GENDER AND SOCIETY based on whether it conforms or not to the

expectations relative to one’s biological sex.

Lesson 1: Sex, Gender and Sexuality
GENDER IDENTITY
SEX
• One important aspect of our gender is our
• Sex is the biological dimension of your gender
sense of who we are: Do we see and experience
and sexuality. Also referred to as biological sex
ourselves as a man, a woman or neither. This
or physical sex, the term generally pertains to
refers to our gender identity. Typically, males
your identity depending on your sexual
are comfortable identifying as a man and
anatomy and physiology – the parts of your
females are comfortable identifying as a
body that are relevant to reproduction and the
woman.
function of these parts.
• Transgender people may undergo gender
• Among humans, sex is often assigned at birth. If
reassignment surgery to align their physical
at birth, a child is observed to have a penis or
characteristics to their gender identity.
testicles, then the child is categorized as male. If
However, due to many factors such as belief
on the other hand, a child is observed to have a
systems, culture and economics, some do not
vagina, then the child is categorized as female.
opt for surgery.
However, there are cases when baby’s genitals
appear to be a conglomerate of male and • Transgender vs. Transexual
female organs such that it may be difficult to
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
classify the baby’s sex without further
information. • Another aspect of our gender pertains to our
emotional and sexual attraction to a person.
HERMAPHRODITISM- referred to that condition during
This aspect refers to our sexual orientation.
the past.
According to the Psychological Association of
INTERSEXUALITY- used to refer to that phenomenon in the Philippines, typically at ages 6 or 8, we
the modern times. experience or develop attraction to other
people. By adolescence, we already know who
GENDER
we are attracted to and would experiment
• Our ability for higher order thinking and our through dating and relationships.
tendency to create social norms, alllow us to
Lesson2: Gender and Sexuality Across Time
attach social and cultural meanings to things.
Introduction
• Heteronormativity- refers to the phenomenon
of determining the normality of a behavior • For the longest time thereafter, societies have
privileged men over other genders, mainly
 because of the preferential given to them in the - Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers
productive sphere (world of public work). viewed women as the inferior sex and are
Women who have been revered due to their properties of men whose only job was to obey
ability to conceive have been viewed as solely their husbands, bear children and take care of
capable only of reproductive affairs (world of the household. They were forbidden to learn
home). philosophy, politics and science.

PATRIARCHY • Egypt

• Patriarchy is from the Greek word Patriarkhes - Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the
which means “rule of the father”. It is a socil Egyptian civilization citing that Egyptian women
system where men primarily holds power in the enjoyed higher social status than Greek women
political and the private spheres. because they can inherit property and engage in
trade and politics. However, Greek influence
• A Patrilineal society often follows a patriarchal
quickly spread in Egypt through the conquests
society, this means only men can inherit
of Alexander the Great across Asia and Africa.
property and the family name. Women were
left with no inheritance and are expected to • China
marry a man who can support her economically.
- Confucianism has stringent written rules that
• Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologists as a dictates how women should conduct
social construct and not as a biological themselves. The written documents entitles
phenomenon. “Threes obedience’s and four virtues” and
“Precepts of women” states that women should
• History suggests an egalitarian system rather
obey their father, when married she is to obey
than a patriarchal system.
her husband and when widowed she is to obey
How did Patriarchy start? her son.

• Friedrich Engels, a German Philosopher and Women have come a long way since the ancient times
sociologist, argues that patriarchy came when through the feminist movement, however, patriarchy
people started having private property instead has taken on subtle forms of oppression that often go
of a communal leaving. The development in unnoticed such as:
agriculture and domestication of animals led to
• Sexism - prejudice, stereotypes and
creating product surplus which allows people to
discrimanation based on sex
have private property
• Gender pay gap- men earn more than women
Historical Views on Gender
• Underrepresentation in politics, military,
• Greek
executive positions
 • Rape on women and the stigma making women • Gender role is a “set of culturally defined
ashamed to report the crime behaviors such as masculinity and femininity”.

• Very conservative expectations on how women • Gender Studies explores how our gender roles
behave have changed throughout our history and how
it created inequalities.
• Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often
very sexualized Diversity and Inclusion

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT • Gender roles are socially constructed an are not

something that we are “born with”. Society,
• Women’s liberation movement or feminism is a
through a lifelong process of normalization,
continuing series of social movements that aim
encourages or reprimands behaviors to make a
or challenge the patriarchal society that creates
child adapt to these social expectations.
these oppressive political structures, beliefs and
practices against women. Approaches in Research

• To put simply, feminism demands equality. • Qualitative Approach- focuses more on the
Here are few salient points that feminism meanings created and interpretations made by
demands people about their own personal and vicarious
experiences.
• Women suffrage
Qualitative Methods
• Equality in politics and society
1. Phenomenology- conducting intensive
• Reproductive rights for women
interviews with individuals who have
• Protection against Domestic Violence experienced a particular event and
understanding their lived experiences.
Lesson3: Gender and Sexuality as a Subject or
2. Hermeneutics- understanding the meaning of
Inquiry
texts (literally works, art works) and what they
Introduction convey about human realities

