Study On Electricity Distribution Substation Operation Amp Maintenance of Desco

SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EEE 4056: Internship

Study on Electricity Distribution, Substation
Operation & Maintenance of DESCO
This internship report is submitted to Southeast University in the

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.Sc in EEE
Submitted By
Sarwer Hussain Faisal
ID: 2011000500067
Batch: 4th
Dept: EEE
Submitted To
Dr. Md. Quamruzzaman
Chairman
Dept of EEE & ICE
Southeast University
Letter of Transmittal
29th December, 2014

To
The Chairman,
Department of EEE & ICE ,
Subject: Submission of Internship Report.

Sir,
With due to respect and pleasure I submitted my internship report on
“Study on Electricity Distribution, Substation Operation &
Maintenance of DESCO” at Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited
(DESCO).The internship work has been accomplished as per the
requirement of the southeast university. I have put my best efforts to
complete the internship paper.
Thank you very much for your kind co-operation.

Sincerely yours

ID: 2011000500067
Batch: 4th
Dept: EEE
i
Approval Letter
ii
Declaration
I hereby declare that this internship report is the outcome of my own work.
Many references are quoted to support my work. I also declare that the
internship report, neither in whole nor in part has been previously
submitted else for any degree.

ID: 2011000500067
Batch: 4th
Dept: EEE
iii
Certificate
This is certifying that the internship report on “Study on Electricity
Distribution, Substation Operation & Maintenance of DESCO” is
submitted by Sarwer Hussain Faisal, ID: 2011000500067 for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Southeast University.
………………………… ….…………………………
Dr. Md. Quamruzzaman Engr. Muhammad Firoz Miah
(Supervisor) Executive Engineer
Chairman, Training &Development division
Dept. of EEE & ICE
iv
Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to almighty Allah
for helping me and enabling me to complete this paper successfully in time.
However, thanks and gratitude are also due to the following persons for
their continuous support in completing this internship and in preparing this
report.
Engr. Md. Rashidur Rahman Engr. Md. Firoz Miah

Superintending Engineer Executive Engineer
Administration Training & Development
Engr. Abdus Salam Md. Mominul Islam

Superintending Engineer Deputy General Manager
Finance Division Accounts Division
Engr.Md. Zakir Hossain Engr. Md. Moinuddin khan

Material Planning & stores Uttara (East) S& D Division
Engr.A.K.M Mahiuddin Engr. A.B.M Nazibor Rahman

Planning & Design Division Testing & Repairing Division
Engr. Mohd. Raihan Habib

Engr. Md. Monjurul Haque
Executive Engineer
Superintending Engineer
Meter Plant Division
(Sub-station & Network)
I would also like to thank my academic advisor Dr. Md. Quamruzzaman,

Chairman, Dept. of EEE & ICE, Southeast University.
v
Abstract
There are many problems in the power sector of Bangladesh such as lack of electricity
supply capacity, frequent power cuts, unacceptable quality of supply and poor
financial and operational performance of the sector entities. The most pressing
problems in the power sector have been with the distribution system, which is
characterized by heavy system loss and poor collection performance. However,
the distribution system seldom gets the priority in the reform initiatives.
In order to reduce these problems, DESCO was constituted by the government of
Bangladesh as a distribution company in 1996 under the companies act 1994 as a
public limited company with an authorized capital of TK. 5 million to provide
uninterrupted & stable power supply, better consumer service, improve system loss &
C.I ratio. In addition, DESCO started its operational activity since September 24, 1998
by taking over of Mirpur area from DESA. At present, DESCO is one of the main
power distribution companies in Bangladesh. In total 75% shares of DESCO are
owned by Bangladesh Government and rests of the 25% shares are owned by
Chairman of DESCO and other shareholders.
Internship is such an opportunity to learn those activities that are related to our
real engineering world. During my internship period, I have been able to gather
knowledge on grid-substation, transformer, switch-gear, substation operation,
maintenance, control room activity and improving power factor which are closely
related to my study materials. I have also observed their administrative activities,
complain room operation, IT (Information & Technology) and one point service center
activities which will surely help me to visualize the effectiveness in my practical life.
vi
List of Contents
Letter of Transmittal i
Approval letter ii
Certificate iii
Declaration iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
List of Contents vii-viii
List of Figure ix
List of Table x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-9

1.1Background of Bangladesh Power Sector 2
1.2 Power Sector Structure of Bangladesh 2
1.3 History of DESCO 3
1.4 Structure of the DESCO 3
1.5 Start upto The DESCO 3
1.6 Organization & Service area of DESCO 4
1.7 Objective 4
1.7.1 Broad Objective 4
1.7.2 Specific Objective 4
1.8 Methodology 4
1.9 Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited 5
1.10 Organogram 6
1.11 Desco HQ Tour 6
1.11.1Administration Department 7
1.11.2 Finance and Account division 7
1.12 Sales and distribution (S&D) operation 9
1.13 FY Wise Operational data 9
Chapter-2 Grid-Substation 10-24

