MODULE 2 - Hydraulics (Revised)
MODULE 2 - Hydraulics (Revised)
MODULE 2 - Hydraulics (Revised)
MODULE 2
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND FORCES
Introduction
This module will discuss the basic principles of pressure as applied to the plane and
curved surfaces.
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the students must be able to:
1. Apply the Continuity Equation with reference to the conservation of mass, Energy
Equation with reference to the Euler equation, and Momentum Equation with
reference to the 2nd Law of Newton on motion.
UNIT PRESSURE
The intensity of pressure (known also as unit pressure or simply called pressure) is the
amount of force exerted by a fluid distributed uniformly over a unit area.
𝑭
𝑷=
𝑨
Where:
P- pressure in Pascal (Pa)
F- force in Newton (N)
A- area in square meter (m2)
If the unit pressure is not uniform over the unit area, it can be expressed as the sum of
differential pressure.
𝒅𝑭
𝑷=
𝒅𝑨
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
Pascal’s Law
The French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) states that the pressure is the
same in all directions at any point in a fluid at rest.
It is the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure (also Pascal's Principle) is a principle
in fluid mechanics that states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid
is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.
Note:
The term pressure, unless otherwise specified, will be used to denote gage or relative
pressure.
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2. Barograph
It is a recording barometer which provides a continuous record of pressure
over a period of time.
3. Aneroid Barometer
It is a liquid less instrument which is more potable and durable than a mercury
barometer.
4. Manometer
Instruments that use columns of liquids to measure pressures. It is a tube usually
bent in a form of a U, containing a liquid of known specific gravity, the surface of which
moves proportionally to changes in pressure
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Example 2-1
Determine the gage pressure at a point in a body of oil (s=0.8) 2.5m below the
free surface. If the atmospheric on the free surface is 101 KPa, what is the corresponding
absolute pressure at the point?
Given:
S = 0.8
Patm = 101 kPa
h = 2.5 m
Required:
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = ?
Solution:
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 101 𝐾𝑃𝑎 + 0.8 (9.81 ) (2.5𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝑲𝑷𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Note: FFS stands for Free Fluid Surface which refers to fluid surface subject to zero
gauge pressure.
The volume of the prism is equal to the length times the base area of the fluid.
The weight of the fluid prism shown is equal to the product of the unit weight and
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
volume.
Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest, the difference in pressure between any
two points is equal to the product of the unit weight of the fluid and the difference in elevation of
the points.
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or
Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest, the pressures at all points along the same
horizontal plane are equal.
If point 1 lie on the FFS, the gauge pressure p1 = 0, making p2 - 0 = γh or simply
This means that the pressure at any depth h below a continuous free fluid surface at rest is
equal to the product of the unit weight of fluid and the depth h.
Transmission of Pressure
We can write the equation p2 - p1 = γh into the form
which means that any change in the pressure at point 1 would cause an equal change of
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pressure at point 2. In other words, a pressure applied at any point in a liquid at rest is
transmitted equally and undiminished to every other point in the liquid.
Example 2-2
A tank contains oil of specific gravity=0.80, gasoline of specific gravity =0.90
and seawater of specific gravity =1.03. If the depth of the liquids is 0.50m, 0.80m and 1m for the
oil, gasoline and seawater respectively.
a. Find the pressure at a depth of 1.20m.
b. Find the pressure at a depth of 1.8m.
c. Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
Given:
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.80, 𝑠𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0.90, 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.03
Solution:
a. Pressure at d=1.20m
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑃1.2𝑚 = 0.80 (9.81 3 ) (0.50𝑚) + 0.90 (9.81 3 ) (0.70𝑚)
𝑚 𝑚
b. Pressure at 1.80m
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑃1.8𝑚 = 0.80 (9.81 3
) (0.50𝑚) + 0.90 (9.81 3 ) (0.80𝑚) + 1.03 (9.81 3 ) (0.50𝑚)
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
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𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 0.80 (9.81 3
) (0.50𝑚) + 0.90 (9.81 3 ) (0.80𝑚) + 1.03 (9.81 3 ) (0.50𝑚)
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑷𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Pressure Head
The equation p = γh may be written into the form
Where:
s = specific gravity
γ = unit weight
ρ = density
Example 2-3
A pressure of 150 KPa is equivalent to how many meters of water? of mercury?