- Gender studies as an area of knowledge is 3. Ethnography- immersing in a community and

about looking into, analyzing and examining taking note of their experiences, belief, attitude
society so that we notice power relations in the and practices (culture).
seemingly “simple things”. It helps us see the
• Quantitative Approach focuses more on
issues in our everyday lives through a different
characterizing a population (total number of
lens.
individual in a group) or a sample (a sub-group
Gender Role within the population) and in some cases,
 making generalizations about the population Lesson 4: Anatomy and Physiology of
based on the behavior of a sample. Reproduction
Lesson Objectives:
Quantitative Methods
1. Differentiate the female and male reproductive
1. Survey- collecting information from a sample systems
2. Understand the basis for physiologic processes
2. Experiment- creating actual set-up to observe
in females and males.
behavior of people in an experimental group (a
Introduction
group receiving treatment such as training or a
• Humans experience various physical and
new experience) and comparing it to the
emotional changes from childhood to
behavior of people in a control group (a group
adulthood. These changes are gradual and
without any treatment)
progress at different ages and speed in different
Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research people.
The Biological Female
• Informed Consent
• The female sexual anatomy is designed for the
- Researchers should make sure that the
reproduction and fertilization of ovum, as well
participants in the study are aware of the
as carrying and delivering infant offspring.
purpose and processes of the study they are
Puberty signals the final development of
participating in. They should also ensure that
primary and accessory organs that support
only those participants who agree (in writing)
reproduction.
will be included and that they shall not force
any participant to join. A. The female external genitalia consists of the
• Confidentiality and Anonymity following:
- Researchers should not reveal any information
• Vulva- all the external genital structures taken
provided by the participants, much so, their
together
identity to anyone who are not concerned to
• Mons veneris- pads of fatty tissue between
their study. All data gathered from surveys or
pubic bone and skin
interviews should also be placed be beneficial
• Labia majora- outer lips surrounding all the
(beneficence) for it to be worth implementing.
other structures
• Non-maleficence and beneficence
• Prepuce- clitoral hood (foreskin above and
- A study should do no harm to anyone.
covering clitoris)
Especially in researchers involving humans, a
• Labia minora- inner lips surrounding the
study should be beneficial for it to be worth
vestibule where sweat and oil glands, extensive
implementing.
blood vessels and nerve endings located.
BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• Vestibule- area surrounding the urethral the length of the penis is the urethra
opening and vagina, which is highly sensitive surrounded by the spongy body and two
with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings. cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous
• Urethral opening- end of tube connecting to bodies. During arousal, these become engorged
bladder and used for urination with blood, resulting in erection.
• Vaginal opening- also called introitus • Corona- rim of glans where it arises from shaft
• Perineum- area of skin separating from the • Frenulum- thin strip of skin connecting glans
anus, distance is less in females than males. and shaft of underside of penis.
B. The female internal reproductive structures • Scrotum- sac that encloses the two
consist of the following: compartments housing the testes
• Vagina- collapsible canal extending from vaginal • Urethral opening- found on head of penis, this
opening back and upward into the body to is the end of tube connected to bladder and
cervix and uterus. During arousal, it is engorged used for urination. It is also tube which internal
with blood. This aids its expansion and triggers structures deliver semen by which male
the release of lubricants from vaginal mucosa. ejaculates.
• Cervix- small end of uterus to which vagina • Perineum- area of skin separating the genitalia
leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to from the anus, distance is greater in males than
inferior of uterus. females.
• Uterus- womb, organ within pelvic zone where
B. The male internal reproductive organs consist of
fetus is carried.
the following:
• Fallopian Tube- carry egg cells from ovaries to
uterus, this is where fertilization occurs • Testes- produce androgen, particularly large
• Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone. quantities of testosterone, which greatly
The Biological Male influence male development and drive sexual
• The male sexual anatomy is designed for the motivation; also produce sperm cells in virtually
reproduction and delivery of sperm for quantity over the entire course of the lifespan.
fertilization of the female’s ovum. Puberty • Vas deferens- travels from testicle toward
signals the final development of primary and urethra carrying sperm
accessory organs that support reproduction. • Seminal vesicles- two glands that produce
alkaline fluid rich in fructose sugar
A. The male external genitalia consist of the
• Ejaculatory ducts- connect vas deferens to
following:
urethra.
• Prepuce- foreskin covering head of penis, • Prostate- gland producing alkaline secretions
removed in male circumcision that account for about 30% of semen volume.
• Penis- glans (head), shaft, and root. The glans is
particularly sensitive to stimulation. Running
 • Urethra- tube within penis that carries sperm female’s cervix, into the womb and finally into
and semen the rest of the way to the opening of the fallopian tubes.
the penis,
• Once the egg or ovum has been released into
Lesson 5: 5: The Process of Reproduction the fallopian tube, hundreds of sperm swim up
to reach it. Finally, the sperm penetrates the
Introduction
egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization
• Although human beings are fully sexually takes place and eventually becomes and
differentiated at birth, the differences between embryo. Once the embryo attaches to the inner
males and females are accentuated at puberty. lining of the uterus, a fetus develops within five
This is when the reproductive system matures, to seven days from a ball of cells floating in the
secondary sexual characteristics develop and uterus, which officially begins pregnancy.
the bodies of males and females appear more
• A normal pregnancy lasts 37-42 weeks (nine
distinctive.
months). This is measured from the first day of
How does one ovulate? the last period. Pregnancy is discussed of
trimesters (three-month periods) since each
• Ovulation is the process when a mature ovum is
trimester is very different from the rest. After
released from the ovary and travels to the
eight weeks, the embryo is officially referred as
fallopian tube for possible fertilization.
a fetus.
• The major landmark of puberty among females
FACT:
is the onset of the menstrual cycle the monthly
ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation in • According to new research from Stockholm
the absence of pregnancy. University, you didn’t win the sperm race but
rather was selected by the female egg that
How does pregnancy occur?
chose you by releasing compounds called
• For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm needs to chemoattractants that can trigger sperm to
meet up with an egg. Pregnancy officially starts change swimming directions by attracting
when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of sperm of its choice.
uterus. Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after
What are the health effects of early pregnancy
sexual intercourse.
in the growing adolescent?
• Conception is the process that begins with
• There are serious health risks associated with
fertilization of an egg by the sperm and ends
early pregnancy because a young woman’s
with implantation. When a male and female
body is not mature enough to handle bearing a
have a sexual intercourse, the penis fits into the
child. When a woman is under 20, the pelvic
woman’s vagina. The sperm swims through the
area (the bone surrounding the birth canal) is
 still growing and may not be large enough to • Awareness
allow the baby to easily pass through the birth
Who and what am I?
canal. This can result in what is called an
What do I like/dislike?
“obstructed labor”.
What are my strengths and weaknesses?
• Obstructed labor is dangerous to both mother What motivates me?
and child and requires the help of trained What are my aspirations?
medical professionals. Under the best
circumstance, the young woman will have an Understanding Psychosocial Dimension
operation called a “caesarean section” in which
• Intimacy and relationship
a cut is made in the abdomen and baby is
removed directly from the uterus. In certain situations, when two people
recognize and become aware of each other, they decide
Lesson 8: PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER
to keep close distance in each other’s lives. This forges
AND SEXUALITY
some form of human relationship– a bond formed
What does Psychosocial mean? between two or more people, manifested through
communication and interaction.
• The term “psychosocial” is an encompassing
term. It is comprised by two primary aspects: • Dimensions of Well-being
psychological and social.
Physical- physiological/biological health
• Psychology- is a field of science which concerns
Emotional- positive feelings, mood stability
itself with how people think and feel and how
thoughts and feelings interact and lead to Mental- clarity of mind; healthy thought process
behavior.
Material- available and adequate financial and other
• Three Primary Psychological Domains: resources

