Ometrical Optics Exercise
Ometrical Optics Exercise
Ometrical Optics Exercise
5 6 | Geometrical Optics
Solved Examples
1 µ (µ − 1) 1 − µ R (2 − µ )
= 1.5 D
i ∴ − = or v
=
h v R (2 − µ) −R 2 (µ − 1)
R 2R 2 R 2 + h2
µ×
= = ⇒ µ . Q
R 2 + h2 h2 + ( 2R ) h2 + ( 2R )
2 2 P
R
µ2 − 1
( ) ( )
A C B I I’
4R 2 µ2 −=
1 h2 4 − µ2 ⇒=h 2R
2
4 − µ
(1.5)2 − 1 5
=h 10 = 10 = 8.45cm . Example 3: A rectangular glass block of thickness
4 − (1.5)2 7
10 cm and refractive index 1.5 is placed over a small
coin. A beaker is filled with water of refractive index 4/3
Example 2: A parallel beam of light rays is incident on to a height of 10 cm and is placed over the block.
a transparent sphere of radius R and a refractive index
P hysi cs | 16.57
c
c
1 −1 8
= sin−1 .= sin
= 62.70 Sol: Total internal reflection of light occurs inside body
3 3 9
x when the angle of incidence is greater than critical
4 2
1
The critical angle for water–air interface angle θC and according to Snell’s law θC = sin−1
µ
Applying the Snell’s law at the top surface,
1 6 . 5 8 | Geometrical Optics
sini .
µ sin r = ... (i)
For TIR, the vertical face A
µ sin θc =
1 i
Using geometry, θc= 90° − r i
µ sin(90 − r)= 1 r 1
⇒ µ cos = ... (ii)
On squaring and adding Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
∴ µ2 sin2 r + µ2 cos2 r = 1 + sin2 i
2
⇒ µ= 1 + sin i.
c c
Example 8: A lens has a power of +5 dioptre in air.
h
What will be its power if completely immersed in water?
3 4
Given µ=
g ; µ=
w
.
2 3
S
Sol: According to the lens maker’s formula the focal
Rays coming out of the source and incident at an angle
greater than θc will be reflected back into the liquid; 1 µ1 1 1
length 1/f is = − 1 −
therefore, the corresponding region on the surface will f µ2 R1 R 2
appear dark. As it is obvious from the figure, the radius
of the bright spot is given by Let fa and fw be the focal lengths of the lens in air and
water, respectively, then,
h sin θc hsin θ 1 µw
R h tan =
= θc R
⇒= =Pa = and Pw .
cos θc 1 − sin θc2
fa fw
1 h = = 20cm .
fa 0.2m
Since
= sin θc ; =∴R .
µ 2
µ −1 Using the lens maker’s formula,
Example 7: The cross section of the glass prism has the
1
form of an isosceles triangle. One of the equal faces is Pa =
fa
(
= µg − 1 ) R1 − R1 ... (i)
coated with silver. A ray of light incident normally on 1 2
the other equal face and after getting reflected twice
1 µg 1 1
emerges through the base of prism along the normal. = − 1 −
Find the angle of the prism. fw µ w R1 R 2
P hysi cs | 16.59
=
Pw
=
(
µg − µ w 1 1
.
) Find the position of the image of a luminous point
object placed on the axis of the combination lens at a
Pa µ µ − 1
w g (
3 µw ) distance of 90 cm from it.
1 3 +5
⇒ Pw Pa =
= D Sol: This system is combination of three lenses. Two
3 4 4 lenses of glass one lens of liquid. Add the powers to
get total power.
Example 9: The distance between two point sources
of light is 24 cm. Find out where you would place a
R1 = R 2 = f1= 30cm (As µ= 1.5) .
converging lens of focal length 9 cm, so that the images
of both the sources are formed at the same point. Similarly, R 3= R 4= f2= 70cm .
Sol: For lens the distance of the image formed from The focal length of the liquid lens (in air),
1 1 1
the lens is given by − = where u, v and f are
1 1
v u f
distance of object, distance of image and focal length f3
= ( µ − 1) R1 −
R 3
2
respectively.
(1.3 − 1) −130 − 70
1
1 1 1 1
For S1 : − = = = −
ν1 −x 9 70 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 ν
∴ = − … (i) (b) m =
ν1 9 x u
1 1 1
For S2 : − =
ν2 − ( 24 − x ) 9
… (ii)
∴m1 =
(5.0 − 4.0 ) =
−0.25 ,
1 1 1
( −4.0 )
∴ = − .
ν2 9 24 − x
and m2 =
(5.0 − 1.0 ) = −4.00 .
f=9 cm ( −1.0 )
Hence, both the images are real and inverted, the first
S1 S2 is magnification −0.25, and the second is −4.00.
JEE Advanced/Boards
x 24-x
Since, the sign convention for S1 and S2 is just opposite. Example 1: A 4-cm-thick layer of water covers a 6-cm-
Hence, thick glass slab. A coin is placed at the bottom of the
slab and is being observed from the air side along the
ν1 = −ν2 . normal to the surface. Find the apparent position of the
1 1 coin from the surface.
⇒ =
−
ν1 ν2 Air
1 1 1 1 Water
∴ −= − 4cm h1
9 x 24 − x 9
Solving this equation, we get x = 6 cm. Therefore, the Glass
lens should be kept at a distance of 6 cm from either 6cm h2
of the object. Coin
appear to shift upwards due to both glass and water by focal length for crown glass f ω
distance s. This apparent shift is thus given by = = −
focal length for flint glass f '
ω'
1 1 9 325 5 1 5
s = s1 + s2 = 1 − × h1 + 1 − ×h =
− × − ;
= = − … (i)
µ2 2 520 9 8 8f
'
µ1 f
The total apparent shift is As the focal length of the combination is 100 cm,
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1
s = h1 1 − + h2 1 − = + = − = = .
F f f ' f 8f 8f 100
µ1 µ2
3
37.5cm .
f = × 100 =
1 1 8
s = 4 1 − + 6 1 − = 3 cm.
4 / 3 3 /2 −8 −8 75
f' = × f= × = −60 cm .
5 5 2
Air The achromatic doublet requires a convex lens of focal
length 37.5 cm made of crown glass and a concave lens
4cm h1 Water of focal length 60 cm made of flint glass.
h
Example 4: The convex surface of a thin concavo– For the image to be informed at the same point as the
convex lens of glass of refractive index 1.5 has a radius object
of curvature 20 cm. The concave surface has a radius
u=2F =2 × 7.5 =15cm.
of curvature of 60 cm. The convex side is coated with
silver and placed at a horizontal surface as shown in The object should be placed at a distance of 15 cm
the figure. from the lens on the optical axis.
(b) If fw is the focal length of lens in water, the focal
length F’ of this combination is given by
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
F' fw fg fm fg fw
1 2 2 1
(a) Where a pin should be placed on the optical axis = + + ... (ii)
F ' fw fg fm
such that its image is formed at the same place?
=
(b) If the concave part is filled with water of refractive fg 60 = cm, fm 10 cm .
index 4/3, find the distance through which the pin
The value of fw is calculated by using the relation,
should be moved, so that the image of the pin again
coincides with pin. 1 1
1
fw
= ( a
)
µ w − 1 −
R1 R 2
Sol: When the convex side of the concavo–convex lens
is coated with silver, the combination becomes a mirror.
This combination consist two lenses and one mirror 1 4 1 1
⇒ = − 1 =
placed close to each other. The powers of all the three fw 3 60
180
will be added. When the water is filled on concave side,
fw = 180 cm.
we get plano-convex water lens whose focal length
is found by lens makers formula. This combination Substituting these values in Eq. (ii), we get
consists of four lenses (two lenses of glass and two
1 2 2 1 90
lenses of water) and one mirror. = + + ; F =
F' 180 60 10 13
(a) The refraction takes place from the first surface, 2 × 90 180
reflection from the lower surface and finally refraction
'
u= 2F
= = cm.
13 13
from the first surface of focal lengths fg , fm and fg ,
respectively. The combined focal length F is given by Displacement of the pin
1 1 1 1 2 1 180 15
= + + = + … (i) =u − u' =15 − = =1.14 cm.
F fg fm fg fg fm 13 13
=fm R=
2 /2 20
= / 2 10 cm. . Example 5: The radius of curvature of the convex face
of plano-convex lens is 12 cm, and its µ =1.5.
The value of fg can be obtained by using the formula
(a) Find the focal length of the lens.
1 1
1
fg
= ( a
)
µg − 1 −
R1 R 2
The plane surface of the lens is coated with silver.
(b) At what distance from the lens, will the parallel rays
incident on the convex surface converge?
1 1
=(1.5 − 1) 20 −
60 (c) Sketch the ray diagram to locate the image, when a
point object is placed on the axis at a distance of 20 cm
fg = 60 cm. from the lens.
Substituting these values in Eq. (i), (d) Calculate the image distance when the object is
placed as in (c).
1 2 1 2
= + =
F 60 10 15 Sol: Use the lens maker’s formula to find the focal
15 length of the plane-convex lens. When the plane side of
F
= = 7.5cm. the lens is coated with silver, the combination becomes
2
1 6 . 6 2 | Geometrical Optics
A B
P Q I1 I2
12 cm
15 cm 15 cm 15 cm 10 cm
(c) The figure shows the ray diagram of the image
formed by this lens when the object is placed at a 1 1 1 1 1 3−2 1
= + = + = =
distance of 20 cm from the lens. The light is incident ν1 f u 10 −15 30 30
from the right to the left.
