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    Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks (protoliths) undergoing changes in pressure, temperature, and mineral assemblage in the solid state. They are divided into regional and contact metamorphic rocks. Regional metamorphic rocks form along plate boundaries from directed pressure and heat. Contact metamorphic rocks form near igneous intrusions from localized heat and pressure. Common metamorphic rock types include slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and quartzite which are classified based on texture, mineralogy, and protolith composition.

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    Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks (protoliths) undergoing changes in pressure, temperature, and mineral assemblage in the solid state. They are divided into regional and contact metamorphic rocks. Regional metamorphic rocks form along plate boundaries from directed pressure and heat. Contact metamorphic rocks form near igneous intrusions from localized heat and pressure. Common metamorphic rock types include slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and quartzite which are classified based on texture, mineralogy, and protolith composition.

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    Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks (protoliths) undergoing changes in pressure, temperature, and mineral assemblage in the solid state. They are divided into regional and contact metamorphic rocks. Regional metamorphic rocks form along plate boundaries from directed pressure and heat. Contact metamorphic rocks form near igneous intrusions from localized heat and pressure. Common metamorphic rock types include slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and quartzite which are classified based on texture, mineralogy, and protolith composition.

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    23 views48 pages

    Upload 19090821

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    sun moon
    Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks (protoliths) undergoing changes in pressure, temperature, and mineral assemblage in the solid state. They are divided into regional and contact metamorphic rocks. Regional metamorphic rocks form along plate boundaries from directed pressure and heat. Contact metamorphic rocks form near igneous intrusions from localized heat and pressure. Common metamorphic rock types include slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and quartzite which are classified based on texture, mineralogy, and protolith composition.

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    of 48

    Module 8


    Metamorphic Rocks
    Rocks Cycle
    Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

    Metamorphisme
    METAMORPHIC ROCKS

    Hamblin, 2009
    METAMORPHIC ROCKS
    • Metamorphic rocks are changed
    rocks (of pre-existing rocks)

    • The protolith (the parent rock) is the preexisting


    rock from which the metamorphic rock was
    formed
    • They are formed in the solid state in response to
    the following principal agents of metamorphism:
    • Change in pressure (P)
    • Change in temperature (T)
    • Change in P & T
    METAMORPHIC ROCKS

    Metamorphism may cause a change


    in a rock’s, related with:
    • Structure/Texture
    • Mineral assemblage
    • Composition (slightly)
    • All of the above
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks

    1. Protolith Composition (original rock)


    2. Pressure (P)
    3. Temperature (T)
    4. Time (scale in million years)
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks

    1. Protolith Composition

    ❑ Mafic protoliths (basalt, diabase, and


    gabbro) yield a dark charcoal gray
    mafic metamorphic rock called
    amphibolite
    ❑ Felsic protoliths (granite, rhyolite,
    mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate,
    breccia) yield light colored tan, silver,
    light to medium gray, etc. felsic
    metamorphic rocks
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks

    2. Pressure (stress)
    ❑ Increasing pressure flattens grains, crushes
    grains (reduces size), causes shearing
    ❑ Confining pressure, associated with depth of
    burial, is equal in all directions
    ❑ Differential pressure is not equal in all
    directions
    ➢ Produces foliation (parallel alignment of
    grains)
    ➢ Pure shear = compression, flattens grains
    ➢ Simple shear = skewing, stretches grains,
    produces lineation, aligns elongate grains in
    direction of transport
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks
    Confining Pressure

    Pressure is equal in
    all directions
    Lutgens et al 2012
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks

    • Differential pressure
    • Is not equal in all directions
    • Leads to formation of foliation by either
    • Pure shear (flattening)
    • Simple shear (skewing)

    Pure shear (flattening) Simple shear (skewing)


    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks

    Type of foliation
    • Slaty Cleavage – Alignment of small mica
    flakes
    • Schistosity – Alignment of large mica
    flakes
    • Gneissic Banding – segregation of felsic
    and mafic minerals into alternating light
    and dark bands
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks
    Foliation: Development of Slaty Cleavage

    Bedding is perpendicular to cleavage


    at the top and bottom of the fold
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks
    Foliation: Development of Schistosity

    http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol212/contactmeta.htm
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks
    Foliation: Formation of Gneissic Banding
    Lutgens et al 2012
    Factors That Control the Characteristics of
    Metamorphic Rocks

    3. Temperature (or Heat)


    ❑ Increasing temperature causes increased
    movement of ions which in turn causes
    • Mineral grains to grow larger
    • Minerals to recrystallize
    ❑ The upper limit on T for metamorphism is
    partial melting