• Affect- (Affective Domain) which pertains to Social- healthy and positive interaction and relationship
people’s emotions and feelings. with others

• Behavior- (Behavioral Domain) which pertains • Well-being as a Psychosocial Group

to people’s actions both overt and covert.
- The ultimate goal of understanding the
• Cognition- (Cognitive Domain) which pertains to psychosocial aspects of our experiences is well-
people’s thought processes such as memory, being– a state of satisfaction, meaning and
perception and information-processing. purpose. There are two kinds to well-being. One
is that kind of well-being which is observed,
Understanding Psychosocial Dimension
outward, and can be evaluated through the
 presence or absence of particular elements in There are basic emotions such as joy, sadness, fear,
the environment. This is referred to as object disgust, anger and among others.
well-being.
Theorizing Love
- Another side of well-being is our personal
experience of satisfaction, meaning and • Psychodynamic view on love
purpose. This is referred to as subjective well-
- Psychodynamic theory is a collective term,
being. It is subjective because it pertains to our
which pertains to the psychoanalytic tradition
own appreciation of how well we are.
forwarded by Sigmund Freud. In a nutshell, the
Lesson 9:: Love, Intimacy, and Relationship LOVE psychodynamic theory posits that we have
AS A HUMAN EXPERIENCE desires and motives fueled by our life (eros) and
death (thanatos). For instance, desirable
• Love as a culture universal
behaviors that promote positive relationship
Love is construed as a culture universal. A with others might be viewed as influenced by
culture universal is a phenomenon experienced similarly our life instincts, while aggressive behaviors
be people across time and cultures. This means that that hurt, manipulate or harm ourselves and
humans, whether those who lived in the past or who others might be viewed as influenced by our
are living now regardless of their geographic location death instincts.
and socio-cultural identities, have experienced love, in - The psychodynamic view puts prime on the
one way or another. influence of our early life experiences (from
conception to around six years-old)– referred to
• Love as a social phenomenon
as formative years in our personality
Social phenomena are events or experiences development. Crucial to this life stage is our
which ensue within our interaction and relationship relationship with our primary caregiver–
with other people. Loving entails communication- the typically the mother.
process of giving and receiving information between
• Color wheel of love
and among people. It also entails the use of a language–
symbols that are culturally agreed upon as possessing - John Alan Lee, a Canadian Psychologist,
certain meanings and that are used by people to suggested that there are different types of love.
express certain realities and worldviews. The primary types are: eros (sexual and
romantic), philia (friendly) and storage (parental
• Love as an emotion
love). The secondary types are: pragma
Love is also construed as an emotion. Emotions (practical love), agape (universal love) and
are physiological responses that we evaluate philautia (self love).
psychologically as we experience particular life events.
• Triangular model of love
- One of the most popular theories of love is the articulating other words of endearment. They also
triangular model by Robert Sternberg, a seem to be generous in expressing through words
Psychologist. This theory looks at love from a their appreciation of others’ presence in their lives
psychometric stance, which means that it is as well as the positive impact their loved ones have
generally concerned about trying to measure in them.
love as a psychological variable and in
2. Physical Touch
determining the various dimensions and facets
that love has experienced by people. They express love non-verbally through hugs, kisses or
simply a tap on the back. They value proximity and
• Triangular model of love
yearns for physical contact with their partners.
- According to Sternberg, love has three
3. Quality Time
interlocking dimensions– passion, intimacy and
commitment. Passion refers to the They tend to value quality moments with their loved
physical/emotional aspect. Intimacy pertains to ones.
the psychological/relational aspect.
4. Gifts
Commitment pertains to the agency
component, that is the choice we make with They want to show and receive affection
regards to engaging and maintaining the loving through material objects, especially during special
relationship. occasions