⇒ ν1 = 30 cm .
I1 serves as a virtual object for lens B. For refraction
through lens B,
I
u2 =
QI1 =
PI1 − 15 =
30 − 15 =
+15cm,
O
ν2 =15 + 10 =+25cm .
1 1 1 1 1 3−5 2
=− = − = =−
f ν u 25 15 75 75
(d) For a lens, 75
f=
− −37.5cm,
=
2
P hysi cs | 16.63
f = 6.0 cm f = 12 cm
=
I2 P1
P2
= (4/3)
0.6 cm 4 cm 12 cm D
5 cm
Sol: The concave lens forms the image of the object at
Sol: The image of the object formed by the first point say I1. This image acts as the object for convex
refraction by the water-glass surface acts as the object lens and the final image is formed at say I1’.
for the second refraction at glass-water surface. 1 1 1
Applying lens formula − = twice, we have
(a) For the refraction from a single spherical surface, ν u f
we have 1 1 1
− = ... (i)
µ2
−
µ1 ( µ2 − µ1 ) .
=
ν1 −12 −6
ν u R 1 1 1
− = ... (ii)
Let P1 be pole at the first surface and P2 to be pole at ∞ ν1 − d 12
the second surface. At P, Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), we have
µ1 =( 4 / 3) ; µ2 =1; R = +0.2cm, u1 = ∞ . ν1 =− 4cm .
1 ( 4 / 3) 1 − ( 4 / 3) And d = 8cm .
So − = .
ν1 ∞ +0.2
Example 9: A solid glass sphere with a radius R and
∴ ν1 =−0.6 cm .
a refractive index of 1.5 is coated with silver over a
The first surface will form a virtual image I1 at a distance hemisphere. A small object is located on the axis of the
0.6 cm to the left of P1 as shown in the figure. sphere at a distance 2R to the left of the vertex of the
un-silvered hemisphere. Find the position of the final
This image acts as an object for the second surface. So image after all refractions and reflections have taken
for the second surface at P2 , place.
µ1 =1, µ2 =( 4 / 3 ) , R =−0.2cm
1 6 . 6 4 | Geometrical Optics
I2
I3
O O
R R
2R
1.5 R R/2
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1
First refraction: Using − = with proper 1.0 1.5 1.0 − 1.5
ν u R − =
ν3 −1.5R −R
sign conventions, we have
⇒ ν3 =−2R ;
1.5 1.0 1.5 − 1.0 i.e. final image is formed on the vertex of the silvered
− = ∴ ν1 =∞ .
ν1 −2R +R face.
JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1 Q.4 State the conditions for TIR of light to take place.
Calculate the speed of light in a medium, whose critical
angle is 45o.
Q.1 A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism
shows a minimum deviation of 30°. Calculate the speed
Q.5 An object is placed at the focus of concave lens.
of light through the glass prism.
Where will its image be formed?
Q.12 A double convex lens of glass of refractive index Q.21 (a) (i) Draw a neat labeled ray diagram of an
1.6 has its both surfaces of equal radii of curvature of astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment.
30 cm each. An object of height 5 cm is placed at a Explain briefly its working.
distance of 12.5 cm from the lens. Calculate the size of
(ii) An astronomical telescope uses two lenses of power
the image found.
10 D and 1 D. What is its magnifying power in the
normal adjustment?
Q.13 Why does the bluish color predominate in a clear
(b) (i) Draw a neat labeled ray diagram of a compound
sky?
microscope. Explain briefly its working.
Q.14 How does the angle of minimum deviation of (ii) Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a
a glass prism of a refractive index 1.5 change, if it is compound microscope have short focal lengths?
immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3?
Q.22 Draw a labeled ray diagram of a reflecting
Q.15 Draw a labeled ray diagram, showing the image telescope. Mention its two advantages over the
formation of an astronomical telescope in the normal refracting telescope.
adjustment position. Write the expression for its
magnifying power.
1 6 . 6 6 | Geometrical Optics
Q.23 (i) An object is placed between two plane mirrors (C) The boy cannot see his feet.
inclined at 60o to each other. How many images do
(D) The boy cannot see neither his hair nor his feet.
you expect to see?
(ii) An object is placed between two plane parallel Q.5 A point source of light S is placed in front of
mirrors. Why do the distant images get fainter and two large mirrors as shown. Which of the following
fainter? observers will see only one image of S?
Q.2 There are two plane mirror with reflecting surfaces Q.7 A point source of light is 60 cm away from a screen
facing each other. Both the mirrors are moving with and is kept at the focus of a concave mirror that reflects
the speed of ν away from each other. A point object is light on the screen. The focal length of the mirror is 20
placed between the mirrors. The velocity of the image cm. The ratio of average intensities of the illumination
formed due to the nth reflection will be on the screen when the mirror is present and when the
(A) nv (B) 2nv mirror is removed is:
mirror. The light rays starting from the source are Q.13 When the object is at distances u1 and u2 , the
reflected from the mirror such that a circular area A on images formed by the same lens are real and virtual,
the ground receives light. Now, a glass slab is placed respectively, and of same size. Then, the focal length of
between the mirror and the source O. What will be the the lens is:
magnitude of the new area on the ground receiving
1 1
light? (A) uu
2 1 2
(B) (u + u2 )
2 1
Circular plane mirror Circular plane mirror
(C) u1u2 (D) 2 (u1 + u2 )
mirror is
l
n
n
A C D
o
37 (A) (B)
o
53
O u (cm) O u (cm)
v (cm) v (cm)
(A) 35° (B) 42° (C) 40° (D) 38° (C) (D)
3
Q.19 A prism has a refractive index and a refracting O u (cm) O u (cm)
2
angle 90°. Find the minimum deviation produced by Q.2 An experiment is performed to find the refractive
the prism. index of glass using a travelling microscope. In this
experiment, distances are measured by (2003)
(A) 40° (B) 45° (C) 30° (D) 49°
(A) A vernier scale provided on the microscope
Q.20 A certain prism is found to produce a minimum (B) A standard laboratory scale
deviation of 38° . It produces a deviation of 44° when
(C) A meter scale provided on the microscope
the angle of incidence is either 42° or 62° . What is the
angle of incidence when it is undergoing a minimum (D) A screw gauge provided on the microscope
deviation?
(A) 45° (B) 49° (C) 40° (D) 55° Q.3 Two transparent media of refractive indices
µ1 and µ3 have a solid lens shaped transparent
material of refractive index µ2 between them as shown
Q.21 A thin prism of angle 5° is placed at a distance
in the figures in Column II. A ray traversing these media
of 10 cm from the object. What is the distance of the
is also shown in the figures. In Column I, the different
image from the object? (Given µ of prism = 1.5)
P hysi cs | 16.69
relationships between µ1 , µ2and µ3 are given. Match (A) The ray gets totally internally reflected at face CD.
them to the ray diagram shown in Column II. (2007) (B) The ray comes out through face AD.
(C) The angle between the incident ray and the
Column I Column II emergent ray is 90o.
(D) The angle between the incident ray and the
(A) µ1 < µ2 (p) emergent ray is 120o.
2 1
3 Q.5 The focal length of a thin biconvex lens is 20cm.
When an object is moved from a distance of 25 cm
in front of it to 50 cm, the magnification of its image
(B) µ1 > µ2 m
(q) changes from m25 to m50 . The ratio 25 is (2005)
m50
(A)
(B)
A
O i O i B C
1
(C) (D) (A) θ − sin−1 µ sin A − sin−1
µ
O O
i i 1
(B) θ > cos−1 µ sin A + sin−1
µ
Q.12 Diameter of plano-convex lens is 6 cm and
thickness at the centre is 3 mm. If speed of light in 1
material of lens is 2 × 108 m / s , the focal length of the (C) θ < cos−1 µ sin A + sin−1
µ
lens is: (2013)
(A) 20 cm (B) 30 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 15 cm 1
(D) θ > sin−1 µ sin A − sin−1
µ
3
Q.13 A thin convex lens made from crown glass µ =
2
has focal length f. When it is measured in two different Q.16 Assuming human pupil to have a radius of 0.25
cm and a comfortable viewing distance of 25 cm, the
4 5
liquids having refractive indices and , it has the minimum separation between two objects that human
3 3 eye can resolve at 500 nm wavelength is: (2015)
focal lengths f1 and f2 respectively. The correct relation
between the focal lengths is: (2014) (A) 30 µm (B) 100 µm
JEE Advanced/Boards
A
1 cm
B
(i) Obtain a relation between the slope (dy/dx) of the
O 1 cm trajectory of the ray at a point B (x, y) in the medium
and the incident angle at that point.
(ii) Find the value of n sin i.
M2
(iii) Obtain an equation for the trajectory y(x) of the ray
in the medium.
1 6 . 7 2 | Geometrical Optics
2 4
R X 1 3 5
C x
b Glass R
Air
Q.16 A room contains air in which the speed of sound
Q.12 A parallel beam of light falls normally on the first is 340m/s. The walls of the room are made of concrete,
face of a prism of a small angle. At the second face, it is in which the speed of sound is 1700m/s. (a) Find the
partly transmitted and partly reflected, and the reflected critical angle for the TIR of sound at the concrete–air
beam strikes at the first face again and emerges from boundary. (b) In which medium must the sound be
it in a direction by making an angle 6°30' with the undergone the TIR?
reversed direction of the incident beam. The refracted
beam has undergone a deviation of 1°15' from the
Q.17 A rod made of glass ( µ =1.5 ) and of square cross
original direction. Find the refractive index of the glass
section is bent as shown in the figure. A parallel beam
and the angle of the prism.
of light falls perpendicularly on the plane flat surface A.
