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Lesson 3.2: Circular Function

1) The circular functions cosine and sine can be defined as functions of the arc length s of a point on the unit circle, where cosine represents the x-coordinate and sine represents the y-coordinate. 2) Since sine and cosine are defined based on the x and y coordinates of a point on the unit circle, they satisfy the Pythagorean identity that cosine squared plus sine squared equals 1. 3) The domains of the circular functions cosine and sine are all real numbers, while the domains of tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant are restricted to exclude values where the denominator would be zero.

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44 views7 pages

Lesson 3.2: Circular Function

1) The circular functions cosine and sine can be defined as functions of the arc length s of a point on the unit circle, where cosine represents the x-coordinate and sine represents the y-coordinate. 2) Since sine and cosine are defined based on the x and y coordinates of a point on the unit circle, they satisfy the Pythagorean identity that cosine squared plus sine squared equals 1. 3) The domains of the circular functions cosine and sine are all real numbers, while the domains of tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant are restricted to exclude values where the denominator would be zero.

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Aerl Xuan
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Lesson 3.

2
Circular Function
3.2.1 Circular Functions on Real Numbers
Circular Functions
In Figure 3.17
, we start at the point
(1, 0)
and measure an arc of length s along the
circle. If
s > 0,
then the arc is measured in a counterclockwise
direction, and if
s < 0,
then
the direction is clockwise. (If
s=0
then no arc is measured.) Let the endpoint of this
arc
be at the point
(x, y). The circle in Figure 3.17
is a unit circle
—
it has center at th
e origin
and radius 1 unit (hence the name unit circle). Recall
from algebra that the equation of
this circle is
X
2
+y
2
=1
We saw in the previous lesson that the radian
measure of θ is related to the arc
length s. In fact, for θ
measured in radians, we know that s = rθ. Here, r =
1, so s, which is
measured in linear units such as inches or
centimeters, is numerically equal to θ,
measured in radians. Thus, the trigonometric
functions of angle θ in radians found by
choosing a point(
x, y) on the unit circle can be rewritten as functions
of the arc length s,
a real number. When interpreted this way, they are
called circular functions.
Circular Functions
Since x represents the cosine of s and y represents
the sine of s, and because of
the discussion in
lesson 3.1
on converting between degrees and radians, we can
summarize a great deal of information in a conc
ise manner, as seen in Figure 18.
Figure 3.17
Note:
Since
sin s = y
and
cos s = x,
we can replace x and y in the equation
x
2
+y
2
=1
and obtain the Pythagorean identity
cos
2
s + sin
2
s=1
The ordered pair
(x, y)
represents a point on the unit circle, and therefore
−
1
≤
푥
≤
1
푎푛푑
−
1
≤
푦
≤
1
,
So
−
1
≤
cos
푠
≤
1
푎푛푑
−
1
≤
sin
푠
≤
1
,
For any value of s, both sin s and cos s exist, so the
domain of these functions is
the set of all real
numbers. For tan s, defined as
푦
푥
,x
must not equal 0. The only way x
can
equal 0 is when the arc length s is
휋
2
,
−
휋
2
,
3
휋
2
,
−
3
휋
2
,
and so on. To avoid a 0 denominator,
the domain of the tangent function must be restricted
to those values of s satisfying
푠
≠
(
2
푛
+
1
)
휋
2
,
푛
푎푛푦
푖푛푡푒푔푒푟
The definitio
n of secant also has x in the denominator, so the
domain of secant
is the same as the domain of tangent. Both
cotangent and cosecant are defined with a
deno
minator of y. To guarantee that
푦
≠
0
,
the domain of these functions must be the
set of all values of
s satisfying
푠
≠
푛휋
,
푛
푎푛푦
푖푛푡푒푔푒푟
Figure 3.18

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