Problem Consideration Routine

0 5 ′
− pu ′ + qu = λru,
Sturm-Liouville problems SLEIG
page 745

α u0 a5 − α 1 pu ′0 a56
1 2

= λ2α ′ u0 a5 − α ′ 1 pu ′0 a567
1 2

β u0 b5 + β 1 pu ′0 b56 = 0
1 2

IVPRK/DIVPRK (Single/Double precision)

Solve an initial-value problem for ordinary differential equations using the
Runge-Kutta-Verner fifth-order and sixth-order method.

Usage
CALL IVPRK (IDO, N, FCN, T, TEND, TOL, PARAM, Y)

Arguments
IDO — Flag indicating the state of the computation. (Input/Output)
IDO State
1 Initial entry
2 Normal re-entry
3 Final call to release workspace
4 Return because of interrupt 1
5 Return because of interrupt 2 with step accepted
6 Return because of interrupt 2 with step rejected
Normally, the initial call is made with IDO = 1. The routine then sets IDO = 2,
and this value is used for all but the last call that is made with IDO = 3. This final
call is used to release workspace, which was automatically allocated by the initial
call with IDO = 1. No integration is performed on this final call. See Comment 3
for a description of the other interrupts.
N — Number of differential equations. (Input)
FCN — User-supplied SUBROUTINE to evaluate functions. The usage is CALL
FCN (N, T, Y, YPRIME), where
N – Number of equations. (Input)
T – Independent variable, t. (Input)
Y – Array of size N containing the dependent variable values, y.
(Input)
YPRIME – Array of size N containing the values of the vector y′
evaluated at (t, y). (Output)
FCN must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling program.
T — Independent variable. (Input/Output)
On input, T contains the initial value. On output, T is replaced by TEND unless
error conditions have occurred. See IDO for details.

IMSL MATH/LIBRARY Chapter 5: Differential Equations • 645

 TEND — Value of t where the solution is required. (Input)
The value TEND may be less than the initial value of t.
TOL — Tolerance for error control. (Input)
An attempt is made to control the norm of the local error such that the global
error is proportional to TOL.
PARAM — A floating-point array of size 50 containing optional parameters.
(Input/ Output)
If a parameter is zero, then a default value is used. These default values are given
below. Parameters that concern values of step size are applied in the direction of
integration. The following parameters must be set by the user:
PARAM Meaning
1 HINIT Initial value of the step size. Default: 10.0 * MAX (AMACH
(1), AMACH(4) * MAX(ABS(TEND), ABS(T)))
2 HMIN Minimum value of the step size. Default: 0.0
3 HMAX Maximum value of the step size. Default: 2.0
4 MXSTEP Maximum number of steps allowed. Default: 500
5 MXFCN Maximum number of function evaluations allowed. Default:
No enforced limit.
6 Not used.
7 INTRP1 If nonzero, then return with IDO = 4 before each step. See
Comment 3. Default: 0.
8 INTRP2 If nonzero, then return with IDO = 5 after every successful
step and with IDO = 6 after every unsuccessful step. See
Comment 3. Default: 0.
9 SCALE A measure of the scale of the problem, such as an
approximation to the average value of a norm of the
Jacobian matrix along the solution. Default: 1.0

646 • Chapter 5: Differential Equations IMSL MATH/LIBRARY

 10 INORM Switch determining error norm. In the following, eL is the
absolute value of an estimate of the error in yL(t). Default: 0.
0 − min(absolute error, relative error) = max(eL/wL); i = 1, …
, N, where wL = max(|yL(t)|, 1.0).
1 − absolute error = max(eL), i = 1 …, N.
2− max(eL/wL), i = 1 …, N where wL = max(|yL (t)|, FLOOR),
and FLOOR is PARAM(11).
3 − Scaled Euclidean norm defined as

∑i=1 ei2 / wi2

N
YMAX =
where wL= max(|yL (t)|, 1.0). Other definitions of YMAX can
be specified by the user, as explained in Comment 1.
11 FLOOR Used in the norm computation associated with parameter
INORM. Default: 1.0.
12−30 Not used.

The following entries in PARAM are set by the program.

PARAM Meaning
31 HTRIAL Current trial step size.
32 HMINC Computed minimum step size allowed.
33 HMAXC Computed maximum step size allowed.
34 NSTEP Number of steps taken.
35 NFCN Number of function evaluations used.
36−50 Not used.

Y — Array of size N of dependent variables. (Input/Output)

On input, Y contains the initial values. On output, Y contains the approximate
solution.

