RICHARD O. KELLEMS D.C. CHURCH PVESTOC GEER Ss AND FEEDING SIXTH EDITIONcontents Preface vi Contributors vii part one introduction ¢ 1 Livestock Feeding 2 Basis for Successful Feeding of Livestock 3 References 6 2 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Nutrient. Utilization 7 Classification of Various Digestive Systems 8 istics and Function of Digestive Tract 9 Avian Species 12 Ruminant Species 12 Relationship between Type of Gastrointestinal Tract and Type of Diet Required 14 Summary 15 References 15 3 Nutrients: Their Metabolism and Feeding Standards 16 Water 16 Carbohydrates 18 Protein 20 Lipids 20 Minerals 24 Vitamins 28 Dietary Energy 29 Feeding Standards 31 Methods for Assessing Nutrient Content of Feeds 35 Summary 37 References 37 Characte part two Feeds for Livestock 39 4 Feedstuffs 40 Classification of Foodstuffs 40 Estimating Nutritional Value of a Feed 44 Nutrient Content of Major Foodstuff Groups 46 Variability in Feedstuff Composition 46 Other Factors Affecting Feed Quality 48 Feed Manufacturing Terminology 50 Summary 53 References 54 5 High-Energy Feedstuffs 55 Introduction 55 Cereal Grains 55 Relative Feeding Values of Cereal Grains 70 Milling By-Products of Cereal Grains 74 HighCerbohydrate Liquid Feeds 74 Dry By-Product Feeds 77 Roots and Tubers 78 Fats and Oils 80 Garbage 82 Other Energy Sources 82 Summary 82 References 83 6 Supplemental Protein Sources 84 Introduction 84 Protein Sources 85 Plant Protein Sources 86 Milfeed Protein Sources 95 Distillery ond Brewery By-Products 96Vv conTENts Wiig Other Plant Protein Sources 96 Protein Supplements of Animal Origin 97 Milk Products 99 Marine Protein Sources 99 cellaneous Protein Sources 100 Nonprotein Nitrogen 101 Liquid Supplements 104 Protein Solubility and Degradabillty by Microorganisms as Related to Ruminants 108 Summary 112 References 112 7 ROUGHAGES 114 Nature of Roughages 115 Basic Differences in Roughages 115 Factors That Affect Roughage Utilization 115, Pastures and Rangelands 116 Chemical Composition of Herbage 119 Factors Affecting Forage Nutritive Value 123, Permanent Pastures and Rangeland 128 Hay and Silage Making 130 ‘Assessment of Nutritive Value of Hays 136 Nutritive Properties of Silages 145 Silage Additives 153 Crop Residues 154 Summary 158 References 158 8 Mineral and Vitamin Supplements 160 Mineral Supplements 160 Variation in Content and Utilization of Minerals in Natural Feedstuffs. 167 Vitamin Sources 169 Summary 172 References 172 > Feed Additives 173 Introduction 173 Use of Feed Additives Classed as Drugs 174 Summary 187 Roferences. 187 10 Feed Laws and Labeling 188 Labeling Regulations 189 Medicated Feeds 190 Summary 194 References 192 11 Feed Processing 193 Introduction 193 Grain-Processing Methods 194 Roughage Processing 199 Effect of Processing on Nutritive Value 201 Feed Processing for Nonruminant Species 202 Grain Processing for Beef Cattle 204 Roughage Procossing for Beef Cattle 206 Feed Processing for Dairy Cows 207 Feed Processing for Sheep and Goats 207 High-Moisture Grain 209 Economics of Feed Processing and Grait Preservation 212 Effect of Processing on Density 212 Oxidized Feed 214 Summary 215 References 2 12 Ration Formulation 217 Introduction 217 Ration-Balancing Process 217 ‘Nutritional Goals and Sources of Information 218 Feed Composition Values 219 Feed Formulas and Conversions 219 ‘Simple Ration Balancing 220 Companion Animals 222 Caleulating Appropriate Level of Feed Nutrients 223 Ration