Earth and Life Science 11/12

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

The Earth has existed for approximately 4.5 billion years. The geologic history of the
planet is divided into eras, periods, epochs, and ages. Many geologic processes occur over
timescales millions of years and it is quite challenging to record notable events within the
extreme size of the geologic time. Geologists have established set of principles that can be
applied to sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are exposed at the Earth's surface to
determine the relative ages of geological events preserved in the rock. The clues from the
rocks they have examined help them to create a picture of how the Earth has changed over
time. Geologists used relative dating to arrange the rock layers from oldest to youngest and
measured the amount of radioactive elements in rocks, and scientists used absolute dating
to give ages to each chunk of time on the geologic time scale.

This Learner's Packet will help you understand the Earth's history, how it is
interpreted using relative and absolute dating.

II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

 Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivision of
geologic time (S11/12ES-Ie-27)
 Describe how Earth's history can be interpreted from the geologic time scale.
(S11/12ES-Ie-29)

III. ACTIVITIES

ELICIT:

Let us see what you already know about today's lesson. Analyze the questions
carefully and choose only the letter of the correct answer.

1. What scientific avenue of investigation gave scientists the best estimate of the age of the
Earth?
a. dating fossils b. archaeological dating
c. radiometric dating d. carbon dating

2. Which of the following statements about radiometric dating is false?

a. As minerals crystallize from a melt, rubidium is absorbed into them.
b. Argon-40 is the daughter isotope of potassium-40.
c. Carbon-14 is useful for dating materials up to 70,000 years old.
d. Sedimentary rocks can be dated more easily than igneous rocks.

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3. Which type of dating method can be used on rocks layers applying the Law of
Superposition?
a. relative dating b. absolute dating
c. radioactive dating d. radiometric dating

4. What length of time is required for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay?
a. era b. age
c. half-life d. eon

5. Which is NOT a type of fossil?

a. carbon film b. mold or cast
c. sediment d. petrified wood

ENGAGE:

Activity 1 – Connect the Circles

Use the terms inside the box to complete the concept map below:

-Sedimentary measure determines the

-Rocks a age of
-Radioactive
-Isotope
to find its which are often found in
-Fossils
-Absolute
Dating
-Half-Life which may be disturbed by
-Faults
-Folds

Activity 2 – Amazing Fos-zle

Study the image below and answer the

questions alongside the picture.

Questions:

1. Which layer is the oldest?

2. Which layer is the youngest?

3. Describe the youngest and oldest

rock layers in terms of rock type
Figure 1. Geologic layers showing sorted fossils.

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EXPLORE:

In order to have a clear understanding of rock dating methods and how geologists
use geologic time scale in interpreting the Earth's history, perform the activities below.

Activity 1 – GTS in Earth's History

Read and understand the selection about the geologic time scale, then answer the
tasks in your notebook.

The Geologic Time Scale

(GTS) is a calendar used to track
events throughout Earth's history. It is
a method of dating that uses
geological strata (stratigraphy) to link
time to geological strata. It divides all
time into designated abstract time
units termed eons, eras, periods,
epochs, and ages, descending order
of duration. Geologists,
paleontologists, and other Earth
scientists use it to define the timing
and linkages of events throughout
Earth's history. Stratigraphy, or the
correlation and classification of rock
strata, counts those geologic time
units. On the other hand, the timing of
widespread species' emergence and
disappearance from the fossil record
is used to delineate the beginnings Figure 2. Geologic Time Scale
and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other intervals, with the timing of widespread
species' emergence and disappearance from the fossil record being used to delineate the
beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other intervals. The terminology,
dates, and standard color codes established by the International Commission on
Stratigraphy are all followed in this table of geologic periods (ICS).

A. Fill in the table with appropriate data to show the number of years each era lasted:

The Divisions of Geologic Time Percent Millions of years

The age of the Earth 100% 4,600 my

Cenozoic Era 1.5%
Mesozoic Era 4.0%
Paleozoic Era 6.5%
Precambrian Time 88.0%

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B. Based on GTS, identify the period when each of the important events happened. Write
your answer in the space provided on the right side.

