when computed electrical and thermal faults into precise subtypes
and thus the fault type can't be clarified (Kim, 2012). (Miranda and Castro, 2005).

2.4. IEC ratio method 2.5. Logarithmic nomo graph

In this technique fault determination jointly This technique by J. O. Church combines the fault
prescribed by the international Electro Technical gas ratio concept with the Key Gas threshold limit
Commission (IEC). The technique depends on a value providing an incentive to improve the accuracy
combine ratio of roger’s ratio and gas concentration. of fault diagnosis (Arora, 2013). It has been planned
Three gas proportions are utilized to decide incipient to provide graphical introduction of fault-gas
fault. Three-gas ratios diverse the range of code in information and the method to describe its
correlation with the rogers’ ratio technique. Thermal criticalness. The Nomo graph comprises of a
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progression of vertical logarithmic scales (C2H2) (Faiz and Soleimani, 2017). Three sides of the
representing to the concentrations of the individual triangle are being represented by a, b and c
gases (Gockenbach and Borsi, 2008). Straight lines describing relative extent of C2H2, C2H4 and CH4 in
are drawn by this method between adjoining scales percentage (%) for each gas. The intersection of all
to associate the points representing to the individual three gases ratios illustrate types of fault in the
gas concentration. Every vertical scale has limited transformer. In Duval’s Triangle Method, the whole
value esteem, marked with an arrow. Through the area of triangular divided into seven (7) faults area
slope of a line to be viewed as an important, no less as shown in Fig. 2. They include PD, DT, T3, T2, T1,
than one of the two tie-points should lie above D2 and D1.
limiting value. However, if neither one of the ties This technique provides better fault diagnosis
point lies over a threshold value, at that point the however there's a misclassification near edges of
fault indication of that slope is not considered as every adjacent area (Mansour, 2012). However, all
critical (Sica et al., 2015). triangles have unclassified region thus faults
classification will majorly depend on the expert's
2.6. Duval triangle method experience recognized by other techniques (Duval
and Lamarre, 2014). There may be chance for mixing
Duval Triangle Method (DTM) was presented and the electrical faults with the thermal faults because
illustrated in IEC 60599 and IEEE C57.104. DTM their boundaries are closed with each other
basically depends on the levels of the three gas ratio (Alghamdi et al., 2012).
namely Methane (CH4), Ethane C2H4) and Acetylene

