SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

A TECHNICAL REPORT (FEBRUARY 1 – JULY 31 2019)

AT

INLAKS COMPUTER LIMITED

BY

MOLOKWU CHIDINMA ADACHUKWU

(15CK02952)

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

COVENANT UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG.), ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

SEPTEMBER 2019

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to the Almighty God for granting me favour when I was in search
for IT placement and His grace upon me throughout my IT experience, to my parents and
siblings for their support and also to the entire staff of INLAKS Computers Limited for making
my IT experience a memorable one.

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the Almighty God for protection, good health, strength, favour and
wisdom that He granted unto me throughout my industrial training programme. I acknowledge
my lecturers in the department of Electrical and Information Engineering of Covenant University
for their excellent teaching and training given to me.
I am grateful to my IT supervisor Mr. Oyetayo Oladimeji who taught me and trained me
diligently and for his guidance, may the Lord reward you abundantly.
I acknowledge also Mr. Olusola Fasogbon for given me the opportunity to work with his
team at INLAKS.
To the members of staff of INLAKS Computers Limited for their friendly attitude shown
towards me and for the enjoyable working environment to make my stay at INLAKS peaceful.
God bless you all. Amen.

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

ABSTRACT
This report contains details of my six-month SIWES training with INLAKS Computers
Limited which began on February 1st, 2019 and ended on July 31st, 2019.
My training was centered on charging and connection of batteries, testing,
troubleshooting and repairs of Inverters.
This report focuses on my work experience and a detailed explanation on batteries and
inverters and how I have been able to match my theoretical knowledge with the practical
knowledge.

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………1

DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………..2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………3

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………..4

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………..5

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………...7

LIST OF PLATES……………………………………………………………………………….8

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………….9

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..10

1.1 ABOUT SIWES……………………………………………………………………………..10

1.1.1PROCEDURES FOR SIWES ENGAGEMENT……………………………………….......10

1.2ABOUT THE COMPANY…………………………………………………………………...11

1.3 PRE-INDUSTRIAL TRAINING COMMENCEMENT…………………………………….12

1.4 INTERNSHIP COMMENCEMENT, PARTICIPATION/WORKDONE…………………..12

1.4.1 CHARGING OF BATTERIES…………………………………………………………….13

1.4.2 TESTING OF INVERTERS……………………………………………………………….13

1.4.3 TROUBLESHOOTING OF INVERTERS………………………………………………..13

1.4.4 FUNCTIONAL MODULES IN INVERTERS……………………………………………14

CHAPTER TWO

FACILITIES AVAILABLE……………………………………………………………………16

2.1 FACILITIES USED………………………………………………………………………….16

2.2 QUALITY OF SUPERVISION……………………………………………………………...21

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
2.3 KNOWLEDGE GAINED…………………………………………………………………..21

2.3.1 BATTERIES………………………………………………………………………………21

2.3.2 CELL, BATTERY VOLTAGE AND CAPACITY………………………………………22

2.3.3 BATTERY CONNECTION………………………………………………………………24

2.3.4 BATTERY CHARGING………………………………………………………………….26

2.3.5 UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY (UPS)…………………………………………...27

2.3.6 SIZING AND SELECTION OF INVERTERS AND BATTERIES………………………31

2.3.7 TESTING EQUIPMENTS…………………………………………………………………

34

2.3.8 PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN INSTALLING INVERTERS………………………35

CHAPTER THREE

CONTRIBUTIONS…………………………………………………………………………….36

3.1 APPLICABILITY OF GAINED KNOWLEDGE…………………………………………..36

3.1.1 FIELD OF STUDY AND EDUCATIONAL CAREER…………………………………..36

3.1.2 GOALS OF INLAKS COMPUTERS LIMITED……………………………………….....36

3.1.3 THE LARGER SOCIETY…………………………………………………………………36

3.1.4 BRIDGING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE WITH PRACTICAL AND THEORY…………..36

3.1.5 CULTURE OF THE COMPANY…………………………………………………………37

3.2 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………...37

3.2.1 CHALLENGES FACED BY STUDENT…………………………………………………37

3.2.2 CHALLENGES FACED BY COMPANY………………………………………………...38

3.2.3 PROJECTS TAKEN ON…………………………………………………………………..39

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………41

4.2 RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………………………...41

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REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..42

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 INLAKS COMPUTERS LIMITED ORGANOGRAM……………………………..12

FIGURE 2 CONNECTION OF FOUR BATTERIES IN SERIES……………………………...24
FIGURE 3 CONNECTION OF FOUR BATTERIES IN PARALLEL…………………………25
FIGURE 4 CONNECTION OF BATTERIES IN SERIES-PARALLEL……………………….25
FIGURE 5 CONNECTION OF BATTERIES IN SERIES-PARALLEL……………………….25
FIGURE 6 SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF OFFLINE UPS……………………………………28
FIGURE 7 SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LINE INTERACTIVE UPS………………………29
FIGURE 8 SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ONLINE UPS…………………………………….30
FIGURE 9 INVERTER WIRING DIAGRAM………………………………………………….34