In absolute units, what are the corresponding pressure heads, assuming standard conditions?
Given:
P = 150 kPa
Required:
Pressure heads=? Pressure heads in absolute units =?
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Solution:
𝑃
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑘𝑁
150
𝑚2
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘𝑁
9.81 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
101
𝑚2
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 𝑘𝑁
+ 15.291 𝑚
9.81 3
𝑚
𝑃
ℎ𝐻𝑔 =
𝛾𝐻𝑔
𝑘𝑁
150
𝑚2
ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 𝑘𝑁
(13.6)9.81
𝑚3
𝒉𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝒎
𝑘𝑁
101
𝑚2
ℎ𝐻𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 𝑘𝑁
+ 1.124 𝑚
9.81 3
𝑚
Properties of Water
Specific gravity, s = 1.0
Unit weight, γ = 9.81 kN/m3 (or 62.4 lb/ft3 in English system)
Density, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 (or 1.94 slugs/ft3 in English system)
Manometers
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of measuring pressure and pressure
difference. It is usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of known specific gravity.
The surface of the liquid will move in proportion to changes of pressure.
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Types of Manometer
1. Open Manometer
Open manometer is a tube bent into a U-shape to contain one or more fluids of different
specific gravities. It is used to measure pressure. Example of open manometer is shown
below.
2. Differential Manometer
Differential manometer cannot measure pressure but can measure pressure difference.
Frequently in hydraulic problems, difference in pressure is more useful information than
the pressure itself.
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
Example 2-4
The manometer shown in the figure is tapped to pipeline carrying oil (sp. Gravity= 0.85).
Determine the pressure at the center of the pipe.
Example 2-5
Calculate the pressure at the center of the pipe.
Example 2-6
In the figure, fluid A is water, fluid B is oil (s=0.85). Determine the difference in
pressure. Note: h= 68 cm
Required: 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑛 = ?
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Solution:
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Pm -9.81 𝑚3
(1)(z) – 9.81 𝑚3
(0.85)(0.68m) + 9.81 𝑚3
(1)(v) = Pn
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Pm – 9.81 𝑚3
(z) – 5.67018 +9.81 𝑚3
v = Pn
Piezometer
Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which is tapped into the wall of pressure
conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. Though effective in many purposes, piezometer is
not practical to use in lighter liquids with large pressure and cannot be used to measure gas
pressure.
From the figure above, three piezometers A, B, and C are attached to a pressure conduit
at bottom, top, and side, respectively. The column of liquid at A, B, and C will rise at the same
level above M indicating a positive pressure at M. Also, the piezometer D measures the negative
pressure at N.
Limitations of Piezometer
• Large pressures in the lighter liquids require long tubes.
• Gas pressures cannot form a free surface.
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̅𝑨
𝑭 = 𝜸𝒉
Where:
γ – unit weight of the liquid in N/m3
ℎ̅ – vertical distance from the liquid surface to the centroid of the body in m
A – cross- sectional area of the body in m2
• It is convenient to use 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴, if the plane is submerged in a single liquid and without
gage pressure at the surface.
• If the plane is submerged under layers of different liquids or if the gage pressure at the
liquid surface is not zero, apply the formula
Where
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• Therefore,
or
but
where IG -moment of inertia of the submerged area about a horizontal line through
center of gravity (also known as the centroidal moment of inertia)
e - eccentricity or the distance between the center of pressure and the
center of gravity
- located below the center of gravity
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Example 2-7
A vertical triangular gate with top base horizontal and 1.5m wide is 3m high. It is
submerged in oil having a specific gravity of 0.82 with its top base submerged to a depth of 2m.
Determine the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the
gate.
Given:
b= 1.5 m
h= 3m
d = 2m
s = 0.82
Required:
F =?
𝑦𝑝 = ?