1. Single-celled organisms: 3,500 million years ago ______________

2. Trilobites: 500 million years ago ______________
3. Early land plants: 430 million years ago ______________
4. Reptiles: 280 m.y.a. ______________
5. Fish: 395 m.y.a. ______________
6. Dinosaurs: 225-65 m.y.a. ______________
7. Mammals: 65 m.y.a. ______________
8. Humans: 2.5 m.y.a. ______________
9. Birds: 120 m.y.a. ______________
10. Pangaea starts to separate: 225 m.y.a. ______________

C. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the 4 major divisions of the geologic time scale?
2. Which of the four major divisions of the GTS occupied the largest unit of time?
3. What significant event in the history of the earth happened during the largest unit of time?

ACTIVITY 2: ROCK DATING

Before performing the activity, read the selection about relative and absolute dating
in determining the subdivisions of the geologic time scale.

The absolute age of a rock or object

is different from the relative age. Which of
the two items is older can be determined
using relative dating. This method does not
calculate the age in years, but it is a useful
tool for comparing the ages of two or more
objects, rocks, or even places. It suggests
that relative dating cannot be used to
determine an artifact's genuine age. On the
other hand, absolute dating may determine
an item's exact age using carbon dating
and other techniques that were not
available in the past. Scientists use Figure 3. Rock dating
absolute age dating to identify a rock's
absolute age, which is millions of years before the present, rather than only its age relative to
the rock units around it. This data aids geologists in creating more accurate geological
history models for the rocks and locations they study. Radiometric dating, which employs
radioactive isotopes of elements in the rock to estimate the age of the rock, is commonly
used to calculate absolute age. The notion of layer deposition is used in relative dating. This
means that the strata at the bottom are the most ancient.
On the other hand, the age of deposition does not imply the age of the items found in that
stratum. Artifacts discovered in a layer can be compared to objects discovered in other strata
of similar age and arranged in chronological order. However, archeologists will need more
information to determine which pieces are the oldest and the youngest in order. Absolute

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age in years (A) Equals time elapsed since the formation of the most recent layer (R) plus
(the number of layers (N) lying above the layer in question multiplied by the duration (D) of
the depositional cycle): A = R + (N x D). This technique assumes that the cycle duration is
constant. If the cycle's duration is not consistent, but individual cycle durations are not too
different, the average cycle duration can be utilized without sacrificing much accuracy.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
and thus different atomic weights. Some isotopes are unstable, and they decay (break down)
over time into other isotopes. This is known as radioactive decay. During radioactive decay,
a particle (e.g., a neutron, electron, or x-ray photon) is emitted from a radioactive atom,
known as the parent atom. After the particle is expelled, the parent atom is changed to
generate a different isotope (typically a different element) known as the daughter atom. The
daughter isotope atom should not be radioactive to be useful for radiometric dating (i.e., it
should not disappear once it has formed).

A. Based on the selection, answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference between absolute dating and relative dating?

2. How does the age of a layer is calculated using absolute dating?
3. How accurate is relative dating in tracing the Earth's history?

B. Put an "A" next to the absolute date and an "R" next to the relative dates.

______1. A house built in 1805

______2. The San Agustin Church is the oldest stone church in the Philippines
______3. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was attacked by the Empire of
Japan on December 8, 1941, nine hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor
______4. Baybayin has been called Badlit and Kudlit-kabadlit for the Visayans; Kurditan and
Kur-itan for the Ilocanos; and Basahan for the Bicolanos
______5. Mayon Volcano had its first eruption in 1616
______6. Scientists quantitatively measured the entire ages of rocks and fossil remains

EXPLAIN:

Answer the following:

1. What can we learn from fossils?

2. Is radioactive dating absolute or relative? Why?

3. How do paleontologists help us understand the past?

ELABORATE:

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING

Geologists used methods based on geologic laws and principles to establish relative
time scales to determine the history of the Earth. Geologic laws and principles are simple
and easy to understand.