Referring to the diagram, d is the width of a side, and
Q.13 A light ray I is incident on a plane mirror M. The R is the radius of inner semicircle. Find the maximum
mirror is rotated in the direction as shown in the figure d
by an arrow at a frequency 9 / π rev / sec . The light value of ratio so that all the light rays entering the
R
reflected by the mirror is received on the wall W at a glass through surface A emerge from the glass through
distance 10 m from the axis of rotation. When the angle surface B.
of incidence becomes 37o, find the speed of the spot (a
point) on the wall?
P hysi cs | 16.73
A 3
Q.23 A thin plano-convex lens fits exactly into a plano-
concave lens with their plane surface parallel to each
other as shown in the figure. The radius of curvature
Q.18 A prism of refractive index 2 has a refracting of the curved surface R = 30 cm. The lenses are
angle of 30° . One of the refracting surfaces of the made of different material having a refractive index
prism is polished. For the beam of monochromatic light =µ1 3 / 2and
= µ2 5 / 4 as shown in the Fig.
to retrace its path, find the angle of incidence on the
refracting surface.
1=3/2 1=5/4
Q.19 An equilateral prism deviates a ray by 23° for
two angles of incidence differing by 23° . Find µ of the
prism?
position (relative to the lens) of the image of the object (A) f/2, I/2 (B) f, I/4
formed by the system.
(C) 3f/4, I/2 (D) f, 3I/4
0.9 m 0.8 m
Q.5 An object is placed in front of a thin convex lens
of focal length 30 cm, and a plane mirror is placed 15
cm behind the lens. If the final image of the object
Mirror
coincides with the object, the distance of the object
from the lens is
(A) 60 cm (B) 30 cm
(C) 15 cm (D) 25 cm
Q.2 An infinitely long rod lies along the axis of a (A) 0.5 cm above XY (B) 1 cm below XY
concave mirror of a focal length f. the near end of the
rod is at a distance u>f from the mirror. Its image will (C) On XY (D) 1.5 cm below XY
have a length.
Q.7 A screen is placed 90 cm away from an object. The
(A) f 2 / (u − f ) (B) uf / (u − f) image of the object on the screen is formed by a convex
lens at two different locations separated by 20 cm. The
(C) f 2 / (u + f ) (D) uf / (u + f ) focal length of the lens is
(A) 18 cm (B) 21.4 cm
Q.3 A luminous point object is moving along the
principal axis of a concave mirror of a focal length 12 (C) 60 cm (D) 85.6 cm
cm toward it. When its distance from mirror is 20 cm,
its velocity is 4 cm/s. The velocity of the image in cm/s Q.8 In the above problem, if the sizes of the images
at that instant is: formed on the screen are 6 cm and 3 cm, then the
(A) 6 toward the mirror height of the object is nearly:
Q.4 A thin lens has a focal length f, and its aperture (A) A virtual image of a virtual object
has a diameter d. It forms an image of intensity I. Now (B) A virtual image of a real object
the central part of the aperture up to diameter (d/2)
is blocked by an opaque paper. The focal length and (C) A real image of a real object
image intensity would change to (D) A real image of a virtual object
P hysi cs | 16.75
Wall O
W
S
B
l A
V
M I
(A) The spot of light will move with the speed v on the Q.19 A lens is placed in the XYZ coordinate system such
wall. that its optical center is the origin and the principal axis
is along the x-axis. The focal length of the lens is 20 cm.
(B) The spot of light will not move on the wall. A point object has been placed at the point (-40 cm, +1
(C) As the mirror comes closer, the spot of light will cm, −1 cm). Which of the following are correct about
become larger and shift away from the wall with a coordinates of the image?
speed larger than v. (A) x = 40 cm (B) y =+1 cm
(D) The size of the light spot on the wall remains the (C) z = +1 cm (D) z=−1 cm
same.
Q.20 Which of the following can form a diminished,
Q.17 Two reflecting media are separated by a spherical virtual and erect image of your face.
interface as shown in the figure. PP’ is the principal axis;
µ1 and µ2 are the medium of refraction, respectively, (A) Converging mirror (B) Diverging mirror
then, (C) Converging lens (D) Diverging lens
P P
Q.21 Statement-I: If a source of light is placed in front
of rough wall, its image is not seen.
Statement-II: The wall does not reflect light.
(A) If µ2 > µ1 , then there cannot be a real image of a
real project. (A) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is true;
statement-II is correct explanation for statement-I
(B) If µ2 > µ1 , then there cannot be a real image of a
virtual object. (B) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is true; statement
-II is NOT the correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) If µ1 > µ2 , then there cannot be a virtual image of a
virtual object. (C) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is false.
(D) If µ1 > µ2 , then there cannot be a real image of a (D) Statement-I is false, and statement-II is true.
real object.
Q.22 Statement-I: As the distance x of a parallel ray
Q.18 A luminous point object is placed at O. whose from axis increases, the focal length decreases
image is formed at I as shown in the figure. AB is the
optical axis. Which of the following statements are
correct? X
(A) If a lens is used to obtain an image, the lens must
be converging. P A C Axis
(B) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is true; (A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, and
statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for statement-II is the correct explanation for statement-I.
statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, and
(C) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is false. statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-I.
(D) Statement-I is false, and statement-II is true.
(C) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is false.
Q.23 Statement-I: When an object dipped in a liquid is (D) Statement-I is false, and statement-II is true.
viewed normally, the distance between the image and
the object is independent of the height of the liquid
Comprehension Type
above the object.
Statement-II: The normal shift is independent of Paragraph 1: Spherical aberration in spherical mirrors
the location of the slab between the object and the is a defect that is due to the dependence of focal length
observer. ‘f’ on the angle of incidence ' θ ' as shown in the figure
is given by
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, and
statement-II is the correct explanation for statement-I. R
f=
R− sec θ ,
2
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, and
statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for where R is radius of curvature of mirror and q is the angle
statement-I. of incidence. The rays that are close to the principal axis
are called marginal rays. As a result, different rays focus
(C) Statement-I is true, and statement-II is false. at different points and the image of a point object is
(D) Statement-I is false, and statement-II is true. not a point.
Q.24 Statement-I: When two plane mirrors are kept Q.26 If fp and fm represent the focal length of paraxial
perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure (O is and marginal rays, respectively, then the correct
the point object), three images will be formed. relationship is:
(A) fp = fm (B) fp > fm
(C) fp < fm (D) none
Q.28 The total deviation suffered by the ray falling on Q.34 Match the Column
the mirror at an angle of incidence 60o is
Column I Column II
(A) 180o (B) 90o
(A) Conversing system (p) Convex lens
(C) Cannot be determined (D) None
(B) Concave lens (q) Concave lens
(C) A virtual image is formed by (r) Concave mirror
Q.29 For paraxial rays, focal length approximately is
(D) Magnification < 1 is possible (s) Convex mirror
(A) R (B) R/2
with
(C) 2R (D) none
Q.30 Which of the following statements are correct Previous Years’ Questions
regarding spherical aberration:
(A) It can be completely eliminated. Q.1 A student performed the experiment of
determination of the focal length of a concave mirror
(B) It cannot be completely eliminated, but it can be by u-v method using an optical bench of length 1.5
minimized by allowing either paraxial or marginal rays m. The focal length of the mirror used is 24 cm. The
to hit the mirror. maximum error in the location of the image can be 0.2
(C) It is reduced by taking mirrors with large aperture. cm. The five sets of (u, v) values recorded by the student
(in cm) are: (42, 56), (48, 48), (60, 40), (66, 33) and (78,
(D) None of these. 39). The data set (s) that cannot come from experiment
and is (are) incorrectly recorded, is (are) (1999)
Q.31 Initially, the distance of third minima from principal
(A) (42, 56) (B) (48, 48)
maxima will be
(C) (66, 33) (D) (78, 39)
3λD 3λD
(A) (B)
2d d
Q.2 A light beam travels from Region I to Region IV
5λD 5λD (See figure). The refractive index in Regions I, II, III and
(C) (D) n n
4d 2d IV are n0 , 0 and 0 , respectively. The angle of incidence
6 8
Q.32 A glass slab of thickness t and refractive index θ for which the beam misses entering Region IV (as in
µ is introduced before S2 . Now, P does not remain the figure): (2004)
the point of principal maximum. Suppose the principal
Region I Region II Region III Region IV
maximum forms at a point P’ on screen, then PP’ is
equal to n0 n0 n0
n0
tD ( µ − 1 ) tD ( µ − 1 ) 2 6 8
(A) (B)
d 2d
0 0.2 m 0.6 m
D (µ − 1) D (µ − 1)
(C) (D) 3 1
t d (A) sin−1 (B) sin−1
4 8
Q.33 Use the statement given in previous question. 1 1
Now, a parallel beam is incident at an angle α w.r.t. line (C) sin−1 (D) sin−1
4
3
OP, such that the principal maximum again comes at
P hysi cs | 16.79
Q.3 An optical component and an object s placed (C) The intensity of the characteristics X-rays depends
along its optical axis are given in column I. The distance on the electrical power given to the X-ray tube.
between the object and the component can be varied.