Solution:
a. 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
𝑘𝑁 1 1
𝐹 = (0.82) (9.81 ) [ 2𝑚 + (3𝑚)] ( )( 1.5𝑚)( 3𝑚)
𝑚3 3 2
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵
b. 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦̅ + 𝑒
𝐼𝐺 𝑏ℎ3 (1.5𝑚)(3𝑚)3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒= ; 𝐼𝐺 = = = 1.125𝑚4
𝐴𝑦̅ 12 12
1.125 𝑚4
𝑒= 1 = 0.25𝑚
(1.5𝑚)(3𝑚)[ 2𝑚+ (3𝑚)]
3
1
𝑦𝑝 = [ 2𝑚 + (3𝑚)] + 0.25𝑚
3
𝒚𝒑 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝒎
Example 2-8
A vertical circular gate 1m in diameter is subjected to pressure of liquid of
specific gravity of 1.40 on one side. The free surface of the liquid is 2.60m above the uppermost
part of the gate. Calculate the total force on the gate and the location of the center of pressure.
Required:
𝐹 =?
𝑦𝑝 =?
Solution:
a. 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
𝑘𝑁 𝜋
𝐹 = (1.40) (9.81 ) [ 2.60𝑚 + 0.5 𝑚]( 4 )1𝑚2
𝑚3
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
b. 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦̅ + 𝑒
𝐼𝐺 𝜋𝑟 4 𝜋(0.5𝑚)4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒= ; 𝐼𝐺 = = = 0.049𝑚4
𝐴𝑦̅ 4 4
𝐼𝐺 0.0494𝑚4
𝑒= = 𝜋
(1𝑚)2 [ 2.60𝑚+ 0.5 𝑚]
= 0.020 m
𝐴𝑦̅
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Example 2-9
An inclined circular gate with water on one side is shown in the figure. Determine the
total resultant force as well as the location.
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝛾𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
where
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
𝐹𝐻 = 𝑃𝑐𝑔 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
̅̅̅1 𝐴1
𝐹𝐻1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝐹𝑉1 = 𝛾𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅2 𝐴2
𝐹𝐻2 = 𝛾ℎ
𝐹𝑉2 = 𝛾𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
Example 2-10
The crest gate shown consist of a cylindrical surface of which AB is the base supported
by a structural frame hinged at O. The length of the gate is 10m. Compute the magnitude and
location of the horizontal and vertical components of the total pressure on AB.
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Example 2-11
The submerged curve AB is one quarter of a circle of radius 2m and is located on
the lower corner of a tank as shown. The length of the tank perpendicular to the sketch is 4m.
Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal and vertical components of the total force
acting on AB.
Solution:
a. 𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐻 = (9.81 ) (5𝑚)(4𝑚)(2𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑭𝑯 = 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦̅ + 𝑒
𝐼𝐺 𝑏ℎ3 (4𝑚)(2𝑚)3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒= ; 𝐼𝐺 = = = 2.67𝑚4
𝐴𝑦̅ 12 12
1.125 𝑚4
𝑒= = 0.067𝑚
(4𝑚)(2𝑚)(5𝑚)
𝑦𝑝 = 1𝑚 + 0.067𝑚
𝒚𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝒎
𝐴𝑥̅ = 𝐴1 𝑥1 + 𝐴2 𝑥2
(8𝑚2 + 3.14𝑚2 )𝑥̅ = 8𝑚2 (1𝑚) + 3.14𝑚2 (0.849𝑚)
̅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒎
𝒙
Therefore, FV = 437.13 kN acting at 0.957m to the right of A.
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where
tt- theoretical thickness
Sa – allowable stress
T- tensile force in the wall
Example 2-12
A pipeline carrying oil under a head of 235 cm is horizontally submerged in water to a
depth of 1.5m. If the inside diameter of the pipe is 250cm and has a thickness of 6mm, determine
the pipe wall stress (s.g. =0.82).
DAMS
The structure that block the flow of a river, stream, or other waterway. Some dams divert
the flow of river water into a pipeline, canal or channel.
Purpose of a Dam
1. Irrigation and Drinking
2. Power Supply
3. Navigation
4. Flood Control
Types of Dams
1. Gravity
2. Embankment
3. Arch
4. Buttress
Gravity Dam
It uses only the force of gravity to resist water pressure. The gravity dam must consist of
a mass so heavy that the water in a reservoir cannot push the dam downstream or tip it over.
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Embankment Dam
A gravity dam formed out of loose rock earth or a combination of these materials.
Arch Dam
Concrete or masonry structures that curve upstream into a reservoir stretching from one
wall of a river canyon
Buttress Dam
Consist of a wall or face supported by several buttresses on the downstream side. The
distance of each buttress is 6-30 m.
