VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD

An autonomous institute, affiliated to JNTUH

Digital Signal Processing (A4415)

Handout
Basic Elements of a Signal Processing System

Analog Signal Processing:

Digital Signal Processing:

Elementary Signals:
Classification of DT Signals

• Energy Signals vs. Power Signals

• Periodic Signals vs. Aperiodic Signals

• Symmetric (even) Signals vs. Antisymmtric (odd) Signals

Energy Signals vs. Power Signals:


E 
2
x ( n)
n 

N
1
P  lim 
2
x ( n)
N  2 N  1
n  N

Energy Signal EN → E < ∞ P=0

Power Signal EN → ∞ 0<P<∞

but not faster than 2N+1

Neither EN → ∞ P→∞

but faster than 2N+1

Symmetric (Even) vs. Anti-Symmetric (Odd)

 A DT signal is symmetric (even symmetric) if x[n]= x[-n]

 A DT signal is Anti-symmetric (Odd symmetric) if x[n]= -x[-n]

Any signal x[n] can be broken into a sum of an even part % odd part like this

x[n] = xe [n] + xo [n]

Discrete-Time Systems:

Classification of Systems:

• Static(Memoryless) vs. Dynamic(Memory)

• Linear vs. non-linear

• Time invariant vs. time variant

• Causal vs. non-causal

• Stable vs. unstable

Response of an LTI System:

y[n]  x[n]* h[n]


y[n]   x[m]h[n  m]
m 

Discrete Fourier series:

Exponential DFS
N 1
1
x ( n) 
N
 X ( k )e
k 0
j 2 nk / N

Where
N 1
X (k )   x(n)e  j 2 nk / N
n 0
 Discrete Fourier Transform
N-point DFT can be defined as
N 1
X (k )   x(n)e  j 2 nk / N
n 0

And IDFT is given by

N 1
1
x ( n) 
N
 X ( k )e
k 0
j 2 nk / N

Properties of DFT:

Periodicity x(n  N )  x(n) n

X (k  N )  X (k ) k
Linearity a1 x1 (n)  a2 x2 (n) a1 X 1 (k )  a2 X 2 (k )
Circular time shift x1 (n)x2 (n) X (k )e j 2 lk / N
Time reversal x (  n) N X ( N  k )  X ( k ) N
Circular frequency shift x(n)e  j 2 ln/ N X (k  l )
x* ( n ) X * ( k ) N
Circular convolution x1 (n)x2 (n) X 1 (k ). X 2 (k )

Fast Fourier Transform

 Number of computations using direct evaluation

Additions: N(N-1)

Multiplications: N2

 Number of computations using Radix-2 FFT

Additions: N log 2 N

N
Multiplications: log 2 N
2
8-point DIT FFT diagram:

8-point DIF FFT diagram:

 IIR Filter Design

1. Butterworth Filters
2. Chebyshev Filters
a. Chebyshev Type – I
b. Chebyshev Type – II

Designing of IIR filters:

1. Direct Method
2. Indirect Method
o Digital specifications → Analog specifications → design analog filter H(s) →
Transform analog filter into digital.

Approaches to design IIR Filter:

1. Impulse Invariant
  T
N N
Ci Ci
s p
i 1


i 1 1  e
PT
i
z 1
i

2. Bilinear transformation
2 
 tan
T 2
2  1  z 1 
s  
T  1  z 1 

Design Procedure of low pass Butterworth filter:

Step 1: Choose the type of transformation i.e., impulse invariant or bilinear transformation

Step 2: Convert digital frequencies into analog and calculate the ratio of edge frequencies.

For Bilinear:

2  2 p
s  tan s and  p  tan
T 2 T 2

For Impulse invariant:

s p
s  and  p 
T T

Step 3: Calculate the order of the filter

   1  1  
log   2  1  2  1 
1   A2   A1  
N
2  
log  s 
 p 
 

Step 4: Calculate the cut of frequency

p
c  1
1  2N

 A2  1
 1 

Step 5: Determine the analog transfer function

For EVEN N:
N /2
c2
H (s)   2
k 1 s  bk  c s   c
2

For ODD N:
N 1
c 2
c2
H ( s) 
s  c

k 1 s 2  bk c s  c2

Where

  2k  1  
bk  2sin  
 2N 

Step 6: Using the chosen transformation, transform analog transfer function H(s) into
digital i.e., H(z)

Design Procedure of low pass Chebyshev type-I filter:

Step 1: Choose the type of transformation i.e., impulse invariant or bilinear transformation

Step 2: Convert digital frequencies into analog and calculate the ratio of edge frequencies.

For Bilinear:

2  2 p
s  tan s and  p  tan
T 2 T 2

For Impulse invariant:

 s p
s  and  p 
T T

Step 3: Calculate the attenuation constant

1
1  2
   2  1
 A1 

Step 4: Calculate the order of the filter

1  1 
1
2
 
cosh 1   2  1 
   A2  
N
 
cosh 1  s 
 p 
 

Step 5: Calculate the cut of frequency

p
c  1
1  2N

 A2  1
 1 

Step 6: Determine the analog transfer function

For EVEN N:
N /2
Bk c2
H (s)  
k 1 s 2  bk c s  Ck c2

For ODD N:
N 1
B0c 2
Bk c2
H ( s) 
s  C0c

k 1 s 2  bk c s  Ck c2

  2k  1  
Where bk  2 yN sin  
 2N 

  2k  1  
Ck  yN2  cos 2   and C0  yN
 2N 
  1 1
N
1   1  2 1  1  2 1 
1 N 1

y N     2  1      2  1    
2          
   

Step 7: Using the chosen transformation, transform analog transfer function H(s) into
digital i.e., H(z)
 FIR Filters
Group Delay  g :

d
g    ( )
d

Phase delay  p :

 ( )
p  


Phase Response Linear phase with Condition Midpoint (α)

 ( )   Both  g and  p are h(n)  h( N  1  n) N 1

constant 2
 Only  g constant h(n)  h( N  1  n) N 1
 ( )    
2 2

Window Functions

S.No Window Function

Name
  N 1   N 1 
Rectangular 1    n 
1 wR (n)    2   2 
window 0 else

 2n  N 1   N 1 
Triangular 1    n 
2 wT (n)   N  1  2   2 
window 0
 else
  2 n   N  1   N 1 
Raised cosine   (1   ) cos     n 
3 w (n)    N 1   2   2 
window 0
 else
  2 n   N  1   N 1 
Hanning 0.5  0.5cos     n 
4 wHn (n)    N 1   2   2 
window 0
 else
  2 n   N  1   N 1 
Hamming 0.54  0.46cos     n 
5 wH (n)    N 1   2   2 
window 0
 else
  2 n   4 n   N  1   N 1 
Blackman 0.42  0.5cos    0.08cos     n 
6 wB (n)    N 1   N 1   2   2 
window 0
 else
Procedure to design FIR filter:

Step 1: get the desired frequency response H d (e j )

Step 2: calculate hd (n) by applying IDTFT

  H  e  e d
1 
 
hd (n)  i i n

2  d

Step 3: Obtain the finite duration impulse response by multiplying with window function

h(n)  hd (n).w(n)

Step 4: Find the system function H(z)

 N 1 
 
 2 
H ( z)  
 N 1 
h( n) z  n
n  
 2 

Step 5: Convert H(z) into realizable system function

 N 1 
 
H ' ( z)  z  2 
H ( z)