2.1 Operation of Grid-Substation 11-13
2.2 General Equipment 13
2.2.1 Power Transformer 14
2.2.1.1 Transformer Specification 14
2.2.1.2 Transformer Component 15
2.2.1.3 Winding 15
2.2.1.4 Main Tank 15
2.2.1.5 Conservator Tank 16
2.2.1.6 Buchholz Relay 16
2.2.1.7 Cooling Equipment 17
2.2.1.8 Winding Temperature and Oil Temperature Indicator 17
2.2.1.9 On Load Tap Changer 17
2.2.1.10 Transformer Oil 18
2.2.1.11 Breathing System 18
2.2.1.12 Losses in Transformer 18-19
2.2.1.13 Protection Systems for transformer 19
vii
2.2.2 Auxiliary Transformers 19
2.2.3 Circuit Breaker 19
2.2.3.1 SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers 20
2.2.3.2 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 20
2.2.4.1 Potential Transformers 21
2.2.4.2 Current Transformers 21
2.2.5 Lighting Arresters 21
2.2.6 Isolators 22
2.2.7 Bus Bars and Bus Coupler 22
2.2.8 Battery and Battery Charger 23
2.3 Rating of various weir/ cable types used by desco 23
2.4 Rule of thumb 24
2.5 Overhead pole heights 24
Chapter 3 Maintenance and Protection of Grid-Substation 25-32

3.1 Maintenance and Inspection of Substation 26
3.2 Transformer Maintenance 26
3.3 Transformer Fault Detection and Repairing 27
3.3.1 Transformer Coil Burn 27
3.3.2 Drop off Fuse 27
3.3.3 Low Dielectric Strength 28
3.4 Power Factor Monitoring & Upgrading 28
3.4.1 Effect of Low Power Factor 28
3.5 Control Room Activity 29
3.5.1 Incoming Panels or Lines 29
3.5.2 Relay Protection on 33KV Incoming Line 30
3.6 Earth Isolator 30
3.7 The 33 KV Transformer Control Panels 31
3.8 Outgoing Feeders 32
Chapter 4 Conclusion 33-34

4.1 Discussion 34
Reference 35
viii
List of Figure
Name Page
Figure 1.1: power sector structure 2

Figure 1.2: organogram of DESCO 6
Figure 1.3: Partial Hierarchy of DESCO (MD to Managers). 6
Figure 1.4: Hierarchy of DESCO Administration Division. 7
Figure 1.5: Hierarchy of DESCO Finance and Accounts Division 8
Figure 1.6: Hierarchy of DESCO ICT Department under Finance and Accounts Division. 8
Figure 2.1: Uttara grid-substation with bus-1, bus-2, insulator, PT and bus coupler. 11
Figure 2.2: 132KV incoming source from Tongi grid, wave trap, CT,PT and L.A. 12
Figure 2.3: Single line diagram of Uttara grid-substation (132/33/11KV) 13
Figure 2.4: 33/11KV power transformer (GT4) at Uttara grid-substation 14
Figure 2.5: Nameplate of transformer main control box. 14
Figure 2.6: Main tank with primary & secondary winding 16
Figure 2.7: Conservator tank at Uttara grid-substation. 16
Figure 2.8: Action of buchholz relay at Uttara grid-substation 17
Figure 2.9: Winding temperature and oil temperature indicator. 17
Figure 2.10: Tap changing mechanism. 18
Figure 2.11: Transformer breathing system (silica gel) used at DESCO. 18
Figure 2.12: Auxiliary transformer at Uttara grid-substation. 19
Figure 2.13: SF6 gas circuit breaker at Uttara grid-substation 20
Figure 2.14: Potential transformer at Uttara grid-substation. 21
Figure 2.15: Lighting Arrester and the image of lighting arrester
Indicator at Uttara grid-substation. 22
Figure 2.16: 132 KV bus bars and bus coupler at Uttara grid-substation. 22
Figure 2.17: Battery backup system of 132/33/11KV Uttara grid-substation. 23
Figure 3.1: Single line diagram of Kafrul (Mirpur) 33/11 KV substation 26
Figure 3.2: The 11/.415KV distribution transformer. 27
Figure 3.3 PF dependence on the amplitude of KVA 28
Figure 3.4: Control room at Kafrul substation (33/11KV). 29
Figure 3.5: The relay protection on 33KV incoming line at Kafrul substation 30
Figure 3.6: The digital relay protection on 33KV transformer panel. 31
Figure 3.7: The relay protection on 33KV transformer panel at Kafrul substation. Relay
Protection on 32
ix
List of Table
Name page
Table 1.1: FY wise operational data. 9
Table2.1: Rating of various wire/cable types 24
Table 2.2: overhead pole heights 24
x
Study on Electricity Distribution,
Substation Operation & Maintenance of DESCO
CHAPTER -01
Introduction
1
In 1957, the government of East Pakistan took over all private power generation houses
and distribution lines and established Power Development Board (PDB) in 1959 as an
associate of the East Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (EWPDA). It
became an independent body in 1972 and it’s headquarter was in Dhaka. Its
responsibility was to control power plants and distribution network throughout
Bangladesh. At first BPDB used to generate transmit and distribute power. BPDB
started generating power; transmission responsibility was given to PGCB. BPDB used
to distribute power to mainly the urban areas except the metropolitan city of Dhaka.
The responsibility of distributing power in Dhaka was given to Dhaka Electric Supply
Authority (DESA). Later, DESA went through lots of controversies and corruption.
Then Bangladesh government formulated National Energy Policy in 1996 and
segregated power generation, transmission, and distribution functions in to separate
services. Government created a new subsidiary named Dhaka Electric Supply
Company Ltd. (DESCO) and provided the responsibility of electricity distribution in
Mirpur, Gulshan, Baridhara and Uttara area of Dhaka. In 2005, Dhaka Power
Distribution Company Limited (DPDC) was born.
Power Division is responsible for formulating policy relating to power and supervise,
control and monitor the developmental activities in the puissance sector of the country.
To implement its mandate the Power Division is fortified by a number of organizations,
cognate with generation, transmission and distribution. The organizational linkage is
as follows:
Fig 1.1: power sector structure [1]
2
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited, commonly known as DESCO, is a Public