(D) Cutoff wavelength of the continuous X-rays depends
The properties of images are given in column II. Match
on the energy of the electrons in the X-ray tube.
all the properties of images from column II with the
appropriate components given in column I. Indicate
your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles of
1 1
the 4 x 4 matrix given in the ORS. (2006) Air Air
(A) (B)
Meta-material Meta-material 2
Column I Column II 2
(A)
1 1
(B)
Air Air
S (q) Virtual image (C) (D)
Meta-material Meta-material
2 2
(C)
(r) Magnified image Paragraph: Most materials have a refractive index n >1.
S
Therefore, when a light ray from air enters a naturally
sin θ1 n2
occurring material, then by the Snell’s law, =
sin θ2 n2
(D) , it is understood that the refracted ray bends toward
S
(s) Image at infinity
the normal, but it never emerges on the same side
of the normal as the incident ray. According to the
electromagnetism, the refractive index of the medium is
c
given by the relation, n = = ± ε1µ1 , where c is the
Q.4 Two beams of red and violet colors are pass v
separately through a prism (angle of the prism is 60o). speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum, v is its speed
In the position of minimum deviation, the angle of in the medium, ε1 and µ1 are the relative permittivity
refraction will be (2007) and permeability of the medium, respectively. In a
normal material, both ε1 and µ1 are positive, implying
(A) 30o for both the colors positive n for the medium. When both ε1 and µ1 are
(B) Greater for the violet color negative, one must choose the negative root of n. Such
materials with negative refractive indices can now be
(C) Greater for the red color artificially prepared and are called meta-materials.
(D) Equal but not 30o for both the colors They exhibit a significantly different optical behavior,
without violating any physical laws. Since n is negative,
it results in a change in the direction of propagation
Q.5 Which one of the following statements is WRONG
of the refracted light. However, similar to the normal
in the context of X-rays generated from an X-ray tube?
materials, the frequency of light remains unchanged
(2001)
upon refraction even in meta-materials. (2012)
(A) The wavelength of the characteristics X-rays
decreases when the atomic number of the target
increases.
(B) The cutoff wavelength of the continuous X-rays
depends on the atomic number of the target.
1 6 . 8 0 | Geometrical Optics
Q.6 For light incident from air on a meta-material, the (B) Real and at a distance of 16 cm from the mirror
appropriate ray diagram is (C) Virtual and at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror
(D) Real and at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror
n = 1.5 n = 1.2
Q.7 Choose the correct statement.
c
(B) The speed of light in the meta-material is v= .
n
(C) The speed of light in the meta-materials is v = c. R = 14 cm
(D) The wavelength of the light in the meta-material (A) – 280.0 cm (B) 40.0 cm (C) 21.5 cm (D) 13.3 cm
( λm ) is given by λm =λair n , where λair is the
wavelength of the light in air. Q.12 A transparent slab of thickness d has a refractive
index n (z) that increases with z. Here z is the vertical
distance inside the slab, measured from the top. The slab
Q.8 A biconvex lens is formed with two thin plano- is placed between two media with uniform refractive
convex lenses as shown in the figure. Refractive index n indices n1 and n2 ( > n1 ) , as shown in the figure. A ray
of the first lens is 1.5 and that of the second lens is 1.2. of light is incident with angle θ1 from medium 1 and
Both curved surfaces are of same radius of curvature emerges in medium 2 with refraction angle θf with a
R = 14 cm. For this biconvex lens, for an object distance lateral displacement l. (2016)
of 40 cm, the image distance will be (2009)
Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true?
n = 1.5 n = 1.2
1
n1 = constant 1
n(z)
z
d
R = 14 cm
(A) n1 sin
= θi n2 sin θf Q.16 A right angled prism of refractive index µ1, is
placed in a rectangular block of refractive index µ2,
(B) n1 sin θ=
i (n2 − n1 ) sin θf which is surrounded by a medium of refractive index
(C) l is independent of n2 µ3 , as shown in the figure. A ray of light ‘e’ enters the
(D) l is dependent on n (z) rectangular block at normal incidence. Depending
upon the relationships between µ1 , µ2 and µ3 , it takes
one of the four possible paths ‘ef’, ‘eg’, ‘eh’, or ‘ei’.
Q.13 A small object is placed 50 cm to the left of a thin
convex lens of focal length 30 cm. A convex spherical f
mirror of radius of curvature 100 cm is placed to the
right of the lens at a distance of 50 cm. The mirror is 45
o
x
(-50, 0) (0, 0) Match the paths in list I with conditions of refractive
R = 100 cm indices in list II and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists: (2013)
50 cm
(
(A) 25, 25 3 ) (
(B) 125 / 3, 25 / 3 ) R.
e→ h
3. µ1 = µ2
is (2013) P Q R S
A 2 3 1 4
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 75°
B 1 2 4 3
Q.15 The image of an object, formed by a plano-convex C 4 1 2 3
lens at a distance of 8 m behind the lens, is real and is
D 2 3 4 1
one-third the size of the object. The wavelength of light
2
inside the lens is times the wavelength in free space.
3
The radius of the curved surface of the lens is (2013) Q.17 A transparent thin film of uniform thickness
and refractive index n1 = 1.4 is coated on the convex
(A) 1 m (B) 2 m (C) 3 m (D) 4 m
spherical surface of radius R at one end of a long solid
glass cylinder of refractive index n2 = 1.5 , as shown
in the figure. Rays of light parallel to the axis of the
cylinder traversing through the film from air to glass
1 6 . 8 2 | Geometrical Optics
n2
Air
S r
Code:
Q.18 A point source S is placed at the bottom of a (A) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4
transparent block of height 10 mm and refractive index
2.72. It is immersed in a lower refractive index liquid as (B) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1
shown in the figure. It is found that the light emerging (C) P-4, Q-1,R-2, S-3
from the block to the liquid forms a circular bright spot
(D) P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4
of diameter 11.54 mm on the top of the block. The
refractive index of the liquid is (2014)
Q.20 Consider a concave mirror and a convex lens
Liquid (refractive index = 1.5) of focal length 10 cm each,
separated by a distance of 50 cm in air (refractive
Block index = 1) as shown in the figure. An object is placed
S at a distance of 15 cm from the mirror. Its erect image
(A) 1.21 (B) 1.30 (C) 1.36 (D) 1.42 formed by this combination has magnification M1 .
When the set-up is kept in a medium of refractive index
Q.19 Four combinations of two thin lenses are given in 7/6, the magnification becomes M2 . The magnitude
list I. The radius of curvature of all curved surfaces is r M2
is (2015)
and the refractive index of all the lenses is 1.5. Match M1
lens combinations in List I with their focal length in
list II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists. (2014) Q.21 Two identical glass rods S1 and S2 (refractive
index = 1.5) have one convex end of radius of curvature
10 cm. They are placed with the curved surfaces at a
List I List II
distance d as shown in the figure, with their axes (shown
P 2r by the dashed line) aligned. When a point source of
light P is placed inside rod S1 on its axis at a distance of
50 cm from the curved face, the light rays emanating
from it are found to be parallel to the axis inside S2 .
The distance d is (2015)
Q r/2
S1 P S2
50 cm d
(A) 60 cm (B) 70 cm
(C) 80 cm (D) 90 cm
P hysi cs | 16.83
Q.22 A monochromatic beam of light is incident at (C) NA of S1 placed in air is the same as that of S2
60° on one face of an equilateral prism of refractive 4
index n and emerges from the opposite face making an immersed in liquid of refractive index .
15
angle θ (n) with the normal (see the figure). For n = 3
dθ (D) NA of S1 placed in air is the same as that of S2 placed
the value of θ is 60° and = m. The value of m is in water.
dn
(2015)
Q.24 A parallel beam of light is incident from air at an
angle α on the side PQ of a right angled triangular
prism of refractive index n = 2 . Light undergoes total
internal reflection in the prism at the face PR when α
o
60
has a minimum value of 45° . The angle θ of the prism
is (2016)
P
Paragraph 1: Light guidance in an optical fiber can
be understood by considering a structure comprising
of thin solid glass cylinder of refractive index n1
n =2
surrounded by a medium of lower refractive index n2.