PD
T1

98

13 20
80
%C2H4
D14
T2
%CH4 D13

40
60

23
D1 50
40
40 60

T3
DT
D2
20
80
15
29

D11 D12

80 60 40 20

%C2H2

Fig. 2: Duval's triangle

2.7. Gas chromatography gas flow rates, temperatures and carrier gas quality.
A sensitive but unstable and therefore has
This technique is design to be sensitive to each historically been confined to a laboratory
target gas and in fact use to analyse a huge variety of environment. This is primarily because Gas
diverse types of samples from oil and gas to water Chromatography is sensitive to changing local
and air pollution (Adams and Sparkman, 2007). conditions, e.g., temperature, pressure, movement,
Today, Gas Chromatography Technique is one of the continuity of gas flow rates etc. Because of this high
best and most sensitive method for the early sensing degree of sensitivity to environmental factors.
and detection of gases in oil of the transformer and Recent attempts to utilize Gas Chromatography in
thus illustrates an excellent indication for upcoming the field environment has met with limited success
expected faults inside the transformer (Ferrito, with the single biggest problem being equipment
1990). This technique requires very tight control of
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drift, leading to poor repeatability of results from more advanced techniques based on artificial
one sample to the next (McNair and Miller, 2011). intelligence (AI) (Taneja et al., 2016; Perez et al.,
1994). Fuzzy interface, wavelet network, genetic
2.8. Hydrogen online monitoring algorithm, artificial neural network are some of the
examples for AI system where the trained data
The hydrogen online monitoring is strong and provides quick and accurate result as compare to
lower cost technique that is widely used for most of classical one or conventional methods (Su et al.,
the fault in oil-filled transformer especially for 2000; Khan et al., 2015; Wang, 2003; Ahmed et al.,
Hydrogen gas. This method detects the main faults 2013; Fei and Zhang, 2009; Li et al., 2016;
such as winding failure, overheating and hot spots. Shintemirov et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2012a).
We can easily monitor the units through
communication, consumer can access day by day, 3.1. Artificial neural networks
week after week, and occasional gassing trends and,
beneficially uses these results not only to detect The use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in
active faults but also to predict the development of a diagnosing the electrical insulation condition has
fault before it becomes a real service issue. However, increased over couple of years. The ANN system
hydrogen on line monitoring can detect only the needs to be trained for differentiating the faulty data
following gases H2, CO, C2H2 and C2H4, and not all of from the normal and thereby classify the insulation
them. The level of sensitivity will depend on health. During the training process, an ANN will
percentage (%) of the hydrogen monitoring of all construct a model to explain dependency between
individual gases. However, the diagnosis is the extracted options and the fault types by adjusting
maximum for Hydrogen and less for the rest of the the weights between neurons and the thresholds of
gases. Moreover, this technique cannot be used for activation operate of every neuron. Then the trained
all type of faults detection (Gockenbach and Borsi, ANN model is employ to classify the health of
2008). electrical insulation by spotting new samples with
the predefined training pattern process.
2.9. Photo acoustic spectroscopy
3.2. An expert system and fuzzy logic
Photo acoustic Spectroscopy as compare to Gas
Chromatography systems are less sensitive to An expert system minimizes human skilled
environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, behaviour by providing specific data from concern
atmospheric pressure, movement associated with domain with a machine implementable kind. An
vibration or wind buffeting etc.) (Allan, 1980; Chen expert system implements this information to
et al., 2007; Kuster et al., 2005).These conditions are facilitate decision and justify its reasoning. The
perfectly controlled and checked in a laboratory but expert system initially extracts the intellectual
in the field it is quite a challenge. The system has to indications from the domain data and so presents
cope with day to night changes, winter to summer the data in several forms and structures, together
changes, weather patterns and local vibration from with production rules, frames and rules, linguistics
transformer vibration, road traffic and industrial nets and objects. Electrical device such as
processes (Mackenzie et al., 2010). High care must transformer has complicated insulation structure
be taken by the utility when the manufacturer in and its degradation depends on multiple factors. The
instrument specifications often overlooks assessing insulation health can be diagnosed technically with
the guaranteed specification of operating conditions solid data and skilled expertise (Ahmed et al., 2013).
for the Gas Chromatography system in the field as However, the significant constraints of this logic and
this, in contrast, a photo acoustic spectroscopy expert system for the transformer diagnosis are
system is virtually immune to environmental because of the way that the execution of these
conditions such as temperature, noise and vibration strategies is profoundly reliant on the result of the
and remains accurate with a very wide range of predefined information.
operating conditions and long duration (Yun et al.,
2008; Harlow, 2012). To summarize the DGA, a 4. Electrical diagnostic techniques
comparative analysis is provided in Table 3.
Thermal stresses and chemical changes impacts
3. Artificial intelligence techniques the transformer age. These stresses degrade the
paper insulation and thereby the life span of the
Traditionally, various chemical techniques device decreases.
identify the health of power transformers. The The degradation of paper insulation depends on
human expert experience helps in classifying the the moisture content that are produced by breaking
transformer state by interpreting data acquired down long chains of glucose into a small molecule
though chemical tests. As it mainly depends on (Okabe et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Yunguang et
human expert experience, therefore there is always al., 2013). The increase in the moisture level in the
probability of irregularity and uncertainty in oil reduces the breakdown voltage level of the
interpreting the acquired data. There is need for insulation.

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Table 3: Overall Comparative Analysis