Limited Company which distributes electricity at the Northern parts of Dhaka City
Corporation area. The company was created on November 1996 under the companies
Act 1994 as a Public Limited Company with an authorized capital of Tk. 5.00 billion,
due to improve power sector, to provide better service and to improve revenue
collection specially in Dhaka city. However, the operational activities are at DESCO’s
field level commenced on September 24, 1998. The company is now under the Power
Division of the Bangladesh Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources and
serving a total no of 6,60,350 consumers as of 14 September 2014 [2].
DESCO incorporated under the Companies Act 1994 with its own Memorandum and
Articles of Association. The company as a whole owned by Government of
Bangladesh and DESA representing government by acquiring 100% shares. DESCO
managed by a part time Board of Directors appointed by its shareholders, they are
responsible for policy decisions. The Board of Directors appointed managing Director
and two full time Directors and they were also members of the Board Directors after
appointment. The organizational of the company is as follows [3]:
 The Chairman DESA being the Board of Directors on his nominee till such
time DESA owns the majority of the shares in DESCO.
 The Managing Director acts as the Chief Executive Officer of the company and
responsible for overall management of the company.
 The Director (Technical) responsible for development planning supply demand
management and operation and maintenance of the system.
 The Director (Finance) responsible for all financial matters and commercial
operations of the company.
DESCO was constituted to provide uninterrupted & stable power supply, better
consumer service, improve system loss & C.I. ratio and accordingly DESCO starting
its operational activity since September 24, 1998 by taking over of Mirpur area from
DESA. Following are the initial activity of DESCO which includes [3]:
 Operation & Maintenance of Sub-Stations & Lines;
 Commercial functions i.e. billing, consumer accounting, disconnection & re-
connection of consumers, testing & installation of consumer meters etc.; and
 Planning, Design and installation of Sub-stations & lines etc.
3
The company is run by a small management team headed by the Managing Director
under the guidance of a Board of Directors and 16 numbers of sales and distribution
division and above two numbers of grid-substations. DESCO always visualizes
running the system efficiently and economically keeping minimum overhead cost with
minimum number of skilled manpower. The area is about 250 square kilometers
comprises the areas bounded by the Mirpur Road, Agargaon Road, Rokeya Sarani,
Progati Sarani, New Airport Road, Mymenshing Road, Mohakhali Jheel, Rampura
Jheel connected with Balu River in the south , Balu River in the east and Turag River
in the west and areas under Tongi Pourashava in the north. It may be mentioned that
“Purbachal Model Town” a Rajuk project, situated on the east side of Balu River,
adjacent to Dakkhin khan area, has been decided to be included under DESCO.
 Broad Objective
 Specific Objective
The main objective of the report has been done to show the total working procedure of
power transmission, distribution, substation operation, controlling and various
protection systems.
 The specific objective of this report includes:

 To study operation of 132/33/11KV substation
 To study the process of power transmission and distribution
 To make an analysis of total power consumption, various losses
 To specify the fault and their protection systems
The research of this paper has been done with the help of the different sources. During
the preparation of the paper several times it was cheeked by the authorized person of
the DESCO. The data was chosen accurately throughout the entire period of the
session. Although there were several sources but here some are mentioned as for the
proper references. The information of this report has been collected from the following
sources:
 Management Manual
4
 Operation Manual
 Maintenance Manual
 Product Brochure and Catalog
 Quality Management Manual
 Environment, Health & Safety Manual
To be a role-model electric supply company in the region

using most dependable techno-logies and be a
development partner in the continuous welfare of the
society [4].
Service to the utmost satisfaction of consumers through

reliable and uninterrupted power supply and provide
value for money. Provide congenial working
environment for employees [4].
Service excellence with integrity and corporate social

responsibility [4].
5
Fig 1.2: Organogram of DESCO [5]
DESCO is divided into five departments- Administration, Engineering, Finance and

Accounts, Procurement and Operations. From the HQ, all paperwork to run this
large company is done.
Fig 1.3: Partial Hierarchy of DESCO (MD to Managers) [6].
6
Administration and Training both falls under the Administration Department. Training
and Development Division: The author got a brief overview about DESCO at its
Training Center in the beginning of the technical attachment. The procedure, rules and
regulations of the internship were told to the author.
Administration Division: The author was briefly informed about the Administrative
procedures to run
Fig 1.4: Hierarchy of DESCO Administration Division [7].
Finance and Accounts Division both works together to manage the economical
activities of DESCO. Under Finance and Accounts Division there is also ICT
department making and managing consumer bills. The workings of these two divisions
can be summarized as follows.
 Preparing Consumer Bills based on monthly operational data (done by ICT).
 Collecting billing money from the Banks and accumulating it in the Central
Account.
 Managing the fund.
 Budget preparation.
7
 Expense allocation on Various Sectors of DESCO, including employees’

salary.
Fig 1.5: Hierarchy of DESCO Finance and Accounts Division [8].
Fig 1.6: Hierarchy of DESCO ICT Department under Finance and Accounts Division [9].
8
It consists of two function:
 Commercial operation.
 Systems Operation.
 Disconnection / Reconnection – Metering