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 1 POWER AND CONTROL BOARD OF CONEXT INVERTER……………………15

PLATE 2 AC BOARD OF XANTREX…………………………………………………………15
PLATE 3 LOGIC BOARD OF XANTREX…………………………………………………….15
PLATE 4 MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED MULTI FUNCTION TEST MACHINE….16
PLATE 5 5 BATTERIES CONNECTED FOR CHARGING………………………………….17
PLATE 6 BATTERIES CHARGING…………………………………………………………..17
PLATE 7 DISPLAY SCREEN OF THE MACHINE…………………………………………..18
PLATE 8 EQUIPMENT TESTING SECTION…………………………………………………19
PLATE 9 POWER SUPPLY……………………………………………………………………19
PLATE 10 PC BOARD ANALYSIS SECTION………………………………………………..20
PLATE 11 PRIMARY BATTERIES……………………………………………………………21
PLATE 12 SECONDARY BATTERIES………………………………………………………..22
PLATE 13 A DISCHARGED BATTERY………………………………………………………23
PLATE 14 INLAKS ENERGY 2V 1500AH BATTERY……………………………………….23
PLATE 15 MONBAT 12V 150AH BATTERY…………………………………………………23
PLATE 16 INLAKS ENERGY 2V 1500AH BATTERY……………………………………….23
PLATE 17 GS YUASA 12V 210AH BATTERY……………………………………………….23
PLATE 18 OFFLINE INVERTERS……………………………………………………………..28
PLATE 19 LINE INTERACTIVE INVERTER…………………………………………………29
PLATE 20 ONLINE UPS………………………………………………………………………..30
PLATE 21 CLAMP METERS…………………………………………………………………..34
PLATE 22 SYSTEM CONTROL PANEL (SCP)……………………………………………….35

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OFFLINE, LINE INTERACTIVE &ONLINE UPS…...31

TABLE 2 TYPICAL WATTAGE OF COMMON APPLIANCES……………………………..33
TABLE 3 GTB BUYBACKS BATCH 13………………………………………………………40

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT SIWES
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program organized and funded by
The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for undergraduates of Engineering, Technology, Agriculture,
Medicine and other professional science program in the Nigerian Tertiary Institution to enable
them acquire necessary practical experience in their different fields of study. This is to ensure the
bridge of the existing gap between the theory taught in the classroom and practice. Participation
is a prerequisite for the award of Degree and Diploma Certificate.
Duration of SIWES is six months in Universities and it is done in 300 level for Science
courses and 400 level for engineering courses. The Electrical and Electronics Engineering
program in Covenant University being a five-year program, reserves the Omega semesters in the
fourth year (400 levels) for the SIWES program.
OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
They include:
▪ Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their approved course of study.
▪ Prepare students for the industrial works situation which they are likely to meet after
Graduation.
▪ Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
not available in their institutions.
▪ Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation
thereby bridging the gap between theory and practices.
▪ Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process and
Prepare students for employment in Industry and Commerce.
▪ Provision for industries and organizations the opportunities of assessing the pedigree of
students available for job opportunities in time to come.
1.1.1 PROCEDURES FOR SIWES ENGAGEMENT
▪ While in school the SIWES letter of placement is given to each student along with the
SIWES training logbook, SCAF form and FORM 8. The contents in the letter includes an

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
introduction of the student, department and program of the student and also expected time
duration of the SIWES program. This letter is issued by the Director of SIWES/SWEP of
Covenant University.
▪ During application for SIWES to INLAKS Ltd, my SIWES letter was submitted along
with my CV. This was used as a form of identification.
▪ The company then called me for an interview and also a briefing of the company. I was
later issued an acceptance letter in which I was informed to commence work on February
1st and end on July 31st.
▪ I eventually began work on February 1st. I was posted to the Inlaks Technical Resource
Centre at Ikeja, Lagos where most of technical operations took place and there, I started
my Industrial Training.

1.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY

INLAKS is an Information Technology Systems Integrator founded in 1982 and specializes in
the deployment of dynamic and highly scalable ICT Infrastructure Solutions. At INLAKS, their
customers cut across various segments including Banking, Telecommunication, Oil/Gas, Power,
Utilities and the Distribution sectors of the economy. INLAKS also deploys
Commercial/Resource Planning Software and Services to many multinational companies.
With 30 years of industry experience, we have grown consistently to achieve the
leadership position they hold today as the foremost ICT and Infrastructure solutions provider
across Africa with offices in Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya. With an impressive customer base of 6
central banks in West Africa and over 18 commercial and microfinance banks and other major
customers in the region, they have become the dominant information technology company in
West Africa.
INLAKS COMPUTER LTD NIGERIA is located at Plot 1611 Adeola Hopewell
Street, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. They have a Resource Centre located at Plot 6, Cocoa
Industrial Layout, Ogba-Ikeja, Lagos. This is where all technical operations take place.

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CHAIRMAN
MOHAMMED HAYATU-
DEEN

MD/CEO
FEMI ADEOTI

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, FBU EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, IBU DIRECTOR REGIONAL
ASHWIN HEGDE OLUFEMI MURAINO TOPE DARE OPERATIONS AND VAS
OLADIMEJI TALBI

GROUP HEAD, HR & ADMIN GENERAL MANAGER, FBU & EBU HEAD IBU-POWER
ADETOKUNBO AYO OLUSOLA FASOGBON HEAD BUSINESS OPERATIONS
KINGSLEY OSEGHALE
ENOH JOAN

GENERAL MANAGER,
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
ABIOLA OGUNSAKIN

FIGURE 1– INLAKS COMPUTERS LIMITED ORGANOGRAM

1.3 PRE-INDUSTRIAL TRAINING COMMENCEMENT

▪ On acceptance to INLAKS Computer Ltd, I received an acceptance letter, which was sent
to [email protected] the official e-mail address of SIWES Covenant
University office.
▪ The Students Commencement of Attachment Form (SCAF) form given by school was
submitted to the ITF office at Ikeja on commencement of Industrial Training after being
signed by my company.
1.4 INTERNSHIP COMMENCEMENT, PARTICIPATION/WORKDONE
My internship at INLAKS COMPUTERS began on February 1 st, 2019at the head office in
Victoria Island, Lagos and was transferred to the Technical Resource Centre at Ikeja on February
4thand ended the internship on July 31st, 2019. I worked with the Infrastructure Business Unit
(IBU). The Unit is divided into two sections: Power and ATM. I worked in IBU-Power inverter
for the six months duration of my internship period. My Covenant University Supervisor by
name Engr. Amuta E. O. came for physical supervision on 3 rd of July, 2019. The visit was