Types of Method Distinctive attribute Strategy Process
Detects four different types of faults (corona
(winding failure), arcing, overheating of oil and
Key Gas Ratio overheating of cellulose paper) but the diagnoses Using manual Assess the quality of oil only.
method are not accurate enough. calculations Allows for faults diagnoses only
Diagnoses may be inconclusive if some of gases are
not found.
It uses four gas ratios and indicates different types
of faults
Using manual Assess the quality of oil and paper.
Doernenburg Ratio If all the ratios for faults are in the given range then
calculations Allows for faults diagnoses only
faults can be detected otherwise fault cannot be
detected by this method.
Ratios are identified to diagnose the transformer
fault types.
Using manual Assess the quality of oil only.
Rogers Ratio Few bunch of gases don't fit into the predefined
calculations Allows for faults diagnoses only
range of values when computed and the fault type
can't be defined.
It does not clarify thermal and electrical faults into
precise subtypes. Using manual Assess the quality of oil only.
IEC Ratio
It indicated a very limited range of decomposition calculations Allows for faults diagnoses only
of gas ratios.
Improves the accuracy of fault diagnosis by
combing fault gas ratio and the concept of key gas Using manual
Logarithmic Nomo Assess the quality of oil only.
threshold. calculations and
graph(LNG) Allows for faults diagnoses only
Graphically presenting fault gas data does not graphical estimation
concise with actual faults.
It has more efficient as compare other methods
because it clarifies wide range of faults.
Using a computer
Duval Triangle But It does not explain the normal ageing of Assess the quality of oil only.
program and manual
(DTM) transformers. Allows for faults diagnoses only
calculations
There may be a chance of mixing of electrical and
thermal faults
Offers highest accuracy and repeatability.
Ready to identify and analyze each gas dissolved in
transformer oil and
Assess the quality of oil only.
Results can be utilized to identify the fault.
Using a computer Allows for faults diagnoses only
Gas Long time required to finish a test on a transformer.
program and manual and all take the ratios of gases by
Chromatography Gas Chromatography is a laboratory-based method
calculation sending oil samples to external
due to complexity of the device.
laboratories
A high skill expert is needed to conduct the test an
interpret the data.
Highly Expensive
Assess the quality of oil and
Hydrogen online Hydrogen online Monitoring. Through
cellulose paper only.
Monitoring Detect Hydrogen at low level. communication
Allows for faults diagnoses
Assess the quality of oil gas and
cellulose paper.
Photo Acoustic PAS is used for both qualitative and quantitative
By spectrum analysis Allows for faults diagnoses and
Spectroscopy analysis of the sample
monitoring human health
condition.

There are a few indirect techniques for finding 4.1. Polarization and depolarization current
the moisture level in cellulose paper (Sun et al., (PDC)
2017b). These techniques require accumulation of
test sample from basic part, for example, (outside In this technique a ripple free dc voltage applied
windings, leads) and then analysing them in research for the sample for very long time and the
lab by Karl-Fischer titration (Suleiman et al., 2017). polarization current which is flowing in the test
Similarly, Oommen’s technique may be used for sample is measured. The polarization current
computing moisture level in the cellulose papers involves of different polarization process each one
(Martin et al., 2013). These indirect strategies have a with different time constant and dc conductivity.
substantially bigger mistake relating to the They relate different insulating material and
calculating qualities. Thus, we require frequency or different condition state (Dutta et al., 2016; Saha et
time domain techniques for more exact outcomes al., 2009; Talib et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2011). The
(Sarkar et al., 2013). There are three different types depolarization current appears as polarization
of methods for the measurement of dielectric current reaches to zero level.
response. Polarization and depolarization current, The polarization processes have different time
and recovery voltage method measures the dielectric constants relating to different insulation materials
response through DC voltage test (time domain), and different ageing conditions for different
while Frequency domain spectroscopy is AC voltage materials. The value of current is being judged by dc
tests in which dielectric response is measured. conductivity (σ), Higher the value higher will be the

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moisture in the insulation and vice versa (Junhao et 5.1. High performance liquid chromatography
al., 2009). (HPLC)

4.2. Recovery voltage method High Performance Liquid Chromatography

(HPLC) is a complex analytical technique that can be
The return voltage is another method in time used to determine the transformer paper
domain to investigate the moisture level in oil and degradation by analysing the concentration of
winding of power transformer. This technique was furanics within the transformer's oil (Stebbins et al.,
introduced in 90’s and still very effective method 2003). When the cellulose chain breaks down during
(N’cho et al., 2016), with the help of this method we paper degradation, each broken chain releases a
can find the low level of moisture content in the glucose monomer unit that undergoes further
insulation. chemical reaction to become furan compounds and
When a dielectric is applied DC voltage for a long other components such as moisture and other gases.
period and then short circuited for a very short time, The concentration or quantity of furans in the
the charge movement bounded by the polarization mineral oil of a power transformer is the best
process will change into free charges. As result, indication of the cellulose materials such as paper,
voltage builds up across the electrodes on the pressboard and cotton tapes used for insulation.
dielectric material, this phenomenon is known as Therefore, direct analysis and quantification of these
recovery voltage. The recovery voltage increases compounds serves as an indicator of the age and
with an ageing of transformer and thereby recovery health of the transformer. Since the concentration is
voltage method is useful for evaluating the directly related to the degradation of paper
uniformity of ageing and moisture distribution, not insulation inside the transformer the analysis might
for non-uniformity of ageing (Csepes et al., 1998). serve as an early warning of a catastrophic failure.
However, heat produced inside the transformer Yet, it is critical to monitor the papers tensile
container found to be a sensitive parameter for the strength and degradation or degree of
return voltage (Tamus et al., 2015). polymerization (DP) to ensure that the paper
continues to provide effective insulation for the
4.3. Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) transformer (Zhang and Macalpine, 2006).