 One point service center
 Billing /collection
 New connection
 Load sanction & load retention
 Load management
 Control room activity
 Power factor monitoring &upgrading
 Substation operation & maintenance
 Line maintenance
 Wireless & telecommunication
 DAS maintenance etc.
Table 1.1: FY wise operational data [10].
9
CHAPTER-2
Grid-Substation
10
Grid-substation is an interrelated network for delivering electricity from suppliers to

consumers. The DESCO has no power plant. Therefore, they purchase power that is
transmitted from Power Development Board (PDB) via Power Grid Company of
Bangladesh (PGCB) at different places of Dhaka city. A grid- substation or substation
transforms voltages from high to low by using power transformers. A substation that
has a step-down distribution transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the
current for domestic and commercial uses of electricity. During my internship period,
I have visited following:
Grid- substation:
 Uttara grid-substation (132KV/33KV/11KV).
 Bashundara grid–substation (132kv / 33kv /11kv)
Substation:
 Kafrul (Mirpur) substation (33KV/11KV).
 Uttara East substation (33KV/11KV).
 Nikunja substation (33KV/11 KV).
At Uttara grid-substation, there are two incoming sources from Mirpur and Tongi
grid.132KV bus-1, 132KV bus-2, bus PT-1 (potential transformer), bus PT-2
(potential transformer), 132KV bus coupler and the insulator of Uttara grid-substation
are shown in figure (2.1).
Fig 2.1: Uttara grid-substation with bus-1, bus-2, insulator, PT and bus coupler.
The wave trap, potential transformer (PT), lighting arrester (L.A) and 132KV incoming
source from Tongi grid of Uttara grid-substation are shown in figure (2.2)
11
Fig 2.2: 132KV incoming source from Tongi grid, wave trap, CT, PT and L.A.
Actually single line diagram is the basic configuration to understand the basic
operation of grid-substation. In figure (2.3), it is shown that how 132KV incoming
sources are connected to the Uttara grid-substation and then how it transforms from
132KV to 33KV. Also 33KV transforms to 11KV. Initially 132KV incoming sources
from Tongi grid and Mirpur grid are connected to Uttara grid-substation via UG/OHL
(UG means underground and OHL means overhead line), then safety equipment L.A.
(Lighting Arrester), potential transformer (PT), wave trap, isolator, current transformer
(CT), SF6 gas circuit breaker are connected to 132KV bus-1. Then 132KV bus
coupling is used to run or to keep active both 132KV bus-1 and 132KV bus-2. Then
again PT, isolator, CT, L.A. and grid-transformer-1 which transforms the voltages
from 132KV to 33KV. Subsequently 33KV is also connected with 33KV bus via SF6
gas circuit breaker. Here also 33KV bus coupling is used to run both 33KV bus-1 and
33KV bus-2. Last of all VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) is also connected to 33KV
bus and then grid-transformer-3, which transforms the voltages from 33KV to 11 KV.
Subsequently 11KV is also connected with 11KV bus via VCB and then active eight
numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders are connected to different sectors of Uttara.
In our country, the voltage transmissions are 400KV, 230KV, 132KV
respectively. But at DESCO the step down transmission voltages are 132KV to 33KV,
33KV to 11KV and 11KV to 415V. At Uttara grid-substation the step down voltage is
132/33/11 KV.The single line diagram of Uttara grid-substation is given in figure
(2.3).
12
Fig 2.3: Single line diagram of Uttara grid-substation (132/33/11KV)
There are various equipment at Uttara grid-substation such as

 Power transformer,
 Switchgear,
 Circuit breaker (Air blast, Vacuum CB, SF6 CB)
 Instrument transformer (CT & PT),
 Isolator,
 Earth switch,
 Wave trap,
 Lightening arrester,
 Auxiliary transformer,
 Bus bar (main bus bar and reserve bus bar),
 Battery and battery charger,
 Control relay panel,
 Ac & dc distribution panels and
 Voltage regulator etc.
13
Transformer is a device which transforms electric power from one circuit to another
circuit without changing in frequency. The electric power of transformer is created by
electromagnetic induction between the windings or circuits. Depending upon the size
of the windings, values of voltage and current are changed from primary (source)
to secondary (load) with constant frequency[4]. At DESCO, I have observed power
transformer to transform power from 132 KV to 33 KV and 33KV to 11KV where 132
KV is supplied by PGCB. Most of the power transformers are made by Energy Pack
and maintained by them as well. At Uttara grid-substation, there are four grid (power)
transformers indicated as GT1, GT2, GT3 and GT4. At Uttara grid-substation, two
transformers transform voltages from 132KV to 33KV which is indicated by GT1 &
GT2 (50/75 MVA ranged transformers are used). And other two ∆ (delta) transformers
transform voltages from 33KV to 11KV indicated by GT3 & GT4 (20/28MVA ranged
transformers are used). The image of GT4 power transformer is given in figure (2.4)
Fig 2.4: 33/11KV power transformer (GT4) at Uttara grid-substation
There are various types of transformer available. But at DESCO, they prefer oil based
transformers, imported from China. The main reason of using oil based transformers
is availability and reasonable price compare to other types of transformers. The image
of transformer designed specification (main tank control box) is given in figure (2.5)
Fig 2.5: Nameplate of transformer main control box.
14
There are so many transformer component such as:

 Winding main tank
 Conservator tank,
 Breathing system,
 Cooling system,
 Transformer oil,
 Oil level indicator meter,
 On load tape changer,
 Silica gel,
 Insulator,
 Radiator,
 Oil temperature meter
 Winding temperature meter,
 Buchholz relay and
 Pressure relief device.
In figure (2.6), the primary winding is 33KV and secondary winding is 11KV. In this
case it is step-down transformer and that is why primary winding is ∆ (delta) connected
and secondary winding is Y (wye) connected. The ac source is known as primary
winding. The load which is taken from the source is called secondary winding.
The transformer consists of soft iron core or the silicon steel core. Also two windings
attached to it, they are primary winding and the secondary winding. The windings are
insulated from one another. The conducting material (a conductor is a material which
contains movable electric charges) used for the windings, depends upon the
application. But in all cases, each turns must be electrically insulated from each other
to ensure that the current travels throughout every turn [11].
Main tank is such type of protective element for the primary winding and secondary
winding. The end edge of the primary winding is connected from one side of the main
tank. And the starting edge of the secondary winding is connected from opposite site
of the main tank. Main tank is filled up with oil. And oil is used to provide insulation
between the main tank and the windings. The image of main tank along with primary
and secondary winding is given in figure (2.6)
15
Fig 2.6: Main tank with primary & secondary winding.
During the expansion of oil due to internal fault of transformer or when load increases,
windings (both primary and secondary winding) produce more heat. As a result oil
volume can expand. And expansion of oil volume can enter from main to
conservator tank via buchholz relay. Actually the tank is designed as an expansion
reservoir which allows the expansion of the oil during operation. The image of
conservator tank is given in figure (2.7).
Fig 2.7: Conservator tank at Uttara grid-substation.
Buchholz relay is a protective element of transformer. It is installed at the middle