Comments
1. Automatic workspace usage is
IVPRK 10N units, or
DIVPRK 20N units.
Workspace may be explicitly provided, if desired, by use of
I2PRK/DI2PRK. The reference is
CALL I2PRK (IDO, N, FCN, T, TEND, TOL, PARAM, Y,
VNORM, WK)
The additional arguments are as follows:

IMSL MATH/LIBRARY Chapter 5: Differential Equations • 647

 VNORM — A Fortran SUBROUTINE to compute the norm of the error.
(Input)
The routine may be provided by the user, or the IMSL routine
I3PRK/DI3PRK may be used. In either case, the name must be declared
in a Fortran EXTERNAL statement. If usage of the IMSL routine is
intended, then the name I3PRK/DI3PRK should be used. The usage of
the error norm routine is CALL VNORM (N, V, Y, YMAX, ENORM), where
Arg Definition
N Number of equations. (Input)
V Array of size N containing the vector whose norm is to be
computed. (Input)
Y Array of size N containing the values of the dependent variable.
(Input)
YMAX Array of size N containing the maximum values of |y(t)|.
(Input)
ENORM Norm of the vector V. (Output)
VNORM must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling program.
WK — Work array of size 10 N using the working precision. The
contents of WK must not be changed from the first call with IDO = 1 until
after the final call with IDO = 3.
2. Informational errors
Type Code
4 1 Cannot satisfy error condition. The value of TOL may
be too small.
4 2 Too many function evaluations needed.
4 3 Too many steps needed. The problem may be stiff.
3. If PARAM(7) is nonzero, the subroutine returns with IDO = 4 and will
resume calculation at the point of interruption if re-entered with IDO = 4.
If PARAM(8) is nonzero, the subroutine will interrupt the calculations
immediately after it decides whether or not to accept the result of the
most recent trial step. The values used are IDO = 5 if the routine plans to
accept, or IDO = 6 if it plans to reject the step. The values of IDO may be
changed by the user (by changing IDO from 6 to 5) in order to force
acceptance of a step that would otherwise be rejected. Some parameters
the user might want to examine after return from an interrupt are IDO,
HTRIAL, NSTEP, NFCN, T, and Y. The array Y contains the newly
computed trial value for y(t), accepted or not.

Algorithm
Routine IVPRK finds an approximation to the solution of a system of first-order
differential equations of the form y0 = f (t, y) with given initial data. The routine
attempts to keep the global error proportional to a user-specified tolerance. This
routine is efficient for nonstiff systems where the derivative evaluations are not
expensive.

648 • Chapter 5: Differential Equations IMSL MATH/LIBRARY

 The routine IVPRK is based on a code designed by Hull, Enright and Jackson
(1976, 1977). It uses Runge-Kutta formulas of order five and six developed by J.
H. Verner.

Example 1
Consider a predator-prey problem with rabbits and foxes. Let r be the density of
rabbits and let f be the density of foxes. In the absence of any predator-prey
interaction, the rabbits would increase at a rate proportional to their number, and
the foxes would die of starvation at a rate proportional to their number.
Mathematically,
r ′ = 2r
f′=−f
The rate at which the rabbits are eaten by the foxes is 2r f, and the rate at which
the foxes increase, because they are eating the rabbits, is r f. So, the model to be
solved is
r ′ = 2r − 2r f
f′=−f+rf
The initial conditions are r(0) = 1 and f(0) = 3 over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10.
In the program Y(1) = r and Y(2) = f. Note that the parameter vector PARAM is first
set to zero with IMSL routine SSET (page 1037). Then, absolute error control is
selected by setting PARAM(10) = 1.0.
The last call to IVPRK with IDO = 3 deallocates IMSL workspace allocated on the
first call to IVPRK. It is not necessary to release the workspace in this example
because the program ends after solving a single problem. The call to release
workspace is made as a model of what would be needed if the program included
further calls to IMSL routines.
INTEGER MXPARM, N
PARAMETER (MXPARM=50, N=2)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCAL VARIABLES
INTEGER IDO, ISTEP, NOUT
REAL PARAM(MXPARM), T, TEND, TOL, Y(N)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR SUBROUTINES
EXTERNAL IVPRK, SSET, UMACH, FCN
C
CALL UMACH (2, NOUT)
C Set initial conditions
T = 0.0
Y(1) = 1.0
Y(2) = 3.0
C Set error tolerance
TOL = 0.0005
C Set PARAM to default
CALL SSET (MXPARM, 0.0, PARAM, 1)
C Select absolute error control
PARAM(10) = 1.0
C Print header

IMSL MATH/LIBRARY Chapter 5: Differential Equations • 649

 WRITE (NOUT,99999)
IDO = 1
ISTEP = 0
10 CONTINUE
ISTEP = ISTEP + 1
TEND = ISTEP
CALL IVPRK (IDO, N, FCN, T, TEND, TOL, PARAM, Y)
IF (ISTEP .LE. 10) THEN
WRITE (NOUT,’(I6,3F12.3)’) ISTEP, T, Y
C Final call to release workspace
IF (ISTEP .EQ. 10) IDO = 3
GO TO 10
END IF
99999 FORMAT (4X, ’ISTEP’, 5X, ’Time’, 9X, ’Y1’, 11X, ’Y2’)
END
SUBROUTINE FCN (N, T, Y, YPRIME)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR ARGUMENTS
INTEGER N
REAL T, Y(N), YPRIME(N)
C
YPRIME(1) = 2.0*Y(1) - 2.0*Y(1)*Y(2)
YPRIME(2) = -Y(2) + Y(1)*Y(2)
RETURN
END