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
pleasant and she left fully satisfied with my work. My company-based supervisor by name Mr.
Oyetayo Oladimeji was in charge of training me so every day was supervising day.
During the period of my internship on several occasions we engaged in knowledge sharing
sections. I was also privileged to take part in a training on inverters and a bit on solar aspects. In
my first week I engaged solely on battery charging then in my second week I entered into
inverters troubleshooting, testing, and changing of boards and so on. I also had a site installation
to change batteries and changeover.
Details concerning my work done will be explained.
1.4.1 CHARGING OF BATTERIES
During my stay at INLAKS I learnt on how to charge batteries. Batteries are to be
charged in three stages: Bulk, Absorption and Float Charge. Batteries that have been stored for
up to six months are expected to be bulk charged. I charged batteries using the battery charger
available in my company. Batteries could also be charged with inverters that have in built
chargers. The batteries were first charged by me before being sold to the customers. Other
batteries that I charged were batteries sent from sites which were weak.
I charged batteries of all sizes Gaston 12V 150AH, Monbat 12V 200AH, Inlaks 2V 1500AH and
so on. When charging more than one battery, first connect the batteries in the configuration you
want before connecting the battery charger.
1.4.2 TESTING OF INVERTERS
I also tested inverters to be sent to customer site and also the ones from site. There is the
Equipment Testing Section where all inverters are tested. Present in the equipment testing
section is the power supply, the resistive loads and the battery banks. These are the equipment
used in testing the inverters. In testing of inverters, it is important to connect the batteries before
connecting the input. Also test the inverter first on battery before turning on the ac input breaker.
1.4.3 TROUBLESHOOTING OF INVERTERS
In troubleshooting of inverters, there are procedures we follow after receiving a faulty machine
to the workshop;
 After receiving a faulty inverter, we open the inverter up, then the inverter to get rid of
dust accumulated in the inverter. Next we check for any physical defects i.e. any burnt
part.

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 Then based on the report given by the engineer that sent the inverter, we test the machine
putting that into consideration.
 When the issue is figured out, the next step is to replace the faulty part of the machine.
Most times the parts are not available so we send a stop gap to the customer site where
the inverter was retrieved from to be used as a backup till their inverter is repaired.
1.4.4 FUNCTIONAL MODULES IN INVERTERS
▪ Rectifier:
When mains power is available, the rectifier converts alternating voltage into direct voltage
(AC/DC converter) to power the battery charger or to the DC bus (for a UPS). Different
types of rectifiers are used based on the electronic components used and the control system.
SCR is what is used mostly for rectification in a UPS while inverters have charger cards
which is made up of some components that are used to rectify.
▪ Battery Charger:
The battery charger is the DC/DC converter which decouples the battery voltage from the DC
bus voltage and this voltage is sent to the battery.
- The battery voltage is independent of the DC bus voltage
▪ Inverter:
Converts DC voltage from battery or from rectifier (if UPS) into AC voltage (DC/AC
converter) to power the load. In inverters (Offline UPS), the technology used to invert is the
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) which are housed in the
power board. While for UPS (Online UPS), the technology used is the IGBT (Insulated –
Gate Bipolar Transistor) because it can accept high voltage and high current.
▪ Transformers
The transformer is present in the UPS and it is connected to the inverter output to step up the
AC voltage going to the transformer.
Other components in the UPS include:
- Fans (for cooling)
- Filter
- Relays (for switching)
- Logic Board (houses the ICs)

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PLATE 1 – POWER AND CONTROL

BOARD OF CONEXT INVERTER

PLATE 2 – AC BOARD OF XANTREX

PLATE 3 – LOGIC BOARD OF XANTREX

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CHAPTER TWO
FACILITIES AVAILABLE
2.1 FACILITES USED
In the workshop where I worked, there were various facilities which served for different
purposes based on the job to be done. The facilities I used include:
▪ THE BATTERY CHARGER AND DISCHARGER:
The machine used to charge the deep cell batteries is the MICROPROCESSOR-
CONTROLLED MULTI-FUNCTION TEST MACHINE

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PLATE 4

This machine charges and discharges batteries of all capacities as well as all brands, for example
Gaston 12V 200Ah, Monbat 12V 200Ah, Gaston 2V 1500Ah, Gaston 12V 150Ah. The machine
has a limit of 200Amperes i.e. it can only deliver up to 200Amperes charging current. For
example, if charging a 12V 200Ah battery, the charging current to be used is 10% of the battery
capacity, therefore a charging current of 20A. If the machine is delivering maximum of 200A,
then a battery configuration of more than 2000Ah cannot be used. The machine is programmable
by the controller and it charges the batteries in two stages. The first stage charge is the bulk
charging. The battery is first charged with constant current and varying voltage. During this
charge, if the battery is measured the voltage of the battery is increasing. The second stage
charge is the absorption charge. The battery is charged at constant voltage and varying current.
While on absorption charging, the voltage of the battery does not increase any more. Also the

PLATE 5 – 5 BATTERIES CONNECTED FOR

CHARGING

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PLATE 6 – BATTERIES CHARGING
SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
machine can be timed, for how long I want to charge or discharge i.e. a timer is set on the
machine.