position of the transformer tank and the conservator tank. When gas is produced in the
main tank due to a minor fault, oil volume expands and can enter to conservator tank
via buchholz relay. If oil’s motion is very rapid, then at 1st, it gives the signal to the
control room. If the fault is very big then it trips the transformer [12].
The image action of buchholz relay is given in figure (2.8).
16
Fig 2.8: Action of buchholz relay [13].
The cooling equipment such as radiator collects the hot oil from the top of the main
tank and returns cooled oil lower down on the side of the main tank.
Winding temperature indicator (meter) indicates the appropriate temperature of

winding (The normal position of winding temperature is 75 (degree centigrade). Oil
temperature indicator (meter) indicates the appropriate temperature of oil (The
normal position of oil temperature is 65 degree centigrade). The image of oil
temperature and winding temperature indicator is given in figure (2.9).
Fig 2.9: Winding temperature and oil temperature indicator.
On load tap changing is a mechanism that usually used in case of any disturbance of
primary winding or in case of any fault of actual incoming voltages to the primary
winding. In figure (2.10), the primary winding is 33KV and secondary winding is
11KV. If 33KV is reduced at 28KV then on load tap changer is used to increase from
28K to 33KV. The image of on load tap changing mechanism is given in figure (2.10).
17
Fig 2.10: Tap changing mechanism.
Transformer oil is used to provide insulation between the transformer main tank and
the windings (both primary windings and secondary windings) and for keeping cool
the transformer. The transformer oil also provides high dielectric strength to the coils
and core which are submerged. This allow transformer to be more compact and cost
efficient.
Transformer breathing system is controlled by silica gel. It is used to absorb

moisture. During the injection of oil into transformer tank some air can enter or exit
in the conservator tank depending on expansion and extraction of the oil of main
tank and silica gel is used to absorb the moisture from that air. The image of silica
gel is given in figure (2.11).
Fig 2.11: Transformer breathing system (silica gel) used at DESCO.
Iron Losses: In actual iron cores, in-spite of lamination, some heat is still produced by
the eddy currents.
Copper Losses: In actual practice, coils of the transformer possess some resistance.
So a part of energy is lost due to heat produced by the resistance of the coils.
18
Hysteresis Losses: The alternating current in the coils repeatedly takes the iron core
through complete cycle of magnetization. So energy is lost due to hysteresis.
The principal relays and systems used for transformer protection at DESCO’s grid-
substation are described below.
Buchholz devices providing protection against all kind of incipient fault i.e. slow –
developing faults such as insulation failure of windings, core heating, fall of oil level
due to leaky joints etc.
 Earth-fault relays providing against earth-faults only.
Over current relays providing protection mainly phase-to-phase faults and
overloading.
Differential system (or circulating current system) providing protection against both
earth and phase fault.
The grid-substation itself has a maintenance room beside it, so the power
supply of that household is provided through this auxiliary y transformer. It
provides the supply to the auxiliary service which includes lighting, low voltage
power supplies and ventilation. The auxiliary service may be three-phase 415V or
single phase 230V (Typical voltage rating 33KV/0.415KV).The image of auxiliary
transformer at Uttara grid-substation is given in figure (2.12).
Fig 2.12: Auxiliary transformer at Uttara grid-substation.
A circuit breaker is a switching device which can open and close a circuit in a small
fraction of second under normal as well as during fault condition. Basically, it
is automatically operated by electrical switch which is designed to protect an
electrical circuit form damage caused by overload or short circuit and its basic
function is to detect a fault condition.
19
A SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) gas circuit breaker is a high voltage circuit breaker.
Basically sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and
arc extinguishing properties. It has high die-electric strength and outstanding arc
quenching characteristics.The followings are the advantages of SF6 gas circuit
breaker:
Due to the superior arc quenching property of SF6, such breakers have very short
arcing time.
Since the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is 2 to 3 times that of air, such breakers can
interrupt large currents.
 The SF6 gas circuit breaker gives noiseless operation due to its closed circuit.
 There is no risk of fire in such breakers because SF6 as is non-inflammable.
The SF6 breakers have low maintenance cost, light foundation requirements and
minimum auxiliary equipment.
The image of SF6 gas circuit breaker is given in figure (2.13).
Fig 2.13: SF6 gas circuit breaker at Uttara grid-substation
Vacuum circuit breaker is a low voltage circuit breaker with rated current up
to 3000 A. These breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the
arc in vacuum container. These are generally applied for voltages up to about 35000
V, which corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of power systems.
20
Potential transformer or voltage transformer is used for reducing ac voltage from