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 o Relative time refers to the sequence in which specified subdivisions of the Earth's
geology occur (for example, the Cambrian Period, followed by the Ordovician Period and
Silurian Period). The majority of these subgroups are known globally based on their relative
stratigraphic position and fossil content.

o Absolute time consists of numerical ages, frequently represented in "millions of

years before the present." Radiometric dating methods on appropriate rock types are most
typically used to get these.

Scientists use clues found in rocks to piece together a picture of how areas on Earth
have evolved. In the 1700s and 1800s, scientists discovered that similar layers of
sedimentary rocks contain similar fossils. They ordered the rock layers from oldest to
youngest using relative dating. Scientists use relative dating to learn whether fossils are
older or younger than others rather than determining their exact age. They discovered that
the fossils found in older rocks differ from those found in younger rocks. Older rock strata, for
example, may only include reptile fossils, whereas younger rock layers may also contain
mammal fossils.

When the fossils indicated similar things lived on the Earth, scientists separated
Earth's history into several pieces of time. To keep track of how Earth has changed, they
gave each period a name. The Jurassic Period, for example, was a period during which
many dinosaurs lived. Fossils of Earth's first green vegetation have been discovered in the
Ordovician period. Many of the first scientists to give names to periods in Earth's history
came from Europe. As a result, many of the names they selected were derived from towns
or other localities throughout Europe where they researched. The geologic time scale was
first created by ordering rock layers from oldest to youngest. It depicted the progression of
life on Earth. It also showed us how the climate and kind of environment in some locations
changed through time. The early geologic time scale, on the other hand, just showed the
sequence of events. It did not show the years in which events occurred. Scientists were able
to determine the exact age in years of certain rocks by discovering radioactivity in the late
1800s. Scientists can use absolute dating to give each chunk of time on the geologic time
scale by measuring the number of radioactive elements in rocks. They may now say, for
example, that the Jurassic Period began around 200 million years ago and lasted roughly 55
million years.

The difference between midday (relative time) and the numerical time on a clock,
such as 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm, is equivalent to the difference between the two forms of
geologic time (absolute time). Lunchtime occurs after dawn and before suppertime, but its
location and duration can also be measured in hours and minutes, just as the Jurassic
Period occurs after the Triassic Period and before the Cretaceous Period, spanning
approximately 205 million to 142 million years ago.

Relative time is the physical subdivision of the rocks found in the Earth's geology and
the time and order of events they represent.

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVE AGE RELATIONSHIP

1. The principle of superposition states that the rocks are arranged in succession
from top to bottom (i.e., the bottom layer is the oldest layer and the top layer is the
youngest).

2. Fundamental horizontality principle: gravity requires deposited sedimentary

rock strata to be flat horizontally. They can be tilted or folded once the sediment has formed
into rock.

3. The principle of faunal succession states that groups of plant and animal fossils
appear in a definite order in the geologic record. These assemblages can be utilized to
pinpoint specific geologic periods.

4. Crosscutting relations principle: A fault or igneous rock unit crossing another

rock unit must be younger than the unit it cuts across. The other rock unit has to be present
for the igneous rock or fault to cut through it.

5. Inclusion Principle: A rock unit containing prior rock inclusions must be younger
than the rock unit from which the inclusions originated.

6. Metamorphic rocks: Metamorphic rocks are always older than the surrounding
non-metamorphosed rocks. If the metamorphic rock developed before the surrounding
rocks, they would have metamorphosed as well.

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

Geologic time refers to the long period that the Earth's geologic history spans.
Formal geologic time runs from the beginning of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion
years ago) to the present. The Hadean Eon, which runs from roughly 4.6 billion years ago
(corresponding to Earth's beginning formation) to 4.0 billion years ago, is frequently included
in modern geologic time scales. In effect, geologic time is the period of Earth's history
represented and recorded in the planet's rock strata.