TERMINAL VOLTAGE

PLATE 7 – DISPLAY SCREEN OF THE MACHINE

The picture 5 shows the connection of five Gaston 12V 150Ah batteries in parallel giving a
battery configuration of 12V 750Ah. In picture 6, the positive cable coming from the machine is
connected to a common positive terminal of the battery connections while the negative cable is
connected to the common negative terminal of the battery connection. Picture 7 shows the
display screen of the machine. After connecting the batteries to the machine once the machine is
switched on it displays the total terminal voltage of the batteries before any form of
configuration takes place.
▪ EQUIPMENT TESTING SECTION (THE POWER SUPPLY, THE LOADS
(200WATTS BULBS), AND THE BATTERIES)

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This section consists of facilities that are used for testing of inverters and troubleshooting
of inverters. The
power supply is
medium where
the grid or
generator
supplies power
to power the
inverters. The
200 Watts bulbs
are used as
loads for testing
and
troubleshooting
the inverters.
This is to check
the integrity of
the inverters. The batteries are configured to give higher voltages i.e. they are connected
in series. These batteries are used to test the inverters on battery power.
BATTERY BANKS LOADS

POWER SUPPLY

CIRCUIT BREAKER

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 SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

EARTH
PLATE8 – EQUIPMENT TESTING
SECTION

LIVE

NEUTRAL

PLATE 9 – POWER
SUPPLY

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
Figure 7 shows the main supply, battery bank and the loads. The top battery bank consists of
eighteen 12V 150Ah Gaston batteries connected in series, to give a configuration of 216V. The
bottom battery bank is made of twenty-four 2V batteries connected in series to give 48V. The
bottom battery bank is connected to the circuit breaker which is then connected to the inverters
for test. The loads are 200W light bulbs and are 9 in number, therefore a total of 1800W load is
used to test the inverters. Figure 8 is an enlarged picture of the main supply distribution box. The
supply is a three-phase supply and can also be used in single phase. The live, neutral and earth
from the grid is connected to the circuit breaker.
▪ PC BOARDS ANALYSIS SECTION (OSCILLOSCOPE, SOLDERING REWORK
STATION, AND HEAD LAMP WITH MAGNIFIER)
This section consists of facilities that are used to analyze PC boards. The oscilloscope is
used to view the signals coming directly from devices such as sound cards and to
troubleshoot electronic devices. The soldering rework station has a soldering iron and hot
air gun fixed to it. It is used to solder and desolder components from the PC boards. The
head lamp with magnifier is used to view the miniature components.
SOLDERING
OSCILLOSCOPE REWORK STATIONHEAD LAMP WITH MAGNIFIER

PLATE 10 – PC BOARD ANALYSIS SECTION

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2.2 QUALITY OF SUPERVISION

The quality of supervision of the company-based supervisor was the best any intern could ask
for. The supervisor was quick to correct my mistakes and was always ready to answer any
questions I had. Luckily for me, my supervisor was the one who trained me throughout my
internship period. So, every day was supervising day as well as learning day. I was advantaged to
have my supervisor as my trainer because he helped me gain knowledge on even the tiniest thing
that might seem insignificant. And to top it all he treated me kindly and made sure I always took
part in every assignment.

2.3 KNOWLEDGE GAINED

2.3.1 BATTERIES
Battery is a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a flow of electrons in
a circuit. Battery is a source of direct current. They are energy storage devices. Batteries are of
two kinds:
i. Primary Batteries – these are batteries that must be thrown away after use. After
complete discharge they are tagged useless and are disposed of. Their chemical reactions
are not reversible so they can’t be recharged. This is what they were designed for.

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PLATE 11 – PRIMARY BATTERIES

ii. Secondary Batteries – these are batteries that can be recharged. Their chemical
reactions can be reversed by applying an electric current to the cells making it possible
for them to be use, recharged and used again. It is these rechargeable batteries that we at
Inlaks sell to customers to be used with inverters. We also have our own branded battery
that we sell alongside Gaston, EDIC Solar, and GS Yuasa batteries.

PLATE 12 – SECONDARY BATTERIES

Things to
note about batteries;
▪ Batteries are not a continuous source of power. They are affected by amperage loads,
voltages and temperature.
▪ Batteries work efficiently between 18℃ - 22℃

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 SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
▪ When a battery discharges at a
constant rate, its capacity reduces
according to the amperage load.
▪ When the constant current load
decreases, the available battery
capacity will be higher and vice
versa.
▪ A battery needs recharging after it
runs for a while and also a battery
should not be discharged more than
80% of its capacity some batteries are 50%. This is why most inverters are designed to
cut off the battery supply at a time when the battery reaches a particular voltage.
▪ Never mix batteries of different capacities, make or age in a series string. Differences in
capacity can cause some batteries to overcharge while others remain undercharged.
2.3.2 CELL, BATTERY VOLTAGE AND CAPACITY
A battery is made up of cells. Each cell in a battery has an EMF of 2Volts. Battery voltages
range from 2V, 12V, 24V. A battery of 12V consists of 6 cells in series; therefore, it has a
terminal voltage of 13.2V. While a battery of 24V consists of 12 cells, having a terminal voltage
of 26.4V. NOTE: The EMF of lead acid cells is dependent on chemistry although the actual
terminal voltage differs depending on the battery design; this is determined by using a voltmeter
to determine the battery state of charge (SOC). State of Charge (SOC) is the battery capacity
available. This is determined when the battery is not charging and under no load.
Depth of Discharge (DOD) is the battery capacity that has been discharged. It is also presented in
percentage. Example: if a 12V 200Ah battery is discharged for 1hr at 50A, the DOD is:
50*1/100=0.5%. The voltage at this DOD will be 11.98V.
Some manufacturers advice that their batteries be used only up to 50%, some 85% DOD
PLATE 13 – A DISCHARGED BATTERY
BATTERY CAPACITY: A battery capacity is a measure of the amount of electric charge it can
deliver at a specific voltage. The capacity of a battery is expressed as a number of ampere-hours
(Ah). One ampere-hour is the amount charge delivered when a current of one ampere is delivered
for one hour. Since the capacity of lead-acid batteries depend on the rate at which they are

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019
discharged a discharge rate is also quoted. Therefore, the more slowly you discharge a battery,
the greater its capacity and the more quickly you discharge a battery, the lesser its capacity.
INLAKS ENERGY MONBAT INLAKS ENERGY GS YUASA
2V 1500AH Battery 12V 150AH Battery 2V 1500AH Battery 12V 210AH Battery