higher value to lower value for measurement, protection and control purpose. At
Uttara grid-substation the ratio of potential transformer is 132KV to 110V.This is
connected with line in parallel. The image of potential transformer is given in figure
(2.14).
Fig 2.14: Potential transformer at Uttara grid-substation.
Current transformers (CT) are also used for reducing ac current from higher value to
lower value for measurement, protection and control purpose. This is connected with
line in series. At Uttara grid-substation the ratio of current transformer is (1600/800/1)
Ampere.
Lighting arrester is a device, used on grid-substation to protect the insulation on the

grid-substation from the damaging effect of lighting. The typical lightning arrester
also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When
a lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the lighting
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most
cases to earth. Lighting arrester is installed on many different pieces of equipment such
as power poles and towers, power transformers, circuit breakers and bus structures in
substation. The image of lighting arrester and the image of lighting arrester indicator
is given in figure (2.15).
21
Fig 2.15: Lighting Arrester and the image of lighting arrester indicator at Uttara grid-
substation.
At Uttara grid-substation, I have seen different types of isolators. These are line
isolator, bus isolator, earth isolator, pin isolator and post isolator. Isolators are used
to break the 3 phase power circuit under no load condition. These are (mostly in
substation) installed before and after the transformer maintenance purpose. Basically
it is used to disconnect a component of electrical systems from the power source.
Isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely
de-energized for service or maintenance. It operates only on “no load” condition
since there is no ability for arc extinguishing.
At Uttara grid-substation, I have seen six (6) bus bars. These are 132KV bus-1,
132KV bus-2,33KV bus-1, 33KV bus-2, 11KV bus-1 and 11KV bus-2. Actually bus
bar is a strip of copper or aluminum that conducts electricity within a switch board,
distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus. The size of the bus bar
determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried. Generally it
consists of two bus-bars a main bus bar and a reserve bus bar. The incoming and
outgoing lines can be connected together in bus bar. However, in case of repair of
main bus-bar or fault accusing on it, the continuity of supply to the circuit can be
maintained by transforming it to the reserve bus-bar. Bus coupler is used to run
the both bus (main bus and reserve bus) at the same time. The image of bus bar and
bus coupler is given in figure (2.16).
Fig 2.16: 132 KV bus bars and bus coupler at Uttara grid-substation.
22
Battery is the heart of Substation. Battery is a storage device. It is required for back-
up dc supply to ensure protection. Battery supplies 110V dc voltage to the control and
protection circuit when ac fails or charger fails. In a substation, dc Voltage is required
for protection, control and signaling. Battery charger rectifies the 400V ac into 110V
dc and supplies the dc voltage to control panels for the mentioned purpose as well as
charges the batteries. The image of battery and battery charger is given in figure (2.17)
Fig 2.17: Battery backup system of 132/33/11KV Uttara grid-substation.
Voltage Over Head Wires
Wire Name WASP ANT
0.415KV Shackle
Ampacity 278 A 150 A
Insulator
Power 200 KW 100 KW
Wire Name MARLIN DOG RABBIT WOLF
11 KV
Ampacity 465 A 300 A 220 A 200 A
Power 7.5 MW 5MW 4 MW 3 MW DISC and PIN
Wire Name HAWK MARLIN Type Insulator
33 KV Ampacity 650 A 465 A
Power 34 MW 23 MW
23
Voltage Underground Cable
Cross Section 185 mm2 Al 240 mm2 Al 185 mm2 Cu 300mm2 Cu
& Metal
Ampacity 306 A 400 A 388 A 490 A
11 KV Power 5 MW 6.5 MW 6.5 MW 8 MW

Cross Section
& Metal 450mm2 Cu 550mm2 Cu
Ampacity 600 A 725 A
33 KV Power 30 MW 36 MW
Table 2.1: Rating of various wire/cable types
1 disc type insulator is needed for each 11 KV Line. So a 132KV line would need
132/11 = 12 disc type insulators. For strengthening the line, 1 or 2 more insulators
might be given.
Voltage Pole Height Pole Type

33 KV 15 m
11 KV 12 m Steel/ SPC
230/400 V 9-10 m
Table 2.2: overhead pole heights
24
CHAPTER-3
Maintenance and Protection of
Grid-Substation
25
During my internship period at DESCO, I have got ideas about substation’s

equipment maintenance and practically observed maintenance period of Kafrul
substation. Basically there are many inspections of substations, but DESCO
implements inspection of substation’s equipment on monthly and half-yearly basis.
Single line diagram of Kafrul substation is shown in figure (3.1). At Kafrul
substation, there are three (3) 33 KV incoming sources and eighteen (18) 11KV
outgoing feeders. In figure (3.1), some transformers directly transform voltages
from 33KV to 415V and some transformers transform voltages from 33KV
to 11KV. At Kafrul substation only eight numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders are
active, seven numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders are spare or in off position and three
numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders are for switching
Fig 3.1: Single line diagram of Kafrul (Mirpur) 33/11 KV substation.
Transformer maintenances at Uttara grid-substation are given below. :
 Overall cleaning or washing of transformers.

 Check insulation resistance between each winding and ground.
 Check the control system and driving mechanism of OLTC.
26
 Change the oil of OLTC (OLTC means On Load Tap Changer).