The geologic time scale divides time into designated abstract time units called eons,
eras, periods, epochs, and ages, in declining order of duration. Stratigraphy, or the
correlation and classification of rock strata, counts those geologic time units. On the other
hand, the timing of widespread species' emergence and disappearance from the fossil
record is used to delineate the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other
intervals, with the timing of widespread species' emergence and disappearance from the
fossil record being used to delineate the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods,
and other intervals. The International Commission on Stratigraphy maintains the
International Chronostratigraphic Chart, one of the most widely used standard charts
demonstrating the relationships between different geologic periods (ICS).

Because the Earth's history spans such a large period of time, scientists divide it into
smaller portions linked to specific historical events. On the poster, the approximate time
range of each time is displayed. The eon is the longest period on the geologic time scale.

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There are at least two eras in an endlessly long span of time. There are two eons in geologic
time..
o Precambrian Eon - Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first
developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fossils from this time
because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and
preserved.

o The Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era are the three eras that
make up the Phanerozoic eon. Periods are often used to divide an era into
smaller periods. The Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, and Permian periods, for example, are divided into the
Paleozoic era.

o The Paleozoic Era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
Because of its famous occupants, it is known as the Age of the Dinosaurs.

o Mesozoic Era - The Tertiary and Quaternary are the two periods of the
Cenozoic Era. A period is subdivided into epochs, which are even smaller
units. The Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene are the
Cenozoic era's Tertiary periods. The Pleistocene and Holocene (Recent)
epochs are part of the Cenozoic era's Quaternary phase.

o Cenozoic Era - The Cenozoic Era, which began 65 million years ago and
continues today, is the third documented epoch in Earth's history. The
present-day positions of continents and their people, including humans, may
be traced back to this time.

EVALUATE:

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What era is sometimes called the "age of fish" or "ancient life"?

a) Precambrian c) Cenozoic
b) Paleozoic d) Mesozoic
2. In what era do humans live?
a) Precambrian c) Cenozoic
b) Paleozoic d) Mesozoic
3. What was the first organism on Earth?
a) plants c) bacteria
b) alligators d) fish
4. When did mammals become the most dominant organisms?
a) Precambrian c) Mesozoic
b) Paleozoic d) Cenozoic

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5. Which series of time intervals show the order from the shortest to the longest?
a) era, period, epoch c) period, epoch, era
b) epoch, period, era d) eon, era, period, and epoch
6. Which type of method used the actual age of rocks in measuring the ratio of a radioactive
isotope to their decay products?
a) Geologic time scale c) Absolute dating
b) Relative dating d) Uranium series dating
7. Which quantities of samples were used by geologists to compare when using radiometric
dating to determine the absolute age of a rock?
a)The half-lives of various isotopes
c) The numbers of radioactive isotopes
d) The concentrations of different minerals
e) The amounts of daughter and parent isotopes

7. Which of the following theories does NOT confirm that the age of the Earth was about 4.6
billion years old?
a) Meteorites that have struck the Earth have been radiometrically dated.
b) radiometric dating of various sorts of rock-both earthly and extraterrestrial
c) radiometric dating of the Earth's earliest rocks
d) radiometric dating of the stars found in the universe.

8. How may geologists correlate rock layers in different geographic regions using the theory
of faunal succession?
a) It states that the unique set of fossils found in distinct layers of rock strata at
different sites can be connected.
b) It claims that fossils in rock strata are typically homogeneous, so rock layers in
different parts of an area should display similar fossils.
c) It argues that rock strata fossils are older than rock layers, allowing geologists to
connect younger and older layers throughout a region.
d) It states that the evolution of fossils in one region should correspond to fossils in
another region across various rock strata.
9. Three tilted strata of sedimentary rock are intruded by igneous rock. Which relative dating
methods are the most useful for determining the chronological order of rock formation?
a) Superposition law, crosscutting interactions, and original horizontality law
b) The original horizontality law, the original lateral continuity rule, and the inclusions
rule
c) Crosscutting interactions, rule of inclusions, and the law of superposition
d) The rules of original horizontality, inclusions, and superposition

10.What period did birds and lizards appear on Earth for the first time?
a) Jurassic period c) Pleistocene period
b) Carboniferous period d) Cretaceous

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EXTEND:

ACTIVITY 1 – ESSAY
Direction: Write an essay about the significance of Absolute and Relative dating in land
surfaces for landscaping processes (See IV Rubric for Scoring).