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𝑾𝒄 = 𝜸𝒄 𝑽𝒄 ; 𝑾𝟏 = 𝜸𝒄 𝑽𝟏 ; 𝑾𝟐 = 𝜸𝒄 𝑽𝟐 ; 𝑾𝟑 = 𝜸𝒄 𝑽𝟑
𝑾𝒘 = 𝜸𝒘 𝑽𝒘 ; 𝑾𝟒 = 𝜸𝒘 𝑽𝟒
Where
Ww- weight of the water
𝜸w – unit weight of the water
𝜸w = 9.81 KN/m3
Vw- volume of the water
3. Hydrostatic Uplift
• Some water under pressure find their way between the base of the dam and the
foundation.
• This causes part of the total weight of the structure to be supported by water
which consequently reduces the reaction of the foundation and the general
stability of the dam. The effect is called hydrostatic uplift.
• In any design, the amount of uplift force U is mainly a matter of judgment
based upon the following factors:
❖ The physical characteristics of the foundation.
❖ The measures taken to prevent percolation.
❖ The projected efficiency of foundation drains.
❖ The method of construction to be employed.
• Based from the design and construction of existing dam, the acceptable
practice is to consider the full hydrostatic pressure applied over two-thirds of
the horizontal base area.
4. Weight of other permanent structures
B. Horizontal Forces
1. Total Hydrostatic Force acting at the vertical projection of the submerged portion
̅𝑨
𝑭𝑯 = 𝜸𝒉
2. Wind Pressure
3. Wave Action
4. Floating Bodies
5. Seismic Force
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• Earthquake occurs in practically all parts of the world and hence, adequate
allowance should be made to include seismic forces in the design of gravity
dams.
B. Horizontal Reaction, Rx
𝑹 𝒙 = ∑ 𝑭𝑯
𝑹𝒙 = 𝑭
V. Location of Ry, 𝑥̅
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
̅=
𝒙
𝑹𝒀
VI. Factor of Safety
A. Against Sliding, FSS
𝝁𝑹𝒚
𝑭𝑺𝒔 = > 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑹𝒙
Where µ - coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the foundation
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒= − (𝟏 ± )
𝑩 𝑩
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Note: Use (+) to get the stress at point where 𝑅𝑦 is nearest. A negative stress indicates
compressive stress and a positive stress indicates a tensile stress.
Since soil cannot carry any tensile stress, the result is invalid if the stress is positive and
this will happen if 𝑒 > 𝐵/6.
𝐵
B. For 𝑒 > 6
𝑥̅ = 𝑎⁄3
𝟐𝑹𝒚
𝒒𝒆 =
̅
𝟑𝒙
Example 2-13
The section of a concrete gravity dam is shown in the figure. The depth of the water at
the upstream side is 6m. Neglect hydrostatic uplift and use unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5
KN/m3. Coefficient of friction is 0.6. Determine the following (a) factor of safety against sliding
(b) factor of safety against overturning.
Example 2-14
The section of the masonry dam is shown. Assuming uplift pressure varies
linearly from maximum hydrostatic pressure at the heel to zero at the location of the drain,
determine the (a) location of the resultant force (b) factor of safety against sliding if 𝝁 = 0.75 (c)
factor of safety against overturning.
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BUOYANCY
The force that causes objects to float. The buoyant force BF is acting at the center of
buoyancy.
Archimedes Principle
Anybody immersed in a fluid is acted upon by an upward force (buoyant force) equal to
the weight of the displaced fluid.
Also known as the Law of Hydrostatics, applies to both floating and submerged bodies to
all fluids.
Where
BF- buoyant force
WB- weight of the body
𝜸B – unit weight of the body
𝜸F – unit weight of the fluid
VB- volume of the body
VD- volume displaced
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To solve problems in buoyancy, identify the forces acting and apply conditions of static
equilibrium:
If the body of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area A such as vertical
cylinders
Example 2-15
An iceberg having specific gravity of 0.92 is floating in seawater of specific
gravity 1.03. If the volume of ice above the water surface is 1000 m3 , what is the total volume of
the ice?
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Given:
𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 0.92
𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.03
𝑉𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 1000𝑚3
Required:
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = ?