 Check toughness of low terminal and high terminal.
 Check the performance of oil temperature & winding temperature meter.
The common faults of transformer which are given below:

 Transformer coil burn.
 Drop out fuse.
 Low dielectric strength in transformer oil.
Coil burn process happens when distribution transformer runs under overload for
long days. For detecting transformer fault, at first the ‘insulation tester’ is used. This
insulation tester measures the resistance of transformer insulation. This tester has a
prime mover, mega Ω meter and two probes. To test the transformer insulation, one
probe is connected to high side and another one to low side. Then the prime mover
is rotating by 120 rpm (rotating per minute) and produces very low current follow
like 100V. If the meter shows the resistive value less than 5 MΩ, it means coil is
burned, otherwise the tester shows more or equal to 30 MΩ. The image of distribution
transformer is given in figure (3.2).
Figure 3.2: The 11/.415KV distribution transformer.
Drop off fuse is a protection to protect transformer from burning. It is used, when
transformer’s distribution or feeder lines falls in short circuit or ground fault.
27
One kind of oil is used in transformer to isolate the coil-container and to keep cool
the transformer. This oil is a dielectric material. If the oil dielectric value decreases,
the core can be burned or a serious accident could be occurred. So, DESCO usually
checks the oil dielectric strength in every two or three years ever since the
transformer is installed
Power factor monitoring is one of the most important factors in power system.
Because poor power factor impose low effects on power generation. At Kafrul
substation I have seen the power factor was about 0.97≈0.98, but usually the average
is about 0.95.
Inductive load is responsible to degrade the power factor. We know that power
factor is defined as the ratio of KW to KVA. But we can see that the cause of
low power factor is large KVAR. And we know that the magnitude of KVAR is
proportional to inductive load. All big factories, industries and workshops are
main sources of inductive loads. Inductive load includes: Transformer, Induction
motor and Energy saving light. Reactive power increases the amount of apparent
power. This increases the reactive power and as a result apparent power creates large
angle (θ) between KW and KVA and larger angle produces poor power factor
(pf=cosθ).
Figure 3.3: PF dependence on the amplitude of KVA.
Based on the above figure (3.5), we can describe PF as follows:
 Power factor will remain as an approaching unity (if KVAR small).

 KW and KVA will be almost equal (if KVAR small).
Poor power factor affects the power distribution system, loss in distribution network
and voltage drop in feeder line. Excessive voltage drop may cause over heating in
distribution network. Poor power factor also affect the generation plant. The power
generators act as an induction machine. The reactive power comes from these power
generators. Poor power factor means more reactive power. More reactive power
overloads the generators.
28
I have spent six and half (6.5) hours at Kafrul substation’s control room. Actually
control room is very important in power system. This control room is open for 7 days
and 24 hours. The basic operations of a control room are as follows:
 Communicates with other control rooms or grids.
 Communicates with line maintenance teams.
 Manage load shedding.
 Record data (Supply load, demand load, load shedding time). The image of
control room at Kafrul substation is given in figure (3.4).
Fig 3.4: Control room at Kafrul substation (33/11KV).
Control relay panels facilitate centralized control of the related controlled

equipment in power stations, switching stations and industrial plant. The panels are
bolted together to form a board. This approach permits replacements, extensions and
rearrangement when necessary. The panel incorporates control switches and indicator
lamps for remote control of controlled equipment. A “remote/ supervisory” selector
switch is also provided for selection of supervisory control from remote control
center.
At Kafrul substation there are three incoming lines. These are as follows:
 33KV incoming panel-1 (Mirpur old, Kafrul U/G).

 33KV incoming panel-2 (Kafrul U/G)
 33KV incoming panel-3 (kafrul O/H).
The equipment of 33KV incoming panels are trip circuit supervision relay-1,
trip circuit supervision relay-2, trip relay, bus isolator, ac alarm, dc alarm, on
29
lamp, off lamp, line isolator, earth isolator, dir. O/C and E/F relay, multifunction
meter, KWH meter and also indicator signal.The image of 33KV incoming panel
with relay protection is given in figure (3.5)
Fig 3.5: The relay protection on 33KV incoming line at Kafrul substation
At Kafrul substation’s control room inside the 33KV incoming panel there are two
trip circuit supervision relays, one trip relay, one bus isolator, one line isolator
and one earth isolator.Trip circuit supervision relay-1 is the relay which supervises
the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. It tests whether dc supply is under proper
condition or not. It also provides alarm for loss of dc supply, faults in trip coil
or cables, faults on the breaker auxiliary contacts and faults in the relay itself. Trip
circuit supervision relay-2 is also used for same objective. Bus isolator is used to
isolate the bus from incoming line due to the maintenance or service purposes of bus.
Line isolator is used to isolate the incoming line due to the maintenance or service
purpose of substation.
After closing the bus isolator and line isolator, some electric charge remains present
in cables. Actually earth isolator is used to discharge the electric charge from the
cables. Master trip relay is the main and backup for protection relay for trip
circuit super vision relay [14].
At Kafrul substation, these are transformer control panel-1, transformer control

panel-2 and transformer control panel-3. The equipment at 33KV transformer
30
control panel are differential relay, sensitive earth fault relay (p-120), O/C and E/F
relay (p-120), multifunction meter, energy (KWH) meter, spring charge lamp, trip
lamp, trip coil-1, healthy lamp, trip coil-2, healthy lamp, dc-1, dc-2, spare, trip
relay-1, trip relay-2, trip circuit supervision relay-1, trip circuit supervision relay-2,
auxiliary relay-1 (BZ main tank and PRD main tank), auxiliary relay-2 (WTT and
OLT), auxiliary relay-3 (BZ OLTC and PRD OLTC). The image of digital relay
protection is given in figure (3.6).
Fig 3.6: The digital relay protection on 33KV transformer panel.
Actually transformer differential relay is a relay that checks for current balance
between the primary and the secondary side of a transformer. It also acts as a
protective element to protect cables which finds the fault or the difference between
the primary and secondary current. The sensitive earth fault relay of power
transformer is a protective device that works by measuring the amount of lick current
which discharges to the earth such as for any small lick at underground cables
and some current are discharging to the ground of earth. But it has a limitation. If it
crosses the limit current, the sensitive earth fault relay trips the transformer.
Multifunction meter is a meter which can display voltage, current, power factor,
line to line voltage, phase to phase voltage and phase to neutral voltage. O/C means
over current relay and E/F earth fault relay. O/C relay, if there is any imbalance
in the 3 phase current then the over current relay trips the circuit. During storms,
if the phase falls down to the earth, then the earth fault relay trips the circuit [15] [14]
The image of relay protection on 33KV transformer panel is given in figure (3.7).
31
Fig 3.7: The relay protection on 33KV transformer panel at Kafrul substation. Relay
Protection on
At Kafrul substation there are eighteen numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders.