PLATE 14 PLATE 15 PLATE 16 PLATE 17

2.3.3 BATTERY CONNECTION

Batteries can either be connected in series or in parallel. Hence, the two connections can be done
to generate the desired configuration. The connections can also be combined; series-parallel. A
connection of batteries is called a STRING.
SERIES CONNECTION – connecting batteries in series means placing the batteries end-to-
end, connecting the anode (negative terminal) of one to the cathode (positive terminal) of the
next. NOTE: Ensure to never short-circuit or bridge a battery i.e. connect the anode of a battery
to the cathode of the same battery, it can also occur if you touch both terminals with a metal tool,
this will result in either a spark, fire or explosion depending on the battery chemistry and total
voltage. Connecting batteries in series, the voltage increases while the capacity remains the same

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SIWES TECHNICALREPORT 2019

FIGURE 2 – CONNECTION OF FOUR BATTERIES IN SERIES

In the figure 2, there are four batteries each rated 6V 4.5AH that are connected in series. After
one battery is connected in series with the previous battery, the total voltage is increased while
the capacity remains the same. At the end of the connection, the output is 24V 4.5AH. Batteries
of different capacities, make or age should never be mixed in a series connection. Differences in
capacity can cause some batteries to overcharge while others remain undercharged.
PARALLEL CONNECTION – connecting batteries in parallel means placing the batteries
after each other, connecting the anode of one to the anode of the next and same for the cathode.
Connecting batteries in parallel, capacity increases while the voltage remains the same.

FIGURE 3 – CONNECTION OF FOUR BATTERIES IN PARALLEL

In figure 3, there are four batteries each rated 6V 4.5AH that are connected in parallel. After one
battery is connected in parallel with the next, the total capacity is increased while the voltage
remains the same. At the end of connection of the output is 6V 18AH.

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SERIES AND PARALLEL – To increase both voltage and capacity, you can combine series
and parallel batteries.

FIGURE 4 - FIGURE 5 –

CONNECTION OF BATTERIES IN SERIES-PARALLEL

In figure 4, the batteries are each rated 6V 4.5AH. They are first connected in parallel making
two strings of 6V 9AH output, two batteries in each string. The two strings are then connected in
series to give an output configuration of 12V 9AH.
In figure 5, the batteries are each rated 6V 225AH. They are first connected in series making
three strings of 12V 225AH output, with two batteries in each string. The three strings are then
connected in parallel to give an output configuration of 12V 675AH.
2.3.4 BATTERY CHARGING
During charging the charging voltage must be higher than the battery voltage for current to flow
into the battery. Lead-acid batteries are recharged using the constant-current charge. In this type
of charge, an adjustable voltage source or a variable resistor maintains a constant current flow
into the battery. These variable sources include UPS, battery charger or charge controller if the
power source is PV panels. The three charging stages for batteries are
▪ Bulk Charge – Current is sent to the batteries of the maximum safe rate they will accept
until their voltage rises to about 80 to 90% of their fully charge value. The charging

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current is held high and constant and is limited by the capacity of the charger. Gel
batteries often have charging voltages in the region of 13.8 to 14.1V for a 12V system.
▪ Absorption Charge –When the voltage o the battery reaches its outgassing voltage
(2.22volts per cell) the charger switches this stage where the voltage remains constant,
typically about 14.2V (2.40 per cell) for a 12V system and the current tapers off as the
battery reaches 100% charge.
▪ Float Charge – When the current flowing into the battery reaches less than 0.5% of the
battery rated capacity, the charger enters the last stage where for a 12V battery bank a
voltage of about 12.8 to 13.2V (2.25 volts per cell) is maintained across the batteries to
keep them in a fully charged condition.
It should be noted that this voltage differs depending on the battery type.
The equipment we used for charging the batteries in our company is the MICROPROCESSOR-
CONTROLLED MULTI-FUNCTION TEST MACHINE (explained in chapter 2).
 In charging batteries in parallel, all batteries in the string will receive the same amount of
voltage but the charge current each battery receives will vary until equalization is
reached.
 Equalization is done to bring all cells to an equal state of charge. A battery that does not
receive a periodic equalizing charge will have cells that are increasingly out of balance.
This imbalance causes one cell within a battery to become overcharged or undercharged.
 After batteries are stored for up to 6 months, they should be charged before use.
CUT-OFF VOLTAGE – This is the cell or battery voltage at which the discharge is terminated.
The cutoff voltage is specified by the manufacturer. To optimize battery life, it is recommended
that the battery be disconnected from the load when the required end voltage is reached.
2.3.5 UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
Interruptions are conditions that affect power systems and they can be solved with the use of
UPS. UPS or inverters converts DC (direct current) from batteries to AC (alternative current) for
use in residential, industrial, institutions or commercial applications. UPS work as both
converters (DC to AC) and chargers (to charge the batteries). UPS can be categorized into three:
Offline, Line Interactive and Online UPS.
OFFLINE UPS (INVERTERS):
The offline UPS is what is usually called Inverter. But inverter is actually a technology present in

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UPS both online and offline that
converts DC voltage (VDC) to AC
voltage (VAC). So, in this
discussion, I will be using inverter
to represent offline UPS for easy
differentiation.
 Inverters use the technology
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage
Out). That is what goes into
the inverter from the main
supply (grid or generator) is
what is given as output to
the loads. The inverter
sources and gives output directly from the mains. At the same time the battery charger in
the inverter converts the AC voltage from the main supply to DC voltage which is sent to
the battery to charge it.
 When the voltage from the main supply is lower than the accepted voltage range required
to power the inverter, the inverter then gives output to the load from the battery system.
In this sense, the battery has become the backup power in the absence of the main supply.
NOTE: Output from the inverter is always AC

Figure 6 shows the systematic diagram of the working principles of the OFFLINE UPS.