• Love languages 5. Act of Service

- Gary Chapman, a world-renown author, They are much willing to serve the other person by
suggested that people have various ways helping her or him in things that they do.
through which we give and receive love. He
Lesson 11: Sexual Behaviors .
referred to these unique ways as love
languages. Chapman posited that there are SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
generally five love languages: namely, words of
• For heterosexual couples, one of the ultimate
affirmation, physical touch, quality time, gifts
goals of the sexual act is reproduction. This is
and acts of service.
made possible through fertilization of the ovum
Love Languages by a sperm, which necessitates ejaculation from
the human male into the internal reproductive
1. Words of affirmation
system of the human female.
They tend to verbally express their thoughts, and
Master and Johnson’s Model
feelings of love towards the people they love. They
maybe comfortable saying “I love you’s” and 1. Excitement Phase
This is the first phase in the cycle. For the human male, This is the phase where excitement and plateau take
goal of this is erection so that it can be efficiently place. It is the physiological component of the sexual
inserted into the vagina. For the human female, the response wherein bodily changes occur as an outcome
goal of this is lubrication (wetness of the vaginal orifice). of sexual stimulation.

2. Plateau Phase 3. Orgasm Phase

This phase is characterized by a sustained peak in This phase is generally similar with that Master’s and
stimulation of the organs. In human male, the corona Johnson’s
and glans penis become enlarged and reddish. In the
Sexual Response Dysfunctions
human female, the outer vagina swells while the inner
vagina expends and becomes elongated creating the 1. Sexual Desire Disorder
orgasmic platform.
- where an individual has low levels of desire or has an
3. Orgasm Phase aversion to sexual activities.

This is the climax of the sexual response cycle. In 2. Sexual Arousal Disorder
human male, this is the stage wherein he achieves
- when an individual has problems in achieving
ejaculation and the human female is ready to receive
necessary physiological state for copulation
the sperm for possible fertilization.
3. Orgasmic Disorder
4. Resolution Phase
- When an individual has problems in achieving
In this phase, the male’s penis returns to its normal
orgasm.
unerected phase whereas the testes and the scrotum
descend. In human female, the outer and inner 4. Sexual Pain Disorder
reproductive organs are relax.
- When there is an experience of pain during the sexual
Kaplan’s Model response cycle.