ACTIVITY 2 – COMPLETE THE TABLE

A. Direction: On a separate sheet of paper, complete the Brace Map showing the Geologic
Time Scale of Eras and Periods as shown on the Geologic Time Scale.

Reference Chart:
WORD BANK
Quaternary Cenozoic Paleogene
Pilocene Miocene Carboniferous
Eocene Jurassic Proterozoic
Cambrian

B. Geologic Time Scale Chart

EONS ERAS PERIODS EPOCHS
Holocene
2.____________ Pleistocene
1._____________ 4.___________
Neogene 5.___________
Oligocene
3.____________
Phanerozoic 6.___________
Cretaceous -
Mesozoic 7.____________ -
Triassic -
Permian -
8.____________ -
Devonian -
Silurian -
Ordovician -
9.____________ -
10. ____________ - - -
Archean - - -
Hadean - - -

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VI. RUBRICS FOR SCORING
ACTIVITY 1 – ESSAY (RUBRIC)
Criteria 1 2 3 4

Focus/ The essay poorly The essay is focused The essay is The essay is focused,
Main addresses the topic on the topic and focused on the topic purposeful, and
Point and includes includes few loosely and includes reflects clear insight
irrelevant ideas related ideas relevant ideas and ideas
Provides little or no Supports the main Supports the main Persuasively
Support support for the main point with some point with supports the main
point underdeveloped developed point with well-
reasons and/or reasons and/or developed reasons
examples examples and/or examples
Organization Little or no Some organization of Organizes ideas to Effectively organizes
& Format organization of ideas to build an build an argument ideas to build a
(Paragraphs, ideas to build an argument logical, coherent
Transitions) argument argument
Language Little or no use of Some use of Appropriate use of Effective and creative
Use, Style & elements of style elements of style elements of style use of elements of
Conventions Many errors in Contains frequent Uses correct style to enhance
(Sentence grammar, errors in grammar, grammar, spelling, meaning
structure, word spelling, and spelling, and and punctuation Uses correct
choice, punctuation make punctuation with few errors grammar, spelling,
grammar, reader's punctuation
spelling, comprehension throughout with
punctuation) difficult very few errors
Originality No experimentation Very little Sufficient Distinctive
(Expression nor enhancement of experimentation to experimentation experimentation with
of the theme concepts enhance concepts with language and language and usage
in a creative No adherence to the Does not exhibit usage to enhance to enhance concepts
way) theme creativity the concept Applies higher-order
Applies basic thinking and creative
creative skills to skills to relay complex
relay ideas ideas

V. ANSWER KEY
Elicit - 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C

Engage- Activity 1 – Connect the Circle

Absolute
Dating
measure a determines the age
of
Radioactive Fossils
Isotopes
to find its which are often found in

Half-life Sedimentary
Rocks
which may be disturbed by

Folds
Faults
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 Activity 2 – Amazing Fos-zle
1. Layer A
2. Layer F
3. Sedimentary rocks are deposited one on top of another. The youngest layers are
found at the top, and the oldest ones are found at the bottom.

Explore-Activity 1 – GTS in Earth's History

A. Fill in the table with appropriate data to show the number of years each era lasted:

The Divisions of Geologic Time Percent Millions of years

The age of the Earth 100% 4,600 my
Cenozoic Era 1.5% 69 my
Mesozoic Era 4% 184 my
Paleozoic Era 6.5% 299 my
Precambrian Time 88% 4,048 my