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FIGURE 6 – SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF

OFFLINE UPS
For the offline inverters, the battery voltage
configuration is low, 12V, 24V and 48V but with
higher charging current. Examples of this inverters are INVT, Conext, Xantrex, Power Star, and
so on.

PLATE 18 – OFFLINE INVERTERS

LINE INTERACTIVE UPS:

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The line interactive UPS works with the same principle as the offline UPS. The difference is the
presence of AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) that regulates voltage from the mains supply to
the load and charging the battery. Once the mains supply is disconnected, the inverter switches to
battery mode. Some line interactive
inverters have bypass switch used during
maintenance. The line interactive inverter
is also characterized by the presence of a
reversible AC/DC converter which can
function both as an inverter and a battery
charger.
Figure 7 shows the systematic diagram of
the working principle of the LINE
INTERACTIVE INVERTER. There is
also presence of bypass.

FIGURE 7 – SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF

LINE INTERACTIVE UPS
For the line interactive inverter, the battery voltage
configuration is a bit high like 96V with average charging current. Examples of this inverter is
Multi power Smart.

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PLATE 19 – LINE INTERACTIVE

INVERTERS

ONLINE UPS (UPS):

The online UPS is what is usually
called UPS. This is because of its short
backup time and a switching time of
0.00milliseconds.
 The online UPS uses the
DOUBLE CONVERSION
technology. This means that
when mains power is supplied to the UPS, it is converted twice by a rectifier (AC to DC)
and an inverter (DC to AC) each of which are equipped with semiconductors (diodes,
SCR, IGBT) then sent to the load. The output to the load is not directly from the mains
supply, it is the power that is transformed by the UPS inverter which is supplied DC
voltage from either the rectifier or the battery. It is for this reason that even with the
absence of mains supply, the load does not feel the effect of the change from mains to
power. Hence, the switching time for the UPS is considered to be 0ms (not noticeable).
 The UPS is characterized with a bypass for maintenance purposes.

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Figure 8 shows the systematic diagram of the working principle of the ONLINE UPS.

FIGURE 8 – SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF

ONLINE UPS

For the online UPS the battery is a lot higher than the others, 72V, 96V, 144V and so on. But
with a lower charging current. Examples of Online UPS are MST Series, Liebert Emerson,
Numeric and so on.

PLATE 20 – ONLINE UPS

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OFFLINE, LINE
INTERACTIVE AND ONLINE UPS
S/N OFFLINE UPS (INVERTER) LINE INTERACTIVE INVERTER ONLINE UPS (UPS)
1 The switching time is 5ms The switching time is longer (over The switching time is zero (not
10ms) noticeable)
2 Battery voltage configuration is low. Battery voltage configuration is a bit Battery voltage configuration is
high high.
3 High charging current Average charging current Low charging current
4 Sources and gives output directly Also referred to as electronic Output is gotten from the UPS
from the mains when available and generator. It operates also like the inverter both with main supply
gives output from the battery system offline inverter. and battery as source.
when mains is off.
5 Used with devices where small Has an Automatic Voltage Regulator Used with devices where
interruption in power supply can be that regulates voltage from the mains interruption in power supply
tolerated e.g. household appliances. supply to the load and charging the cannot be tolerated e.g. industrial
battery equipment, servers.
6 Presence of fast transistor switch Some have bypass switch used during Presence of a static bypass
maintenance
7 Less expensive causing demand to Expensive and demand is less More expensive causing demand
be higher to be lesser.

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TABLE 1
2.3.6 SIZING AND SELECTION OF INVERTERS AND BATTERIES
Inverters are sized according to their Maximum Output Power. Maximum output power is the
maximum power the inverter can supply at a given time. It is often expressed as Watts (W) but
their specifications on the inverter may also be shown in Volt-Amps (VA). Watts is the unit of
measurement of real power while Volt-Amps is the unit of measurement of apparent power.
Their relationship is: Real Power (W) = Apparent Power (VA) x Power Factor (P.F).
Since power ratings on inverters are usually specified in VA it is necessary to know the power
factor of the inverter so as to get the equivalent value in Watts. The value of the P.F is between
zero and one and it can be found in the specifications or technical data of the inverter.
Examples of how inverters are specified are:
 1524 – this means the inverters power rating is 1500VA or 1.5KVA and 24VDC battery
specification
 3024 – that is 3000VA or 3KVA with 24VDC
 6048 – that is 6000VA or 6KVA with 48VDC
 Online UPS are not specified like this because of their high DC voltage and high-power
rating they can’t be written like this. They are therefore specified simply like 5KVA,
72VDC or 10KVA, 144VDC, and so on.
In selecting of an inverter, the output power should be determined. To determine this:
▪ For resistive loads, add all the power ratings of the AC appliances that will be connected
to the inverter together and multiply the sum by a factor of 1.2. This is a 20% safety
factor to ensure that the inverter doesn’t get overloaded by the loads should they run
simultaneously. For example, if the total of the devices to be connected to the inverter is
400W, the power of the inverter must be equal to or greater than 400W x 1.2 = 480W.
▪ For capacitive or inductive loads (motors, microwaves), add all the power ratings of the
loads and multiply by a factor of 2 or 3 and ensure that the maximum current of the
inverter is equal to 4 or 8 times the total current of the loads. This is because when
voltage is applied to a motor, the torque related to the current required to start the motor
is very high at the start so it is required to ensure that the inverter is able to provide the
surge current needed over a period depending on the motor.
The parameters required to be known when selecting an inverter are:

