Obstetrics Nursing

alphas sumaling-non

Obstetrics Nursing
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HUMAN
REPRODUCTION

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Female Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System
n External Genetalia
q Mons pubis/ mons veneris
- pad of fat above the symphysis pubis

- Covered by curly hair at puberty called

escutcheon
q Labia majora

- 2 thick skin folds of adipose originating from

the mons & terminating from the perineum
- Nulliparous: close apposition

- multiparous: gape after birth

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Female Reproductive System
n External Genetalia
q Labia minora
- 2 thin skin folds of connective tissue
- Joins anteriorly to form the prepuce
- Joins posteriorly to form the fourchette

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 Female Reproductive System
n External Genetalia
q Clitoris

- Seat of a woman’s sexual arousal & orgasm

- Sensitive to touch & temperature
- Composed of 2 erectile tissue: corpus
cavernosa
- Sexual intercourse: ischiocavernous muscle
contracts blocking flow of blood
- Clitoral congestion & erection
- Produce cheese-like secretion: smegma
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ischiocavernous muscle

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 Female Reproductive System

n External
Genitalia
qFourchette

qPerineum

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Female Reproductive System

n External Genitalia
q vestibule
- Triangular space between the fourchette &
vaginal introitus
a. Urethral meatus

b. Vaginal introitus

- Grafenberg spot located at the inner

anterior surface of the vagina
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G- SPOT

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Female Reproductive System

n External Genitalia
q vestibule
c. Hymen
- Separates the internal organs from the
external organs
- Imperforate hymen: completely covers the
vaginal introitus
- (hymenotomy/ hymenectomy)
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 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

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Female Reproductive System

n External Genitalia
q Vestibule
d. Bartholin’s glands
- vulvovaginal/paravaginal/major vestibular
- Found at the inner side of the vagina
e. Skene’s glands/paraurethral/minor
vestibule
- Found at the inner side of the urethral
meatus
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Female Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Vagina

Ø 8-12 cm long

Ø Before puberty: pH 6.8 -7.2

Ø After puberty: pH 4-5

Ø In front of the rectum behind the bladder

Ø Organ of copulation

Ø Discharges menstrual flow

Ø Birth canal

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Female Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Uterus

- Organ of reproduction
- Organ of menstruation

Layers:
Ø Perimetrium
Ø Myometrium

Ø Endometrium

a. Glandular layer- peels off during menstruation

b. Basal layer- gives rise to new endometrium
after menstruation & delivery
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Female Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Uterus

Parts:
Ø Fundus
- Muscular area

- Thickest, most contractile

- Ideal site of implantation

Ø Corpus

Ø Isthmus

- Lower uterine segment

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Female Reproductive System
Internal Genitalia
q Uterus

- Inverted pear
- 2.5-3 inches long, 2 inches wide, 50-70
gms
Parts
Ø Cervix
- 2.5 cm long 2.5 cm in diameter
v Internal os
v Cervical os
v External os

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Female Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Uterus

Supporting ligaments:
Ø Broad
- Supports the side of the uterus
Ø Round

- Connects uterus to the labia majora

Ø Posterior

- Connects posterior portion of the uterus to the

rectum
- Damage will lead to herniation of the rectum

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into the vagina: rectocele 28
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rectocele

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Female Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System
n InternaI Genitalia
q Fallopian tube
Parts:
Ø Interstitial
Ø Isthmus