B. Identify the period when each of the important events happened.

1. single-celled organisms: 3,500 million years ago Precambrian
2. Trilobites: 500 million years ago cambrian
3. Early land plants: 430 million years ago Silurian Period
4. Reptiles: 280 m.y.a. Carboniferous Period
5. Fish: 395 m.y.a. Devonian Period
6. Dinosaurs: 225-65 m.y.a. Jurassic, Triassic, and Cretacious Period
7. Mammals: 65 m.y.a. Paleogene Period
8. Humans: 2.5 m.y.a. Quaternary Period
9. Birds: 120 m.y.a. Cretaceous Period
10. Pangaea starts to separate: 225 m.y.a. Triassic Period

C. 1. The largest unit of geologic time is an eon. Earth's 4.6-billion-year history is divided
into four eons: the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. The Hadean, Archean,
and Proterozoic eons together are called Precambrian time.

2. The eon is the first and most fundamental subdivision. An eon is the geologic time scale's
greatest division, spanning hundreds to thousands of millions of years. The Precambrian eon
and the Phanerozoic eon, according to geologists, are the two primary eons.

3. The most important events in biological history occurred during the Precambrian
(Phanerozoic Eon, which spans the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras). Consider
this: the Earth created, life arose, the first tectonic plates arose and began to move,
eukaryotic cells evolved, the atmosphere became oxygen-rich, and sophisticated
multicellular organisms, including the first mammals, evolved just before the end of the
Precambrian.

Activity 2 – Rock Dating

A. 1. Relative dating determines the age of fossils based on the depth at which they were
buried. More ancient fossils can be found buried deep within the soil. Carbon isotopes are
employed in absolute dating to determine the age of fossils. Because it provides the exact
age of the fossils, absolute dating is more precise than relative dating.
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2. Absolute age in years (A) = time elapsed since the formation of the most recent layer (R)
plus (the number of layers (N) lying above the layer in question multiplied by the duration (D)
of the depositional cycle) is the formula for calculating the absolute age of a layer using this
method of counting.

3. Although relative dating can only indicate the sequence in which a set of events took
place, not when they took place, it is nevertheless a helpful tool. In paleontology, relative
dating via biostratigraphy is the favored method and is, in some ways, more accurate.

B. Dating Methods 1. A 2. R 3. A 4. R 5. A 6.R

EXPLAIN
1. By researching the fossil record, we can discover how long life has existed on Earth and
how different plants and animals are related. We can typically deduce how and where they
lived and utilize that information to learn about ancient environments. Fossils can supply us
with a plethora of historical knowledge.

2. Most absolute dates for rocks are obtained with radiometric methods. They use
radioactive minerals in rocks as geological clocks. The atoms of some chemical elements
have different forms, called isotopes, which break down over time through the radioactive
decay process.

3. Paleontologists study the remains of extinct and living species to learn more about them.
Individual fossils may include information on the life and surroundings of an organism.
Paleontologists can learn how long oysters lived and under what conditions by studying their
fossils.

EVALUATE
1. b 6. c
2. c 7. a
3. c 8. d
4. d 9. d
5. d 10. c

VI. REFLECTION
I have learned that __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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VII. REFERENCES
1. Bayo-Ang et al. (2016). Earth and Life Science for Grade 11. Educational Resources
Corporation, Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila

2. Campbell, Neil A., and Reece, Jane B. ( 2002). Biology. Sixth Edition. Pearson Education
Inc. California, USA

3. Salandanan et al. (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School (Core Subject).
Lorimar Publishing, Inc., Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila

4. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/Geologictime.html

5. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/prehistoric-time-line/

6. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage1.html

7. http://www.extinctions.com/

8. http://www.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/Precambrian.html

9. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/earthscience/chapter/relative-ages-of-rocks/

10. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-relative-and-vs-absolute-dating/

11. https://www.britannica.com/science/geologic-time

Writer: John B. San Agustin

Reviewers: Emily B. Esmabe/Helen O. Cornelio/Marisol D. Andrada
Content Editors: Maryrose Angieley M. Peňaflor/Eva C. Malanyaon
Language Editors: Dianna A. Maquilan/Manuel D. Buere
Illustrator: Frances C. Morales
Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal

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