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 total power rating of the AC load;

 the type of loads and
 the hours of operation for each load.
These parameters will help to select the size of the inverter and other components (batteries,
cables, protection devices) that are needed. Below is table showing a few home appliances and
their typical power rating.
Batteries are the inverters fuel tank. The larger the batteries, the longer the inverter can
operate before recharging.
▪ The battery voltage is dependent on the DC specification of the inverter but as inverters
come with battery specifications of 12V, 24V, 48V, 96V, 144V the batteries will need to
be cascaded in most cases as batteries do not come in packages more than 12V.
▪ But in order to determine the battery bank size (ampere-hour), it is necessary to compute
the number of amp hours that will be used. The battery requirements can be computed by
using the nameplate rating of the appliances. The formula is Watts = Volts x Amps.
▪ Divide the wattage of the load by the battery voltage to determine the amperage the load
will draw from the batteries. If the AC current is known, the battery amperage will be
(AC current x AC voltage) / Battery voltage = DC amps
▪ Multiply the amperage by the number of hours the load will operate to get the amp-hour
▪ Do this for each load. Add the resulting amp-hour requirements for each load to get the
total requirement. The minimum properly sized battery bank will be approximately
double this amount. This is it to allow the battery be cycled only 50% on a daily basis.
▪ With this the batteries will be connected based on the inverter DC voltage specification
and the calculated amp-hour.
After selecting battery bank size and inverter size, the charging current of the inverter should
also be checked before picking the inverter.
HOME TYPICAL POWER HOME TYPICAL POWER
APPLIANCES RATING (W) APPLIANCES RATING (W)
Blender 400 Refrigerator 483
Fan 200 Television 32 inch 130
Freezer 600 Television Plasma 375
Hair Dryer 1000 Toaster 1000
Iron 1100 Vacuum 1200
Fluorescent bulb 50 Laptop 75

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Microwave Oven 1500 Mixer 300
TABLE 2 - TYPICAL WATTAGE OF COMMON APPLIANCES

FIGURE 9 – INVERTER WIRING DIAGRAM

Figure 9 shows the wiring of an inverter for home.

2.3.7 TESTING EQUIPMENT
Inverters and batteries require use of multi-meter for testing. A clamp meter is required to carry
out the following measurements;
 Charging current from inverter when battery is charging.
 AC/DC voltage from inverter output and input as well as battery DC voltage.
 Continuity
It must be noted that a digital multimeter cannot measure large battery currents; hence a clamp
meter should be used.

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PLATE 21 - CLAMP METERS

▪ System Control Panel (SCP) – this is used mostly with the Xantrex inverter to configure
and check the system analysis of the inverter.

PLATE 22 – SYSTEM CONTROL PANEL (SCP)

2.3.8 PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN INSTALLING INVERTERS

 AC Input Breaker
 AC Output Breaker
 DC Breaker
 Surge Protection Device (SPD)

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CHAPTER THREE
CONTRIBUTIONS
3.1 APPLICABILITY OF GAINED KNOWLEDGE
The applicability of my gained knowledge on the following:
3.1.1 FIELD OF STUDY AND EDUCATIONAL CAREER
The knowledge I gained during my six months IT course is very much in line with my field of
study and educational career. I am currently studying Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Based on what I learnt which was focused mainly on the Electronics aspect of my study, I can
say I am able to carry out the following projects;
▪ Installation of batteries
▪ Examine faulty batteries
▪ Installation of inverters
▪ Troubleshooting of inverters
▪ Repairing of inverters
The above mentioned are things I can do but at the same time I will need to gather more
experience on inverters, because inverters are of different makes and am sure I did not deal with
all the various makes.
3.1.2 GOALS OF INLAKS COMPUTER LIMITED
Inlaks Computers Limited aims at achieving the following:
▪ Consistent offer of robust IT solutions that afford their clients the flexibility needed to
optimize their respective businesses and maintain their competitive advantage.
▪ An optimal delivery of solutions in a timely manner.
▪ To provide their clients with tailor-made, cutting edge IT solutions.
All what I learnt during my internship period and from my observation as to how the company
was run, I am sure they are in line with their set objectives.
3.1.3 THE LARGER SOCIETY
With the knowledge I have gained, I can contribute to the larger society after my graduation by
also providing IT solutions as I learnt during my internship stay.

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3.1.4 BRIDGING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE WITH PRACTICAL AND THEORY
I confirm that with practical training and theoretical knowledge learnt in school, there is
possibility of bridging the gaps in knowledge; using the course EEE 417 to explain why I agree.
EEE 417 (POWER ELECTRONICS) – in this course I learnt on diodes, rectifiers, transistors and
inverters and many others but what I gained mostly was on their working principles with the use
of waveforms. With this knowledge I understood the use of these electronics but I was not able
to see its applicability. With my practical training on the testing, troubleshooting and repair of
UPS, I was introduced to the applicable knowledge of this electronics. Because of the theoretical
knowledge gathered in school, it was easier for me to understand the operation of these
electronics and at the same time because of the practical it was easy for me to fully understand
the theory. Hence, I was able to merge my theory knowledge with the practical knowledge.
3.1.5 CULTURE OF THE COMPANY
 Punctuality – Punctuality is a major factor in the company I worked in. Employees are
diligent and ensure they come to work on time. This has also helped when it came to
meeting up with customers demand. Once a complaint is received an engineer is
immediately placed in charge of the site and customers are attended to immediately. Even
in repairing of customers’ machine, they ensure to keep to the time limit given to the
customer.
 Gatherings – It is a culture of the company to organize a get together every last Friday of
the month. This creates a platform where the workers at the TRC office in Ikeja and those
at the head office can interact.
3.2 CHALLENGES
3.2.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY STUDENT
 Traffic: Inlaks Computers Limited is situated in Ikeja, Lagos and I live at Surulere which
is not so far from Ikeja. With this supposed short distance, I still arrived at work late on
some days because of the traffic which was as a result of poor road network.
 Funding: The money spent on transportation is quite high compared, so the amount I got
as stipend was spent mostly on transport.
 Technically, one major challenge I experienced, was the difficulty in identifying the
components in some inverters. This was hard because inverters are made differently, so
for me to be able to understand, I first familiarized myself with the general working

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principle of inverters. Then for each inverter I came across, I first studied the internal
connections, then it became possible for me to know the work of each part or board in the
inverter.