Solution:
𝐵𝐹 − 𝑊𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 0
𝛾𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 − 𝛾𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 0
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
(1.03) (9.81 ) (𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 − 1000𝑚3 ) − 0.92 (9.81 ) 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 0
𝑚3 𝑚3
10.1043𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 − 10104.3 − 9.0252𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 0
Example 2-16
A wooden buoy of specific gravity 0.62 is 50mm x 50mm x 3m long and is made
to float in sea water of specific gravity 1.025. How many N of steel of specific gravity 7.85
should be attached to the bottom to make the buoy float with exactly 450mm exposed above the
water surface?
Given:
𝑠𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 0.62
𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7.85
𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.025
Wood dimensions = 50mm x 50mm x 3m long
Length exposed = 450 mm
Required:
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = ?
Solution:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐵𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝐵𝐹𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 − 𝑊𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 − 𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
𝐵𝐹𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐷
𝑁
𝐵𝐹𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 1.025 (9810 ) (0.05𝑚)2 (2.55𝑚)
𝑚3
𝐵𝐹𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 64.1 𝑁
𝑁
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7.85 (9810 ) (0.000276 𝑚3 )
𝑚3
𝑾𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝑵
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
It will always be maintained if the position of the center of gravity, G of the floating body
is below the center of buoyancy Bo.
Neutral Equilibrium
Homogenous cylinder or sphere having the center of gravity at its geometrical centroid
will float in a condition of neutral equilibrium.
The buoyant force BF and the weight W will always be concurrent. There will be no RM or
OM.
Unstable Equilibrium
It continues moving in the direction of the displaced motion. It is possible for a floating body
where Bo is below G except in the case of a homogenous sphere or cylinder.
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
𝒗𝒔 𝑰 𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑩𝒐 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑩𝒐 = (𝟏 + )
𝑽𝑫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑽𝑫 𝟏𝟐𝑫 𝟐
Moment
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
Example 2-17
A rectangular scow, 9m wide 15m long and 3.6m high has a draft of 2.4m in seawater. Its
center of gravity is 2.70m above its bottom. (a) Determine the initial metacentric height. (b) If
the scow tilts until one side is just at the point of submergence, determine the righting or the
overturning moment.
3. What is the pressure of the air in the tank if 𝓁1 = 40cm, 𝓁2 = 100 cm, and 𝓁3 = 80cm?
4. A block of wood 30 cm square in cross section and 60 cm long weighs 318 N. Will the
block float on water with sides vertical as shown?
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
5. Calculate the P necessary to just start opening the 2-m wide gate.
6. A cubical box 1.50 m. on each edge has its base horizontal and is half filled with water.
The remainder of the box is filled with air under a gage pressure of 82 kPa. One of the
vertical sides is hinged at the top and is free to swing inward this box is submerged at a
certain depth below the water surface.
a. What is the total horizontal force acting on the side inside the box
b. To what depth can the top of this box can be submerged in an open fresh water
without allowing any water to enter?
c. What is the net pressure over the top of the box?
7. A square plate having one on its side equal to 3 m is immerse in a water surface in a
vertical position such that the two edge of the square would be horizontal in order that the
center of pressure shall be 8 cm. from the center of the gravity
a. How far below the water surface should the upper plate be submerged?
b. What is the distance of the center of pressure from the water surface?
c. Determine the hydrostatic force acting on the plate at this position.
8. Determine the force required to open the quarter-cylinder gate shown. The weight of the
gate is 50kN acting 1.2m to the right of O.
9. A hemispherical dome is filled with oil (s=0.9) and is attached to the floor by eight
diametrically opposed bolts. What force in each bolt is required to hold the dome down,
if the dome weighs 59 kN?
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
10. The gate shown is 3m long. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal and
vertical components of the force on gate AB.
REFERENCES
A. Books
Potter, M.C., et al, Mechanics of Fluids 5th ed, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2017
Crowe, C.T., et al. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 2005
Gillesania, DI T., Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, GPP Gillesania Printing Press, 2003
Dela Fuente, R., Hydraulics, Merriam & Webster Inc, 1991
B. Websites
www. learnmechanical.com
www. mathalino.com
www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/
www.tutorhelpdesk.com
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