Calculation of Wind Peak Velocity Pressure - Eurocode 1
Calculation of Wind Peak Velocity Pressure - Eurocode 1
Calculation of Wind Peak Velocity Pressure - Eurocode 1
Eurocode
Applied .com
Project: Wienerberger
Subject:
Free online calculation tools for structural
design according to Eurocodes
Designer: Dipl. -Ing. P. Vasilev
Date: 2021
Eurocode 1
Wind peak velocity pressure
Description:
Calculation of peak velocity pressure qp depending on the basic wind velocity and the terrain category at
the location of the structure. The wind action on the structure (forces and pressures) can be derived from
the peak velocity pressure.
According to:
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Section 4
Supported National
Annexes:
In addition to countries that adopt the CEN recommended values for NDPs, the following National
Annexes are also supported automatically: Finland, Portugal. The National Annexes of Germamy, Norway,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland are NOT supported.
Input
Basic wind velocity vb
= 27 m/s
Terrain category = I
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31.08.2021 г. Calculation of wind peak velocity pressure - Eurocode 1
Air density ρ
= 1.25 kg/m3
Results
Wind peak velocity pressure qp(ze)
= 0.989 kN/m2
Notes
1. The calculated peak velocity pressure qp(ze) is the wind pressure corresponding to the peak wind
velocity. In order to calculate the final wind actions on the structure (wind force or wind pressure)
the appropriate force coefficient or pressure coefficient depending on the type of structure must
be applied, as specified in EN1991-1-4 §5.2 and §5.3
2. The calculated wind action effects are characteristic values (unfactored). Appropriate load factors
should be applied for the relevant design situation. For ULS verifications the partial load factor γQ
= 1.50 is applicable for variable actions.
Details
Input Data
Basic wind velocity:
vb =
27
m/s
Terrain category:
=
I
Reference height from ground of the examined part of the structure:
ze =
3.5
m
Orography factor at reference height ze:
c0(ze) =
1
vb = cdir⋅cseason⋅vb,0
where vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity which is defined in EN1991-1-4 §4.2(1)P as
the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity at 10 m above ground level for terrain category II.
The
value of vb,0 is provided in the National Annex based on the climatic conditions of the region where the
structure is located.
The influence of altitude on the basic wind velocity vb may also be specified in the
National Annex.
The directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are defined in EN1991-1-4 §4.2(2)P and they take
into account the effects of wind direction and time of the year.
Their values are generally equal to cdir =
1.0 and cseason = 1.0.
The National Annex may specify values of cdir and cseason different than 1.0.
In the following calculations the basic wind velocity is considered as vb = 27.00 m/s.
Terrain roughness
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31.08.2021 г. Calculation of wind peak velocity pressure - Eurocode 1
The roughness length z0 and the minimum height zmin are specified in EN1991-1-4 Table 4.1 as a function
of the terrain category.
For terrain category I the corresponding values are z0 = 0.010 m and zmin = 1.0
m.
The terrain factor kr depending on the roughness length z0 = 0.010 m is calculated in accordance with
EN1991-1-4 equation (4.5):
The roughness factor cr(ze) at the reference height ze accounts for the variability of the mean wind
velocity at the site of the structure due to the height above ground level and the ground roughness of
the terrain upwind of the structure.
It is calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4 equation 4.4.
Orography factor
Where orography (e.g. hills, cliffs etc.) increases wind velocities by more than 5% the effects should be
taken into account using an orography factor c0(ze) different than 1.0, as specified in EN1994-1-1 §4.3.3.
In general the effects of orography may be neglected when the average slope of the upwind terrain is
less than 3° up to a distance of 10 times the height of the isolated orographic feature.
The
recommended procedure in EN1994-1-1 §4.3.3 for calculation of the orography factor c0(ze) is described
in EN1994-1-1 §A.3.
Wind turbulence
The turbulence intensity Iv(ze) at reference height ze is defined as the standard deviation of the
turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity.
It is calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4 equation
4.7.
where the turbulence factor is considered as kI = 1.000 in accordance with EN1991-1-4 §4.4(1).
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31.08.2021 г. Calculation of wind peak velocity pressure - Eurocode 1
The peak velocity pressure qp(ze) at reference height ze includes mean and short-term velocity
fluctuations.
It is determined according to EN1991-1-4 equation 4.8:
qp(ze) = (1 + 7⋅Iv(ze)) ⋅ (1/2) ⋅ ρ ⋅ vm(ze)2 = (1 + 7⋅0.1707) ⋅ (1/2) ⋅ 1.25 kg/m3 ⋅ (26.85 m/s)2
where the density of the air is considered as ρ = 1.25 kg/m3 in accordance with EN1991-1-4 §4.5(1).
we = qp(ze) ⋅ cpe
where cpe is the appropriate pressure coefficient for external pressure that is given in EN1991-1-4 Section
7 depending on the type of structure. The appropriate reference height ze for the external surface is
given in EN1991-1-4 Section 7 depending on the type of structure.
wi = qp(zi) ⋅ cpi
where cpi is the appropriate pressure coefficient for internal pressure that is given in EN1991-1-4 Section
7 depending on the type of structure. The appropriate reference height zi for the internal surface is
given in EN1991-1-4 Section 7 depending on the type of structure.
where:
The structural factor cscd takes into account the structure size effects from the non-simultaneous
occurrence of peak wind pressures on the surface and the dynamic effects from the effect of
structural vibrations due to turbulence.
The structural factor cscd is determined in accordance with
EN1991-1-4 Section 6.
A value of cscd = 1.0 is generally conservative for small structures not-
susceptible to wind turbulence effects such as buildings with height less than 15 m.
The force coefficient cf is given in EN1991-1-4 Sections 7 and 8 depending on the type of structure
or structural element.
The wind reference area Aref is given in EN1991-1-4 Sections 7 and 8 depending on the type of
structure or structural element. It is generally the projected area of the structure exposed to wind
loading.
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31.08.2021 г. Calculation of wind peak velocity pressure - Eurocode 1
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