Evaluation—Worksheet Methods 224 Balancing Rations Using Computer Programs and Comprehensive Models 234 Ration Formulation in the Future 238 Case Study 239 Now Developments 240Summary 240 References 241 part three ivestock Species 243 Feeding Swine 244 Introduction 244 Nutrients Required by Swine 245 Foodstuffs Used in Swine Diots 255 Processing Feeds 269 Feeding Management 270 Summary 284 References 284 14 Feeding Poultry 285 Introduction 285 Nutrient Requirements 285 Classes of Ration Components 287 Feedstuffs for Poultry 291 Feeding Management of Poultry 293 Summary 304 References 305 15 Feeding Dairy Cows 306 Introduction 306 ‘The Lactation and Gestation Cycle 307 ‘A Phase Feeding Program 308 ‘Special Nutrient Considerations 313 Optimizing Feed Intake during Lactation 320 Fe Example Rations 321 19 Groups 321 Summary 322 References 322 16 Feeding Dairy Calves and Replacement Heifers 323 Introduction 323 The First Critical Days 323 HR contents The First 60 Days 324 Milk Replacer 324 Starter Rations 327 Heifers: Weaning to Breeding 328 Gestation 331 Feeding Dairy Breed Steers for Beef 332 Cost of Raising Heifers 334 Biosecurity of Dairy Calves 334 References 334 Feeding the Beef Cow Herd 335, Introduction 335 Biological Cycle and Requirements 335 Forages for Beet Cattle 341 Grazing Management 342 Grozing Systoms 344 ‘Animal Requirements, Forage Resources, ‘and Costs 345 Nutritional Management 345 Nutritional Disorders 350 Summary 353 References 353 18 Feeding Growing-Finishing Beef Cattle 354 Introduction 354 Cattle Types and Cattle Growth 355 Systems Used for Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle 358 Managing Newly Received Cattle 361 Starting Cattle on Feed 364 Feed Bunk Management 365 jets 365 Anabolic Agents and Feed Additives 369 Metabolic Disorders 371 Summary 372 References 373 Finishingcontents tit part four Feeding Other Domesticated Species 377 soa ve 378 ‘The Digestive System 378 Nutrient Requirements 379 Feads 363, Feeding Guidelines 390 ‘Common Feed/-Related Problems in Horses 395 Feeding Menagement 395 References 396 20 Sheep Nutrition 398 Introduction 398 Nutrient Needs 399 Body Condition Seoring 404 Ewe Nutrition 406 Lamb Nutrition 413, Growing and Finishing of Lambs 416 Potential Nutritional Problems 419 Feed Processing 420 ‘Nutritional Management of Replacement Ewes 420 Renge Ewe Nutrition 422 ‘Nutrition and Wool Production 422 References 424 21 Goats and Goat Nutrition 426 Introduction 426 Foeding Behavior 427 Productivity of Goats 429 Nutritive Requirements 433 Feeding and Management 441 Feeding Goats According to Requirements 443 Common Nutritional Disorders 451 Summary 452 References 453 22 Feeding and Nutrition of Companion and Zoological Species 456 Introduction 456 Nutrients 460 Obesity Issues 461 Other Dietary Problems 462 Commercial Pet Food 462 Pet Food Labels 464 Other Approaches to Feeding the Dog and Cat 466 Other Dog and Cat Food Ingredients 467 Feeding Dogs 470 Feeding Cats 472 Other Companion Animal Diets 473 Birds 478 Reptiles and Amphibians 477 Zoological Diets 483 Summary 486 References 496 23 Feeding Rabbits 488 Introduction 488 Characteristics of Commercial Rabbit Meat Production 488 Digestive System 489 Digestive Process 489 Feeding Behavior 491 Nutrient Requirements 492 Feedstufts for Rabbits 499 Feeding Management 500 Practical Feeding 503 Health Problems 505 Feed Conversion 505 Summary 506 References. 506 Appendix Tables $09 Glossary 699 Index 705