1. Desire Phase Paraphilias

This is the psychological component of the sexual Paraphilia is when an individual gets sexually aroused
response. It involves sexual thoughts and feelings which by an object, a person or a circumstance that are
are necessary for a satisfying sexual experience. unusual (e.g., pain-inflicting, humiliating and non-
However, desire does not necessarily translate into consenting persons). A Paraphilic Disorder is when the
action. urge or acts for at least six months and is a
manifestation of clinically significant distress.
2. Arousal Phase
Some of the common Paraphilic Disorders are as
follows:
• Exhibitionism- pleasure from exposing one’s they can say it out loud. It can also be “implicit”
genitals to nonconsenting people wherein a person does not know if they have
these stereotypes since it lies in their
• Fetishism- arousal from non-living objects
preconscious. When the stereotype is explicit, a
(shoes, socks and body part except genitals)
person can choose not to turn their stereotypes
• Frotteurism- touching or rubbing one’s body or into actions. While with an implicit stereotype,
genitals to nonconsenting people. a person has no control or awareness of it and it
may manifest into actions or behavior.
• Pedophilia- arousal from children
Prejudice
• Sexual Masochism- arousal from actual
suffering or humiliation • Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude
towards an individual based solely on the
• Sexual Sadism- arousal from actually inflicting
individual’s membership of a social group.
pain to others
Prejudice represents our emotional response
• Transvestic Fetishism- arousal from wearing upon learning of a person’s membership to a
clothing by the opposite sex during sexual specific group.
activities
Discrimination
• Voyeurism- observing other people engaged in
• Discrimination refers to actions or behaviors
sexual activities to nonconsenting people
towards an individual or a group of people.
• Lesson12: Stereotype, Prejudice and People who are discriminated on are treated
Discrimination worse than the way people are usually treated
just because they belong to a certain group or
Stereotypes
they have certain characteristics.
• Stereotypes are an “over-generalized belief
Lesson 13: LGBT Psychology
about a particular group or class of people”
While some stereotypes convey positive Views on LGBT in History
feelings, most stereotypes, however, are drawn
• Later cultures see it as a “sin” following the
from negative generalizations like equating our
Abrahamic Religion which branded it as
Muslim countrymen as terrorist and viewing
sodomy, a crime against nature. As these
farmers and blue-collar workers as lazy and less
cultures colonized other countries, it enforced
educated.
its belief system s of viewing same sex
• A stereotype can be categorized as “explicit”, attractions as a sin through violence such as
meaning the person is aware that they have killing homosexuals through burning, stoning or
these thoughts towards a group of people and being fed to the dogs.
• Homosexuality was classified as an illness in the mean that they do not engage in romantic or
19th century as a basis for them to legally sexual relationship.
persecute homosexuals, imprison, and commit
• + (plus)- the plus sign refers to all sexualities
them to a mental institution.
that do not fit in the LGBTQI spectrum.
• As science advanced through years of extensive
Knowledge on the human sexuality is still evolving so
research, the APA removed homosexuality as a
there many terms that pop up. Here are a few more to
psychiatric disorder or a sickness in 1973. This
help us become more inclusive.
decision was after many years of struggle from
gay or lesbian liberation movement. APA finally • Gender- your internal sense of being masculine
decided that being attracted to people of the or feminine or neither.
same sex is a natural variation of the human
• Gender Identity- how you feel, man, woman or
experience and it does not make anyone any
neither
less of a healthy and functioning human being.
• Gender expression- how you express your
The ABC’s of the LGBTQIA+
sense of being male or female or neither
• Lesbian- women who are emotionally and
• Sexual Orientation- your emotional and sexual
sexually attracted to women
attraction to a person
• Gay- men who are emotionally and sexually
• Sex assigned at birth- your given sex when
attracted to men
were born based on your sex organ
• Bisexual- man or woman who are emotionally
• Non-binary- people who do not feel like a boy
and sexually attracted to men and women
or a girl; they may feel like they are both or
• Transgender- when your gender identity (how neither, so sometimes they use the pronouns
you feel) is different from your physical sex. they, them or theirs.

• Queer- used by people who celebrate all gender

identities, can also mean someone who do not
want to be restricted as lesbian, gay or bi.

• Intersex- people who were born with sex

genitals or chromosome patterns that do not fit
the typical male or female body.

• Asexual/Ally- asexual are people who do not

feel sexual attraction to anyone, but it does not
Lesson 15: POLITICAL-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER • SURVIVOR, VICTIM AND PERPETRATOR
AND SEXUALITY
• Survivor is the preferred term (not a “victim” of
• Gender-based violence a person who has lived through an incident of
gender-based violence. A Perpetrator is a
• Gender-based violence is one of the most
person, group or institution that inflicts,
widespread and human rights abuses, but least
supports or condones violence or other abuse
recognized in the world. It refers to any harm
against a person or group of persons.
perpetrated against a person’s will on the basis
Characteristics of perpetrators include:
of gender, the socially ascribed between males
and females.  Persons with real or perceived power

• Gender-based violence has devastating  Persons in decision making positions

consequences not only for victims, but also for
 Persons in authority
society as whole. It results in physical, sexual
and psychological harm to both men and • Human Rights
women and includes any form of violence or
• Human Rights are universal, alienable,
abuse that targets men or women on the basis
interconnected and interdependent. Everyone
of their sex.
is entitled to all the rights, freedoms without
• Gender-based violence experienced by women distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex,
and girls refers to battering and other forms of language, political or other opinion or other
intimate partner violence such as marital rape, status.
sexual violence, dowry-related violence, female
• These include the following, amongst others
infanticide, early/forced marriage or any other
harmful practices and violence perpetrated  The right to life, liberty and property of persons
against men and women.
 The right to the highest attainable standard of
• CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE physical and mental health

• These consequences include serious, immediate  The right to freedom from torture or cruel,
and long-term impacts on the sexual, physical inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
health survivors. Health consequences include
 The right to freedom of opinion and expression
unwanted pregnancies, complications from
and to education
unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted
infections including HIV, injuries, Mental Health
and psychosocial effects (depression, anxiety,
post-traumatic stress disorder and death).
Lesson16: Gender-based violence: Power, Use of • Consent means saying “yes”, or agreeing to
Force and Consent something. Informed consent means making an
informed choice freely and voluntarily by
• POWER
persons in an equal power relationships. Acts
• Perpetrators can have “real” or “perceived” of GBV occur without informed consent. Even if
power. Some examples of different types of she says “yes”, this is not true consent because
power and powerful people are the following: it was said under duress– the perpetrators used
some kind of force to get her to say yes.
 Social- peer pressure
Children (under age 18) are deemed unable to
 Economic- the perpetrator controls money or give informed consent for acts such fixed
access to good/services/money favors marriage, sexual relations etc.