    4. Time
    ❑ Metamorphic reactions and textural changes
    require millions of years to occur
    Index Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks
    Index Minerals
    • Chlorite
    • Biotite
    • Almandite (garnet)
    • Staurolite
    An
    da • Andalusite
    lus
    it
    • Kyanite
    Si
    e

    llim
    a
    • Sillimanite
    nit
    Alm

    e
    andi

    Stau

    Not specific
    te (G
    Chlo

    Kya
    rolite
    Biot

    • Quartz
    arne

    nite
    rite

    ite

    • Plagioclase
    t)

    • Orthoclase
    • Biotite
    • Muscovite
    • Hornblende
    • Calcite
    • Dolomite
    Index Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks

    Lutgens et al 2012
    Metamorphic Facies (P & T conditions)
    Metamorphic Facies (P & T conditions)

    o
    Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

    1. Regional metamorphic rocks


    • Form in response to increased temperature and
    directed pressure along plate boundaries
    • Foliated
    • Sheared by pure shear or simple shear

    2. Local (contact) metamorphic rocks


    • Form in response to contact with magma at
    high T and /or high confining P
    • Found adjacent to igneous intrusions
    • Are usually unfoliated
    Where do the metamorphic rocks form?
    Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

    Formation of 

    Contact Metamorphic
    Rocks

    Formation of 

    Regional Metamorphic
    Rocks
    Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

    Regional metamorphic rocks Contact metamorphic rocks


    Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
    Formation of Contact Metamorphic Rocks
    CONTACT METAMORPHISM

    Lutgens et al 2012
    Protolith and Metamorphic Rocks
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    A. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
    Are formed by differential pressure (pure shear, simple shear)
    ❑ Slate
    Dull, microscopic grains, strong slaty cleavage, any color,
    mudstone protolith
    ❑ Phyllite
    Shiny, strongly micaceous with microscopic grains,
    strong schistosity, cleavage, can be mafic or felsic, any
    rock-type protolith
    ❑ Schist
    Shiny, strongly micaceous, fine to medium grained,
    strong schistosity, cleavage, any color, any rock-type
    protolith
    ❑ Gneiss
    Dull, weakly micaceous, fine to coarse grained, banded,
    weak cleavage, any rock-type protolith, but most often
    sheared coarse grained protolith such as granite,
    conglomerate, breccia
    ❑ Migmatite
    Dull, weakly micaceous, fine to coarse grained, folded
    banded texture, weak cleavage, almost melted, any rock-
    type protolith
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    Slate
    Protolith: Fine grained rock like
    shale, mudstone, or siltstone

    Appearance: Dull, microscopic


    grains, strong slaty cleavage,
    any color
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks

    Phyllite

    Protolith: Can be any rock-type

    Appearance: Shiny, strongly


    micaceous with microscopic
    grains, has strong schistose
    cleavage, can be felsic
    (muscovite-rich, silvery) or
    Mafic (biotite-rich, shiny
    medium to dark gray)
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    Schist

    Protolith: Can be any rock-type

    Appearance: Shiny, strongly


    micaceous, fine to medium grained
    has strong schistose cleavage,
    can be felsic (muscovite-rich,
    silvery) or mafic (biotite-rich,
    shiny medium to dark gray)
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    Gneiss

    Protolith: Can be any rock-type, but


    most often formed from a sheared
    coarse grained protolith such as
    granite, conglomerate, breccia

    Appearance: Dull, weakly micaceous,


    fine to coarse grained, banded, weak
    cleavage
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    Migmatite

    Protolith: Can be any rock-type

    Appearance: Dull, weakly micaceous,


    fine to coarse grained, folded banded
    texture, weak cleavage, almost melted,
    a folded gneiss
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks

    May be foliated or unfoliated


    • Quartzite
    • Metamorphosed sandstone
    • Harder than marble
    • Will not fizz (release CO2) in the presence of acid
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks

    May be foliated or unfoliated


    • Marble
    • Metamorphosed limestone
    • Contains calcium carbonate
    • Will fizz (release CO2) in the presence of acid
    • Softer than quartzite
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks

    May be foliated or unfoliated


    • Anthracite
    • Metamorphosed bituminous coal
    • Low density
    • Very shiny black
    Types of Metamorphic Rocks
    B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks

    May be foliated or unfoliated


    • Amphibolite
    • Dull black, fine to coarse grained, weak cleavage if
    sheared (gneissic)
    • Metamorphosed gabbro, basalt, or diorite

    Dark rock composed mostly of amphibole and Ca-Na plagioclase, may be


    either foliated or unfoliated, often with large (visible) elongated crystals of
    amphibole
    Lutgens et al 2012
    THANK YOU
    Where do the metamorphic rocks form?

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