R
The light guidance in the structure takes place due to Q
successive total internal reflections at the interface of
the media n1 and n2 as shown in the figure. All rays (A) 15° (B) 22.5° (C) 30° (D) 45°
with the angle of incidence i less than a particular value
im are confined in the medium of refractive index n1. Q.25 A plano-convex lens is made of a material of
The numerical aperture (NA) of the structure is defined refractive index n. When a small object is placed 30
as sin im cm away in front of the curved surface of the lens, an
image of double the size of the object is produced.
n1 > n2 Due to reflection from the convex surface of the lens,
another faint image is observed at a distance of 10 cm
Air
away from the lens. Which of the following statement(s)
Cladding n2
is(are) true? (2016)
Core
i n1 (A) The refractive index of the lens is 2.5
(B) The radius of curvature of the convex surface is
45 cm
(C) The faint image is erect and real
(D) The focal length of the lens is 20 cm
Q.23 For two structures namely S1 with n1 = 45 / 4
and n2 = 3 / 2 and S2 with n1 = 8 / 5 and n2 = 7 / 5
and taking the refractive index of water to be 4/3 and
that of air to be 1, the correct option(s) is(are) (2015)
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q. 3 Q.5 Q.7 Q.6 Q.9 Q.11
Q.8 Q.10 Q.18 Q.24 Q.25 Q.30
Q.23 Q.27 Q.37 Q.31 Q.33
Answer Key
Exercise 2
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.1 (i) 75o (ii) 165° (iii) 195° (iv) 285° (v) 315°
Q.2 160 cm; 320 cm Q.3 75 cm Q.4 2 cm Q.5 80 m/s Q.7 16 ft
dy
(iii) y = k 2 ( x / 4 ) (iv) 4.0,1;
4
Q.8 (i) tan=
θ = cot i (ii)1
dx
(v) It will become parallels to x-axis Q.9 5 cm Q.10 h=5.95 m Q.11 Same Q.12 1.625
Q.13 1000 m/s Q.14 µ12 + µ32 + µ52 = 2 + µ22 + µ24 Q.15 9 m
1 d 1 43
Q.16 (a) sin−1 (b) air Q.17 = Q.18 45° Q.19
5 R max 2 5
Q.20 3 Q.21 15 cm toward the combination
2 2
Q.22 (a) 5000 W / m (b) 0.02 W / m (c) 0.214 cm (d) 24.56 W / m2
Q.23 +60, +4/5 Q.24 5.9 cm, 10.9 cm
Q.25 90 cm from the lens toward right
Exercise 2
Comprehension Type
Q.26 B Q.27 D Q.28 D Q.29 B Q.30 B Q.31 D
Q.32 A Q.33 A
1 6 . 8 6 | Geometrical Optics
Solutions
1 1 1
Lens Maker’s Formula: (n− 1)
= −
f R1 R 2
L1
L1=L2 As wavelength of light increases, the refractive index n
r1=r2 decreases and from the lens maker formula we see that,
as n decreases, f increases.
The variation of angle of deviation δ with the angle
of incidence i of the ray incident on the first refracting
surface of the prism is shown in figure. For one angle of Sol 9: (i) Magnifying power:
incidence it has a minimum value δmin . At this value the
ray passes symmetrically through the prism. vD
m= for normal adjustment
u fe
Sol 7: For relaxed eye, intermediate image should lie at v D
first focus of eye piece or ue = fe
m
= 1 + for final image at D, least distance for
u fe
B f0 fe clear vision.
1 2µ sin θ
(ii) Resolving Power: =
R =
∆d λ
Fo Fe
A O A’ F’e E
µ → Refractive index of the medium between the
B’ object and the objective.
λ → Wavelength of light.
f0 Eye piece
Magnification M∞ = Vo Uo
fe
uo fo
Sol 8: Reflection from a spherical surface: Here n1 < n2 . h F
Ray leaves point O and focuses at point I. Snell’s Law at ’
point P n1 sin= θ1 n2 sin θ2 or n1 θ1 = n2 θ2 (For small
h’
angles)
Objective
P
Q₁
B Q₂
O M C I Image
n₁ n₂
Here we see that
u R
(i) as µ increases, R increases.
V
θ1 = α + β, β = θ2 + γ
P’ E
n1 P P’’ O ’
Eliminating θ1and θ2 we get =
β ( α + β) + γ
n2 O’
Or n1 α + n2=
γ (n2 − n1 ) β ……….(A)
S
Now angle at C is=
β =(S arc(PM))
R
S S Q’’
Also in paraxial approximation
= α and
= γ
u v
(ii) as λ increases, R decreases.
1 6 . 8 8 | Geometrical Optics
Sol 10: Refracting astronomical telescope: It consists of Sol 14: Angle of minimum deviation δm and angle of
an objective lens of a large focal length (fo) and large
aperture, also an eye lens of small aperture and focal A + δm
sin
length. 2
prism A are related as, µ =
(i) Magnification when final image is formed at D, A
sin
fo fe 2
⇒m=− 1 + and length of telescope, Glass prism of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a
fe D
liquid of refractive index 1.3 so the relative refractive
fe D 1.5
L = |fo| + index of the prism decreases. µ=' = 1.15
fe + D 1.3
So as per above equation as A is constant for a prism,
Sol 11: (i) Lens formula as µ decreases, δm also decreases.
1 1 1
− = Sol 15: [Refer question 7 solution]
v u f
u=+12 cm, f =
+20 cm
Sol 16: Consider an object O placed at a distance u
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
⇒ = + = + = + = from a convex lens as shown in figure. Let its image I
v u f 12 20 4 3 5 4 × 15 after two refractions from spherical surfaces of radii R1
⇒v=+7.5 cm (positive) and R2 (negative) be formed at a distance v
from the lens. Let v1 be the distance of image formed
1 1 1 4 −3 1
(ii) f = −16 cm ⇒ = − = = by refraction from the refracting surface of radius R1.
v 12 16 48 48 This image acts as an object for the second surface.
⇒v=+48 cm Using,
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1
1 1 1 − =
Sol 12: = (µ − 1) − v u R
f R1 R 2 Incident light
1 1 2 1 R₂ R₁
⇒ = (0.6 ) × 2= = ⇒ f + 25 cm
f 30
50 25
O C₂ 1 1 C₁ I
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
u=12.5 cm, = + = − = −
v f u 25 12.5 25
h2 v −25
⇒v= −25 cm , m = = = = 2 +ve
h1 u −12.5
u v
⇒ h2 =2h1 =2 × 5 cm =10 cm
µ2 µ1µ2 − µ1
Image is virtual and erect, on the same side as the twice, we have − =
....(i) ... (i)
v1 u R
object.
µ1 µ2 µ1 − µ2
and − = ....(ii) ... (ii)
v v1 −R 2
Sol 13: Predominance of bluish colour in a clear sky
is due to the phenomena of scattering of light in the Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii) and then simplifying, we get
atmosphere around earth. If size of the air particles
are smaller than the wavelength, the scattering is 1 1 µ2 1 1
− = − 1 − .....(iii) ... (iii)
proportional to 1 / λ 4 . This is the Rayleigh’s law of v u
scattering. The light of short wavelengths are strongly µ1 R1 R 2
scattered by the air molecules and reach the observer. This expression relates the image distance v of the
image formed by a thin lens to the object distance u
Among the shorter wavelengths, the colour blue is
and to the thin lens properties (index of refraction and
present in large proportion in sunlight.
radii of curvature). It is valid only for paraxial rays and
P hysi cs | 16.89
only when the lens thickness is much less then R1 and Sol 19: (a) (i)
R2. The focal length f of a thin lens is the image distance Q
that corresponds to an object at infinity. So, putting
u= ∞ and v = f in the above equation, we have
P’ E
P P’’ O ’
1 µ2 1 1
= − 1
− ....(iv) O’
f µ1 R1 R 2
If the refractive index of the material of the lens is µ
and it is placed in air, µ2 =µ and µ1 =1 so that Eq. (iv)
becomes
Q’’
1 1 1 (ii) Reflector telescope advantages:
= (µ − 1) − ....(v)
f R1 R 2 1. Reflector telescopes do not suffer from chromatic
This is called the lens maker’s formula because it can aberration because all wavelengths will reflect off the
be used to determine the values of R1 and R2 that are mirror in the same way.
needed for a given refractive index and a desired focal 2. Support for the objective mirror is all along the back
length f. side so they can be made very BIG.
Combining Eqs. (iii) and (v), we get 3. Reflector telescopes are cheaper to make than
1 1 1 refractors of the same size.
− = ....(vi) which is known as the lens formula.
v u f 4. Because light is reflecting off the objective, rather
(i) P = P1 + P2 = 10D − 5D = 5D than passing through it, only one side of the reflector
telescope’s objective needs to be perfect.
1 1 v
(ii)f = = =0.2m =20 cm; m =+ 2= (b) f1 = +10 cm, f2 = -10 cm, u = -30 cm.
P 5D u
⇒v= 2u 1 1 1 1 1 2
= + = − = ⇒ v1 =15 cm
v1 f1 u1 10 30 30
For virtual image m is positive
So for the concave lens
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ − =
v f u 2u u 20 u2 =
+(15 − 5) cm =
+10 cm
1 1
⇒− = ⇒ u = −10 cm B f0 fe
2u 20
Sol 17:
Fo Fe
1 1 O A’ F’e E
P = P1 + P2 = 6 − 2 = 4D ⇒ f = = = 0.25m A
P 4D B’
⇒f= 25cm
The one facing the distant object is called the objective eyepiece. The final image is then formed at infinity.
and has a large aperture and a large focal length. The It is erect with respect to the first image and hence,
other is called the eyepiece, as the eye is placed close inverted with respect to the object. The eye is least
to it. It has a smaller aperture and a smaller focal length. strained in this adjustment as it has to focus the parallel
The lenses are fixed in tubes. The eyepiece tube can rays coming to it. The position of the eyepiece can also
slide within the objective tube so that the separation be adjusted in such a way that the final virtual image is
between the objective and the eyepiece may be formed at the near point. The angular magnification is
changed. increased in this case. The ray diagram in figure refers
to this case.