 Political- elected leaders, discriminatory laws Lesson17: WOMEN AND THE LAW

 Physical- strength, size, use of weapons • VARIOUS LAWS PROMOTING GENDER

EQUALITY
• USE OF FORCE/VIOLENCE
• The legal framework provided for by the 1987
• Force might be physical, emotional, social or
Constitution resulted to various legislations
economic in nature. It may also involve coercion
promoting gender equality. These legislations
or pressure. Force also includes intimidation,
include the following:
threats, persecution or other forms of
psychological and social pressure. The target of  Local Government Code of 1991- Provides for
such violence is compelled to behave as the election of sectoral representation,
expected or to do what is being requested, for including women, in local legislative councils.
fear and harmful consequences.
 Provides List Wall- Provides for the creation of
USE OF FORCE/VIOLENCE women-oriented or women based parties to
compete under party-list system
• Violence consists of the use of physical force or
other means of coercion such as threat, • VARIOUS LAWS PROMOTING GENDER
inducement or promise of a benefit to obtain EQUALITY
something from a weaker or move vulnerable
person. Using violence involves forcing
someone to do something against her/his will–
use of force.

• INFORMED CONSENT
 Labor Code (1989)- Covers issues, such as night the point of reference for the discussion and
work prohibition, specifies that employers must monitoring of gender mainstreaming.
provide special facilities for women, prohibition
of discrimination against women in respect to
terms and conditions of employment and
prohibition of discrimination by reason of
• Lesson21: Understanding Sexual Harassment
marriage of a woman worker.
• SEXUAL HARASSMENT
 Women in Nation Building Law- RA 7192 (1991)
is an act promoting the integration of women as • Harassment and sexual harassment are
full and equal partners of men in development recognized as a form of discrimination on the
and nation-building. grounds of sex and thus contrary to the
principle of equal treatment between men and
• VARIOUS LAWS PROMOTING GENDER
women.
EQUALITY
• Like many other crimes, sexual harassment is all
 1988 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law-
about power, control and domination.
Gave Filipino women right to own land that
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2001)
previously reverted to sons and other male
defined sexual harassment as a sex-based
family members.
behavior that is unwelcome and offensive to
 Republic Act 7688- an act giving to women in the recipient. Thus, sexual harassment is not
social security commission. form of violence primarily against women.

 Republic Act 7822- An act providing assistance • THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SEXUAL

to women engaging in micro and cottage HARASSMENT
business enterprises.
• Sexual Harassment cannot be understood from
 Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (RA 7877)- an act the perspective of a single theory, but it is
declaring sexual harassment to be unlawful in always a combination of different predictors.
the employment , education or training Previous researchers have looked at sexual
environment. harassment using a number of frameworks
including organizational approach, feminist
• National Programs
theory, role theory and attributional models of
• Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive sexual harassment.
Development- Then National Plan for Women
• However, all these models share common basic
that consolidates the action commitments of
assumptions and can be labelled as socio-
the Philippines during Beijing World Conference
cultural models of sexual harassment.
on Women. This is the overall frame that is also
• 1. NATURAL/BIOLOGICAL THEORY • Proponents of this theory propose that one of
the central concepts that helps to explain sexual
• According to this model, men have stronger sex
harassment is power. This theory proposes that
drives and are therefore, biologically motivated
sexual harassment results from the
to engage in sexual pursuit of women. Thus, the
opportunities presented by power and
harassing behavior is not meant to be offensive
authority relations which derive from
or discriminatory, but is merely result of
hierarchical structures of organizations. This
biological urges. Its assumptions include a
perspective emphasizes that the structure of
natural, mutual attraction between men and
organizational hierarchy invests power in
women, a stronger male sex drive and men in
certain individuals over others, that can lead to
the role of sexual initiators. A key strength of
abuse. Thus, sexual harassment is all about
the natural, biological perspective is that is
expression of male power over women that
acknowledges the innate human instincts
sustains patriarchal relations.
potentially driving sexually aggressive behavior.
• 4. SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
• 2. SEX ROLE SPILLOVER THEORY
• Socio-cultural theories examine in the wider
• This theory based on the proposition of
social and political context in which sexual
irrelevant gender-based role expectations that
harassment is created and occurs. According to
individuals bring to the workplace in guiding
this perspective , sexual harassment is a logical
their interactions with women. Men hold role
consequence of gender inequality and sexism
perceptions of women based on their
that already exists in society.
traditional role in our culture.
• 5. Feminist Theory
• When women take jobs outside of these
traditional areas to work in the male dominated • According to the feminist perspective, sexual
workplace, men rely on these gender-based harassment is linked to the sexist male ideology
expectations when interacting with women of male dominance and male superiority in he
therefore, perceiving women in their gender- society. Therefore, feminists’ theories views
role over and above their work role. Therefore, sexual harassment as the product of a gender
men are more likely to sexualize their system maintained by a dominant, normative
experiences, including work experiences and form of masculinity. Thus sexual harassment
are therefore, more likely to make sexual exists because of the views on women as the
remarks or engage in sexualized behavior, thus inferior sex.
accounting for the fact that women experience
• RELEVANCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT THEORIES
more sexual harassment than men.
• An interpretation of these theoretical
• 3. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY
perspectives reveals that both biologically as
 well as socio-culturally, men happen to have • Women face different constraints from men in
always occupied a dominant position over the labor market. This is recognized in RA 9710,
known as the Magna Carta of Women, enacted
women in societies of which the workplaces are
in 2009.
only part of it.
• This act recognizes that equality of men and
• SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE CIVIL SERVICE women entails the abolition of the unequal
structures and practices that perpetuate
• Sexual Harassment in the Civil Service is discrimination and inequality. In connection
with employment, the Philippine Commission
punishable by Civil Service Commission no. 01-
on Women indicates that the Magna Carta of
0940 also known as Administrative Disciplinary Women will level the playing field by making
Rules on Sexual Harassment Cases. productive resources and economic
opportunities equally available for both men
• Here, sexual harassment can be committed at and women.
the following at the following places: EMPLOYMENT SECTORS

• SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE CIVIL SERVICE • AGRICULTURE

1. In the premises of the workplace or office or of • Women farmers do not have an equal
opportunity to acquire land or register it in their
the school or training institution
own names. They have fewer inheritance rights
than male farmers. Land ownership is important
2. In any place where the parties were found, as a
not only to women’s ability to earn income, but
result of work or education or training also as a source of empowerment and
responsibilities or relations autonomy within the household. Their lack of
land also affects their ability to gain access tp
3. At work-, education-, or training-related social credit facilities.
functions • Women are also hindered in their access to
extension services; skills development including
4. While on official business outside the office or training in management and marketing skills
school or training institution or during work, and improved farming equipment. They inquire
school or training-related travel special assistance to achieve equal access and
this can be achieved through gender-specific
5. An official conferences, for a, symposia or action plans that target the needs of women
farmers and gender mainstreaming that is
training session
monitored for effectiveness to ensure that
women share appropriately in the sector’s
6. By telephone, cellular phone, fax machine or
growth
electronic mail
Industry and Manufacturing
V. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• The number of women working in economic
• Lesson 25:Gender and Labor zones is estimated to represent 64% of total
employment and may be much higher in some
Introduction industries such as electronics and apparel.
Women’s share of employment in the export-
 processing zones is much greater than women’s
share of labor force as a whole and the
conditions of employment are of concern.