Output
ISTEP Time Y1 Y2
1 1.000 0.078 1.465
2 2.000 0.085 0.578
3 3.000 0.292 0.250
4 4.000 1.449 0.187
5 5.000 4.046 1.444
6 6.000 0.176 2.256
7 7.000 0.066 0.908
8 8.000 0.148 0.367
9 9.000 0.655 0.188
10 10.000 3.157 0.352

Example 2
This is a mildly stiff problem (F2) from the test set of Enright and Pryce (1987).
It is included here because it illustrates the inefficiency of requiring more function
evaluations with a nonstiff solver, for a requested accuracy, than would be
required using a stiff solver. Also, see IVPAG, page 646, Example 2, where the
problem is solved using a BDF method. The number of function evaluations may
vary, depending on the accuracy and other arithmetic characteristics of the
computer. The test problem has n = 2 equations:

650 • Chapter 5: Differential Equations IMSL MATH/LIBRARY

 y1′ = − y1 − y1 y2 + k1 y2
y2′ = 1
− k2 y2 + k3 1 − y2 y1 6
05=
y1 0 1
y 00 5 =
2 0
k1 = 294
k2 = 3
k3 = 0.01020408
tend = 240
INTEGER MXPARM, N
PARAMETER (MXPARM=50, N=2)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCAL VARIABLES
INTEGER IDO, ISTEP, NOUT
REAL PARAM(MXPARM), T, TEND, TOL, Y(N)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR SUBROUTINES
EXTERNAL IVPRK, SSET, UMACH
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR FUNCTIONS
EXTERNAL FCN
C
CALL UMACH (2, NOUT)
C Set initial conditions
T = 0.0
Y(1) = 1.0
Y(2) = 0.0
C Set error tolerance
TOL = 0.001
C Set PARAM to default
CALL SSET (MXPARM, 0.0, PARAM, 1)
C Select absolute error control
PARAM(10) = 1.0
C Print header
WRITE (NOUT,99998)
IDO = 1
ISTEP = 0
10 CONTINUE
ISTEP = ISTEP + 24
TEND = ISTEP
CALL IVPRK (IDO, N, FCN, T, TEND, TOL, PARAM, Y)
IF (ISTEP .LE. 240) THEN
WRITE (NOUT,’(I6,3F12.3)’) ISTEP/24, T, Y
C Final call to release workspace
IF (ISTEP .EQ. 240) IDO = 3
GO TO 10
END IF
C Show number of function calls.
WRITE (NOUT,99999) PARAM(35)
99998 FORMAT (4X, ’ISTEP’, 5X, ’Time’, 9X, ’Y1’, 11X, ’Y2’)

IMSL MATH/LIBRARY Chapter 5: Differential Equations • 651

99999 FORMAT (4X, ’Number of fcn calls with IVPRK =’, F6.0)
END
SUBROUTINE FCN (N, T, Y, YPRIME)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR ARGUMENTS
INTEGER N
REAL T, Y(N), YPRIME(N)
C SPECIFICATIONS FOR DATA VARIABLES
REAL AK1, AK2, AK3
C
DATA AK1, AK2, AK3/294.0E0, 3.0E0, 0.01020408E0/
C
YPRIME(1) = -Y(1) - Y(1)*Y(2) + AK1*Y(2)
YPRIME(2) = -AK2*Y(2) + AK3*(1.0E0-Y(2))*Y(1)
RETURN
END

Output
ISTEP Time Y1 Y2
1 24.000 0.688 0.002
2 48.000 0.634 0.002
3 72.000 0.589 0.002
4 96.000 0.549 0.002
5 120.000 0.514 0.002
6 144.000 0.484 0.002
7 168.000 0.457 0.002
8 192.000 0.433 0.001
9 216.000 0.411 0.001
10 240.000 0.391 0.001
Number of fcn calls with IVPRK = 2153.

IVMRK/DIVMRK (Single/Double precision)

Solve an initial-value problem y′ = f(t, y) for ordinary differential equations using
Runge-Kutta pairs of various orders.

Usage
CALL IVMRK (IDO, N, FCN, T, TEND, Y, YPRIME)

Arguments
IDO — Flag indicating the state of the computation. (Input/Output)
IDO State
1 Initial entry
2 Normal re-entry
3 Final call to release workspace
4 Return after a step
5 Return for function evaluation (reverse communication)
Normally, the initial call is made with IDO = 1. The routine then sets IDO = 2,
and this value is used for all but the last call that is made with IDO = 3. This final
call is used to release workspace, which was automatically allocated by the initial
call with IDO = 1.

652 • Chapter 5: Differential Equations IMSL MATH/LIBRARY