Eyeplece
vo ue
(ii) Magnifying power of a Compound microscope is
vo fo
v D
− 0 → normal adjustment and
m=
h F u0 fe
’
h’
v D
Objective − 0 1 + → final image at D.
m=
u0 fe
−fο left with speed 3v. So its second image will more away
Sol 25: Astronomical telescope =
m → normal towards right with speed 3v w.r.t mirror 2. Hence speed
fe
adjustment w.r.t O will be 3v+v=4v
fo Hence for nth image v image = 2nv
⇒ −8 = − ⇒ fo = 8fe
fe
L = fο + fe = 45 cm ⇒ 8fe + fe = 45 cm h 3h
Sol 3: (A) tan θ= = lim
⇒ fe 5cm=
= and fe 40 cm y 10 h + y x →∞
⇒ 10h + y= 3y ⇒ y = 5h
Exercise 2 For general case
L₁
Single Correct Choice Type
M₂
3h
Sol 1: (A)
L₂ M₁ h v
δ1 180o − 2θ; =
= δ2 180o − 2=
θ ' 70o + 90o − θ ' S
10h = x y
3h h
o
70 tan θ = = ⇒ 3y = x + y ⇒ 2y = x
x +y y
dy dx dy 1
N’ ⇒ 2. = ⇒ = .v
90 -’ dt dt dt 2
o
’ 2
1
o
70
N
’ Sol 4: (C) A is head and E is feet of man. C is the eye.
The mirror can be placed anywhere between the centre
line BF (of AC) and DG (of CE) to get full image from
head to feet.
So here CE=1.4 m. So DE should be 0.7 m. But mirror is
⇒ θ ' =20 ο 0.8 m from ground so feet will not be visible. The upper
edge of mirror is at height (0.8+0.75) m equal to 1.55 m
α = 180o − 70o − (90o − θ ') = 180o − 70o − 70o which is more than BE.
α 40o ⇒=
= θ 90o −=
α 50o
A
x
Sol 2: (B) With respect to mirror1 the object is going B
F
array from mirror. So first image will also more away x
C
w.r.t mirror 1 with same speed v. So with respect to (x + y)
object O the image speed is y
D
1 2 G
y
E
O Man
AC 0.1
BE = BC + CE = + CE = + 1.4
2 2
= 0.05 + 1.4 = 1.45m
Sol 5: (B) Rays from S going right from the normal will When the mirror is present
not reach the bottom horizontal mirror as they will hit
the inclined mirror and get deviated. So C will see only Pθ12 h P
Intensity = and tan θ = ⇒=
the image formed by inclined mirror. 4 πh1 2 20 4 π × (20)2
O
Sol 9: (A) The slab will cause a lateral shift in the
incident rays as well as in the reflected rays from the
circular mirror MM’. Now the angle of emergence θ1
will be equal to the angle of incidence in case of a slab.
M M’
h
C 1 1 B
s 60
h
D A
1
P Q O
h
The rays reaching the edge M of the circular mirror
F after passing through the glass slab will be leaving the
20 source O at a greater angle (θ1 ) with the normal as
compared to the angle (θ) when there is no slab. But
due to symmetry of incident and reflected rays, the
reflected rays from the edge M, after passing through
the slab will reach the some point Q on the ground
where they would have reached when there was no
slab.
P hysi cs | 16.93
h
Sol 10: (A) B E
c
90 -
o
O
Ω = 2π(1 − cos θc )
3 6
n= n=
2 5 If total intensity is I then, intensity per unit solid angle is
I
A C D .So intensity through the circular area is,
4 π.
6 /5
90 − θ ≥ θc = sin−1 ; I
3/2 I
= .2π (1 − cos θc )
4π
4
90 − θ ≥ sin−1 ;
5 I' (1 − cos 48.59 ) I
ο ο =⇒ = ⇒ 16.9 %
90 − θ ≥ 53 ⇒ θ ≤ 37 I 2 I
1 1 1 1 1 u1 − f
Sol 13: (B) = + = − =
Sol 11: (C) v1 f ( − u1 ) f u1 f u1
1 f u1 f u2
=h 4m ; θc = sin−1 =v1 = and v 2
µ u1 − f u2 − f
1 −1 3 v1
= sin−1=
sin
= 37
ο v −f
Now m1= = =
5 / 3 5 u −u1 u1 − f
r 3h 3 × 4m −f
tan θc = ⇒ r = htan 37ο = = and m2
= = .also | m1 | | m2 |
h 4 4 u2 − f
r r
Now m1 is negative (real image) and m2 is positive
(virtual image). So we have,
h f −f
= ⇒ u2 − f =−u1 + f
c u1 − f u2 − f
c
u1 + u2
⇒ u1 + u2 = 2f ⇒ f =
2
O
⇒ diameter = 6m
2r = Sol 14: (B) The image formed by first lens will lie at its
second lens focus. This image will act as an object for
the second lens. For the rays to become parallel after
−1 1 3 passing through the second lens, the object for second
Sol 12: (D)
= θc sin= sin−1=
48.59
ο
µ 4
lens should lie on its first focus. Thus the distance
between the two lenses will be equal to sum of their
Solid angle subtended at source of light O by the
focal lengths.
circular area of radius r is
D = f1 + f2 = 20 cm + 10 cm = 30 cm
1 6 . 9 4 | Geometrical Optics
Sol 15: (B) Image formed by lens be at distance v1 from Speed of image with respect to object is
1 1 1 1 1 3−2 1 v I,O
= v I,L + vL,O
lens. = + = + = =
v1 f1 u1 10 −15 30 30
dv
=v I,O + ( − v)
v1 = 30 cm from lens. dt (towards left) (towards right)
h
h
A + δm A + 38ο
Sol 20: (B) At min deviation
= im =
X 2 2
Sol 17: (D) Let as work in the frame of reference Sol 21: (C)
1 1 1 M
attached to the lens. Lens formula: − =
v u f
Differentiating w.r.t. time,
dv du
− v −2 − ( −u−2 ) =0 ; (f is constant) I
x O
dt dt P
dv v 2 du δ = (µ − 1) A; µ = 1.5
⇒ =
dt u2 dt
o 2.5 5 π
δ 0.5 × 5=
= 2.5o ⇒ =
δ =
π =
π
Initially when u=f, v → ∞ so speed image is very large 180 360 72
and finally when u → ∞ , v → f and the speed of image
OP ≈ OM ≈ IM = 10 cm; ∆x = δ × (OM) = 10 δ cm
is very low (nearly zero). With respect to lens, as object
moves left, the image also moves left.
P hysi cs | 16.95
Sol 5:
Previous Years’ Questions
1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1
Sol 1: – = = constant u u u u+ f
v u f or − 1 = or =
v f v f
Sol 2: (A) An experiment is performed to find the
v f
refractive index of glass using a travelling microscope. ∴ m ==
In this experiment, distances are measured by a vernier u u+ f
scale provided on the microscope.
20
m25 −25 + 20
Sol 3: (A) → since µ1 < µ2 , the ray of light will bend = = 6
m30 20
towards normal after first refraction.
−50 + 20
(B) → µ1 > µ2 , the ray of light will bend away from the
normal after first refraction. ∴ Answer is 6.
(C) → µ2 =µ3 means in second refraction there will be
no change in the path of ray of light. Sol 6: (D) Case I: u = – 240 cm, v = 12, by lens formula
(D) → Since µ2 > µ3 , ray of light will bend away from the 1 7
=
normal after second refraction. f 80
u = 5.6
1 6 . 9 6 | Geometrical Optics
1 1 1
Sol 7: (C) L.C =
60 f
= ( µ − 1) R1 −
R 2
1
9
Total Reading = 585 + = 58.65
60 1 3 1
= − 1
f 2 15
Sol 8: (B) As intensity is maximum at axis.
f = 30 cm
\ µ will be maximum and speed will be minimum on
the axis of the beam.
Sol 13: (D)
fm
=
(µ − 1)
∴Beam will converge.
f µ
− 1
µ
m
Sol 9: (D) For a parallel cylindrical beam, wave front will
be planar. 3
f1 − 1
2
=
=
⇒ 4
Sol 10: (D) Case I: u = -240 cm, v = 12, by Lens formula f 3/2
− 1
1 7 4/3
=
f 80
⇒ f1 =
4f
1 35
Case II: v = 12 − =
3 3 3
− 1
f2 2
2 1
Normal shift = 1- = = = −5
3 3 f 3/2
− 1
5 / 3
7
f=
80 ⇒ f2 < 0
u = 5.6
2
t Sol 15: (D) At face AB,
R 2 − d2= R 2 1 −
R sin θ = µ sin r
Sol 2:
Sol 16: (A) θ =1.22 λ
D
(
Minimum separation = 25 × 10−2 =
θ 30 µm )
Sol 17: (D) δ = i + e − A ⇒ A = 74°
120 cm
A + δmin A G
sin D
2 5 sin 37° + δmin
=µ =
A 3 2 40 cm 40 cm
sin
2 F
B C
5 5
µmax can be , so µ will be less than 40 cm
40 cm
3 3
Since δmin will be less than 40° , so P
S
5 5
µ< sin 57° < sin 60° ⇒ µ < 1.446 20 cm 40 cm
3 3
By similar triangles
So the nearest possible value of µ should be 1.5
∆ BCD ∆ BFE; so EF =
3 × CD
Because BF= 3 ×BC
⇒
= EF 120 cm ⇒
= EP 160 cm
JEE Advanced/Boards
∴ Minimum height of eye is 160 cm.