Ø Ampulla

Ø infundibulum

q Ovaries

- Almond shape
- 6-19 gms, 1.5-3cm wide, 2-5 cm long
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FeAccessory Structures
male Reproductive System
q Mammaryglands
S-mooth W-ell rounded D-umpling not
noted
Parts:
Ø Acini cells
- Milk secreting cells of the breast
- Stimulated by prolactin
Ø Lactiferous duct
- Passageway of milk
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Female Reproductive System
n Accessory Glands
q Mammary glands
Ø Lactiferous sinus
- Dilated portion of the duct located behind the
nipple
- Reservoir of milk
Ø Montgomery tubercles
- Glands in the areola that secrete oily substance
for lubrication
Ø Nipples
- 15- 20 opening
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Female
nAccessoryReproductive
Structures System
q Mammary gland
Hormones
Ø Estrogen
- Stimulates dev’t of the ductile structures of the
breast
Ø Progesterone
- Stimulates the dev’t of acinar structures of the
breast
Ø Human Placental Lactogen
- Promotes breast dev’t during pregnancy

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 FemaAccessory Structures
le Reproductive System
q Mammary glands
Hormones
Ø Prolactin
- Stimulates milk production
- inhibited by progesterone
Ø Oxytocin
- Let down reflex
- -: An involuntary reflex during breastfeeding
which causes the milk to flow freely.
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Have you ever wondered why women’s cup size are
named after the letters of the alphabet?
Wonder no more…..
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 ACCESSORY ORGANS
PELVIS

BREAST

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 PELVIS TYPES

GYNECOID ANDROID

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 - Narrow, heart-shaped
- Male type pelvis

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 - Narrow, oval shaped; AP diameter is equal to or
greater than the transverse diameter
- resembles ape pelvis

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 - Classic female pelvis
- Wide and round in all directions

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 - Flattened, oval, transverse shape
- Broad pelvis with shortened AP diameter

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Male Reproductive System

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Male Reproductive System
External Genitalia

q Penis
- Organ of copulation & urination
- Erection: parasympathetic
- Ejaculation: sympathetic
v Glans penis
- Enlarge end of the penis

v Shaft/body

v Prepuce/foreskin

v Urethral meatus

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Male Reproductive System

n External Genitalia
q Scrotum
- sac-like structure that houses the testes
- No subcutaneous fat
- Wrinkled
- Darker coloration than the rest of the
body
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Male Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Testes
- Oval shape
- Descends in the scrotum at 28 week
gestation
- 4-5 cm long
- Left testes is usually larger & lower than
right

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 Male Reproductive System
Internal Genitalia
q Parts of the testes:
Ø Semineferous tubules
-where spermatogenesis takes place
85 million /testicle of sperms in 1 day
- Immature sperm, immotile

Ø Leydig’s/ interstitial cells

- Produce testosterone

- Found around the semineferous tubules

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Parts of the testes
ØSertoli cells
- For sperm transport

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Male Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Epididymis

- Appx 20 feet long

- Passageway for the traveling sperm for 12-
20 days
- Takes 64 days for a sperm to mature

q Vas deferens

- Passageway of the sperm from the

epdidymis in the testes to the urethra
- Propels the spermatozoa during ejaculation

- Cut during vasectomy

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Male Reproductive System
n Internal Genitalia
q Ejaculatory duct
- Passageway of semen
q Accessory structures

v Seminal vesicles

- 4 cm long

- Thick, mucoid secretion, high in sugar,

CHON, low pH ( alkaline)
- Secretion contains prostaglandin (Causes
contraction of the female reproductive
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Male Reproductive System
n Internal Genetalia
q Accessory structures
v Prostate gland
- Walnut shape

- Secretes thin, milky fuid

- Neutralizes the acidic nature of the male

urethra
v Bulbourethral gland/ cowper’s gland

- Secretes alkaline fluid

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Male Reproductive System
n Semen
- Seminal vesicle 60%
- Prostate gland 30%
- Testes 5%
- Bulbourethral gland 5%
- 2-5 ml
- 100 million sperm per ml
- High in sugar (fructose), CHON,
alkaline
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Male Reproductive System

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Analogous

Male Female
Spermatozoa Ovum
Glans penis Glans clitoris
Scrotum Labia majora
Penis Vagina
Testes Ovaries
Vas deferens Fallopian tube
Prostate gland Skene’s gland
Cowper’s gland Bartholin’s gland

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