Tourism

• It appears that tourism planning has not GENDER AND MEDIA

included women or has had insufficient regard • According to the Philippine Statistics Authority,
for gender issues. Within the tourism industry, 81% of Filipinos watch television, and it still
relatively few women have the educational remains to be most used and trusted source of
qualifications or foreign language skills to information in our country. We watch TV for
compete for front of house positions in the entertainment programs,
hotel industry as tour guides or in travel
agencies and women are more likely to be • We become passive consumers of what TV has
employed as housekeepers, waitresses or to offer; information, shock, humor, and etc.
similar low-level positions. Therefore, the media influences our perception
on different topics. It is important for us to look
Business Processing Outsourcing deeply into what its presents or fails to
represent of our everyday realities
• The Philippines’ Information Technology-
Business Process Outsourcing Road Map 2011- Media Presentations
2016 is not gender-responsive and does not
address women’s constraints in accessing Media Representation is how the media presents or
higher-paid work in non-voice services or the frames “aspects of society, such as gender, age, or
likely growth in information technology and ethnicity. It is important because it shapes the
engineering.. audience’s knowledge and understanding and will
contribute to their ideas and attitudes.
Government Services
Because of our exposure to television, the media
• Public Sector employment is an important ultimately represents our social realities as it mirrors
source of jobs with better pay and conditions the ideologies, belief systems, and stereotypes. There
for women than many other industrial sectors are many factors affecting media representation, after
but women are constrained by being all, what we see in the television has already gone
predominately employed in traditional, gender- through a long process wherein many people are
stereotyped care sector government involved.
occupations such as health and education and
they are under-represented in the higher paying The people behind the production of the content have
sectors. their own ideology, ideas, and beliefs, and that greatly
contribute to what we see in the media. Media
Entrepreneurship producers, editors, directors, writers and a networks’
values reflect through its content.
• There has been a rapid surge in the number and
proportion of female entrepreneurs in • Since TV uses one way mode of communication
developing countries. Studies indicate that wherein feedback is rarely received or
female-led MSMEs increase employment encouraged, more often we are left on our own
opportunities for women and contribute to to process the ideas and opinion directed
wider development goals. One survey indicated towards us, the viewers. We passively laugh at
that women entrepreneurs are more likely than stereotypes, not giving it a second thought
men to be motivated by necessity.
 Media Stereotype • News outfits followed popular ideologies of
portraying homosexuality as a sickness. The
• Media stereotypes "are simplified AIDS pandemic in the 70's also added to the
representations of a person, groups of people negative stereotyping of the gay male as a
or a place, through basic or obvious sexual deviant. However, due to the pressure
characteristics—which are often exaggerated" coming from the Gay and Lesbian Liberation
(BBC 2019). Although stereotypes can help Movement in the 1970s, the international
people connect with the content as they reflect media was forced to recognize and set media
it in their own realities, it can have negative standards for LGBT News coverage.
effects on disadvantaged groups like the LGBT
community by reinforcing negative and even • In the Philippines, there is a lack of awareness
false stereotypes. on SOGIE among media practitioners as they
are often left confused on the LGBT terms and
• The LGBT community are highly misrepresented labels. Most news from the LGBT community
in the Philippine media. There are many are often on coming out stories of celebrities
stereotypes of the LGBT in the media and most (Aiza Siguerra ,Jake Zyrus (Charice Pempengco),
are not flattering. Often they are used as a and Rosana Roses), Pride March events, hate
comic relief in their portrayal of the loud and crimes, and controversies.
boisterous "bakla", the straight male who acts
like a "bakla" with exaggerated gestures, the • Media coverage of the LGBT community in the
sex-deprived muscular male homosexual, or the Philippines went from no-coverage, ridicule,
awkward "tomboy" who eventually becomes a censorship, to limited portrayal. However
feminine woman after meeting the man of her limiting, it is taken as a sign of greater social
dreams. acceptance as compared to its total black out
just decades ago.
Cont..
LESSON 28: GENDER AND OTHER CROSS CUTTING
• There are very few LGBT main characters in the ISSUES (EDUCATION, GENERAL HEALTH, MENTAL
international television and even very scarce in HEALTH)
the Philippine Television. They are often
relegated as sidekicks, victims, or villains. • In earlier discussions, it has been noted that
Although there are a few LGBT celebrities in the laws provide for equity among people of all
Philippines who are out and proud of their genders. In principle, humans regardless of
sexual orientation such as Boy Abunda, Vice genders have basic human rights emerging from
Ganda, Aiza Seguerra, and Jake Zyrus, their their intrinsic human dignity.
sexuality is rarely the focus of the programs
they are in. • Practically, these rights are translated into
programs, projects, and services that are made
• In fact, references on LGBT topics in children accessible to us, for the purpose of satisfying
shows cause controversy so they are omitted in our basic needs and for achieving our highest
the broadcast. Such is the case of Glee, a potentials.
popular American TV show that featured
• Regardless of gender, we have seen that people
teenagers who are gay and lesbian. The gay kiss
was omitted in the Philippine broadcast, are capable of making something—of creating,
of making responsible choices, of developing.
although it was seen as a milestone in the
international media. This capability is promoted by resources we
have access to. The State has a role in making
 sure that we people receive d' services we need • In earlier lessons, we discussed that males and
and deserve. females have unique reproductive health needs.
This also means that in terms of health services,
• Two of the primary needs of individuals are: (a) all genders should be able to access services. In
access to education, and (b) access to health turn, health services should also be gender-
services. responsive.
• The UNICEF (2011) report on adolescence show Gender and Mental Health
that while there is already an increase in access
to education for all genders, there remains to • One of the most prevalent issues facing
be many girls and women who are unable to go adolescents nowadays is mental health. The
to school. changing environment also brings forth
stressors that are not existing before. People
• However, interesting trends can be observed are challenged to pay attention not only to their
from the 2013 Functional Literacy Education, physical health, but also to their psychological
and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS). This study wellness.
showed that there are more males (4.6 in a
1000) children aged 6 to 14 who are able to • In the context of gender and sexuality, some
attend school compared to females (2.4 in a issues faced by humans related to their
1000). sexuality and to the roles they assume in the
society are mental/psychological in nature.
• However, for people aged 15 to 24, there are Some of these issues are as follow:
actually more females (24 in a 1000) who are
able to go to school compared to males (11.2 in • coping with sexual and reproductive
a 1000) (Philippines Statistics Authority 2015). health issues (teen pregnancy, STD/HIV,
This may mean that while there are more males confusion and doubt);
who are able to receive basic education, there
• psychological impacts of SOGIE-related
are more females who are able to proceed to
higher education. concerns and gender roles and
expectations;
• Practically, this only shows that interventions
towards making education accessible to women • psychosocial concerns emerging from
intimate/romantic relationships; and
and men may also differ, e.g., encouraging
younger girls to go to basic education, and psychological trauma from GBV.
Providing opportunities for men to earn a • Hence, there is also a need to establish systems
college degree. so people would have access to services that
address these issues. In schools, for instance,
Gender and Health
there are counselors (trained professionals who
• Another basic social service we all need is has a master's degree in counseling and have
health service. Health, according to World seated and passed a licensure in counseling)
Health Organization, does not only mean who deal with students' mental health
absence of diseases but a state of well-being. concerns. In some other schools and
The Department of Health of the Philippines workplaces, there are also psychologists
follows a cluster approach in health, wherein (trained professional who have a master's
there are more primary clusters: (a) public degree in psychology and have seated and
health, (b) water sanitation and hygiene, (c) passed a licensure in psychology), social
nutrition, and (d) mental health and workers (trained professionals with license in
psychosocial support. social work), and psychiatrists (a medical doctor
with specialization in psychiatry), who are able
to provide additional and more specialized help.