Exercise 1 And similarly maximum height will be
E'P = 80 + 3 × 80 = 320cm
3 −1 3 −1
Sol
= 1: OB OP
= sin15 ο
2=
2 2 2
Sol 3: By property of similar triangles,
Number of image
M P
y 20 cm
B
O
(1, 1) x
120
o
x
3m
B S
o
60 A 20 20
P x
(0, 0) (1, 0) 3-x
c
(1, -1) D
I1
360 360
n
= − 1= − 1= 5
θ θ
x 300 cm
∆ MAB ∆MCD; =
20 cm y
y=
+ 20 100 cm;= ⇒ y 80 cm
20 × 300 cm
⇒x
= = 75cm
80
1 6 . 9 8 | Geometrical Optics
axis of M₁ 10 cm v 2 du ( −30)2
dv dv
I₂ = 2 . ⇒
= . 20m s−1 (downward)
dt u dt dt ( −15)2
1cm O 1cm
A dv
1cm 1cm (4) × 20 ms−1 =
= 80m s−1 (downward)
dt
I₁
axis of M₂
Sol 6: Refer theory
M2
1 1'
H = 15 + 20 × 4 − × 10 × 16 = 15 + 80 − 80 = 15m 4”
2 o
3
1 1 1
Mirror formula + = gives Sol 8: At any point by Snell’s law
v u f
1sin 90 =n(y). sin (90o − θ);
1 1 1 1 1 2 − 3 −1
= − = − = = (kg3/2 + 1)1/2 cos θ
1=
v −10 ( −15) 15 −10 30 30
⇒v= −30 cm
P hysi cs | 16.99
x
1 6 . 1 0 0 | Geometrical Optics
Sol 10: o
For reflection of reflected ray at first face of prism
37
A
r
h r i
r
=1 15'
o
(90-2r)
2r
3.0 m o
6 30'
ο
sin i sin 37 4 3 3/5
=µ⇒ = µ = ⇒ sin r = =
sin r sin r 3 h +9 2 4/3
1 3 400
⇒ = ⇒ 400 = 9 (h2 + 9) ⇒ h2 = −9 6.5
2
h +9 30 9 µ sin 2r =sin 6.5 = π
180 1
319
⇒
= h = 5.95 m
9 6.5π 6.5π
2rµ
⇒= rµ
⇒= … (iii)
180 360
6.5 π 90
=µ × ⇒
= µ 1.625
360 π
(C)and(D)gives
When
µ12 + µ32 = 1 + µ22 + µ24 sin2 r7 .......(E)
vref vB From (v) µ5 sinr9 =
µ 4 cos r7 ......(F)
N
B (E) and (F) gives
µ12 + µ32 + µ52 sin2 r9 = 1 + µ22 + µ24 .....(G)
i From (vi) µ5 cos r9 =
1 ....(H)
(G) and (H) gives
i i ⇒ µ12 + µ32 + µ52 = 2 + µ22 + µ24
90-i
M A Sol 15: Snell’s law at spherical surface for the first ray
O µ sin i1 = sin r1
10 m
i = 37ο , we have
OA
OB = vB
cos(90 − i) r1
OA 10 10 i2
= = = m vref h1
sin i sin 37 3 / 5 R
90-i i1
50 x1
⇒ OB =m C
3 i
⇒ speed vrefl = ωrefl × [OB]
50 i h1 h1 R2
⇒ v refl =36 × m s−1 =600m s−1 ⇒ 1.6 = ⇒ h12=
+ x12
3
R h12 + x12 2.56
v ref v ref 600
vB
= = =
cos(90 − i) sin i 3 / 5 202
⇒ 0.52 + x22= ⇒ x2= 12.49 m
= 200 × 5= 1000 m / s. 2.56
µ3 sin r6 =
µ 4 sin r7 ........(iv) 202
⇒ x22= − 122 ⇒ x2= 3.5 m
µ 4 sin r8 =
µ5 sin r9 ........(v) 2.56
µ5 sin r10 =
1 sin 90........(v i) ⇒ ∆x2= x1 − x2= 9 m
Also as all prisms are isosceles right angled prisms, we Sol 16: (a) For total internal reflection at the concrete-
have air interface we have critical angle
1 = µ1 sinr1 ; µ2 sin r3 =
µ1 cos r1 1 1
⇒ sin θc = ⇒ θc = sin−1
⇒ µ12 = 1 + µ22 2
sin r3 .....(A) 5 5
From (iii) µ3 sin r5 = µ2 cos r3 ......(B)
(b) The concrete is a rarer medium for sound because
(A) and (B) gives the speed of sound is higher in concrete, while air will
µ12 + µ32 sin2 r5 = 1 + µ22 ....(C) be denser medium for sound as the speed of sound is
lower in air. So for TIR, sound must travel in air which is
From (iv)
denser medium in this case.
µ3 cos r5 =
µ 4 sin r7 ...(D)
(C)and(D)gives
µ12 + µ32 = 1 + µ22 + µ24 sin2 r7 .......(E)
From (v) µ5 sinr9 =
µ 4 cos r7 ......(F)
1 6 . 1 0 2 | Geometrical Optics
Sol 17: The outer most ray of the beam , ray 1, will Sol 19: Angle of deviation is gives as δ= (i1 + i2 ) − A
be tangential to the circular surface of rod at point P
Hence i2 – i1 = 23°, A =60°, δ =23°
and hence angle of incidence is 90°, hence greater than
critical angle, and hence will travel tangentially at all ⇒
⇒ 23
⇒ 23°°==
23°=
ii1 + i − 60
+ ii222 −
i11 + − 60
60
points of the circular portion from P to P’. ⇒ ii1 + i == 83 ° ...(1) … (i)
⇒
⇒ i11 + + ii222 83 °
= 83° ...(1)...(1)
⇒ iii22 −
⇒ − ii11 == 23
23°°° ...(2)
...(2) … (ii)
i ⇒ 2 − i1 = 23 ...(2)
From (i) and (ii) we get i1 = 30°, i2=53°
R Snell’s law at first refracting surface.
P Q Q’ P’
o
60
d
i1 i2
A B r1 r2
ray 1 ray 2 1 2 o o
60 60
The inner most ray of the beam, ray 2, will be incident
on the inner circular surface at angle i. 1 1
sini1 =µ sinr1 ⇒ =µ sinr1 ⇒ sinr1 =
From the geometry of figure we see that, 2 2µ
CQ = R; CA= R +d Snell’s law at second refracting surface.
R=(R+d) cos (90 - i) ⇒ R = (R + d) sin i 1 4 4
µ sinr2 = sini2 ⇒ sinr2 = . =
Here angle i will be the least of all angles of incidence µ 5 5µ
of ray 2 during its path inside the critical rod. So, if i is Now r1+r2=60°
greater than critical angle then ray 2 will surfer TIR at all
point in circular rod.
1 R 1 1 1 d A
sini > ⇒ > ⇒ > ⇒1+ < µ
µ R+d µ d µ R
1+ i
R
R+d
d d
⇒ < (µ − 1) ⇒ = (µ − 1) = 1.5 − 1
R R max
d 1
⇒ =
R max 2 90-i
Q R C
Sol 18: In a prime r1+r2=A;
Here r =r, r =0o, A=30o ⇒ r =30o …..(i)
1 2 3 3
⇒ sin(r1 + r2 ) = ⇒ sinr1 cosr2 + cosr1 sinr2 = ⇒ μ
At first refracting surface 2 2
1 16 1 4 3
sin i 1 1 ⇒ . 1− + 1− . =
= µ = 2 ⇒ sin i = (sin30o ) 2 = 2 = 2µ 25µ 2
4µ 5µ
2 2
sin r 2
2
⇒ i =45
43
=
5
P hysi cs | 16.103
Sol 20: Deviation suffered by the transmitted ray is Sol 21: When air is filled between two similar glass
pieces.
δδ=
= 1 (60oo
(60 − ) + (60oo
− rr1 ) + (60 − − rr11 ))
1 1
120 − 2r1 ...........(1)
...........(1) Pe 2PL + PM
=
δδ11=
= 120 − 2r 1
… (i)
Deviation suffered by the reflected ray after emerging
1 1 µL − µm 1 1
out of sphere. = PL = where −
fL fL µm R1 R 2
o o o
δ= (60o − r1 ) + (180o − 2r1 ) + (60o − r1 )
2
δ=
2 (60 − r1 ) + (180 − 2r1 ) + (60 − r1 )
δ2 300oo − 4r1 ..........(2)
= 1 1 − 1 1 1 1
δ2 300 − 4r1 …(ii)
= ..........(2) ⇒ − ⇒ = 0
fL 1 R −R fL
1
Now δ1 = δ2 ⇒ 3δ1 =δ2 .......(3)
…(iii) air air
3
From (i), (ii) and (iii) we get = air +
1 R
30
o Then PL=0 PM = − where fM = = −
fM 2
R=40cm
o
air air
60
= w +
sin60 3 /2
=µ⇒µ= ⇒µ= 3 Again if air between the glass pieces is replaced by
sinr1 1/2 water.