3.2.2 CHALLENGES FACED BY THE COMPANY

One of the challenges that my company faced was the rate at which the INVT and CONEXT
inverters where being sent for repairs to our workshop. A meeting was held with the head of our
department along with the site engineers to narrow out the main causes of these issues.
Firstly, we focused on the CONEXT inverters.
 The team members that work in the workshop consisting of me, the workshop manager
(my supervisor) and 1 other intern were given the task of identifying the types of Conext
inverters that were mostly sent for repairs. It was mostly the Conext SW2524, Conext
SW 4024, and Conext SW4048.
 Also, I identified that the fault common to these inverters is the power board that houses
the FETs. Most of the FETs were blasted and burnt. This can be caused by over-voltage,
surge and over load.
 We then analyzed the sites that experienced these faults and it was noticed that AC
breakers, DC breakers and SPDs (Surge Protective Device) were not installed at some of
the sites, leading to failure of the inverters.
 The engineers responsible for installation of this inverters were then cautioned and all site
engineers were told to ensure that AC breakers, DC breakers and SPDs (for residential
areas located where there is constant rise in voltage) were installed along with the
inverters during installation.
 There was an issue with the cost of the SPD and it was advised that customers who refuse
to buy the SPD should be informed of the risk of installing without it and if they insist
then failure of the inverter if caused by surge, we would not take responsibility for.
 For the already burnt power board, we were still waiting on new parts.
Secondly, we focused on the INVT inverters.
 The issue with the INVT inverters was the backup time. This backup time is supposed to
be a problem caused by the battery bank but actually the inverter caused the battery not to
last long.

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 An INVT inverter was sent for repairs to the TRC workshop. After testing the inverter,
the inverter was working okay. Then we called the engineer responsible for the site where
the inverter was sent from and told him to check the battery voltages. The battery
voltages came out to be around 10V for a battery bank with 12V batteries (they were
tested on no load). The inverter was sent back and battery sent for boost charging in the
workshop.
 For a while we still got faulty INVT inverters being sent to us, we decided to carry out an
integrity test on all the INVT inverters in our store. I was placed in charge of testing the
inverters. The inverters tested were INVT BN1524C, INVT BN1524E, INVT BN3024C.
 After carrying out the test with load applied, it was observed that the cutoff voltage of all
the inverters was below 21V, which was the specified cut off in the manual. It was
cutting off at 20.1V, the inverter is also expected to start an alarm indicating low battery
from 22V instead the alarm began at 21.1V. Because of this low cutoff voltage, the
battery was constantly drained and due to lack of constant light, the batteries were not
able to be fully charged therefore weakening the batteries and causing low backup time.

3.2.3 PROJECTS TAKEN ON

During my stay at INLAKS I was involved in quite a few projects.
▪ INTEGRITY TEST PROJECT – the integrity test project arose as a cause of the failure
rate of the INVT inverters at customers’ location. So, we carried out the integrity test to
test all the INVT inverters left in our store. After this testing, I observed that the cutoff
voltage of the inverters was lower than the specified cutoff voltage. Because of this,
batteries that were used with these inverters were weakened. Our department head then
conveyed this observation to the company and the company put this complaint under
review.
▪ BUYBACK INVERTERSPROJECT – the company was involved in replacing he old
outdated inverters of GTB Banks with new inverters and the bank gives them the old
ones and also a particular amount of money. These old inverters retrieved from the banks
are called Buybacks. On-site engineers were placed in charge of retrieving and replacing
of the old inverters. The buybacks are retrieved in batches. I was in charge of tracking the
inverters in each batch and contacting engineers who have not retrieved their buybacks. I

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was also in charge of testing the buybacks after they are sent to the workshop to see if it
is working to be used as Stop Gap.
ASSIGNED CE GTB SITE INVERTER TYPE/ SERIAL STATUS(FAULTY/ REMARKS
MODEL NUMBER GOOD)
Kazeem Okeowo APATA MPOWER 5KVA/48V 72645987100011 LAGOS
ADENIRAN NUMERIC HP 3KVA E130200429 LAGOS
Emeka Anozie OGUNSANYA
ADENIRAN NUMERIC HP 3KVA E130200461 GOOD LAGOS
Emeka Anozie OGUNSANYA
ADENIRAN NUMERIC HP 3KVA E130200453 GOOD LAGOS
Emeka Anozie OGUNSANYA
EMERSON 0001 GOOD LAGOS
WUSE MARKET
Sani Garba 5KVA/48V
EMERSON 0002 FAULTY LAGOS
WUSE MARKET
Sani Garba 5KVA/48V
TABLE 3 GTB BUY BACKS BATCH 13

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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 CONCLUSION
Generally, my industrial training programme at INLAKS Computer Limited was a useful one. I
gained new knowledge, skills and was able to put my theoretical knowledge acquired in school
into hands-on practical. Related to my course of study, I learnt installation, repair of inverters,
and charging of batteries. SIWES is a very important part of our curriculum that prepares us for
the future especially in line with our career choices.
I would like to show my gratitude to INLAKS Computer Limited for providing such a
wonderful opportunity for me to explore the need for Electrical and Electronics engineering as
they have made their contributions by providing IT solutions to their clients round the world.

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
I recommend that the school should make provision for more practicals in line with the theory
we are being taught. That way, students will be able to understand more on the application of
most of the things being taught to them.

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REFERENCES
[1] Engineers Edge Solutions By Design: engineersedge.com/battery/battery_definitions.htm
[2] Spark Fun: learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-a-battery/all
[3] The BatteryGuy.com Knowledge Base:
https://batteryguy.com/kb/knowledge-base/building-a-battery-bank-with-amp-hours-
batteries/
[4] SOCOMEC Innovative Power Solutions
[5] TRACE SW Series Inverter/Chargers Owner’s Manual

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