The objective of the frequency domain 5.2. Confocal laser Raman spectroscopy (CLRS)
spectroscopy is to measure the dielectric dissipation
factor or loss factor (tan δ) solid insulation, it is Raman spectroscopy has broadly been in use for
made by calculating the sample impedance at each detection and examination of fluid materials such as
frequency step by knowing the voltage and transformer oil with the advancement of laser
measuring the current. innovation. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) is a
The value of tan δ changes according to different technique investigation strategy in light of the
conductivity and moisture in the insulation. The Raman impacts, which can have determined material
higher the tan δ, more will be the moisture and the structures and properties by estimating Raman
lower the conductivity, that is, the more rapid is dispersing force specifically. The benefits of LRS over
going into aging. This is currently well accepted that current identification techniques regarding
by this techniques of measurement provides good distinguishing the centralization of furfural broke
indication for an ageing and moisture content in the down in transformer oil and different materials can
transformer insulation. However, it must be be recognized all at a time the while utilizing a single
emphasized that ageing separating still a part of frequency laser (Wolny et al., 2014; Fu et al., 2012;
challenging task in this domain (Ekanayake et al., Pelletier, 2003).
2006).
6. Conclusion
5. Furan analysis
Predictive maintenance is recognized as a
Furan analysis is another method to protect the powerful monitoring technique for the detection of
transformer from catastrophic failure. When a incipient faults within transformer. The transformer
cellulose material de polymerizes into small lengths is a very important and critical device of electrical
or chain structures a chemical compound known as a power system. It is important to be aware of possible
furan is formed. By measurement of these furanics faults that may occur and to know how to prevent
present in transformer oil, the paper insulation with them. The degradation of the paper and oil insulation
a high degree of confidence can be found. The in the transformer with an ageing or any abnormal
concentration and types of furans in oil sample conditions are the main causes these incipient faults.
indicates degree of degradation (Cheim et al., 2012). The purpose of this paper to review different
There are a number of methods for detecting the techniques and to develop a prototype that can
furan or furfural concentration in transformer oil but monitor the health of transformer continuously and
the two primary are explained below ensure the safety of transformers from permanent
damages by detecting the fault at its earlier stage.

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The literature review shows that the limitation of Bartley WH (2003). Analysis of transformer failures. In the
International Association of Engineering Insurers: 36 th Annual
Chemical and Electrical traditional methods and an
Conference, Stockholm, Sweden: 1-13.
artificial intelligence based hybrid system could be
the future solution of health monitoring of power Bengtsson C (1996). Status and trends in transformer monitoring.
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 11(3): 1379-1384.
transformer. https://doi.org/10.1109/61.517495
Bhide RS, Srinivas MSS, Banerjee A, and Somakumar R (2010).
Acknowledgement
Analysis of winding inter-turn fault in transformer: A review
and transformer models. In the 2010 IEEE International
This paper is a part of research project funded by Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, IEEE, Kandy,
USAID. The research work is carried at USPCAS-E in Sri Lanka: 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSET.2010.5684425
collaboration with Arizona State University (ASU).
Chatterjee K, Jadoun VK, and Jarial RK (2017). Emerging trends for
Compliance with ethical standards determining incipient faults by dissolved gas analysis. In the
2017 3rd International Conference on Condition Assessment
Techniques in Electrical Systems, IEEE, Rupnagar, India: 63-
Conflict of interest 68.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CATCON.2017.8280185
The authors declare that they have no conflict of PMCid:PMC5363167
interest. Cheim L, Platts D, Prevost T, and Xu S (2012). Furan analysis for
liquid power transformers. IEEE Electrical Insulation
Magazine, 28(2): 8-21.
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