Pe 2PL + PM
=
1 6 . 1 0 4 | Geometrical Optics
1 R
= − (for concave mirror) Sol 23: Focal length of Plano - concave lens
fM 2
2 2 1 1 1
PM= = = (µ1 − 1) −
R 40 f1 ∞ R
1 3 1 1
⇒ Pe = 2PL + PM = − 1 − = − ⇒ f1 =−60 cm
f1 2 30 60
1 2 5 1
2× + = = Focal length of plano-convex lens
60 40 60 12
1 1 1
1 = (µ2 − 1) −
− ⇒ fe =−12 cm f2 ∞ −R
fe
1 5 1 1
1 1 1 = − 1 = ⇒ f2 = 120 cm
Again apply + = f1 4 30
120
v u fe
v 375 / 7 1 I2
Magnification, m = = ⇒m= −
u −750 14
20 cm
P2 R
3.0 cm
M C I1
⇒ diameter of imageof bulb,d1 = = 0.214 cm
14 P1
20 cm 40 cm
X
P hysi cs | 16.105
4 3
− 1 1 1
4/3 3/2 3 2 ..............(ii) ⇒Mirror formula + = will give focal length of
− = ... (ii) v u f
v2 v1 −30 cm
mirror by putting u=-50 cm, v=+10 cm,
Add (i) and (ii)
1 1 1 4 2 25
3 4 3 So, = − = = ⇒ f=
−1 − + f 10 50 50 25 2
4 1 2 3 2
+ =
3v 2 90 30 Radius of curvature R=2f =25 cm
4 2 1
⇒ =− ⇒ v2 =
+120 cm
3v 2 90 90
near end
For mirror, image of lens acts as object. F
Image length 1 1 1
Sol 6: (D) Lens formula − =; u = -30 cm,
v u f
fu fu − uf + f 2
| v near | − | v ∞=| f
−=
u−f u−f f = 20 cm
2
f
⇒ ∆I =
u−f
2 cm
Sol 3: (C) Velocity of image
P
v du dv
2 v 2 h1 0.5 cm
dv
− ;
= =
− .4 cm s−1 . axis
dt u2 dt dt 20 2
h2
From mirror formula
1 1 1 3−2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 −5 1 = − = = ⇒ v = 60
=− ⇒ = − = − = =− v 20 30 60 60
v f u v −12 −20 20 12 60 30 v 60
Magnification m = ⇒ m = =−2 ⇒ h2 =−2h1
dv 900 −1
u −30
⇒v=−30 cm ⇒ =− 4 cm s = −9 cm s−1
dt 400 So h2 =−2 × 0.5cm =−1cm (below axis)
So Image of P is 1.5 cm below XY.
d2
Sol 4: (D) Area of mirror, A1 = π .
4
Sol 7: (B) Distance between object and screen is D,
Area left after putting opaque, displacement of lens is d, and so focal length of lens is
d2 d2 d2 D2 − d2 902 − 202
A2 = A1 − π d2 = π d2 − π d2 =f = = 21.4 cm
A2 = A1 − π 16 = π 4 − π 16 4D 4 × 90
16 4 16
d2 1 3 πd22 3
⇒ A2 = π d2 1 − 1 =
3 πd =3 A1
⇒ A2 = π 4 1 − 4 =4 4 = 4 A1 Sol 8: (A) Object size
4 4 4 4 4
3 O= I1 × I2 = 6 cm× 3 cm
Focal length will not change and intensity become I.
4
O = 4.24 cm
dy πx πx π L
= 2cos = 1 ⇒ = ⇒x=
dx L L 3 3
L 2L π 3L
⇒ y= sin =
3 π 3 π
P hysi cs | 16.107
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A
=− ⇒ = − = ⇒ v1 =
+30cm x
v1 f u1 v1 60 −60 30 F
B
x
Image of B in convex mirror C
(x + y)
y
1 1 1 1 1 3+2 1
= − = − = =
v 2 f u2 60 −90 180 36 D
G
⇒ v2 =
+36 cm ⇒ A'B' =
(36 − 30)cm =
6 cm y
E
th
1 Man
Second image A’B’ is virtual and of magnification
w. r. t. AB and erect. 5
Sol 16: (B, D) The distance PQ1 and PQ2 will not change
1
as the mirror MM’ moves with speed v perpendicular
2
i to its length.
P S P Q1 Wall Q2
i
i’ i’
Sol 25: (D) If a plane mirror is moved such that its Sol 33: (A) Path of rays 1 is more than path of ray 2 by
perpendicular distance from the point object does not a distance dsin α . Draw perpendicular S2M from S2 to
change, then the image will not move. ray 1.
Comprehension Type S1
O I
P
X ∠MS2S1 =
α and MS1 =
d sin α
-40
d sin α = (µ − 1)t c c
Sol 7: (B) N= = v= which is choice B
(µ − 1)t v n
⇒ α =sin−1
d v
Also frequency ν = since v remains unchanged
λ
Match the Column v air v m
=
λair λm
Sol 34: A → p, r; B → q, s; C → p, q, r, s; D → p, q, r, s
vm vm c
⇒ λm = λair × =λair × ×
v air c v air
1 1 1 λair
Sol 1: (C, D)
f
=
v
+ (mirror formula)
u n
= (
nm n=
and nair 1 )
F = – 24 cm
So choice D is wrong
n0 f = + 20 cm
n0 sin
= θ sin θC
6
1 1 1
1 13 1 – =
or sin
= θ sin=
θC = v –40 20
6 64 8
1 1 1 1
1 = – =
∴ θ =sin−1 v 20 40 40
8
\ v = 40 cm
Sol 3: (A, C, D) In case of concave mirror or convex lens
image can be real, virtual, diminished, magnified or of
same size. Sol 9: (B) Object is placed at distance 2f from the lens.
So first image I1 will be formed at distance 2f on other
(B) In case of convex mirror image is always virtual (for
side. This image I1 will behave like a virtual object for
real object).
mirror. The second image I2 will be formed at distance
20 cm in front of the mirror, or at distance 10 cm to the
Sol 4: (A) At minimum deviation ( δ = δm ) : left hand side of the lens.
A 60o
r1= r2= = = 30o (For both colours)
2 2
1 6 . 1 1 0 | Geometrical Optics
Now applying lens formula Hence, l will depend on n (z) but not on n2.
10 cm
O
I3
I1 n1 = constant 1 1
I2
6 cm
n(z)
30 cm 10 cm 20 cm
z
d
1 1 1 d
− =
v u f
1 1 1
∴ − = n2 = constant l
v +10 +15 2
or v = 6 cm
Therefore, the final image is at distance 16 cm from the
mirror. But, this image will be real.
This is because ray of light is travelling from right to Sol 13: (A) First Image I1 from the lens will be formed
left. at 75 cm to the right of the lens.
Taking the mirror to be straight, the image I1 after
50
Sol 10: (3) For v1 = m, u1 = – 25 m reflection will be formed at 50 cm to the left of the
7 mirror.
25
v2 = m, u2 = – 50 m On rotation of mirror by 30° the final image is I3.
3
25 18 So x = 50 – 50 cos 60° =25 cm.
Speed of object = × = 3 km/h.
30 5 and y = 50 sin 60° =25 3 cm.
I3
Sol 11: (B)
feq R R 30
o
feq = 20 o
30
I2 (0, 0)
Here u = - 40, f = 20
v = 40 50 cm
θi n ( d) sin=
n1 sin
= θd n2 sin θf
The deviation of ray in the slab will depend on n (z)
cos=
θ (
1 ˆ
2
i + 3 ˆj )
cos=
θ
2 (
1 ˆ 1
) (
i + 3 ˆj . ˆi + 3 ˆj
2 )
P hysi cs | 16.111
1 ∴ f1 = 3R
cos θ = −
2 For glass to air.
θ 120°
= 1 1.4 − 1.5 1 − 1.4
= +
f2 −R −R
Sol 15: (C) ∴ f2 =
2R
r 5.77
Sol 18: (C) tan θc = = ≈ 3
h 10
Liquid r
24 m 8m
C C h
λa 3
=
µ =
λm 2 µ
⇒ sin θc =
µb
1 µ −1 1
⇒= =
f R 2R 1
µ 2.72 ×= 1.36
⇒=
2
1 1 1
⇒ = −
f v u 1 1
Sol 19: (B)
f
= ( µ − 1) R1 −
R 2
1 1 1 1
⇒ − =
8 −24 2R
3+1 1
⇒ =
24 2R f=R f = 2R f = -2R
⇒R=
3m
1 1 1
Use = +
feq f1 f2
Sol 16: (D) P → (2); Q → (3); R → (4) ; S → (1)
1 1 1 2 R
P. µ2 > µ1 .... (towards normal) (P) = + = ;f =
feq R R R eq 2
µ2 > µ3 .... (away from normal)
Q. µ1 =µ2 .... (No change in path) 1 1 1 1
(Q) = + = ; feq = R
feq 2R 2R R
∠ i= 0 ⇒ ∠r = 0 on the block.
R. µ1 > µ2 .... (Away from the normal) 1 1 1 1
(R) =
− − − ; feq =
= −R
µ2 > µ3 .... (Away from the normal) feq 2R 2R R
1 µ1
µ1 × =µ2 sinr ⇒ sin r = . 1 1 1 1
(S) = − = ; f =2R
2 2 µ2 feq R 2R 2R eq
Since sin r < 1 ⇒ µ1 < 2 µ2
n sin =
r2 sin θ 1
β + θ = θc = sin−1 = 45°
Using equation (i) and (ii) 2
For reflection
1 1 2
+ = ⇒ R = 30 cm
10 −30 R
(n − 1) R1 =
1 1
=
f 20
5
∴n =
2
The faint image is erect and virtual.