But seven numbers of 11KVoutgoing feeders are closed or spare for requirement
of future generation and three numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders are for switching
and only eight numbers of 11KV outgoing feeders are active for the distribution of
electricity.
32
CHAPTER -4
Conclusion
33
I have spent some remarkable days at DESCO during my internship program. DESCO
is one of the best practical grounds for the Electrical and Electronic Engineers in our
country. I must say the theories that I have learned at my university was practically
observed by me at DESCO. I consider myself very much lucky to have my internship
program with a reputed electricity distribution company like DESCO. It gave me an
opportunity to implement my theoretical knowledge practically. My achievements
from DESCO are as follows:
 Industrial training provided by DESCO has enriched my practical
knowledge.
 It has enlarged my thinking capacity about practical operations of the
different equipment.
 I have learned about the design, implementation, operation and maintenance
of a grid substation.
 It has increased my confidence level for facing job interview in future.
 DESCO gave me a unique experience of understanding the equipment of
substation.
The friendly environment in DESCO encouraged me to co-operate with others. I have

learned a lot and obtained practical knowledge during my internship at DESCO
which will help me in future life.
34
Reference
1. http://www.powerdivision.gov.bd/user/brec/39/53
2. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=monthly-operational-data
3. https://www.desco.org.bd/?page=about-us
4. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=vision-mission
5. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=organogram
6. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=org_md
7. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=gm_admin
8. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=gm_fin
9. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=dgm_ict
10. https://www.desco.org.bd/index.php?page=fy-wise-operational-data
11. http://wiki.answer.com/Q/what is the primary winding and the secondary
winding of a transformer.
12. http://wiki.answer.com/Q/what is a buchholz relay
13. http://electricalsystembasics.com/2014/05/buchholz-relay-operation-
principle-transformers.html
14. http://www.cr4.globalspec.com/thread/77378/Directional-sensitive-Earth-
Fault.
15. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-overcurrent-relay.htm.
35

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SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EEE 4056: Internship

This internship report is submitted to Southeast University in the

29th December, 2014

Subject: Submission of Internship Report.

Thank you very much for your kind co-operation.

Sarwer Hussain Faisal

Sarwer Hussain Faisal

Engr. Md. Rashidur Rahman Engr. Md. Firoz Miah

Engr. Abdus Salam Md. Mominul Islam

Engr.Md. Zakir Hossain Engr. Md. Moinuddin khan

Engr.A.K.M Mahiuddin Engr. A.B.M Nazibor Rahman

Engr. Mohd. Raihan Habib

I would also like to thank my academic advisor Dr. Md. Quamruzzaman,

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-9

Chapter-2 Grid-Substation 10-24

Chapter 3 Maintenance and Protection of Grid-Substation 25-32

Chapter 4 Conclusion 33-34

Figure 1.1: power sector structure 2

Fig 1.1: power sector structure [1]

Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited, commonly known as DESCO, is a Public

 The specific objective of this report includes:

To be a role-model electric supply company in the region

Service to the utmost satisfaction of consumers through

Service excellence with integrity and corporate social

Fig 1.2: Organogram of DESCO [5]

DESCO is divided into five departments- Administration, Engineering, Finance and

Fig 1.3: Partial Hierarchy of DESCO (MD to Managers) [6].

Fig 1.4: Hierarchy of DESCO Administration Division [7].

 Expense allocation on Various Sectors of DESCO, including employees’

Fig 1.5: Hierarchy of DESCO Finance and Accounts Division [8].

It consists of two function:

 Disconnection / Reconnection – Metering

Table 1.1: FY wise operational data [10].

Grid-substation is an interrelated network for delivering electricity from suppliers to

Fig 2.3: Single line diagram of Uttara grid-substation (132/33/11KV)

There are various equipment at Uttara grid-substation such as

Fig 2.4: 33/11KV power transformer (GT4) at Uttara grid-substation

Fig 2.5: Nameplate of transformer main control box.

There are so many transformer component such as:

Fig 2.6: Main tank with primary & secondary winding.

Fig 2.7: Conservator tank at Uttara grid-substation.

Buchholz relay is a protective element of transformer. It is installed at the middle

Fig 2.8: Action of buchholz relay [13].

Winding temperature indicator (meter) indicates the appropriate temperature of

Fig 2.9: Winding temperature and oil temperature indicator.

Fig 2.10: Tap changing mechanism.

Transformer breathing system is controlled by silica gel. It is used to absorb

Fig 2.11: Transformer breathing system (silica gel) used at DESCO.

Fig 2.12: Auxiliary transformer at Uttara grid-substation.

 There is no risk of fire in such breakers because SF6 as is non-inflammable.

Fig 2.13: SF6 gas circuit breaker at Uttara grid-substation

Potential transformer or voltage transformer is used for reducing ac voltage from

Fig 2.14: Potential transformer at Uttara grid-substation.

Lighting arrester is a device, used on grid-substation to protect the insulation on the

Fig 2.17: Battery backup system of 132/33/11KV Uttara grid-substation.

Voltage Over Head Wires